This section presents the current situation of motivation of employees. These findings are not so well known but they are highly supported by research. Some of the theories of this approach are the goal-setting theory, job design theory, reinforcement theory, expectancy theory and equity theory.
In order to make work progress more and efficient few companies have established bonuses if the work is done properly. Just saying do your best at work will not work properly because, the employee is not motivated enough. However, if the teacher of a class had said that you need to bring at least 93 percent to keep you’re A in the class then the student will be highly motivated to finish the work and bring good results.
As the name suggests, setting a particular goal will help you a lot, you will get to know a lot and at the same time your motivation level will be very high. Now comes the question whether setting goals will help the employees to participate more? The answer to this is, not always. In some cases, you will employees will resist participating in the work because he or she needs to do a lot of work to attain certain work. However, it is very obvious that an employee will perform better if he or she gets appreciated for the kind of work she is doing.
Next comes the factor of self-efficacy, this term refers to belief or the capacity of a person of being able to finish the job and being satisfied at the same time. The goal setting culture is very nicely adapted by the North Americans because this idea goes very well with their culture. Therefore, it is best not to expect high performance from people belonging from other countries where the work culture does not fit well with this kind of characteristics.
According to this theory, the behavior of a person is a function of the consequences. Therefore, the consequences which are a direct product of the behavior will lead to the repetition of that behavior over and over again. For example, at Walmart those employees who provide an excellent customer service gets cash bonus and the main idea and reason behind this was to keep the employees motivated so that they keep performing well.
Therefore, managers can help motivate employees by providing positive reinforces. However, this is not the reason behind ill-performance of the employee.
It is necessary to motivate employees or individual to perform well during their work. The term job design is used to refer to the way how every task is designed to make a single job. The jobs should be designed in such a manner so that it reflects the skill and hard work of every employee. Here are a few ways in which managers can design jobs to motivate people.
This is one of the most effective ways in which in which the drawbacks of job specialization can be overcome. However, those job enlargements whose only focus was to increase the number of tasks is not good because, research have proved that increasing the same task has led to dissatisfaction among the employees. Thus, if the job is enlarged in different aspects then it might be good because there will be more job satisfaction and less number of errors.
In this case, the employees can do their work with more freedom and independence. The employees feel more empowered and can also evaluate their own performance. The activity of doing work becomes more interesting for the employees. This leads to motivation, more job satisfaction and better quality of work. This also gives the workers a huge opportunity to improve their own work performance.
Skill variety: this is defined by the degree to which a particular job requires a number of activities so that an employee can showcase his various talents and skills.
Task significance: this is defined by the degree by which a task has an impact on the lives of other people at work.
Autonomy: this is defined by the amount of freedom and independence a wok provides during its scheduling.
Feedback: this is defined by the amount of activities that is required by a job which becomes the result of his r hers work performance.
The image given below exhibits the three dimensions required to make something meaningful. The employees are likely to be highly motivated when they learn something meaningful and when the work tests their skills.
Each and every work has a relational perspective. It focuses on the facts that jobs that are given to employees’ increases social relationship. This perspective is known as the relational perspective of work design.
The other perspective also known as the proactive perspective of work design defines how the employees are taking several initiatives to bring change in the way how they perform their own work. They get very much involved in the decisions and actions that are taken and also how it affects their own work. This is highly relevant to ‘high involvement work practices.’
We always wonder how the person sitting next to us at work performs in their assignment. Equity theory is very much similar to that. This was developed by J. Stacey Adam as; according to this theory the employees have a tendency to compare their outcomes of the work with their inputs into the work. Moreover, they also compare their inputs and outputs with other people’s inputs and output. Whenever, the ratio cannot be obtained, the employee starts viewing him or her as over rewarded or under rewarded.
Actually, equity theory focuses on distributive justice. This is basically described how the rewards are allocated to individuals on a fair basis. It also focuses on procedural justice in whom the employees or the workers view their bosses as well as their organization with a positive approach.
This theory includes three variables or proper three relationships, these are as follows:
The only way to understand expectancy theory is to understand the exact relation between the effort of the employee and the performance of the employee. The outcomes and performance will determine how the employee is motivated to do their work.
The exhibit below shows how the contemporary theories of motivation are integrated.
Therefore, in a nutshell we understand that jobs which offer rewards, autonomy, feedback and other such similar characteristics satisfy individual goals because they have more control over the work they are being assigned to.


A Montessori education focuses on preparing the whole child (cognitive, physical, social, and emotional needs) for life with an emphasis on knowledge, problem-solving, and creative thinking. Globally, those who have benefitted from a Montessori education can be found excelling in many fields, especially those calling for creativity and inventiveness, e.g. the founders of Google, Amazon, and Wikipedia, for starters.
"The former Montessori students here are shining stars...it is a breath of fresh air to get these students because they are well-developed socially, academically and emotionally."
-Lisa Crowley, Guidance Counselor, Fernandina Beach Middle School


Nástroje zjednodušeného používania
In the framework of GRADIENT - a project funded under the EU Seventh Framework Programme – EuroHealthnet and its partners released the book “the right start to a healthier life”.
With the aim of deeper knowledge related to actions levelling up gradients in health inequalities, the foci are families and children, given that inequalities during childhood have long-lasting negative impacts on health and well-being. Moreover, research shows that the optimum impact can be obtained in these early years, by securing equal opportunities during childhood and adolescence. Based on concrete examples, this study also goes through the national political context in which health and its related policies are set. How those political contexts can influence the health gradient as well as develop policies designed to tackle it?
In this context, EuroHealthNet and its partners also provides examples of policies and interventions to address the health gradient of children, young people and families. For EuroHealthNet, the need to address health inequalities is implicitly a part of the EU’s overall 2020 Strategy for Smart, Sustainable and Inclusive Growth.
The book “The right start to a healthier life” is available here: http://health-gradient.eu/gradient-book-the-right-way-to-a-healthy-life/
To order some copies of the book, contact Ariane Moret at email@example.com


While grief is a universal experience that everyone will encounter at some point in their lives, each person’s grief is unique to them and to each lost relationship. However, there are some commonalities in the experience of grief.
- Acute grief (grief experienced shortly after the loss) – the early response to loss that can be intense and all- encompassing, it can involve intense daily yearning to be reunited with the lost loved one, significant emotional pain, as well as a multitude of physical reactions that many may never have been felt before (e.g. heart palpitations, butterflies in the stomach, frequent yawning, dizziness/fogginess), feelings of unreality. Frequently distracting thoughts of the deceased, trouble focusing attention, and forgetfulness. These are all normal adaptive reactions within the context of grief.
- Integrated grief– the enduring residual form of grief in which the reality and meaning of the death are gradually understood and the bereaved are able to embark once again on pleasurable and satisfying relationships and activities. Integrated grief does not mean that individuals forget their loved one, miss them any less or stop feeling sadness when thinking about them. The loss becomes integrated into the autobiographical memory system meaning that thoughts or memories of the deceased are no longer as preoccupying or disabling. The individual finds a way of staying connected to the deceased without their physical presence. Once an individual’s grief has become integrated they are more easily able to engage in other activities without grief constantly preoccupying their mind. However, there may be periods when the acute grief re-emerges, this is common and does not reflect a failure or malfunction of the grieving process. This can occur around the time of significant events, such as holidays, birthdays, anniversaries, another loss, or a particularly stressful time.
- Complicated grief – a lasting form of acute grief with complicating features that impede the restructuring process necessary for integrated grief. The term complicated is used because grief is thought to be a natural healing process and, like the bodies other healing processes, there can be complications that mean it is not completed as intended. Complicated grief is very similar to acute grief however it can go on for years without the intensity of the experience decreasing.
If you feel you are experiencing complicated grief then more specialist support may be necessary. Contact your GP and request treatment from a clinical psychologist with experience in complicated grief.


Propositions of belief depend on some degree of factual basis. Philosophical arguments vary as to whether certainty is necessary to form beliefs which can lead to compelling faith. Furthermore, if faith is a criteria for salvation, the volition of faith would be fundamental in ones’ culpability for having faith. Idealism represents the antithetical position of pragmatism and involves factual accounts in which to base beliefs, however, this paper intends to provide various considerations for pragmatic and existential philosophies by examining concerns of William James, Blaise Pascal, Soren Kierkegaard, and others. I.e., “Pascal’s Wager” is a philosophical idea used to demonstrate a practical argument that faith is better, and more reasonable, than unbelief. Kierkegaard measures faith’s virtue to the contrary of dependency on fact and reason, expressing that the obligation of Christianity is not to affirm the existence of God, but to love God. A utility of existential thought and pragmatism concerns self-transformation.
Although the voluntary nature of belief may remain ambiguous, a willing commitment to faith is certain.
"The Volition of Faith and Appreciation of Pragmatism and Existential Contributions,"
The Hilltop Review: Vol. 13:
1, Article 7.
Available at: https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/hilltopreview/vol13/iss1/7


