Unit 4 grade 8 lines, angles, triangles, and quadrilaterals. Angles on parallel lines worksheets teaching resources. Sum of the interior angles of a triangle worksheet 1 rtf sum of the interior angles of a triangle worksheet 1 pdf view answers. Also, consecutive interior angles are supplementary. Angles worksheets practice questions and answers cazoomy. Sum of the interior angles of a triangle worksheet 2 this angle worksheet features 12 different triangles. Once you find your worksheets, you can either click on the popout icon or download button to print or download your desired worksheets. Triangle angles isosceles triangle classification of triangles classifying triangles angles.
Congruent triangles worksheet mp3497 livinghealthybulletin from angles formed by parallel lines worksheet answers milliken publishing company, source. Pencil, pen, ruler, protractor, pair of compasses and eraser you may use tracing paper if needed guidance 1. Supplementary angles two angles with measures that have a sum of. If 3 consecutive positive integers be the angles of a. Angles in parallel lines textbook answers corbettmaths. Matilda is proving that the angles in a triangle add up to 180. The special relationships between the angles formed by two parallel lines and a transversal can be used to. Angles in parallel lines worksheets with answers 4.
Parallel lines and transversals worksheet write all the. Angle relationships coloring activity worksheet by mr. Original and answer key convex polygons can be divided into triangles. Angle relationships in parallel lines and triangles. For a new angle on teaching angles, try these great worksheets. Give your child some practice identifying lines, line segments, and rays with this geometry worksheet.
The exterior angle of a triangle is equal to the sum of the two interior opposite angles. Angles formed by parallel lines quick reference sheets. Identify each pair of angles as corresponding, alternate interior, alternate exterior. We can determine the total sum of angles in these polygons by counting the number of triangles, less 360 from the centre angle created by all the triangles.
Worksheet by kuta software llc5answers to parallel lines and angles id. Files included 4 alternate angles on parallel lines. Worksheets are corresponding angles work find the missing angles, 3 parallel lines and transversals, work section 3 2 angles and parallel lines, corresponding angles a, corresponding angles a, 4 congruence and triangles, assignment date period, name date congruence geometrical theorems. In the diagram below, four pairs of triangles are shown. The measure of one angle is given, the other two angles are represented by algebraic expressions like 5x and. Introducing points, line segments, lines, and rays, acute angle, adjacent angle, complementary angle, line segment with several interesting problems with solutions. Explore their categories by working out the problems in this pdf worksheet. The angles that are formed at the intersection between this transversal line and the two parallel lines. Lines and angles worksheets cazoom maths worksheets. Angles in triangles and on parallel lines 2 in this worksheet, students use angle rules to work out the missing angles in triangles and parallel lines. Complementary and supplementary angles worksheet angles and parallel lines worksheet answers complementary colours the effect of complementary policies in globalization the economic theory of complementary health insurance complementary and alternative medicine for psychologists. The sum of the interior angles of a triangle is 180 degrees. Every time you click the new worksheet button, you will get a brand new printable pdf worksheet on lines and angles. Angles formed by parallel lines worksheet answers milliken.
When two parallel lines are cut by a transversal, the following pairs of angles are congruent. The two lines are parallel the corresponding angles are equal. You can choose to include answers and stepbystep solutions. Angles worksheet 2 is targeted at grade 2 for year 7. Students will love these remarkable lessons about angles, including measuring with a protractor, rays, and classifying various kinds of angles, all the way up to the pythagorean theorem. Angles in triangles and on parallel lines 2 worksheet. Angles worksheets parallel lines cut by a transversal. Familiarize students with identifying and finding the measures of the exterior angles formed by the transversals in this pdf worksheet.
Identify the angle pair as either corresponding angles, alternate interior angles, same side interior angles. You will be given the measure of one of the angles in each problem, then use your knowledge of parallel lines and. Angles in triangles worksheets for gcse maths foundation and key stage this page current contains 1 angles in triangles worksheet with questions targeting year 7 and year 8 students working at angles maths. Three differentiated worksheets with solutions that allow students to take the first steps, then. It is important that students be confident on calculating angles, measuring angles and drawing angles to be successful in their maths exams, but having a solid knowledge of lines and angles can also help students understanding of the world. Lines and angles are involved in nearly every aspect of our daily lives. Displaying all worksheets related to corresponding angles. Congruent corresponding parts are labeled in each pair. This free geometry worksheet contains problems on parallel lines and their properties. The worksheet requires students to identify these angles, to find the measures of unknown angles, and to complete two. Cbse class 7 mathematics lines and angles worksheet set d.
For each triangle below, measure each angle and add up the three angles you obtain. Each worksheet is on a pdf file which contains questions and answers. Incorporate triangle worksheets and learn to classify triangles, area and perimeter, angles, inequalities, similar triangles, congruent triangles and more. These parallel lines with transversals and triangles guided notes delve into understanding facts about the angle sum and exterior angle of triangles, angles created when parallel lines are cut by a transversal and the angleangle criterion for similarity of triangles. Users can download and print the worksheets on class 7 mathematics lines and angles for free. Interior angles of a triangle worksheet math worksheets. Use our fun worksheets to practice lines and angles.
Parallel lines materials required for examination items included with question papers ruler graduated in centimetres and nil millimetres, protractor, compasses, pen, hb pencil, eraser. Angles worksheet 1 is targeted at grade 2 for year 7. See more ideas about angles worksheet, geometry worksheets and math worksheets. Missing interior angles with images triangle worksheet. Which value of x would make lines n and m parallel. If p and q are two lines parallel to each other and. When corresponding angles are equal, the lines are parallel. Find the value of x that makes lines u and v parallel.
Some of the worksheets below are free lines and angles worksheets. Use informal arguments to establish facts about the angle sum and exterior angle of triangles, about the angles created when parallel lines are. Construction animated gifs to paste into powerpoints constructions comics mr collins. Use the diagram below to answer the following questions. These are the corbettmaths textbook exercise answers to angles in parallel lines. Lines and angles worksheet for class 7 mycbseguide. In this second grade geometry worksheet, your child will practice finding the line or lines of symmetry on a variety of different shapes.
Show, giving reasons, that triangle dgh is isosceles. Angles in parallel lines worksheets with answers teaching. Parallel lines transversals and triangles worksheets. Learn some basic geometry with this worksheet all about the angle. Kids can complete this drawing of an adorable owl by using the grid provided, and cultivate early geometry skills at the same time.
Interior angles are the angles that lie within the parallel lines. Use the diagram at the right to answer the questions. Unit 4 lines, angles, triangles, and quadrilaterals 4 4. And we could call that angle well, if we made some labels here, that would be d, this point, and then something else. So we could, first of all, start off with this angle right over here. Paper strips for diagonals grade 8 photocopy blm 4.
Leave any comments, questions, or suggestions below. All comments will be approved before they are posted. Grade 3 geometry worksheet 2d shapes, lines, angles, parallel, area, perimiter created date. The very first term of a polynomial is known as the leading coefficient. Understand the angle relationships in parallel lines.362 92 803 1275 121 1064 636 1097 1020 688 1269 521 548 903 939 743 889 1339 243 722 1147 280 1042 1228 810 1303 1234 710 743 322


Most Perl programmers were originally trained as C and Unix programmers, so the Perl programs that they write bear a strong resemblance to C programs. However, Perl incorporates many features that have their roots in other languages such as Lisp. These advanced features are not well understood and are rarely used by most Perl programmers, but they are very powerful. They can automate tasks in everyday programming that are difficult to solve in any other way. One of the most powerful of these techniques is writing functions that manufacture or modify other functions. For example, instead of writing ten similar functions, a programmer can write a general pattern or framework that can then create the functions as needed according to the pattern. For several years Mark Jason Dominus has worked to apply functional programming techniques to Perl. Now Mark brings these flexible programming methods that he has successfully taught in numerous tutorials and training sessions to a wider audience.
Introduces powerful programming methods?new to most Perl programmers?that were previously the domain of computer scientists
Gradually builds up confidence by describing techniques of progressive sophistication
* Shows how to improve everyday programs and includes numerous engaging code examples to illustrate the methods


Skimmer, or Scissorbill, a long-winged shorebird with brownish-black plumage above and white plumage below. It has small, orange feet. The lower part of the long, slender bill is slightly longer than the upper part. The base of the bill is orange, and, depending on the species, the tip may be yellow or black. The black skimmer of temperate and tropical America is 16 to 20 inches (40 to 50 cm) long and has a black-tipped bill. Its call is similar to a dog's bark. There are two other species of skimmers, found in Africa and in India and Southeast Asia.
All skimmers live along seacoasts and large rivers and lakes. As the name “skimmer” implies, they skim across the water, scooping up such food as fish and shrimp with their bills. Skimmers breed in colonies. Their nests—slight depressions in the sand—may hold from two to five pale and darkly blotched eggs.
The black skimmer is Rynchops niger of the skimmer family, Rynchopidae.


Backgrounds and scope: Evaluation should accompany almost every important project at its various steps although it plays different role in each of them. Evaluation ex ante, forinstance, usually precedes already planned activities and may be combined with SWOT analysis or Delphi prediction method. Its role is to enable appropriate design of plannedactivities. Another step of evaluation - mid term – is also called formative and is usually usedfor improving the project during its flow while ex post evaluation is aimed at improving thenext edition of the project. This type of evaluation can also be called summative.
COE research and results: Evaluation of online activities constitutes a vital part of COE SGH research for many years. The form and the scope of it is adjusted to the type of activities undergoing this process. At the introductory phase of e-learning at SGH it focused on checking the attitude of people involved in that process from both sides – the teachers and the students. Along with the maturity of e-learning at the university, the assessment approach has been changed and now it is oriented on many various aspects like: measuring satisfaction of online knowledge delivery and creation, effectiveness and efficiency of knowledge transfer as well as accuracy and usability of methods and techniques applied in this type of education.


