|Military Community and World War II Fort|
|The mid-twenties ushered in a changed attitude toward military post construction and upkeep. Major General B. Frank Cheathem, the Quartermaster General, defined military post development under the new Housing Program of the Army. In his words, the new posts would be a "deviation from the set type of military post." His approach was to assemble a group of noted architects to develop plans for the permanent buildings for military installations. These men were able to produce designs that could be cast in the regional styles appropriate to the venue in which they were to be built. Thus the Georgian and Federal styles were considered appropriate for installations on the Atlantic seaboard. French Provincial for Louisiana posts, and Spanish mission for the Southeast and Southwest.
Fort McClellan, no longer Camp McClellan by authority of a 1929 War Department Order, was part of the new wave in military post development. The site was now considered a permanent installation. General Charles P. Summerall, head of the Citadel in Charleston and Chief of Staff of the Army between 1926-1930, officiated at the ceremonies. Summerall had a special rapport with the camp, having negotiated its purchase in 1917. The order spelled out that Fort McClellan would be a Regular Army post for one regiment of Infantry (1,500 officers and enlisted men) and would also have a standard layout for a summer camp with a capacity for 6,400 civilian trainees.
Fort McClellan entered into the post improvement program in 1929, two years behind it's regional counterparts, partly due to its delayed selection as a permanent post. The experience gained from the improvement projects at the other regional forts benefited Fort McClellan's overall layout. Although General Summerall was not post commander, he had a previous relationship with the camp and was in a position to comment on the chosen design. Hence he was a leading force in the plan for the improvements made to the fort in the 1930s.
Fort McClellan Headquarters BuildingWhile initial permanent construction focused on housing, the projects undertaken during the 1930s ran the gamut from quarters to a coal trestle. Specifically, the building projects included both officers' and non-commissioned officers quarters, and enlisted men's barracks, a fire station and guard house, a truck park, and a repair shop. In 1936 and 1937, the assembly hall auditorium (Hutchinson Hall or Post Theater No. 1), the main post exchange, the officers' club (now called Remington Hall), Silver Chapel, stables, wagon sheds, the regimental garage and vehicle shop, a bakery, three additional warehouses, the Quartermaster utility shop and office buildings, ordinance magazines, a railroad spur, coal trestle and yard, the gasoline storage system, a sewage disposal plant, a concrete reservoir and booster station, new primary and secondary roads, street lighting, a perimeter fence, a target range, and other public utilities. An estimated $1,370,000 dollars was expended for new construction during that two year period. An additional $425,000 was spent on street improvements, additional buildings, the construction of Reilly Field, a golf course and landscaping in 1938.
"The Gazebo"The finished construction gave Fort McClellan one of the most beautiful headquarters and officers housing areas within the Department of Army organization. A tree-lined horseshoe drive (Buckner Circle) was adorned with numerous officer housing units overlooking a large parade field. The post headquarters building was place on one end of the horseshoe. At the other end the officer's club (Remington Hall) was placed. A view from Remington Hall framed the Headquarters Building with the 'trademark' gazebo which sits in the middle of the headquarters parade grounds.
The 1940s witnessed a second boom period for Fort McClellan directly related to world affairs as Japan expanded, France fell to Germany, and Great Britain became increasingly vulnerable to attack. Delays in beginning mobilization ended as Roosevelt began taking steps to prepare for war. An outlay of $175 million was allocated for the construction of coastal defense works, updating arsenals, expanding existing military installations, and creating new posts. The Selective Service Bill of 1940 was passed on the condition that the draft would commence once proper arrangements for housing, sanitation, and medical care were made for the draftees. Thus the need to house men, particularly draftees, was foremost.
Fort McClellan, with functional areas already in place, need minimal construction to become ready for training new soldiers. A "Civilian Village" was added between 1937 and 1946, and this residential zone was laid out similar to the post command area. A traffic circle was added near the firehouse, joining "Middle Gate Road" (now Baltzell), 15th Street, 20th Street, "South Gate Road", and Post Headquarters Road. Both permanent and temporary construction took place at Fort McClellan in the 40s to accommodate the 27th Division . This phase of construction was accomplished with $6.5 million in federal funding. This generation of buildings was constructed during the tenure of Commanding Officer Colonel John L. Jenkins. Overall, the improvements included 47 miles of paved roads, 27 miles of unpaved roads, 27 warehouses, 12 shops and a small foundry, school buildings, a cold storage facility able to meet the needs of 40,000 individuals, sewage facilities for 50,000, a general hospital, new cantonments, three dormitories for civilian workers, four swimming pools, two libraries, service clubs, guest houses, 200 dayrooms, three bowling alleys, five theaters, and an amphitheater with a 12,000-person seating capacity.
As the 27th Division began to settle into the local environment, they and the City of Anniston began a close and harmonious relationship. Articles published in the Anniston Star in 1941, for example, herald the return of the 27th from maneuvers and announce a public dance in their honor on Main Street, exclaiming happily "A Yankee army will invade Anniston tonight." Not to be outshone, the Anniston Chamber of Commerce sent individual invitations to Anniston women; cars were hired to ferry women from Birmingham-Southern College and Jacksonville State Teacher's College to the gala (Anniston Star, October 8, 1941).
This harmonious relationship was interrupted after the attack on Pearl Harbor. The 27th Division was ordered to an 'unknown destination' on December 19, 1941. They arrived in Hawaii on May 21, 1942. The 27th fought in the Pacific theater of war until 1945, and participated in the occupation of Japan.
After the 27th Division left, Fort McClellan had the distinction of acting as the headquarters for the 92nd Division, the Army's second African-American division, activated on October, 1942. At least 6,500 men from the 92nd were trained at Fort McClellan. The 92nd was deactivated in 1945.
Other groups housed at Fort McClellan included the station complement which tripled in number during World War II. In addition, the post complement included two detachments of Women's Army Corps (WAC). The women in these detachments acted in administrative and clerical roles at the Post Headquarters, handled the post motor pool, and worked in the bakeries, service clubs, mess and supply. Women in the corps were afforded housing considered "separate but better" than that given to male soldiers. The essential WAC barrack was known as the converted Theater of War barrack. The early housing for the WACs was replaced in 1955 as Fort McClellan became the center for all WAC training and the first permanent home of the WAC since the group's organization in 1942.
Thirty POW camps were built in 1942 to house the onslaught of captured enemy soldiers. McClellan's POW camp was completed in 1943. By mid-1944, German POWs had become a significant part of the labor pool at Fort McClellan. In their off hours and in jobs assigned to them on post, POWs created a substantial legacy at Fort McClellan in masonry and art as well as more invisible improvements. Two hundred prisoners were detailed daily for excavation, drainage, and clearing operations on the main post; 170 were involved with food preparation; and others worked on vehicles on post. POW labor is responsible for numerous examples of stonework on Fort McClellan, including stone walls, chimneys, a patio built behind the old Recreation Center, drainage ditches, and landscaping. The carved bar at the Officer's Club (Remington Hall) and the exceptional murals which dress the club's wall are also credited to POWs. The camp at Fort McClellan not only acted as the processing center for all prisoners interned in the Alabama camps, but was the last camp to be deactivated on April 10, 1946.
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If the 3 vowels are together, take them as a group.
There are 5! arrangements of the group with the other 4 letters.
However the group itself can be arranged in 3! ways.
That's 3!4! arrangements with the vowels together.
If 5 of the 7 are chosen, there are arrangements,
and there are 3! arrangements with the 3 taken as a group,
giving 3!3! arrangements that contain all 3 vowels.
The probability can be calculated then.