Tuvalu - Profile
- Formerly the Ellice Islands, the name Tuvalu means "cluster of eight", although the group in fact consists of nine low-lying coral atolls. Only eight of them were inhabited when the name was chosen, but a small community now lives on previously uninhabited Niurakita, the southernmost island of the archipelago.
- The islands lie just below the equator and west of the Dateline, their nearest neighbours being Kiribati, 200 miles to the north, and Fiji, 600 miles south. With a total land area of only 11 sq miles (26 sq km), Tuvalu is one of the smallest countries in the world, spread out in half a million square miles of ocean.
- The small island communities still lead a very traditional lifestyle. With the exception of the main island of Funafuti, yachts rarely visit the islands. Although some only have precarious anchorages in the lee of a fringing reef, the lagoon is accessible in at least two islands, at Nukufetau and Nanumea, and there are plans to open passes into some of the other lagoons. Particularly if sailing towards neighbouring Kiribati, one should try and obtain permission from the authorities in Funafuti to stop at some of the outer islands.
- There are cooperative stores selling mostly imported food on all the islands. Local produce is available on all islands, but the selection is limited - taro, coconuts, papaya and bananas.
- Water is scarce, as the islands rely on rainfall. In the rainy season, rain can be heavy and one can easily collect enough.
- There are only simple repair facilities available in Funafuti and nothing in the other islands.
Tuvalu lies on the northern edge of the hurricane belt, and occasionally severe cyclones strike the islands, as did cyclone Ofa in February 1990. There is little seasonal change in the climate, although in October to March strong westerly winds and heavy rainfall can occur. The average temperature is 86°F (30°C).
A useful guide to South Pacific weather resources complied by a Noonsite contributor, Rory Garland.
For links to free global weather information, forecast services and extreme weather information see the Noonsite Weather Page.


posted on Dec, 21 2012 @ 11:42 AM
If the Sun lights up the Moon; as has been taught...How come we only see one side of it? We have satellites in orbit right? We have many space
telescopes...I know this is a subject that has been breached many times as evidenced by the threads...No one has every satisfactorily explained it to
me in a way for me to grasp it.
I implore someone to tell me if the Sun lights up the Moon how come we don't get pictures of the "Dark Side" ever? It seems to me that at some point
that side of the Moon would be lit up from some view in space. I just can't wrap my feeble mind around it.
I mean for instance today, I look outside and I see the Moon lit up (half), the Sun is on the opposite side of the Moon and the direction should show
the Moon lit up in a different position than it does if the Sun was the source of its light.
Sun is in the west and the Moon is to East right? How come the light is coming from the Northern Side? Shouldn't it be coming from the direction of
the Sun? The Western half? At least that is what my common sense tells me...I am sure there is a logical explanation from someone...I have heard
most of the explanations about how the Sun causes the Moon to shine...I just haven't heard the one that convinces me this is the absolute truth.
Please tell me how come it is possible for us to get pictures of Galaxies by the billions but we cannot even get clear resolution pictures of all
parts of the Moon? Doesn't this strike in least as being extremely odd? I know it does me. I find it incomprehensible, unless they just don't want
us to know the truth...that seems more logical to me than telling us what they tell us and teaching us what they have taught.
edit on 12/21/2012 by BrokenAngelWings33 because: grammar!


Earth-observing satellites will tag along on two upcoming launches for SpaceX's Starlink megaconstellation.
Six SkySat spacecraft operated by San Francisco-based company Planet will ride to low Earth orbit (LEO) atop SpaceX Falcon 9 rockets in the near future, representatives of both companies announced Wednesday (May 13).
The SkySats will fly as rideshare payloads on the two missions, whose primary purpose will be to loft more spacecraft for SpaceX's burgeoning Starlink internet-satellite constellation. Three SkySats will launch on the ninth Starlink mission, which is expected sometime in June. (Starlink No. 8 is scheduled to lift off this weekend, by the way.) The other three will go up later this summer, Planet representatives said.
Over the course of this spring and summer, we'll be launching six SkySats into space aboard @SpaceX's Falcon 9, offering targeted coverage, unrivaled rapid revisits and raw image capacity in key regions. https://t.co/yFu5tHNWbH pic.twitter.com/g4UsgtVwoUMay 13, 2020
The six Earth-observing satellites will join 15 other SkySats in LEO, but in different orbital patches. The SkySats already aloft are in sun-synchronous orbit, which affords them views of Earth's surface with consistent solar illumination.
"SkySats 16-21 will operate at a 'mid-inclination' orbit of 53 degrees, complementing the sun-synchronous fleet, and will offer more targeted coverage and raw image capacity in key geographic regions," Planet representatives wrote in a May 13 update.
Planet is best known for its big constellation of Dove cubesats, each of which is the size of a shoebox and weighs just 11 lbs. (5 kilograms). The little Doves are highly capable, featuring a resolution of about 10 feet (3 meters).
The SkySats are considerably bigger, weighing about 220 lbs. (100 kg) apiece, and sharper-eyed; they can pick out objects on the ground just 28.3 inches (72 cm) across. SkySats also have onboard propulsion systems, which Doves do not.
Doves and SkySats work well together, Planet representatives said.
"In a single scene, a Dove can image an entire city," the company's website reads. "Simultaneously, SkySats can be tasked to focus on the areas of greatest interest."
Planet sells its Earth imagery to a variety of customers but tends to make the most important and impactful images available free of charge. For example, the company has released photos of natural disasters such as earthquakes and imagery showing the aftermath of Iranian missile attacks on Iraqi military bases.
SpaceX launches Starlink satellites in 60-satellite batches, seven of which have been lofted to date. But there will be many more such launches in the future; the company has permission to launch about 12,000 Starlink craft and has applied for approval for 30,000 more.
- Cubesats: Tiny, versatile spacecraft explained (infographic)
- Satellite photos help Indonesian relief workers sort through earthquake, tsunami aftermath
- SpaceX's Starlink satellites will soon get glare-reducing 'sunshades,' Elon Musk says
Mike Wall is the author of "Out There" (Grand Central Publishing, 2018; illustrated by Karl Tate), a book about the search for alien life. Follow him on Twitter @michaeldwall. Follow us on Twitter @Spacedotcom or Facebook.


The old seaport of Piran lies at the end of the Piran peninsula, which gradually narrows between the bays of Strunjan and Piran. The peninsula reaches Cape Madona, ending with the Šavrini hills.
Clonisation and romanisation of theIstrian peninsula
With the Roman conquest of the Istrian peninsula in the years 178 and 177 B.C., gradual colonisation and romanisation of the peninsula began. This is how the Roman “ville rusticae” were built in the hinterland of Piran, but probably there was still no major inhabitation of this area at that time. It began only after the downfall of the Roman empire in the 5th Century, when because of the incursions and migrations of the barbaric tribes, the Roman population retreated to fortified coastal towns or islands.
The economic boom, which was brought to the Istrian towns by the sea and hinterland trade, made it possible for some of the towns to gain autonomy and become free municipalities with an elected governing body already at the end of the 12th Century: Piran in the year 1192. These towns chose their own officials – podestas – and made their own trade deals with other towns.
From the 15th until 17th Century, Piran was shaken by the social strife between the aristocracy and the plebs, who rebelled and expressed their dissatisfaction with the fact that public funds were controlled exclusively by the aristocracy, ownership issues over the salt pans and the arable land in hinterland, as well as the political rights they wanted to obtain.
17th and 18th Century
In the 17th and 18th Century the Piran society still lived in the cultural atmosphere of Humanism and Renaissance, joined in the 17th Century by doctor Prospero Petronio.
Imperial Austria brought prosperity back to Piran in the 19th Century. It was chiefly aide by the salt pans, as Austria renewed and enhanced the production by substantially enlarging the salt pans in Sečovlje, which yielded approximately 40,000 tons of salt per year.
Development of tourismThe narrow gauge railroad , which led from Triest to Poreč, greatly boosted the transport of people and merchandise. At the enfd of the 19th Century the development of tourism began together with the improved traffic connections. In Portorož especially health resort tourism began to develop, and brought it fame and reputation as the most pleasant and beautiful tourist centre in the east Adriatic, mainly due to its climate.
After World War I, this area was assigned to Italy by the Rapallo peace agreement. The anti fascist movement grew among the Slovene inland population, as well as the Italian townspeople, to culminate in the War of National Liberation in the years 1941 – 1945.
Hotels and apartments Portorož - Wellness & Spa - Congress Centres - Culinary art - Boats and Excursions - Contact - Site map - Advertising


Clear chicken wire glass gives an unobstructed view of the delicate twists of wire encased inside. It’s aptly named since the same style of netting corrals groups of clucking hens.
Chicken wire glass was invented as a safety measure during the Industrial Revolution. Factory windows were susceptible to shattering because of the heat and vibrations produced by thrumming of machines. The panes were often used overhead as the mesh prevented shards of glass from clattering down on those below.
We source our panes from schoolhouses, factories, and other buildings that required superior strength. Use them as windows or partitions or wherever you’d like a nostalgic touch.
- Dimensions: Vary
- Quantity: Large quantities available.
- Price: Please call for price.
Browse a select portion of our available inventory below.


