Sciatica simple means pain, numbness or tingling that travels from your buttock down your leg. People may have pain that goes just to the knee or that travels all the way down into the foot. Depending on the case people may experience excruciating pain or just a dull ache. This can be caused by a number of different conditions including:
- Piriformis Syndrome
- Functional Muscle Imbalances
- Herniated Disc
- And a variety of other uncommon conditions
Most commonly sciatica is caused by a combination of functional imbalances. The sciatic nerve has to move and slide in between the small muscles of the pelvis and the muscles of the lower leg when we move and walk. What tends to happen is that as we develop scar tissue the nerve gets squashed underneath the large muscles of the hip and this does not allow the nerve to slide properly and every time we move we tug and irritate that nerve causing pain.


The Diagnosis is Breast Cancer
What is breast cancer?
Breast cancer is a condition in which breast cells grow abnormally and divide without control or order. Breast cancer is the most common form of cancer in women. Early detection and prompt treatment help many women live long, full lives.
Are there different types of breast cancer?
There are several types of breast cancer. The most common is ductal carcinoma that starts in the lining of the milk ducts of the breast. The other type of breast cancer is lobular carcinoma. This begins in the lobules of the breast where breast milk is produced.
What is non-invasive breast cancer?
With non-invasive breast cancer, the cancer cells are confined to the ducts or lobules. This is also known as carcinoma in-situ. There are two types of non-invasive breast cancer. The first is ductal carcinoma in-situ (DCIS). This is when the ductal cells divide abnormally but stay within the ducts. The second type of non-invasive breast cancer is lobular carcinoma in-situ (LCIS). This is when the cells divide abnormally, but stay within the lobules. Lobular carcinoma in-situ is an indicator that a woman might be at an increased risk of developing invasive breast cancer.
What is invasive breast cancer?
Invasive breast cancer occurs when cells spread beyond the ducts or lobules. These cells first invade the surrounding breast tissue and can possibly travel to the lymph nodes.
What are my surgical options?
Your surgeon might discuss different surgical options with you. Doctors have found that different types of surgery can work equally well depending upon the situation.
Modified radical mastectomy
This procedure removes all of the breast tissue along with the nipple. Lymph nodes in the axilla (arm pit) are also removed. The chest muscles are left intact.
There are no lymph nodes removed in this procedure. The entire breast is removed. This procedure is most frequently used for further cancer prevention.
This is also referred to as breast conservation. The surgeon removes the cancerous area with a margin of normal tissue. A second incision might be made in order to remove the lymph nodes. Following a lumpectomy, the entire breast is treated with radiation therapy to kill any remaining cancer cells
When faced with breast cancer, there are many difficult decisions to make. It is often helpful to gather more information about the disease as well as to talk to members of your health care team. The Taussig Cancer Center provides a Patient Cancer Resource Center, with a "Cancer Answer Line" answered by a nurse. The number is 216.444.9723, or 1.866.223.8100.
- American Cancer Society. Breast Cancer: How is breast cancer diagnosed? www.cancer.org Accessed 5/23/2012
- Breastcancer.org. Symptoms & Diagnosis. www.breastcancer.org Accessed 5/23/2012
- Centers for Disease Control & Prevention. Basic Information About Breast Cancer. www.cdc.gov Accessed 5/23/2012
© 1995-2012 The Cleveland Clinic Foundation. All rights reserved
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This information is provided by the Cleveland Clinic and is not intended to replace the medical advice of your doctor or health care provider. Please consult your health care provider for advice about a specific medical condition. This document was last reviewed on: 4/10/12...#6904


The TOM database is processing the SQL statement and checks its data dictionary for a database link called JERRY.
When it does not find this link, Net8 determines the correct Oracle Names server from the sqlnet.ora file. Net8 then sends the Names server a request to resolve the database link name JERRY.
The Names server
The Names server receives the request, looks it up in the cache, and then sends the response back to the server TOM with the IP address, port number, database name, user ID, and password for the JERRY database.
Server TOM receives the answer and substitutes the response in place of the initial name.
Server TOM contacts server JERRY and establishes a standard Net8 distributed database connection.


The School Library Impact Measure (SLIM) is a toolkit that enables you to
assess student learning through guided inquiry in the school library. It consists of
four instruments that elicit students’ reflections on their learning at three points in
their inquiry process. The toolkit will enable collaborating school librarian –
teacher teams to chart changes in students’ knowledge and experiences
throughout the process.
The school context for using the SLIM toolkit is an inquiry unit. An inquiry
approach to learning is one in which students actively engage with diverse and
often conflicting sources of information and ideas to discover new ideas, to build
new understandings, and to develop personal viewpoints and perspectives.
SLIM Reflection Instruments and Scoring Guidelines
SLIM Scoring Sheet
Kuhlthau, C., Heinstrom, J, & Todd, R. J. (2008). The "Information search process' revisited: is the model still useful? IR Information Research 13(4). Available at http://InformationR.net/ir/13-4/paper355.html .
This paper examines the continued usefulness of Kuhlthau's Information Search Process as a model of information behavior in new, technologically rich information environments. It presents a comprehensive review of research that has explored the model in various settings, and documents a study employing qualitative and quantitative methods undertaken in the context of an inquiry project among school students (n=574). Students were surveyed at three stages of the information search process, during which nine feelings were identified and tracked. Findings show individual patterns, but confirm the Information Search Process as a valid model in the changing information environment for describing information behavior in tasks that require knowledge construction. The findings support the progression of feelings, thoughts and actions as suggested by the search process model. The paper concludes that the information search process model remains useful for explaining students' information behavior. The model is found to have value as a research tool as well as for practical application.
Todd, R. J. (2006). From information to knowledge: Charting and Measuring Changes in Students' Knowledge of a Curriculum Topic. IR Information Research, 11 (4). Available at: http://www.informationr.net/ir/11-4/paper264.html.
This research sought to investigate how school students build on their existing knowledge of a curriculum topic and transform found information into personal knowledge, and how their knowledge of this topic changes. The qualitative study involved 574 students from Grades 6 to 12 in ten New Jersey schools. The context for data collection was an instructional program framed by Kuhlthau's information search process. Data were collected through surveys at the initiation, midpoint and conclusion of the instructional program. The instruments sought to measure changes in knowledge, specifically in relation to substance of knowledge, structure of knowledge, amount of knowledge, estimate of extent of knowledge, and label of knowledge. It was possible to operationalize knowledge change in terms of substance, amount and structure of knowledge, and user-centered perceptions of knowledge growth. Additive and integrative approaches to knowledge development were identified. Students came to know more about their topics, and perceived that they knew more as they progressed through the task. However, students seemed more oriented to gathering facts and knowing a set of facts, and accumulating these in an additive manner, rather than building complex, integrated and abstract knowledge representations.
Todd. R. J. & Heinstrom, J. (August 2006). "Uncertainty & Guidance: School Students' Feelings, Study Approaches, and Need for Help in Inquiring Projects". Scan, 25 (3) 29-35.
Building on the frameworks of the NSW Department of Education and Training's approach to Quality Teaching, and guided inquiry (Kuhlthau & Todd, 2005), this article discusses how students' need for information literacy instruction can be related to individual differences. The findings are based on the NJ study of 574 students from middle and high schools, who described their feelings, study approaches, difficulties and their need for help while undertaking inquiry projects. It concludes that the students' tendencies to experience different feelings and difficulties while searching and processing information are dependent on their study approaches. This interaction has important implications for the design and implementation of instructional interventions by teacher librarians and classroom teachers.