“In China today, Bill Gates is Britney Spears. In America today Britney Spears is Britney Spears. And that’s our problem”. These three sentences perfectly describe the point I believe Thomas Friedman tries to get across in “The World is Flat“.
The world has been radically transformed by politics, technology and economics in the past five centuries. The industrial revolution helped western countries and than companies rule the world. It all lead to a disparity between developed and underdeveloped countries. In the past century the force of governments was overcome by the force of companies spreading globally. And that is about to change.
The past three decades or so, the companies themselves helped a new entity rise above, in a connected world: the motivated and empowered individual.
“The World is Flat” is about the global individual and how he can rise above his own limits, when given the chance. Thirty years ago the birthplace was a pretty good predictor on the chance one has for success. Not anymore. Things have changed and Friedman shows the ten factors that lead to the new status quo:
The ten Flatteners (Forces that Flattened the World)
This global change didn’t happened all at once. Neither was it caused by one single force. Thomas Friedman lists ten factors that made the world a flat (or more connected) world:
No.1: 11/9/89 – The day the Berlin Wall fell became the day when communism started to crumble. Following the fall of the Berlin Wall, countries grew closer together and the world became smaller.
No.2: 8/9/95 – The day when Netscape went public. We know that the world wide web changed the way computers talked to each other and how people connected to these computers. Few of us know how important Netscape, the company founded by Jim Clark and Mark Andreessen, and its Mosaic browser were when Netscape had its IPO. Before Microsoft embeded Internet Explorer into Windows, Mosaic was the tech wonder that allowed people to access websites in a friendly manner.
No.3: The Workflow software. We are now all familiar with some kind of workflow software, be it Microsoft Word, Adobe Photoshop or some 3D rendering software. But at some point such things didn’t exist. When people started using them they could split parts of business processes and outsource them
“Open-source is nothing more than peer reviewed science. Sometimes people contribute to these things because they make science, and they discover things, and the reward is reputation” – Marc Andreessen on open source software
No.4: Uploading – the power of communities. When people first got online they were using the web just like they were using the TV or other “old media” – consuming. But the Internet was a two-way highway – it allowed for downloading, as well as uploading. Soon people started building websites, writing blogs and developing open-source software. It allowed for better collaboration and a new type of empowerment for the individual that was previously nonexistent.
No.5: Outsourcing. In 1999 three seemingly unrelated but soon to be very important events started to converge in India. The first – the country started producing more and more software developers in its IIT college. Second – fiber optic extended all across the globe and reached Indiay. Third – the Y2K scare was pushing every large company to update its software. As India’s software support was way cheaper, companies started hiring new people to help with the update. The outsourcing movement accelerated and then spread throughout the world.
No.6: Offshoring. On December 11, 2001, China joined the World Trade Organization. By doing so it agreed to the WTO terms governing exports, imports and foreign investment. That became one of the biggest steps in global commerce in the past millennium. Companies started offshoring companies to China where they could manufacture products at lower costs, lower taxes and export them worldwide.
No.7: Supply Chaining. What do Walmart, Amazon, Zara and HP have in common? Probably a lot but one of the most important things that makes these companies what they are is their supply chain. When the world got connected companies such as these spread their supply chain all over the world, to the places where products can be manufactured cheapest and at the best quality. Their supply chains brought the world together in a way governments and armies never could.
No.8: Insourcing. While you might not know this, companies such as UPS or FedEx are doing a lot more than just moving things from point A to point B. Of course, they do that but they also fix your Toshiba laptop, pack, inspect and deliver your Nike shoes and all in all handle logistics for many of the companies you love. How do they do that? They get inside the companies that contract them and help them be better at delivering value.
No.9: Informing. We take Google for granted. We can navigate to the answer for any question. We can access content written all over the world. Information became accessible as never before in human history, to anyone with access to a computer and Internet. Google, Wikipedia and others allowed information to flow everywhere in the world.
No.10: The steroids. Digital, virtual, mobile. When the book came out in 2005, the author listed the HP’s iPaq as a steroid for flattening the world. The device was supposed to be omnipresent allowing for constant connectivity. The irony is that the iPaq is now dead and another i-something (the iPhone) became the revolutionary device HP went for. These steroids are the digital enhancements that allow all the others to converge constantly and empower the individual.
The World is Flat is a book that might feel unpopular …
…especially for anyone in the western world, people that were told all their lives that they will have a job, they will have a house, they will drive a good car and they will have a happy family. And then comes Thomas Friedman and says – not so fast. There is a kid in China, or India or Eastern Europe that will work 3 times as hard for half your pay and he will be happy about it.
Thomas Friedman gets some very unfriendly reviews on this book and sure, some may be true (the writing style tends to get a little boring and repetitive at time) but most are unfair. It is not Friedman’s fault that jobs are outsourced. You shouldn’t blame the book for having to work harder for the same pay. The world IS flattening (it is not yet flat) and soon we will all need to run a little faster, just like a gazelle and a lion in Africa ….
“Every morning in Africa, a gazelle wakes up.
It knows it must run faster than the fastest lion or it will be killed.
Every morning a lion wakes up. It knows it must outrun the slowest gazelle or it will starve to death.
It doesn’t matter whether you are a lion or a gazelle: when the sun comes up, you’d better be running.”
The book is a must read for any retailer looking into understanding how the global world shapes the global commerce and what ecommerce has to do with it. Before long – it might become mandatory to understand retail on a global scale if you’re willing to survive in business.


The estate’s centennial pays homage to the past while looking forward to the future.
The history of Vizcaya reflects and provides insight to the histories of both the nation and Miami. Built between 1914 and 1922—and employing an impressive ten percent of the population of Miami over the course of those years—Vizcaya is one of the country’s most intact remaining estates from the Gilded Age, when the nation’s wealthiest industrialists built lavish homes inspired by European examples.
James Deering, Vizcaya’s owner, was retired from his position as Vice President of International Harvester when he teamed up with his artistic advisor, Paul Chalfin, to create Vizcaya.
Due to health issues, Deering had been advised to seek out a warmer climate in which to spend his winters, and chose a bayfront site in Miami. His father had already settled in Coconut Grove, and his half-brother, Charles, would soon develop an estate in Cutler. Deering purchased the first 130 acres of Vizcaya’s 180 acres from Mary Brickell in 1912, just sixteen years after the incorporation of the City of Miami.
In the years before and after World War I, Miami’s Brickell Avenue became known as “Millionaire’s Row.” The most beautiful homes on Brickell were soon eclipsed by Vizcaya.
Vizcaya’s Main House was intended to appear as an Italianate villa that had stood for 300 years. Innovative building techniques and design styles were used, incorporating antique Italian marble with native coral rock. The landscape combined elements of Italian and French garden design adapted to the subtropical setting. Shells found in Florida and the Caribbean decorate many features in the gardens, including the grottos and bridges. On December 25, 1916, Deering celebrated the completion of the Main House with a party at which his guests dressed as Italian peasants.
Although Vizcaya was designed to look old, Deering was a man whose family’s fortune came from industrialization. As such, he introduced the most modern technologies and features to his home. For example, the Main House is an early example of poured-in-place concrete and boasted revolutionary technology including two elevators, a central vacuuming system, and an electric telephone exchange system. In addition to the collection of art, furnishings and objects he gathered throughout Europe, Deering was also a patron of contemporary art and commissioned several prominent artists to create work specifically for Vizcaya.
Deering enjoyed his beloved Vizcaya for less than nine years. He passed away on September 18, 1925 while returning to the U.S. from France aboard the S.S. City of Paris ocean liner. Vizcaya was left to Charles Deering and suffered extensive damage in Miami’s 1926 hurricane. Charles died in 1927, and Vizcaya eventually passed to his daughters. A restoration campaign took place in 1933 under Chalfin. The estate had its first opening as a privately owned museum in 1935.
The estate’s heirs conveyed 130 acres of Vizcaya’s property to Mercy Hospital and the Catholic Diocese of St. Augustine in the 1940s; the remaining 50 acres, including the Main House, gardens and Village, were conveyed to Dade County in 1951. Included was the donation of the estate’s substantial furnishings and art collection on the condition that Vizcaya be used as a public museum in perpetuity. In March 1953 Vizcaya opened to the public as the Dade County Art Museum.
Today, Vizcaya Museum and Gardens is an internationally renowned accredited museum and a National Historic Landmark. The museum is known for its rich history, architecture, gardens, and art and living collections, and it retains one of the only remaining native forests in Miami. Vizcaya’s mission is to preserve the estate and to engage the public in learning through the arts, history and the environment. Families participate in many programs that share Vizcaya’s history in fun and engaging ways.
Members enjoy special tours and access. Volunteers help keep the gardens and mangrove coastline beautiful. Supporters give generously to ensure the protection and preservation of Vizcaya. A trip to Vizcaya transports visitors to another time. The centennial year is a celebration of much more than one man’s dream: the nation’s history and the region’s history are so clearly reflected and closely intertwined with Vizcaya that to celebrate one is to celebrate all.


The Impact of Pediatric Asymptomatic COVID-19
How children and adolescents contract, spread, and suffer through the virus differently than other age groups.
The Pediatric COVID-19 Risk Assessment Tool, courtesy of a team from the University of California San Francisco (UCSF), allows users to interpret the likelihood of asymptomatic coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) transmission among children based on constantly-updating national databases.
Though the estimated rate—which in some highly-infected US counties passes 1% of all children—is found with a good amount of statistical confidence, it doesn’t informed the effect of the virus in its youngest patients.
“It doesn’t tell us how infectious those kids are, and that still’s very much an open topic out there that we need to learn more about,” Dylan K. Chan, MD, of the UCSF Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, said.
In an interview with Contagion®, Chan discussed the current understandings of pediatric COVID-19 spread and severity—some of which has broken norm from typical respiratory infections, including that older children and adolescents are shedding more virus than younger children.
All of these discoveries made and still pursued fall in a time when public school districts and college campuses are reopening. A confident estimate of 1% asymptomatic pediatric COVID-19 cases has greater implication in that discussion than people would expect.
“To put in context: with a prevalence of 1%, if you have a class of 33 kids—that’s the standard size of a fourth grade class in San Francisco public schools—even if they’re all asymptomatic, the chance that at least 1 kid in that class would test positive for SARS-CoV-2 is roughly 30%,” Chan said. “And that’s just for one class.”