Researchers transform stem cells found in human fat into smooth muscle cellsJuly 24th, 2006 in Medicine & Health /
Researchers from the David Geffen School of Medicine and the Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Science at UCLA today announced they have transformed adult stem cells taken from human adipose – or fat tissue – into smooth muscle cells, which help the normal function of a multitude of organs like the intestine, bladder and arteries. The study may help lead to the use of fat stem cells for smooth muscle tissue engineering and repair.
Reported in the July 24 online edition of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, the study is one of the first to show that stem cells derived from adipose tissue can be changed to acquire the physical and biochemical characteristics as well as the functionality of smooth muscle cells.
Smooth muscle cells are found within the human body in the walls of hollow organs like blood vessels, bladder, and intestines and contract and expand to help transport blood, urine, and waste through the body's systems.
"Fat tissue may prove a reliable source of smooth muscle cells that we can use to regenerate and repair damaged organs," said Dr. Larissa V. Rodriguez, principal investigator and assistant professor, Department of Urology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA.
Rodriguez and her team first cultured the adipose-derived stem cells in a growth factor cocktail that encouraged the cells to transform into smooth muscle cells. Researchers observed the genetic expression and development of proteins, which are specific to this type of cell. So it looked like a smooth muscle cell, but would it act like one?
The next step required testing functionality to see if the cells would expand and contract like smooth muscle tissue. Rodriguez turned to associate professor of bioengineering Dr. Benjamin Wu at the UCLA Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Science for help.
Wu's team developed a special device to evaluate the cells' ability to contract by tracking movement of microbeads dispersed in a collagen gel embedded with the cells. Researchers added different pharmacologic agents known to cause contraction or relaxation in smooth muscle.
"We found that the cells did indeed function just like smooth muscle," said Wu. "The new device allowed us to evaluate drug-induced changes in the physical properties of smooth muscle at the cell level – previously we've needed tissue samples to observe this phenomena."
To make sure they could reproduce the smooth muscle cells and to confirm the transformation, Rodriguez and her team cloned one of the primitive stem cells from the adipose tissue and repeated the experiments on a cloned population of cells with similar results.
"We wanted to make sure it wasn't an isolated case or particular conditions in the cell cultures that allowed us to create or select out already existing smooth muscle cells," said Rodriguez, also a member of the UCLA Stem Cell Institute. "We are surprised and pleased with the results and are excited about future applications."
Rodriguez notes the many advantages of using a patient's own fat stem cells for organ re-growth and tissue regeneration, including no need for anti-rejection medications. In patients with a diseased or absent organ, who cannot use their own organ tissue for regeneration, adipose stem cells offer an alternative.
Smooth muscle cells have also been produced from stem cells found in the brain and bone marrow, but acquiring stem cells from adipose tissue is much easier and most patients have adipose tissue readily available, according to Rodriguez.
The next step, she adds, involves identifying and developing the growth factors that will induce transformation of cells more quickly. She is also starting to use smooth muscle cells for tissue engineering in the urinary tract, including the urethra.
Source: University of California - Los Angeles
"Researchers transform stem cells found in human fat into smooth muscle cells." July 24th, 2006. http://phys.org/news72983041.html


Treaty of Utrecht
|Peace and Friendship Treaties of Utrecht|
A first edition of the 1713 Treaty of Utrecht between Great Britain and Spain in Spanish (left) and a later edition in Latin and English.
|Location||Utrecht, United Provinces|
The Treaty of Utrecht, which established the Peace of Utrecht, is a series of individual peace treaties, rather than a single document, signed by the belligerents in the War of the Spanish Succession, in the Dutch city of Utrecht in March and April 1713. The treaties between several European states, including Spain, Great Britain, France, Portugal, Savoy and the Dutch Republic, helped end the war.
The treaties were concluded between the representatives of Louis XIV of France and of his grandson Philip V of Spain on one hand, and representatives of Anne of Great Britain, Victor Amadeus I of Sardinia, John V of Portugal and the United Provinces of the Netherlands on the other. They marked the end of French ambitions of hegemony in Europe expressed in the wars of Louis XIV and preserved the European system based on the balance of power.
The War of the Spanish Succession was occasioned by the failure of the Habsburg king, Charles II of Spain to produce an heir. In fact, the Habsburgs were prone to pedigree collapse, and this shows in the appellation given to Carlos II, el Hechizado (the bedevilled), and in portraits of the Kings, like those by Diego Velázquez and Juan Carreño de Miranda. Dispute followed the death of Charles II in 1700, and fourteen years of war were the result.
France and Great Britain had come to terms in October 1711, when the preliminaries of peace had been signed in London. The preliminaries were based on a tacit acceptance of the partition of Spain's European possessions. Following this, the Congress of Utrecht opened on 29 January 1712, with the British representatives being John Robinson, Bishop of Bristol, and Thomas Wentworth, Lord Strafford. Reluctantly the United Provinces accepted the preliminaries and sent representatives, but Emperor Charles VI refused to do so until he was assured that the preliminaries were not binding. This assurance was given, and so in February the Imperial representatives made their appearance. As Philip was not yet recognised as its king, Spain did not at first send plenipotentiaries, but the Duke of Savoy sent one, and Portugal was represented by Luís da Cunha.
One of the first questions discussed was the nature of the guarantees to be given by France and Spain that their crowns would be kept separate, and matters did not make much progress until after 10 July 1712, when Philip signed a renunciation. With Great Britain and France having agreed upon a truce, the pace of negotiation now quickened, and the main treaties were finally signed on 11 April 1713.
The treaty recognised Louis XIV's grandson Philip, Duke of Anjou, as King of Spain (as Philip V), thus confirming the succession stipulated in the will of the Charles II of Spain who died in 1700. However, Philip was compelled to renounce for himself and his descendants any right to the French throne. In similar fashion various French princelings, including most notably the Duke of Berry (Louis XIV's youngest grandson) and the Duke of Orléans (Louis's nephew), renounced for themselves and their descendants any claim to the Spanish throne. Utrecht marked the rise of the United Kindom under Anne and later the House of Hanover; her exploits martial were due to Marlborough and political due to Oxford and Bolingbroke.
The Spanish territories in Europe were apportioned: Savoy received Sicily and parts of the Duchy of Milan, while Charles VI (the Holy Roman Emperor and Archduke of Austria) received the Spanish Netherlands, the Kingdom of Naples, Sardinia, and the bulk of the Duchy of Milan. Portugal had its sovereignty recognised over the lands between the Amazon and Oyapock rivers, in Brazil. In 1715, the Portuguese also recovered Colónia do Sacramento, previously taken by Spain in Uruguay.
In North America, France ceded to Great Britain its claims to Newfoundland and to the Hudson's Bay Company territories in Rupert's Land. They also ceded the Acadian colony of Nova Scotia. The formerly partitioned island of Saint Kitts was also ceded in its entirety to Britain. France was required to recognise British suzerainty over the Iroquois and commerce with the Far Indians was to be open to traders of all nations. France retained its other pre-war North American possessions, including Île-Saint-Jean (now Prince Edward Island), Saint Pierre and Miquelon, as well as Île Royale (now Cape Breton Island), on which it erected the Fortress of Louisbourg.
A series of commercial treaties were also signed.
After the signing of the Utrecht treaties, the French continued to be at war with Emperor Charles VI and with the Holy Roman Empire itself until 1714, when hostilities were ended with the Treaty of Rastatt and the Treaty of Baden. Spain and Portugal remained formally at war with each other until the Treaty of Madrid of February 1715, while peace between Spain and Emperor Charles VI, unsuccessful claimant to the Spanish crown, came only in 1720 with the signing of the Treaty of The Hague.
Responses to the treaties
The treaty's territorial provisions did not go as far as the Whigs in Britain would have liked, considering that the French had made overtures for peace in 1706 and again in 1709. The Whigs considered themselves the heirs of the staunch anti-French policies of William III and the Duke of Marlborough. However, in the Parliament of 1710 the Tories had gained control of the House of Commons, and they wished for an end to Great Britain's participation in a European war. Queen Anne and her advisors had also come to agree.
The party in the administration of Robert Harley (created Earl of Oxford and Mortimer on 23 May 1711) and the Viscount Bolingbroke proved more flexible at the bargaining table and were characterised by the Whigs as "pro-French"; Oxford and Bolingbroke persuaded the Queen to create twelve new "Tory peers" to ensure ratification of the treaty in the House of Lords.
Although the fate of the Spanish Netherlands in particular was of interest to the United Provinces, Dutch influence on the outcome of the negotiations was fairly insignificant, even though the talks were held on their territory. The French negotiator Melchior de Polignac taunted the Dutch with the bon mot De vous, chez vous, sans vous, meaning that negotiations would be held "about you, around you, without you." The fact that Bolingbroke had secretly ordered the British commander, the Duke of Ormonde, to withdraw from the Allied forces before the Battle of Denain (informing the French but not the Allies), and the fact that they secretly arrived at separate peace with France was a fait accompli, made the objections of the Allies pointless. In any case, the Dutch achieved their condominium in the Austrian Netherlands with the Austro-Dutch Barrier Treaty of 1715.
The peace, such as it was, between European powers was to endure until the onset of the Seven Years' War, ostensibly started by contention between England and France over North America. This war was concluded by the Treaty of Paris in 1763.
Balance of power
The European concept of the balance of power, first mentioned in 1701 by Charles Davenant in Essays on the Balance of Power, became a common topic of debate during the war and the conferences that led to signing of the treaties. Boosted by 19 April 1709 issue of Daniel Defoe's A Review of the Affairs of France, a periodical that supported the Harley Ministry, the concept was a key factor in British negotiations, and was reflected in the final treaties. This theme would continue to be a significant factor in European politics until the time of the French Revolution (and was to resurface in the 19th century).
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Treaty of Utrecht.|
|Wikisource has original text related to this article:|
- R.R. Palmer, A History of the Modern World 2nd ed. 1961, p. 234.
- The staunch Tory Strafford was hauled before a committee of Parliament for his part in the treaty, which the Whigs considered not advantageous enough.
- "American Annals" Page 73, 1813
- The twelve peers consisted of two who were summoned in their father's baronies, Lords Compton (Northampton) and Bruce (Ailesbury), and ten recruits, namely Lords Hay (Kinnoull), Mountjoy, Burton (Paget), Mansell, Middleton, Trevor, Lansdowne, Masham, Foley, and Bathurst. David Backhouse, "Tory Tergiversation In The House of Lords, 1714–1760".
- Szabo, I. (1857) The State Policy of Modern Europe from the Beginning of the Sixteenth Century to the Present Time. Vol. I, Longman, Brown, Green, Longmans and Roberts, p. 166
- Churchill, W. (2002) Marlborough: His Life and Times, University of Chicago Press, ISBN 0-226-10636-5, pp. 954–955
- Israel, J.I. (1995), The Dutch Republic: Its Rise, Greatness and Fall, 1477–1806, Oxford University Press,ISBN 0-19-873072-1 hardback, ISBN 0-19-820734-4 paperback, p. 978
- Churchill, Winston (2002). Marlborough: His Life and Times, Bk. 2, vols. iii & iv. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-10635-7
- Gregory, Desmond: Minorca, the Illusory Prize: A History of the British Occupations of Minorca Between 1708 and 1802 (Associated University Press, 1990)
- Lynn, John A (1999). The Wars of Louis XIV, 1667–1714. Longman. ISBN 0-582-05629-2
- Sichel Walter: Bolingbroke And His Times, 2 vols. (1901–02) Vol. 1 The Reign of Queen Anne
- Stanhope, Philip: History of England, Comprising the Reign of Queen Anne until the Peace of Utrecht (London: 1870)
- Trevelyan, G. M (1930–34). England Under Queen Anne. 3 volumes. Longmans, Green and co.
- "The Treaties of Utrecht (1713)" Brief discussion and extracts of the various treaties on François Velde's Heraldica website, with particular focus on the renunciations and their later reconfirmations.
- Interpretation of parts of the treaty relating to Gibraltar www.gib-action.com/docs/utrecht.html