'Frugal innovation' is about harnessing technology to make the world better for the nine billion forecast to populate the planet by 2040. Charles Leadbeater's new book explains how it works.
One of the more disturbing facts about the 21st Century is that we now live in a world where there are more mobile communications devices than there are toothbrushes. Getting on for a billion people don't have access to clean drinking water, are trapped in food, health and energy poverty, living on less than a dollar a day. In contrast, it takes 800 gallons of water to make a single hamburger.
As horrifying as these statistics may be, today there is something that can be done, and according to Charles Leadbeater there is a huge technological opportunity to change the world for the better. But we need to fundamentally change the way we think. His new book 'The Frugal Innovator' puts forward a model for how technology can come to the rescue.
Leadbeater says that the origins of his book stem from a combination of frustration and excitement. "I have been writing about innovation for almost 15 years, but have been growing slightly frustrated with much of what I saw, which seemed to be innovation designed for proliferation. So, I became interested in innovations that I thought were really making a difference to how we would live."
At the same time he grew increasingly excited by what he saw in many parts of the developing world, where innovation was taking place almost in spite of the limited resources available. "Creativity was driven by the extreme constraints innovators worked under." But, because this kind of innovation can happen literally anywhere, "I think one of the stories of the future will be about innovations coming from many more places in the world – not just from the famous universities and high-tech clusters like Silicon Valley and Cambridge".
As the sub-title of his book explains, frugal innovation is all about "creating change on a shoestring budget", where the concept of bringing new products to the market for consumers with massive disposable income is reframed to deliver solutions to the problems of the world's poorest people. These solutions, says Leadbeater, share four characteristics that reduce waste and complexity, while being environmentally responsible and for the benefit of everyone. He sums it up by saying that in other words these solutions are lean, simple, clean and social.
Leadbeater is the first to admit that while the term 'frugal innovator' provides the title for his book, he didn't coin the phrase. "It has come from many different settings, but perhaps mainly from India where a wave of frugal innovations is emerging: from low-cost heart operations to water filters, trucks, cars and electronic tablets." In India, this kind of innovation is often nicknamed jugaad, a Hindi word that describes an improvisational way of fixing a problem. And yet, it is more than a quick fix, capable of operating on several levels: "Frugal innovation is set to become more systematic, used by organisations large and small. It can apply to products such as cars and water filters, or services such as health and education." Leadbeater says that one of the most important applications will be in cities, developing new frugal systems in utilities.
"Innovation is almost becoming a new kind of faith in the future that will be delivered by technology," says Leadbeater. But, he warns, to fulfill that potential "we need more than shiny new versions of products we already have. Manufacturing and engineering has a critical role to play in many of these products and systems, because we need new low-cost, simple, recyclable ways to generate and use energy and water. There is a huge new, exciting agenda here for engineers and manufacturers to create new products".
In search of innovation
Leadbeater's research into how this kind of ethical innovation evolved shows that it doesn't automatically need to be led by the fringes of technology. "Big business can play a role both as a source of innovation and as a means to spread it. The key is whether big business wants to meet the kinds of resource and price constraints that drive frugal innovation." He goes on to cite some of the most impressive innovations as having come from the likes of General Electric and Tata in India, as well as smaller innovators, such as Husk Power Systems, which has developed a way to generate energy by using discarded rice husks.
"I argue that one of the most important features of frugal innovators is that they are both rooted in a low-cost market and yet cosmopolitan in their sources of ideas and technologies. Some of the most impressive innovations are from people who trained and worked in the UK and the US, who have gone back to India or Africa to work."
The big question is why the need for frugal innovation is so pressing at the moment. Apart from the projected population growth, are there any changes in global conditions that have created a different approach to innovation? The frugal wave is coming, says Leadbeater, because of a depressed worldwide economy and flat growth in incomes. "The kind of growth we had in the second half of the 20th Century fed a proliferation of products and consumerism. The constraints we face, both of resources and incomes, will feed demand for well-designed frugal products. Some of this is about ethical consumerism, but mostly it's driven by the pressures of economics."
The winners, he argues, "need to be us and future generations, because frugal innovators will create products that will make the world liveable for nine billion people, mainly in cities, who want a better life. If we aim to meet the growing demand for better products and ways of life among urban consumers using current technologies and resources systems, then we will break through environmental and resource constraints. To meet all that demand in a sustainable way we need radically different kinds of products, systems and services".
An example of this approach that impresses the author is that of British engineer and inventor, Charlie Paton. "I met Charlie a long time ago when he was developing an idea for a tent that would conjure water out of condensation using solar power. It sounded beautiful, magical and mad. Charlie's idea thankfully is coming to fruition at scale. That's the kind of innovation, the kind of thinking and the kind of people we will need in future."


What is Herbal Medicine?
- The use of certain parts (root, leaf, flower) of different plants, usually combined into a formula, to treat certain symptoms or diseases.
History of Herbal Medicine
- Has been used by the Chinese for over 3,000 years
- Was first discovered by Shen Nong (approx. 3600 B.C.)
- He discovered the medicinal effects of plants by tasting them and associating their clinical effects
- He was the first to realize that the taste of an herb relates to it’s effects
How does taste relate to effect?
- Taste relates to the effects of an herb because the chemical nature and composition are what create the taste
- Example: the nutritive substance vitamin B12 has a sweet type taste. While not an herb, most nutritive, yin-tonifying herbs will have a sweet taste, thus indicating their effect
- Example: coffee tastes bitter. Coffee has draining (makes you pee) and moving effects. Herbs that drain and move are often bitter
- Certain groups of chemical compounds have been determined to have certain tastes, i.e. alkaloids and glycosides taste bitter, and carbohydrates, amino acids, and vitamins tend to taste sweet. The chemical composition then relates to the effect in the body.
Frequently Asked Questions
- Why does the doctor want to look at my pet’s tongue and feel his/her pulse?
- This is done to help the doctor determine the imbalances in your pet. Many conditions affect the quality and strength of the pulse and many conditions will affect the shape, color and/or coating of the tongue. This information is important to help ensure an accurate TCVM diagnosis.
- How long will my pet need to stay on the herbal supplement once he/she is put on it?
- This will vary based on your pet’s age, the condition and imbalance(s) being treated, and your pet’s progress. Some herbal supplements are continued for life, usually decreasing to a very small dose for maintenance. Some supplements may only be needed for 1-6 months.
- Is Herbal Medicine Safe?
- Yes, herbal medicine can be very safe . . . when certain guidelines are followed
- These guidelines include:
- Making sure that the company from which you are purchasing abides by GMP (Good Manufacturing Practices)
- Making sure that the doctor is aware of any and all medications and supplements that your pet may be taking
- Making sure that the doctor is aware of all signs, symptoms, and history of your pet so that he/she can make an accurate diagnosis
**Side effects may still occur, but are usually mild gastrointestinal effects that are easily resolved once the herbal supplement is discontinued


Empty Oceans, Empty Nets: The Race to Save Marine Fisheries> View the trailer (8.4 mb QuickTime file).
“The next century will witness heretofore unthinkable exhaustion of the ocean’s natural ability to satisfy humanity’s demand for food from the seas.”
-- Dr. Carl Safina
Two 60-minute documentaries examine the declining state of the world’s ocean fisheries as we enter the 21st century and the pioneering efforts of fishermen, scientists and communities to sustain and restore them.
Many marine scientists agree that the conduct of the global fishing fleet is now the number one human activity threatening the health of our oceans. Throughout the ages, the world has enjoyed a vast and unlimited ocean, yielding abundant seafood. But increasing demand, new technologies, and burgeoning coastal populations are straining the limits of the ocean’s ability to sustain healthy fish populations. Narrated by Peter Coyote, Empty Oceans, Empty Nets is a powerful documentary on the rapidly declining fish harvests of the world. These harvests are important not only for the more than 200 million people worldwide who hold fishing-related jobs, but for many of the world’s populations, including over a billion people in Asia, who depend on seafood as their main source of protein. Unlike any other documentary yet produced, this series examines the state of the world’s oceans through the prism of fisheries and the millions of people who depend on them.
Using vivid images of sweeping nets full of fish unloading their contents onto commercial fishing boats, Empty Oceans, Empty Nets highlights the overwhelming magnitude of the annual worldwide harvest of more than 100 million metric tons of seafood. It also explores the stark reality of the 22 million tons of fish and other sea life that are caught and discarded by fishers each year. Viewers are transported to bustling and exotic international fish markets, where tons of fresh and frozen fish are sold each day to supply an insistent global demand and consumers will learn how they can make the biggest difference of all in sustaining the world’s ocean fisheries.
AWARDS: 2002 CINE Golden Eagle; 2003 Columbus International Film Festival - Bronze Plaque; 2003 Ekotopfilm Festival - Grand Prize Public Affairs
> Go to the special PBS web page for this film.
> See the complete interview transcriptions for this film.
> Learn about the issues highlighted in this film.
> Connect to other concerned organizations by visiting our links page.
> Click for the advisory board for this film.
> Read the past PBS carriage report.
> Read about Empty Ocean, Empty Nets' reported outcomes.
> See our other projects.


