America’s Company Towns, Then and Now
A look at these small towns across the United States shows the good, the bad and the ugly of the industrial boom
During the Industrial Revolution, company towns—communities built by businesses—sprouted up across the country. For anyone who wants to tour what remains of them today, it’s helpful to remember two things. First, as Hardy Green, author of The Company Town: The Industrial Edens and Satanic Mills That Shaped the American Economy, says, these places ranged from the awful to the enviable. Towns built by coal companies, for example, were often more on the prison camp end of the spectrum in terms of poverty and abuse. Meanwhile, settlements like Hershey, Pennsylvania, built by the Hershey chocolate company, were meant to be closer to paradise—to woo workers with fancy amenities rather than mistreat them.
Second, as Green explains, to speak about company towns in the past tense is to overlook that they still exist. The original coal and textile towns in America are now largely ghostly, but places like Hershey and Corning, New York, which was invigorated by the Corning glass company, are still going strong. Plus, as the LA Times writes, businesses such as Google and Facebook today are providing housing, amenities and transportation for their workers—meaning that while we think of company towns in sepia tones, they’re also in digital blue.
Historically, textile towns popped up in the early 19th century in New England, then migrated to the Carolinas after the Civil War. The post-Civil-War era also saw coal towns spread out by way of the railroad boom, and towns founded by steel companies followed a similar route.
Although some businesses offered idyllic-looking settings, a bevy of companies once made more money from swindling their workers than from what they mined or produced. During the boom in textile, coal, steel and other industries, workers often earned what’s called scrip instead of real money: a kind of credit they couldn’t spend anywhere but the company store, where prices were often higher than elsewhere. Companies in these places often required that workers live in barebones company housing and send their kids to company-built schools, where the boss’s perspective was king.
In all, there have been about 2,000 company towns across the U.S., from harsh places of abuse to picturesque communities. Read on for a visit to five iconic locations:
The first truly planned company town was Lowell, Massachusetts. In the early 19th century, Francis Cabot Lowell, a merchant from Boston, visited factories in England to try to memorize and (illegally) bring back to the United States the technology he saw there. His pilfered ideas helped lay the groundwork for new textile production in Massachusetts, where, in the 1820s, a few years after Lowell’s death, a small group of capitalists founded Lowell—what Green calls “America’s first large-scale planned industrial community.”
As with many of the business-built towns that would come later, Lowell’s location is based largely on its proximity to natural resources: in this case, a waterfall to power the looms. When it came to that other necessary resources—workers—Lowell’s founders recruited young, single women from rural areas. Once at Lowell, they lived in boardinghouses and were required to attend church and lead a “moral” life. Factory bells woke the women up at 4:30 in the morning—and within 20 minutes, they had to be at the mill. In the mid-1830s, protests began, echoed later by several other company towns across the country.
Today, visitors can explore the Lowell National Historical Park. At the Boott Cotton Mills Museum, looms run “at top speed, allowing visitors to feel the buzz of a working mill.” The museum, whose weave room is pictured above, calls itself one of the largest industrial history exhibits in the nation. The historical boardinghouse for Lowell’s first workers stands nearby, also part of the park.
The Hershey chocolate company needed milk, and so, Green explains, it gravitated toward an area with dairy farms. In 1903, Milton Hershey, who founded the company, began to build what would become the world’s largest chocolate manufacturing plant. Historically, workers in the town Hershey built around the factory were mostly former farmers—and the living conditions they found there in the first decades of the 20th century were considered enticing for the time period. The company provided housing with indoor plumbing, central heating, lawns maintained by Hershey itself and other amenities.
As Green explains, from the start the company wanted tourists to visit and find a kind of Willy Wonka paradise—to see that the workers who made their chocolate treats led happy, prosperous lives. So, in 1903, Hershey also began to survey the land for a park he would then build four years later. After offering an athletic field and boating in 1907, Hershey continued to expand the amusement park with a merry-go-round in 1908 and “two bowling alleys, a tennis court, a large band shell and a photography gallery” in 1909. Today, the roller-coaster-filled park still welcomes visitors, and Hershey continues to be a booming company town.
In 1880, George Pullman, head of Pullman’s Palace Car Company, began to develop a company town in what was then open prairie and marsh land in Illinois. While building a town for his railroad car business, location mattered. The Illinois Central Railroad connected the area to other states, while Lake Calumet and its connections to Lake Michigan and the St. Lawrence River linked the new town to the rest of the world. After the first residents arrived in 1881, Pullman began to draw black Americans north and out of the Jim Crow South—but conditions led to one of the most famous organized labor strikes in U.S. history.
Pullman lowered wages in 1894 in the wake of an economic depression, but refused to lower rents and other charges at the same time. Workers rose up, leading to a strike and boycott that eventually involved as many as 250,000 workers in 27 states, resulting in up to 30 deaths, millions of dollars lost and months of disrupted rail traffic. The government eventually broke the strike with a controversial injunction, which they enforced by sending in federal troops. Congress created Labor Day as a national holiday in the middle of the strike, in part as a gesture of appeasement. The strike also helped lead to the creation of the first African American labor union in 1925, called the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters.
The former company town, now a neighborhood of Chicago, has had its ups and downs over the years, Green says. But as Smithsonian.com reported earlier this year, the historic neighborhood is now a national monument. Visitors can see Hotel Florence, built by Pullman and named after his oldest daughter, as well as the clocktower and administrative building, among other sights.
The Kentucky town of Lynch was once a booming coal-mining site. Built in 1917 by U.S. Coal and Coke, a subsidiary of U.S. Steel, it had a commissary, theater, hotel and hospital and a population of 10,000. But, as Green puts it, coal mining towns, especially in Kentucky and West Virginia, were the pits: barebone settlements, harsh conditions, poverty.
According to the U.S. Census, by 2012 there were only an estimated 726 residents in Lynch. Today, visitors can see rusted equipment in the now-abandoned coal plant. The old mines, meanwhile, are now a museum. The Portal 31 Underground Mine Tour, pictured above, offers tours of one of the mines by rail car. As the website describes it, visitors don traditional protective gear that coal miners would wear, travel through the mine, and see a “1920s lamphouse, bathhouse, L&N train depot and loadout system.” There’s also a memorial to those who died in mining accidents in U.S. Steel’s District #1.
Corning, New York
Like Hershey, Pennsylvania, Corning is both a historic company town and one that’s still very much alive. Although the company, once called Corning Glass Works and now called simply Corning, didn’t found the town, Green writes that it “emerged as the town’s benefactor—and savior” in the mid-20th century. The business poured millions of dollars into housing, recreational facilities and a new library. And in 1951, the Corning Glass Center opened—today called the Corning Museum of Glass.
Now, Corning continues production in the area. As of 2009 almost 5,000 employees lived in the town, and Corning Inc. takes an active role in the town's revitalization. Meanwhile, at the continually expanding museum, visitors can explore glass items both ancient and cutting-edge. As the New York Times writes, the museum “began as what the company called a gift to the community for its 100th anniversary,” and has since become famous for its “nearly 50,000 pieces of glass art, some dating from 1500 B.C.” And the building itself dazzles too. The Times notes that a “100,000-square-foot addition, which cost $64 million, is almost certain to be globally recognized as a light-gathering glass masterpiece itself.”