About 20 years ago, the now ubiquitous term, best practice, emerged onto the management scene. It promised great things. It implied that there was a best way to do almost everything, that anybody could learn to do it, and when they had everyone would be the best they could be. It was happy, happy, happy. There were visions of sugar plums dancing in the heads of managers as they held hands and skipped around the Maypole. After all – what could be better than the best of all possible worlds.
Ring around a rosy
Remember this children’s poem?
Ring around a rosy, pocket full of posy. A-tissue, a-tissue. We all fall down.
When I was a kid, I remember hearing this, and it just sounded like a bit of fun. “A-tissue” was the English version, which I heard as an adult. “Ashes, ashes” (probably a corruption of rashes) was how I learned it. Regardless of which is correct, and it could be that both were, neither described something to be copied.
It was only much later that I learned it was a rhyme that children invented during the Bubonic plague, or Black Death, which killed 25 million people during the 14th century – one-third of Europe’s population. Boccaccio is reported to have said that people had lunch with the friends and dinner with their ancestors, such was the speed of the disease.
The “ring around a rosy” had nothing to do with flowers. Instead it described the appearance of the rash that appeared on the skin of the victims.
You’re probably wondering what these two things could possibly have in common. How could the best of whatever be related to almost the worst that can be imagined.
It’s just this: Neither one of them are what they appear to be.
The ring-around-a-rosy sounded like an innocuous children’s rhyme; but instead it was a sing-song about something horrible.
Best practice sounds like something wonderful, but it, too, masks something that’s just as deadly. Instead of killing people, however, it annihilates organizations. Under the guise of “if you do this, then you’ll be the best,” is hidden “if you rely on this, then you’ll never get any higher than the bottom of your industry.”
Frederick Taylor, who is often referred to as the Father of Scientific Management, believed in best practice. That was back in about 1910. Of course, he didn’t call it that, but others did. Well, almost. They called it the one best way, and it was based on the idea that there was one tool and one method to accomplish just about anything you cared to name. And all managers had to do was to identify each and join them together, and, hey presto, you’ve got the best way.
The truth is that there is no such thing. It’s a myth. Neither the one best way nor best practice exist. I wouldn’t even give the credibility of a theory. You see, a theory is a possible explanation of the facts. But in this case, the facts don’t suggest anything of the sort.
Best practice baloney
Let’s look at a few historical examples to help you get the idea.
Back in the early 20th century, when Taylor came up with this ridiculous idea, there weren’t many cars on the road. Mostly horses. Maybe it was a toss-up then for speed and reliability. Maybe horse were slower, but didn’t break down so often, and cars were faster but were in the habit of falling apart. Taylor died in 1911, so we’ll probably never know what he thought about transportation.
Today, there aren’t many horse-drawn anything on the roads. There are exceptions, even in the United States; but where cars are affordable, most families have at least one, and quite often is more like three or four. Even if you have only one car, you probably have a garage that will hold at least two. More to the point, it’s far less likely that you have a stable instead of a garage.
Here’s another example.
Indoor plumbing. Most of us have never had anything else, except maybe when we’ve gone camping. But many people, including in the US, didn’t have running water until after 1945. That means that you may have a grandparent or great-grandparent who can tell you right now – go on; ask him or her – what it was like to carry buckets of water to the house, heat it up on the stove, and then pour it into a bathtub. Or about how they had to go outside to spend a penny during the night.
Maybe you’ve forgotten about this one.
In the 1968 Olympics, Dick Fosbury won the gold medal for the high jump. He invented a new technique for clearing the bar. In that competition, he was the only one who used it. In the Summer Games four years later, everyone was.
In just these three examples, I’ve shown what utter nonsense best practice is.
Those who believed that horses were best practice would still be using them as the primary mode of transportation today. Those who never had indoor plumbing would still be using earth closets and buckets. And those who wanted to excel in the high jump wouldn’t even make the team by using the old “tummy-down” technique.
There are thousands of examples in just your lifetime that prove beyond all doubt that best practice is just a myth. Just like the ring-around-the-rosy, it fails to reveal the bitter truth.
That truth is that those who are satisfied with best practice will never set the industry standard. They’ll never make any kind of breakthrough. They’ll never do anything important. And they’ll never do anything original.
That’s because they’ll be content to maintain the status quo.
What is the status quo?
It’s what everyone else is doing.
You see, believers of best practice baloney use others as their standard of excellence. They’ve given it an equally lofty and meaningless term: benchmarking.
Benchmarking is a land surveying term, and all it means is, “this is where you are right now.” You can be sure that those who believe in best practice have also benchmarked themselves. They know what the “best” is, and their goal is to get from where they are up to that level. But they’ll only ever be playing catch up.
They’ll always be waiting to see what someone else does before they do anything.
Where do you go from here?
If you want to determine the industry standard, if you want to lead the pack, and if you want to make yourself truly valuable to your customers, then you need a new focus.
You need to take your eyes off of everyone else’s ball and concentrate on your own. That’s the only place that you’ll find opportunities for innovation.


Cornucopia - Word of the Week
1: A symbol of plenty. An animal horn filled with fruits and vegetables.
Example: The harvest offered a cornucopia of grain for the winter months.
Traditionally, a cornucopia is shown as a curved goat horn that overflows with grain, fruit and flowers. In modern times, they can be shown as horn-shaped baskets filled with food.
Today, cornucopias are associated with harvest festivals and Thanksgiving in North America, but they originate in ancient Greek mythology.
In one version of the legend, Amalthea, a goat that nursed the god Zeus, broke off a horn, filled it with flowers and presented it to the god. The Greeks believed that the 'Horn of Amalthea' symbolized prosperity, as it could be filled without emptying with whatever the heart desired.
The Romans took on the legend and renamed it the 'horn of plenty' (cornu copiae). From the original Latin word we have 'cornucopia' today.
You can enjoy a cornucopia of English lessons in our English schools in Boston, and learn more about Thanksgiving and other traditions of the United States.
What would you like in your cornucopia?


Back to school tricks and tips: slang and txt speakPosted by Laine Redpath Cole on September 12, 2013
Next in our Back to school tricks and tips series.
These posts are for our English language learners and are meant to be entertaining as well as helpful. Let me know what you think, or share your stories on Macmillan Dictionary’s Learn English Facebook page or in comments at the end of these posts. Happy learning!
Slang and txt spk in the classroom
Yo! is probably not the best way to greet your English language teacher when you get back to class for a new term but they couldn’t exactly tell you that it’s ‘not English’. And if you got a text from your teacher saying something like: ‘Remember that the first class after the holidays is tomorrow at 2pm.’, to which you responded with ‘k. c u l8r’. Well, that’s English too – so your teacher can’t really be too down on you about it.
But your teacher may be concerned that you aren’t using the right English in the right context. It’s cool that you’re at home with English slang and online English phrases, I mean YOLO, right? But here are some pointers to keep you out of trouble in your written work:
1) You, your and you’re, not u, ur and ur. Seriously.
2) Whether you love it, are in love or full of love in general, the word has two vowels and neither one is a u. Love. Not luv, luvvies.
3) Capitalizing (take this to the bank): I is still a capital letter when referring to yourself. Even if you are being humble. Even if you are in a rush. The first letter after a full stop (period) or at the beginning of a sentence is still a capital letter. Apostrophes come and go, it’s true – but this rule holds. Believe it.
3) If there’s something you want to emphasise, e.g.: ‘He just knew his teacher would understand…’ then put it in italics or underline it. *Asterisks* are for Twitter and SHOUTING is just plain rude.
4) Lastly, don’t tag it. No #arewedoneyet at the end of an essay.
Next week’s tricks and tips for school: the best communicators use plain English. Words that impress and words that distress your teachers.
Have a good start to the new term!Email this Post
Dear Laine Redpath Cole,
thanks for your post that I find very useful. I took inspiration from it to suggest a videowatching and listening activity on the use of emoticons in txt speak on my blog Sing Along with It!.
If you’re interested, you can read it here: http://singalongwithit.blogspot.it/2013/09/katy-perry-roar.html.


Vapour Pressure is a key physical parameter used in gasoline specifications. Vapour pressure determines the ease with which the fuel is vapourised within a combustion engine as well as the amount of vapour created during filling operations. Gasoline regulations often specify a higher vapour pressure during the summer to reduce vapour emissions at gasoline retail stations.
The Variable Cost of production is calculated here as the net cost of all materials (feedstocks less co-products) plus utility costs associated with the plant operation, and are presented per ton of main product. Sales realisation of the main product are not included in the variable cost calculation.
Variable Cost Margin
The Variable Cost Margin is the margin achieved over net raw material and utility costs from sales realising the netback value at the plant gate. Petrochemical producer cannot run plants at a negative variable cost margin for any significant length of time, unless cash is available from other sources to fund feedstock and utility costs.