Remember when we called for volunteers to help out with a NOAA driven study on temperature difference throughout the city? And then it rained for (what felt like) the entire month of July? Well, an upside of that late breaking, ferocious heat wave in late August? We finally got to study the urban heat island effect on our city! In the image above, Jeremy Hoffman attaches a special thermometer to the passenger door of his car to monitor temperatures as he drives around the District.
Jacob Fenston has the full scoop, from the DCist:
You might think that one person who would appreciate weather above 95 degrees — with humidity making it feel like 105 — would be a guy selling ice cream.
“If too much hot, no business,” says Habtom Mengesha, whose ice cream truck was parked by the National Mall on a scorching afternoon this week. On days like this, he says, no one buys ice cream, because everyone’s inside. Business is so slow, he got out of the truck and walked over to the shade of an old elm tree.
It’s noticeably cooler, away from the asphalt road, and the concrete and gravel paths radiating heat, and noticeably empty of tourists. “Yeah, I feel good here,” says Mengesha, standing under the tree.
This temperature difference is a small example of a phenomenon scientists call the urban heat island effect. This week a group of scientists and volunteers fanned out across the city to measure this heat island effect, and map temperatures across Washington — there could be as much as a 10, 15 or 20 degree disparity between the most heat-baked zones and the coolest, shadiest areas. That could have big implications for public health, especially in a warming climate, where hot weeks like this one will become much, much more frequent.
“The urban heat island effect is basically all of those things that define human civilization,” says Jeremy Hoffman, climate and earth scientist with the Science Museum of Virginia, one of the organizations behind the heat mapping project.
“Buildings made out of dense dark surfaces like brick and asphalt — those things absorb more of the sun’s energy during the day and then re-emit that energy back into the atmosphere as heat for a lot longer than the sun is out,” he says.
These manmade building materials retain heat, amplifying temperatures during the day, and keeping temperatures high into the night.
To map D.C.’s heat islands, the research team recruited volunteers to drive around the city three times on one of the hottest summer days. There are nine cars, following different zig-zag routes through D.C., each equipped with a GPS unit and a fancy thermometer that sticks out the car window and logs temperature every second.
Each driver travels a one-hour route — first at the coolest part of the day, starting at 6 am, then at the hottest part of the day, 3 pm, then again at 7 pm.
The data to create the map is still being processed.
Scientists have known about the urban heat island effect since the 1800s, and D.C.’s heat islands can be seen on satellite images from NASA. The D.C. Policy Center studied one such image, from August 2015, when the recorded temperature was 93 degrees. The satellite showed that areas with little tree cover, like Ivy City and Trinidad, registered temperatures of 102 degrees, while in Rock Creek Park, it was just 76. Hoffman says this effort will create, for the first time, a much higher resolution map of where D.C. is the hottest. The satellite images, he says, are like looking at the world with your glasses off.
Why do we need to see a detailed heat map of the city? Here’s one example. Last summer, Hoffman and others mapped the heat in Richmond, Virginia (where they found a 16-degree difference between the hottest and coolest areas), then overlaid that map with data about heat-related emergency calls from the Virginia Department of Health and the Richmond Ambulance Authority.
“Those areas that the heat was the most concentrated in are also those areas where the local ambulance authorities goes to respond to people calling for an ambulance for a heat-related illness,” says Hoffman.
They also found a strong relationship between heat and socioeconomic factors.
“People with lower income, living in poverty, have lower educational attainment, may be renting their home, person of color, those are the people that are experiencing the warmer temperatures more often.”
The project is also backed by researchers at Portland State University, who also created a heat map of Portland, Ore., and found people and businesses located in the hottest areas were paying hundreds of dollars more in energy bills.
These hotspots will only get worse with climate change, says David Herring, who is with the climate program office of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. NOAA is funding the heat mapping project.
Herring says in the 20th century, D.C. averaged about 5 days a year over 95 degrees.
“By the year 2030, we could have 20 days out of the year in which temperatures exceed 95 degrees. By the year 2050, that number is projected to be around 40 days out of the year. And then by the end of the century about 80 days of the year.”
It’s not just that heat is uncomfortable. It’s dangerous. Heat is the number one weather-related killer, causing more deaths each year than floods, tornados or hurricanes.
A detailed heat map of the District may help city leaders keep it a bit cooler.
Kate Johnson, with the District Department of Energy and Environment, says there are two big ways to think about cooling hotspots in the city (besides, of course, trying to slow down global warming). You can make the city more reflective, for example, making rooftops with silver or white, rather than black (this is a requirement for new buildings in the District).
“That’s great because it helps keep your building, your home cooler, and it helps keep the surrounding area cooler too,” says Johnson.
The other option is to make the city greener, putting in green rooftops, replacing pavement with green space, or planting trees. Johnson says she’s looking forward to seeing the heat map researchers are working on — it will show where these things are most needed.
One positive note: as D.C. grows, new development may actually help mitigate the heat island effect, says Johnson.
“In the past, what you saw was that as cities grew and densified, they paved over a lot of things and that’s what actually created urban heat islands in the first place,” says Johnson.
But now as the city grows, many new buildings are replacing heat-retaining things like surface parking lots, and because of the District’s environmental laws and building codes, new buildings have features making them cooler than old ones.


There’s reams of suggestions going round on how to cut out plastic at the moment and rightly so. But our dwindling supply of trees is arguably a bigger environmental issue. This is due to loss of habitat and the effect of the carbon released into the atmosphere on climate change.
Have a look at my post called Easy steps you can take at home to protect the world’s forests for full info on how we can combat deforestation in the most effective way by cutting out non-sustainable palm oil.
There’s plenty of other easy steps we can take to help with the problem. Here’s a quick list of ideas you can implement today.
1 Switch to digital note taking. If you don’t already do this, I highly recommend trying it. Typing is faster and having a digital record is much easier to store and find than flicking through pages and pages of note pad
2 Buy second hand furniture. How much nicer does it look to have reclaimed wood shelves or a character table than soulless new pieces. And how much better does it make you feel inside to know you you’re not responsible for desecrating any living habitat when decking out your home. A lot right? It could save you a fair wedge too.
3 Stop printing tickets. I find your very rarely need to actually print out tickets anymore. The e mail normally says to just bring a copy of it and showing your phone will do.
4 Swap to recycled paper. I’m a believer that paper is pretty much redundant these days and we could survive just fine without it with a few minor adjustments in our lives. OK, so you might argue that we do need paper otherwise how would we go to the loo. It’s a fair point but there is a way around it – Japanese toilets use water and air to clean and dry you so you don’t need loo roll, they’re super-efficient with how much water they use too. Understandably you probably won’t rush out to buy one tomorrow, its worth bearing in mind the next time you remodel your bathroom though!
For the times that you do paper in your lives:
• Switch to recycled note paper and at the very least, recycle the paper or card you do use
• Use recycled or bamboo loo roll, they’re readily available in supermarkets and online
• Use recycled tissues or go back to old school hankies
5 Refuse receipts. Receipts have been a bug bare of mine for years. You could be buying nothing more than a can of drink with cash and the change gets placed in your hand on top of a bloody receipt so there’s no way to escape it. Who the hell ever wants a receipt for a can of drink? Your pockets end up full of them and they invariably end up getting washed in your jeans. Aaagghhh! Some retailers have cottoned on to the pointlessness of these irritating print outs and are actually asking if you want one. But if they don’t, always refuse it and surely every company will get the message soon seeing as they cost money as well trees. Bonkers.


DROGOBYCH (Pol. Drohobycz), city in Ukraine, formerly in Poland and Austria. Information about individual Jewish contractors of the salt mines in Drogobych dates from the beginning of the 15th century. Some of them settled in the city, eventually forming a small community (kehillah). In 1578, however, Drohobych obtained the privilege de non tolerandis Judaeis authorizing the exclusion of Jews from its precincts. Although a number of Jews were subsequently found living in the vicinity, their settlement was not permanent until the end of the 17th century, enabled by royal patronage. All commerce and crafts were then concentrated in Jewish hands. Jewish guilds were formed and the records evidence the friction that existed between them and the Christian guilds of the city, as also between the citizens of Drogobych and the Jewish inhabitants. The Drohobych kehillah was represented on the provincial council of *Rzeszow (see *Councils of the Lands). In the middle of the 18th century a wealthy, despotic farmer of the taxes and customs revenues, Zalman b. Ze'ev (Wolfowicz), seized control of communal affairs. He appointed his son-in-law rabbi, and for his ruthless treatment of both Jews and non-Jews he was finally denounced to the authorities; in 1755 he was arrested, tried, and condemned to death, but as generous assistance was contributed by his coreligionists the sentence was commuted to life imprisonment. He subsequently adopted Christianity and died a member of the Carmelite order in 1757.
After Drogobych passed to Austria in 1772, economic oppression, heavy taxation, and government interference in communal affairs had an adverse effect on the Jewish position. It improved in the 19th century, however, especially with the exploitation of the mineral resources of Drogobych; the salt industry was also a Jewish enterprise. The first attempts to prospect for oil and its extraction were made in Drogobych by a Jew, Hecker, in 1810, and in 1858–59 a refinery was constructed by A. Schreiner in nearby *Borislav at the same time as the industry was developed in the United States. Drogobych Jews took a prominent part in oil extraction and refining, and its export was mainly in Jewish hands. Many families made fortunes in this sector. The takeover of the smaller companies by big enterprises at the end of the 19th century, however, badly hit the Jewish concerns, and the economic position of the community began to deteriorate. After World War I it became impoverished. *Ḥasidism and the *Haskalah movement spread to Drogobych at the end of the 18th century. A German biweekly printed in Hebrew characters, the Drohobitzer Zeitung, was published between 1883 and World War I, and brought out several Hebrew supplements entitled Ẓiyyon (1886–87, 1897). Toward the end of Hapsburg rule the constituency of Drogobych was represented in the Austrian parliament by a Jewish deputy, an assimilationist with sympathies for Poland, who had the backing of the authorities. He was opposed by a Zionist-supported Jewish national candidate in 1911. The authorities were accused of ballot-fixing during the elections, and the army was called out to disperse a demonstration. Shots were fired into the crowd. Thirteen Jews were killed and many injured. Drogobych remained the center of the Galician *kolel from the 1890s until the Holocaust. Ḥayyim Shapira, the last ẓaddik in Drogobych, was the first of the ḥasidic ẓaddikim to
[Nathan Michael Gelber]
Holocaust and Postwar Periods
When World War II broke out, the town with its 17,000 Jews came under Soviet occupation. The authorities arrested the Zionist leaders and closed the Hebrew schools. Jewish refugees from western Poland found shelter in Drogobych, but most of them were deported to the Soviet interior. The Germans entered Drogobych on June 30, 1941, and immediately staged a pogrom with the help of the local Polish and Ukrainian population. About 400 Jews were brutally murdered outside the courthouse and at the Jewish cemetery. Another 300 were executed in the nearby Bronice forest in November. In March 1942 some 2,000 Jews were sent to the *Belzec extermination camp. The second mass deportation took place on August 8, with the dispatch of 2,500 Jews to the same destination, while another 600 were shot in the town itself. The ghetto was established in September. The remaining 9,000 Jews, some of whom were refugees from the nearby villages, were crowded into it. Toward the end of October an additional group consisting of 2,300 Jews was sent to Belzec, and 200 hospital patients were murdered. The surviving Jews began building hideouts or sought shelter in the nearby forest. However, the Germans thwarted their efforts by continuing the Aktion for the whole month of November 1942 and by ordering the death sentence for all non-Jews caught sheltering Jews. For a while the process of extermination did not affect those Jews conscripted for forced labor in the local petroleum industries. The Bronice forest became a mass grave for the Jews of Drogobych and vicinity, including all members of the Judenrat. On February 15, 1943, 450 were executed there, including 300 women. In March 800 from the labor camps were murdered. The remnants of the Jewish community tried to save themselves by hiding or by escaping to Hungary via the Carpathian Mountains, while a few tried to obtain "Aryan" papers. When the Soviet army entered Drogobych in August 1944, some 400 Jews were still alive.
After the war, Drogobych was ceded to the Ukrainian S.S.R., and most of the Jews left for Poland in transit to Israel and other countries.
N.M. Gelber (ed.), Sefer Zikkaron le-Drohobich, Boryslav ve-Hasevivah (1959); M. Balaban, Z historji Żydów w Polsce (1920), 129–46.
Source: Encyclopaedia Judaica. © 2008 The Gale Group. All Rights Reserved.