Cats and toxoplasmosis
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Toxoplasmosis is caused by the microscopic parasite, Toxoplasma gondii. This parasite can infect almost all mammals including humans, but domestic cats and their wild relatives are the definitive hosts (i.e. the parasite requires a cat to complete its life cycle).
There are three main ways the parasite is transmitted to people and animals:
- Infection of a fetus during pregnancy
- Eating an infected tissue source (such as raw or undercooked meat)
- Ingestion of oocyst-contaminated food or water
Only domestic and wild cats shed the infective form of the parasite - the oocyst - in their feces. These oocysts can contaminate the environment as they are resistant to freezing and drying and most disinfectants. Once shed by the cat, they require from 24 hours to a few days to become infectious. When another mammal, such as a mouse, ingests the infectious oocysts, it then becomes infected with Toxoplasma. If the mouse survives the infection, it may become a source of infection for any animal that eats it. Cats usually become infected by ingesting the infectious oocysts or by eating prey or raw meat containing the parasite. Kittens may also be infected in utero if the queen acquires the parasite while pregnant.
The parasite initially infects the cells of the cat’s intestinal tract and the associated lymph tissue. It can then spread to other organs via the blood or lymph system. Once infected, cats begin to shed oocysts in their feces a few days to a few weeks later. However, oocysts are shed for only one to three weeks after the initial exposure, so most cats are not shedding at the time they have signs of illness. Shedding is heaviest when kittens aged 6 to 14 weeks old are infected.
Disease is most severe in those kittens infected before birth. These kittens can be stillborn or may fail to thrive and die before weaning. Affected kittens may have inflammation of the lungs, liver, and central nervous system. Fluid can accumulate in the abdomen. Cats infected after birth may have clinical signs that include loss of appetite, lethargy, and trouble breathing due to pneumonia. Other clinical signs can include fever, weight loss, jaundice, vomiting, diarrhea, stiff gait, shifting leg lameness and neurologic problems. Inflammation of the retina in the eye can also occur.
The majority of animals and people infected with Toxoplasma do not become ill. Why this is so is not fully understood, but factors such as stress, concurrent illness and immunosuppression play a role. In cats, clinical toxoplasmosis has been seen in association with Mycoplasma haemofelis (formerly called Hemobartonella felis), feline leukemia virus infection (FeLV), feline immunodeficiency virus infection (FIV), and feline infectious peritonitis (FIP). Long-term immunity is not 100%, so that cats can be re-infected with Toxoplasma in the future and shed oocysts again but the amount of shedding in future episodes is relatively insignificant.
Diagnosis of toxoplasmosis in cats is challenging and may involve x-rays, fecal examinations, blood tests and other diagnostic methods. Antibody titer tests for the IgG class of antibodies are available, but interpretation of a single sample can be difficult. A cat that has had toxoplasmosis in the past and has recovered from the infection and is now immune will have a positive IgG titer. A cat with an active infection will also have a positive titer. As well, false positive titers for Toxoplasma antibodies can occur after any routine vaccination and this effect can persist for up to 10 months after the vaccine was given.
Using paired blood samples to monitor antibody titers can be more helpful. Active toxoplasmosis can be documented if the IgG antibody titer increases four-fold over a two to three week period. Another antibody test, for the IgM class of antibody, is a more reliable indicator of active infection. In most cases, a blood test is done for both IgG and IgM antibodies at the same time. Fecal examinations for oocysts are usually unrewarding since they are shed for only a short period of time. Despite the wide distribution of this parasite throughout the world, it has been estimated that on any given day, less than 1% of the cats in the United States are shedding oocysts.
Treatment of cats ill with toxoplasmosis can be difficult. Little is known about the efficacy of most drugs against this parasite. The most effective drug is clindamycin and it must be given for two to three weeks. Good hygiene must be practiced by any people handling and treating a cat ill with toxoplasmosis to avoid human infection. The importance of toxoplasmosis lies mainly in the seriousness of human infections. People are infected in many of the same ways as cats and infection is probably more widespread than we know. Simple contact with a cat is not a risk for transmission of the disease. Healthy adults rarely become ill with toxoplasmosis. Signs of a new infection may be transient swollen lymph glands and flu-like symptoms. However, adults who are immunosuppressed, either with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), cancer or from taking certain medications, may become very ill with toxoplasmosis.
Toxoplasmosis is one of the most common human infections in the world. Infection is most common in warm climates and lower altitudes. In the United States, it is estimated that about 60 million people carry Toxoplasma antibodies in their bloodstream. However, very few people have symptoms of illness. But up to one in every 1,000 babies born in the United States is infected with Toxoplasma. This is where the parasite exerts its most devastating effects. When a pregnant woman acquires a toxoplasmosis infection for the first time, the infection can be severely damaging to her fetus. The effects depend on when during pregnancy the infection occurs. The most severe effects are felt during the second or third trimesters of pregnancy. Some of these infants are afflicted with fatal central nervous system lesions. In some cases, infants appear normal at birth, but evidence of disease appears years later. Children infected with Toxoplasma after birth can also suffer serious effects, especially in the eyes and brain.
However, you do not have to give up your cat to avoid toxoplasmosis. Even pregnant women can avoid toxoplasmosis without giving up a pet cat. Prevention is a matter of common sense precautions. Here are some simple steps that can be taken to minimize the risk of infection for both cats and owners:
- Scoop the litter box daily since a 24-hour period is necessary after the oocysts have been shed in the feces for them to become infective.
- Pregnant woman should avoid cleaning litter boxes.
- Pregnant women should avoid contact with garden soil, sandboxes, and raw meat.
- Cats should be prevented from defecating in play areas, sand boxes, and gardens.
- Do not put used cat litter or fecal material in compost piles or on gardens.
- Raw or undercooked meat should not be fed to cats or consumed by humans. Meat (especially pork, lamb and venison) should be cooked to an internal temperature of 160 F (70oC). Other possible sources of infection to avoid are raw goat’s milk, raw eggs and untreated drinking water.
- Prevent cats from hunting.
- Wash hands, surfaces and utensils well with soap and water after handling raw meat.
- Wear gloves when gardening to avoid contacting oocysts in the soil and wash any fruits and vegetables well before eating.
Women planning a pregnancy should consult a physician about prenatal blood testing to see if they have already contracted the infection and are therefore likely to be immune.
For further information, visit Healthy Pets, Healthy People, and the American Association of Feline Practitioners Zoonosis Guidelines.
Please Note: The Winn Feline Foundation provides the feline health information on this site as a service to the public. Diagnosis and treatment of specific conditions should always be in consultation with one's own veterinarian. The Winn Feline Foundation disclaims all warranties and liability related to the veterinary information provided on this site.
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Making sure you get the right nutrition for your body is a cornerstone of not just physical, but also mental health. Just how to do this, when even advice from experts seems to change so frequently, can be perplexing. In this article, we're suggesting some ideas and hints to help you http://www.aetna.com/cpb/medical/data/200_299/0244.html get the nutrition you need.
Calcium is one of the most important things our bodies need to perform optimally. Whether you're nine years old or forty-nine years old, everyone needs calcium. At younger ages, calcium aids in the building of healthy bones. At older ages, our bones begin to deteriorate. Calcium can slow and even stop that process.
Choose organic fruits and vegetables whenever possible. Organic food is grown without pesticides and fungicides. While organic foods can be more expensive, the long term health benefits save money in future health care costs. The more unnatural things you can cut out of your diet the healthier you will be.
A good nutrition tip is to stay away from muffins and bagels when you're eating breakfast. Muffins and bagels tend to be high in sugar, and their glycemic index is pretty high. This means that they'll more than likely be stored as fat. Try eating oatmeal instead.
A great nutrition tip is to shop around the outer section of the grocery store. The healthiest foods tend to be on the perimeter which include the meat section, produce and dairy foods. The unhealthy foods are usually in the central aisles, such as candy, cookies and other junk food.
One fundamental starting point for good nutrition is to take a daily multivitamin. Although you should not rely on multivitamins for all your nutritional needs, it's helpful to think of a multivitamin as insurance against the nutrients you may not have taken in that day. Also, be aware that multivitamins are available for a wide variety of ages and needs (kids, teens, seniors, prenatal, etc.) and choose one that's right for you.
If you feel like you don't have enough energy to get through the day, try eating more fruits, vegetables and grains. These foods are filled with vitamins and minerals. They also have a very low fat content and are a great source of complex carbohydrates. They will help you get through your tired part of the day.
Another great tip for getting good nutrition is to calculate how many calories you are taking in every day. Get a pen and paper or use your computer to jot down all of the calorie information for each food item you plan to eat for the day. This will give you a sense of just how much food you are really eating, and it will allow you to set goals to better balance out your meals.
Request a special meal on an airplane to be served first. Airlines usually offer special meals, such as vegetarian or kosher. The people who ask for these are generally served before anyone else. Be careful though, sometimes the meal may take longer to prepare, and you will end up being the last to eat.
To give your metabolism a boost, eat a healthy breakfast. Skipping your morning meal may seem like a good idea when you're trying to lose weight, but going without breakfast actually slows your metabolism. Eating a bowl of healthy cereal or fruit in the morning, will help your body to burn calories more efficiently throughout the day.
Vitamin B-12 is essential to your body's formation of red blood cells. This vitamin is simply one that we are probably consuming enough of in our later years by way of the foods we http://goldnovember.com/?content-by-Owen-Holden-unique-strategies-to-develop-and-maintain-an-efficient-skin-care-retail-business.html eat. Those who have anemia also have a risk. You can take a supplement, or pick one of the many breakfast cereals that are fortified with B vitamins.
Olive oil can add to your beauty routine and help you fight dry skin. It is gentle and very effective in keeping the hands and face moisturized. Using olive oil on your skin can be a great way to fight off signs of aging due to high levels of antioxidants in the oil. Use olive oil on salads along with balsamic vinegar.
If you eat cereal for breakfast but find yourself hungry soon after, you might do better with a different type of cereal. Try one that contains more fiber, which will keep you feeling full longer. A whole grain cereal is not only healthier, but it's also more filling. And if you're eating one that's high in sugar, a lower-sugar cereal will help avoid a sugar crash, that can contribute to that empty feeling.
Try to get through your day without drinking your calories. Soda, juice, alcohol, and coffee can really add up to a lot of empty calories. They are filled with little to no nutrition, and can easily put on weight that you don't want or need. Get your fluids from water, and skim milk throughout the day.
As a vegetarian, it is very important to consider the foods that you eat on a regular basis and make sure that you are getting enough iron, protein and amino acids. Beans, tofu, and dairy products can get you the protein you need. Iron is found in many dark leafy greens and avocados are a great source for those amino acids.
If you are looking for a good nutrition tip, you should strongly consider eating more foods that contain omega 3 fats as they are essential to maintaining a healthy body. Foods such as fish, nuts and seeds all contain omega 3 and they can also be found in supplemental pill form.
When you are eating out at restaurants, do not add salt to any of your meals. It is common for restaurants to use more salt than you would use at home, so adding more salt to your food will put your food in a very bad sodium range.
A great nutritional tip for people trying to eat more healthy is to substitute their old unhealthy favorites with healthy alternatives. Just because you are eating healthy doesn't mean you have to skip out on dessert. Fruit and yogurt make a delicious dessert that will satisfy all your sweet tooth cravings.
Keeping track of your personal health will help you know if you are following a healthy diet and getting the nutrients that you need. Going to the doctor for an annual check-up is the best way to know that you have been doing what is required to stay very healthy.
As you have seen, when it comes to changing your diet, there are many things to take into consideration. They just vary person to person. All it takes to start changing your diet is some research, asking questions, work and patience for you to start seeing results. It will improve your life in the long run.
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August 3, 2020
As schools prepare for the 2020-21 school year, there are so many factors to consider. We know there is a lot of information out there, and it is difficult to keep track of all the updates. We’ve compiled a list of guidance and resources from government and health agencies as well as charter organizations to help school leaders quickly access the information they need to make critical decisions and prepare for the continued education of their students, be it through remote, hybrid, or in-person instruction.
The list includes national resources as well as links to state-specific guidance in states where EdTec currently has a presence. We will update the list on an ongoing basis as more information becomes available.
The Safe Reopening of Charter Schools by the National Alliance for Public Charter Schools
A collection of public resources on guidance for the safe reopening of charter schools.
Stronger Together: A Guidebook for the Safe Reopening of California’s Public Schools by the California Department of Education
Released on June 8, this guidebook aims to support public school leaders as they work with local health officers to plan for the safe reopening of campuses and classrooms this fall.
COVID-19 Industry Guidance: Schools and School-Based Programs by the California Department of Public Health
Guidance on School Re-Openings by the California Charter Schools Association
A collection of curated research and guidelines for California schools.
Planning the 2020-2021 School Year: A Framework and Toolkit for School and District Leaders for Feedback by the Colorado Department of Education
Reopening Schools: Health Guidance by COVID-19 Phase by the Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment, Colorado Department of Education, and Colorado Governor’s Office
COVID-19 League Support by Colorado League of Charter Schools
Resources include news; weekly support calls by topic such as special education, instruction, and technology; and webinars.
School Reopening Communications Toolkit by the Georgia Charter Schools Association and the State Charter Schools Foundation of Georgia.
Resources include letters to families, reopening surveys, suggested social media posts, and CDC posters in multiple languages.
Georgia’s K-12 Restart and Recovery by the Georgia Department of Education and the Georgia Department of Public Health
The report provides guidance to support districts and communities in developing plans for reopening schools.
School Reopening Guidelines and Resources by the Louisiana Department of Education
Reopening Guidance by the Louisiana Association of Public Charter Schools
A list of links to information on statewide and city-specific guidance on reopening schools.
Nevada’s Path Forward: A Framework for a Safe, Efficient, and Equitable Return to School Buildings by the Nevada Department of Education
Guidance for Path Forward Programs of Distance Education by the Nevada Department of Education
A memo with information on minimum requirements for distance education plans, attendance requirements, hybrid learning, professional development, and more. All schools must submit a plan for a Path Forward Program of Distance Education as a contingency plan in the case of future school closures.
Reentry District and School Guidance by the New Mexico Department of Public Education
Reopening Schools: Recover, Rebuild and Renew the Spirit of Our Schools by the New York State Department of Education and the Board of Regents
A website designed to help schools continue to educate students, whether in-person, remotely, or a combination of both.
School Reopening Resources by the New York State Department of Education and The Board of Regents
Resources for teachers and administrators as they plan for the 2020-21 school year.
School Reopening Toolkits and Guidance by the Tennessee Department of Education
A series of 20 toolkits provide guidance on topics such as school nutrition, transportation, special populations, technology, well-being and mental health, charter schools, and staffing.
School Reopening Toolkit: Charter Schools by the Tennessee Department of Education
A collection of checklists, best practices, and resources for charter schools as they prepare for a safe reopening.
We will update this list on an ongoing basis as more information becomes available. If you are aware of additional resources that you think would be helpful for us to share with other charters, please let us know in the comments section below!