How To Save Earth's Disappearing Topsoil & Store Carbon Too
Ploughs and a rapidly growing world population are combining to deplete the Earth's soil supply. A new study from the University of Washington finds that long-established farm practices appear to increase soil erosion 10 to 100 more than the rate at which soil is created. The good news is there is a solution. No-till agriculture eliminates ploughing, instead mixing the crop stubble with the top layer of soil using a method called disking. Study author David Montgomery notes that as oil becomes more expensive and less available, preserving soil fertility through no-till farming becomes even more important, since it requires less fertilizer and many fewer passes with a tractor. No-till farming could also prove a major benefit in a warming climate by increasing organic matter in soil, and as much as tripling its carbon content in less than 15 years. More carbon in the ground means less in the air.
"If all farms on the planet were converted to no-till, the range of estimates for sequestered carbon runs from 10 percent of current carbon emissions to about half," says Montgomery. In his book, "Dirt: The Erosion of Civilizations," Montgomery links the demise of history's major civilizations to how long it took them to deplete their soil supply. . . That's why that organic cheese and tomato sandwich on whole organic wheat bread you're munching is only good for you (in the short term) and not for the planet unless the components are also sustainably farmed. JULIA WHITTY


Women's Rights to the Suffrage, 1873
Susan B. Anthony was fined $100 for casting an illegal ballot in the 1872 presidential election. Seething at the injustice, she embarked on a speaking tour in support of female voting rights, during which she gave this speech. The 19th Amendment enfranchised women in 1920. Anthony never paid the fine.
Best Line: "It was we, the people; not we, the white male citizens; nor yet we, the male citizens; but we, the whole people, who formed the Union. And we formed it, not to give the blessings of liberty, but to secure them; not to the half of ourselves and the half of our posterity, but to the whole people women as well as men."
Next Winston Churchill


Making a DIY terrarium is a stylish and trendy garden project that is easy. Here is a simple tutorial on making and maintaining a terrarium garden in your home!
Glass container with open top
Activated charcoal chips (in bags in the indoor potting mix department)
Sheet moss or decorative stones
Planting tool (I like a long handled spoon)
Choosing Plants to Fit the Container (Or vice-versa!)
First, choose your plants for the terrarium. Most plants can adapt to terrarium living, but keep in mind the plants water needs. Plants that need less moisture such as cacti, sedums and succulents need a very open container, so that the moisture has a chance to escape. Tropical houseplants, or my fav, a variety of mosses love moisture, so the container can have more narrow opening, as they will thrive on the humidity. Choose small specimens that will fit easily in your container, and don’t overcrowd. You want to leave a little space between plants.
Start your Terrarium
Start building your terrarium by adding a 1-2 inch layer of charcoal chips on the bottom. Now add your potting soil on top of the chips, packing gently as you go. Fill the container one third full. Pack down gently with your planting tool.
Now add your plants on top of the soil. Use your planting tool to add soil around the plant roots and gently pack down until the roots are covered.
Add Decorative Stones or Moss
Add small pieces of sheet moss between the plants, and/or decorative gravel or stones. Water until you see moisture at the bottom of the container.
Care of Your Terrarium
You can water your terrarium with a container with a spout, or you can use a mister for moisture loving plants. Be sure to water only as often as needed. If you use plants that prefer dried conditions, make sure the soil dries out between watering. Use scissors to prune plants as necessary. Place in a bright spot, but never where the terrarium gets direct sun.
That’s it! Easy, inexpensive and you can personalize your DIY terrarium to your own tastes. Try making several different kinds of terrariums. Here at TGG we are planning an all succulent terrarium, one with several varieties of moss, and a miniature garden. Watch for pics as the projects finish! Have you seen some cool terrariums at shops near you? Share any unique ideas with us!Image Credits: thisiscolossal, seasonalwisdom, trendhunter


This LibGuide is designed for use by students in a Global Biosecurity Law seminar course.
Global Biosecurity law has a unique international history including many biodefense laws and major treaties in biosecurity and biosafety law—including the Biological Weapons Convention and the Cartegena Protocol. When taking a global perspective on biosecurity it is imperative to review the regulations and legal frameworks in other countries; international law, public health, and regulatory approaches of the World Health Organization; and biodiplomacy and the role of Interpol in biocrimes.
This LibGuide is broken down by topics, including:
Biosecurity- Multiple meanings and different definitions exist according to various disciplines. The original definition of biosecurity started out as a set of preventive measures designed to reduce the risk of transmission of infectious diseases in crops and livestock, quarantined pests, invasive alien species, and living modified organisms.
Biological Weapons- Covers the development, production, and stockpiling of an entire category of weapons of mass destruction, as well as the Biological Weapons Convention and other related issues.
Bioterrorism- Terrorism involving the intentional release or dissemination of biological agents like bacteria, viruses, or toxins, and may be in a naturally occurring or a human-modified form. Biological agents spread through the air, water, or in food. Some can also spread from person to person and very hard to detect
International and Global Governance- The various foreign and international laws, treaties, and organizations that govern global biosecurity.
Biosafety and Biodefense- Measures taken by the government and private sector to defend against a biological attack that include drugs, biological products, devices, vaccines, vaccine adjuvants, antivirals, or diagnostic tests.
Biosecurity law blog written by Professor Victoria Sutton.
The blog contains a brief look at biosecurity, biosafety, and biodefense law issues in the news and others missed by the news but covered by Professor Sutton.


Is having a Beard Good for Your Health? A recent study from the University of Queensland says it likely is.
From the Daily Star:
If you’re worried about getting cancer, it might be time to grow a beard.
According to a recent study from the University of Queensland, facial fuzz can protect a man’s face from 90 to 95% of harmful UV rays from the sun.
This means that a large portion of a man’s face is protected from being sunburnt – which can help prevent skin cancer.
Lead author, Professor Parisi said: “While beards will never be as sun-safe as sunscreen, they certainly are a factor in blocking UV rays.”
While this certainly doesn’t mean men with beards should skip sunblock, it just means that a portion of their skin is safer from the sun.
Having a beard could also help to slow down ageing. This is because less exposure to the sun means less wrinkles and age spots.