If the weather warms up sufficiently in January or February, honeybees take advantage of it and use this opportunity to leave their hive to rid themselves of waste that they have accumulated since their last flight and to remove the bodies of dead honeybees. They don’t fly very far before dropping either their waste or their dead comrades on the snow. This ritual is quickly noted and taken advantage of by animals that are not hive dwellers and need constant fuel in order to survive the cold. Black-capped chickadees are one of these animals – the chickadee in this photograph repeatedly landed on the hive body, and if a dead bee was available at the hive entrance, the chickadee helped itself to it. Otherwise it would survey the snow in front of the hive and then dart down to scoop up a bee in its beak before flying off to a branch to consume its nutritious meal. (Note dead bees at the hive opening, awaiting being taken on their final flight. Screening keeps mice out, but allows bee to enter and exit.) Thanks to Chiho Kaneko and Jeffrey Hamelman for photo op.
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Tibetan monks from the Tashi Lhunpo Monastery will be in Salisbury Cathedral Chapter House from Monday 30 September to Friday 4 October creating a Sand Mandala. The process begins on Monday morning with a dedication ceremony and ends five days later with a destruction ceremony and procession to the River Avon. Visitors are welcome in the Chapter House at any time during these five days to watch the monks as they work.
The Sand Mandala is an artistic tradition of Tibetan Buddhism involving the creation and destruction of mandalas made from colored sand. A mandala is a symbolic picture of the universe representing an imaginary palace that is contemplated during meditation. Each object in the palace has significance as an aspect of wisdom or a guiding principle. Its purpose is to help transform ordinary minds into enlightened ones and to assist with healing.
The mandala is painstakingly laid using millions of grains of different coloured sand applied using small tubes, funnels, and scrapers, until the intricate pattern is achieved. It is usual that a team of monks works together on the project, creating one section at a time and working from the centre outwards. Once completed and the accompanying ceremonies and viewing are finished, the sand mandala is ritualistically destroyed – symbolising the Buddhist doctrinal belief in the transitory nature of material life – and the sand swept up and poured into a river where its healing energies are carried throughout the world. This ceremony will take place during the afternoon of Friday 4 October.
Edward Probert, Canon Chancellor at Salisbury Cathedral, said “I visited the Tashi Lhunpo monastery in February, and was privileged to enjoy the monks’ hospitality and sit in on their worship. It will be a delight to return the compliment, and while Buddhist beliefs are very different from our Christian ones, it is deeply enriching to experience their artistic and devotional traditions. Sand mandalas are beautiful and astonishing, and throw a fresh light on the art and architecture of the cathedral’s Chapter House.”


We are born to touch and be touched. Healthy touch is an innate asset when it comes to relieving stress, connecting with ourselves, others, and our world, and it is a primary way we heal. We touch each other, our pets, our world. Mindful touch brings us to the present moment of being alive.
Did you know that skin is the largest organ of your body? It is the first organ to mature, and develops from the same fetal tissue as the nervous system. When we give or receive gentle touch, our “relaxation response” is engaged and our bodies benefit on many levels. Healthier digestion, immune system function, tissue repair, hormonal balance, sleep patterns, neuropeptide function (brain-body communication), blood pressure, pain management, memory function, and stress relief are all evoked by light, attentive touch.
Infant’s and children’s capacity to self-regulate neurologically and emotionally develops from nurturing caregivers who hold, stroke and rock them to soothe and reassure. Throughout our childhood, we learn to bear a range of sensory and emotional experiences with the help of caregivers who reliably tend to us when we are distressed or uncomfortable. We also learn to trust, to experience pleasure and connection through these relationships. Over time we learn to trust ourselves, get accurate information from our body’s cues about how we are responding to the world around us, and to develop our sense of identity, personal boundaries and the ability to self-soothe. “The experiences we have through our skin are recorded in memory networks: our skin learns and remembers” (Montagu and Green).
In her book, “Relaxation, Awareness, Resilience”, Ivy Green notes Tiffany Field’s (1998) research that documented the human need for touch: “Being held and comforted is a developmental requirement so essential that infants may die without it. Infants who are not sufficiently touched fail to thrive, fail to bond, and fail to develop optimal neurological connections for self soothing and emotional regulation.”
Ashley Montagu, in his book “Touching”, noticed that infants placed in the care of an orphanage where they were fed and kept clean but otherwise left alone, died, whereas babies who were held and touched, were able to survive even difficult circumstances.
It’s not just babies and children who need touch to be healthy. Adults of all ages benefit from cuddling, rocking, holding, stroking, rubbing, and hugging. We are mammals after all! Mammals nourish their young not only by providing milk from the mother, but through sensory input experienced through skin. Mammals of all sorts, especially the young, spend many hours a day in some type of physical contact with other mammals. This relational behavior promotes safety and bonding, explores boundaries, and invites curiosity, play and sociability. It also helps to re-regulate the nervous system when one experiences stress. Getting the right kind of touch helps us deal with fear, pain, loss, and difficult circumstances. It helps us know we are not alone, and that we can be comforted and relax.
What happens if we get the wrong kind of touch, or not enough of the right kind of touch as we grow? Its never too late to develop neural pathways that allow us to benefit from nurturing, healthy touch. Start where you are. Even if you have a history of neglect or abuse, most of us can improve our ability to respond positively to gentle, connective and noninvasive touch. If you have experienced negative touch or touch deficit, it may take time and patience, but in most cases your innate response to healthy touch can become a primary resource for well-being and connection. Working with a somatic practitioner along with your skilled mental health practitioner may help you.
Touch is a significant part of being human. It offers infinite possibilities to explore our reality and connect meaningfully in life.
“With our eyes we run over the surface of things, but touching someone is tuning into them, allowing the current they contain to connect with one’s own, like electricity. To put it differently, this means an end to living in front of things and a beginning of living with them. Never mind if the word sounds shocking, for this is love. You cannot keep your hands from loving what they have really felt.”
From “And There Was Light“, 1987, p. 28 , by Jacques Lusseyran
Cited in Ivy Green’s book “Relaxation, Awareness, Resilience“, p 24


Masouleh village is perched high on a densely forested mountainside about 60 kilometers inland from the Caspian Sea. Due to its location, the climate of Masouleh village is different from much of Iran. Warm, moist air blowing southwest from the Caspian is blocked by the Alborz Mountains, creating heavy precipitation and fog on the seaward side of the mountains (this ecoregion is known as the Caspian and Hyrcanian Mixed Forests). Further inland, the landward side of the Alborz receives very little rainfall and rapidly becomes arid. Masouleh is located about 1,050 meters above sea level, but the range of elevation varies by over a hundred meters in the village. The roofs of houses on lower tiers are used as courtyards for houses on the tiers above them. In some cases, public streets are laid out along interconnected roofs. The organic layout and steep stairs have made motor vehicles impractical, so they are banned in the village. About 800 people currently live in the village. The native language of Masouleh’s inhabitants is Talysh, a language spoken by fewer than a million people around the western and southern shores of the Caspian Sea. Masouleh is a small village in north of Iran. It’s near Fuman. It’s a village in the foot of mountain and therefore it has an amazing structure and architecture. Homes are above each other and roof of each house is the yard or walk area for the people in upstairs. This feature has made it a favorite place for tourists to visit. The climate Is bitterly cold in winter, with snow sometimes reaching three meters deep, but the climate in summer is extremely pleasant and bracing. Fog is the predominate weather feature of Masouleh.