ATTACHING LOVE TO READING IN CHILDREN: EFFECTIVE WAYS AND ERRORS
Reading is useful at any age, especially when it comes to children. As soon as the baby begins to get acquainted with the outside world, one should already begin to read children’s books to him. This will contribute to a better perception, accelerate the development process, and lay a love for print media. This is a lot of importance, since books are actively replaced by modern gadgets in the form of electronic devices.
Books for school children are no less useful. Reading contributes to the development of memory, memorization of grammar, and is also the main source of vocabulary replenishment. At what age should start buying children’s books? How to instill a love of reading? It is important to know this to any parent.
It is difficult to find a family where parents do not seek to teach their child to read, but this is far from being obtained by everyone. The reason for this may be several factors:
Earlier training. A 3-year-old reading kid is great, but at that age he is not ready to independently study the contents of books. Subsequently, this may result in an aversion to print media. During this period, parents can independently read to the child or consider vivid illustrations.
Late training. Paradoxical as it may seem, it is also not advisable to start acquaintance with children’s literature closer to school. This must be done much earlier.
The book is not age appropriate. It is very important to choose books for children according to their age. Bright tales are suitable for preschoolers, modern novels for teens. But it’s better to postpone the classics for later. Deviation from these rules may give the child an impression that the books are boring, and accordingly it will not be interesting to read them.
Forced reading. A child should only deal with books of his own free will.
HOW TO LEARN LOVE TO READING?
To make the reading fascinating, and most importantly – the kid’s favorite pastime, some recommendations should be taken into account:
the smallest should buy children’s books in an online store or kiosk with vivid illustrations;
it is recommended to start reading from infancy, nothing will calm the baby in the same way as a good bedtime story told by parents;
if there are words incomprehensible to the child, be sure to stop and explain their meaning;
read to your child only when he wants to listen to you;
buy diverse publications for children: poems, tales, non-fiction, to reveal the variety of literary reproductions;
closer to school, you can write your baby in the library;
read at least 10 minutes daily;
show your own example, start reading your favorite novel or reproduction, which you could not reach for a long time;
instill accuracy in books, tell that you can’t draw on pages, tear them;
periodically remember what you read, let the baby tell what he remembered;
Do not forbid to change literature with friends.
These recommendations are quite simple, but they work very effectively. Remember, love is not vaccinated by force, this applies to any activity


Since compressed air is one of the most expensive types of energy in the industry, knowledge of where consumption takes place, and how to optimize consumption gains increasing importance. Production grinds to a halt without compressed air, which means that measurement and monitoring of compressed air consumption and compressor maximum capacity can be crucial for reliability.
Measurement of compressed air consumption is also crucial for maintaining necessary cost controls. Not many companies are aware of the actual cost of compressed air and how vital operating conditions are for efficiency.
Another advantage of continuously monitoring and checking air consumption is that the effect of any measures taken can clearly be seen. The results of increases in leakage and measures taken by different consumers of air make it possible to see which changes best improve efficiency. Air consumption is measured not only to learn about the current situation, but also to learn about potential savings.


April 18-24 is Child Sexual Abuse Prevention Week in British Columbia, a time to recognize the devastating impacts of child sexual abuse and the importance of working together to keep children safe.
Child sexual abuse is a serious social problem, with the most conservative research estimates indicating at least 10 per cent of boys and 20 per cent of girls are victimized. Sexual abuse may be associated with a host of personal, social and health problems, including the loss of self-esteem, relationship problems, mental-health problems, problematic substance abuse, economic hardship, homelessness and suicide.
Public awareness, community education and clinical services for children and families, including those provided by Sexual Abuse Intervention Programs (SAIP) throughout the province, are key to addressing the issue.
The B.C. government supports a range of prevention and intervention services, most recently providing $485,000 toward the launch of the Indigenous Response to Sexual Abuse program, created by the B.C. Association of Aboriginal Friendship Centres. The new program, which focuses on prevention, is available at the Tillicum Lelum Aboriginal Friendship Centre in Nanaimo.
As well, the Ministry of Children and Family Development's South Vancouver Island Region is in the process of broadening the SAIP Program which includes development of a dedicated service for Aboriginal children and youth in addition to development of a new service for sexually intrusive youth.
In 2007, training in Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioural Therapy for trauma related to sexual abuse was offered to SAIP providers. The training is now also being provided to child and youth mental-health workers who work with contracted SAIP agencies.
B.C. also operates a provincewide Helpline for Children that can be reached toll-free from anywhere in the province by dialling 310-1234 (no area code required). The 24-hour helpline is staffed around the clock by trained child-protection social workers.
To view the Proclamation, visit http://www.mcf.gov.bc.ca/mental_health/pdf/sexual_abuse_prevention_week.pdf


Five years ago a disease was discovered in Ohio that posed a real threat to our Black Walnut population. Since then, scientists have seen a decrease in its host beetle population, but the threat of repopulation remains.
Here are some facts to know about Thousand Cankers Disease (TCD):
Discovered in the early 2000s in the western United States, TCD is a fungal disease carried by Walnut Twig Beetles and found in various walnut species,
Eventually making its way to Ohio via the transport of unprocessed walnut wood, TCD has proven especially deadly in eastern black walnut trees.
Fungus-carrying beetles burrow into the leaf stems of black walnut trees infecting the surrounding phloem tissue – which is responsible for spreading nutrients from leaves to the rest of the tree. The burrows create circular, dark brown ‘cankers’ that eventually kill the tree.
Yellow foliage and thinning of the upper crown are the first symptoms.
As the disease progresses, multiple areas of dead tissue – or cankers – form underneath the outer bark of branches, stems, twigs, and trunks.
As cankers spread, they eventually reach the actively growing layer of tissue, called cambium. These cankers will start to combine with one another, preventing nutrients and water from reaching a tree’s branches.
As cankers grow larger and deeper, branches begin to die – eventually killing a tree in as little as three years.
There is no known treatment for TCD so management efforts are focused on prevention and proper disposal of dead or dying trees.
If you are concerned about Black Walnuts on your property, or have other questions about your trees, please contact Ripley Tree Service, an independent family business serving northeast Ohio since 2001.
Image by Whitney Cranshaw, Colorado State University, Bugwood.org