Tool 2: Reducing Crime
Crime is a key stated concern in destabilized neighborhoods throughout the nation. Often, concerns about “crime” include a range of issues having to do with whether neighbors feel safe, or outsiders perceive the neighborhood to be safe, regardless of actual crime rates. The effects of unsafe neighborhoods can include:
Crime prevention or public safety initiatives will be most effective if they address not only actual crime, but all issues that impact feelings of safety, such as trash in the streets, social behaviors perceived as threatening, street lighting, building conditions, etc.
The following are brief descriptions of a few common approaches to improving safety in neighborhoods, excerpted from http://stablecommunities.org:
Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED)
This model examines how physical design of a community can make it easier for residents to “police” public spaces and deter criminal activity. Basic elements of this approach include:
Developmental Approaches to Work with At-Risk Individuals
These approaches to reducing crime look at impacting the factors that can lead people to committing crimes, and helping populations such as at-risk youth and ex-offenders to take advantage of positive opportunities. Generally, such models posit that people are less likely to engage in crime when they have:
These approaches therefore emphasize building relationships with people at risk of engaging in crime, brokering opportunities and helping them to acquire skills. Some resources and examples include:
The Institute for the Study and Practice of Nonviolence. The Institute, in Providence, RI, approaches the issue of violence-involved youth from a variety of innovative angles, including training in nonviolence skills, youth programs, victim’s assistance programs, and a streetworker program to reach out to gang members.
YouthBuild. While their workforce development and housing benefits extend well beyond the issue of promoting safety, many YouthBuild organizations serve at-risk youth.
Manchester-Bidwell Corporation. Manchester-Bidwell Corporation engages at-risk youth in a variety of activities, including teaching them work with ceramics and to grow orchids in a commercial greenhouse operation. A related reading resource is the book by the Corporation’s founder, Bill Strickland (2007), Make the Impossible Possible, from Doubleday.
CeaseFire Chicago. CeaseFire focuses on street-level outreach and conflict mediation to change community norms and reduce violence. CeaseFire’s efforts call upon outreach workers and “violence interrupters,” faith leaders and other community leaders to intervene in conflicts and promote alternatives to violence. The organization also involves cooperation with police and depends heavily on public education to instill the message that shootings and violence are not acceptable. A related reading source is the book by one of the founders of the CeaseFire approach, David M. Kennedy (2011), Don’t Shoot: One Man, a Street Fellowship, and the End of Violence in Inner-City America.
Building Community “Collective Efficacy”
“Collective efficacy” is the degree to which residents know one another in a community and believe that they can rely on one another to manage neighborhood issues. Academic studies have found that lower levels of collective efficacy in a neighborhood are directly correlated with higher levels of violent crime.
►Neighborhood block watches are one example of a strategy that builds relationships between residents while preventing crime. USA on Watch offers a nationwide list of block watches, provides tools for setting up programs and has a full Resource Center. Go to the Resource Center.
►Toledo’s Neighborhood Block Watch won a 2008 Neighborhood Watch Award. One goal of the group has been to improve quality of life for all – beyond reducing crime – including health, infrastructure, and issues of nuisance/vacant properties, which has been accomplished through outreach efforts. The program supports model block programs, neighborhood clean-ups and beautification projects, educational trainings, youth outreach for clean-ups and social events and other programs. Read about the awards.
►Solutions for America summarizes program strategies that research shows are effective in addressing important community issues. Go to Solutions for America. The Neighborhood Crime Prevention & Safety Section summarizes the latest research on the subject and links to a number of other helpful websites covering actions residents can take in their own neighborhoods. Go to the Crime Prevention & Safety Section.


Parisiens did a funny thing on Wednesday. As spring flowers started to peek above the soil and the sun rode higher in the sky, a number of the city dwellers flocked to greet their newest lawnmowers: a small group of shaggy black sheep. As the latest effort in Paris Mayor Bertrand Delanoë's grand plan to make the City of Lights a greener place — the local government's calling the effort "eco-grazing" — four two-foot-tall sheep from the Breton breed will live and, more importantly, eat in a half acre patch of park in the city's 19th Arrondissement, the home of the Conservatoire de Paris, one of Europe's premier music schools. In October, they'll find a warmer clime.
It's honestly a pretty sensible idea. For centuries, if not millennia, grazing animals like sheep and cows have been used both to trim and to fertilize fields. In fact, many of the oldest urban parks were originally populated by farm animals, sometimes just during the day when their owners went into to town to do business. A funny if only marginally related story about in-town grazing comes from Cambridge, Massachusetts, a former suburb of Boston that's now very much a part of the city. Back in the early days of Harvard College, one of the perks of being a professor was that you were allowed to graze your cow in Harvard Yard. Back in 2009, retiring professor Harvey Cox actually exercised this privilege when he brought his cow Faith to school.
Paris is not Cambridge, and it's certainly not Brittany, from where the newcomer sheep originally hail. The new project has some neighbors worried about smell, and, of course, there's always the possibility that they run away and terrorize the city with their adorable gaze. (An electric fence has been installed to prevent this from happening.) If the experiment goes well, Delanoë plans to expand the program to more parks in the city.
Meanwhile, the whole situation leaves us wondering: What's next? Are they going to build install a windmill on top of the Eiffel Tower? Or maybe it'll be solar panels along the Champs Elysees? How about farms on the rooftops overlooking the grand boulevards? Nah. That's Brooklyn's jam.
This article is from the archive of our partner The Wire.


Parents of school-aged children might want to think of giving their children an enduring holiday gift this year: enrollment in a supplemental mathematics program. While it can cost anywhere from $80 to $110 a month, the results of practicing mathematics nearly daily is rewarding to both students and parents. In fact, parents might be even bigger recipients of this gift than their children. While their children gain self-esteem and confidence, the parents very likely will feel a sense of relief and pride in their children's accomplishment.
Singapore, Saxon and Kumon are three popular such programs. Many home-school practitioners use the first two, and Kumon, which involves daily practice and some tutoring, is popular with parents who feel their schools might be letting them down.
Dan Kimura, Ph.D., a senior professor of computer science and engineering at Washington University in St. Louis, opened St. Louis' first Kumon center in 1984, in large part because of his disappointment in the math education that his sons were getting. Mathematics is a major foundation of computer science, and Kimura, whose specialty is software programming, took action.
Begun in Kimura's hometown, Moriguchi, Japan, in 1958 by the late Toru Kumon, a math teacher who invented it to help his sons, Kumon math has more than four million students enrolled worldwide in 43 countries, nearly 180,000 in the United States. The method stresses repetition, speed, accuracy, individual pace, hard work and goal orientation in teaching mathematics.
Finding their level, then advancing
Students begin at a comfortable learning level, having been tested to determine that level, working with paper and pencil on series of calculations devised to reinforce what they learn; they master a learning phase at their own pace, pass a timed test and go onto another level. They do their problems at home daily for 15 to 30 minutes and meet weekly with their Kumon instructors for a half hour to 45 minutes. Gradually, after much positive reinforcement, Kumon practitioners gain self-confidence and, if they stick with the program, their mathematics progress invariably improves greatly, said Kimura.
Kimura said the reason that many parents are seeking supplemental help for their children in mathematics is the American method of teaching and the contents taught.
"The philosophy in American schools is a bottom-up approach, where the basic assumption is that every child has the innate ability to learn, the purpose of education is to help kids grow, that the direction they take is rooted in their DNA and that cannot be altered, and that teachers and parents should facilitate this growth process," said Kimura. "There is a sense that you can't force students to learn, that it stifles creativity. The best a teacher can do is to suggest that students learn certain things, but students shouldn't be forced."
What's missing, Kimura said, is the concept of training.
"The Kumon method is based on training, and is a top-down approach that stresses achieving goals," he said. "The process of practice and training is very painful. Top-class athletes and musicians will tell you that, too. Kids may not like it, but kids don't see the goals. They do, however, feel the satisfaction of achieving a goal. Parents are the immediate beneficiaries of Kumon math. They see the goals, and they see the progress."
Kimura runs two suburban Kumon math centers, one in a well-to-do suburb that services 350 students. A newer one in a blue-collar suburb, where schools have lost accreditation from No Child Left Behind, has about 60 students.
Thinking vs. knowing
Kimura said that there are two stages in acquiring knowledge: thinking and knowing. For example, 3+2=5. Students trained in Kumon math or exposed to the training concept in another context, once they are in the knowing stage, know that automatically. In contrast, he said the way that the simple calculation is taught in schools today is to attach icons, such as apples, to the numbers so that students supposedly grasp the concept.
"From the beginning, American students are exposed to the applications of mathematics," Kimura said. "In my humble opinion, that is not teaching mathematics, rather the applications of mathematics. The philosophy in Kumon is that you have to learn mathematics before applying it."
The transition to the knowing stage is speed, Kimura said, calling it perhaps the most vital tenet of the method.
"The Kumon method stresses the syntax of mathematics, not the semantics, which is opposite of the way mathematics has been taught in America for several decades," said Kimura. "In the schools today, learning revolves around student-centered curricula: the teacher creates a social environment that stresses education, citizenship and self-esteem, which are, indeed, worthy learning components. From this environment, the student is expected to construct his own body of knowledge. But this is like teaching a child to play tennis by telling him to create his own method. It de-emphasizes the concept of training.
"If you do not know how to read, write and compute, how can you construct your own body of knowledge? More and more parents and teachers are beginning to see that learning cannot be achieved without training."
With Kumon, the basics become as automatic as a piano player practicing the scales, laying the foundation for higher level reasoning skills.
Kumon parents marvel over improved attention spans, mathematics grades, test-taking skills and overall attitude of their children. It's not just for remedial students, either. Kimura says nearly 45 percent of his Kumon students are performing well beyond their grade levels. "It's not uncommon for elementary school children to advance into algebra and trigonometry with the Kumon method," he said.
Some even take it to prepare for the SAT and ACT tests.
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Wait around long enough after a spectacular spring sunset, and you're likely to see another wonder in the night sky: comet Ikeya-Zhang, which hangs low in the west as twilight fades.
Ikeya-Zhang last appeared in 1661, making it the first "long period" comet (a round trip of at least 200 years) to be recorded, then spotted on its return, according to Brian Marsden, who runs the International Astronomical Union's Minor Planet Center.
The comet was discovered on Feb. 1 by two amateur astronomers one in Japan and the other in China. The comet has been visible to the naked eye throughout March, but late April may provide the best viewing for people in the Northern Hemisphere. If you're not a morning person, hunt quickly, because it soon will shift to predawn.
Once you find Mars, a steady red pinprick of light in the twilight sky, begin to scan to the right of the planet at about the same level above the horizon. The comet appears as a point of light, surrounded by a glowing halo, and sports a faint tail. If you're a night owl, your best viewing is expected to come during the second half of April around 3 to 4 a.m. Eastern time.
Football has its "Hail Mary" pass; seismology may now have its "Hail Mary" earthquake.
Scientists at the University of California at Irvine say they have uncovered geophysical and biological evidence for a temblor that rocked the Los Angeles Basin between 1635 and 1855. The team estimates that the quake, centered on a hidden fault beneath Orange County's coastal San Joaquin Hills, may have reached a magnitude of 7.3 and lifted Orange County's coastline by 3 to 11 feet. This could be the largest quake in recorded history to rock the Los Angeles Basin, they say.
The dates come from examining plants, pollen, and shells in a marsh that lies on an uplifted, ancient shoreline in Upper Newport Bay. The team's favored date, July 31, 1769, comes from the diary of Capt. Gaspar de Portola, who led a 64-member expedition from Baja California to conquer what is now California for Spain. His party camped along the Santa Ana River; three days later a violent quake struck.
Someone had the presence of mind to measure the duration of the quake and its aftershocks by the number of "Hail Marys" expedition members repeated during the shaking. The study was reported in the current issue of the Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America.
Tree rings are telling tales of medieval warmth in the Northern Hemisphere, suggesting that despite their best efforts, climate scientists still face a difficult task in determining the extent to which humans may be responsible for the current long-term increases in global average temperatures.
According to the researchers, led by Jan Esper of the Swiss Federal Research Institute in Zurich, their study began as an attempt to answer criticisms that tree rings are poor substitutes for thermometers in recreating historical temperature trends. Such ring studies underpinned another study, published in 1999, that has become widely viewed in climate- research circles as a "smoking gun" for at least some human contribution to global warming.
After studying more than 1,200 tree-ring series from 14 sites around the Northern Hemisphere, Dr. Esper and colleagues have concluded that tree rings can, in fact, be effective stand-ins. In the process, however, they also were able to spot in the "Medieval Warm Period" temperature increases over time that look strikingly similar to those recorded during the past century, at least until 1990.
The results highlight the challenge climate researchers face in trying to distinguish between natural and human "forcing" of earth's climate. The study appears in the current issue of the journal Science.


