Our products and their markets
The unique properties and varied applications of the platinum group metals (PGMs) make these metals crucial components of modern life.
PGMs are exceptionally durable and highly recyclable: over 96% of PGMs can be recovered through advanced recycling techniques. This ensures that they have a long life-cycle, repaying the effort and expense of extracting them from the ground. In addition, the longevity of PGMs means that they do not contribute to the negative environmental impact typically associated with metals waste disposal.
Platinum is the most abundant of the PGMs. It is not only one of the densest and heaviest metals, but also one of the most durable. It has a very high melting point, is stable at high temperatures, and is resistant to corrosion and chemical breakdown. Platinum is primarily used in auto-catalysts, jewellery, medical implants and surgical equipment.
Palladium is the lightest of the PGMs and has the lowest melting point. Its most remarkable property is an ability to absorb significant amounts of hydrogen at room temperature, making it an efficient and safe medium for the storage of hydrogen and as a purifier. Palladium’s applications include catalysis and reformation for portable power applications.
Rhodium is a hard and durable metal with a very high melting point and this, combined with its temperature stability and corrosion resistance, makes it key to many industrial processes. The metal’s hardness makes it an excellent alloying agent for hardening platinum. Rhodium is also used in catalysis.
Ruthenium’s applications include computer hard disk drives and chemical catalysts.
Iridium is used in laboratory crucibles for the production of crystals necessary for the LED technology found in modern applications such as flat screen televisions.
The use of PGMs in automotive catalytic converters helps to the reduction of the air pollution and noxious emissions produced by motor vehicles. Catalytic converters are honeycomb-like structures with channels that are coated with compounds of Platinum, Palladium and/or Rhodium. These structures enable the maximum volume of exhaust gas produced by the engine to be exposed to the catalyst, which removes noxious pollutants from the exhaust gas. This is achieved through the conversion of more than 95% of the hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide and nitrous oxides produced by the motor vehicle engine, into less harmful compounds such as carbon dioxide, nitrogen and water.
As the world becomes ever-more aware of the impact of air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions, the automotive industry’s demand for PGMs is likely to remain significant.
PGMs are widely used in a number of healthcare applications. When used in certain compounds, platinum can inhibit the growth of cancerous cell growth. Platinum and palladium are also widely used in dental applications, combined with gold and silver to produce alloys suitable for dental inlays, crowns and bridges.
Platinum as an investment has a shorter history than gold or silver, yet its appeal as a form of investment – directly in the metal and through exchange traded funds (ETFs) – has grown rapidly in recent years.
Industry and technology
PGMs are contained in many of the applications in the chemical, electronic and petroleum industries. In the agricultural industry, they are used in the commercial production of nitric acid, an essential ingredient in nitrogen fertiliser. Nitrogen fertiliser enhances growth by stimulating chloroplasts in plants, which are responsible for the process of photosynthesis.
In the electronics industry, palladium is used in hybrid integrated circuits and computers, while magnetic platinum-cobalt alloys are important components of computer hard disks.
Platinum is a naturally white precious metal with numerous properties that make it a preferred medium for jewellery-making. These include its strength, resistance to tarnishing and its durability. Its rarity and the satisfying, weighty feel of platinum jewellery add to its appeal, particularly in the bridal sector of the market. This year we have again sponsored the design innovations awards that recognise outstanding jewellery design in platinum. See Case study: Lonmin Design Innovation Award 2013.
Fuel cells generate electro-chemical by reacting hydrogen and oxygen over a catalyst such as Platinum. Silent in their operation, fuel cells can be used for both stationary and mobile applications. The adoption of stationary fuel cell solutions is already rising, especially in Asian countries such as Japan and South Korea. Vehicular fuel cell technology however, is still in the first-of-a-kind commercial demonstration phase at this stage.
- Major products.
Source: SFA (Oxford) 2013, estimated
- Markets served including geographic breakdown/sectors served/customers.


1. A 4 L sample of a diatomic gas with specific heat ratio 1.4, confined to a cylinder, is carried through a closed cycle. The gas is initially at 1 atm and 300 K. First, its pressure is tripled under constant volume. Then, it expands adiabatically to its original pressure. Finally, the gas is compressed isobarically to its original volume. Draw a P-V diagram of this cycle. Find the temperature of the gas at the start of the adiabatic expansion. Determine the volume of the gas at the end of the adiabatic expansion. Find the temperature at the end of the cycle. What is the net work done on the gas for this cycle?
2. One mole of H2 gas is contained in the left-hand side of the container, which has equal volumes left and right. The right-hand side is evacuated. When the valve is opened, gas streams into the right-hand side. What is final entropy change of the gas? Does the temperature of the gas change?
3. A 1.5 kg iron horseshoe initially at 600ºC is dropped into a bucket containing 20 kg of water at 25ºC. What is the final temperature if 100 g of water boils away? Ignore the specific heat of the container. (Specific heat of iron is 0.107 Cal/g*C. Latent heat of water vaporization is 540 cal/g)
4. Calculate the change in entropy of 250 g of water heated slowly from 20ºC to 80ºC.
Answers to questions on work done on gas, entropy changes, temperature.


Lieutenant-Colonel Sir Frederick O’Connor was a distinguished soldier, who served in India for many years. A prisoner of war in Persia in World War I, he served on special duties in Siberia in 1918 and was British Envoy in Nepal from 1921 to 1925. He was knighted on his retirement from the Indian Political Department in 1925, after which he pursued widespread interests. He was a close friend of Walt Disney and British royalty, and his keen interest in music led to the composition of published songs. These included ‘The Old House’, which is another that owes its popularity to having been recorded—in November 1939—by John McCormack. The song recalls an old cottage in Ireland where a childhood nanny of O’Connor’s lived.
from notes by Andrew Lamb © 2002


How Localisation Evolved with the Gaming Industry
Video Games are not as ancient as other entertainment products. They are more or less around thirty years old and their history is not as rich as novels, poetry, plays, films etc and is in fact quite short. When compared to other entertainment products, this industry has had a somewhat clumsy beginning and crashed a number of times before skyrocketing its return beyond all other interactive entertainment products.
The pillars of this success story are solely dependent on and linked with the success story of ‘game localisation’ that had to be created to find ways to adapt to various niches and the rising demands of “interactive product” in the multimedia industry.
Although the Game Localisation Industry is still improving its processes, the evolution and changes in the video game industry, over the past decades, played a role in dictating the mould of the entertainment industry worldwide.
Considerable adjustments in game programming, project management, and tailoring products for local use welcomed a vast amount of consumers from different countries. The goal was to adapt to their cultural values, zones, legal systems, and expectations.
The non-stop progression in the Game Localisation Industry made video games, the most lucrative entertainment industry, surpassing music, books, and even films.
The 1970s, infamous for the Beatles’ tragic split up, was the same time the Video Game Industry started to pace up.
US developers started creating games for the national market, mostly for amusement arcades and to share the space along with foosball tables and pinball machines. Computer Space and Pong were among the most popular arcades, their popularity grew with a simultaneous demand for consoles and computer systems that could also be used to play games.
On the other side of the globe, The Japanese also sensed the potential of these products and by the end of the decade, they were the first to join the US-only arcade games industry. At that point in time, games relied on clear mechanics and engaging gameplay, so there was almost no text to be read and translated, hence the need for localisation was low due to the small relevance of foreign markets in the picture.
It was the Japanese, who saw the potential in this industry and who started thinking about localisation earlier and the US was the best place for them to enlarge and extend the ROI.
Fast forward to 2000s
The Age of Globalisation and Sim Ship Race
More and more countries joined the IT and Internet Revolution. With the advent of the World Wide Web, the world became more accessible which eventually led to the rise in the number of players. This meant that the same video game product could sell more and more copies, ONLY IF, the right localisation steps were taken.
Due to the short life span of video games, the best way forward for game publishers was the simultaneous shipment of all language versions. It was known as the “Sim-Ship” model of distribution which capitalised on the momentum built up by a single international marketing campaign and minimised the risk of grey imports and piracy.
In simpler terms, what it meant for language professionals was that most games were unfinished without the localisation processes. This model prompted the beginning of an entirely new host of necessary changes in video game development, localisation, and publishing.
Despite the world recession, the value of the interactive entertainment industry at the end of the 20th century amounted to around $50 billion. It is debatable whether localising products into multiple languages ate up revenues but the kind of Interlinked International presence that we see today would not be possible if it wasn’t for localisation.
Perhaps, one of the most significant developments in the localisation and the game industry was the dramatic success of online games at the end of the century, particularly of MMOs (Massively Multi-Player Online games). From Ultima Online (1997) to World of Warcraft (2004–10), the detailed information about subscribers, their game style, their language of interaction, etc. were some important factors that determined the success of the MMOs. MMOs created a virtual world that allowed thousands of concurrent players to interact with each other.
Itemised market research data is difficult to obtain, especially when having to deal with multiple countries, character sets, and languages.
When demand is big enough for a particular language, it is almost impossible to find specific figures about how much revenue companies make as a result of having localised MMO for another locale, but the fact that they keep on increasing the languages they offer speaks for itself.
With the evidence of the volume of demand, the first decade of the new millennium has seen many companies specialising in localisation only. Full Localisation is slowly becoming the standard and what consumers expect today.
The road ahead is long and as we venture deeper into the global capitalist market, the consumers would expect to be catered to more & more, and the multimedia interactive entertainment industry can exemplify this by developing localisation strategies and avoiding the errors of the past while facing the future global markets.
By: Geetanjali Mehta


It was in 1993 when Michael Jackson skin disease became a hot issue. That year, the King of Pop admitted in Oprah Winfrey Show that he was diagnosed with skin diseases called vitiligo back in 1986. In that show, he stated that the disease was confirmed by some medical professionals. There are so many speculations about Michael Jackson’s skin pigment change now and then, but when we compare and take a careful look at his skin appearance from time to time, we could see some changes and heavy make up use for a camouflage of his skin tone and of course the depigmentation.
We could see it clearly on the face and hands. It becomes one of the reasons why this king of pop always wear hand gloves, which coincidentally become one of his popular identities. What is Michael Jackson skin disease?
Vitiligo is popular as the Michael Jackson skin disease. This is a condition when the skin pigment called melanocytes, which duty is to give color to the skin has limited number due to destruction. The exact cause of this destruction remains unknown. The most possible cause is the body’s immunity that destroys the cells. Even though the Michael Jackson skin disease could occur in any races, but people with dark skin are more fragile to this incurable disease. This disease affects up to 2 percent of the population. People with autoimmune disease are also having the higher risk of vitiligo.
For the Michael Jackson skin disease treatment, the dermatologist will make a diagnosis through physical exam. Since vitiligo is incurable disease, then there isn’t any cure for it yet. However, there are some treatments that could help the patients such as skin grafting, depigmentation on the unaffected skin, repigmentation with UV light therapy and many others. Depigmentation on the unaffected area is might be the most possible solution done by Michael Jackson.
The term Michael Jackson skin disease occurs since this singer admitted that he has the disease. The battle to this disease is clearly seen and goes public, that’s why people call vitiligo as Michael Jackson skin disease. In June 25th, the date of Michael Jackson’s death, there was a strong movement to make the day as vitiligo day. However, the idea is hard to realize due to the controversies in the king of pop’s life. Until nowadays, vitiligo skin appearance is often seen in negative way. Many people have poor understanding on vitiligo and feel afraid that the person that has vitiligo has a virus or other disease, while actually it is a discoloration that definitely not contagious. The Michael Jackson skin disease awareness day could actually a good way to educate people about this disease.