Cyutyupapada, aka: Cyutyupapāda, Cyuti-upapada; 1 Definition(s)
Cyutyupapada means something in Buddhism, Pali. If you want to know the exact meaning, history, etymology or English translation of this term then check out the descriptions on this page. Add your comment or reference to a book if you want to contribute to this summary article.
Alternative spellings of this word include Chyutyupapada.
Mahayana (major branch of Buddhism)
Cyutyupapāda (च्युत्युपपाद) or Cyutyupapādajñānabala refers to one of the “ten powers” (daśabala) of the Bodhisattva, according to the 2nd century Mahāprajñāpāramitāśāstra chapter 39. Accordingly, “by the power of the knowledge of birth and death (cyutyupapāda-jñānabala), he distinguishes and evaluates the places of birth of beings (upapattisthāna), beautiful (suvarṇa) or ugly (durvarṇa)”.
Also, “by means of this knowledge, the Buddha knows the places of birth and death (cyutyupapāda) of all beings and since this knowledge is intact (avyāhata) and invincible (ajeya) in him, it is called the ‘ninth power’”.Source: Wisdom Library: Maha Prajnaparamita Sastra
Mahayana (महायान, mahāyāna) is a major branch of Buddhism focusing on the path of a Bodhisattva (spiritual aspirants/ enlightened beings). Extant literature is vast and primarely composed in the Sanskrit language. There are many sūtras of which some of the earliest are the various Prajñāpāramitā sūtras.
Search found 29 related definition(s) that might help you understand this better. Below you will find the 15 most relevant articles:
Upapada (उपपद).—1) A word prefixed or previously uttered; धनुरुपपदं वेदम् (dhanurupapadaṃ vedam...
Cyuti (च्युति).—f. [cyu-bhāve ktin]1) Falling down, a fall.2) Deviation from.3) Dropping, oozin...
Garbhacyuti (गर्भच्युति).—f. 1) birth; delivery. 2) miscarriage. Derivable forms: garbhacyutiḥ ...
Cyutyutpatti (च्युत्युत्पत्ति) or Cyutyutpattijñānabala refers to the “strength of knowing the ...
Uttamopapada (उत्तमोपपद).—a. one to whom the best term is applicable, best, excellent. [ṛṇaḥ, ṛ...
Nirupapada (निरुपपद).—a. 1) without any title or designation; अरे आर्यचारुदत्तं निरुपपदेन नाम्न...
Samayacyuti (समयच्युति).—neglect of the right time. Derivable forms: samayacyutiḥ (समयच्युतिः)....
Akṣaropapadā (अक्षरोपपदा) is the name of a Sanskrit metre (chandas) to which Hemacandra (1088-1...
Vaṅga (वङ्ग) is the name of a locality situated in Prācya or “eastern district” of ancient Indi...
Cūta (चूत) refers to the “mango” and represents two types of vegetables fit for use in oblation...
Vāc (वाच्, “speech”) according to the 2nd-century Tattvārthasūtra 5.19.—The function of matter ...
cuṭī (चुटी).—f Commonly cuiṭī.--- OR --- cuṭī (चुटी) [or चुट्टी, cuṭṭī].—f A segar or a cheroot...
Nirgrantha.—(CII 1), a follower of the Jain religion. Note: nirgrantha is defined in the “India...
Khaṣ (खष्).—1 P. (khaṣati) To injure, hurt, kill.
Khac (खच्).—I. 1, 9 P. [खचति, खच्नाति, खचित (khacati, khacnāti, khacita))1) To come forth, appe...
Search found 1 books and stories containing Cyutyupapada, Cyutyupapāda or Cyuti-upapada. You can also click to the full overview containing English textual excerpts. Below are direct links for the most relevant articles:
Maha Prajnaparamita Sastra (by Gelongma Karma Migme Chödrön)
I.1. Definition of generosity (dāna) < [I. Puṇyakriyāvastu consisting of generosity]
IX. The knowledge of death and rebirth (cyutyupapāda-jñānabala) < [Part 2 - The ten powers in particular]
Emptiness 13: Emptiness of specific characteristics < [Chapter XLVIII - The Eighteen Emptinesses]


1. One type of relationship is like toddlers playing in a sandbox in what we call "parallel play." They don't really bother each other, but they share the space. That doesn't mean they necessarily share the toys, and they really know very little about what the other is doing. Teachers who teach in this dynamic close their doors and actually know very little about one another's professional lives.
2. Another type is the kind where teachers are very social with one another, extending outside of school hours. The friendship is purely social, but rarely extends into talking shop, because the teachers secretly fear that engaging in professional conversation might lead to disagreement that might threaten the friendship.
3. A third kind of relationship is a cordial one, in which teachers are kind to one another, but actually harbor a hidden hostility toward one another. The hostility can be caused by things like professional jealousy, competition, and deeply rooted philosophical differences that are never really discussed, just often assumed.
4. The fourth kind of relationship is one in which teachers talk about their practices frequently, study their work together, and are comfortable teaching in front of one another, giving each other collegial, friendly and professional feedback. Barth tells us that schools in which this culture exists have the greatest success!
These four models exist in the microcosm of a school, but also on a larger scale, in districts and even across districts. Larger schools can even have combinations of these models within their halls, as smaller communities emerge from the ranks of the entire school.
1. Start up the study of a professional text and create a follow up in real time. You might read about a methodology or some new lessons and then try them out in your rooms, preferably with one another. The followup part is very important, because if you don't do it, you're skirting just above the level of parallel play. Without a little bit of vulnerability, it's easy to talk the talk without really living it.
2. Visit each other's rooms after school and look around with a particular lens with a friendly, yet critical eye. This can be done with a very general checklist that will help you look at your word wall, your learning charts, your library, or your general room arrangement. When you see something you feel you might not agree with, phrase your query in the form of a question, or an "I wonder" statement (I wonder why your word wall is so high up...). Pay the room a compliment. It's very important that you act on your neighbor's advice, making a change based on something in the conversation. This will turn the visit into action and ongoing reflection. (I'll have another post on this topic soon!)
3. Teach in front of each other. Try out tennis match conferring. This means you take turns in conferring. One person teaches while the other watches and notices. Then switch. At the end of the period, self-assign a next step of something you'll practice in your own room on your own before you meet again.


Questions continue to be raised about the teaching and learning of mathematics in schools and colleges and the levels of participation in the subject post-16. Questions continue to arise about its purpose and centrality in the schools national curriculum and the introduction of functional mathematics in vocational awards. In addition, concerns are being raised about the quality and quantity of students entering further and higher education to study courses that require mathematics such as plumbing.
We live in a technological society based on mathematics and science, so it is concerning that schools, colleges and universities continue to turn out students in large numbers who not only lack adequate mathematical and numeracy skills.
There needs to be national debates on this topic that will establish a consensus about these problems with the subjects and how to resolve them. Equally importantly is the urgent need to recognise and identify the problems associated with these subjects in the workplace. Work-based mathematics and numeracy are often overlooked and neglected. Meaningful research on mathematics and numeracy in the work place has been minimal and as a result there is a dearth of evidence and even then scant attention paid to what the real issues are.
It is also essential to develop more precise definitions of the various elements involved. In any research there is a requirement that a precise lexicology is developed and adhered to. These requirements are important given the different mathematical and numerical skills and competences that exist in different work place situation Key questions need to be answered including:
- What mathematical and numerical skills are important in each identified work situation and how best are these identified?
- What attitudes towards numeracy and mathematics need to be developed and encouraged by employers, employees, parents and teachers?
- How best can these subjects be taught and learnt in traditional classroom situations and how important is the context in which teaching and learning takes place?
- How does the context of numeracy and mathematics in the workplace become formalised in order to bring about an identification and understanding of the kind of skills that are needed in a given setting?
In the limited research on numeracy in the workplace issues about the lack a feeling for number has been identified as a problem. It would seem that the school curriculum particularly at primary level has paid little attention to this extremely important element and it remains to be seen if the numeracy strategy will bring about a sustained and lasting improvement. The inability to manipulate and understand the fundamental operations associated with number creates later problems irrespective of the ultimate aspiration of the learners. For example, the inability to estimate and transpose numbers and equations makes for fundamental difficulties later.
Too often in the past, reforms to the mathematics curriculum diluted the above essential building blocks for numeracy skills. The relevance and fitness of purpose of the school/college mathematics content needs to match the future needs and aspirations of the learners.
This is important, as the young adults leaving these institutions will enter a wide variety of work situations and occupations that will in turn require varying degrees of numerical and mathematical skills and competences. Careful analysis is needed to identify and then introduce the appropriate content at the right time into the curriculum.
Clearly there are fundamental elements that all learners require to learn but with the necessary differentiations that reflect their career intentions. It must be accepted that very few will study mathematics to any depth whilst the vast majority will require a basic foundation and grounding in numerical skills and mathematical techniques in order to cope with the demands of chosen occupations. The curriculum needs to be configured to recognise these demands and at the same time excite and stimulate the learners whatever their needs.
One real challenge for the curriculum reformers is the fact that the whole curriculum is restrictive because of including other key curriculum subjects. The expectation that numerical skills and mathematical techniques taught in schools and colleges should be capable of satisfying the total needs of the learners whatever their career intention is absurd. The content must be seen as relevant and be significantly informed by employers. Employers and their professional institutes must be involved in assisting the identification of what is required in their particular work place. Sadly to date this essential element has been lacking.
The farce surrounding the introduction of functional mathematics again highlighted that there is still a long way to go before the problems with the teaching and learning of work based mathematics and numeracy are resolved.