The Future of Technology In the Classroom
What is the future of technology in the classroom? What are the benefits of using technology in the classroom? Let's find out more about The Future of Technology In the Classroom.
What is the future of technology in the classroom?
Future of technology in the classroom is leaning towards the availability of laptops or tablets for every student. Many schools are already focused on future classroom design in which exercise books and pens could be completely replaced with laptops or tablets for every pupil. Avocor is a global leader in creating collaboration solutions that enable students to collaborate at their best possible level.
Avocor is a global leader in creating collaboration solutions that enable busy professionals to share information and collaborate easily. By automating the tasks of email, chat, and collaboration, Avocor provides the quickest and most efficient way for teams to connect and achieve results.
What are the benefits of using technology in the classroom?
Future of technology in the classroom is a perfect blend of both traditional and electronic learning methods. By using technology in a way that is effective, interactive, and relevant, our students have a better chance to learn and understand information. This can be found on many different platforms such as computer screens and laptops, making the experience more natural for students. With the increasing trend of tablets and smartphones in the classroom, it will only become more difficult for educators to not use these devices in their classes.
The proper seat placement for a student depends on a variety of factors, but typically an example would be to place a student's elbow on the desk and rest their chin on their hand.ufficientLight and Technology in the Classroom - A Perfect Blend Too often, students in classrooms receive little more than field lights that flicker and provide no instructional value. These lights should only be used when necessary to show an image on a screen (e.g., during PowerPoint presentations). For those students who need more light, usuallyizoLabs have flashlights that work well with technology secondary devices like phones or laptops to amplify the light.
Technology in the classroom can do many things; from providing opportunities for hands-on learning with technology tools (such as iPads) to providing opportunities for personalized instruction through computer-generated simulations.
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What is the use of technology in the classroom?
Use of technology in the classroom has quickly become a popular choice for educators looking to found innovative methods for student success. By integrating a wide range of technologies into the learning process, educators can more easily target specific areas of instruction while providing an engaging and interactive experience for all students. Some of the more popular technologies used in the classroom include internet-based teaching tools, mobile devices, and tablet gaming.
Imagine if you could hail a ride to your destination from anywhere in the world with just a few easy steps. That's the goal of quickly and easily connecting to public transportation services worldwide through an app. The technology we use in education today is making this possible, and it's not stopping there. In the near future, we may even seeachersand students use virtual classrooms technology for entire gradeschools so that everyone has access to the same materials at the same time. How would you teach if there was no physical classroom? paraprofessional teachers would need to be created! Other educators are using technology as a way to connect with their students on a more personal level, which gives parents more options for watching their child have fun without having them stranded in class all day long.
What are the benefits of using technology in the classroom?
Future of technology in the classroom comes with a lot of potential consequences. One potential impact is that it could lead to an increase in the use of technology in the classroom that may not actually benefit students or the educational process. Another impact could be that it could take away from education by reducing the amount of time students spend learning and by minimizing opportunities for hands-on experience with learning.
Most importantly, there's the worry that technology might make the classroom more efficient and less interactive. This could lead to teachers feeling omitted or left out from curriculum decisions, and students feeling unheard or neglected.
What role will technology play in the future classroom?
Future of education will be based largely on technology, as more and more countries introduce digital learning formats. Technology is expected to play a significant role in helping teachers move from the traditional classroom setting to a more immersive online learning experience.
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Julie Adams, a teacher and technology consultant, believes that the future of education lies in using technology in a way that is beneficial to both teachers and students. She believes that through the use of technology, educators can provide an interactive learning experience that is more engaging and influential than ever before. Additionally, she sees digital classrooms as a more cost effective way to provide education than traditional brick-and-mortar institutions. With the advent of new technologies like tablet computing and smartphones, there are ample opportunities for educators to innovate and improve their teaching practices.
What will be the future of classroom technology?
Future of classroom technology is very bright. With the use of technology, teachers can keep teaching and learning in the same spot, no matter where their class is. The use of interactive games, tools, and software can help teachers create a more engaging learning environment for their students.
Improvements in technology will only be a matter of time before they become integral to our work lives. With this in mind, it is important to consider how we will implements these advancements into our classrooms and how we can best support our students.
Experts in the field agree that technology will only become more integrated into our work lives over time. In fact, many believe that it is already a part of our everyday lives and should be taken account of when planning instruction.
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Some early adopters of technology in the classroom have cautioned about its potential for manipulating student focus and engagement, but this does not hold up to scrutiny. Many experts believe that even if there are some negative side-effects from technological advances, overall they can play an important role in helping students learn and grow.
While there are likely going to be some adjustments required on both sides of the classroom - teachers as well as students - educators across the globe are optimistic about the future of technology in education.
What are future in the classroom implications of technology?
Future of technology in the classroom means that students are able to learn more effectively and efficiently than ever before. With technology becoming more and more commonplace in classrooms, it has become impossible for students to learn without it. Nearly every single trend for the next school year and beyond is directly related to or impossible without technological advances. For example, this year's education trend is that students are able to use technology to study for classes. This is possible because modern classrooms have large screens that allow professors to lecture from a distance. Additionally, Bluetooth LE allows teachers to use small-to-mediumsized devices such as laptops in the classroom, which instead of taking up valuable space can be used for studying and teaching. In addition, online resources are becoming increasingly common in the classroom, allowing students access to information they would have otherwise been unable to find.
One key trend is that classrooms are moving towards a more immersive learning experience. That means students spend more time in the classroom in front of screens and devices, rather than seated behind desks. This shift has led to a significant increase in digital engagement in the classroom, from social media to online discussion boards.
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But it's not just classrooms that are benefiting from this shift. Every other part of the student life is also suffering because of it. Teachers are using technology to engage students on a deeper level, which has turned classrooms into one-way streets where only digital tools can be used. The consequence? Less engagement between teachers and students, and an- overall stagnation of learning outcomes.
What are some of the benefits of integrating technology into the classroom?
Benefits of integrating technology into the classroom include increased access to information, support for visuals and video material, and improvements in student engagement. These benefits are important for both teachers and students, who can benefit from more efficient learning experiences.
Integrating technology in the classroom can help make learning more engaging and efficient. By syncing videos and graphics with Google, teachers can easily show interactive lessons to students at any time, supporting interactive learning needs such as hands-on skills. Additionally, by using cloud-based software, students can have access to latest updates and lectures from their coursework anytime and anywhere. Finally, by integrating technology in the classroom, employers can ensure that their employees are able to access the latest pulse of education trends in a safer and easier way.
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What is the future of classroom technology?
Current state of classroom technology can be summarized into three main points. First, There is a growing trend of using more advanced software and tools in classrooms. This can be seen in the use of launchers such as Google Drive and Apple iCloud, as well as the increasing use of adaptive teaching methods.
Second, desktops are becoming more important for teachers and students. Both teachers and students need places to put their office supplies and materials, as well as their textbooks. Many schools are beginning to use laptops instead of desktops in order to save time and money.
Finally, there is a rise in interest in virtual classrooms, which allow teachers to communicate with students remotely. These classes are becoming increasingly popular due to their convenience and the ability for teachers to customize them to their needs.
What exactly are we talking about here? Well, if you're referring to current technology in the form of laptops and tablets that students use to access various educational materials, then the answer is obvious - these devices have become entirely self-contained and don't need a teacher present to guide or provide support. However, if you're thinking about future trends in this area, then it can help to understand just how technology is playing a role in the education process.
For starters, portable technology is gradually becoming more popular. With so many students now travelling and living far away from home on a regular basis, having access to online materials (whether they be textbooks or coursework) is increasingly important. This can be done either through downloads or through online courses ( alternatively, physical classes may still offer lectures).
Another trend that has started to gain momentum in recent years is streaming technology.
What are the possibilities for using Chrome OS in the classroom?
Future of classroom technology is ever-changing, with new ways to engage students and promote creativity. Chrome OS is a popular options for Chromebooks, which can open up a wide range of opportunities for the educational sector. Chromebooks are able to run multiple applications at once and are easy to maintain, which makes them perfect for busy classrooms.
- - The advent of the Chromebook Bros: A technology that allows teachers to use a wide range of software on Chromebooks in the classroom without having to carry an entire tab of different programs around.
- - A shift in how we learn: With immersive mixed reality headsets, students will soon be able to learn any topic at any level, whether it be history, math, or science.
- - A move towards cloud-based learning: It will be easy for educators to access trainings and materials from anywhere in the world without having to leave their computers.
Computers in the classroom wikipedia.org
Educational technology wikipedia.org
The Effect Of Technology in the Classroom: A Research-Based Pe babypower.us
The Effect Of Technology in the Classroom: A Research-Based babypower.us
Future Ready Schools: Building Technology Infrastructure for ed.gov
The Future of Education: Integrating Tech into Class lsu.edu
Future Education Technology: How Digital Trends Are Shaping maryville.edu


The franking privilege is a well known benefit that aloows them to mail letters and other materials postage free by substituting their facsimile signature for the postage
the doctrine that the numerical majority of an organized group can make decisions binding on the whole group
Government by a group of people who are different, politically or racially from the majority of the population
honorary position in the senate to senior member of the majority party when vp is gone
A temporary legislative committee established for a limited time period and for a special purpose.
committee appointed by the presiding officers of each chamber to adjust differences on a particular bill passed by each in different form.
the accumulation of power and authority in conjunction with the length of time spent in office
what are the qualifications and terms of office for the members of the u.s. house of rep?
Be 25 years old, have been a citizen for 7 years, be a legal resident of the state you are representing
what are the qualifications and terms of office for members of the u.s. senate?
30 years old, been a citizen for 9 years, a legal resident of the states you are representing.
list five benefits and privileges that members of congress receive
yearly salary, receive free trips back and from their home state,the righ to mail official letters, and immunity
list and describe 3 types of congressional sessions
regular- house and senate are in normal operation, closed only legislatures discuss more operation joint-both houses are present.
list examples of both expressed and implied powers of congress
Implied powers of congress are the powers that the legislative branch has that are not specifically listed in the Constitution. Implied powers come from and depend upon the expressed powers of the government. For example, the power to draft people into the military is implied by the power of congress to raise an army and navy. The Congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts and excises, to pay the debts and provide for the common defense and general welfare of the United States; but all duties, imposts and excises shall be uniform throughout the United States
list the 3 basic limits to the powers of congress
taxing exports, favoring trade of state, granting title os nobility