No Marshmallows, Just Term Papers
Korematsu v. United States 323 U.S. 214 (1944)
Facts: In 1942, President Roosevelt signed Executive Order 9066, which gave Congress and the military authority to evacuate everyone of a Japanese background living in San Leandro, California, and send them to relocation camps(cite). Fred Korematsu, who was a Japanese-American, refused to leave San Leandro and was arrested (cite). He claimed that the Order was unconstitutional and violated the Fourteenth Amendment of the Constitution (cite).
Constitutional Question: Were the President and Congress within their war powers of implementing exclusion and controlling the rights of Japanese Americans? (cite).
Justice Black Delivered the Opinion of the Court:
All legal restrictions that pertain to the civil rights of any group are not necessarily unconstitutional, but they should be observed with careful scrutiny.
The restrictions placed on the rights of the specific group (the Japanese) were only placed so because of the possible presence of disloyal Japanese Americans.
There were members of the Japanese-Americans who refused to swear allegiance to the United States, and several thousand who requested to be sent back to Japan.
The Court was not oblivious to the responsibilities and privileges of the American citizen, or to the hardships placed upon any specific group during wartime. War is a time of emergency and distress, in which there may be hardships placed upon many groups within a country. Due to this, the exclusion order must be upheld.
It is true that compulsory exclusion of any group of citizens is inconsistent with the spirit of the Constitution and with American beliefs. However, when our country is threatened by evil forces, we must protect our country for the greater good of all of its people by rooting out the disloyal from the loyal.
This case does not deal with racial prejudice or bias against Japanese-Americans, and nor does it deal with the imprisonment of citizens in...
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A Change of Focus – My Schools out aims to tackle child obesity
A recent government survey has revealed that nearly a third of children aged 2 to 15 are overweight or obese. And younger generations are becoming obese at earlier ages and staying obese for longer. Reducing obesity levels will save lives as obesity doubles the risk of dying prematurely. Obese adults are seven times more likely to become a type 2 diabetic than adults of a healthy weight which may cause blindness or limb amputation. And not only are obese people more likely to get conditions like heart disease, they are also more likely to be living with conditions like depression.
We’re making it our aim to help lower obesity levels with our services. This will save lives as obesity doubles the risk of dying prematurely. In fact overweight adults are seven times more likely to become a type diabetic than those of a healthy weight. This can lead to blindness or limb amputation. They are also more likely to be depressed, and turn to medication to get rid of their man boobs or excess weight. We’ve joined forces with Gynexin to promote natural supplements and healthy eating/exercise regime.
The economic costs are great, too. We spend more each year on the treatment of obesity and diabetes than we do on the police, fire service and judicial system combined. The NHS spent £5.1 billion on overweight and obesity-related ill-health in 2014. This is even more than Gary Lineker’s BBC salary.


Many people may view young adulthood (defined here in the context of age, typically 18 to 25) as one of the most exciting times in a person’s life. Many young adults are graduating from high school and heading off to college—or graduating college and heading into employment. Some young adults are working full-time jobs and getting full-time paychecks for the first time.
Numerous opportunities lie before these young, vibrant individuals. Some are moving out of their parents’ homes and experiencing a new-found freedom—no curfew, no one nagging them to do chores, etc. Young adults are often making their own rules, and more importantly, they are expected to make their own decisions.
Within the transition of “kid” to “adult” lies a multitude of variables that influence how a young person is defined, almost overnight. The change in how a young adult is described semantically (“kid” vs. “adult”) implies and may even dictate expectations. For example, “kids” are not necessarily expected to be employed and earn money to take care of themselves, whereas employment is expected by society for “adults.”which college to attend (prior to graduating from high school), but should also have chosen their major, which may dictate the career/employment that will financially sustain them until retirement. Young adults may also feel the pressure or expectation of finding the “perfect” job—or at least one that will pay the rent. This is not so easy in today’s economy.
Yes, the context of a young adult’s life can seemingly—and sometimes literally—change overnight. This change or transition can result in depression or increased anxiety expressed in the form of inability to make decisions or lack of motivation.
Although these new responsibilities and expectations are necessary in becoming a productive and self-sustaining individual, a degree of mindfulness and compassion for young adults should be practiced by parents, caretakers, and mentors. Society may sometimes take for granted that once an individual hits a certain age or reaches a certain milestone, such as high school or college graduation, he or she automatically gets this magical system upgrade and knows how to be an adult. While some individuals glide through this transition, others may have some difficulty.
So how can parents, caretakers, and mentors support this transition? Here are some tips:
- Acknowledge this important life transition. Don’t take it for granted.
- Give permission to make mistakes. Young adults are making important decisions about their futures for the first time, and they need to know they do not have to make perfect choices.
- Be a sounding board without judgment. Give advice only if advice is solicited. Though usually well-intentioned by the advice giver, sometimes the advice receiver can perceive it as doubt in his or her decisions.
- Step back and let young adults make choices and decisions, even if they appear stuck. If you make decisions for them, it may impede this new decision-making skill that is now required.
- Consider counseling. Having an outside third party to talk to may be beneficial for young adults who are expressing difficulty with the expectations of this life transition, especially if it is resulting in significant depression or anxiety.
Remember, even those who have been practicing adulthood for decades struggle from time to time. Mindfulness and gentle guidance are keys to support.
The preceding article was solely written by the author named above. Any views and opinions expressed are not necessarily shared by GoodTherapy.org. Questions or concerns about the preceding article can be directed to the author or posted as a comment below.


Character Trait of the Week:
Character traits posters and printables for each week of the year will help your students make connections to their lives and literature. All 40 posters feature different character traits and come with corresponding no prep printables.
Teacher tips and ideas for use are also included. Please see the thumbnails and the preview to view the layout of the posters and printables.
In addition to the character trait, each week also contains a pertinent quote (or a figurative language statement) related to the character trait. These quotes are designed to spark meaningful conversations and discussions.
The following character traits are included in this year long product:
This file contains 126 pages.
- Purchasing this product gives the purchaser ONE LICENSE to this product. This allows the purchaser the right to reproduce this product for HIS/HER class ONLY. Duplication for an entire team, school, or school district is strictly forbidden. If other teachers would like copies of this product, please direct them to my store.
- You may not reproduce, redistribute, or post this item on a blog or website for download (free or paid). Copying any part of this product (even for a classroom website) is also in violation of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act.
- You may not modify, copy, or alter this product in any way.
- Please feel free to spread the word about this product via social media or blog post. A link to the product (or my store) is much appreciated.


Gamification is a differentiated experience built on Vygotsky’s Zone of Proximal Development, which means learning happens best when the instruction is one step beyond our reach. Using this theory and our learner’s love of gaming, students can learn in an engaging and fun way!
I found this great graphic attached from Michael Wu, PhD that I think does a nice job of comparing and contrasting how gamification is different than video games used purely for entertainment. Gamification is all about moving students forward using our learners’ natural inclination for competition to incentivize learning new educational concepts. In gamification for education, tasks are structured toward a goal. Students receive immediate feedback and virtual badges, coins etc…as they move toward their goal. Once they master the concept, students are able to level up and embark on mastering a new concept.
Currently, the idea of gamification has yet to fully launch in NVUSD. I do believe as PBL implementation moves forward and teachers have access to more technology, gamification will become more widely explored and utilized. Maybe this will be a future 21st Century career we are preparing our students for, hence why implementing 21st century teaching and learning is so important to the future success of our digital native students.