|In December 1943, construction commenced in the UK of
components for pre-fabricated artificial harbours to be sited on the coast
of Normandy for the supply of Allied forces to be landed in 'Operation
Overlord', the invasion of Europe which started 6th June 1944.
It was initially thought that a workforce of 30,000 people would be
needed to build these components, however at peak effort, 45,000 people
were employed nationwide in building the diverse parts.
The different units had a variety of code names eg 'Phoenixes' which
were concrete caissons; 'Bombardons' were steel tanks and 'Gooseberries'
old ships used as breakwaters.
At Wivenhoe, two 'Whales', pier heads were built on the marshland area,
now known as Old Ferry Marsh, adjacent to the upstream Wivenhoe shipyard.
Some of the concrete crane bases and rail-lines used in their construction
were visible until at least 1986.
These two pier heads were made of welded steel with concrete infill and
were 200 feet long and 60 feet wide. the mould depth at the sides were 10
feet. There were equipped with 4 'Spuds' or legs at the corners. Each Spud
leg was 89 feet long with 'feet' 4 feet square. On these Spuds, which were
operated by electric winches with reduction gearing, the 'Whale' could be
raised or lowered to compensate for the tide.
Two Mulberry Harbours were actually assembled on the French coast, one
for the American beachhead and one for the British at Arromanches.
Despite the American harbour being wrecked by heavy weather after 4
days use, the Harbours played a vital part in the success of 'Operation
Overlord'. In the first 6 days of use of the British Mulberry, 326,000
troops, 54,000 vehicles and 100,000 tons of supplies were handled.
Note: Wivenhoe Town Council arranged for one of the new roads in Old
Wivenhoe Quay to be named Mulberry Harbour Way in memory of the
construction of part of the Mulberry Harbours at Wivenhoe. Mulberry
Harbour Way is about 100 metres east of where the 'Whale' Units were


Traditionally, decisions are made at the “top” of an organization and communicated to those “lower down” while feedback on the effectiveness of the resulting actions is sent back to the “top”.
We can see this pattern in all aspects of life, from our relationship with our parents, through our education, and on into our working life. However, in business such a hierarchical structure is not always an advantage. What options are there for a modern business?
Management science tells us that there are three distinct stages in the development of decision-making processes within organizations. Each of these stages has been fuelled by advancements in communication and coordination technologies, starting with the telegraph (invented in 1832) or even with fire beacons and smoke signals in more ancient times.
The first stage of decision-making sees decision-makers, who are only aware of, and responsible to, their immediate environment make decisions independently of other decision makers in the organization.
As the cost and efficiency of communication falls, information is gathered centrally and decision-makers become aware of, and responsible for, a wider environment. These more informed decision makers attempt to make decisions in order to maximize the benefits to their organization as a whole. Finally, as communication efficiency continues to improve local decision-makers consult with other related decision-makers to maximize benefit to both their own organization and to their wider business environment.
These three decision-making stages of development are characterized as follows:
Independent Decentralized Control
In this model, individual units have independent decision-making powers. They act in order to serve their local needs. However, since there is little or no coordination between decision makers, it is possible that decisions made by units locally will conflict with other units’ decisions or even the global objective of the organization as a whole.
Here a central body makes all decisions. Changes affecting the whole organization can easily be made since the impact of the changes across the organization can be predicted. However, this approach is rigid and forces each organizational unit to conform to a prescribed set of rules governing how they act upon instructions from the central body and how they report on the results of their actions. Furthermore, as the number of distributed units increase, the information flow to the central point of control increases, thus this method lacks scalability.
Connected Decentralized Control
Decentralized control encourages independent decision-makers to take responsibility for their local environment, however facilities are provided to allow them to consult with other related decision-makers. Because of this connectivity local decisions can be made with a view on their global effects. However, in this model all decision-makers are exposed to all potential information sources, thus powerful information management systems are required.
Since decentralized control brings many managerial benefits, companies usually strive to move from independent decentralized control, through centralized control and on into connected decentralized control. However, as organizations progress towards connected decentralized control they must find a balance between top-down control and bottom-up empowerment.
Too much top-down control will result in a lack of scalability as described in centralized control model, too much bottom-up empowerment will result in a chaotic decision making process with unpredictable results.
To achieve the “perfect” balance between centralized and decentralized control it is necessary to identify conflict points between individual units. These units must then co-ordinate their decision-making processes and knowledge bases. Such coordination requires the sharing of vast amounts of information, which brings with it the potential for “information overload”, a situation in which it becomes impossible to identify the relevant data from the irrelevant data.
Further to the problems of information overload are the difficulties of communicating information between decision-makers of differing backgrounds. For example, how does an accountant communicate the impact of a marketing overspend, whilst the marketing people communicate the impact on sales if the budget is not approved, which in turn affects the underlying sales potential for the firm.
In an independent decentralize model there is no control over such decisions. In a centralized model we rely on one individual to understand all three points of view, whilst in a connected decentralized model we rely on a technique to communicate all information in a meaningful and manageable way. This need for efficient communications presents considerable technological challenges since individuals from different backgrounds have different domains of understanding, different decision making processes and different data collection, storage and processing techniques.
Today, ICT is moving towards being complete enough to support a full advancement to Connected Decentralized Control. However, this is not yet possible with an “off-the-shelf” solution. Information Management Systems and Decision Support Systems in particular, need considerable customization and adoption to your organizations needs.
While efficient Information Management Systems can bring massive benefits to your organization you should be aware that around 75% of large Information Systems are considered failures by those who commission them. Tread carefully when commissioning such systems and take your time, be one of the 25% who reap the benefits and continue to grow.


Of the many indicators that herald the coming winter in the Petersburg area, one of the most exciting to avid birders is receiving a phone call from a friend announcing, "The swans are back."
The Blind Slough/Blind River drainage is about 20 minutes south of Petersburg along Mitkof Highway. This is a major stopover area for trumpeter swans during spring and fall migrations and, according to Forest Service reports, the most important wintering habitat for swans in the entire Stikine area.
Swans are present from about mid-October to mid-April. Based on overflights of the drainage, peak numbers average around 80 to 90 birds in late November or early December. Winter populations vary from 41 to 68 with an average of 55 swans. Cygnets (immature swans) make up about 25 percent of the winter population.
A visitor to the slough would likely observe 20 to 30 swans during the peak of the season and 12 to 20 swans during the winter months. There are several convenient observation points. An 8-foot-by11-foot, three-sided observatory with shuttered windows was built by the Forest Service at Mile 16 in 1985. This observatory provides an exceptional opportunity to watch these magnificent birds in their natural habitat at close range without disturbing them. A handicapped access to the observatory was completed in 1999 and there are plans for major renovations to the site in the near future.
The bridge to Crystal Lake Hatchery adjacent to the Blind Slough Recreation Area at Mile 18 provides excellent views of the middle and upper slough. Swans also can often be seen in the intertidal area at Blind River Rapids, which can easily be reached by a quarter-mile long handicap accessible boardwalk trail at Mile 15.
It is easy to tell the birds that are passing through from overwintering birds. Because of the plant tannins in the water, swans that have been feeding in the slough for an extended period develop a characteristic light brown or golden caste to their heads and neck that contrasts greatly with the pure white of their bodies.
Blind Slough is noteworthy as one of the northernmost overwintering areas for trumpeter swans in North America. What makes this area so special? There are a number of factors that contribute to its ability to support swans and numerous other species of birds and wildlife.
Blind Slough has a considerable expanse of shallow open water with large quantities of aquatic vegetation. Large natural coho runs and returns of king and coho salmon to Crystal Lake Hatchery contribute many carcasses into the slough. The slow-moving water allows the carcasses to remain within the slough to provide food and nutrients over a much longer time period than would be possible in a fast-moving stream or river system.
An extensive grass flat interlaced with channels at the head of the slough provides warm water seepage, which keeps the slough open when most nearby lakes are frozen over. The area has been closed to all waterfowl hunting since the late 1970s and closed to motorized vehicles during the winter months since 1984. This additional protection undoubtedly makes the area more desirable to the swans.
During extremely cold winters the slough sometimes freezes over. When that happens, the swans will either move downstream to feed in intertidal areas or crowd into the mouth of Crystal Creek into the relatively warm waters of the hatchery outfall. If there is a prolonged cold period the birds simply leave and fly further south until they find suitable areas with open water and adequate food.
Blind Slough, while notable for its over-wintering swans, is also special in many other ways. In recognition of its unique characteristics, Blind Slough and its surrounding area is designated by the Forest Service as both a Recreational River and a Special Interest Area.
This multifaceted ecosystem provides for a diverse population of birds and outstanding avian habitat. In bird surveys conducted during 1990, a total of 102 species were recorded. Of these, seven species were rare to Alaska and an additional seven species were rare to Southeast Alaska.
From late June through November, Blind Slough and Blind River provide excellent viewing opportunities for large concentrations of bald eagles. Besides the swans and other birds, there is an abundance of watchable wildlife including deer, black bear, moose, mink, otters, porcupines, an occasional brown bear and much more. Of the unusual bird or mammal sightings on Mitkof Island, a disproportionate number are from this area.
During two recent trips to the slough in early November, I observed only three adult swans, but saw 15 different species of birds including approximately three dozen eagles, six species of ducks, geese, snipe, a belted kingfisher, and a great blue heron. Blind Slough is truly a natural history treasure within the Tongass National Forest
Barry Bracken is a semi-retired marine biologist and naturalist who operates a marine ecotour company in Petersburg. Contact members of Juneau Audubon Society at firstname.lastname@example.org.