Caffeine is in coffee, tea, sodas, some foods and even medicines. Jack E. James and Michael A. Keane, researchers at the National University of Ireland, characterized caffeine as “the most widely consumed psychoactive substance in history” in their 2007 study of caffeine-extract testing. Anyone who has ever tried to give up that daily cuppa joe has probably encountered the splitting headache and other discomforts that are signs of caffeine withdrawal. But those who stick it out may find the caffeine kick was an illusion, and the health benefits of going caffeine-free are more invigorating than an espresso.
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An examination of multiple tests to determine the effects of caffeine extracts, published by Wiley InterScience in 2007, revealed a critical problem -- with the tests. Psychologists at the National University of Ireland who scrutinized testing protocols and results concluded that the apparent benefits of consuming caffeine are actually relief from the symptoms of caffeine withdrawal. The researchers noted that most people drink their caffeine in the morning, with gradually decreasing amounts throughout the day and abstinence while sleeping. But the researchers asked study participants to skip their morning coffee and then gave them caffeine extracts or placebos later in the day, as they were entering caffeine withdrawal. Rather than measuring the effect of the stimulant on such indicators as alertness, fatigue and performance, the tests measured relief from the symptoms of caffeine withdrawal. The Irish researchers also observed that test participants who didn’t habitually consume caffeine showed no extra alertness or other benefit from the test dosages.
The Bogus Buzz
Scientists looked for evidence of buzz in the brain and found a big headache. Researchers at the University of Vermont and Johns Hopkins University, in a study published in the scientific journal "Psychopharmacology" in 2009, used brain scans, ultrasound and volunteers’ reports to measure caffeine’s effects. They found that eliminating caffeine, which constricts blood vessels, caused those vessels to dilate, increasing blood flow and the release of pain-producing chemicals to the brain. As a result, the volunteers experienced headaches. The withdrawal of caffeine also slowed brainwaves, reported by study participants as fatigue. But researchers found no evidence that a habit of caffeine consumption provided any benefits other than mitigating symptoms of withdrawal.
Caffeine’s Mixed Message
A modest caffeine habit might be helpful or harmful. Dr. Verna Case, professor of biology at Davidson College in North Carolina, points to studies that show coffee drinkers who consume a few cups of coffee or less daily have lower risks of liver disease, colon cancer, type 2 diabetes, Parkinson disease and gallstones. She also notes that different studies highlight increased heart rate, higher blood pressure and irregular heartbeats, as well as the dangers of abrupt deprivation for people suffering from depression. Higher caffeine consumption seemed to exacerbate problems experienced in testing, but even moderate consumption resulted in symptoms of addiction. Definitive conclusions about the virtues and vices of a caffeine habit will require more testing, but one clear result has emerged from studies: Wean yourself from caffeine gradually to minimize unpleasant or harmful withdrawal symptoms.
Benefits of Decaffeination
Although caffeine is a stimulant, its habitual effect seems to be a physiological and possibly psychological dependence. It can cause heartburn, jitters, anxiety, insomnia, upset stomach, fluctuations in heart rate and blood pressure, increased kidney activity and dehydration and other unhealthy reactions, according to Oregon Health & Science University. Short-term effects can be alertness, cessation of drowsiness and mood improvement, but those require continued caffeine consumption. Withdrawal from a caffeine habit should be undertaken slowly but could result in a host of beneficial improvements to overall health. It makes sense to check with your health-care provider about how caffeine may be affecting you.


Works of both Indian and European Scholars bear testimonies to the existence of Bishnupriya Manipuri in Manipur in the earliest time.
The “Khumal Purana” Of Pandit Navakhendra Singh refers to the existence of Bishnupriya Manipuri language in Manipur during the reign of Garib Nawaj. Pandit Navakhendra states – ” The main stream of Manipuri, the Aryan origin people, the khumal, Moirang, Angam and Luwang who are following the Vedic cult from the epic ages being the devotees of Lord Vishnu distinguish themselves from the Meitheis”. The language originated and developed in Manipur and was originally confined to the surroundings of the Loktak Lake.
Other authorities such as An account of the valley of Manipore by Col. McCullock, Descriptive Ethnology of Bengal by E. T. Dalton and the Linguistic Survey of India by George Abraham Grierson mention that the language was in existence in Manipur before the 19th century. Dr. Grierson calls the language as “Bishnupuriya Manipuri”, while some other writers call it simply “Bishnupriya”. The principal localities where this language was spoken are now known as Heirok, Mayang Yamphal, Bishnupur, Khunan, Ningthankhong, Ngaikhong, Thamnapoxpi.


Can new energy vehicles still charge normally in extreme weather?
It is not suggest to charge immediately after vehicles was exposured to the sun
The first thing to be reassured is that charging in this situation is relatively safe. Under normal circumstances, the new energy vehicle itself and the charging equipment will be set up overtemperature protection system to ensure the safety of electricity consumption.
However, even then, it is not suggest to charge immediately after high heat exposure.
The reason is that the temperature of the power box and battery will rise as a result of exposure to high temperature. If the power box is charged at this time, the heat generated when the ambient temperature is added to the charging temperature will cause metal aging of the charging line in the car, which will affect the battery life and even risk of overheating damage.
So it is suggested that after exposuring,the majority of owner wait for cooling and heat dissipation first and then charge for the car
Charging pile with awning is recommended for charging in rainstorm days
But what about charging during a rainstorm? Will there be electricity leakage? Is it possible to short-circuit?
At the beginning of the design of new energy vehicles, they take this into account. Rubber sealing rings are generally set up at the charging port. Most of the new energy vehicles have reached the waterproof and dustproof level of IP65, which can prevent rain from flowing into the fault. At the same time, most charging piles also have lightning protection, overload protection, short circuit protection, leakage protection and other functions.
But, With the passing of time, the rubber sealing ring of the new energy vehicle will have the aging problem, and the waterproof performance will decline accordingly. Therefore, as far as possible, the charging pile with the canopy will be charged, which is more secure.


Benefits of Reading to Your Baby
Books are one of the most basic tools of effective communication between parents and children. You should introduce the books that are very useful in the language development of the baby to your baby in a short time.
Reading a book is as much a cultural act as it is a mental act. When the habit of reading books is gained at a young age, it will be inevitable for your child to be one step ahead of those who do not read books when he becomes an adult.
Before moving on to the benefits of reading to your baby, you should know that parents have a great responsibility in this regard. Babies may not understand everything you say, but you don’t have to wait for your baby to grow up to talk to him.
Reading to your baby is only the beginning of productive activities you will spend with him. It provides a much better quality of communication between parents and children.
When a baby turns 1, he will have learned all the sounds in his mother tongue, so reading a lot of books to him will contribute to learning more different sounds.
The earlier you start reading to your baby, the sooner you can take action to speed up his development.
Children who are read by their parents during their infancy learn more words than their peers when they are 2 years old.
Benefits of reading to baby;
It teaches the baby communication in the early period.
It enables them to learn information in a fun way by using colors, numbers, letters and shapes.
It triggers the development of memory and vocabulary, and the ability to listen.
It allows the baby to learn about what is happening around him.
Reading plays an important role in the formation of your baby’s social and emotional character. It helps detect intonation differences and accents in your voice.
What should be the ideal book selection for different ages?
Very young babies do not understand what pictures in books mean, but they are quite good at focusing. The bright colors, smileys and patterns in the pictures attract their attention. When you read a book, you allow your baby to rest and sleep peacefully.
Babies aged 4-6 months show an interest in books. They may try to hold it, touch it, and put it in their mouth. That’s why you can choose cloth books designed for babies in this month group.
Between 6-12 months, they begin to understand the pictures in the book. When you start reading the book, your child tries to react by making sounds. When he is 12 months old, he will try to turn the pages.
When Should You Read the Book?
All you need to read to your baby is your baby, you and a book. In my starting period, you only need to read for a few minutes, but you must repeat it over and over. Trying to finish the book in one sitting can distract your baby.
You should set a specific reading time each day. Gaining the habit of reading, especially before bedtime, will make it easier for your child to fall asleep.
What you need to do to read a book to your baby;
Hug your baby while reading, this will make him feel safe and strengthen the bond between you.
Change the tone of your voice according to the characters in the book, do not skip the accents.
Do not try to read the book straight, interpret the pictures and proceed in the form of questions and answers.
Sing songs and lullabies while reading the book, do not avoid imitating animals, this way they will understand that reading is a fun activity.
Babies love repetition and that’s how they learn. Don’t be afraid to reread the book.
When choosing a book for your baby, choose very simple, repetitive texts and plenty of picture books. Cloth books with soft textures are ideal for your baby.
You should definitely have a library at home in order to give your child the habit of reading.
Leaving a book in your child’s toy basket will be helpful in encouraging him.