Greed, or Avarice, is a disordered love of riches, an obsession with material wealth to the detriment of the virtues we are called to acquire and the commandments we are called to keep.
Thomas Aquinas, in his Summa Theologiae, said this about the sin of Greed:
"[Greed] is a sin directly against one’s neighbor, since one man cannot over-abound in external riches without another man lacking them… It is a sin against God, just as all Mortal Sins, inasmuch as man contemns things eternal for the sake of temporal things."
Like the other Deadly Sins, Greed would have us trading off some eternal goodness for the sake of some temporal, unsatisfying reward. In our time, Greed is most exemplified by consumerism and workaholism. With both, we reduce the human person to a category of consumer or producer whose purpose is either to live out his life as a well-defined demographic and seek purpose and meaning from the material goods he can acquire, or else to seek purpose acquiring that material wealth through production. That is, man becomes defined by how much he can buy or how much he can sell.
About these pursuits, Christ spoke:
"No one can serve two masters; for either he will hate the one and love the other, or he will be devoted to the one and despise the other. You cannot serve God and mammon." (MATT 6:24, RSVCE)
Our purpose is to ultimately serve God, to pursue the virtues, which are attributes of God. Our purpose is to eventually live up to the divine ideal, to be the kind of men God intended us to be when He created us.
Mammon is greed personified as a demon, thought by St. Gregory of Nyssa to be another name for Beelzebub. It is an evil idol that distracts us from our real purpose.
But, of course, not all concern for money is an idol. Money is not an evil in and of itself, as we see in 1 Timothy 6:10 when Paul writes, "For the love of money is the root of all evil…" Not that money is the root of all evil, but the love of it, which is the Sin of Greed.
St. John Chrysostom in one of his homilies on Matthew wrote: "What he spoke was not condemning riches in themselves, but those who were enslaved by them."
Aquinas divides wealth into two primary categories: Natural Wealth and Artificial Wealth.
Natural Wealth is our basic necessities. Food, clothing, shelter. Artificial Wealth is a means by which we acquire Natural Wealth–that is, cash, coins, credit cards, etc. Natural Wealth is therefore limited. We only need so much shelter, so much food, so much clothing. Not just that we only need so much, but we can only handle so much.
Therein lies the real danger with Greed. The lustful man can reach satiation for a time, the glutton can become full, the drunk can pass out, the lazy man can only do so little. But the greedy man can never get his fill because Artificial Wealth has no limit. He’s always thinking of how much better off he’d be if he could acquire just 10% more than he already has.
The worship of material wealth may lead to dishonesty, cheating, or theft. But even if it doesn’t, it still leads to misery because it causes the acquisition of money and goods to take precedent over our two greatest commandments: to love God and to love our neighbor as ourselves. We cannot love God or one another if we first and foremost love our material wealth.
So, how can we overcome Greed?
1. Love Thy Neighbor
Love your neighbor as much as yourself and you will acquire Greed’s corresponding virtue–Liberality. Liberality may also be thought of as open-handedness or charity. If your concern is with the well-being and success of your neighbor, then you will use your material wealth in pursuit of, not only your own well-being, but his also. You will be detached from material and temporal goods and, instead, oriented toward the eternal.
2. Love of God
Love of God leads to humility and value for the eternal things. It shines light on our real mission in this life, which is to acquire virtue and to help those around us also acquire it. God stores for us eternal treasure, which is more valuable than anything we can acquire now and which is more important to acquire altogether.
3. Corporeal and Spiritual Works of Mercy
This means knowing your purpose. This means knowing who you are. This means doing the work that absolutely inspires and drives you. By doing such meaningful activity, you begin to understand your allotted place in the cosmos and the divine intention for your life. If you accept your mission wholeheartedly, then you cannot serve another mission, which is, in this case, the acquisition of wealth.
4. Practice Real Freedom
The popular definition of freedom is having the ability to do whatever you want, and it’s false. Because "do whatever you want" typically means surrendering to your basest nature, to become overtaken with uncontrollable bodily passions.
That is slavery.
Real freedom is the ability to choose what is good over what is evil. Because our natural tendency is chaos and evil. It’s the easy thing to do because it leads to some temporal pleasure, but ultimately it leads to misery and death. Choosing the good is difficult. Choosing the good is sacrifice. Choosing the good hurts. The only freedom we have is in our ability to choose it.
Choose good over evil in every decision you have to make. Practice self-discipline. Sort yourself out and build yourself up.
5. Limit Consumption
Do not allow yourself to be defined as a demographic who is expected to buy this or that thing. That’s what I was getting at in the article, "Trucks & Manliness". The qualities we most wish to have cannot be bought, even if advertisers tell us their product will help us acquire them. They won’t. What we want is a depth of character, resilience, courage, honesty, masculinity. There is no material object that makes us acquire any of those. In fact, relying on some product to do so has precisely the opposite effect. It’s a weakness. It holds us back. If we think we can buy a good character, it just illustrates how far we are from achieving it.
Greed is ignoring the eternal for the temporal, as with all the Deadly Sins.
Focus on what is important.
Acquire first and foremost what matters in the end.
More from "The Seven Deadly Sins" series:
- Fighting Sloth: How to Acquire Diligence
- Fighting Envy: How to Acquire Contentedness
- Fighting Wrath: How to Acquire Patience
- Fighting Lust: How to Acquire Chastity
- Fighting Gluttony: How to Acquire Temperance
- Fighting Pride: How to Acquire Humility
- An Introduction to the Seven Heavenly Virtues
- Demarcating the Battlefield: An Introduction to the Seven Deadly Sins


Tribe: On Homecoming and Belonging
by Sebastian Junger
GN492.5 .J86 2016
Browsing Books, 2nd floor
Life in a Stone Age society doesn’t seem like it would be easy. But Sebastian Junger sees it otherwise. The author is probably best known for his true-life adventure story on the high seas: The Perfect Storm. In Tribe, he turns his story-telling ability to an anthropological subject that seems a little curious at first. He shows how tribal societies create social bonds that are incredibly powerful, contributing to a sense of allegiance, purpose and belonging — something often lacking in contemporary societies. Although life in primitive cultures can be dangerous, it’s actually less stressful than in industrialized societies.
Being in the military in many ways mirrors tribal life because of the experience of shared purpose and communal living. Being in combat takes it even one step closer — and Junger discusses how these experiences create a deep sense of bonding against a common enemy.
Check out Research@UWW for additional Sebastian Junger titles.


A wireless controller for real-time music interaction.
The goal of this project was to create a playful musical instrument controller which may be enjoyed by all musicians, regardless of their skill level.
Master Digital Design
Most gestural electronic instruments require precise movements to produce pleasant sounds and learning them can be tedious. Ml.cubes detect exact position thresholds allowing musicians to freely explore an extensive and diverse soundscape without having to master the instrument.
I was inspired to start this project after taking an online course which explored using machine learning technologies for the purpose of building real-time controllers for music, games and interactive art. I learned from this course that machine learning technologies can allow for the creation of quick, but accurate working prototypes and so began the ml.cubes project.
As for the physical design of ml.cubes, they are intentionally colourful and are meant to stand out. The geometric patterns on the sides of the cubes were hand-painted using acrylics and masking tape in a hard-edge style. The wireless design enables the cubes to be easily positioned on top of a table, piano, guitar amplifier, or wherever else feels appropriate during a live performance. Two cubes means that the sound combinations that one can experiment with are virtually endless.
- MicroBit wireless accelerometers
- Cycling 74's Max
- Ml.lib SVM machine learning library
- IRCAM's Modalys
- Mi-Creative's Mi-Gen
The ml.cubes send wireless accelerometer data via a Bluetooth connection to the ml.cubes program. This data is fed to an SVM machine learning model to detect cube face positions. Each unique cube position combination triggers audio effect changes. I used physically modelled instruments to achieve realistic sounds.
Minimizing the delay time between gestural actions and their associated sounds was my biggest challenge. Musical instrument controllers must have a near-zero millisecond response time in order to feel natural. My solution for minimizing lag was to use a more advanced type of accelerometer smoothing called Kalman filtering.
Another challenge was providing users feedback for how their cube movements were influencing sounds. It became clear from user comments during testing that a visual clue was needed to help learn interactions and to reduce errors. I added a simple graphical user interface to show:
- How the cubes are positioned in real-time (via accelerometer data)
- Which sound (classifier number) is currently being triggered.
This is a first version prototype. My future goals for the ml.cubes design include:
- Interfacing directly (via MIDI) with other electronic music controllers such as synthesizers and drum machines
- Adding soft lighting controls for poorly lit performance situations.