Australian virologist Frank Fenner, MD was born in Ballarat, Victoria in 1914. He earned a Doctor of Medicine in 1942 at the University of Adelaide, and from 1940 – 1946 he worked on the malaria parasite in Egypt and Papua New Guinea as an officer in the Australian Army Medical Corps. He subsequently began studying the pathogenesis of mousepox virus at the Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research in Melbourne. Later he was appointed Professor of Microbiology at the John Curtin School of Medical Research at the Australian National University, where he continued his work on viruses, including myxoma virus. His interest in the balance between virus virulence and host resistance was put to practical use in an effort to control Australia’s rabbit plague through the introduction of myxoma virus.


AT Strategy: Exhale
The Alexander Technique: Breathing
Breathing is natural and vital to living. When we are calm and aligned, the natural rhythms of inhalation and exhalation do themselves, and the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide occur as needed. When we speak or sing, we use the exhale in a more controlled, skilled way, and will have the best results, whatever technique learned, if our natural breathing in free and unencumbered. When we pull down, tighten, stiffen, or hold the breath, we interrupt the natural flow. Chronic tension and poor posture can diminish the rib and diaphragm’s movement, or cause the nasal passages or throat to tighten, all of which can decrease the ability to breathe sufficiently or easily. Learning the Alexander Technique can improve breathing and healthy living.
· First things first: Don’t stop breathing! Don’t hold your breath. Remember to breathe out once the air is in. The next breath will arrive on its own.
· Breathe in through your nose to warm, moisten, and filter the air.
· Breathe out through your nose or your mouth.
· Think of the diaphragm and muscles of the ribs freeing and lengthening so optimal expansion in your torso can occur on the inhale.
· Notice your spine can continue to lengthen as the breathe releases out.
· Your feet are on the ground; your body expands in all directions, and the breath flows in and out.


Juliette Gordon Low's Birthday, or Founder's Day, October 31, marks the 1860 birth of Girl Scouts of the USA founder Juliette Low in Savannah, Georgia. Juliette started the organization in 1912. Test your knowledge of the Girl Scouts' founder with our interactive quiz.
Juliette "Daisy" Gordon Low assembled 18 girls from Savannah, Georgia, on March 12, 1912, for a local Girl Scout meeting. She believed that all girls should be given the opportunity to develop physically, mentally, and spiritually. With the goal of bringing girls out of isolated home environments and into community service and the open air, Girl Scouts hiked, played basketball, went on camping trips, learned how to tell time by the stars, and studied first aid.


Your career could be up in smokes.
That’s the butt end of a new study from the Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta, which found that employees who smoke cigarettes earn 17.5 percent less than employees who don’t smoke.
Melinda Pitts, an economist at the Fed and co-author of the report, said that smokers make an average annual income of $27,248 annually, while nonsmokers make an average of $33,820 annually.
“Whether you smoke 30 to 600 cigarettes a month, the penalty is still the same,” said Pitts.
Pitts was surprised to find that former smokers earned higher wages than people that never smoked.
“There is a reward for smoking cessations. Somebody that can quit an addiction has something special about them,” says Pitts. “It shows they have more valuable characteristics.”
She also notes that people with more education and those who are married are less likely to smoke.
Employers tend to believe that smokers are more prone to long-term health risks and are less productive at work.
“People that smoke care less about their body, said Eric Wilson, a 27-year-old consultant at the Huxley Associates recruiting firm.
Wilson has been smoking cigarettes for 10 years. He says that his high-stress job feeds into his addiction, which causes him to take about three smoke breaks during the workday.
He adds that smokers tend to not “have enough willpower to quit, and that probably translates into their professional lives.”
Yulia Nzaoza, 35, is an assistant to the chief financial officer at the Russian Alcohol Group in New York. She notices that most of the higher-income people — especially top-level managers — don’t smoke.
The 10-year smoking veteran said, “It takes a strong character to not indulge in bad habits like smoking … everyone understands that it’s bad.”
Of course, disapproval of smoking isn’t limited to the workplace. New York’s legislature issued a state-wide smoking ban a decade ago that made it illegal to smoke in bars and restaurants as well.


Gathering new evidence on the economics of waterpipe tobacco smoking
Waterpipe tobacco smoking (WTS), also known as “shisha”, is a traditional form of tobacco consumption in the Middle East that passes tobacco through a cooling liquid before reaching the smoker. The introduction of flavoured tobacco products in the early 1990s caused WTS to rapidly gain popularity among young people and women, who are thought to be introduced to it by friends or family. Despite patriarchal attitudes towards women smoking in some countries in this region, it is more acceptable for women to smoke a waterpipe than cigarettes. Evidence shows that the eastern Mediterranean region has the highest prevalence of waterpipe use in the world.
Like cigarettes, WTS is associated with nicotine dependence and life-altering diseases like cancer and lung disease, as well as causing adverse pregnancy outcomes. This creates a catastrophic burden on healthcare systems, individuals, families, and the economy due to loss of productivity. Worryingly, WTS continues to grow in popularity.
In Lebanon, 2008 estimates of the direct and indirect costs for diseases caused by tobacco use among adults over the age of 30 were estimated to be US$13.6 million in environmental costs (fires and collecting smoking-related waste) and US$102.2 million and US$64.6 million in lost productivity due to morbidity and mortality respectively. The global treaty to reduce tobacco consumption, the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC), has been poorly implemented in the region and evidence is limited solely to cigarettes. This means the evidence needed to curb WTS is non-existent, and the growing prevalence of WTS has been met with a poor regulatory response globally.
New research is urgently needed to provide detailed knowledge and recommendations to inform governments on the severity of this growing trend and to encourage the implementation of effective policies to curb waterpipe tobacco and cigarette smoking.
The American University of Beirut (AUB) is leading the project. AUB has made significant investments in knowledge translation infrastructure, culminating with the launch of the Knowledge to Policy Center in 2015. Further to this, AUB was designated as the World Health Organization (WHO) FCTC Knowledge Hub for waterpipe tobacco smoking in 2016. The team spans four countries and is composed of experts and institutions from Lebanon, Jordan, Egypt, and the West Bank and Gaza. They will produce new and critical knowledge on the economics of WTS from the epicentre of the global WTS epidemic.
The team will conduct a range of household surveys in each country to generate much needed up-to-date national data on the prevalence of cigarette and waterpipe smoking in adults (overall and gender-specific). Using these estimates, they will model the impact of fiscal policies on WTS rates and healthcare costs, in addition to estimating impact on government revenues. For example, WHO recommends taxing the individual user (consumer level) and possibly taxing the waterpipe as well as its parts and accessories. The team will disseminate knowledge on the economic impact of waterpipe tobacco control policies to government agencies, policymakers, and advocates.
New knowledge on the economics of waterpipe tobacco smoking is urgently needed. We’ll be gathering evidence from the epicentre of the global epidemic — the eastern Mediterranean region — to translate it into effective waterpipe control policies. This project allows us to bring a team of world-leading experts together to make real and lasting change in tobacco control.
— Rima Nakkash, associate professor in the Faculty of Health Sciences and coordinator of the AUB Tobacco Control Research Group at the American University of Beirut.
Tobacco control is central to meeting the United Nations 2030 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), notably SDG 1 (to end poverty) and SDG 3 (to ensure healthy lives). The consortium will address the health and development challenges posed by WTS in the eastern Mediterranean region, consistent with meeting these SDGs. Research like this gives millions of people a better future, with both immediate and longer-term impact.
Timely estimates of the cost of smoking at the country and regional levels are important for documenting the economic burden of tobacco use, designing effective tobacco control programs, and identifying the healthcare needs of vulnerable populations. Specifically, this research will help women and young people, who are among the fastest growing groups of waterpipe smokers.
Long-term, the team will also focus on building capacity in the field of tobacco economics by developing a research toolkit that guides new researchers on how to conduct studies into the economics of WTS. Through capacity building, researchers as well as citizens, civil society, media, and government counterparts in the four countries will gain the know-how and appreciation for moving evidence to policy.
The ultimate goal is to implement effective legislation that reduces the burden of WTS and improves population health throughout the eastern Mediterranean region. The team will accomplish this with a lasting regional consortium that supports knowledge translation and the dissemination of research on the economics of tobacco control.
Photo: Flickr / Peter Dyakov