Iran sends second monkey to space
As part of an ambitious program to send an astronaut to space, Iran successfully sent a monkey into space for the second time. After reaching a height of 72 miles, the rocket and monkey returned safely to Earth.
Tehran, Iran — Iran said Saturday it has successfully sent a monkey into space for a second time, part of an ambitious program aimed at manned space flight.
Iran's state TV said that the launch of the rocket dubbed Pajohesh, or Research in Farsi, was Iran's first use of liquid fuel and reached a height of 72 miles. It said the monkey, named Fargam or Auspicious, was returned to earth safely.
The TV showed the rocket blasting off and then showed the monkey, strapped snugly into a seat, staring at people clapping to celebrate its safe return. The report said Fargam's capsule parachuted safely to earth after detaching from the rocket in a mission that lasted 15 minutes.
Iran frequently claims technological breakthroughs that are impossible to independently verify. The Islamic Republic has said it seeks to send an astronaut into space as part of an ambitious aerospace program.
"The launch of Pajohesh is another long step getting the Islamic Republic of Iran closer to sending a man into space," the official IRNA news agency said.
State TV said scientists were able to monitor and measure signals coming from the rocket, including Fargam's vital signs, during the flight.
Iran said that it sent its first monkey into space in January, reaching the same height of 120 kilometers (72 miles).
For Iran, its aerospace program is a source of national pride. It's also one of the pillars of Iran's aspirations to be seen as the technological hub for Islamic and developing countries.
The U.S. and its allies worry that technology from the space program could also be used to develop long-range missiles that could potentially be armed with nuclear warheads.
In the January mission, one of two official packages of photos of the simian space traveler depicted the wrong monkey, causing some international observers to wonder whether the monkey had died in space or that the launch didn't go well.
But Iranian officials later said one set of pictures showed an archive photo of one of the alternate monkeys. They said three to five monkeys are simultaneously tested for such a flight and two or three are chosen for the launch. Finally, the one that is best suited for the mission and isn't stressed is chosen for the voyage.
The Islamic Republic has not revealed where the rocket launch took place, but it has a major satellite launch complex near Semnan, about 125 miles east of Tehran.
Iran says it wants to put its own satellites into orbit to monitor natural disasters in the earthquake-prone nation, improve telecommunications and expand military surveillance of the region.


I went to college as a violin major (at first) and every Friday we had Master Class. All the students that studied with my violin teacher met each week and a few of us played a piece we were working on. The teacher, and sometimes visiting teachers, would share their thoughts on the performance as would the other students.
I think you can see where this is going…
Your media project is likely broken into some developmental chunks:
- Finished main recording/shooting
- Building the storyline and thesis, research question or theme
- Rough draft edit
- Nearly completed project
Depending on your professor or instructor’s preference we may have a session where you will show your project in its current state and have a critique provided by your instructor, the media and web professionals working with your class, and your fellow students.
Often the critique responsibility is split up as follows:
- Instructor addresses the discipline specific content in the thesis/research question/theme and the body of the project. Is what you’re saying meaningful and meet the project’s goals.
- Media pro’s point out the good and bad in the recordings and edits. Are the media methods contributing to your story? Is the tech added meaning or just flashiness?
- Everyone talks to whether the project is compelling and getting its message across, and what could make it event better. The audience knows best! Read Prendergast’s discussion of the “Sixth Paragrah” to learn about the real meaning of project. While she talks about writing, it works well in video.
- Suggestions for the next steps – thoughts on editing style, additional content to be recorded and added, keeping the story tight and reaching the correct audience.
There may be a specific set of guidelines, or rubric, put forward for your project to address specific aspects within the discipline your class is in. This often will be used if there’s mid-project grade involved.
The important thing is to keep things positive while still providing informative and guiding feedback – this goes for the instructors, the media people and you. For most people in your class creating a media project like this is new so take that into consideration. All of us can always make our work better if we expose it to the world as it’s being developed.


Dr. Vijai S Shankar MD.PhD.
Published on www.academy-advaita.com
1 January 2019
Determined means wanting to do something very much and not allowing anyone or any difficulties to stop you. Determined also means having made a firm decision and being resolved not to change it.
Man and woman who are determined to do anything in life and are successful, they are applauded and appreciated. Man and woman are proud of their determination to do. Man and woman are advised to be determined by the knowledgeable in society.
The knowledgeable also say that primitive man lived without the knowledge that he or she should be determined. Primitive man was merely moving in the present, which is the timeless and thoughtless ‘here and now’, without knowing whether he was determined or not. He also did not know that he was moving.
Wisdom reveals that every moment in life renews itself and in between a moment in the mind and in life is moment as well. This signifies that a moment in life and in the mind is eternal.
Brain scans reveal that decisions happen seven seconds before man decides. The scientists at the Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences reveal that human decisions are made seconds before humans become aware of them.
In the study, participants could freely decide if they wanted to press a button with either their right hand or left hand. The only condition was that they had to remember when they made the decision to use either their right hand or left hand.
Using FMRI, researchers scanned the brains of the participants to find out if they could predict which hand the participants would use before participants were consciously aware of the decision.
The results by monitoring the micro patterns of activity in the front-polar cortex, were that the researchers could predict which hand the participant would choose seven seconds before the participant was aware of the decision.
Wisdom reveals that this is proof that man neither decides nor predicts nor predetermines. Wisdom reveals that even the movement of the hand to press the button happens and the brain does not make the movement happen in the moment.
Wisdom further reveals that determination happens for understanding to happen that only moving is in every moment and that every moment is only moving. Also, for wise understanding to happen that moving in every moment is instinct and instinct cannot be determined by man or his brain.
Determination happens for understanding to happen that determination is not an actuality in a moment. Determination happens for understanding to happen that determination in any moment is illusory and not real. Determination happens for understanding to happen that determination is not present, but only moving is present.
The moving happens for understanding to happen that when the moving is accepted as determination, it is believed that man and woman are determined and can be determined as well.
Wisdom reveals that determination is not present in the moment because life is only moving in the moment. Wisdom also reveals that the intelligence in life manifests the moving and man or woman do not make the moving in the moment happen. This is because they do not make the moment in life.
The enlightened accept what man or woman do and do not expect them to be determined, because they understand that determination is not present, but only moving is present in any moment in life. The enlightened proclaim that man or woman will know to do what he or she is meant to do, albeit illusory.
Sri Ramana Maharishi has declared that what is meant to happen, albeit illusory, will happen. Sri Adi Shankaracharya has declared that man is not the doer in Nirvanashadakam. Kenopanishad verse (1.3) declares that word and mind cannot access the Absolute One. Bhagwat Gita chapter 3 verse 27 declares that man is not the doer.
The enlightened understand that the moving in any moment is instinct and is manifested by the intelligence in life and is not done by man or his brain. The enlightened have declared that life is a singular movement.
Author: Dr. Vijai S. Shankar
© Copyright V. S. Shankar 2018
Every human being wishes to complete or succeed in a task which is contemplated or undertaken, particularly when it demands resourcefulness and energy. ‘Keep at it’ and ‘don’t give up’ typify the advice given which inspires determination - and the belief that ‘I am the doer’ adds the element of responsibility, albeit illusory.
However praiseworthy determination has become as a human quality in daily life, at whatever age, the understanding of the enlightened gifted in this article is that man is not the doer. Thus, the illusory nature of determination is revealed and the burden of man’s responsibility for the outcome is dissolved.
Julian Capper, UK
German Translator‘s Note:
The illusion of being a doer, especially a determined one, has become so deeply rooted in the human mind over the course of evolution that it is inconceivable not to think of it as real. It may even be frightening to see determination as an illusion, because then, as always in the dual world of the mind, its opposite shows up, in this case the opposite of determination is the feeling of helplessness. Even the deep understanding of the wisdom of this article is not attainable with determination. The understanding so clearly presented here by Dr. Shankar is that precisely what is destined to happen happens and therefore determination is illusory and not real.
Marcus Stegmaier, Germany.


Last December, I wrote the following in this newsletter at http://bit.ly/2nNh4gC:
“Today, the smartphone can become a person’s only computer, used alone when away from home or the office, then used with a “docking station” when at home or at the office. Of course, most smartphones already have internal cameras, even webcams. With a docking station to accommodate a keyboard, a larger screen, stereo speakers, printers, scanners, and more, today’s home computer may soon become a thing of the past.”
I also wrote:
“Will your next PC be a smartphone? Do you really need a desktop computer for checking email, surfing the web, or doing genealogy research? The smartphones of today will do most everything your present desktop computer can do.”
It looks like some people agree with me. One company with plans for converting a smartphone into a desktop or laptop computer is a rather well-known producer of personal computers and of smartphones: Apple.
A new patent application from Apple shows the company is toying with the idea of a laptop powered by an iPhone that’s docked face up where the touchpad is normally positioned.
Apple calls the laptop an “accessory device.” That is, the computer with memory, storage space, and wireless networking is in the smartphone while the “accessory device” adds a bigger display, a full sized screen, and a real keyboard.
In the drawing above, you can see the smartphone (which we can assume is an iPhone) simply drops into a cavity in the “laptop” and supplies all the computing power, local storage, and networking. The “shell” that looks like a “shell” performs like a laptop and supplies everything else.
The user can carry the smartphone easily in a pocket or purse and have all the basic functionality of a computer with him or her at all times. Obviously, that combination will be hampered by the small screen and limited keyboard. However, the same user also could pull out the laptop “shell,” drop the smartphone into a cavity in the shell, and use it in the same manner as a laptop.
Optionally, the same user could take it home and connect a 30-inch screen or larger, a larger keyboard, and whatever peripherals he or she wishes. He or she obviously would not be limited by today’s smartphone technology.
Why purchase a smartphone AND a laptop AND a desktop computer? One device could perform all three functions, provided it had the proper accessories. I suspect the total price would be significantly cheaper than purchasing all three separate items.
As I wrote in December,
“Yes, I believe that a smartphone will become a desktop replacement within a very few years. In fact, it has become my primary computer today.
“Oh, yeah: you can also use a smartphone to make phone calls.”