Pakistan in pictures
Flag of Pakistan
Map of Pakistan
Quaid-e-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah: The Founder of Pakistan
Dr. Allama Mohammad Iqbal: National Poet, Philosopher,Thinker
National Anthem of Pakistan
National Anthem of Pakistan ( in Urdu )
National Anthem of Pakistan in English
Pakistan's National Monument was built in the Shakarparian Hills, at the west viewpoint overlooking the capital city Islamabad, Pakistan. Built with expensive red granite marble the shape is that of a blossoming flower, with petals. The four main petals of the monument represent the four provinces of Pakistan: Balochistan, North West Frontier Province, Punjab, and Sindh. In the large view you can see some murals of famous monuments which are located in the respective provinces. And the three smaller petals represent the Northern areas, Kashmir and the country’s tribal areas.
Minar-e-Pakistan is a tall minaret in Iqbal Park Lahore, built in commemoration of the Pakistan Resolution. The minaret reflects a blend of Mughal and modern architecture, and is constructed on the site where on March 23, 1940, seven years before the formation of Pakistan, the Muslim League passed the Pakistan Resolution (Qarardad-e-Pakistan), demanding the creation of Pakistan. This was the first official declaration to establish a separate homeland for the Muslims living in the South Asia. Pakistan now celebrates this day as a national holiday each year.
Mazar-e-Quaid (Urdu: مزار قائد) or the National Mausoleum refers to the tomb of the founder of Pakistan, Quaid-e-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah. It is an iconic symbol of Karachi throughout the world. The mausoleum completed in the 1960s, is situated at the heart of the city.
Khyber gate: Entrance to Khyber pass and Torkham border of Afghanistan from Peshawar, North Western Pakistan.
Ziarat, Balochistan, Pakistan
Jasmine: National flower
Cedrus deodara: National tree
Peregrine Falcon is the state bird of the country recognized as "Shaheen" and officially the military iconic symbol of the PAF
Chukar: National bird (official)
Asiatic Lion: National animal (unofficial)
Markhor: National animal
Indus Dolphin: National Mammal; is only found in the Indus River in Pakistan
National Game: Field hockey; Pakistan is 4-time world champion (1971, 1978, 1982, 1994 )and 3-time Olympics champion (1960, 1968, 1984) while Pakistan also won Champions Trophy for 3 time ( 1978 , 1980, 1994 ).
Cricket: Pakistan 1992 World Champion
Pakistan: ICC T20 World Cup 2009 winner
Shahid Khan Afridi: currently holds the highest career strike rate in the history of international cricket and the world record of Fastest Century
Wasim Akram: a former Pakistani Cricketr. Widely regarded as one of the finest fast bowlers ever, Akram holds world records for the most wickets taken in both ODIs and Test matches. Recently Wasim has been inducted in ICC Hall of Fame.
Shoaib Akhtar: Fastest bowler in the world. He set a world record by clocking 100mph
Jahangir Khan: is a former World No. 1 professional Squash player from Pakistan, who is considered by many to be the greatest player in the history of the game. During his career he won the World Open six times and the British Open a record ten times. Between 1981 and 1986, he was unbeaten in competitive play for five years. During that time he won 555 matches consecutively. This was not only the longest winning streak in squash history, but also one of the longest unbeaten runs by any athlete in top-level professional sports.
Jan sher Khan: is a former World No. 1 professional Squash player from Pakistan, who is widely considered to be one of the greatest squash players of all time. During his career he won the World Open a record eight times, and the British Open six times.
Badshahi Mosque - Lahore
Food street - Lahore
National Stadium - Karachi
Baltoro glacier - Pakistan
The Karakoram Highway (KKH) (Urdu: شاہراہ قراقرم, Chinese: 喀喇昆仑公路) is the highest paved international road in the world. It connects China and Pakistan across the Karakoram mountain range, through the Khunjerab Pass, at an altitude of 4,693 m/15,397 ft as confirmed by both SRTM and multiple GPS readings. It connects China's Xinjiang region with Pakistan's Gilgit-Baltistan and also serves as a popular tourist attraction. Due to its high elevation and the difficult conditions in which it was constructed, it is also referred to as the "8th Wonder of the World."
The Karakoram Highway
Beautifully painted Pakistani trucks along the Karakoram Highway, Pakistan. The Karakoram Highway connects northern Pakistan with far north-western China via the Khunjerab Pass (4693m) and is the highest international road in the world.
Bualtar Glacier, Hoper, Pakistan
Hunza Valley - Pakistan
The Faisal Mosque in Islamabad is the largest mosque in Pakistan and South Asia and one of the largest mosques in the world. It was the largest mosque in the world from 1986 to 1993 when overtaken in size by the completion of the Hassan II Mosque in Casablanca, Morocco. Subsequent expansions of the Masjid al-Haram (Grand Mosque) of Mecca and the Al-Masjid al-Nabawi (Prophet's Mosque) in Medina, Saudi Arabia during the 1990s relegated Faisal Mosque to fourth place in terms of size. It is conceived as the National Mosque of Pakistan.The Faisal Mosque is named after the late King Faisal bin Abdul Aziz of Saudi Arabia, who supported and financed the project.
The Badshahi Mosque (Urdu: بادشاھی مسجد) or the 'King's Mosque' in Lahore, commissioned by the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb in 1671 and completed in 1673, is the second largest mosque in Pakistan and South Asia and the fifth largest mosque in the world. Epitomising the beauty, passion and grandeur of the Mughal era, it is Lahore's most famous landmark and a major tourist attraction.
It is capable of accommodating 5,000 worshippers in its main prayer hall and a further 95,000 in its courtyard and porticoes, it remained the largest mosque in the world from 1673 to 1986 (a period of 313 years), when overtaken in size by the completion of the Faisal Mosque in Islamabad. Today, it remains the second largest mosque in Pakistan and South Asia and the fifth largest mosque in the world after the Masjid al-Haram (Grand Mosque) of Mecca, the Al-Masjid al-Nabawi (Prophet's Mosque) in Medina, the Hassan II Mosque in Casablanca and the Faisal Mosque in Islamabad.
The mausoleum of Sheikh Rukn-i-Alam. Multan, Pakistan
Hanna Lake (Urdu: حانا جھيل) is a lake near Quetta city in Pakistan and is one of the main attractions in the city. The lake is located a little short of the place where the Urak Valley begins and 10 km from Quetta. Golden fish in the lake comes swimming right up to the edge of the lake.
Lake Saif-ul-Malook, Nothern areas, Pakistan
Shandur Polo festival, Pakistan
Mahodand Lake, Kalam, Pakistan
Pakistan’s M2 motorway: For sheer spotlessness, efficiency and emptiness there is nothing like the M2 in the rest of South Asia
Motorway connecting Islamabad and Lahore, Pakistan
M2 Motorway from Lahore to Islamabad, Pakistan
M1 Motorway from Islamabad to Peshawar, Pakistan
Shangrila Lake, Pakistan
Neelum Valley, Pakistan
Typical Neelum Valley village, Pakistan
Pakistani Girls In Traditional Dress: Pakistani girls representing the four provinces of Pakistan seen here in traditional garb. Such costumes are often seen on the 14th of August or the 23rd of March on Independence Day celebrations in Pakistan. The application of face paint indicates that they are dressed up as either Pakhtun or Baluchi women, while the girl on the left is from the eastern Indus Valley region of Sindh or Punjab. (From left to right: Sindhi dress, Pakhtun and Baluchi dress)
Kalash People of Pakistan
Kalash Valley, Pakistan
Sunflower fields in Khanewal, Punjab, Pakistan
Tent pegging, A passion of Punjabi and a thrilling game, very famous in central Punjab, Pakistan.
Murree (Pakistan) in winter. Road blockade due to land sliding
Glowing Fountain and Oyster Rocks in arabian sea, Karachi, Pakistan
Karachi: An aerial view of Pakistan's port city of Karachi, the city of lights. Copyright Mohsin Hassan
Karachi - The City of Lights, Pakistan
Miani Horr, Balochistan, Pakistan
Shogran in the Kaghan Valley, NWFP, Pakistan
Islamabad, Pakistan - sunset at Blue Area
7th Avenue Islamabad- Bird's eye view, as seen from Daman-e-Koh (Margallah Hills), Islamabad - Pakistan
Rawal Lake located in the outskirts of Rawalpindi and Islamabad, is considered to be a paradise on earth that one must not be miss. Rawal Lake is an artificial reservoir in Pakistan that fullfills the water demands for the cities of Rawalpindi and Islamabad. This artificial lake covers an area of 8.8 km². Rawal Lake is located within an isolated section of the Margalla Hills National Park.
Heavenly View at Khanpur Lake...Some 50 kilometers north-west of Islamabad, on the road from Taxila to Haripur. One can indulge at this place away from city life.
Tarbela Dam- The world's largest earth-filled dam on one of the world's most important rivers - the Indus - is 103 km from Rawalpindi. The dam was completed in 1976 at a cost of Rs.18.5 billion. Over 15,000 Pakistani and 800 foreign workers and engineers worked during its construction. It is the biggest hydel power station in Pakistan having a capacity of generating 3,478 MW of electricity. Its reservoir is 97 km long with a depth of 137 meters while total area of the lake is 260 sq.km.
Mangla Dam- World's third largest earth-filled dam is only 115 km south-east of Rawalpindi.
Mangla Dam Water FLow
Kallar Kahar Lake, Pakistan
Rama Lake- Near Astore, Northern Pakistan
Satpara Lake, Sakardu, Pakistan: One of the largest fresh water lakes of the country.
Banjosa village is around 3 and a half hours drive from Islamabad and a 30 min drive from Rawalakot, district headquarter of Poonch District, in Azad Jammu & Kashmir, Pakistan
Banjosa , Azad Khasmir, Pakistan
Toli Peer Meadow, Northern Pakistan
Shyokh Valley near Kaphalu, Karakoram Range, Pakistan
Walking upwards through the Gasherbrum II Icefall, Karakoram Range, Pakistan
Shandur Valley - Vertorama, Pakistan
Sword Dance: The Pashtuns are known for dancing with their guns and/or swords. Also known as Khyber sword dance.
A popular Sindhi folk dance usually done when somebody returns home victorious
Balochi Folk Dance: Baloch people give a great importance to the occasion of birth. The occasion is celebrated by music, singing and dancing.
Bhangra: folk dance of Punjab is the bhangra which is described as being like rock and roll and which is always done at the beginning of the harvest season.
Wakhi Dance: Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan
Wakhi children dance at Wakhi Cultural Festival at Lok Virsa, Islamabad, Pakistan.
Kalash Dance from Kalash Valley, Pakistan