[Vortigern and Rowena or the Settlement of the Saxons in Britain.]
London Publish'd Feb.y 14. 1788 by W. Palmer, No.163 Strand.
Stipple printed in red, proof before title. Plate 336 x 406mm. 13¼ x 16".
Vortigern was the Saxon King of Britain in 5 AD. He forged an alliance with brothers, Hengist and Horsa, who were given lands in Lincolshire in return for help in suppressing the Picts. The alliance was further enforced when King Vortigern fell in love with Renwein (or Rowena), the beautiful daughter of Hengist who agreed to their marriage in exchange for the whole of Kent. The scene captured here is clearly the banquet scene depicting the meeting of Vortigern and Rowena. The helmeted brooding figure of Hengist is seen seated on the left. Sometime later, in an attempt to bring all of Britain under Saxon control Vortigern arranged a meeting with Hengist, then King of the Jutes. However, Hengist armed his men who then massacred some 500 Saxon noblemen in an attack which became known as ‘the night of the long knives’
[Ref: 24990] £260.00


Several dates in the liturgical year have more than one saint whose memorial may be kept. Today there are three men: Paulinus of Nola, Thomas More, John Fisher.
Two of them were married (Paulinus and Thomas), two of whom were bishops (Paulinus and John). Two were martyrs (John and Thomas). Each offers every disciple much to consider in their following of Christ.
Saint PAULINUS of Nola
Anyone who is praised in the letters of six or seven saints undoubtedly must be of extraordinary character. Such a person was Paulinus of Nola (ca. 354 – June 22 431), correspondent and friend of Augustine, Jerome, Melania, Martin, Gregory and Ambrose.
Born near Bordeaux, he was the son of the Roman prefect of Gaul, who had extensive property in both Gaul and Italy. Paulinus became a distinguished lawyer, holding several public offices in the Roman Empire. With his Spanish wife, Therasia, he retired at an early age to a life of cultured leisure.
The two were baptized by the saintly bishop of Bordeaux and moved to Therasia’s estate in Spain. After many childless years, they had a son who died a week after birth. This occasioned their beginning a life of great austerity and charity, giving away most of their Spanish property. Possibly as a result of this great example, Paulinus was rather unexpectedly ordained a priest at Christmas by the bishop of Barcelona.
He and his wife then moved to Nola, near Naples. He had a great love for St. Felix of Nola, and spent much effort in promoting devotion to this saint. Paulinus gave away most of his remaining property (to the consternation of his relatives) and continued his work for the poor. Supporting a host of debtors, the homeless and other needy people, he lived a monastic life in another part of his home. By popular demand he was made bishop of Nola and guided that diocese for 21 years.
His last years were saddened by the invasion of the Huns. Among his few writings is the earliest extant Christian wedding song. Many of us are tempted to "retire" early in life, after an initial burst of energy. Devotion to Christ and his work is waiting to be done all around us. Paulinus's life had scarcely begun when he thought it was over, as he took his ease on that estate in Spain. "Man proposes, but God disposes." [from Saint of the Day, www.americancatholic.org]
* * * * * *
St. JOHN Fisher
St. John Fisher, 1460-1535, born at Beverley, Yorkshire, was the son of a prosperous mercer who died in 1477. About 1482 the boy's mother sent him to Cambridge University where he distinguished himself as a scholar. He was ordained in 1491 on the title of his Fellowship of Michaelhouse (now incorporated in Trinity College). After studying theology for ten years, he took his D.D. in 1501, and was later recognized as one of the leading theologians of Europe.
His university soon discovered his gifts as an administrator; he held in turn the offices of proctor, vice-chancellor and chancellor, and in 1514 he received the unique distinction of being elected chancellor for life. It was in the course of his university duties that, in 1494, he first met the Lady Margaret Beaufort, mother of Henry VII. He became her confessor and advised her on the charitable uses of her great wealth. It was at his suggestion that a preachership was endowed at Cambridge and Readerships in Divinity in both universities. He was largely responsible for her decision to refound and endow Godshouse as Christ's College, and, after her death in 1509, he carried out her wishes in founding St. John's College, to which he transferred lands given to him by the Lady Margaret.
He was made bishop of Rochester in 1504, and he ruled that poorest of sees for thirty years; he was a truly pastoral bishop, encouraging his priests by his manner of life and by his interest in their welfare. He was a noted and assiduous preacher, and he did all he could to provide well-instructed priests who could preach to the people.
It was due to his influence that Erasmus was brought to Cambridge as lecturer in Greek. He and Sir Thomas More became close friends of John Fisher, and there is a record of the three being together at Rochester in 1516. Sir Thomas More became High Steward of Cambridge University in 1525. He and John Fisher had been drawn closer together at this period by the call to combat the Lutheran heresy. The bishop wrote his Confutatio (1523) in Latin, a book for theologians by a theologian, which had a wide circulation on the continent; the layman wrote his Dialogue Concerning Heresies (1528) in English for the common reader. It may be noted that in his sermons and writings against heretics, John Fisher never used the abusive language of contemporary controversy; he relied on reason and persuasion to bring back the prodigals.
The year 1527 was fateful to England, for it was then that Henry VIII took the first steps towards seeking the annulment of his marriage with Catherine of Aragon. She had married his elder brother Arthur in 1501; he died six months later. Catherine always maintained that the marriage had not been consummated. A papal dispensation allowed Henry VIII to marry his brother's widow in 1509. The lack of a male heir turned his thoughts to the dissolution of his marriage; he argued that the papal dispensation had no validity. Cardinal Wosley was instructed to seek the opinion of John Fisher, whose prestige as a man of holy life and of great learning gave exceptional weight to his views. After studying the problem thoroughly he came to the conclusion that the papal dispensation was valid, and therefore that Henry and Catherine were man and wife in the eyes of the church. From that position he never moved in spite of the pressure brought to bear on him by king and cardinal. He was not content with passive opposition, but in the legatine court set up to try the issue, and from the pulpit, he defended the queen, although he knew that Henry regarded opposition to his will as a form of treason.
An attempt to implicate John Fisher in the fate of the Nun of Kent failed; she had prophesied against the king. A more certain weapon was provided by the Act of Succession of 1534. This declared the king's marriage to Catherine void, and his subsequent marriage to Anne Boleyn to be lawful; the succession was settled on her children. All had to take an oath accepting the whole Act. When the oath was tendered to John Fisher he refused to take it; so did Sir Thomas More. Both were prepared to accept the succession as determined by Parliament, but not that part of the Act which implied a denial of the pope's authority, inasmuch as it declared the papal dispensation invalid.
On April 17th, 1534 Bishop John Fisher and Sir Thomas More were committed to the Tower. They were kept apart.
John Fisher was sixty-five years of age when he was imprisoned; he was suffering from a wasting sickness and was clearly nearing his end. Nothing shows the king's vindictiveness more than his relentless persecution of this aged man stricken by a fatal illness. On May 20th, 1535, the pope created John Fisher Cardinal-priest of the title of St. Vitalis. This so infuriated the king that he hurried forward the proceedings against the new cardinal.
The Supremacy Act and a new Statute of Treason were passed while John Fisher and Sir Thomas More were in the Tower. Treason was now made to cover anything said against the king's titles, so that to refuse to recognize him as Supreme Head of the Church of England became treason. Neither of the prisoners would give him that recognition, for to do so was to deny the authority of the pope. Each, however, was careful not to put that refusal in words that could be used against them; they begged to be excused. Many attempts were made to get them to say the fateful words. At length Richard Rich, the solicitor-general, visited John Fisher in the Tower and told him that the king 'for the satisfaction of his own conscience' wished to know the bishop's opinion on the Supremacy; Rich assured the prisoner that whatever he said would not be used against him but would remain private to the king. Thereupon John Fisher declared 'that the King was not, nor could be, by the law of God, Supreme Head of the Church of England.' As a priest he could not refuse to answer a question of conscience, but he had fallen into a trap, and the words he had spoken were used against him at his trial on June 17th, 1535. In spite of his protest at this breach of trust, he was condemned as a traitor.
He was beheaded on Tower Hill on June 22nd, 1535. His naked corpse was left on the scaffold all day until it was hastily buried without ceremony in the nearby churchyard of All Hallows. His head was displayed on London Bridge until July 6th when it was thrown into the Thames to give place to the head of his fellow martyr. Sir Thomas More was buried within the church of St. Peter ad Vincula within the Tower; at the same time, the remains of John Fisher were removed to the same resting place.
John Fisher and Thomas More were beatified in 1886 and canonized in 1935. Their feast is kept jointly. -- The Saints: A Concise Biographical Dictionary, ed. John Coulson
* * * * * *
Saint THOMAS More
Thomas More (February 7, 1478 – July 6, 1535), studied at London and Oxford, England. Page for the Archbishop of Canterbury. Lawyer.
Twice married, and a widower he was the father of one son and three daughters, and a devoted family man. Writer, most famously of the novel which coined the word Utopia. Translated with works of Lucian. Known during his own day for his scholarship and the depth of his knowledge.
Friend of King Henry VIII. Lord Chancellor of England from 1529 to 1532, a position of political power second only to the king. Fought any form of heresy, especially the incursion of Protestantism into England. Opposed the king on the matter of royal divorce, and refused to swear the Oath of Supremacy which declared the king the head of the Church in England.
Resigned the Chancellorship, and was imprisoned in the Tower of London. Martyred for his refusal to bend his religious beliefs to the king’s political needs.
From his prison in the Tower of London, he wrote a touching letter to his daughter Meg (Margaret):
Although I know well, Margaret, that because of my past wickedness I deserve to be abandoned by God, I cannot but trust in his merciful goodness. His grace has strengthened me until now and made me content to lose goods, land, and life as well, rather than to swear against my conscience.
God’s grace has given the king a gracious frame of mind toward me, so that as yet he has taken from me nothing but my liberty. In doing this His Majesty has done me such great good with respect to spiritual profit that I trust that among all the great benefits he has heaped so abundantly upon me I count my imprisonment the very greatest.
I cannot, therefore, mistrust the grace of God. By the merits of his bitter passion joined to mine and far surpassing in merit for me all that I can suffer myself, his bounteous goodness shall release me from the pains of purgatory and shall increase my reward in heaven besides. I will not mistrust him, Meg, though I shall feel myself weakening and on the verge of being overcome with fear.
I shall remember how Saint Peter at a blast of wind began to sink because of his lack of faith, and I shall do as he did: call upon Christ and pray to him for help. And then I trust he shall place his holy hand on me and in the stormy seas hold me up from drowning.
And finally, Margaret, I know this well: that without my fault he will not let me be lost. I shall, therefore, with good hope commit myself wholly to him. And if he permits me to perish for my faults, then I shall serve as praise for his justice. But in good faith, Meg, I trust that his tender pity shall keep my poor soul safe and make me commend his mercy.
And, therefore, my own good daughter, do not let you mind be troubled over anything that shall happen to me in this world. Nothing can come but what God wills. And I am very sure that whatever that be, however bad it may seem, it shall indeed be the best. [from www.saints.sqpn.com]