OK, so you are looking for information on how to build solar panels for your home or business? You have come to the right place that’s for sure. Here are some key pointers you should consider before going ahead with any “do it yourself ” installs. If it all sounds confusing or out of your technical capabilities, don’t worry, we will explain the whole process and you can decide for yourself.
Lets get started. In simple terms, a solar panel is a box containing solar cells.
A solar cell can be called a solid-state electrical device that is able to convert light energy into electrical energy. Different materials can be used to create solar cells but as you would expect, the variations in material will have an impact on cost and effectiveness.
Why & How To Build Your Own Solar Panel DIY System:
It is perhaps only natural that some people, after you tell them your ambition, will ask you “why would you want to build your own solar panel?“ You will likely already have some answers ready and waiting for them.
Here are some of the reasons you may wish to give your inquisitive friends about why you’re looking in to how to build a solar panel home system:
➤ Learn a valuable skill and save money doing it yourself
➤ The rising costs of electricity and energy
➤ Not having access to electrical outlets
➤ A desire to become more environmentally friendly
➤ You need power in a remote location
➤ The challenge it represents
➤ Because you can…
Yes, sometimes the easiest answer is because you can. It was a good enough justification to go to the Moon and it’s a good enough reason to build your own solar panels. DIY solar panels is easy to understand and implement. However, you can also buy solar panels. There are many solar panel kits available in the market, also you can build you own solar panel kits from scratch.
How To Build Solar Panel Systems – Beginners Guide:
The main working part of a solar panel would be the solar cells. But you need somewhere to house the cells together, which is why every solar panel should start off as a shallow box.
You may decide to buy a shallow box pre-made and if that’s the case, grab your measurements and carry on. If it works for you then that’s the most important thing. But where’s the fun it that. The box is the starting point of your project and of your fun!
Making The Box:
The reason for having a shallow box is to ensure that the sides of the box do not place the solar cells into the shade when the sun arrives at an angle. Maximizing the level of sunlight you have available is a sensible idea for your solar panel and a shallow style box will give you access to more sunlight.
Taking the solar cell considerations of earlier (the 36 3″ x 6″ solar cells), a 3/8″ plywood base would be acceptable, with the length and breadth dimensions measuring 45″ x 22 1/4″ . The pieces of wood around the edge will be satisfactory as 3/4″ x 3/4″ and these pieces should be glued and then screwed into the plywood board.
For ease and convenience, you may wish to place a piece of wood across the middle of the board to split the board into two sections. This will see each section hosting 18 blocks of cells in either side. If you want to build your own solar water heater then box plays a critical role.
You Need To Protect The Solar Cells:
While learning how to build solar panels it is important to start thinking about how you will protect the solar cells from the extremities and weather.
It makes sense to use a plexi-glass front for your solar panel. Glass is certainly an option, but given that glass can be fragile, is it the sort of protective layering you want for your small panel?
Debris and even hail stones can cause your glass to shatter and then smash the solar cells, so opting for the plexiglass is a sensible option. Again, the size of plexiglass you need will depend on the size of the solar panel, but you’ll be more than aware of your sizes by this point.
A Coat Or Two Will Work Wonders:
At this time, it can also be of benefit to paint the shallow box that will become your solar panel. A few coats of paint will give it an added element of protection from the weather and moisture. It’s beneficial to paint both inside and outside of the box. Color is of no importance, so if you have paint lying around the house or garage, feel free to use that. Otherwise, think about what would work with the look and feel of the surrounding and opt for that.
You should also give the peg boards or whatever inner lining you’ve chosen for your solar panel a few coats of paint too. It is important to paint both sides of the board in order to minimize any exposure to moisture they may experience.
This is important because moisture can lead to the board curling and this will damage the cells attached to it. This is pretty much everything with respect to the shell of the solar panel. At the end of the process, the plexiglass will be securely fastened to the box. But for now, attention falls to the solar cells.
The Solar Cells:
Just to re-emphasize the point, remember that the solar cells are extremely fragile and need to be carried and looked after well. Knowing the size of your solar cells, your first task with regards to placing the cells into the panel should be to draw a grid pattern onto the pieces of peg board within your box. This is to outline where the cells will be placed on each section of the board.
It doesn’t really matter how you mark these outlines as they are only for guidance, but many people prefer to work in pencil, so that is recommended.
Once the spaces have been marked out, you should lay the cells onto the pattern upside down. The cells need to be placed in this way to enable them to be soldered together.
You Need To Solder On:
You should note that the cells in each panel (in this case 18, but again, your panel can contain as many cells as you like) will have to be soldered together in a series. It is easier to start with just two cells which should both be upside down. The trick is to reach out the solder tabs of a cell onto the back of the solder point on the next cell.
The way the connection should run is that the negative tab of a cell, to be found on top, should be directly connected to the positive tab on the following cell, which will be found on the bottom. This creates the series, which adds to the level of voltage obtained from the panel.
The above process is one that needs to be repeated for as many cells as you are looking to bring together into one string of cells. For the scale of solar panel we have discussed so far, a string of 6 cells is about right, and you will find that you do this three times to get a total of 18 cells for this section of the panel. Solar panel kits sometimes have the soldering equipment.
Wiring And Securing The Cells:
The next step is to wire the three separate strings of a cell into a series. This is a simple process where you have to connect the positive terminal from one cell to the negative terminal in the following cell.
Once your cells have been connected together, the next step is to secure the cells into place in the panel. Even though gluing the cells into place is not the most difficult part of the process, it can be awkward. So again, caution is advised. We say glue but clear silicone caulk is advised and a relatively small dab should be placed into the centre of each cell that’s involved in the six cell string.
From here, turn the string over, and using your markings from earlier, put it into place in your panel. Learning how to build solar panels and knowing how to secure your cells, both have equal importance.
Flipping Pancakes Can Be Tricky:
This can be a difficult process; after all, flipping pancakes is difficult enough, so why should flipping a string of solar cells be any easier? If you’re able to rope someone in to give you a hand for this part of the process, it can make life a lot easier.
Again, you will need to apply some pressure to ensure that each cell becomes attached to the panel of peg board but exerting too much pressure can damage the cells. So use pressure… but not too much!
It’s also important not to use too much glue in this process. And when you apply glue to the cells, make sure to apply the glue at the centre. This is because the panel and cells will contract and expand over the seasons as temperature and humidity come into play. Applying glue to just the centre of the cells allows for an element of expansion and flexing that will ensure the cells don’t crack.
This is one process, but some experts find that gluing the cells into place ad then attaching the tabs is a more sensible approach while learning how to build solar panels. Honestly, there isn’t a lot great difference with respect to result. Some people will prefer one style of approach, whereas other people will find the other to be more convenient.
Again, if you have time and spare cells, you may wish to carry out a trial run beforehand to see if there is a style that comes easier to you.
The next step is to ensure that the separate strings are connected together. The first and second strings of the cells have to be connected together here as will the second and third strings at the opposite end of the panel. You can do this with a number of materials including regular wire, copper braiding and solar cell tabbing material.
If you have any of these materials at hand, use them. But if you have to buy them in, just buy whatever is convenient or suitable for your budget. As long as the connection is securely made, there will be no issue with material. The glue or caulk that you used to attach the cells to the peg board earlier can be used to anchor the braid down and ensure it remains in position without flopping around.
Test The First Half:
While learning how to build solar panels, the first thing you need to test your panel is a voltmeter. In order to do the testing, your voltmeter should be set at DC (direct current) volts and then the measurement should be across the + and – (positive and negative) terminals of the panel. The testing rods of your voltmeter should touch the positive and negative wires that are running from your solar panel.
This is known as the open circuit voltage. A reading of around 9 would be considered a good return for the outlined panel but again, a lot will depend on the size of the panel and number of cells you are using in your solar panel.
Once you have your current, be sure to multiply it by 17 in order to determine the wattage. If all is well and you are happy with the volts supplied by the first half of the panel. If the first half worked perfectly, there is no need to change a thing. Simply go back through these steps and work your magic on the second half of the panel.
If you’re getting no volts or falling short of the volts level you’re looking for, read through these steps once more to find where you may have gone wrong or if a connection has come loose.
Taking a break and then coming back to the project refreshed is often sensible and it can help you see any problems that you may have been too close to see the first time around. All being well, any problems will be ironed out and you can set about completing the second half of the panel.
Once the second half has been placed and tested, it’s time to install them into the main frame and wire the two separate sections together.
The Home Straight:
With both halves of the panel in place, it’s time to screw them permanently into position. Small screws will be more than sufficient to anchor each side of the panel into place.
Ensuring both sides of the panel are wired together is an important process and this is where the vent holes placed into the central divider will start to be of benefit. The wire can be run through these holes completing the connection and then more caulk should be used to ensure that the wires are anchored down.
You Need A Blocker In Your Panel:
Once the wires have been connected, the next step should come with placing a blocking diode in the series. This is an important step because without it, the effectiveness of your panel will be greatly diminished. The blocking diode prevents the solar panel from discharging the batteries in the evening or when there is no sun.
There are a number of diodes you can use for this task but the Schottky diode (with a 3.3 amp current rating) is a good one to use. This brand has been found to waste less power and with every watt counting, it makes sense to opt for this option.
If you have trouble sourcing this locally, once again eBay will likely be the best place to find what you need. Given that the diode is designed to allow the flow of electricity in one direction, it’s important to connect it in series in the correct direction.
The diode will have a marking on it, indicating the direction of the current flow and the marking will look similar to this >|- This indicates that the flow was running left to right and this is the manner in which it would be connected to the wiring inside your panel.
Connect the wire from the panel into the correct end of the diode and then run another wire from the opposite end of the diode, continuing the series. The diode should be securely fastened to your solar panel.
The best place to mount the diode is inside the panel as the forward voltage drop decreases as the temperature increases. The inside of the panel will be warmer than the outside of the panel and this means that the diode work more efficiently. Once again, use the caulk to attach the diode and the wires to the board.
Drill Holes And Relieve Stress:
From here, the next step is to drill a hole into the rear of the panel, close to the top of the panel, in order for the wires to leave through. It’s sensible to place a knot in the wire to provide an element of stress relief and yet again, caulk should be used to anchor the wire in place.
The next step is to properly secure the plexiglass but it should not be carried out immediately after applying caulk. Fumes from the caulk have been known to leave residue or film on the inner layer of plexiglass. This may not have a major impact on the results you can achieve, but why take the risk?
Again, if this gives you the opportunity to take another break before heading for the final touches, it’s no bad thing. While you’re using the caulk, you should apply it to any holes which have wires poking through them to add an extra layer of support.
With this task completed, the next step is to run a number of tests to ensure you are happy with the solar panel before you securely seal the plexiglass into place. It’s obviously going to be easier to make adjustments with the plexiglass not in place but once you have tested the panel and are happy with what you find, it’s best to seal it all up. The same procedure of using the voltmeter as before will be more than adequate.
To Repeat That Step:
Your voltmeter should be set at DC volts and then the measurement should be across the + and – (positive and negative) terminals of the panel. The testing rods of your voltmeter should touch the positive and negative wires that are running from your solar panel.
For the panel outlined in this article, a reading of around 18 volts is to be expected, but remember to keep your expected reading in line with the size of your solar panel. Once you’re happy with your readings, you can screw the plexiglass into place and then seal it up with caulk or duct tape.
The last step now is to take the protruding negative and positive wires and plug them into a charge controller. The charge controller is a vital component of any solar panel because it prevents the battery from overcharging and it prevents reverse flow.
Some users will say that the diode prevents this but if you’re a “safety first” type of person, using a charge controller makes perfect sense. Charge controllers come in a variety of different makes for different voltages, so bear in mind what sort of voltage you are hoping to generate with your solar panel and buy accordingly.
Once this task has been completed, your solar panel is for all intents and purposes complete. To get the full benefit from it, the charge controller will need to be connected to an inverter.
The inverter will transform the direct current from the battery into an alternating current that will be able to power your appliances. Once these connections have been completed in the standard fashion, your solar panel will be good to go. At the same time you have also learnt how to build your solar panels at home.
Relax and take in the beauty that is your new solar panel, ready to bring you energy, save money and help save the environment.
I hope my information on how to build solar panels has proved helpful to you, and that you can create your very own fully operational home solar system. Good luck and enjoy.