Parenting Tips: 2-3 Years
Kicking and screaming, your child throws a tantrum on the floor of the toy store because you won’t buy the toy she wants. What do you do?
- Don’t try to reason with your toddler. Children cannot listen during a tantrum.
- Don’t lose your temper, because this will frighten your child and set a bad example.
- Don’t give in to your child, because this rewards bad behavior and encourages tantrums.
- Don’t bribe your child with a candy or other treats. He may start demanding such bribes to behave.
- Stay calm and don’t worry about what others think.
- Ignore the fuss. Give your child as little attention as possible.
- Hold your child, if necessary, to prevent injury or damage to property.
- Leave the store if the tantrum continues.
- When your child is calm, explain that you will leave the store whenever she throws a tantrum.
- Reward good behavior by spending some special time together as soon afterwards as possible.
We’ve all heard of the “terrible twos” as a time when children become defiant and unmanageable. This may be how it seems at times, but children need to go through this stage. They need to discover their own strengths, to separate themselves from their parents, and to learn self-control. We can teach our children to behave properly by rewarding good behavior, ignoring provocative behavior, and preventing them from injuring themselves or others.
- Before entering the store, describe the behavior you expect and the consequences of misbehavior.
- Feel secure in your overall strategy, so that you don’t feel the urge to negotiate or give in.
From “Good Kids, Bad Behavior” by Jonathan Brush, PhD, MD


Even with the Covid pandemic, which stopped the world and reduced global emissions of greenhouse gases in 2020, Brazil increased its emissions by 9.5% compared to the previous year.
With that, the country reached the highest value of tons of gases emitted since 2006.
The high deforestation in the Amazon and the cerrado caused the high emissions. Deforestation has remained high under the Jair Bolsonaro government.
In 2020, Brazil emitted 2.16 billion tons of CO2 equivalent, a sum of all greenhouse gases, according to data from SEEG (Greenhouse Gas Emission Estimation and Removal System), released on Thursday (28), days before COP26, the United Nations Climate Change Conference.
The program carries out an annual survey of Brazilian emissions and details the sectors from which they originate. In 2019, there were 1.97 billion tons. The 9.5% increase represents the highest percentage increase since 2003.
Translated by Kiratiana Freelon


I have been meaning to write about a rewards/management system that I use in my classroom for the last couple of years. It’s math money. I have heard of other teachers that use fictitious money in their classroom, but mine has interesting and meaningful twist: students pay taxes and file tax returns for all the money they earn. I cannot remember who I got the idea from, but I remember it was an elementary or middle school teacher. If I can find who it was, I will post the link.
A few years ago, I had one of my (now) former students create some $1, $5, and $10 math money “bills” that I use for currency. He created it in Photoshop (they’re somewhat elaborate) and gave me the files. The little I actually know about Photoshop allows me to update them from year to year.
The students earn money for lots of things. It’s all about positive reinforcement. I especially prize participating in class and collaboration – and will usually pay students for these things. Attendance, homework, hard work, Student of the Week, exam scores, etc….these are also things that will earn a student some dinero. We also have various paid positions that students must be elected to (attendance taker, runner, etc.), each of which receive a weekly salary.
Students spend their money during auctions every two weeks. I auction off candy, dollar store items, homework passes, positive calls home, among other things. We even have 50/50 raffles every now and then. The possibilities here are endless, plus its where all the fun is! It’s crazy, students love to compete to be the highest bidder and spend their money.
As students earn their money, I keep a simple tally of how much they earn. Other than Student of the Week payments, all income is taxed. Students can choose to withhold income as they earn it – they simply give it back to me (i.e. the government). Each class elects a treasurer that will take my tallies and enter them into our class database (Google spreadsheet), which sums all taxed and untaxed money each student earns. At the end each marking period I take this spreadsheet and mail merge it into individual W-2’s for each student, which I print and give to them.
I have created a tax form that students complete on tax day. We literally spend an entire day doing taxes. They ask questions, get confused, and eventually learn (like most people who do their own taxes). Students itemize their deductions and compute their taxes using our tax rate table. I used to have adjustable tax rates, but it got too complicated. Deductions include high exam scores, donating to a class pencil fund, seeing me for extra help after school, and other “good” deeds. After they submit their income tax forms, the treasurer examines them to ensure there are no discrepancies. Some students will receive a tax refund while most others will owe taxes.
The whole process really does mock the tax-filing process. I like to think that after students take part in this process six times every year, they have a pretty good understanding of how the IRS does its thing. It’s also an effective way to promote positive behavior in my class. Using money in my classroom has afforded me loads of flexibility in terms of classroom management and allowed me to mimic the real world in countless ways. Plus, its just plain fun.


We always get numerous interesting questions in our inbox regarding fish, but this one question “Do Fish Move When They Sleep ?” made us then twice, and we decided why not answer it. The simple answer to this question is yes, some fish move while sleeping as they need oxygen and food for energy. However, it’s just a reflexive motion that does not affect their health or quality of life most of the time.
Studies have shown how the brain waves of goldfish were more continuous during periods where there was no stimulus from external stimuli than while awake, proving that goldfish share standard sleep patterns as do humans.
However, much research is still needed on how fish get enough oxygen without movement. Also unknown is if changing habitats affect the type or quality of sleep.
How Do You Know If A Fish Is Sleeping?
Well, we think that you can only know if your fish is sleeping is by observing their behavior. It’s not always easy to tell when they’re fully awake. You can also spot them sleeping because they stop swimming around as much, but this might only happen for short periods, which means they could still very well be dozing rather than sleeping.
Different types of fish also behave differently when they are sleeping. For example, salmon will rest near the bottom, so their bodies do not weaken from lack of use. Cichlids are known to use up lots of energy when hunting prey in the wild, so many will start resting during the day and then resume activity at night once their stomachs have been filled with food. Goldfish also go through periods where they will rest one eye, which mimics human nap. Certain kinds, such as catfish, can sleep with both eyes open at once. As fish do not sleep with their eyes closed as humans do, it can contribute to confusion around their sleeping habits.
How Do Fish Sleep In Water?
The fish alter the rhythm of their swim pattern to slow down and appear as though they are resting or sleeping. Fish do not always use this tactic when it comes to staying in one place for an extended period, but when moving around the tank, the water slows them down.
A dozing fish will often be seen resting on its side or half-submerged in the water. They may also rest on rocks at the bottom of the tank, which is called lying dormant; however, if there was no current, they could be considered asleep. However, most people may take resting for hiding.
How Long Can A Fish Sleep?
Fish can sleep anywhere from one hour to 16 hours in any 24 hours; however, this depends not on how long they have been awake but rather on their species and age. By observing how long their dorsal fin stays still, scientists can tell that they’re just taking a break from swimming instead of getting shuteye.
In addition, many fish move around even while they appear to be sleeping. Which makes it difficult for an observer to determine whether or why they might have fallen asleep at all. This also makes it hard to say how much time any individual fish spends actually “sleeping.”
Scientists often measure periods of inactivity in fish to determine whether or not they are sleeping, but some fish types do move while sleeping. A fish’s sleep patterns are not as well-studied and do vary by species.


Wildlife Research and Management - Wildlife Research
Date Published: 2011
Number of Pages: 13
Author(s): Michael A. Schroeder and W. Matthew Vander Haegen
We examined the relationship between the Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) lands and Greater Sage-Grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) in Washington state including an assessment of population change, nest-site selection, and general habitat use. We monitored nest-site selection of 89 female sage-grouse between 1992 and 1997 with the aid of radiotelemetry. The proportion of nests in CRP lands significantly increased from 31% in 1992–1994 to 50% in 1995–1997, although more nests were detected in shrub steppe (59% vs. 41% of 202 nests). The increase appeared to be associated with maturation of CRP fields, which were characterized by increased cover of perennial grass and big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata). Nest success was similar (P = 0.38) for nests placed in the two cover types (45% in CRP and 39% in shrub steppe). Counts of fecal pellets indicated that sage-grouse selected areas with greater sagebrush cover, especially in relatively new CRP in a shrub steppe landscape. Analysis of male lek attendance prior to implementation of CRP (1970–1988) illustrated similar rates of declines in two separate populations of sage-grouse in north-central and south-central Washington. Data from 1992 to 2007 following establishment of the CRP revealed a reversal of the population decline in north-central Washington while the south-central population continued a long-term decline (~17% vs. 2% of the occupied areas were in the CRP, respectively). These results indicate that lands enrolled in the CRP can have a positive impact on Greater Sage-Grouse, especially if they include big sagebrush and are focused in landscapes with substantial extant shrub steppe. The CRP for sagegrouse and other sage-dependent species should be considered a long-term investment because of the time required for sagebrush plants to develop.
Schroeder, M. A., and W. M. Vander Haegen. 2011. Response of Greater Sage-Grouse to the conservation reserve program in Washington State. Pp. 517–529 in S. T. Knick and J. W. Connelly (editors). Greater Sage-Grouse: ecology and conservation of a landscape species and its habitats. Studies in Avian Biology (vol. 38), University of California Press, Berkeley, CA.
Persons with disabilities who need to receive this information in an alternative format or who need reasonable accommodations to participate in WDFW-sponsored public meetings or other activities may contact Dolores Noyes by phone (360-902-2349), TTY (360-902-2207), or email (email@example.com
). For more information, see http://wdfw.wa.gov/accessibility/reasonable_request.html