- slide 1 of 5
The electronic temperature controller units which are commonly available in the market are usually quite sophisticated in design and therefore costly. These are more suitable in areas where a precise temperature control may be required. Obviously such hi-end types of control systems may be of no help or too expensive to many electronic hobbyists and in places where the needs are not that specific or critical. Also the cheap types are not reliable at all, because their accuracy is not consistent. The diy temperature controller circuit presented in this article is super simple in design, yet is able to produce reasonably accurate and consistent temperature control over a range of 40 to 125 degrees Celsius, which is fully adjustable.
- slide 2 of 5
How Does the Circuit Functions
We have studied in one of my previous articles how it becomes important to optimize the current through a zener diode due to the effect of a varying ambient temperature so that its value can be kept constant.
But this particular “bad behavior" of semiconductors has been perfectly exploited in this electronic temperature controller circuit.
Here the diode 1N4148 is used as a reference to monitor the ambient temperature whereas the transistor BC557 is configured as a sensor to sense the temperature in question with reference to the ambient temperature.
In the influence of the applied heat, the base emitter voltage of the transistor will drop. The drop of voltage will be around 2mV for one degree of rise in temperature.
Due to this the transistor will gradually start conducting and at a point (as per the setting of P1) will switch ON T2 to activate the relay and the external cooling agent.
- slide 3 of 5
The construction part is very simple as the circuit of this low cost temperature controller requires hardly any components. The procured parts may be simply inserted into a small piece of general purpose PCB and soldered to interconnect their leads.
The whole assembly can be housed inside a sturdy plastic enclosure, allowing only the mains cord and the sensor out of the box. The length of the sensor wire should not be more than a meter long to avoid stray signal pick-ups.
The potentiometer should be fixed over the box so that it can be adjusted externally to set the tripping point as per the applications.
- slide 4 of 5
Setting Up the Unit
For setting the unit you will require a digital temperature meter, and may be done through the following simple steps:
- Plug in the unit to the AC supply; connect its sensor as well as the sensor of the meter to the heating element whose temperature is required to be controlled. Also, connect the heater to the output of the unit, so that now it starts heating up.
- Monitor the rise in temperature over the digital meter, as soon as it reaches the required tripping point, adjust the potentiometer so that the relay just activates and breaks the supply to the heater.
- Consequently, the heating element will start cooling down and after a certain period of time its temperature will come down to a level where the relay will restore back the supply to the heating element and the cycle will repeat. This time period will depend upon the hysteresis of the circuit.
- slide 5 of 5
The simple circuit of this low cost temperature controller may be used for the following couple of important applications:
To Protect Power Transistors: In many electronic circuits power transistors perform vital functions of controlling heavy output loads and therefore may get heated up to appreciable limits. Though these are always fitted over aluminum heat sinks for optimum cooling, the temperature at times may cross uncontrollable levels.
The sensor of the present circuit can be integrated to the heat sink and the relay contacts may be wired either to a cooling fan or may be simply used to switch OFF the power so that the heat may not exceed to a damaging limit.
In Poultry Farms: The newly hatched chickens inside poultry farms are very vulnerable to the changing climatic conditions. A proper regulation of the temperature around them thus becomes very essential. Usually hi-power incandescent bulbs are used to keep the inside atmosphere of the poultry farm warm and conducive to the baby chickens, but if the intensity of these bulbs are not controlled, things can get hazardous.
Again, by attaching the sensor of the proposed electronic temperature controller circuit to a particular bulb may be effectively used to switch them OFF in case the ambient temperature rises to a critical point thus helping to keep the average farm temperature to a healthy proportion.
Readers may customize and modify this diy temperature controller circuit as per their own needs and specifications to find its numerous other applications. Just remember to keep the reference diode far away from the temperature which is to be sensed.


The world is your oyster. Except that oysters don't come with instructions. Whether you know it or not (and we bet you do), you're online creating, publishing, and using other people's creative juices to make your own smoothies. If you've ever come across a really cool pic that you wanted to use for a collage or a school report, and didn't know whether using it was legal or not, you are not alone. Today we'll be learning about when and how you can use, share, and modify other people's creative works.
When your instructor asks you to go to the websites below, open them in your browser.
Copyright: You can't change or distribute these, not without permission, or outside of "fair use" (basically as in, for education and not for sale). Copyright usually lasts for 70 years after the death of the author or artist of the material.
Creative Commons: You can use Creative Commons materials as long as you give credit where it's due (a.k.a. cite the genius mastermind who created it). Sometimes you can change these goodies, and sometimes even use them to gain a tidy profit (like if you put a Creative Commons painting on a T-shirt that you sell).
Public Domain: Yippppeeeee! Free for all. In other words, these materials are usually super old or belong to the Man (as in, the government). That means you can use them without getting anybody's permission, change them as much as you want, and even sell them to make money.
University of Maine at Farmington Copyright Website. Skim through what they have to say.
The "Is it copyright infringement?" game. Test your knowledge, then discuss these questions:


Although dogs are going to bark, there's definitely a difference between a normal amount of barking and a dog that engages in this behavior excessively. If your pet falls into the latter category, it's normal to feel stressed or even overwhelmed by how your dog is behaving. The good news is even though it may not seem like it right now, there are ways to reduce how much or often your pet barks.
Wednesday, December 7, 2016
Saturday, November 19, 2016
As any vet will tell you, there are a number of health problems found in dogs that are related directly to diet. Since helping dogs enjoy healthy and happy lives is a key part of our mission, we want to highlight several of the conditions that fall into this category:
This condition occurs when the pancreas gets inflamed and digestive enzymes start flowing into the abdominal area. Those enzymes then start breaking down proteins and fats in other organs and the pancreas. Dietary fat has been linked to a higher risk of developing this condition. Ensuring your dog keeps its fat intake to a minimum will reduce that risk.
2. Heart Disease
As with humans, heart disease is unfortunately a fairly prevalent issue with dogs. One of the leading causes of this disease is increased sodium. The reason getting too much salt can lead to heart disease is blood vessels will retain more water, which in turn increases blood pressure. Since table scraps often have a lot of sodium, this is one of several reasons why feeding them to your dog isn’t the best idea.
3. Bladder Stones
There are multiple types of bladder stones that dogs can develop. But they tend to cause the same issues, including straining to urinate, urinary accidents and discolored urine. Getting an adequate amount of both phosphorus and calcium without going overboard is the best prevention against these stones.
Although this condition may not be as pressing as the others, it’s still a problem. Before we address why, it’s worth noting that diarrhea (especially if it includes bloody stool) can signal a very serious health condition. If you have any concerns about your dog’s diarrhea, it’s always best to err on the side of caution by contacting your vet. For cases of diarrhea not caused by a serious health problem, effective solutions include ensuring your dog eats at consistent times during the day and gets enough fiber.
Not only is a significant percentage of the US human population affected by obesity, but more than fifty percent of all dogs suffer from it as well. This condition increases their risk for everything from higher blood pressure to arthritis. In addition to getting plenty of exercise, giving your dog food that has the right nutrients without an excess of calories is key.
An Important Note About Freshness
If you look at the ingredients in our food, you’ll see that we go to great lengths to provide the optimal balance for dogs’ health. Additionally, freshness is one of our top priorities. By making our food fresh every month, we’re able to ensure that all the nutrients in our food remains active and actually does what it’s supposed to in regards to helping dogs.
Monday, October 24, 2016
October is Adopt a Shelter Dog Month. If you’ve been thinking about adopting a dog, now is the perfect time to move forward with that decision. And even if your home is already at capacity for dogs or you’re not in the right position to bring this type of animal home, you can still help animals in need by volunteering at a shelter.
Like just about everywhere else in the country, shelters around Edmond are always in need of great volunteers. So if you’d like to contribute in this way, we want to shed a little light on what to expect and the best ways you can help:
Thursday, September 8, 2016
Anyone who spends time with one or more dogs on a regular basis knows from first-hand experience that these animals are capable of doing incredible things. Whether it’s something small or the type of feat that makes the local news, dogs can provide so much to humans of all ages. Since we are huge dog lovers and care a lot about sharing information about them, we want to focus on a topic today that’s nothing short of amazing.
Thursday, August 18, 2016
Adopting a shelter pet is a big decision. While it’s a decision that can bring you lots of joy for a very long time, it’s important to understand the commitment you’re making. As long as you’ve given yourself time to think through the impact of this decision and know with certainty that bringing a pet home will be a good fit for your lifestyle, you can feel confident in moving forward.
Sunday, July 17, 2016
Dealing with tornadoes is just part of the package that goes along with living in Oklahoma. For anyone who has grown up in Oklahoma or lived there for many years, it actually gets quite easy to not really put much weight into warnings during tornado season. Although there’s no need to constantly be on edge about bad weather, it is important to remind yourself that a truly dangerous storm may one day strike close to home.