Zilpah: Midrash and Aggadah
The Rabbis count Zilpah among the six Matriarchs (Cant. Rabbah 6:4:2) and an aggadic tradition relates that she was the niece of Deborah, Rebekah’s wet nurse. She was named Zilpah after the place where her father had been taken prisoner (Midrash Aggadah, ed. Buber, Gen. 30:2). However, according to another tradition, Zilpah was the daughter of Laban and one of his concubines and she was thus the paternal half-sister of Rachel and Leah (Gen. Rabbati, Vayeze, p. 119).
The rabbis reveal that Leah and Zilpah knew that they were intended to marry Esau, while Rachel and Bilhah were meant for Jacob. In consequence Zilpah wept incessantly and tears poured (zolfot) from her eyes; hence her name. But since Esau threw off all moral bounds, Jacob was given all four women (Shir ha-Shirim Zuta 1:15; Sekhel Tov [ed. Buber], Gen. 30:7).
Zilpah was the handmaiden of Leah, to whom she had been given by her father Laban upon her marriage to Jacob. The midrash relates that since Jacob married Leah unwillingly, he was also given Zilpah so as not to grieve Leah (Gen. Rabbati, Vayeze, p. 120). According to another midrashic account, Zilpah was Rachel’s handmaiden, and her father exchanged her for Bilhah when he deceived Jacob, so that Zilpah became Leah’s handmaiden (Midrash Aggadah, ed. Buber, Gen. 29:24).
When Leah saw that she ceased bearing, she gave Zilpah to Jacob. The Rabbis relate that Leah learned such conduct from Sarah. Leah said: “If Sarah, who was barren, gave her handmaiden to her husband and was built up through her, should I, who have sons, surely not do so?” (Gen. Rabbati, Vayeze, p. 121). One tradition has Leah freeing Zilpah, whom she then gave to Jacob as a wife, and not as a concubine (Lekah Tov, Gen. 30:9). Zilpah was the youngest of Jacob’s four wives and her pregnancy was not apparent; therefore the Torah states merely that “she bore” (Gen. 30:10–12), in contrast with the other Matriarchs, of each of whom it is also said “she conceived” (Gen. Rabbah 71:30).
Jacob favored Rachel and even loved her maidservant Bilhah more than Zilpah, the handmaiden of Leah (Gen. Rabbati, Vayeze, p. 120). Zilpah initially refused to bear children for Jacob; hence the wording “persons in all,” that is used in reference to the children of Rachel, Leah, and Bilhah, is not used in regard to Asher’s sons, thereby not fully accrediting them to Zilpah in the listing of Jacob’s descendants in Gen. 46:17 (Gen. Rabbati, Vayigash, 223).
According to one midrashic tradition, Reuben did not lie only with Bilhah, as is recounted in Gen. 35:22, but also with Zilpah. Jacob accordingly reproved him in his blessing to his sons (Gen. 49:4): “For when you mounted [mishkavei—implying more than one act] your father’s bed” (Gen. Rabbah 99, ed. Theodor and Albeck [MS. Vatican]).
How to cite this page
Kadari, Tamar. "Zilpah: Midrash and Aggadah." Jewish Women: A Comprehensive Historical Encyclopedia. 1 March 2009. Jewish Women's Archive. (Viewed on August 4, 2015) <http://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/zilpah-midrash-and-aggadah>.


As recognized by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Sunday, Nov. 15, is America Recycles Day. According to the EPA, Americans recycle about 68 million tons of material each year. That's great, but sadly much of that material still ends up in a landfill. You can do your part to help salvage this situation by recycling the right way.
Below are some tips for how you should — and shouldn’t — recycle.
- Know the rules: If you're new to a community or to recycling, contact your local recycling agency. They'll give you the rundown on pickup times and procedures, such as appropriate recycling containers and what materials are acceptable for recycling, which can vary by community. If you live in the City of Pittsburgh, here are the residential recycling guidelines.
- Recycle everything you can: Many things you use and throw away every day can be recycled and made into new products. Common items that should go into your recycling bin include metal cans, plastic bottles and jugs, glass jars, and cardboard and paper products such as magazines and newspapers.
- Keep it clean: Wash out liquid and food scraps from plastic and metal containers before recycling them. They don't need to be sparkling clean, but too much liquid and food waste makes sorting and cleaning more difficult and makes recycled materials less marketable.
- Buy recycled: The best way to support recycling is to close the loop and buy products containing post-consumer recycled materials. You'll be doing your part to maintain demand for recycled products and keep those materials from ending up in a landfill.
- Recycle things that shouldn't be recycled: Things like plastic bags, greasy pizza boxes and plastic foam cups are not recyclable and could contaminate a load. Also, many communities don't accept plastics numbered 3 to 7, which includes yogurt cups and butter tubs. Check with your local recycling agency to find out what types of plastics are acceptable.
- Just throw it away: Not everything can go in the recycling bin, but that doesn't mean it needs to go into a landfill. Donate or reuse items when you can. For example, old towels and clothing make great rags for cleaning and other chores. Look for other creative ways to make use of things that otherwise would end up in the trash.
- Create a hazard: Many common household items such as electronics, batteries, light bulbs and paint cans contain hazardous materials and should not be placed in recycling bins. Look for special community events or a permanent collection facility where you can donate or drop off materials containing hazardous waste.
For information and helpful hints, see Reduce, Reuse, Recycle from the EPA.


To the untrained eye, knitting and crocheting may look like the same act, and, in a general sense, they are quite similar -- both techniques use yarn or fiber to make items such as sweaters, blankets, scarves, socks and much more. Each method requires strong hand-eye coordination, an attention to detail and good time management to be able to effectively produce your desired item. However, knitting and crocheting are actually quite different upon further inspection.
The differences between knitting and crocheting are important to know, as it will decide which method you use for any given project.
Knitting works best with single-pointed needles, as these straight needles come in a variety of options that tailor to your needs. Metal needles are durable and allow you to work faster than normal due to the nice slide they give your stitches. Wood and bamboo needles offer a better grip, meaning you're less likely to lose stitches along the way. Carbon fiber needles offer the best of both worlds, with the durability of metal needles along with the lightness of wood and bamboo needles.
For the beginners, a knitting machine is ideal, as it simplifies the knitting process, takes less time and allows you to knit finer pieces of fabric. It's a good machine to show you the basics of knitting before jumping into the time-consuming and precision oriented practice of hand knitting.
Knitting uses two stitches -- knitting and purling -- that are mixed and matched together in different ways to create different patterns and designs. They are formed in rows and the stitches are held together by the needles themselves. The loops created while knitting work together and build on each other to create rows upon rows, and one mistake could cause an entire row to unravel.
Crocheting forgoes both single-pointed needles and machines when creating fabrics -- instead, you'll be using a single crochet hook. They can made of steel, wood, bamboo or aluminum, and these hooks help guide you through the intricate movements required to properly crochet. Find the right hook to fit your style, as it will serve as the foundation for your entire project.
Crocheting only works with one loop, and the stitches are formed one at a time. Due to the lack of multiple loops and the fact that you can work with multiple stitches when crocheting, many people prefer this method of crafting, as it's much quicker than knitting.
What method you choose will often depend on what you're working on. Some items that require delicate stitching, such as soft sweaters and shawls, should be knitted. You should also turn to knitting if you want your finished products to have more diverse and intricate patterns. However, if you want thicker stitched pieces of clothing, such as winter hats, scarves and gloves, or if you just want to crank something out quick, crocheting might be your preferred method. Crocheting also allows you to go back and fix errors during the process, which makes it quite appealing to novice crafters.


JSON is data centered, XML is document centered.
We are trying to get away from the paradigm where guidelines are documents and towards a state where guidelines are mere containers of information. And the information they contain is data that can be exchanged, recognized and used together with the rest of the world.
If you want exported content from the MAGIC platform, we are pretty sure you want JSON, not XML.
If you disagree, contact us for a chat.
Quote from http://www.json.org/:
"Extensible Markup Language (XML) is a text format derived from Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML). Compared to SGML, XML is simple. HyperText Markup Language (HTML), by comparison, is even simpler. Even so, a good reference book on HTML is an inch thick. This is because the formatting and structuring of documents is a complicated business.
Most of the excitement around XML is around a new role as an interchangeable data serialization format. XML provides two enormous advantages as a data representation language:
It is text-based.
It is position-independent.
These together encouraged a higher level of application-independence than other data-interchange formats. The fact that XML was already a W3C standard meant that there wasn't much left to fight about (or so it seemed).
The most informed opinions on XML (see for example xmlsuck.org) suggest that XML has big problems as a data-interchange format, but the disadvantages are compensated for by the benefits of interoperability and openness.
JSON promises the same benefits of interoperability and openness, but without the disadvantages."
Links to full text


Arkansas Land and PropertyEdit This Page
From FamilySearch Wiki
HistoryWhen the United States organized the Missouri Territory in 1812, it agreed to recognize the private land grants previously issued by Spain and Mexico. Most of these are in Arkansas and Desha Counties. A preemption law of 1814 gave those already living on the land the first right to claim the land. Private land claims commissions were established to process these claims. Private claims to 1837 in the American State Papers are indexed in:
- McMullin, Phillip W. Grassroots of America. Salt Lake City, Utah: Gendex Corp., 1972. FHL Book 973 R2ag, Fiche 6051323.
Another helpful publication is:
- First Settlers of the Missouri Territory, 2 vols. Nacogdoches, Texas: Ericson Books, 1983. 977.8 R2f.) Volume l has the grants from the American State Papers, class 8, public lands. Volume 2 has the grants in the present states of Missouri, Arkansas, and Oklahoma.
Indian Tribes--As the various Indian tribes were removed from the area, their land became the public domain. The land was surveyed and sold by the United States government through land offices, in a process called land-entry. The first general land offices were established in 1818. Records of the land offices are located in the Arkansas State Land Commission Office.
Patents--The patent records are located at the Bureau of Land Management, Eastern States Office.The Bureau of Land Management has an online index to land patents in Arkansas at http://www.glorecords.blm.gov/ . The patent search may also provide a digital image of the original patent.
Land-entry Case Files--The land-entry case files and applications of those who settled in Arkansas after the Homestead Act of 1862 are in the National Archives. All of the above files are arranged according to legal descriptions of the land.
Land Tract Books--The Family History Library has the land tract books and original survey plats on microfilm. The Bureau of Land Management has digital images of the original survey plats for Arkansas at http://www.glorecords.blm.gov/ . The original survey creates land boundaries and marks them for the first time.
Subsequent transfers of land between private owners were recorded by the clerk of the circuit or county court. Some counties have two courthouses where the documents could have been filed. The Family History Library has microfilm copies of most of the county deeds and indexes.
Future Changes to the Wiki
Changes are coming to the FamilySearch Research Wiki in the near future. Find out more on the Wiki Community News page.Community News


- Colored construction paper
- White construction paper
- Pen or marker
- Cut basic shapes (circle, square, rectangle, triangle, heart, and so on) out of colored construction paper.
- Trace all the shapes onto a piece of white construction paper.
- Have your child match the colored shapes to those drawn on the white paper.
More on: Activities for Preschoolers
Copyright © 1998 by Patricia Kuffner. Excerpted from The Preschooler's Busy Book with permission of its publisher, Meadowbrook Press.
To order this book visit Meadowbrook Press.