There’s little doubt that people’s names are hard to remember. No, it’s not just you, research suggests there’s something unusual about names which makes them particularly tricky to recall. Indeed some researchers suggest that people’s given names are the most difficult of all words to learn (Griffin, 2010).
One study gave participants fake names and biographies to study (Cohen & Faulkner, 1986). Then they were tested on what they could remember. Here are the percentages for different pieces of information that were recalled:
- Jobs: 69%
- Hobbies: 68%
- Home towns: 62%
- First names: 31%
- Last names: 30%
So names are more difficult to remember than what people do, what their hobbies are and where they come from. And, you won’t be surprised to hear, as we age, most of us get even worse at remembering names.
All kinds of theories have been put forward. One is that lots of us have the same names. People guess that common first names like ‘John’ and surnames like ‘Smith’ are more difficult to remember because, on our minds, one John Smith interferes with another.
Counter-intuitively, though, some research suggests common names are easier to recall than unusual names (James & Fogler, 2007). Other research suggests the opposite so it’s not exactly clear what is going on (Griffin, 2010).
What’s in a name?
The most popular explanation in the research is that names are essentially arbitrary and meaningless.
For most of us our names give away few clues about our appearance, our personalities or anything about us, except maybe a rough age, ethnicity, social class and whether our parents were celebrities (hello ‘Moon Unit’, ‘Tu Morrow’ and ‘Moxie Crimefighter’—yes, all real names of celebrity offspring).
If, for example, I was called ‘The Pink Panther’, and I happened to look like a pink panther, you’d almost certainly find it easy to remember my name (Fogler et al., 2011).
Meaning is the key: we seem to find it difficult to remember names because they have weak semantic hooks. Oddly we find it easier to remember that a person is a potter, i.e. makes pots, than if their surname is actually Potter (James, 2004). We automatically treat names as meaningless, even if they have meaning.
Perhaps it’s because we get so used to the lack of association between a person’s name and what they do, or much else about them. ‘Dave’ could just as easily be a serial murderer as a quantity surveyor. In fact it’s surprising if we meet, say, a Miranda Brain and she turns out to be a neurosurgeon.
That’s why one common trick for remembering names is to force yourself to make some kind of memorable association in your mind. It’s also probably why nicknames are better remembered than given names: they have more meaning because people acquire them for particular traits or events.
So, the next time you are beating yourself up for forgetting a name, don’t worry, it’s perfectly normal. Just be kind to others and keep reminding them what your name is. And when someone forgets your name, console yourself with Shakespeare:
“What’s in a name? That which we call a rose
By any other name would smell as sweet.”
→ Explore PsyBlog’s ebooks, all written by Dr Jeremy Dean:
Image credit: beast love
How Memory Works
→ This post is part of a series on how memory works:
- Memory and Recall: 10 Amazing Facts You Should Know
- Why People’s Names Are So Hard to Remember
- How Memories are Distorted and Invented: Misattribution
- Memory Improved 20% by Nature Walk
- Absent-Mindedness: A Blessing in Disguise?
- Mind Pops: Memories That Come From Nowhere
- How Quickly We Forget: The Transience of Memory
- Reconstructing the Past: How Recalling Memories Alters Them
- Can Doodling Improve Memory and Concentration?
- On the Tip-of-the-Tongue: Blocked Memories
- Six Memory Myths
- Memory Improved By Saying Words Aloud
- Infant Memory Works From Very Early
- Memories Are Made of This
- Memory Enhanced by a Simple Break After Reading
- The Persistence of Memory
- 7 Simple Ways to Improve Your Memory Without Any Training
- How the Consistency Bias Warps Our Personal and Political Memories
- The Temporal Doppler Effect: Why The Future Feels Closer Than The Past
- Implanting False Memories: Lost in the Mall & Paul Ingram
- Offline Learning: How The Mind Learns During Sleep
- How to Easily Improve Your Memory