Kids Study Music as a Profession is gaining popularity. Teachers and educators are realizing the great benefits of music education for children. Teachers are now using music in the classroom to supplement classroom activities such as language, reading, socialization, science, and math. For the teachers themselves, it gives them an opportunity to expand their curriculum to include the creative arts. It is also used to inspire students to strive for excellence.
The advantages of kids study music lessons include the development of skills, self-esteem, and self-awareness. When you teach your child how to play an instrument, you are teaching him or her to take pride in his abilities. He or she will feel more independent and confident about progressing on the piano. In this manner, the early childhood music program benefits both the teacher and the student. They gain a deeper understanding of each other, and the parent gains a much needed shoulder to lean on during difficult times.
Music instruction for kids study music through both guided and unguided learning, and there are differences between the two. Guided musical learning is a method where you set goals, give cues, and provide cues for progress. Students who have undergone this training have learned to work with a system, to execute a specific task, and to work within the structure of a planned musical piece. They learn through non-linear thinking. Non-linear thinking is about exploring all possible outcomes of a given scenario. This teaches the early childhood artist how to think in various contexts, and how to evaluate and modify the results of their creative choices.
Kids study music because it provides them with the opportunity to participate in meaningful learning. In addition to teaching them how to play an instrument, they can explore sounds, colors, and the flow of music. This is accomplished through musical metaphors, which explore the relationships between objects, people, and things. The most commonly used metaphor in this field is the relationship between math and music. Students learn how to solve problems by applying the basic building blocks of mathematics to the world of sound. Statistics are introduced as a statistical study that compares different variables over time, and this gives students a chance to see how patterns emerge from observed data.
The educational environment is changing rapidly. Many children’s music classes in public and private schools are now taught using a combination of statistical models and auditory simulations. Students learn through an integrated approach that combines both subject matter knowledge with applied learning. The statistical benefit is that it provides for higher retention in core subjects, such as mathematics and science. Auditory benefits include improving comprehension and critical thinking skills, as well as enhancing musical timing, pitch, and tone.
When parents take music lessons with young children, it builds important listening skills that will carry over into the classroom and beyond. Young children love to be taught by someone they trust. They are naturally attracted to teachers who are caring, involved, and loving. Parents can start the process of transforming their homes with a kids study room in the kitchen or a corner of the family room. This room can be modeled after any space in the home. For example, a living room might be modeled after a kitchen, or it could be modeled after a game room, an activity room, or a study.


Writing essays is one of the most difficult tasks to accomplish in the academic realm, because there are a myriad of concepts and ideas that have to be articulated and explained clearly for the writer to earn top scores. The primary reason students are scared to begin writing their essays is that they are unsure how to begin. They aren’t sure what an essay entails.
“How should I begin my essay?” This is the question that every student wants to know. The first step to write an essay is to decide on the purpose of the essay. An essay is, in general it is a piece of academic writing which gives the author’s point of view however the definition is very vague, sometimes overlapping with that of personal letters or newspaper article, book, and even an essay. Essays are formal and academic. In the 21st century essays are no longer seen as academic assignments as students increasingly utilize essays as homework and research tools.
The key to writing an essay that is effective starts with choosing the topic, or topic for your essay. It is crucial to select a topic that is interesting to you and is in close proximity with the topic of your essay. Most essays begin with an introduction either in the form of an introduction to the main part of the essay or an introduction to some essential details about the author(s). They could be things such as “It is recommended to have students read this essay.”
Next, organize your ideas so they can be discussed in your main body. The process of organizing your ideas into paragraphs, or sections is the most crucial aspect of the essay writing process, as it helps readers determine the direction the writer intends to move the essay. The structure should be in line with the flow of the paper. An effective method of organizing is to divide an essay into three sections.
The introduction paragraph of your essay should provide an overview of your personal characteristics and your opinions or arguments. This will help to structure the essay buy essay papers and ensure that your paragraphs are coherent. The next paragraphs will focus on the subject of the essay. The part of your essay will include your main ideas, thoughts observations, or statements, along with supporting or additional details. It is not necessary to include every idea you have in the main part of your essay, but instead you should focus on one idea or idea at one time, using the essay’s structure to help you.
The final paragraph will summarize the main points of the essay. If you can, you may also wish to end your essay with personal note. The conclusion paragraph could be written after the introduction or at end of the main body.
Your conclusion paragraph should tie your entire essay together. This will summarise your arguments throughout the essay and make it easy for the reader to understand the main body of your work. Writing good essays takes practice. You’ll be able to see that your essay will include an introduction, conclusion, and a conclusion.
You’ll need to outline your essay prior to writing. This will allow you to concentrate your essay on the most important elements of your essay. If you’re writing an essay about “The Business world’s view on AIDS” for instance the outline could be: You’d begin by writing the title of your essay. The body of the essay will then be the same. This will allow you to outline the key aspects of your essay. Once you have a plan you can move onto writing your essay.


Physical and Sexual Abuse Twice As High As Previously Reported
According to a study led by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention published in JAMA Pediatrics. Twenty-one percent of high school girls have been physically or sexually assaulted by someone they dated — a figure twice as high as previously estimated, a new study shows. Ten percent of high school boys also report having been physically or sexually assaulted by a dating partner, about the same rate reported in earlier surveys. Authors of the new report note that the CDC has changed the way it phrases its questions about teen dating violence, leading more students to report assaults. Assaults by romantic partners often aren’t isolated events. Many teens reported being assaulted multiple times, according to the study, based on the CDC’s Youth Behavior Risk Surveillance System using questionnaires answered by more than 13,000 high school students.
Teens who have experienced dating violence are at much higher risk for a variety of serious problems. For example, they’re more than twice as likely as others to consider suicide. Boys who have faced dating violence are nearly four times as likely to have been bullied online; girls are more than twice as likely.
Boys and girls who have been victims of dating violence are more likely to get into fights, carry a weapon, use alcohol, use marijuana or cocaine and have sex with multiple partners the study says.
Researchers don’t know if any of these events causes the others, however. While it’s possible that dating violence could cause thoughts of suicide, it’s also possible that children who are depressed are more likely than others to fall into abusive relationships.
Parents who are concerned that their child is in an unhealthy relationship, need to discuss it with their child, but do it in a way that doesn’t cause the child to shut down. Teens often hide the abuse from their parents. Teens may not be able to confide in friends, either, because abusers sometimes isolate their victims from loved ones. Teens are sometimes more willing to talk to doctors, especially if their parents are not in the room.