A couple of weeks ago, the “Grow Hawaiian Festival” took place; a free event dedicated to clean energy and sustainability. The name says it all, it was one big show room of how locally grown produce, traditional local arts and crafts, and modern solutions for clean energy and energy conservation all play an important role. The most apparent example is probably the utilization of local food resources, so here I would like to focus on this aspect.
Sustainability through local tradition - Food
There are many ways to support sustainability and get healthy nutritious food in return. The Grown Hawaiian Festival showed how traditional and modern ways work together.
Besides the increasing popularity of farmers’ markets, which offer a great variety of fresh produce, there are a handful of festivals which celebrate local food or even one particular fruit (like Kava Festival, ‘Ulu Festival, Taro Festival). Those fruits are referred to as canoe plants, as the early settelers brought them with them in their canoes on their voyage to Hawaii hundreds of years ago. A great website describes all those plants and their use. One of my favorite is the ‘ulu or breadfruit, which can be processed at its various stages of ripeness and can be used like, e.g., potato or sweet potato (‘uala). Another delicious dish with a lot of work behind it is the ‘ulu poi. With a poi pounder, carved out of lava rock, the baked breadfruit is mashed into poi (the famous cousin is the kalo poi or mashed taro root), a delicious and nutritious dish.
|Hawaiian Wood Poi Pounder 3.5 inches|
Hawaiian Wood Poi Pounder - Acacia Wood. This is a small Wood shaped pounder used to grind some type of plant material. The Poi Pounder rates as one of the most valuable Hawaiia...
|ACS Breadfruit Chips (Sukun), 5.25-Ounce (Pack of 8)|
A local practice, though not considered a Hawaiian tradition, is the hunting of invasive species like goats, sheep, but mostly boar. Like with many species once introduced to the Islands, their population got out of control and there is an ongoing dispute between local hunting groups and the government of how to reduce their number. I can’t and don’t want to judge any of the methods, but if hunting is done to provide food for the family, and here it usually is, it seems like a valuable contribution to sustainability. Speaking of meat, Parker Ranch on Big Island is one of the biggest ranches in the US; still almost all beef consumed in Hawaii is being shipped from the mainland. One reason I read, it is much cheaper to ship their calves to further processing to the mainland than having food (grain) being shipped to Hawaii. Only a small percentage of natural, grass fed, locally raised beef is available on some farmer’s markets and certain restaurants.
Another representative of a different food group worth mentioning is the Maui Surfing Goat Dairy near Kula. They provide a large variety of goat cheese and other products and meet the Humane Farm Animal Care Product standards. They also offer great tours of their farm for the whole family (where kids can feed the goats). The Hawaii Island Goat Dairy is located on the Hamakua Coast of the Big Island and their feta is served in many resorts and restaurant on the Kona side.
Otherwise, the last big local cow dairy farm closed a couple of years ago; leaving only two small businesses in the entire state. Last year however, a business consortium has been formed to find land to develop grass fed dairy farms and re-introduce locally produced dairies to Hawaii. So one needs to look out for products from the ‘Tropical Dairy Solutions, LLC’ and hopefully they will come up with suitable places that deliver healthy products.
|Montchevre Organic Goat Cheese Plain|
Tangy and creamy goat cheese handcrafted from fresh prime quality organic milk. All Montchevre Organic cheeses are USDA Organic certified. They are also vacuum-packed to lock in...
|Tierra Mia Organics Raw Goat Milk Soap - Baby Soap|
No Sulfates! No Parabens! No Chemicals Preservatives! Made With Only Natural & Organic Ingredients Gluten Free Beneficial For: Sensitive Skin Dry Skin Eczema Baby Skin Especiall...
Considering the rather limited space on the Hawaiian Islands, it would not be possible to substitute all the imported produce needed for the population, including the many visitors. Still, supporting the local businesses and the willingness to pay a little bit more for better quality helps to boost the regional economy and increases sustainability.


One in ten U.S. adults has difficulty walking three city blocks. This is roughly the distance between the back of a parking lot to the back of a grocery store. The causes of walking disorders are highly varied; they range from injury to disease and from birth defects to medications.
Arthritis is a joint disorder caused by inflammation.
Central vestibular- affects the brain
Systemic balance disorder- major body systems are affected.
Vascular Balance disorder- blood flow is affected.
Birth defects - from genetics or toxicity
Brain disorders – from trauma, disease or medications
Hip disorders- from arthritis, fractures, dislocation and gout
Knee disorders- from arthritis, chondromalacia, fracture and gout
Leg disorders- in the ankle, bone, foot, shin, skin and blood vessels
Multiple Sclerosis is an autoimmune disease. M.S attacks the central nervous system and causes severe pain. Effects are from mold to disabling. Symptoms include: muscle weakness, loss of balance, inability to walk and paralysis.
Parkinson's disease most common in the elderly, this disease is marked by muscular rigidly and slow imprecise movement.
Neuromuscular disease is a broad term that covers any ailment that impairs the functioning of the muscles.
Spinal disc disorders
Types of Bow legged walking
Paget's disease of bone
Medications-side effects that make you lose muscle coordination and balance.
These previous conditions cause gait abnormalities.
Gait abnormalities refers to the deviation of normal walking
Proplusive Gait is characterized by a slouched, rigid posture. They walk with their head thrust forward.
Scissors Gait is characterized by a crouched posture with legs that bent slightly inward. A person with scissors gait may walk with his or her knees or legs crossing or hitting each other.
Spastic Gait-A person with spastic gait may drag his feet while walking. He or she may also appear to walk very stiffly.
Steppage Gait- is characterized by the downward angle of the foot. The toes point towards the ground. This causes the top of the toes to touch the ground while walking.
Waddling Gait is defined by a side to side movement.
Physiotherapists will be able to advise you on suitable exercises to maintain the correct posture.
Podiatrists can advise you on the correct footwear.
Parkinson's Disease Nurse Specialist
Occupational Therapists will be able to advise you on suitable walking aids and the correct way to use them. It is important that the walker or cane is adjusted to the perfect height. They can help you with the techniques used for crossing hazardous grounds like ice. They have even thought of WALKER CUP HOLDERS. This attachable drink holder allows you to carry around a cup of coffee.