The 67 Different Sub Genres
Two decades and a century since the dawn of cinema, it is safe to say the medium has by now produced a colossal variety of films. This can be almost overwhelming at times. So, different categories help guide us through this. Whether it’s in choosing a script to write, read or just finding the Netflix pick for the day, sub genres help audiences navigate the cinematic landscape.
Screenplays can be better identified with the help of sub genres. Here we can learn instantly the potential style, tone, subject matter and overall feel of the movie or TV show we are about to watch, read or write.
Sub genres and their meanings can be useful to help define your screenplay. Moreover, a sub genre will not just help you give clarity to your script’s definition but also help in guiding it.
You might not want to fulfil genre expectations to the point of cliche. However, having a strong idea of genre expectations will help you subvert them as well as fulfil them, giving the audience what they expect whilst also providing them with the unexpected.
Sub genres can of course overlap and often a screenplay will fall into multiple categories. But the categories’ usefulness remains. Indeed, the more sub genres a screenplay fits into, the more potentially versatile it proves.
So we’ve compiled a list of sub genres and their meaning. These might help you better understand the tone, themes or even plot of the story you are seeking to write.
What are the key elements of these sub-genres? And how do they manifest in the cinematic landscape? Let’s take a look:
Action indicates a portrayal of threat. This could be because of altruistic, evil or supernatural causes and will likely involve fighting or battle sequences.
Furthermore, ‘Action’ usually speaks to the pace and structure of the story, centred around set-pieces and building to a climactic finale.
This will involve one singular heroic figure with special or supernatural abilities. Or a group of such characters banded together. They will become the supernatural representatives of human concerns – saving the world, stopping an evil presence, preserving humanity.
Furthermore, a common theme in superhero screenplays is the clear hero and villain distinction among characters. There’s often little ambiguity, a clear evil obstacle for the good guys to overcome. A clear example are the films of the Marvel Cinematic Universe.
They might be carrying out their mission on behalf of a state or for their own personal reasons.
3. Martial Arts
This sub genre of screenplay usually includes fighting sequences and set-pieces for major chunks of the plot. These scenes are the jewels in the crown of these kinds of movies. Karate and Kung-fu are some of the popular martial arts styles used in film.
So the action sequences in these screenplays are based on evasion of danger caused by the disaster.
5. Buddy Cop
This sub genre will include two police officers as protagonists. Often the plot usually revolves around the development of their relationship while the two characters work together to survive the dangers in the story.
Screenplays like The Pirates of the Carribean franchise and The Three Musketeers share a plot portraying heroic bloodshed. This sub genre is usually set in historic times and often comprises of sword fighting action sequences.
Furthermore, the fighting elements are usually set to protect the vulnerable and hence, entail less violence. There is often a theme of the ‘little guy’ fighting against the powers that be.
‘Swash’ comes from ‘to swagger with a sword’ whilst ‘buckler’ is a small shield. Therefore a ‘Swashbuckler’ denotes a fighter with relative small means but swagger and skill to make up for it.
Thriller screenplays aim to create a strong connection with the audience. This is accomplished with the help of an exciting and engaging plot and tone. They will keep audiences on the edge of their seats.
Psychological thrillers involve intense emotional elements in the story. The plot often includes a threatening situation confronting the protagonist as a result of psychological instability.
Mystery thrillers are the movies that make you bite your nails while sitting on the edge of your seat. In fact, these screenplays thrive on the plot twists and unpredictability of the story. The story will keep you guessing right till the very end and that is its main purpose.
Techno thriller films like The Circle have a high engagement with the technological resources within the plot. Moreover, the plot will includes suspense whilst upholding the subtlety of the technical aspects of the story.
Conspiracy thriller screenplays build on the unravelling of an unexpected consequence triggered by the protagonist. This will be an unexpected discovery or a quest for knowledge of an unexpected event.
5. Film Noir
Screenplays like The Black Dahlia and Sin City portray the sub genre fittingly. Often film noir screenplays will contain a highly specific dark, black and white visual theme. But this colour is not just visual, it is tonal, suggesting a world where the colour has been taken out and danger lurks in the shadows.
As suggested by its name, this sub genre includes dark and cynical attributes in the construct of the plot and characters. However, the protagonist is usually depicted as a victim of circumstance and associated with the investigation of a crime, holding some authority (i.e police detective).
The comical aspects can be the mannerisms of characters or the situations that they encounter.
1. Comedy of Manners
This sub genre entails comedic segments delivered through the witty interactions of the characters, often of a particular section of society.
It’s a comedy that will satirize manners and affectations and seeks to question the supposed standards and rules of a society. Interactions that some would see as completely normal will suddenly seem strange, alien and funny.
Popular films like Breakfast at Tiffany’s and Lost in Translation are some examples of this sub genre. Both seek to highlight the strangeness and comedy of social interactions and norms, albeit in very different ways.
Parodies may draw on other screenplays and genres for the comedic structure of the screenplay. This can include sarcasm and mockery of the obvious elements of the original screenplay/ genre. A parody will point out and make fun of the expectations audiences have of the subject at hand.
This is evident in the Scary Movie franchise, which uses mockery of horror films as its primary motivation.
3. Black Comedy
Black comedy is the sub genre of comedy which makes use of dark humour. The Death of Stalin illustrates this sub genre well. It’s a very serious subject matter but told with the paintbrush of comedy.
In Bruges is another great example of a black comedy. The context and action flirts with murder, suicide, depression and violence. But the characters are funny and the juxtaposition of this darkness and comedy is what makes the tone darkly humorous.
Often it’s the irony of comedy in such dark situations that is funny in itself.
Slapstick comedies incorporate mannerisms and exuberant actions. Often, traditionally, the screenplays in this sub genre would contain little or no dialogue. However, more contemporary examples do contain dialogue and still use slapstick as the main source of comedy.
Mr Bean, Tom and Jerry Tales and Ace Ventura: Pet Detective are examples of this sub genre. Often it’s a genre of comedy that a particular actor will specialise in and make a big part of their work, such as Rowan Atkinson or Jim Carrey.
5. Fish Out of Water
This sub genre thrives on comedic situations that the characters encounter in the plot.
That is to say that often the protagonist in these screenplays faces unfamiliar situations. The main source of comedy will be the bumps in the road the protagonist has in navigating this new environment. They’re learning new rules and we laugh at the missteps they make and the clashes they have with this new world.
However, usually the protagonist will win out in the end, navigating the world successfully but proving they don’t have to change everything about themselves.
Sitcom refers to situational comedy. This sub genre incorporates characters who discover unusual situations resulting in confusion and chaos acting as the funny bone of the plot.
These situations will be placed in a consistent and familiar setting. The setting stays the same but the situations are always different and seemingly unending.
The Simpsons, Seinfeld and Friends are some of the most famous sitcom examples. All have the same settings throughout their many series. The characters in The Simpsons don’t even change their clothes. But each episode has a different conundrum to deal with.
This sub genre uses the design of another genre as the drive of comedy and the structure of the plot. It is specifically aping a documentary format in order to make the characters and situation seem believable. This believability is often intended to make the subject feel more real and therefore the comedy more acute and effective.
Sometimes the format feels perfect in how it makes the comedy more effective. Whilst sometimes it feels like a stylistic affectation. Always question the exact comedic function of a Mokumentary format before potentially employing one in your own screenplay.
The screenplays of this genre consist of stirring stories of criminal gangs, investigations and criminal legislative conflicts.
Crime in film and TV may not always illustrate protagonists as heroic or morally correct. The line of distinction between good and bad often merges to show crime from different viewpoints.
Heist movies and narratives are popular by dint of the tense development of the plot. The characters are involved in executing theft of a valuable item or large amounts of money. The tension is usually inherent in whether or not they will pull this off.
This sub genre is usually preoccupied with criminal legal cases for the majority of the screenplay.
Moreover, the story often consists of all major instances situated in a court room. The primary focus is often the specifics of the case as it is worked out in court.
3. Police Procedural
This sub genre focuses on the different stages of a crime and its investigation. The story usually consists of police officers navigating through the criminal act committed and the actions taken by the legislative system.
The crowd puller of screenplays of this sub genre is the representation of organised crime. This is often centred from the viewpoint of a member of a gang.
Not only does this sub genre recognise gangs as dangerous but it also represents the characters as relatable to the audience. It doesn’t just seek to represent gangs as menacing but seeks to represent the characters as human, often trapped within the downfalls of gang life.
Detective screenplays can often be confused with the Police Procedural sub genre. However, a key difference is that private or government investigators carry out the investigation instead of cops.
This sub genre will often paint the detective as a complicated individual, a protagonist who the audience is on the side of because of their flaws as much as their strengths.
The focus is often on the characters, or on complex themes as much as it is on the literal mechanics of the crime at hand. It’s not just about finding out what happened in this crime, it’s about the journey of discovery.
This genre pivots around emotion. Dramatic screenplays gain insight from real human experiences and situations.
Indeed this genre intends to engage with audiences by using an intense, subtle plot instead of comedic or adventurous segments.
The Melodramatic sub genre in film and TV uses intense social situations among characters. The plot usually builds over events that are relatively common in real life.
But the drama is intended to appeal to the emotions, rather than going in heavy on characterisation. Melodramas often concentrate on over the top or excessively sentimental dialogue, rather than on internal conflict.
Medical dramas are based on the lives of medical professionals. The plot pivots around the relationship among the medical staff at hospitals and the emotional rollercoaster that their jobs take them on.
3. Teen/Coming of Age
Teen dramas usually occupy high school setting to present the lives of teenagers. These screenplays depict the challenges that adolescents face and the differences in each character’s situation.
This drama could also be called ‘Coming of Age’. However, the difference is that a ‘Coming of Age’ drama isn’t always necessarily focused around teenagers.
A legal drama pivots around the characters working within the legislative system. However, legal dramas differ from courtroom crime screenplays due to the deflection of emphasis from the crime.
Docudramas use a suitably dramatised plot to depict real life events. Akin to documentaries, the stories depicted in docudramas are true but recreated.
Period dramas include emotional circumstances and relationships shown in historical settings. Although, this sub genre often uses fictional plots, it may be influenced by events and people in real life.
Political dramas are based on events that take place in political environments. The plot revolves around the decisions and implications of the people in authority in different levels of governments.
A film like The Ides of March depict this sub genre fittingly.
This genre consists of fictional plots with supernatural elements. The characters may draw from people in real life encountering relatively relatable situations.
However, the use of magical and mystical elements in fantasy screenplays is what makes the genre.
Contemporary fantasy screenplays usually include a supernatural plotline based in a modern time period.
2. High Fantasy
High fantasy screenplays are based in mystical settings within a medieval time period. The plot usually includes magical creatures and other supernatural elements.
Furthermore, there is usually a clear good and evil distinction among characters. The Lord of the Rings film series fittingly reflects the features of this sub genre.
Bangsian fantasy screenplays are set in the after life. The plot pivots around characters meeting in the afterlife.
This often includes religious experiences from the character’s perspective. These characters will also often be well-known historical or literary figures.
4. Sword and Sorcery
This sub genre can be confused with high fantasy. However, sword and sorcery screenplays are more plot driven and less character and theme driven. They will often be relatively simplistic in their drive, the protagonist seeking to overthrow an evil overlord by defeating them in battle, for example.
Dark fantasy screenplays are known to include frightening supernatural elements. This sub genre builds around a dark and gloomy tone. Moreover, this tone will often be suggestive of a sophisticated subtext.
This genre draws from challenges and experiences faced in romantic relationships. These screenplays are usually constructed on the ideas of love and intimacy.
Romantic screenplays majorly emphasise the emotional experiences of the characters.
Epic romances refer to romantic screenplays based in a historical period. Consequently, these screenplays incorporate the struggles in the relationship of the lead characters. This may include war and tragedy as a challenging aspect to the romance.
A paranormal romance includes the supernatural alongside human emotion. This sub genre presents an unusual romantic tale between two characters.
A fitting example of this sub genre is the Twilight Saga which presents romantic relationships consisting of humans, vampires and werewolves. Furthermore, The Time Traveller’s Wife uses time travel to amp up the stakes of a romantic relationship.
4. Romantic Thriller
Romantic thrillers include screenplays that majorly build around a romantic story but include engaging, action based sequences. This comprises of suspenseful and intense segments occurring within and around a romantic relationship.
5. Romantic Drama
Romantic dramas portray the complex emotions occurring in a romantic context. This sounds straightforward. But of course it rarely is.
The focus of this sub genre is squarely on the trials and tribulations of a romantic relationship. This can include obstacles and hardships that the characters face in their relationship.
The experimental genre refers to screenplays which do not follow the demarcation lines of tradition in terms of form or genre. Experimental screenplays can vary in motives and are known to have unconventional designs.
Absurdist screenplays accommodate a theme and characters that suggest no clear purpose to life. This may include dark humour and indulging in existential questions. An example of an absurdist screenplay is Zelig.
A surrealist film is intended to be boundless. Moreover, the plotlines and segments in this sub genre are often construed as irrational and unusual in a way that challenges reality.
Horror screenplays comprise of frightening and gory segments and have the characters in constant peril. This genre intends to have a heart pounding impact on the audience too. No one is safe.
This sub genre includes vivid imagery of slaughter and gore. Consequently, these screenplays depict scenes of torture and the vulnerability the characters have to the horrifying events.
The appeal of this sub genre often feels perverse. The audience wants to see the characters suffer in imaginative and gruesome ways.
Monster horror screenplays consist of horrifying creatures and beasts. However, the fright among the audience is induced by the gory appearance and colossal violent damage caused by the monstrous creature.
These screenplays use witchcraft, spiritualism and voodoo as the elements evoking horror. Consequently, this sub genre comprises of the theme of hidden knowledge and power in these supernatural elements.
5. Found Footage
This sub genre consists of preexisting footage containing usually paranormal or supernatural episodes. It will be presented as footage found by an unseen objective perspective.
The supposed reality of the events in these films is in large part what is so terrifying.
This sub genre consists of unsettling and horrifying elements by means of mental and emotional unrest. Moreover, these screenplays manipulate the psychological vulnerabilities of the audience to evoke a fearful reaction.
This sub genre includes the spirits and of souls of the dead. Jump scares, mysterious presences, terrifying briefly glimpsed figures – these are some common features of this sub genre.
Ghosts in movies can manifest in a hugely varying number of ways. But the dead are haunting the living. This is is the basic and consistent premise.
This genre consists of stories based in a historical setting. However, historical films and TV shows can depict historical events in a real or fictional storyline. There can be stories with a fictional theme and plot but with actual historical events catalysing the unfolding of the plot.
A biopic tells the life story of a historically relevant, often famous person. Moreover, the detailed account about the subject is usually not given directly by them. The real name and life events of the central character is used.
Some of the action may be fictional but the beats hit tell the story of the character’s life.
2. Alternate History
This sub genre depicts alternative outcomes from popular historical events. This often enables the liberal manipulation of details in the plot.
Biblical screenplays incorporate plotlines set in biblical times. Despite the influence of the Bible for the historical structure, the use of scriptures may not be translated to the rest of the plot. The Bible serves as inspiration if not always directly.
A historical epic contains an account of a major historical event. These films include wars and events which had long term effects and consequences, often including famous historical figures.
They will tell a sweeping tale in terms of time covered, history covered and events depicted.
5. Historical Fiction
Screenplays of this sub genre take place in a specific historical time period. However, there is a flexibility towards the accuracy of the historical details. The broad strokes may be right but often characters will be fictional, amalgamated from real figures or placed in fictional situations.
Science fiction screenplays largely incorporate extrapolation of scientific advancement. However, this genre may include plotlines with either the downfall or upliftment of mankind due to technological sophistication.
This could consist of biological, mechanical or outer space elements.
1. Space Opera
Space operas incorporate screenplays with a dramatic setting in space. This includes interstellar travel and adventure. In fact, many space operas contain wars and romantic segments occurring in space.
This sub genre consists of the journey and consequences faced by characters in and after an apocalyptic event. The protagonists in these landscapes are usually survivors of the apocalypse.
3. Future Noir
Future noir screenplays usually revolve around the downfall of mankind and society, with technology as the central cause.
Unlike the majority of the sub genres in science fiction, these screenplays emphasise the establishment of peace and accord in the world. Furthermore, the plotlines in this sub genre can vary according to the screenwriter’s view of an ideal society. Examples of utopian screenplays include Tomorrowland and The Giver.
Military science fiction comprises of characters in the armed forces facing a technologically advanced time and enemy. Consequently, this sub genre depicts the struggles of the soldiers in combat with an advanced race or technology.
This sub genre features technological advancement in a dystopian world. The tech might have advanced but the society has not. The styles of this sub genre can be differentiated according to the aspect of technological progress.
These may include Steampunk with industrial headway, Cyberpunk with cybernetic enhancement or Biopunk with biotechnological sophistication. Design will play a crucial part in the look and feel of this future world.
The Western genre is typically structured within the Old West setting. This refers to a screenplay set in the 19th century American West.
Furthermore, the plot emphasises the struggles of living and surviving the harsh landscape of the American West. Hence the plot may include crime, war and survival in a wild frontier.
Epic Westerns take the basic genre elements and tell them on a large scale. This will usually include a plotline based on events occurring over a long period of time or in a turbulent era, such as that of a war.
In contradiction to outlaw Western screenplays, this sub genre focuses on a lawful protagonist. In fact, a running theme in marshal western films is the story of a marshal attempting to punish an outlaw or find justice.
Am example of this sub genre would be The Lone Ranger.
This is uniquely tied to the context in the way it portrays this part of American history – frontiersman venturing into new territory in new ways to discover new wealth.
There Will Be Blood fittingly illustrates this sub genre.
As suggested by the title, the plotlines in these screenplays revolve around seeking vengeance. The plot is relatively simple in this regard, following the protagonist‘s attempt to enact (or perhaps evade) vengeance.
This sub genre emphasises heritage. Spaghetti Western screenplays were typically produced by Italian filmmakers, spearheaded by Sergio Leone in the 1960’s. Hence, the name of the sub genre is explained by its foundation.
Revisionist Westerns present a challenging tone towards the traditional Western narrative. Furthermore, the characters in this sub genre consist of a sardonic attitude and attempt to contradict the aims and agendas of traditional Westerns.
There is a moral ambiguity to the characters and a cynical eye cast on the traditional heroic depictions of the typical Western setting and characters.
This sub genre is centred around the crimes and lives of characters living outside the law. Outlaw Western films often depict these characters in a sympathetic light.
Whilst they might be criminals, outlaws often have a moral compass that makes them more sympathetic than the supposed straight laced characters they go up against, who in reality are often in fact more deceitful.
An example of this sub genre would be The Magnificent Seven.
- What did you think of this article? Share It, Like It, give it a rating, and let us know your thoughts in the comments box further down…
- Struggling with a script or book? Story analysis is what we do, all day, every day… check out our range of script coverage services for writers & filmmakers.
This article was written by Jahnvi Saluja and edited by IS Staff.
Get ALL our FREE Resources
Tackle the trickiest areas of screenwriting with our exclusive eBooks. Get all our FREE resources when you join 60,000 filmmakers on our mailing list!