This article shares the story of Albermarle County Schools’ experience integrating maker education throughout all the schools in the district. In particular, snapshots of Agnor Hurt Elementary and Albermarle High School are spotlighted. I recommend diving into this article and considering how Albermarle’s experience and ideas can impact your classroom, school, and district. Here are just two nuggets I gleaned from reading this.
“Making shouldn’t be isolated. We want to get away from that idea. Makerspaces and classrooms are one and the same.” — Andrew Craft, Elementary Teacher
“When people make, they get back to the basics of who they are as humans. Making puts the learner at the center of the work — and when that happens with our kids, the content makes sense to them.” — Pam Moran, Superintendent
“Google Photos has grown into an awesome service. From automatically backing up your phone’s pictures to letting you easily share your photos, there’s a lot to love for anyone who works with photos. Whether you want to make a mini stop-motion animation or just make a slideshow of related pictures, Photos can help. Select the Animation button under the Assistant tab, and you can choose from 2–50 photos to add. Once you’re satisfied, click Create and you’ll have a neat little GIF ready to share.” — Ben Stegner
“Flipped Learning is a pedagogical approach in which direct instruction moves from the group learning space to the individual learning space, and the resulting group space is transformed into a dynamic, interactive learning environment where the educator guides students as they apply concepts and engage creatively in the subject matter” (Source).
Flipped learning allows for a more student centered approach to teaching within the classroom because the majority of the lecture style learning is completed at home; thus, allowing class time to utilize more engaging techniques such as project-based learning, game-based learning, student presentations, discussion, and collaboration. Flipped Learning can also be completed solely within the classroom without requiring students to complete work at home. The main idea with Flipped Learning is simply to allow the teacher to become more of a facilitator of learning rather than the dictator of knowledge.
How to Flip?
The following video from Edutopia will help you understand how to get started.
Examples of Flipped Learning
There are numerous ways to incorporate Flipped Learning within your classroom. The following seven concepts are a good place to start.
The Standard Inverted Classroom: students are assigned any lecture style teaching for homework the night before class so that class time might used for practicing what they learned with the teacher able to give instant feedback.
The Discussion-Oriented Flipped Classroom: lecture style videos, such as TED Talks, are assigned as homework and class time is spent discussing the subject at length.
The Demonstration-Focused Flipped Classroom: teacher records a screencast explaining an activity, math problem, etc so that they students may watch as many times as possible for mastery.
The Faux-Flipped Classroom: students watch lecture videos or complete assignments via technology at their own pace within the classroom and the teacher acts as a facilitator and supporter.
The Group-Based Flipped Classroom: students learn material for homework and use class time to work together in groups so that they learn from each other through collaboration.
The Virtual Flipped Classroom: classes are offered entirely online and actual class time is not needed.
Flipped the Teacher: students record video tutorials as projects to teach a skill to the teacher thus showing mastery of the skill (Source).
Kaylah Holland is currently a Middle School Instructional Technology Facilitator at Charlotte Christian School in Charlotte, NC. In addition to teaching coding, app development, and robotics; she has a vital role of assisting teachers with the integration of technology into the classroom through ample research, lesson planning, and training. She is currently completing her doctoral degree in the field of Instructional Design and Technology and is in the process of becoming a Google Certified Trainer. She is passionate about building an innovative culture for learning.
I’m a big, big fan of Google+. It’s a very big component of my personal learning network (PLN). Here are some thoughts about about why I prefer Google+ over the other social media platforms (Twitter, Facebook, LinkedIn, etc.). I encourage everyone to take a look at Google+’s services and consider taking advantage of them.
Please feel free to friend me on Google+. Then browse through my Links and Other Profiles to make connections, collaborate, and share resources through other networks. As I frequently say, “Together we learn more.”
I’ve developed several Google+ Communities where we can interact and share resources around particular topics. I invite you to join and actively contribute to all of these groups in which you have an interest/expertise.
This video from Edutopia spotlights Manor New Technology High School, “where an unwavering commitment to an effective school-wide project-based learning model keeps both students and teachers motivated and achieving their best” (Source). It is “a public high school just outside of Austin in Manor, Texas. It is an entirely project-based learning school that has consistently achieved outstanding results since opening. We followed a project there for three weeks to find out what makes their model so effective” (Source).
The following quote from Seymour Papert about PBL especially stood out to me. This sort of flies in the face of what we are currently seeing in many of the test-focused schools.
“The first thing you have to do is give up the idea of curriculum. Curriculum meaning you have to learn this on a given day. Replace it by a system where you learn this where you need it. So, that means you are going to put kids in a position where they’re going to use the knowledge that they get.
Your feedback and encouragement back in 2007 prompted me to take this a step further. Rather than simply encouragingteachers (in general) to do this I’m now challenging you (specifically you) to start a service activity in your classroom. 🙂
The holiday season is upon us, so I think it’s a great time to talk about service and initiate a project with your students.
Here’s THE CHALLENGE.
Kick-off a service activity in your classroom.
Make us aware of your project.
I’ve dedicated a new section of the blog to this activity and added a permanent link titled The Challenge to the main menu. This allows us to to share information, photos, videos, and provide links to personal/ class blogs, wikis, websites, etc. where we can learn about each other’s projects and share resources and ideas. You can post your information by:
I’ve been working a lot with Google’s many, many services the past several weeks in conjunction with various professional development workshops that I have/will be facilitating. In doing so, I’ve become a big fan of their products. I’ve especially been struck by their tools’ ease of use, deep integration among tools and services, and Google’s commitment to openness. I’m going to be saving a lot of money on software in the future as I migrate away from some of the expensive software giants that I’ve used for a long time and in lieu of Google’s free and similar/superior offerings.
In the past few days I’ve noticed that the new Google toolbar (the dark box across the top) has pretty much gone live across all the Google services I use. Google has never been known for their graphic design prowess, but I’d say the update is an improvement. I especially dig the redesign of the Google Docs interface.


The South African boerboel and the perro de presa Canario are powerful and imposing. Throughout history, the two breeds have served mankind in similar roles as the guardians of property and farms, driving off undesirable pests and wild dogs. Neither breed is suitable for inexperienced dog owners, but in the right hands, they can be devoted and athletic companions.
Countries of Origin
As its name suggests, the perro de presa Canario hails from the Canary Islands. They are descended from the Iberian presa, a kind of mastiff who traveled to the islands with their conquistador masters, and a variety of bulldogs called alanos. According to the website VetStreet, a fierce sheepdog called the bardino majorero was later bred to the existing dogs, creating the modern-day presa. The South African boerboel has roots stretching into antiquity, arriving in Africa with Assyrian ruler Assurbanipal when he conquered Egypt. According to the South African Boerboel Breeder's Association, the dogs traveled north to Europe with Alexander the Great and developed into two distinct strains. When Dutch colonial administrator Jan van Riebeeck arrived in South Africa in 1652, he brought his mastiff-type dog, called a "bullenbitjer," for companionship and protection. The modern-day boerboel is descended from dogs owned by South African colonists and mongrels kept by native African tribes.
Coat Colors and Textures
The presa may have a coat color of brindle, black or fawn. His coat is short, flat and rough. He sheds infrequently, except in the summer and fall, when he will require frequent brushing to remove dead hair. A boerboel's coat is shiny and short, according to the American Kennel Club. Boerboels may be any shade of brown, red or fawn; white patches are permitted on the dog's legs and fore chest. Brindle is also allowed, but white exceeding 33 percent of the dog's body is considered a disqualification, and a predominant body color of black is not allowed, although a black mask covering the face is highly desirable.
Sizes, Ears and Tails
While both breeds are descended from mastiffs and may therefore share some characteristics, the boerboel is the taller dog, standing up to 27 inches at the withers. Presa dogs are usually no taller than 25 inches and weigh no more than 100 pounds. Boerboels are longer than tall with a rectangular build. A boerboel's owner may choose to dock his tail, but such a measure is not necessary for showing purposes; natural tails are not penalized by the AKC. Docking a presa's tail will result in a disqualification, according to the United Kennel Club. The UKC indicates that the presa's ears may be cropped, but natural ears are not penalized. The AKC prefers the boerboel's ears in their natural state.
Differences in Disposition
The calm, confident boerboel is devoted to his family, especially children. The presa is more aloof, and must be supervised when children are present. Neither is a breed well-suited to living with cats or other small pets unless introduced early in life. The presa may be wary of strangers, while the laid-back boerboel will tolerate them with reserve. The boerboel is known for discerning threats and may respond to other dogs with belligerence, according to the American Kennel Club. Both breeds require consistent socialization and training both to occupy their intelligent minds and keep them from being a danger to their humans and themselves.
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