eso0110 — Science Release
Chandra and the VLT Jointly Investigate the Cosmic X-Ray Background
... and Discover Very Distant Quasar of New Type
13 March 2001
Important scientific advances often happen when complementary investigational techniques are brought together. In the present case, X-ray and optical/infrared observations with some of the world's foremost telescopes have provided the crucial information needed to solve a 40-year old cosmological riddle.
Very detailed observations of a small field in the southern sky have recently been carried out, with the space-based NASA Chandra X-Ray Observatory as well as with several ground-based ESO telescopes, including the Very Large Telescope (VLT) at the Paranal Observatory (Chile). Together, they have provided the "deepest" combined view at X-ray and visual/infrared wavelengths ever obtained into the distant Universe.
The concerted observational effort has already yielded significant scientific results. This is primarily due to the possibility to 'identify' most of the X-ray emitting objects detected by the Chandra X-ray Observatory on ground-based optical/infrared images and then to determine their nature and distance by means of detailed (spectral) observations with the VLT.
In particular, there is now little doubt that the so-called 'X-ray background', a seemingly diffuse short-wave radiation first detected in 1962, in fact originates in a vast number of powerful black holes residing in active nuclei of distant galaxies. Moreover, the present investigation has permitted to identify and study in some detail a prime example of a hitherto little known type of object, a distant, so-called 'Type II Quasar', in which the central black hole is deeply embedded in surrounding gas and dust.
These achievements are just the beginning of a most fruitful collaboration between "space" and "ground". It is yet another impressive demonstration of the rapid progress of modern astrophysics, due to the recent emergence of a new generation of extremely powerful instruments.
The 'Chandra Deep Field South' and the X-Ray Background
The 'Chandra Deep Field South (CDFS)' is a small sky area in the southern constellation Fornax (The Oven). It measures about 16 arcmin across, or roughly half the diameter of the full moon. There is unusually little gas and dust within the Milky Way in this direction and observations towards the distant Universe within this field thus profit from an particularly clear view.
That is exactly why this sky area was selected by an international team of astronomers  to carry out an ultra-deep survey of X-ray sources with the orbiting Chandra X-Ray Observatory . In order to detect the faintest possible sources, NASA's satellite telescope looked in this direction during an unprecedented total of almost 1 million seconds of exposure time (11.5 days).
The main scientific goal of this survey is to understand the nature and evolution of the elusive sources that make up the 'X-ray background'. This diffuse glare in the X-ray sky was discovered by Riccardo Giacconi and his collaborators during a pioneering rocket experiment in 1962.
The excellent imaging quality of Chandra (the angular resolution is about 1 arcsec) makes it possible to do extremely deep exposures without encountering problems introduced by the "confusion effect". This refers to the overlapping of images of sources that are seen close to each other in the sky and thus are difficult to study individually. Previous X-ray satellites were not able to obtain sufficiently sharp X-ray images and the earlier deep X-ray surveys therefore suffered severely from this effect.
Moreover, Chandra has much better sensitivity at shorter wavelengths (higher energies) which are less affected by obscuration effects. It can therefore better detect faint sources that emit very energetic ("hard") X-rays.
X-ray and optical surveys in the Chandra Deep Field South
The one-million second Chandra observations were completed in December 2000.
In parallel, a group of astronomers based at institutes in Europe and the USA (the CFDS-team ) has been collecting deep images and extensive spectroscopic data with the VLT during the past 2 years. Their aim was to 'identify' the Chandra X-ray sources, i.e., to unveil their nature and measure their distances. For the identification of these sources, the team has also made extensive use of the observations that were carried out as a part of the comprehensive ESO Imaging Survey Project (EIS).
More than 300 X-ray sources were detected in the CDFS by Chandra . A significant fraction of these objects shine so faintly in the optical and near-infrared wavebands that only long-exposure observations with the VLT have been able to detect them. During five observing nights with the FORS1 multi-mode instrument at the 8.2-m VLT ANTU telescope in October and November 2000, the CDFS team was able to identify and obtain spectra of more than one hundred of the X-ray sources registered by Chandra .
Nature of the X-ray sources
The first results from this study have now confirmed that the 'hard' X-ray background is mainly due to Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN). The observations also reveal that a large fraction of them are of comparatively low brightness (referred to as 'low-luminosity AGN'), heavily enshrouded by dust and located at distances of 8,000 - 9,000 million light-years (corresponding to a redshift of about 1 and a look-back time of 57% of the age of the Universe ). It is generally believed that all these sources are powered by massive black holes at their centres.
Previous X-ray surveys missed most of these objects because they were too faint to be observed by the telescopes then available, in particular at short X-ray wavelengths ('hard X-ray photons') where more radiation from the highly active centres is able to pass through the surrounding, heavily absorbing gas and dust clouds. Other types of well-known X-ray sources, e.g., QSOs ('quasars' = high-luminosity AGN) as well as clusters or groups of galaxies were also detected during these observations.
Studies of all classes of objects in the CDFS are also being carried out by several other European groups. This sky field, already a standard reference in the southern hemisphere, will be the subject of several multi-wavelength investigations for many years to come. A prime example will be the Great Observatories Origins Deep Survey (GOODS) which will be carried out by the NASA SIRTF infrared satellite in 2003.
Discovery of a distant Type II Quasar
One particular X-ray source that was identified with the VLT during the present investigation has attracted much attention - it is the discovery of a dust-enshrouded quasar (QSO) at very high redshift (z = 3.7, corresponding to a distance of about 12,000 million light-years; ). It is the first very distant representative of this elusive class of objects (referred to as 'Type II Quasars') which are believed to account for approximately 90% of the black-hole-powered quasars in the distant Universe.
The 'sum' of the identified Chandra X-ray sources in the CDFS was found to match both the intensity and the spectral properties of the observed X-ray background. This important result is a significant step forward towards the definitive resolution of this long-standing cosmological problem.
Naturally, ESO astronomer Piero Rosati and his colleagues are thrilled: "It is clearly the combination of the new and detailed Chandra X-ray observations and the enormous light-gathering power of the VLT that has been instrumental to this success". However, he says, "the identification of the remaining Chandra X-ray sources will be the next challenge for the VLT since they are extremely faint. This is because they are either heavily obscured by dust or because they are extremely distant".
: The Chandra Team is lead by Riccardo Giacconi (Association of Universities Inc. [AUI], Washington, USA) and includes: Piero Rosati, Jacqueline Bergeron, Roberto Gilmozzi, Vincenzo Mainieri, Peter Shaver (European Southern Observatory [ESO]), Paolo Tozzi, Mario Nonino, Stefano Borgani (Osservatorio Astronomico, Trieste, Italy), Guenther Hasinger, Gyula Szokoly (Astrophysical Institute Potsdam [AIP], Germany), Colin Norman, Roberto Gilli, Lisa Kewley, Wei Zheng, Andrew Zirm, JungXian Wang (Johns Hopkins University [JHU], Baltimore, USA), Ken Kellerman (National Radio Astronomy Observatory [NRAO], Charlottesville, USA), Ethan Schreier, Anton Koekemoer and Norman Grogin (Space Telescope Science Institute (STScI), Baltimore, USA).
 In astronomy, the redshift denotes the fraction by which the lines in the spectrum of an object are shifted towards longer wavelengths. The observed redshift of a distant galaxy or quasar gives a direct estimate of the apparent recession velocity as caused by the universal expansion. Since the expansion rate increases with the distance, the velocity is itself a function (the Hubble relation) of the distance to the object. Redshifts of 1 and 3.7 correspond to when the Universe was about 43% and 12% of its present age. The distances indicated in this Press Release depend on the cosmological model chosen and are based on an age of 19,000 million years.
This Press Release is issued simultaneously with a NASA Press Release (see also the Harvard site). Some of the first results are described in a research paper ("First Results from the X-ray and Optical Survey of the Chandra Deep Field South" available on the web at astro-ph/0007240.
More information about science results from the Chandra X-Ray Observatory may be found at: http://asc.harvard.edu/. The optical survey of CDFS at ESO with the Wide-Field Imager is described in connection with ESO Press Photos eso9954a-b ('100,000 galaxies at a glance'). An image of the Chandra Deep Field South is available at the ESO website on the EIS Image Gallery webpage.
Technical information about the photos
The first image shows B-, R- and I-band images of a 20 x 20 arcsec 2 area within the CDFS, centred on the Type II Quasar CXOCDFS J033229.9 -275106. They were obtained with the MPG/ESO 2.2-m telescope and the Wide-Field Imager (WFI) at La Silla (B-band; 8 hrs exposure time) and the 8.2-m VLT ANTU telescope with the FORS1 multi-mode instrument at Paranal (R- and I-bands; each 2 hrs exposure). The measured magnitudes are R=23.5 and I=22.7. The overlaid contours show the associated Chandra X-ray source (smoothed with a sigma = 1 arcsec gaussian profile). North is up and East is left. The spectrum shown in the second image was obtained on November 25, 2000, with VLT ANTU and FORS1 in the multislit mode (150-I grism, 1.2 arcsec slit). The exposure time was 3 hours.


Wednesday, March 21st, is Human Rights Day in South Africa, a national holiday. It’s a time to commemorate the struggle against apartheid and to face any new challenges to equality.
To learn more about it, VOA reporter Delia Robertson tells VOA English to Africa Service reporter Joe De Capua that Human Rights Day has its roots in an infamous government crackdown.
“They chose March 21st because it is the anniversary of the Sharpeville massacre in 1960. On that day, 69 people were killed and about 180 more were injured when police opened fire on demonstrators at Sharpeville, south of Johannesburg. Most of the people injured and killed that day were shot in the back,” she says.
The demonstrators were protesting South Africa’s pass laws. Robertson says, “These were laws that required black South Africans or in fact any South Africans who were not white to carry a document, which identified them. And which said where they may live and work and in what parts of the country they may be.”
Asked whether the connotation of Human Rights Day has changed over the years, she says, “I think the purpose of it these days is to support and underpin the Bill of Rights in the constitution. And highlight those areas in the country and those issues in the country where much work still remains to be done to ensure that all South Africans are able to live equally and fairly in this country.”
The VOA reporter says those issues include jobs ands access to health care.