"When a man comes up with
excuses for not using a male condom, women have a right to introduce
their own tool for protection."
— Deusdeait Kiwanuka, Project
Coordinator, Safe Homes and Respect for Everyone (SHARE)
Deusdeait’s words poignantly
capture a major challenge in fighting HIV/AIDS: to ensure women have
access to prevention tools designed to put them in charge and give them
an opportunity to initiate protection. Enter the female condom – the
only safe and effective prevention tool that is designed for women to
initiate and is available for use NOW. But "available for use"
doesn’t necessarily translate into "accessible to women" – whether
in the U.S. or abroad.
Consider Uganda, where the
Ministry of Health reports that 76% of the country’s new infections
are sexually transmitted and women make up 60% of those infected.
Moreover, 42% of new infections occur in marital sex. These sobering
statistics cry out for expanding prevention options that put women in
the driver’s seat. Despite this, women and their partners currently
have no access to female condoms in the country.
Fortunately, the tide is turning
for women, men and youth who could benefit from the female condom. The Ugandan government plans to reintroduce and promote the female condom
this fall, and civil society leaders in Uganda see this as an opportune
moment to accelerate investment and support in this initiative.
Last week, the Center for Health
and Gender Equity
(CHANGE) and the Global
Campaign for Microbicides
(GCM) – both US-based organizations advocating for the availability and accessibility
of a range of prevention options for women worldwide – convened local
leaders from HIV/AIDS, reproductive health, domestic violence, human
rights and women’s rights groups in Kampala for an advocacy training
targeted at donors and national government to ensure successful reintroduction
of female condoms in Uganda. As part of the training, participants met
with members of the Health Development Partnership Group, which USAID
heads; with UNFPA and the Ministry of Health, demonstrating civil society
support for the prevention method. Participants also learned about
the history of the female condom in Uganda and how to move forward with
advocacy efforts beyond the training.
The training was opened by
Mr. Benard Mujuni of the Ministry of Gender, Labour and Social Development,
who made the case for women’s access to currently existing prevention
methods such as female condoms – and future products such as microbicides – as
a human rights and reproductive rights issue. But in order for
female condoms to succeed today, in Uganda and elsewhere, civil society
must be full partners in any launch or rollout of female condom programming.
Vastha Kibirige, coordinator
of the condom unit at the Ministry of Health, underscored this point
by providing an overview of the Ministry’s situation
analysis of the
female condom in Uganda that was released earlier this year. Kibirige
explained how the first introduction of female condoms in Uganda in
2000 was not successful, but this was not because of the product. Civil
society was not actively engaged in the first rollout of female condoms,
and a lack of resources and sustained support for distribution, education
and programming, made the existence of the product useless.
Accessibility issues explained
by Kibirige posed very real problems for many women. For example,
a participant from the Center for Domestic Violence Prevention recounted
how domestic violence fuels women’s requests for female condoms in
situations of martial rape. Sometimes, when these women are able
to negotiate condom use, men come up with excuses or resist using male
condoms. Her clients say that if they had female condoms with
them, they could put them on before they have sex, giving them an additional
tool for negotiation and protection.
This is not to say that female
condoms are a magic bullet or that access alone will ensure successful
use and uptake. But the group did highlight the concept of "universal
acceptability" – a different way to think about and advocate around
female condoms. This frame calls for removing stigma and biases
often associated with female condoms, allowing men, women and youth
to freely choose female condoms as a legitimate prevention option.
Finally, against the backdrop
of our discussions around women’s high risk of infection from marital
sex and lack of access to female condoms, it was interesting to note
PEPFAR’s abstinence and fidelity impact on Uganda. In our shuttle
bus to meet with USAID and other donors in the Health Development Partnership
Group was a bumper sticker with wedding rings, stating "Stop AIDS.
Keep the Promise," "Be Faithful in Marriage." It’s clear
that much more work needs to be done.
Let’s hope the Obama administration,
especially the new global AIDS coordinator and USAID administrator will
turn the tide for women and men and young people in Uganda by supporting
the Ministry of Health’s efforts to save lives by making female condoms


IBM’s Silicon Integrated Nanophotonics – ‘ICON’ uses Light Pulses to Move Data at Blazing Speeds!
- Monday, December 10, 2012 By Mahalakshmi Kabilan
How fast would be the data transfer, if the transmission is done via light pulses?! The answer is here – IBM has announced optical communication technology which has been verified in a manufacturing environment and is ready for Development of Commercial Applications now. The technology is called “silicon nanophotonics”,
Silicon nanophotonics uses light instead of electrical signals to transfer information. Thus it allows large volumes of data to be moved fast (25Gbps per channel) between computer chips in servers, large data-centers, and supercomputers via pulses of light. Instead of copper or optical cables, IBM envisages on-chip optical routing, where light blasts data between dense, multi-layer computing hubs.
Silicon nanophotonics allows the integration of different optical components side-by-side with electrical circuits on a single silicon chip, in standard 90nm semiconductor fabrication.
“This future 3D-integated chip consists of several layers connected with each other with very dense and small pitch interlayer vias. The lower layer is a processor itself with many hundreds of individual cores. Memory layer (or layers) are bonded on top to provide fast access to local caches. On top of the stack is the Photonic layer with many thousands of individual optical devices (modulators, detectors, switches) as well as analogue electrical circuits (amplifiers, drivers, latches, etc.). The key role of a photonic layer is not only to provide point-to-point broad bandwidth optical link between different cores and/or the off-chip traffic, but also to route this traffic with an array of nanophotonic switches. Hence it is named Intra-chip optical network (ICON)” , IBM press release.
As per IBM it may take few years for ICON to come on sale. Lets wait to see more!


Will Disease Decrease Turkey Numbers?
Wild turkey populations in Mississippi have increased significantly during the last few years. The increase in turkey densities has stimulated questions from turkey enthusiasts about the potential for disease outbreaks. Historically, disease related population reductions have been suspected to occur along the Mississippi River when turkey numbers were high. More recently, about 1991, significant disease mortality also was suspected in southwest Mississippi and southeast Louisiana. This region supported dense turkey populations and observations of more than 100 turkeys in a field were common. Within a short period of time, few turkeys were being observed and some landowners were concerned enough to stop allowing spring gobbler hunting on their property. A few dead turkeys were found and submitted to the MDWFP, but not enough to confirm a major disease outbreak. Disease does seem to be the logical reason for the population decline. Habitat loss, predation, and poor reproduction would not cause the population to crash. If poisoning was the culprit, it is extremely doubtful that it would impact such a large area.
Since the suspected disease outbreak in southwest Mississippi, the MDWFP has attempted to document wild turkey mortality caused by disease. Monitoring mortality will provide information to assess the impacts of disease and may lead to better management of the wild turkey resource. Documenting disease in turkeys is difficult since most debilitated birds will quickly fall victim to predation. Sportsmen can play an important role by immediately reporting sick or dead turkeys to their local MDWFP district office or to Dave Godwin, Turkey Program Coordinator at (662) 324-3798.
Avian Pox: The most common disease affecting wild turkeys in the southeast is avian pox. Every year the MDWFP receives multiple birds with pox. Avian pox is an infectious, contagious, viral disease that causes numerous wart-like lesions primarily on unfeathered areas of a turkey, such as the feet, legs, and head. Lesions also may be found in the oral cavity. Many of these lesions eventually develop overlying, dark-colored scabs causing some to incorrectly assume the bird has blackhead disease. Depending on the severity and location of lesions, infected turkeys may become weak and emaciated, develop vision problems, or have trouble breathing. Many turkeys are infected with avian pox without obvious evidence of disease. Avian pox does not always result in mortality. Lesions often spontaneously regress 6 - 12 weeks after infection. Lesions occurring in the mouth, trachea, or around the eyes generally result in higher rates of morbidity and death than lesions on the skin. In local areas high morbidity and mortality can occur. Also, turkeys that become debilitated by avian pox or other diseases are more vulnerable to predation.
Avian pox viruses are mechanically transmitted by blood-feeding arthropods, primarily mosquitoes. Mosquitoes can transmit the virus throughout the year, but the majority of infections occur during the warmer months when mosquito activity peaks. Annual occurrence of pox virus infections seem to depend on precipitation patterns since mosquito populations are related to rainfall. Infection also is possible by ingestion of virus-containing scabs shed from lesions.
Histomoniasis (Blackhead Disease): Histomoniasis is another important disease of wild turkeys in the Southeast and has been documented in Mississippi. It is caused by the protozoan (single-celled microscopic organisms) parasite Histomonas meleagridis. Turkeys with histomoniasis have a lack of energy and often stand with drooped wings and ruffled feathers. Infected turkeys may pass sulfur-yellow feces. The parasite causes tissue damage and hemorrhaging in the liver and ceca (a portion of the intestine where crude fiber is digested).
The parasite is transmitted within the eggs and larvae of cecal worms. Pheasants and chickens are carriers of the parasite but are tolerant of infection. Cecal worm eggs are passed in the feces of infected birds. When these eggs hatch, turkeys will eat the larvae and become infected with the parasite. Earthworms also play a role in transmission because they store cecal worm larvae in their bodies when they feed on soil containing droppings from infected birds. Therefore, turkeys also can become infected by eating earthworms. Mortality rates for turkeys infected with the parasite usually exceed 75%.
Since chickens are carries of the parasite and cecal worm eggs are passed in the feces of infected birds, the use of chicken litter as fertilizer on areas frequented by wild turkeys causes some concern. A 1992 survey of commercial broiler, breeder, and layer chickens in the southeastern United States was conducted. It evaluated the disease risk of using litter as fertilizer. The survey determined that commercial breeders and layers had very high infection rates, but that both H. meleagridis and its cecal worm vector were rare in commercial broilers. The essential absence of the parasite in broilers was attributed to the young age at which they are marketed. Based on these results, commercial broiler litter should pose no risk of as a source of histomoniasis, but litter from commercial breeders and layers could pose significant risk. The study also reaffirmed that noncommercial (backyard) chickens could be an important source of histomoniasis.
Disease Potential With Feeding:
Feeding wild turkeys unnaturally concentrates multiple birds at a specific site on an almost daily basis. Although feeding does not guarantee disease to occur, it certainly increases the potential for maintaining, transmitting, and introducing diseases within a turkey population. Concentrating turkeys at a particular site makes it easier for mosquitoes to feed on a turkey with avian pox and then pass the virus to another bird. Feed sites also are a common place for the scabs shed from pox lesions to be ingested by other turkeys. Droppings are concentrated at feed sites and create opportunities for ingestion of infected cecal worm eggs or larvae. Aflatoxins are found in spoiled feed, particularly corn and cereal grains. When turkeys ingest toxins present in grain they develop aflatoxicosis which affects their immune system, liver, and causes cancer.
Feeding turkeys potentially increases predation rates. Turkeys are a prey species and are always walking a fine line between survival and mortality. Feeding causes turkeys to habitually visit a specific site and allows them to be patterned by predators, thus tipping the scales in favor of predation. Even when feeders are placed in the open, predators have an advantage. Avian predators can easily find young turkeys out in the open, and mammalian predators can ambush turkeys where they enter a field. Because of increased potential for predation and disease, the MDWFP does not recommend feeding wild turkeys.
Report Sick Turkeys:
Diseases are always present in the environment, but significant outbreaks are unpredictable. With the current high turkey densities in most areas of the state, certainly the potential for a significant disease outbreak has increased. With your help, the MDWFP can monitor turkey morbidity and mortality and hopefully gain information that will help manage populations to prevent or decrease future outbreaks.