Dispensation of a type of prescription painkilling drugs known as opioids has risen significantly in Canada in the last five years, says a new study led by Simon Fraser University professor Benedikt Fischer.
The difference between strong and weak opioids, such as codeine -- found in Tylenol 3 and 4 -- is primarily potency, said Fischer, who is also a senior scientist with the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health.
As well, stronger opioids are more likely to lead to addiction: "A person is less likely to be addicted to codeine [than] to morphine."
The study comes on the heels of a recent Canadian Medical Association Journal editorial stating that excessive drug controls and fears about opioids are contributing to uncontrolled pain and suffering in Canada.
"It can sound a bit contradictory," said Paul Herbert, editor-in-chief of the journal, "but it's true there have been huge increases in the rate of dispensation of these medicines. The question we need to be asking is, 'Are the right people getting them?'"
Fischer said the issue is not black and white and that he hopes his study will not trigger knee-jerk reactions of banning or drastically reducing prescription drug usage.
"Prescription opioids are very important for pain management. People who need them should have more access to the drugs and should be able to get them properly. The problem," he said is that "there is an indication that we give these drugs too generously and easily to people who do not need them -- fuelling misuse."
He said there is evidence that strong opioids are replacing heroin as the main drug of abuse on the streets in Ontario, with anecdotal evidence suggesting similar trends in other provinces.
"We need to figure out a proper mechanism to ensure that people with pain get the best possible treatment and the answer may not always lie in pharma therapy -- there are several other ways to manage pain, especially when it is not acute," he said.
Another significant aspect of the study, said Fischer, was the enormous difference between provinces in the amount and type of drugs being given out. The highest number of opioids were dispensed in Alberta and the lowest in Quebec. There is a difference of almost 400 per cent between the two.
The reasons are not clear, said Fischer, but given the demographic similarities between provinces, there is no reason to believe that there is an equivalent difference in the prevalence of pain. The answer may instead lie in different prescription monitoring systems, differences in drugs covered by provincial drug plans and issues around medical practice and culture in the different provinces, he said.
B.C.'s dispensation of the drugs hasn't increased much in the last five years, but it has one of the highest dispensation levels in Canada. Fischer said this is largely driven by high dispensation of weak opioids.
The SFU study, published in the Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety journal, was based on dispensing data from a representative sample of 2,700 retail pharmacies across Canada.


The history of atomic models.
The structure of the atom.
Understanding the structure and history of the atomic nucleus
Using atomic mass to understand isotopes.
Understanding the electronic structure of an atom.
How to draw the structure of a molecule using VSEPR rules.
An explanation of the relative size of atoms.
How kinetic and potential energy exist in atoms.
Understanding the atomic emission spectra.
The meaning and uses of atomic numbers.
The periodic trend of atomic radii.
Understanding the bronsted-lowery model of acids and bases.
How to use differential equations to represent exponential growth or exponential decay.
How to relate area of rectangles to multiplying polynomials.
How to depict the electronic configuration of atoms using orbital diagrams.
How to determine the number of handshakes possible in a group of a certain number of people.
How to predict the hybridization of atomic orbitals.


This page has information on the protection of the environment during petroleum exploration or production including:
- water resources
- flora and fauna
- air and noise pollution.
If you are making a petroleum activity application you must show how you will protect water resources in your application for approval.
Your petroleum activity application is also assessed on how your activity would impact on other water users and environmental sustainability.
- baseline water quality assessments
- sustainable water use and allocation planning
- protecting aquifers through well integrity standards
- decommissioning standards
- management of wastewater.
This is a rigorous assessment done by the Department of Primary Industry and Resources in consultation with Department of Environment and Natural Resources and the NTEPA.
If your activity has the potential to cause harm to water resources, you are required to submit water quality data and water monitoring plans and reports for assessment by the Department of Primary Industry and Resources.
Protecting water from chemicals
The use of chemicals containing Benzene, Toluene, Ethlybenzene and Xylene (BTEX) compounds are banned in the Northern Territory (NT).
If you use chemicals as part of your operation you must disclose them to the NT Government before the project can start.
These are then assessed to make sure any potential harm to the environment is prevented and in the unlikely event of a spill contingency measures are in place to limit the impacts to an acceptable level.
The list of chemicals is also then published on the Department of Primary Industry and Resources website.(link still to be applied)
Protecting flora and fauna
You must use a qualified expert to monitor and record any clearing of significant vegetation, including ways to manage any possible impacts.
Any impacts on flora and fauna must be reported to the government.
Upon completion of the petroleum activity, you are required to undertake an environmental rehabilitation program.
Air and noise pollution
If air and noise emissions have the potential to occur, you may need to monitor and report the level of emissions to the department.
Last updated: 15 August 2016


Washington University Archives' original drawings of Eads Bridge document a 19th-century architectural feat that still spans the Mississippi, and now some of those carefully preserved drawings have been contributed to the Engineering Map of America, an interactive mapping project recently launched by American Experience.
Along with dozens of museums, libraries, archives, and PBS member stations, University Archives has partnered with American Experience to populate the map, which explores the United States through the lens of science and technology. Telling the stories behind the nation's greatest engineering marvels, including St. Louis's innovative Eads Bridge and Gateway Arch landmarks, the Engineering Map of America includes geo-tagged historical photographs, documents, and videos from partnering organizations and also from individuals, who are encouraged to upload content as well.
"The goal is to develop a crowd-sourced map that reflects that shared history of engineering in America and how these projects have shaped local communities and the nation as a whole," says Sonya Rooney, university archivist. "Our holdings related to the Eads Bridge, as well as other St. Louis structures, are a fitting addition to the effort, and we hope to contribute more materials and stories as the map grows."
Utilizing the public media history platform Historypin, the Engineering Map of America enables anyone to superimpose an image of a specific location over the present-day street view of that same location, showing how it has changed over time. The project also allows comments, pinning, and other forms of interaction, with popular and recently added content spotlighted in a gallery connected to the main map interface.
The Engineering Map of America websiteand the latest version of the free Mapping History iPhone app launched in conjunction with the February 2014 premiere of The Rise and Fall of Penn Station on PBS.
Photo information for images in order of appearance on this page: 1) Explore the new Engineering Map of America at http://pbs.org/engineeringmap > select "View Collections" to locate WUSTL materials. 2) This image is of item #TR189 from the Eads Bridge Drawing Collection held in WU Libraries' University Archives. The drawing is of the bridge’s structural supports.


Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (August 27, 1770 – November 14, 1831) was a German philosopher, and with Johann Gottlieb Fichte and Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling, one of the creators of German Idealism.
Hegel influenced writers of widely varying positions, including both his admirers (Bauer, Feuerbach, Marx, Bradley, Dewey, Sartre, Küng, Kojève, Žižek), and his detractors (Schelling, Kierkegaard, Schopenhauer, Nietzsche, Peirce, Russell). Hegel developed a comprehensive philosophical framework, or "system", to account in an integrated and developmental way for the relation of mind and nature, the subject and object of knowledge, and psychology, the state, history, art, religion, and philosophy.
In particular, he developed a concept of mind or spirit that manifested itself in a set of contradictions and oppositions that it ultimately integrated and united, such as those between nature and freedom, and immanence and transcendence, without eliminating either pole or reducing it to the other. His influential conceptions are of speculative logic or "dialectic," "absolute idealism," "Spirit," negativity, sublation (Aufhebung in German), the "Master/Slave" dialectic, "ethical life," and the importance of history.
Image & Text:wikipedia.com


Norwegian Americans: Church Records
The Norwegian Lutheran Church in the United States is a general term to describe the Lutheran church tradition developed within the United States by immigrants from Norway.
Norwegian-American Lutheran Church Records are useful because for recording of new members you will find, names, dates of birth, names of communities in Norway where they came from and date they joinded the congregation. Three thousand congregations have been microfilmed. (Not available at the Family History Library). Access to these films is possible by permission of the congregation unless a congregation is presently defunct where no permission is required. Films may be loaned for a service fee. Contact: Archivist, Wartburg Theological Seminary, Dubuque, Iowa.
A guide to the Norwegian-American Lutheran congregations is: O. M. Norlie, Norsk Lutherske Menigheter i Amerika, 1843-1916. 3 vols. Minneapolis, Minnesota 1918. (Family History Library have vols. 1 and 2 only).
Most Norwegian immigrants to the United States, particularly in the migration wave between the 1860s and early 20th century, were members of the Church of Norway, an evangelical Lutheran church established by the Constitution of Norway. As they settled in their new homeland and forged their own communities, however, Norwegian-American Lutherans diverged from the state church in many ways, forming synods and conferences that ultimately contributed to the present Lutheran establishment in the United States.
Information about the early foundations, Norwegian colleges, language bodies and other sources can be found here:


Physics and Chemistry of the Solar System
Academic Press, 23 feb. 2004 - 655 páginas
Physics and Chemistry of the Solar System, 2nd Edition, is a comprehensive survey of the planetary physics and physical chemistry of our own solar system. It covers current research in these areas and the planetary sciences that have benefited from both earth-based and spacecraft-based experimentation.
These experiments form the basis of this encyclopedic reference, which skillfully fuses synthesis and explanation. Detailed chapters review each of the major planetary bodies as well as asteroids, comets, and other small orbitals. Astronomers, physicists, and planetary scientists can use this state-of-the-art book for both research and teaching.
This Second Edition features extensive new material, including expanded treatment of new meteorite classes, spacecraft findings from Mars Pathfinder through Mars Odyssey 2001, recent reflections on brown dwarfs, and descriptions of planned NASA, ESA, and Japanese planetary missions.
* New edition features expanded treatment of new meteorite classes, the latest spacecraft findings from Mars, information about 100+ new discoveries of planets and stars, planned lunar and planetary missions, more end-of-chapter exercises, and more
* Includes extensive new material and is amply illustrated throughout
* Reviews each major planetary body, asteroids, comets, and other small orbitals
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II Astronomical Perspective
III General Description of the Solar System
IV The Sun and the Solar Nebula
V The Major Planets
VI Pluto and the Icy Satellites of the Outer Planets
VII Comets and Meteors
VIII Meteorites and Asteroids
XII Future Prospects
Appendix 1 Equilibrium Thermodynamics
Appendix II Absorption and Emission of Radiation by Quantum Oscillators
Appendix III Exploration of the Solar System
Appendix IV Basic Physical Constants
Appendix V Gravity Fields
Io Phobos Deimos the Moon and Mercury
Mars Venus and Earth
XI Planets and Life around Other Stars
International Geophysics Series
Otras ediciones - Ver todo
absorption abundance accretion adiabatic albedo altitude ammonia asteroids atmosphere atoms bodies carbon chemical chondrites cloud cmÀ2 collisions comet composition condensation core craters crust density distance dust Earth electrons elements emission energy equation equilibrium Figure flux flyby fraction gases gradient gravitational heat helium hydrogen impact impact craters infrared iron isotopic Jovian Jovian planets Jupiter Jupiter’s layer luminosity lunar magnetic field magnetosphere Mars Martian mass material melting Mercury metal meteorites methane minerals mission molecules Moon Neptune nitrogen observed olivine orbit orbital period ordinary chondrites oxidation oxygen particles phase photolysis photons planet planetary polar pressure produced pyroxene radiation radius ratio reactions region regolith rocks rotation satellites Saturn silicates solar nebula Solar System solar wind solid spacecraft spectral speed stars structure sulfur surface temperature terrestrial terrestrial planets thermal tion Uranus velocity Venus water ice wavelength


1. Who was in office as President of the United States when the decision was taken to declare war on Germany during World War I?
2. Who was the architect of the British National Health Service?
3. Who was hailed as the founder of the Mongol Empire?
4. Which Canadian newspaper magnate held important Government Offices in England during World War I and World War 11?
5. Josip Broz led the Communist partisans to victory against foreign occupation forces in Yugoslavia during the Second World War. By what name was he later better known?
6. Which British statesman led his party to victory in the 1959 elections on the slogan 'You have never had it so good'?
7. Who, at the age of forty-three, became the world?s first female President and the youngest Head of State :in Latin America in the seventies?
8. Who was a Minister of Labour 1929-31 and the first woman to enter the Cabinet and be a member of the Privy Council?
9. Who was the 18th century Irish politician who was called the Liberator?
10. Which former American President left behind an immortal souvenir -the teddy -which was named after him?
11. Which two men were awarded the Nobel Peace Price in 1993?
12. She was the leader of the British movement for female suffrage. In 1903 she founded the Women's Political Union which agitated for votes for women, but died in 1928 just before full voting rights were granted. Who was she?
13. He was Emperor of Ethiopia from 1930 until his dethronement in 1974, with the exception of 1936-41 (the Italian occupation). He was a founder of the Organisation of African Unity. Who was he?
14. Who was the President of the NUM at the time of the strikes in the 1980s?
15. He was born in Poland and emigrated to Palestine in 1906. He became the first Prime Minister of the State of Israel. Who was he?
16. Who was known as the Iron Chancellor?
17. A Norwegian politician became a puppet leader of his country during World War II and his name became a byword for treachery .Who was he?
18. What were the early occupations of the Italian dictator Benito Mussolini?
19. He was the son of a Siberian peasant and became the most influential person at the court of Tsar Nicholas II. He was widely thought to have magical powers and was assassinated in 1916. What was his name?
20. Who was the Prime Minister of Great Britain when Edward VIII abdicated the throne in 1936?
1. Woodrow Wilson
2. Aneurin Bevin
3. Genghis Khan
4. Lord Beaverbrook
5. President Tito
6. Harold Macmillan
7. Isabel Peron
8. Margaret Grace Bondfield
9. Daniel O'Connell
10. Theodore Roosevelt
11. Nelson Mandela and FW de Klerk
12. Emmeline Pankhurst
13. Haile Selassie
14. Arthur Scargill
15. David Ben Gurion
17. Vidkun Quisling
18. Teacher and Journalist
20. Stanley Baldwin


Optical imaging is an emerging technology having enormous potential to improve disease prevention, diagnosis and treatment non-invasively using various imaging techniques. Unlike radiological imaging, optical imaging significantly reduces patient exposure to radiations and thereby allows for repeated studies over time. The techniques that use optic rays to obtain the images from the inside structures of the body include mainly Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT), Photo Acoustic Imaging, Hyper Spectral Imaging among others.
Browse 63 Market Tables, 20 Figures spread through 167 Pages and an in-depth TOC on “Optical Imaging systems Market”:
OCT measures the light produced by the biological or chemical structures. Spectral domain/Fourier domain and time domain OCT have largely dominated the global optical imaging from past several years and is increasingly being employed in the diagnosis and management of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) apart from other applications. Hyper Spectral Imaging collects high resolution spectral details over a large spatial and broad wavelength region to produce much detailed information about the scene or target. The phenomenon of Photo Acoustic Imaging is based on Photo Acoustic effect where non-ionizing laser pulses are delivered into biological tissues to produce 3D imaging of a material.
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According to a recent study from IndustryARC, the global optical imaging market size was around $1 billion in 2014 and is growing at a CAGR of 11.3% from 2015 to 2020. Technological advancements coupled with increased prevalence of eye related diseases which is the main application area of these systems has driven the growth of the optical imaging market. Due to this factor, since the past decade, the optical imaging industry has witnessed introduction of various new products at a tremendous rate with new features. In the span of five years, optical imaging market trend has shifted from table-top systems to bed-side systems.
The global market for optical imaging currently has been led by the U.S. which is followed by Europe with market shares of 39% and 29%, respectively.
Since the inception of optical imaging, Americas are the biggest adopters of these systems. The reason may be attributed to the favorable support by the government for research and higher adoption rates by the healthcare providers. Significant number of key manufacturers of optical imaging systems is also present in the Americas and Europe, contributing to the bigger pie of the market. The Asia-Pacific region represents substantial growth opportunities during the forecast period of 2015 to 2020. The APAC market is expected to grow at a double digit CAGR during the forecast period, due to an increased focus on healthcare, and rise in research in the biotechnology and pharmaceutical sectors.
The Major Players in this optical imaging market include
- Topcon Medical Systems, Inc.
- Canon, Inc.
- Carl Zeiss Meditec AG
- Heidelberg Engineering, Inc.
- Volcano Corporation
All the 5 companies hold a significant optical imaging market share in the industry globally with a few small players showing presence regionally. Also, all the major companies are focusing on manufacturing the optical imaging equipment clinically and operationally cost-effective.
The overall optical imaging market is also presented from the perspective of different geographic regions and the key countries for this industry. Competitive landscape for each of the product types is highlighted and market players are profiled.
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Browse Related Reports:
- Optical Sensors Market Analysis:
By Types (Position, Light, Image, Photoelectric, Photodetectors, Motion); Verticals (Material Handling, Building Automation, Manufacturing, Packaging, Security & Surveillance) – With Forecast (2015-2020) at:
- Microscopy Devices Market (2013 – 2018):
By Types (Electron, Optical & Scanning Probe); By Components (Camera, CMOS Sensors, Display Screen, Lenses, Probe, Scanner, Staining Elements); By Applications (Physics, Chemistry, Forensic Science, Life Sciences, Material Sciences, Semiconductors)at:
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We look forward to support the client to be able to better address customer needs; stay ahead in the market; become the top competitor and get real-time recommendations on business strategies and deals. Contact us to find out how we can help you today.
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Major Effort Is Under Way to Revive and Preserve Hawaii's Native Tongue
Published: April 15, 2007
Portraits in the school's library are not of United States presidents but Hawaiian royalty, from King Kamehameha to Princess Ka'iulani. Near the classroom door rubber slippers are tidily lined up by the students, who go barefoot. The calendar shows it is the month of ''Malaki.''
Hawaiian language and culture fill the hallways and playgrounds of Ke Kula 'O Nawahiokalani'opu'u Iki and define the mission of the school with the sizable name -- Nawahi for short. English is allowed only during the one-hour English class.
A major effort is under way to revive and preserve Hawaii's native tongue -- courses in various subjects are taught entirely in Hawaiian.
The language was nearly wiped out after being banned from schools across the islands for nearly a century. In 1983, when a small group of educators began a Hawaiian language revival program, fewer than 50 children spoke the language. Today, the rhythmic, fluid sounds of Hawaiian are used proficiently by more than 2,000 children.
''It's important because I'm the only one in my family who speaks Hawaiian,'' said Leiali'i Lee, a 10th grade student at Nawahi, one of 23 immersion programs in the state. ''I can make a difference and I can revive my language.''
While fluency is still rare -- just 1 percent of the state's 180,000 public school students attend immersion programs -- Hawaiian words are commonplace around the islands, from vowel-filled town names such as Ka'a'awa and 'Aiea to popular fish like mahimahi. There is a weekly radio news report in Hawaiian. Tourists often are greeted in the language even before stepping off the plane. Hawaiian is finding its way into more books and Web sites. And it is taught as a second language at many island schools, public and private.
The immersion schools carry this teaching further, of course.
Nawahi, which has nearly 200 students from preschool through 12th grade, was founded in 1994 as a laboratory school affiliated with the University of Hawaii at Hilo. Students are taught Hawaiian traditions and culture, such as growing sweet potatoes, building canoes and understanding the land.
The school has succeeded despite financial and political challenges, and skepticism about educating in Hawaiian, the only indigenous language in the United States that is an official state language.
In the tiny school library, books are in Hawaiian, including many originally in English. With very few children's books available in Hawaiian, parents paste translations on top of the English text. Critics say students could be held back by learning a language that is not ''viable'' in today's world. But school officials say Nawahi students have exceeded peers in standardized English tests.
''What people don't realize is that we speak English,'' Akala Neves, a junior, said. ''Right after we leave this campus, it's English. When we go home, we speak English. So we have so much English.''
State Senator Clayton Hee, a longtime supporter of Hawaiian language programs, was encouraged to speak only English while growing up, like many other Hawaiians. He learned Hawaiian in college and now uses it proudly and often.
''It gave me a sense of identity. It gave me a sense of pride,'' he said.
Kapa'anaokalaokeola Oliveira, an assistant professor of Hawaiian at the University of Hawaii, also expressed encouragement about the once-forbidden language. ''Today, I think there's a revitalization,'' Ms. Oliveira said. ''People are encouraging their children to speak Hawaiian.''
Still, Hawaiian is far from being saved.
In 1896, three years after the overthrow of the Hawaiian monarchy, a law was enacted, stating, ''The English language shall be the medium and basis of instruction in all public and private schools.''
''That was a real death knell,'' said Albert J. Schutz, author of ''The Voices of Eden: A History of Hawaiian Language Studies.''
''That meant the younger people weren't using it anymore, and it was only the older people that spoke the language.''
As the Hawaiian elders died, so did the language.
A rare exception was the island of Ni'ihau, where because it was privately owned and isolated from the state's rules, Hawaiian thrived through the years. Ni'ihau currently has about 160 residents, all of whom speak Hawaiian.
With extinction looming elsewhere, a resuscitation movement began in the 1970s. In 1978, Hawaiian was re-established as an official language of the state. In 1990, the federal government adopted a policy of recognizing the right to preserve, use and support indigenous languages.
Today, as hula and Hawaiian music spread beyond the islands, even non-Hawaiians are picking up the language. About a fifth of the students at Nawahi have no Hawaiian blood, like the blonde, freckle-faced freshman Kemele Lyon.
''The reason I love to speak Hawaiian,'' she said, ''is because I think it's the most beautiful language I have ever heard, and every sentence is like poetry.''
Photo: Preschoolers recited the Hawaiian alphabet at an immersion school in Ke'eau, Hawaii. About 2,000 students are proficient in the language. (Photo by Tim Wright/Associated Press)