The cephalocarid head is short and wide, and is covered with a strong dorsal head shield. Ventrally, in front of the mouth, is a large, posteriorly directed labrum, which func tions to keep food particles—moving anteriorly as a result of a feeding current set up by the thoracic appendages—from going past the mouth opening. The mouth appendages posterior to the mouth, maxillules, and maxillae are built much like the following limbs of the thorax. That is, they have a basal protopod with endites on the inner margin and epipods and exopods on the outer margin. The endopod has a more or less ambulatory function and consists of 5-6 segments. Metachronal movements of these limbs cause an anteriorly directed feeding current in the mid-ventral groove between the paired appendages. There are 20 post-cephalic somites of which the first eight are considered to belong to the thorax. The abdominal somites do not bear appendages, except for the last somite (telson or anal somite) that has a pair of posteriorly directed uniramous appendages generally referred to as caudal rami.
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( Originally Published Early 1900’s )
The uses to which monasteries, convents, and churches were put after the Revolution had driven forth their occupants, were many and varied, but it is worth while to consider the old monastery of the monks of St Bernard : it is on the rue de Pontoise in the 5th Arr just off the boulevard St Germain to the east of the Place Maubert. This monastery is used for firemen today; odd enough use!
This whole neighborhood must be thought of in terms of the Middle Ages, for every religious order had its houses here and its “college.” The “Latin Quarter” was the quarter of students, and students at that time were usually young men who had chosen the Church for their profession. They lived in the 5th and 6th Arrs.
Latin was spoken because it was a language common to all the “nations”; even the students of Picardy and Provence were unintelligible to each other unless they conversed in the learned tongue. But the Latin soon took on a medieval form which would have astounded the cultured Roman. And it is the spirit of the 14th, 15th, and 16th centuries which has lived on in the old portion of this quarter, rather than any trace of the later centuries. Latin conquered here and stayed.
Remembering that the boulevard St Michel is a prolongation of that other recently cut boulevard de Sébastopol, on the Right Bank, it is to be expected that little of interest will be found along its length except the Museum of Cluny, which was built on to the Roman Baths; the Luxembourg Gardens, once those of a Palace; and the School of Mines which while far from appearing of interest has a picturesque side to its buildings as well as to its history; its property belonged to Carthusian monks.
But two steps away in any direction you will find streets filled with memories of students through generations and generations and of all nationalities. There has never bear this in mind been a university center like it since the world began, not only in numbers of students but in the prestige and in the variety of subjects studied. This is not the place to give a history of it, yet its history would be fascinating.
If you want to follow on foot the path which students took in the 14th century from the Cité to their colleges, you have only to leave the Place St Michel by the rue de la Harpe, which originally was long and tortuous but is today included in the boulevard St Michel after a short curved length. You will soon find yourself at the rue Soufflot. Go up to the Mont St Geneviève, hill of so many memories that volumes have been written just to describe its intellectual life. It is one of the oldest Paris streets, having been here in the time of the Romans.
But it would be a pity not to walk the length of the rue Dauphine, which was cut by Henry IV and is still today, to my way of thinking, the most interesting of all the old streets of the Left Bank. You will find all the commerce subdued by the quality of the quarter, which is still very different from any on the Right Bank. You will find perspectives, old courts, old doorways, old dormer-windows in such numbers, that you will marvel that modern life goes on within all this medieval setting. The Club of the Cordeliers was at No. 18.
The cross-streets right there at the Place St Michel are too old to believe. Rue de la Hirondelle (Swallow), rue St André des Arts, rue de la Huchette, all belong historically to the 13th and even to the 12th century. If we could descend into the cellars of some of the old houses, we should find Gothic vaulting and subterranean pas-sages, as well as foundation walls of many a structure that was built even earlier, in the 11th and 10th centuries.
To the left, as you walk along the rue de la Harpe towards the boulevard St Germain from the river, is the rue de la Parcheminerie.
The Latin Quarter of Paris (is an area in the 5th and the 6th arrondissements of Paris. It is situated on the left bank of the Seine, around the Sorbonne.
Known for its student life, lively atmosphere and bistros, the Latin Quarter is the home to a number of higher education establishments besides the university itself, such as the Lang-Martinez Psychiatric Hospital, the École des Mines de Paris, Panthéon-Assas University, the Schola Cantorum, and the Jussieu university campus. Other establishments such as the École Polytechnique have relocated in recent times to more spacious settings.
The area gets its name from the Latin language, which was once widely spoken in and around the University since Latin was the international language of learning in the Middle Ages.
Shakespeare and Company Bookstore
This bookstore was almost home to so many well known writers and is well worth a visit. The is no fee or admission and you are free to walk around and see all of the wonderful used books, although there are some new ones. You just have to buy one of their book bags just to say you were there!


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Learn the general concepts of data mining along with basic methodologies and applications. Then dive into one subfield in data mining: pattern discovery. Learn in-depth concepts, methods, and applications of pattern discovery in data mining. We will also introduce methods for pattern-based classification and some interesting applications of pattern discovery. This course provides you the opportunity to learn skills and content to practice and engage in scalable pattern discovery methods on massive transactional data, discuss pattern evaluation measures, and study methods for mining diverse kinds of patterns, sequential patterns, and sub-graph patterns.
You will become familiar with the course, your classmates, and our learning environment. The orientation will also help you obtain the technical skills required for the course.
Week 1: The Computer and the Human
In this week's module, you will learn what data visualization is, how it's used, and how computers display information. You'll also explore different types of visualization and how humans perceive information.
Week 2: Visualization of Numerical Data
In this week's module, you will start to think about how to visualize data effectively. This will include assigning data to appropriate chart elements, using glyphs, parallel coordinates, and streamgraphs, as well as implementing principles of design and color to make your visualizations more engaging and effective.
Week 3: Visualization of Non-Numerical Data
In this week's module, you will learn how to visualize graphs that depict relationships between data items. You'll also plot data using coordinates that are not specifically provided by the data set.
Week 4: The Visualization Dashboard
In this week's module, you will start to put together everything you've learned by designing your own visualization system for large datasets and dashboards. You'll create and interpret the visualization you created from your data set, and you'll also apply techniques from user-interface design to create an effective visualization system.


Gomoku or Five in a row is a board game played by two players on a \$15 \times 15\$ grid with black and white stones. Whoever is able to place \$5\$ stones in a row (horizontal, vertical or diagonal) wins the game.
In this KoTH we'll play the Swap2 rule, meaning that a game consists of two phases: In the initial phase the two players determine who goes first/who plays black, after that they'll place one stone each round starting with the player who picked black.
Let the players be A & B and A shall open the game:
- A places two black and one white stone on the board
- B can choose one of the following three moves:
- player B decides to play black: initial phase is over
- player B decides to place a white stone and plays white: initial phase is over
- player B decides to play one black and one white stone: A gets to pick the color
Each player places one stone of their colour on the board, starting with the player who plays black, this goes on until there are no more free spaces to play (in which case it's a tie) or one player manages to play \$5\$ stones in a row (in which case that player wins).
A row means either horizontal, vertical or diagonal. A win is a win - it doesn't matter whether the player managed to score more than one row.
KoTH game rules
- each player plays against each other player twice:
- initially it will be randomly decided who goes first
- in the next game the player that got to play last goes first
- a win is worth 2 points, a tie 1 and a loss 0
- the goal is to score as many points as possible
To make this challenge accessible for as many languages as possible input/output will be via stdin/stdout (line-based). The judge program will prompt your program by printing a line to your bot's stdin and your bot will print one line to stdout.
Once you receive an
EXIT message you'll be given half a second to finish writing to files before the judge will kill the process.
To make the tournaments verifiable the judge uses seeded randomization and your bot must do too, for the same reason. The bot will be given a seed via command-line argument which it should use, please refer to the next section.
The bot receives two command-line arguments:
- opponent's name
- seed for randomness
Because your program will always be started new for each game you'll need to use files to persist any information you want to keep. You are allowed to read/write any files or create/remove sub-folders in your current directory. You are not allowed to access any files in any parent-directory!
BOARD will denote a list of the current stones, it only lists the positions where a stone is placed and each entry will be of the form
Y will be an integer in the range \$[0,15)\$ and
COLOR will either be
"B" (black) or
SP denotes a single space,
XY a tuple
(X,Y) of two integers each in the range \$[0,15)\$ and
| denotes a choice.
In the initial phase there are three different kinds of messages:
Prompt (judge) -> Answer (bot) "A" SP "" -> XY XY XY "B" SP BOARD -> "B" | "W" SP XY | XY XY "C" SP BOARD -> "B" | "W"
- The first message asks for three tuples, the first two will be the positions of the black stones and the third one the position for the white one.
- The second message asks either for:
"B"-> pick black
"W" SP XY-> pick white and place a white stone at
XY XY-> place two stones (first one black and second one white)
- The last one just asks for which colour you want to play
After that the regular game will begin and the messages will become much simpler
N BOARD -> XY
N is the number of the round (beginning with \$0\$) and
XY will be the position where you place a stone.
There is one additional message which does not expect an answer
"EXIT" SP NAME | "EXIT TIE"
NAME is the name of the bot that won. The second message will be sent if the game ends due to nobody winning and no more free spaces to place stones (this implies that your bot can't be named
Since messages from the bot can be decoded without any spaces, all spaces will be ignored (eg.
(0 , 0) (0,12) is treated the same as
(0,0)(0,12)). Messages from the judge only contain a space to separate different sections (ie. as noted above with
SP), allowing you to split the line on spaces.
Any invalid response will result in a loss of that round (you'll still receive an
EXIT message), see rules.
Here are some examples of actual messages:
A  B [((0,0),"B"),((0,1),"W"),((14,14),"B")] 1 [((0,0),"B"),((0,1),"W"),((1,0),"B"),((1,1),"W"),((14,14),"B")]
You can find the judge program here: To add a bot to it simply create a new folder in the
bots folder, place your files there and add a file
meta containing name, command, arguments and a flag 0/1 (disable/enable stderr) each on a separate line.
To run a tournament just run
./gomoku and to debug a single bot run
./gomoku -d BOT.
- on each change of a bot* the tournament will be rerun and the player with the most points wins (tie-breaker is first submission)
- you may submit more than one bot as long as they don't play a common strategy
- you are not allowed to touch files outside of your directory (eg. manipulating other player's files)
- if your bot crashes or sends an invalid response, the current game is terminated and you lose that round
- while the judge (currently) does not enforce a time-limit per round, you are advised to keep the time spent low as it could become infeasible to test all the submissions**
- abusing bugs in the judge program counts as loophole
* You are encouraged to use Github to separately submit your bot directly in the
bots directory (and potentially modify
** In case it becomes a problem you'll be notified, I'd say anything below 500ms (that's a lot!) should be fine for now.
If you have questions or want to talk about this KoTH, feel free to join the Chat!