During periods of resurgent national feeling, it’s common for enthusiasts of liberal international order and human rights activists to begin emphasizing the importance of international law and the way they think it should guide and restrain the choices of nations. Since the United Nations Assembly adopted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) in December 1948, much international law has been elaborated via sovereign states affirming various international declarations and statements of rights through devices such as national constitutions or ratification of international treaties.
The source of these rights, however, invariably goes unmentioned. The UDHR refers, for instance, to “the inherent dignity and of the equal and inalienable rights of all members of the human family.” Yet the document is silent on the foundation of this dignity and these rights—likely because the UDHR’s drafters disagreed profoundly about this subject. This makes for a conspicuous contrast with an 18th century text like the United States Declaration of Independence. This unequivocally locates the source of the enumerated rights identified in the document as “the Laws of Nature and Nature’s God” and man’s “Creator.”
Similar language permeates most of the early modern writings which outlined how nations should interact with each other. These range from treatises penned by the Jesuit theologian Francisco Suárez (1548-1617), to books written by the German philosopher Samuel von Pufendorf (1632-1694), and the Dutch jurist Hugo Grotius (1583-1645). Their thought on these matters was also shaped by the need to rightly order the new international system which had emerged as a consequence of the rise of the modern sovereign state.
The concept of the ius gentium—the law of nations—played a substantial role in these reflections. First elaborated by Greek and Roman thinkers, it underwent significant modifications over the centuries as scholars debated topics such as the law of nations’ precise relationship to natural and positive law or the implications of Thomas Hobbes’ law of nature for international law. The most important 18th century effort to systematize the law of nations on the basis of natural law was Emer de Vattel’s Les Droit de gens [The Law of Nations] (1758).
International Order and Commercial Society
A native of Neuchâtel, a French-speaking and commercially prosperous Protestant enclave in contemporary Switzerland ruled by the King of Prussia, Emer de Vattel (1714-1767) was a Prussian subject, though much of his professional life was spent as an official of the Elector of Saxony.
That context is important inasmuch as Vattel was conscious of how the acceleration of trade across borders was transforming relations between states. Many were starting to question the efficacy and justice of the dominant mercantile system. More positive views of commerce were also beginning to prevail, thanks to Enlightenment figures like the Baron de Montesquieu. One of Vattel’s concerns was how natural law and its pivotal concerns for good, evil, the right, and justice could mediate relations between competitive and autonomous sovereign states driven by political self-interest and yet increasingly bound together by growing international trade.
When writing his book, Vattel assumed the absence of some higher international authority whose decisions could bind sovereign states. At the time, the only possible candidates for such a position were the Holy Roman Emperor (a Catholic monarch intent on protecting and expanding Habsburg power) and the Pope. Neither of these figures was going to secure the surrender of the sovereignty of Europe’s Protestant states—or, for that matter, acquire the loyalty of absolutist Catholic monarchs uninterested in submitting their realms to the jurisdiction of an 18th century Charlemagne or a pope.
Vattel was in any case convinced that relative international stability would be generated by adherence to natural law from below. One theme of his Law of Nations was that if sovereign states ordered their domestic affairs in accordance with principles of natural law, the international sphere would experience positive spillover effects. In the long term, Vattel believed, this would introduce greater tranquility into relations between states, not least by gradually transforming an international system characterized by frequent conflicts into what the editors of 2008 Liberty Fund edition of the Law of Nations describe as a “virtuous competition.”
A nation in which natural justice prevails, Vattel surmised, was more likely to behave justly towards, for example, the rulers and citizens of those nations with whom they may have occasion to go to war. Similarly, Vattel contended that if nations organized their domestic economies in ways which integrated 1) what he viewed as the natural right to trade that more and more individuals were exercising across sovereign borders with 2) defined limits on the extent to which government could regulate domestic and international trade, it would likely facilitate greater order in international commerce.
It’s important to note that Vattel did not see the application of natural law to these and other matters as resulting in a borderless world or the extinguishing of sovereign states. He had a heightened sense of how human fallibility and perceived self-interest shaped political affairs. Vattel consequently adhered to a “balance of power” understanding of international relations rather than the type of perpetual peace project advocated by Immanuel Kant in 1795. Hence Vattel sought to delineate principles that self-interested states led by flawed individuals should follow when making political and economic decisions.
Like many 18th century Protestant natural law thinkers, Vattel was reacting to the influence of Hobbes’ view of the law of nature and its bleak view of humanity upon the approach of figures like Pufendorf to international law. Nevertheless Vattel was also trying to 1) delineate systematically natural law’s implications for international order with what he described as “a precision founded on right reason” in ways that were 2) attentive to the social changes being unleashed by the growth of commercial society in the Age of Enlightenment. This mixture of factors may have been what made Vattel’s Law of Nations a major reference-point for particular American Founders as they pondered similar questions.
Vattel in America
Discussions of the saliency of natural law thought for the American Revolution and its aftermath usually gravitate to emphasizing the significance of William Blackstone’s Commentaries upon British American lawyers. Vattel’s Law of Nations, however, was a standard text for Americans obliged to wrestle with international law. The book was referenced extensively by Alexander Hamilton when advising President George Washington on foreign policy issues such as the substance of America’s treaty obligations to France following Louis XVI’s execution in 1793.
But Vattel not only shaped Hamilton’s views about how sovereign states should interact with each other. Key ideas expressed in the Law of Nations effected Hamilton’s understanding of the domestic responsibilities of government and how people in public life ought to behave.
Perhaps most significantly, Vattel’s systematic exposition of natural law principles counterbalanced the impact of David Hume’s thought on Hamilton. To some of his contemporaries’ dismay, Hamilton agreed with Hume that it is foolish to ignore human corruptibility when considering how to establish and maintain stable political communities. But reading Vattel’s Law of Nations seems to have helped convince Hamilton of the basic reasonability of core propositions of natural law: that, for instance, there are universal moral truths knowable by reason.
This tempered the effect of Hume’s skepticism on Hamilton’s conception of the place of morality in politics. Yes, humans might be eminently corruptible. On the other hand, this didn’t mean that people in politics couldn’t know and do what was good and just. Vattel wasn’t shy about underscoring what he regarded as morality’s social utility. Yet he insisted that morality in the conduct of domestic and foreign policy was also a question of doing what is right for the sake of justice.
This outlook appealed to someone like Hamilton. Virtually all his biographers stress Hamilton’s awareness of human nature’s dark side. They also, however, specify that Hamilton held that politics had to be cognizant of matters of right and justice. Similarly Vattel’s incorporation of attention to major political and economic changes of his time into his natural law approach to international relations would have made Hamilton more amenable to seeing the world in these terms: that the statesman’s responsibility is to consider what is advantageous to his country and what justice requires a nation to do.
At the same time, Vattel’s focus on natural law—as opposed to a strict natural rights position—contributed to Hamilton’s inclination to approach some questions differently from those American Founders for whom Locke’s language of natural rights to life, liberty and property was a primary reference point. In his 1979 biography of Hamilton, Forrest McDonald illustrated the extent to which Hamilton’s conception of the role of the government appears to draw upon Vattel’s Law of Nations.
The Purposes of Government
At one point during the 1787 Constitutional Convention, Hamilton described government’s three purposes as 1) providing “the great purposes of commerce, revenue, [and] agriculture”; 2) facilitating “domestic tranquility & happiness”; and 3) establishing “sufficient stability and strength to make us respectable abroad.” These effectively paraphrase Vattel’s thesis in the Law of Nations that the “principal objects” of government were to help establish the nation’s necessities, procure the country’s “true happiness,” and to fortify the nation against external aggression. These three responsibilities aren’t incompatible with the Lockean emphasis on government protecting life, liberty and property. They do nonetheless take us beyond the logic of Lockean natural rights discourse.
Vattel’s influence upon Hamilton’s view of international relations was equally important. McDonald suggests that Hamilton was impressed by Vattel’s framework for approaching the subject of international trade. Like Vattel, Hamilton regarded trade as something that it was generally better for governments to avoid meddling in. But he also drew from Vattel the notion that the state’s obligation to provide for the nation’s necessities might mean that governments may occasionally have to act in ways that depart from a strict free trade position.
Vattel was far more precise in delineating the situations in which these responsibilities might arise than Hamilton. For Vattel, free commerce between nations should be the norm. That, however, was why his Law of Nations detailed at length the principled grounds upon which a government had to justify any of its forays into trade and economic life. Hamilton was admittedly somewhat vaguer in identifying such cases. What he shared with Vattel, however, was the belief that the same public interest which normally translated into a nation favoring the expansion of international commerce could, on occasion, provide reasons for a government to intervene in the conduct of trade.
Like Hamilton’s writings, Vattel’s Law of Nations reflects its author’s remarkably broad theoretical interests (even by the period’s high standards) as well as his practical experience of involvement in public affairs. That adds up to an approach to international relations characterized by realism in the sense of commitment to the moral truths revealed by right reason and also how these principles are applied in changing economic and political conditions. To that extent, the Law of Nations has much to teach students of both natural law and international relations in our own time.