With voice parts for piano the stems usually go on opposite directions, when they're on the same staff. But I have a book where a half note and an eighth note are one semitone apart but together like a chord. Does this mean that they share the stem? Shouldn't their stems go in opposite directions?
I believe the situation you're referring to should look something like this:
Note that their positions should be reversed if the 8th is the lower note, and also probably the 8th would be joined via a beam to other 8ths (as in the example at the bottom of this answer).
This is a good explanation from retmusic.com, emphasis mine:
When writing the interval of a second, the stem should be placed between the note heads. The higher pitch is always placed to the right, regardless of stem direction (this results in one of the note heads being “displaced”). [...] When the interval of a second is written with opposite stems, as with multiple voices sharing the same staff, the stems are aligned vertically — in the case of a second, this means that the higher note is placed on the left.
The second bar in the referenced image corresponds to the bolded text. If your example looks like the first bar, then the two notes do not represent separate voices! (Or the editor made a mistake.)
You even draw both stems when both voices share the same pitch:


The Directors of Coca-Cola Co. and PepsiCo Inc have ordered their manufacturing companies to lower the inclusion of the chemical named “Carcinogens ” to avoid being tagged with a “Cancer” warning in it cans.
Earlier, California law makers passed a law restricting the use of a chemical named “carcinogens ” that is used as a coloring chemical in the soft drinks. The move came after a consumer group warned the regulators about the possible cancer risk the consumer faces on drinking Pepsi or Coke every-time.
The Center for Science in the Public Interest, a consumer advocacy group, filed a petition with the Food and Drug Administration earlier this Feb to ban the use of ammonia-sulfite caramel coloring citing their concerns on the experiment made on rats and mice that illustrated the possibility of Cancer.
What do you think on the whole story? Will you stop your kids from having coke or pepsi? Share with us your views


Today focuses on Old Testament and New Testament Pentecost, their origins, and their promises.
Leviticus 23:1-2, 4(NLT)
“When you present grain as an offering to the Lord, the offering must consist of choice flour. You are to pour olive oil on it, sprinkle it with frankincense, 2 and bring it to Aaron’s sons, the priests. The priest will scoop out a handful of the flour moistened with oil, together with all the frankincense, and burn this representative portion on the altar. It is a special gift, a pleasing aroma to the Lord.
4 “If your offering is a grain offering baked in an oven, it must be made of choice flour, but without any yeast. It may be presented in the form of thin cakes mixed with olive oil or wafers spread with olive oil.


Big Cats - Leopard
( Originally Published 1936 )
The colouration of the Leopard varies, but, in general, the fur is yellowish and covered with a greater or lesser number of black spots, or rosettes. The head is flat, and long from the eyes to the back part, the face short, and the throat of the male hangs somewhat in the form of a dewlap, giving it a thick and heavy appearance. The ears are quite short, the eyes cold and cruel-looking, owing to their pale yellow colour and the very small round pupil, which in a strong light reduces to a dot in the centre of the iris. The legs are short, the tail extremely long and graceful, and often trails the ground in walking. See Plate 13, Fig. 58.
The Black Leopard was long thought by naturalists to be a separate species, but is now thought to be simply the melanistic, or black, form of the common species, though for some unknown reason this variety is more abundant in the Islands of the Indian Ocean and the Southern part of India than elsewhere. It is generally believed that Black Leopards are born in the same litters with normally-coloured individuals; and, indeed, although at first glance this animal appears to be wholly black, closely observed, especially in sunlight, the rings and spots on the body become plainly visible, showing darker than the surrounding fur.
In Africa is found a Leopard of a pale strawcolour, covered with innumerable small black spots set very close together. The most northern variety of these animals, found in China, is lighter in colour, and, like the tigers of that region, has long, soft fur.
The Leopard is regarded by those who have hunted it as the most courageous and crafty of all the Cats; hunters like Sir Samuel Baker and Gordon Cumming agreeing that they would much prefer to hunt the lion or tiger. Though not so large as the American jaguar, it is probably the most intelligent of the Felidae, as well as the most agile, and it adopts many tricks in order to secure prey. It feeds on many of the smaller animals, and does not hesitate to attack women and children, its method being to lie concealed in a tree overlooking a stream, usually, and leap on the back of the victim's neck, killing it with one bite through the backbone. It seldom attacks men, unless it has been wounded.
While Leopards in captivity are at times gentle and docile, their temper is variable, and they will in a moment, from sudden irritation or some fancied danger, turn and scratch and bite terribly. One that I saw frequently in the Washington Zoological Gar-den some years ago, would apparently court attention, coming up to the bars of her cage and purring like a cat, evidently anxious to be stroked. She was, how-ever, entirely untrustworthy. In the same cage was a rather old male Leopard, and her chief diversion seemed to be in teasing this inoffensive animal, sneaking up behind him, clawing him viciously, and then jumping quickly away. After this persecuted cage-mate died, another and more powerful male was put in his place. At first she was much afraid of him, crouching timidly away in a corner of the cage, but after a little while she gained confidence and resumed her old tricks of biting and clawing, from which her new companion, in spite of his greater strength, did not seem any better able to defend himself. She at one time bit off about four inches of his beautiful tail.
Owing to its smaller size and superior intelligence, the Leopard can be trained to do many things that are impossible to the lion or tiger, and on this account is always desirable in wild animal shows.
In a book of travels there is an incident illustrating how the colouring of a leopard may make it invisible, even to a hunter gazing directly toward the animal and being instructed by a native as to where to look for it. In this case the hunter says : " I saw only a mass of light and shade under a dense overgrowth of greenery, dead leaves and grass, vivid yellowish where the pencils of light broke in upon the gloom. All that I looked upon in that green-wood tangle was equally leopard. I could pick out no particular object as being any more so than the rest. Of head or tail I made out nothing, where all was equal to the other, and still that native of keenest vision besought me to see details of its anatomy." While he was gazing toward the thicket, there came a roar, a rush, and the hunter was knocked down by the animal's charge. When the creature could thus escape the gaze of a searching hunter, it may easily be understood how little likely it was to be discovered at a casual glance.
Ounce or Snow Leopard (Fells irbis)
This is a comparatively rare cat, owing to the fact that it lives in almost inaccessible parts of the world, usually above snow-level in the mountainous regions of Asia. In form and proportions it is closely allied to the common leopard, although the fur is longer, is of a greenish-grey hue (much of the colour of lichens) and is covered with large but indistinct rings and spots of darker colour. The profile of the head is quite different from that of other cats, having a decided notch or jog over the eyes, like a dog. The orbits are very prominent, and the ears are so small that they look as if they had been clipped off. While the eyes of most of the Cat tribe are yellow, those of the Snow Leopard are greenish-grey, much the same in colour as the fur.
The few specimens of this animal in captivity are extremely gentle in disposition. It is remarkably silent, apparently having no definite call like the ordinary leopard or the jaguar, although it is occasion-ally heard to growl.
The skin of the Snow Leopard is in great demand on account of its beautiful fur, especially in Persia and the countries round about, where it is used by the royal families for robes, saddle-bags, and other purposes.