Editorial Highlights Continuing Validity Issues Associated with Criminal Forensic Science Methods
In April, the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences published an editorial written by a scientist at John Hopkins highlighting that many of the forensic science methods commonly used in criminal cases have never technically been scientifically validated, and, in fact, may have led to a number of unjust verdicts.
The stated purpose of the editorial was to inspire scientists to keep moving forward in improving the validity of these techniques. It was ultimately a plea to society regarding forensic techniques that have placed people in jail having zero scientific backing.
Insufficient Accuracy and Too Many Uncertainties
Many people do not realize that not only were traditional forensic methods such as bite-marks, fingerprints, footprints, and tire-marks developed by law-enforcement labs outside mainstream scientific culture, but most of these methods continue to be used in spite of insufficient understanding of their accuracy and reliability. While forensic experts are able to claim fiber matches, for example, the uncertainties involved in this “match” itself—i.e. the error rate in a conclusion like this—are impossible to calculate. Once it came along, DNA analysis not only overturned many convictions based on these traditional, less precise methods, but also drew attention to just how overdue these methods were for scientific scrutiny.
Reports & Commissions Make Progress, But Are Ultimately Halted
As a result, in 2009, the National Academy of Sciences issued a report that was sharply critical of contemporary forensic science, noting that no forensic method (except for DNA analysis) had been rigorously shown to demonstrate a connection between evidence and a specific individual or source. The Academy also suggested that an independent panel (i.e. a panel that was not part of the Department of Justice due to the potential for bias) be established in order to reform forensic science and bring it into mainstream scientific culture. This Commission was ultimately established by the Department of Justice and the National Institutes of Standards and Technology (and thus not completely independent), and did reportedly make some progress on the issue, but the Department failed to renew it after the 2016 election.
This most recent report from John Hopkins highlights that the main problem with modern forensic methods is their close, connective origin with law enforcement: Almost all publicly-funded forensic labs are associated with law enforcement, which arguably creates a serious conflict of interest. Given the lack of a Commission to look into the issue, these researchers are hoping that editorials like these will enable the scientific community to keep pushing for reforms; even if that involves simply improving methods in general.
Florida Forensic Science Lawyers
When it comes to criminal defense cases, you want to make sure that you work with a firm that understands and specializes in the use of forensic science in criminal defense. Fundamentally, in order to protect your rights, your own forensic testing must be done so that the case does not fall back on what the police or prosecutors say about the evidence.
At the Baez Law Firm in Florida, we have been working with combatting bogus forensic science in defense of our clients for years. Contact us today to find out how we can help.


Foothills Neurology is dedicated to treating and managing neuropathic pain and disorders. Using state-of-the-art testing and neuropathy treatment, our skilled neurologists diagnose the source of your condition and customize the most successful treatment plan. Our Neuropathy Center of Excellence is dedicated to treating and managing all forms of neuropathy. We often hear patients tell us other doctors have said there is nothing that can be done about their condition. Our committed neurologists have been successfully reducing and even eliminating neuropathic pain and disorders for years.
What Is Neuropathy?
Neuropathy refers to any disease or malfunction of the nerves. It can result from injury or disease.
Some Common Types of Neuropathy Include
- Diabetic Neuropathy – Over fifty percent of people with diabetes will develop diabetic neuropathy. Generally starting at the feet, followed by the hands, diabetic neuropathy begins with numbness and/or a tingling feeling. If left untreated it can progress to pain and a decrease in muscle strength. Advancements in diabetic neuropathy treatment allow our specialists to diagnose and treat the condition in ways that have not been possible in the recent past. In some cases, even reversing progress is possible.
- Peripheral Neuropathy – This disorder affects the peripheral nerves causing problems in motor, autonomic, and sensory nerves. It can develop as a result of various sources. Noticeable first in the feet and hands, the initial symptoms include numbness, weakness, pain, and tingling. The condition will come and go for some patients while others experience debilitating pain. Peripheral neurology is an often misdiagnosed condition. Our neurologists are skilled at diagnosing, treating, and managing peripheral neuropathy. When caught early, the condition is frequently controllable.
- Cranial Neuropathy – Cranial nerves are those that stem from the brain. When any of these twelve nerves are damaged, it is categorized as cranial neuropathy. Optic neuropathy, audio neuropathy, and Bell’s palsy are a few specific types of this condition. Just a few symptoms of these conditions include disruptions to vision, hearing, facial musculature, movement, and pain. Neuropathy treatment for these conditions varies depending on the cause. We will diagnose the type of condition a patient has and formulate a cranial neuropathy treatment plan specific to the cause and symptoms.
Neuropathy Diagnosis and Treatment
Neuropathy treatment involves treating both the symptoms and addressing the underlying cause, whenever possible. We begin by listening to you. After hearing your story and reviewing your medical records, we fill in any gaps in information with the most technologically advanced testing tools available.
Each person is unique and so is each neuropathy treatment plan when you come to Foothills Neurology. We do not use a one-size-fits-all approach to pain management. That is why so many of our patients have found lasting relief in their neuropathy treatment. Our specialists understand neuropathic conditions and stay current on innovations in testing and treatment. As a dedicated team on your side, you are in the best hands with Foothills Neurology.


The proposed legislation, which would set up a framework for a separate native Hawaiian nation within the United States, has been extremely controversial in the islands and in Congress. Native Hawaiians on both sides have been fighting over the language and intent.
The legislation passed the U.S. House three times, even with strong opposition by conservatives both in and out of the U.S. House.
However, the legislation, which has taken on many forms, has never passed the U.S. Senate.
This despite the power that U.S. Senator Daniel Inouye, D-HI, has as appropriations chair and as President pro tempore of the U.S. Senate.
But the intrepid Senator hasn’t given up.
On October 14, 2011, the Senate Appropriations Committee released a proposed draft of its Interior, Environment, and Related Agencies Appropriations bill, which includes legislation to recognize Native Hawaiians as a federal Indian Tribe.
Peter Boylan, spokesperson for Sen. Inouye, said: “The Hawaii Congressional delegation is committed to federally recognizing Native Hawaiians in the 112th Congress, with the strong support of the Governor and Hawaii State Legislature. We will continue to pursue a variety of options to effectuate passage.”
Historically, Native Hawaiians have never been in a tribe, so the proposal, which has been floated in the past, has angered opponents of the legislation who found it insulting. Other native Hawaiians support the concept, which allows the Secretary of Interior to recognize Native Hawaiians as a federal Indian tribe (Full text is here).
The bill reads: HAWAIIAN RECOGNITION: SEC. 420. Now and hereafter, in exercise of the authority delegated under sections 441, 442, 463 and 465 of the Revised Statutes (43 U.S.C. 1457, 25 U.S.C. 2 and 9), the community recognized by and enrolled pursuant to Act 195 (26th Haw. Leg. Sess. (2011)) may be recognized and listed under section 104 of Public Law 103–454 but not entitled to programs and services available to entities thereunder unless a statute governing such a program or service expressly provides otherwise.”
- The legislation gives power of the Secretary of the Interior to recognize tribes.
- Section 104 of P.L. 103-454 is the requirement that the Secretary of the Interior create and maintain a list of federally-recognized Indian tribes.
- Hawaii legislators earlier this year passed Hawaii’s “Act 195”, or the state version of the “Akaka Bill”, which authorizes the creation of a roll of members, but does not include federal recognition. This bill would work with the local legislation, but no specifics were offered today by Boylan.
Steven Duffield, former chief counsel to Sen. Jon Kyl, R-AZ, said: “For many years, the Akaka Bill advocates insisted that the law would just allow a process for those of ‘Native Hawaiian’ blood to decide a path forward. That was always a farce, and this new provision proves it. The appropriations language would lead to only one result: Native Hawaiians becoming an Indian tribe, with all the public expense and jurisdictional nightmares that go with that status.”
Opponents argue that the purported limitation (“not entitled to programs and services…unless a statute…expressly provides”) is a weak limitation because so many of the programs and statutes already list Native Hawaiians.
They also note that this is arguably “more” radical version of the original Akaka Bill, because the new Appropriations language has no public involvement at the state or congressional level after this bill, it contains none of the limitations that have been negotiated in the past by then-Gov. Lingle, and it simply “turns the switch and invents a tribe.”
Duffield said that “it’s worth remembering that every professional poll has shown that Hawaiian citizens are highly skeptical of this race-based scheme.”
“Commonsense Members of Congress will take all of that into account when deciding whether to allow this language to remain in the bill,” Duffield said.
Leon Siu, a native Hawaiian activist and popular Hawaiian entertainer, has opposed the Akaka Bill legislation in Congress and has even traveled to Washington DC to meet with House and Senate members about his concerns.
Siu said in an earlier letter to Hawaii Reporter that Senator Akaka made a key tactical error last December when he amended the bill to create a “tribe” and take away state oversight, because that set off a chain of events that led to the bill’s failure.
That included leading then Republican Gov. Linda Lingle’s withdraw state’s support for the measure. In addition, Gov. Neil Abercrombie, who was in Congress at the time, failed to embrace the amendments Akaka proposed, Siu said, leaving two different versions of the bill.
Then Akaka changed his bill back to the pre-December 2009 version, Siu said, getting the governor back on board with the Senate bill, but not the still unacceptable Abercrombie version in the House.
In addition to native Hawaiian sovereignty activists who don’t want federal authority over them, conservative organizations, such as the Heritage Foundation and the Cato Institute, and several Republican Congress members, have opposed the bill.
Supporting the legislation are native Hawaiian organizations such as the Office of Hawaiian Affairs and the Department of Hawaiian Homelands, both state agencies that provide services and housing to native Hawaiians.


Definition from Wiktionary, the free dictionary
- (General American) IPA(key): /ɛbəˈnizɚ/
- (Received Pronunciation) IPA(key): /ɛbəˈniːzə/
- Rhymes: -iːzə(ɹ)
- (biblical) The stone memorial in Israel erected by Samuel.
- Then Samuel took a stone, and set it between Mizpeh and Shen, and called the name of it Ebenezer, saying, Hitherto hath the LORD helped us.
- A male given name taken up by Puritans in the 17th century.
- A ghost town in Georgia in the United States.
- A village in Saskatchewan, Canada.
male given name