How to Color a Sketch
1. Open a black and white picture and put is on the top of layer box, choose mode: Multiply and lock it
2. I have a pattern background and put it under layer 1
3. Use soft round brush, opacity 50%, mode: Multiply to paint the shadow of the background . You don't need to make it perfectly, regularly is okay ^_^
4. Paint the body of the girl: use soft round brush 100% . (Color #E5D0A4.). Paint all the body , after the painting , you use color #C49A65 to paint the shadow. And the color #B4672F for the dark in her body .You could paint the baby like her body , but you should put some red color to make it nature.
5. Her hair is easy to paint . first , I painted it with the brown color, if you don't like brown , you can choose black or red or something like that . But I think brown color is suitable for the background . You use color #7C2F04 to paint her hair .Use the dodge tool to make it lighter , use hard round to make the light in her hair . after that , you choose soft brush , Mode overlay , opacity 50% and yellow color for the lines in her hair. It will make her hair like sun silk and make the picture has more effect .
6. I painted her horn by deep red color and some line in this by staring red.
7. Background, multiply all the background layers
Create a new layer ,soft brush 50% and choose the color #493E1E , #75652E or any dark color you like to paint the background. You don't need to paint it carefully, take it easy , make the colors mix each other. I used some dark green in the top of background and the saffron in the end of background.
You create a new layer, choose mode overlay in layer box then use yellowish to make the light in stuff. I used the big soft brush to paint big piece of line , and use the hard brush to paint the line in background, that is like blood vessel.
8. Paint the baby. Use yellowish and green and some red color to blend each other
9. Pick the white color and use brush 100% to draw some line like...saliva ^_^
This is my final result:
I offer you this soft brush to paint this picture easier.


Although the awesome Amargasaurus cazaui isn’t as famous as some sauropods, say, Brontosaurus (which is a recognised name now, by the way!), the creature’s distinctive appearance has made it increasingly popular. I mean, who couldn’t notice the sail on it’s back. Sail? Or spines? This is where it gets confusing.
I’m going to start with a brief overview of the dinosaur. Amargasaurus was discovered in 1991 by Leonardo Salgado and José Bonaparte in Argentina. It was a diplodocid sauropod dinosaur, a herbivore, and grew to ten metres in length. It lived in the Early Cretaceous. It was pretty staple for a sauropod apart form the two rows of spines/sails that ran down across its back. Yes, two rows, although it’s hard to see in most pictures.
The two main theories for the spikes on its back looked like in life. Some beleive that they were covered in a think covering of skin – a sail – sort of like that of Spinosaurus. Others think that there is no skin whatsoever, and that the spikes are capped in horn as spines.
The sail idea is based on the fact that if sail extended to the neck, it would be hard for the animal to drink, and therefore they would have to be loose to let the animal be flexible. Before we continue, we need to discuss why on Earth the animal would evolve the spikes in the first place.
There are many reasons an animal would evolve. Defence from predators is one, but if they were built for defence surely they would not only be at the top but also at the side, and more varied? Another solution is thermoregulation, but not only is that theory old but surely another sauropod would have done some form of sail as well? Also the two sails next to each other would have blocked light from each other, giving each sail the end value of half a sail.
The most commonly accepted idea is that they were for show. But what type of show? If they were sails, they could display bright colours. Just as likely, as spines they would have rattled together to make threatening sounds. In the end, what most people have settled on when they do Paleoart is having the spikes on the neck as spines and the spikes on the back as sail. To conclude, both theories seem equally plausible, and maybe even a bit of both.
Sail or Spines? If you enjoyed this post, like and share to support the blog!


Integrated Curriculum: Preschool Through Elementary
We will be reading a variety of texts and articles in this course. It is imperative that you keep up with this reading. You are to read and respond to the weekly readings prior to the class meeting for which they are assigned. Our class discussions and activities are predicated on all of us having read this material.
You are to post your reading responses on WebCT each week. Every two weeks, you will post a primary response in which you will include: your new understanding and insights into the themes discussed in the texts and articles, your analysis of the ideas and strategies suggested by the authors, comparing/contrasting related articles, or your personal experiences from your fieldwork which apply to the topics read. On alternate weeks, you will post secondary responses where you will respond to the reading reflections of two of your classmates.
Each week has its own discussion forum on the WebCT, so make sure you are in the correct discussion forum for the readings you are responding to. Under subject, write which topic you are discussing. Your classmates can choose to post a primary or a secondary response to your topic or they can define their own topic. At the beginning of your posting, write down whether yours is a primary or secondary response. Some weeks I will include a question or topic which I'd would like you to comment on. Be sure to check whether there is a specific assignment in the discussion forum before you write your reflections.
I strongly suggest that you write your reading responses in a word processing document and then copy and paste this into the compose window on our course WebCT site. This way you can save your work to refer to it later, as well as use spell and grammar check. If you need assistance with the use of WebCT, refer to the handout distributed the first week of class.
The URL for Ed 437's WebCT is:
Your participation in the WebCT discussion forums will be assessed using the following criteria:
Weekly participation in the
discussion forums Interaction with a variety of
classmates Demonstration of solid
understanding of the readings Usage of critical thinking
and analysis of the readings and the reflections of
classmates Making relevant connections
between the textbook and real-life
Weekly participation in the discussion forums
Interaction with a variety of classmates
Demonstration of solid understanding of the readings
Usage of critical thinking and analysis of the readings and the reflections of classmates
Making relevant connections between the textbook and real-life situations
GRADED: October 14 and December
Your educational philosophy is the basis for all of your decisions as a teacher, from the physical arrangement of classroom furniture to the ways that you communicate with parents. This is an opportunity for you to reflect on all that you believe about teaching and learning, synthesizing educational theory with your own experiences with children.
You will be asked to articulate your teaching philosophy throughout your teaching career, from the time that you are being interviewed for a job, to discussing your program with parents at Back to School Night. Organize your beliefs into a cogent statement. Your tone should be confident and professional. It's fine to include material which you've written for another course. Find a format and sequence which best reflects your ideas.
Make sure your writing style is also professional and articulate. Proofread carefully for spelling and usage errors. Also watch for grammar. Watch for these common errors: affect and effect; and matching subject to objective pronouns (e.g. "It's important for the child to feel like they are valued.") If you use a singular noun you can not use they. It's easier to use plural nouns, but sometimes that might not create the effect that you want.
Possible components to include in your philosophy:
Another way to organize your philosophy is to use the criteria outlined in the California Standards for the Teaching Profession and to discuss your beliefs and practices for each standard. You can view the Standards for the Teaching Profession at: http://www.ctc.ca.gov/cstppublication/cstpreport.html#TOC
The first draft of your educational statement should include all of the themes that we've discussed up to the midterm, and the final draft should include all of the themes covered in this course.
DUE: 1st Draft - October 21
ungraded, feedback given;
You will work with a group of colleagues to study, outline and present to the class one of the California State Frameworks and its corresponding state standards. These documents are the basis for much of the educational reform which is being directed from the state to each school district. Assessment, funding, and textbooks are tied to these documents, and as a new teacher, you will be expected to be adept at using them in the design of your lessons.
This assignment has three objectives,
that you will become an expert on one of the state
frameworks and present its contents to your classmastes,
that by becoming an expert on one of the frameworks you will
then become familiar with all of the state frameworks in
order to access them throughout your teaching, and that you
will be an effective member of a cooperative learning group,
applying the skills and dispositions which we are reading
about in Designing Groupwork by Cohen. While you have
all worked on group projects in your previous curriculum
coursework, for this assignment you are to conscientiously
and reflectively practice the techniques from this text.
With your group, you will:
DUE: October 14
You will learn two different formats for writing lesson plans, the play/ debrief/ replay lesson plan design by Wasserman and the 5-step lesson plan. Use the templates demonstrated in class. Let me know if you aren't confident about writing either type. You can submit as many redos of these lesson plans as you wish.
Play/ debrief/ replay lesson
5-step lesson plan:
Lesson plan modification:
You will join with experts of other state frameworks to design an outline for a 2-3 week integrated unit. The theme of the unit should represent the interests of all of the group members and should also reflect the objectives defined in the State Frameworks and State Standards. Use the template for integrated unit planning.
Select a grade level(s) for your unit. Activities should be designed to engage children from diverse backgrounds and include a variety of instructional and grouping strategies.
DUE: October 28; ungraded, feedback given
You will design a 4-8 week integrated unit, individually or with a partner. This unit will synthesize all you have learned in this course and demonstrate your understanding of all the course objectives. The theme must be different than the one you worked on with your jigsaw group, and have the potential for sustained investigation for the age level that you select. To review the steps to take in the design of an integrated unit, refer to the template for integrated unit planning.
Your unit will contain ten different components. The list of required unit components and the grading criteria are listed below. If you are working with a partner, your unit will span 8 weeks and you will include twice as many required elements as described. (For example, rather than writing 6 lesson plans, you will each write 6 plans.)
During our last two course meetings you will present your integrated unit to the class. Make a copy of your unit plan to include in the multiple subject resource library. Submit a self-addressed stamped envelope with your unit for a 1-page grading sheet which I will return to you with my unit feedback and your course grade.
Due: November 11: Draft copy of
final unit big ideas, unit objectives, unit assessments
Your final unit plan will be graded based on the following criteria:


Netherlands marks 20 years of same-sex marriage
The Hague, Apr 1 (efe-epa).- Two decades have passed since the Netherlands became the first country in the world to recognize same-sex marriage but LGBT groups today warn the country is no longer at the vanguard of equal rights and acceptance.
The Dutch officially legalized same-sex marriage on 1 April 2001, although it had introduced civil unions in 1998.
Since then, an estimated 19,000 men and 21,000 women have tied the knot in same-sex ceremonies, which LGBT rights group COC said was cause for celebration.
But the group also urged the Dutch government to retake its mantle as a leader in LGBT rights.
In a statement, Astrid Oosenbrug, COC head, said: “By being the first country to open marriage to same-sex couples in 2001, we made world history.”
“How cool would it be if we rediscover that pioneering spirit and soon be at the forefront of the world again? I can’t imagine a better gift for 20 years of marriage and for the 75th anniversary of the COC.”
The Netherlands occupies 13th place on the Rainbow Europe index for LGBT rights, behind countries such as Malta, Belgium and Luxembourg, although it is in second place in terms of acceptance by the population, surpassed only by Iceland.
“I want a country where everyone feels free to be themselves,” Oosenbrug added.
One of the most topical debates affecting the LGBT community in the Netherlands is whether the constitution allows for religious schools to refuse students based on their beliefs.
The country’s education minister was recently forced to backtrack after she defended the right of some Christian schools to requiring parents of students to reject homosexuality in writing.EFE-EPA


In an October 13 keynote address at the ASTC Annual Conference, Los Angeles, Geoffrey Canada, president/CEO of Harlem Children’s Zone (HCZ) in New York City, challenged science centers to “lead the fight to save children’s future.” The United States has created an environment that destroys young children in poverty said Canada, the author of Fist Stick Knife Gun: A Personal History of Violence in America. Among the statistics he cited: More than 100,000 young Americans have been killed by firearms since 1979, and 15,000 African American men are incarcerated in New York City jails alone.
But science centers can play a role in saving young people and addressing social injustice, Canada said. “We need to begin early. Poor children start off behind and never catch up.” Science centers can provide experiences that stimulate young brains, and they can engage parents and keep them as partners. We should create a “continuum of support” that draws in young people at every age and offers encouragement and support to those who are discouraged with learning.
“We cannot expect young people to thrive in communities other people wouldn’t be caught dead in,” he said. “We have to think of our institutions as part of the engine that transforms communities.”"The future of America rests in the hands of those of you in this room,” Canada said. The most important resources of a society are intellectual, and we have lost that perspective in the United States. “Unless we’re prepared to fight for real equity, we’re going toleave this generation of children behind.” Closing with one of his own poems, Canada urged science centers to “take a stand.”


Teacher Mr. McCarthy
Artist Liz McMahon
Exploring Maths and Science through “Creativity in the Classroom”
Senses, Texture and Clay.
We began by discussing our senses. How many have we, and what are they? If we were missing one which other senses would we use most, example, being blind or deaf.
The children were asked to close their eyes for one minute and listen. How far can we hear? Can we hear beyond where we can see? Can we hear better when we close our eyes?
They explored touch. With their eyes open the children begin to touch their jumpers, their faces, hair, etc. How do these textures feel? They began to collect lovely words to describe textures and made up new descriptive onomatopoeic words.
The children were asked to close their eyes again and to put out their hands. An object was placed in each child’s hands. They were asked to keep their eyes closed and to think of words to describe the weight, temperature, and textures of their object. (I have a collection of difficult-to-recognize objects; mainly found washed up on beaches)
When they opened their eyes they took turns telling the class what their object felt like. This builds up their vocabulary and their ability to describe their own artwork and articulate any problems in their future work
Again they closed their eyes and each child was given a small handful of clay.
They began to mould the clay, to look at the effect it had on their hands. At this point a wooden board was placed on the table in front of each child. They rolled and pounded the clay, remarking on the changes.
We left a small soft ball of clay upon a cupboard to see what would happen during the week.
Texturing clay and building with slabs.
The children reminded me about the clay on the high shelf. We passed it around. They remarked that it was harder, that it was a lighter colour, it wasn’t sticky anymore and it was smaller. Many began to work in pairs or groups as they observed the advantage of making bigger buildings. In the excitement of building, some children took short cuts and didn’t cut out rectangle and square shapes. They tried to use what I called “Mr. Blobby” shapes. They found it difficult to join these rough edges. We looked at the problems. We had a look at the walls and the ceiling of the classroom. The wall edges were very straight. This gave them an understanding of building with 2d shapes to make 3d shapes.
Group Work with Slab Building.
The children consolidated their ideas from the last session. They were able to make their work quicker as they now had the techniques and realised that “Mr. Blobby” shapes are difficult to work with
A visit to the Sculpture in Context Exhibition at the Botanic Gardens.
More Paper Construction.
Using these techniques the children created 3d paper worlds. I notice that some repeated ideas they had in clay such as mansions and castles. They finished off by putting in details with marker.
Why do we wear masks at Halloween?
This was the last session before the Halloween holiday. Parents were invited to see a slide show of the children’s work and participate in a workshop with their children.
At the end of the last session I suggested that the children decide what they would like to work with for our last session. A large majority chose to work with clay.I added natural materials and suggested we use clay to put them together. I showed slides of fairy houses in nature made with natural materials to inspire.
The children were asked to begin with the structure. Some children decided to work in pairs and groups.
- What materials will you use?
- How will you put them together?
They were shown a simple tee-pee or tripod structure that might be useful. Some children started with this. One child came up with a new structure that worked. We all had a look at it, two A-frames with a ridgepole across the top. A group built several upright bamboos stuck in clay. It looked wonderful but they found that it kept falling as they added things to it so they changed to the two A-frame structure. They learned by trial and error and from each other.


Urinary catheter - infants
Bladder catheter - infants; Foley catheter - infants
A urinary catheter is a small, soft tube placed in the bladder. This article addresses urinary catheters in babies.
Why is a urinary catheter used?
Babies need urinary catheters if they are not making much urine. Babies can have low urine because they:
- Have low blood pressure
- Have an abnormally developed urinary system
- Take medicines that will not allow them to move their muscles, such as when a child is on a ventilator
When your baby has a catheter, doctors and nurses can measure how much urine is coming out. They can figure out how much fluid your baby needs.
How is a urinary catheter placed?
A doctor or nurse puts the catheter into the urethra and up into the bladder. The urethra is the opening at the tip of the penis in boys and near the vagina in girls. The doctor or nurse will:
- Clean the tip of the penis or around the vagina.
- Gently put the catheter into the bladder.
- If a Foley catheter is used, there is a very small balloon on the end of the catheter in the bladder. This is filled with a small amount of water to keep the catheter from falling out.
- The catheter is connected to a bag for the urine to go into.
- This bag is emptied into a measuring cup to see how much urine your baby is making.
What are the risks of a urinary catheter?
There is a small risk of injury to the urethra or the bladder when the catheter is inserted. Urinary catheters that are left in place for more than a few days increase the risk for a bladder or kidney infection.


If you're a homeowner, you probably own at least a little kerosene, or paraffin. And you may use it whenever your electricity goes out, to power lamps and burners in your house. You may also use it when you're camping, to heat a portable outdoor stove. But kerosene is not only useful when you have no electricity or you need to fuel an outdoor stove and you have no propane gas available. It is useful in a variety of other situations, as well.
High octane kerosene can be used, for instance, to power the jet engine of an aircraft. It can be used to fuel diesel engines, as well.
Lower octane kerosene can be used to heat a furnace or boiler, in lieu of propane. It can also be used to burn crude coal. It can even be used for all of your domestic cooking needs.
Kerosene is, in this sense, incredibly useful, and every homeowner ought to know a bit more about it. Homeowners ought to know, for instance, that kerosene is a type of liquid, or oil. This oil is entirely natural, and easy to use.
Homeowners also ought to know that kerosene is a form a petroleum. Like all petroleum, it releases carbon monoxide gas into the atmosphere, and should not be used in close quarters. But when used safely, kerosene can be an incredibly useful fuel source.
So, the next time you're thinking of doing some cooking, remember that kerosene is good for more than powering kerosene lamps. It can also be used for a variety of other purposes, as well!
Kerosene, distilled from petroleum oil, is a common fuel used for heating and cooking, as well as for use in lanterns. You may need kerosene for your lamps while camping outdoors, or to fuel your portable grill. Kerosene, know as paraffin in the UK, is also burned in furnaces to provide heat for a home. Providers of kerosene may also sell propane gas, high-octane gas, diesel fuel, and crude oil. Many military jet engines, for example, use a mix of kerosene and gasoline. And you can light your portable cooking stoves with kerosene as well. Choose a provider of kerosene and propane only after extensive research and business comparisons.
This is important because you want high-quality gas to fuel your heating boiler or other components. You want to obtain a fair price for the amount you need, and you want to deal with reputable providers with many years experience in the industry. Begin your search online, where you can read up on reviews, learn about the various octane ratings, find out where in your community you can purchase kerosene, and contrast the differences between kerosene and coal oil. Compare the similarities of gas and electric lighting, as well as get price quotes on petroleum while online.
Whether you need kerosene for camping, lamps, stoves, or kerosene-electric hybrid equipment, you can find a deal with a local kerosene dealer. The internet is a great place to find out about your options when it comes to petroleum oil, natural gas, and kerosene. Ask around for recommendations to businesses as well, whether to fuel aircraft or an outdoor-use lantern.