In the A.D. 800s, a group of nomads called Magyars migrated from their home near the Ural Mountains westward to present-day Hungary. The Magyars settled in the grasslands along the Danube River where they found grazing land for their sheep and cattle. So began the story of Hungary....
The Hungarian people trace their ancestry back to this group of nomads (traveling people) and still call themselves Magyars. Hungary’s first monarch, King Stephen I, or István, ruled from A.D. 997 until 1038.
He was a strong leader
who converted the Magyars to Christianity and united them under a central
government. It is also said that he personally oversaw the construction of Eger's Castle in the early 11th century.
Much of King Stephen’s work, however, was undone by the weak kings who followed him, making Hungary an easy target for the Mongols who invaded in the mid-1200s. The Mongols left when their leader died.
The reign of King Matthias Corvinus, between 1458 and 1490, was a high point in Hungarian history. King Matthias had a strong government backed by a powerful army. He made Hungary an important cultural center by sponsoring artists and scholars.
This period was also an outstanding time in Hungarian culinary history. Traditional Hungarian ways of cooking were blended with western European techniques. Chefs were as important as wealthy landowners.
In 1526 the Ottomans took over much of Hungary. It was during their campaign to occupy the country in 1552 that the heroic defense of Eger castle took place, one of the few bright points in this period in Hungarian history.
The Ottomans remained in the country until the end of the 1600s, when the Hapsburgs of Austria defeated them.
The Habsburgs ruled Hungary with a heavy hand until an uprising, lasting from 1703 until 1711, forced them to allow the Hungarians more self-rule.
The mid-1800s was a time of revolution in many countries in Europe, and Hungary was no exception. Idealistic young people, led by the poet Sándor Petófi started a revolt on March 15, 1848 and the liberal politician, Lajos Kossuth (1802–1894) became the first governor of Hungary. After some early successes the revolt was put down by the Hapsburgs in 1849.
In 1867, after Austria had lost two wars, Hungary forced the weakened country to form the Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary. This arrangement made Austria and Hungary two equal countries with one ruler. Although this gave Hungary more control over its own affairs, many Hungarians still wanted complete independence.
The economy was booming but millions of impoverished Hungarians sought refuge in emigration. In 1914 the heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne was assassinated by a Serbian nationalist. Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia, which led to the beginning of World War I (1914–1918).
Shortly after Austria-Hungary’s defeat at the end of the war, Hungary declared itself an independent republic. The country shrunk to its present-day size according to the terms of the peace treaty following World War I.
In World War II (1939–1945), Hungary became an ally of Nazi Germany when Adolf Hitler promised to restore some of the territory that Hungary had lost in World War I. But Hitler soon turned on his Hungarian allies and controlled the country until the Germans were defeated in 1945. Whole Hungarian armies and 600,000 Hungarian Jews perished in the war, which left the country in ruins.
Hungary became a Communist country soon after the end of the war. Under the Communist regime, the arts and other cultural traditions were limited along with many freedoms and civil liberties.
In 1956 there was another revolution in Hungary, crushed by Soviet tanks. It was followed by yet another wave of emigration; about 200,000 people left the country within a few weeks.
The fall of the European Communist governments—including Hungary’s—has brought many changes. Hungary became an independent republic again in 1989. Hungary joined the NATO alliance in 1999 and has become a member of the European Union.
Hungary's status as a liberal democracy and member of the European Union has been questioned by the increasingly authoritarian actions of populist right-wing Prime Minister Viktor Orban.
Orban has concentrated an unprecedented amount of power in his hands while alarming other EU leaders with his brand of nationalist populism.
In 2018 his party, Fidesz, won a third term after his anti-immigration campaign secured a large majority, granting him two-thirds of the seats. Such a majority allows him to alter the Hungarian Constitution at will which only strengthens his power.
Hungarian history is being rewritten by this man.....


Chronic odours research reveals a number of compounds, hippuric acid, eicosane, octadecanal found in higher than usual concentrations on the skin of Parkinson’s patients. The sebum oily secretion that coats everybody’s skin is produced in greater quantity by people with Parkinson develop skin seborrheic dermatitis. Prof Perdita Barran, from the school of chemistry at University of Manchester, told BBC Scotland: “found such compounds more in people with Parkinson’s disease and discovered by Joy Milne who smells it. Joy uses a mass spectrometer for smell on people with Parkinson’s.”One in 500 people in UK has Parkinson’s and rises to about one in 100 among the over-60s. Joy’s noticed musky smell on husband Les before he was diagnosed. It leaves them struggling to walk, speak, sleep with no cure and no test for disease, clinicians diagnose patient by observing symptoms. Prof Barran hoped “volatile biomarkers” identified leads to early detection test for disease, by wiping a person’s neck with swab and testing for the signature molecules. Diagnosis early before motor symptoms set in treatments can prevent disease spreading is ultimate ambition. Les died in 2015, 20 years after diagnosis musky smell decade earlier. The retired nurse linked odour to disease after meeting people with same distinctive smell at a Parkinson’s UK support group she told BBC Scotland. Les became withdrawn, reserved, had bouts of depression and mood swings, if had understood what was happening it would have changed total outlook to prolong his life.Another odour lingering smell detected by a horse of her owners breast turned out to be breast cancer and was treated. Other animals sniff out TB, cancer and landmines. Rats smell tuberculosis and dogs can smell cancer. French scientists say they have proof dogs pick up smell of an epileptic seizure. The University of Rennes team hope findings can lead to ways to predict when people will have a seizure. Dogs or “electronic noses” pick up precise odour during a seizure. Dogs sniff out diseases: cancers, Parkinson’s, malaria and diabetes. Epilepsy is caused by disruption to electrical signals in the brain causing seizures. The disease runs in families, caused by stroke or oxygen deprivation at birth. Some people with epilepsy rely on animals in the child’s bedroom can alert family members of a seizure in middle of the night. The latest study, in the journal Scientific Reports, trained five dogs from Medical Mutts, in the US to recognise smell of sweat taken from patient having seizure. Then given sweat samples from other seven patients relaxing, exercising or having a seizure. Two dogs found seizure sample about two-thirds of the time and other three were 100% accurate. “The results extremely clear constitute the first step towards identifying a seizure-specific odour require detail chemical analysis to find specific compound involved. It is unknown how epileptic seizure leads to change in smell. Dr Amelie Catala, from University of Rennes told BBC “Research is needed but it is possible the change in electrical activity triggers the releasing of some neurohormones that trigger the scent or link to stress-related molecules and pathways, anything else hypothesis are still to be considered. Researchers hope the field could help patients lead to significant improvements in terms of seizure detection, prediction systems,” says report for time for someone to call for help or get themselves somewhere safe before their seizure begins. They are trained to save your life. So check odours smells medically but note a non-clinical smell contaminates the destiny of people. Evil smells can destroy plans and purpose of God in many people’s lives. An affected person may not know evil smell around them. And satanic odour prevents good things happening in their life because the evil smell is like a demonic cream. Its effect causes rejection of a person. These evil smells undetected by person but people smell strange odour. A moment helpers or friends move closer very awful odour chases them away. They avoid them the moment they begin to talk to them or on phone, text message or real contact. The evil spirit manifest as evil odour repels helpers to avoid them by all means due to strange smell. This spiritual attack is a source of discomfort even if victims apply best fragrance of this world, evil smell still persist. They change clothes, take baths many times but the evil smell attacks them more. The enemy does not want person to receive favour of God in life due to satanic attacks. A person with evil smell find it difficult for to marry or attract serious spouse. The partner may decide to run away or may fail to fulfil marriage vows promised. Due to evil smell people do not remember the good things they do; stop following; abandon them so don’t receive breakthroughs. Its evil smell preventing person enjoying a peaceful, happy married life. It leads to failure and prevents being noticed for a good success. So evil curses are directly opposite to favour if odour remain with a person for long struggles and suffers in life so cannot overcome. The other smell included spiritual deposits from spirit husbands and demonic halitosis. These evil spirit transfer spirit of dead animal into body using spiritual mirror applying spiritual creams all over their body. Spouse breaks marriage without a valid reason blaming the spouse for bad luck, sorrow, problems upon problems. People pray without answer, visiting the native doctor for solution find marriage problem concoction initiate them in the blind witchcraft. Solution is deliverance from God in Jesus Name. If noticing foul odour repent of sin and mistakes or evil culture dedicating people to evil spirits. Constant prayers and fasting helps to overcome pollution from clothes, shoes worn by others affected by evil spirits. Stop suffering disappointments, failure on edge of breakthrough, sorrow, grief, weeping, frustration, limitation and the financial burden yokes. Stop unrequited love not loved returned so living below God’s standard, shame, disgrace, self-pity, afflictions in Jesus Name. Repent, ask God to forgive your sins become a born again believer, break curses and return attached evil smells to sender in Jesus Name. Send Fire of God into your foundation Read: 1 Thessalonians 5:17 INSTRUCTION: Fast and pray between 6am – 7pm. Take a bottle of water, pray on it with Psalm 27 using to bath every night before sleeping. Plead the Blood of Jesus to wash body thoroughly, in Jesus Name. Use Blood of Jesus to wash mind, environment from evil contamination in Jesus Name. All arrows of evil odour backfire, in the Name of Jesus, satanic perfume around body, CLEAR AWAY by Fire in Jesus Name. All inherited evil smell of family house be destroyed in Jesus Name. All smells depart by fire in Jesus Name. The power programing the dead rat, rotten fish smell into body, get out by fire in Jesus Name. Cover all the properties, belongings with Jesus Blood.A curse of evil smell attack of marriage break by fire, in the Name of Jesus. The evil smell received from friends go back to sender in the Name of Jesus. The evil smells that entered body by wearing the clothes of others be destroyed by fire in the Name of Jesus. I command demons associated evil smell to leave, in Jesus Name. The evil smell preventing God’s blessings destroyed, expire by Fire, in the Name of Jesus, I release us from the spirit of bad odour in Jesus Name. The power diverted our glory, be converted back to God’s original glory in the Name of Jesus. Our face attracts good things to in the Name of Jesus. The old face of old person in my body, come out by Fire, in the Name of Jesus. The hands of beasts on our hands fall off, in the Name of Jesus. The bad odour from reproductive organ polluting marriage, be flushed away by BLOOD of Jesus. Our helpers will not change their mind towards us, in the Name of Jesus. O Lord, let your Favour go with us everywhere we go, in the Name of Jesus restore our beauty in the Name of Jesus. We uproot every bad smell from all organs in Jesus Name. All evil smell depart from marriages and destiny in Jesus Name. The invisible smell making helpers to forget us, be exposed and get out of our life in Jesus Name. All powers using this condition to disgrace family we command your life to scatter by fire, in Jesus Name. The marital crowns on our glory, catch fire, in Jesus Name. The evil smell affecting us because of sins, O God have Mercy, in the Name of Jesus. The strangers in life, troubling marriages fade away in Jesus Name. The demonic powder applied on our face when asleep blow back to the sender, in Jesus Name. The evil money power that wants spouse to divorce BE ARRESTED BY FIRE, in Jesus Name. All marital curses from all others break by Fire, in the Name of Jesus. The BLOOD of Jesus disconnects sins of ancestors, in Jesus Name and sets free from sin and sorrow. Blood of Jesus, destroys curses harming life, in Jesus Name. Whatever is done in the past opening the gate of destruction, Forgive O LORD. My Father, pull down structure of foul foundation’s curse bringing evil things, in the Name of Jesus. Holy Ghost renounce curse of evil smell tormenting family with great calamity, in Jesus Name. The evil smell wrecking marriage be destroyed in the Name of Jesus. Any evil smell eating and drying up skin, be erased by Holy Ghost, in Jesus Name. The curse stopping those who move closer to us, expire, in Jesus Name Holy Ghost remove the smell that generates hatred and resentment in the Name of Jesus. By the BLOOD of Jesus, I scatter clean away bad odours working against us because of touching unclean things, in the Name of Jesus. That evil smell making spouse to fight, dry up, in Jesus Name. We will not be burdens to others in the Name of Jesus. All powers of my family house causing shame, die, in Jesus Name. The arrows of all marital disgrace we reject you in Jesus Name. A spirit of slavery in foundation, break by Fire. The evil patterns of borrowing in life break in Jesus Name. All evil hands pulling hands backwards wither. All the good things of life in coven of witchcraft be released in Jesus Name. Command all roots of problems in life to dry up in the Name of Jesus. Thank you Father God for hearing and answering prayers, thank you Jesus for saving, healing and delivering us from way of death to the Way of Godly Living in Jesus Name. We Thank you Holy Spirit for teachings us in Spirit and in Truth in Jesus’ Name. God bless you readers in Jesus Name. The Doctors didn’t find anything medically wrong with person in video an example of spiritual attack healed completely by God in Jesus Name. GLORY to God.
READ PSALM 27 IN BIBLE
27 The LORD is my Light and Salvation whom shall I fear? The LORD GOD is the Strength of my life, of whom shall I be afraid? 2 When the wicked, even enemy foes, came upon me to eat my flesh they stumbled and fell. 3 If a host encamps against me, my heart shall not fear: though war may rise against me, I have CONFIDENCE in God. 4 One thing I desire of the LORD and I seek after; that I will dwell in the House of the LORD all the days of my life to see the beauty of the LORD and enquire in HIS Temple. 5 For in the time of trouble HE shall hide me in HIS pavilion, in HIS Tabernacle HE hides me; HE has set me up upon my rock Jesus Christ. 6 Now my head is lifted up above all the enemies around me. I offer to God in HIS Tabernacle sacrifices of joy I sing yes, I sing praises to the LORD. 7 Hear, O LORD, when I cry with my voice: have MERCY on me and answer me. 8 When YOU said seek MY Face; my heart said to YOU, YOUR Face, LORD I seek. 9 Hide not YOUR Face far from me put not your servant away in anger YOU are my help; leave me not or forsake me O GOD of my salvation. 10 If my father and my mother forsake me the LORD GOD will take me up. 11 Teach me your way LORD and lead me in the plain path because of enemies. 12 Deliver me from the will of enemies for false witnesses rise up against me, breathing out cruelty. 13 I will have fainted if I did not believe to see the goodness of the LORD in the land of the living. 14 I wait on the LORD, I am of good courage, GOD will strengthen my heart, I wait on LORD GOD ALMIGHTY in Jesus Name. Continue to maintain deliverance by prayer and serve God in Jesus Name.
Read more at: https://www.evangelistjoshuaorekhie.com/prayer-points-evil-smell/prayer-room/feed


“Guy Montag is a fireman. In his world, where television rules and literature is on the brink of extinction, firemen start fires rather than put them out. His job is to destroy the most illegal of commodities, the printed book, along with the houses in which they are hidden. Montag never questions the destruction and ruin his actions produce, returning each day to his bland life and wife, Mildred, who spends all day with her television “family.” But then he meets an eccentric young neighbor, Clarisse, who introduces him to a past where people didn’t live in fear and to a present where one sees the world through the ideas in books instead of the mindless chatter of television. When Mildred attempts suicide and Clarisse suddenly disappears, Montag begins to question everything he has ever known. He starts hiding books in his home, and when his pilfering is discovered, the fireman has to run for his life.”
Book description from Amazon
You can access 161 questions about Fahrenheit 451 in Castle Learning.
Teachers will find a combination of question types available to assess comprehension of Fahrenheit 451, including: multiple choice, short answer, fill-in-the-blank, and constructed/extended response and graphic organizers.
Breakdown of topical questions:
- Part One: The Hearth and the Salamander
- Part Two: The Sieve and The Sand
- Part Three: Burning Bright
Common Core Standards addressed by questions about Fahrenheit 451:
- RL. 9-10.1
- RL. 9-10.2
- RL. 9-10.3
- RL. 9-10.4
- RL. 9-10.5
- RL. 9-10.6


Submitted to: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal
Publication Acceptance Date: 1/31/2006
Publication Date: N/A
Interpretive Summary: Superficial scald ("scald") is a market limiting disorder of apples that results in discoloration of the peel. Although commercially available methods to control scald exist, a clear understanding of the process of scald development remains to be developed. The present study evaluated how the chemical structure of diphenylamine (DPA), a material used to prevent scald, is altered during scald development. The results indicated postharvest technologies can influence DPA metabolism by apple fruit, but that accumulation of specific DPA metablites do not appear to be associated with scald development.
Technical Abstract: Diphenylamine (DPA) is used for superficial scald control in apple fruit. A number of DPA derivatives resulting from C-nitration, C-hydroxylation, O-methylation and N-nitrosation can be present in DPA-treated apple fruit after storage. The presence of the compounds may be indicative of metabolic processes leading to scald development. Therefore, apple peel DPA and DPA derivative content in fruit treated at harvest with DPA or DPA plus 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) was assayed upon removal of fruit from controlled atmosphere (CA) and regular atmosphere (RA) storage and during a 14-day post-storage ripening period. Post-storage ripening, 1-MCP treatment, and CA storage had varied affects on DPA derivative content suggesting reactive oxygen or nitrogen species, such as .OH, .NO, and .NO2 or enzyme catalyzed reactions may be present during certain ripening and senescence related physiological processes. Correlations between scald incidence and content of specific derivatives were not observed.