The story of Sam Davis
Sam Davis was born on Oct. 6, 1842. His family was middle class farmers in Middle Tennessee who did pretty well for themselves. The Davis moved to a new ante bellum home in Smyrna and there Sam grew up to become one of the most promising young men in Rutherford County. His mother and father saw to his education and, at age 18, Sam left the family farm to attend the Western Military Institute in Nashville.
Sam Davis excelled in college and was remembered by his classmates as responsible and trustworthy. Two of his favorite teachers at the Institute were Bushrod Johnson and E. Kirby Smith–both would go on to achieve recognition as Generals in the Confederate Army. As Sam Davis’ first year of college began to come to an end. Word spread about the incident at Fort Sumter, S.C. The students and teachers at the Nashville college knew that the War Between the States had begun and that their services would soon be required if Tennessee was going to protect itself against an invading force.
President Lincoln’s handling of the situation in the border state of Kentucky did not look promising to Tennessee. Kentucky’s leadership was divided over the conflict and naively declared itself neutral. It was immediately invaded by Union Marshals, who suspended the authority of local governments and established quasi-military rule. For many people, that action showed there was no negotiating room to resolve the issue.
Sam Davis, his teachers, and fellow students knew what was coming. The Union Army would soon invade the state and, as with any such action, homes would be seized, schools burned, and people killed. The school was dismissed and the students returned to their homes. Sam Davis now 19-years-old returned to his home and enlisted in the Rutherford Rifles, which was given the designation of the Tennessee Infantry’s Company I, CSA. With Tennessee now in the fight, Davis and his company were shipped to Virginia to serve in the opening campaigns of the war.
While fighting under Generals Robert E. Lee and Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson, word came to the First Tennessee that Fort Donelson had fallen and the Union Army was invading West Tennessee. Davis’ company was dismissed from Virginia and returned to Corinth, Miss. where they were assembled for action in the coming Battle of Shiloh. Sam Davis proved himself an able soldier under fire and earned the respect of those who served with him. By the time the Battle of Shiloh was over, Davis had built an impressive resume. He had served under four of the Confederacy’s greatest Generals – Lee, Jackson, Johnston, and Beauregard. After General Braxton Bragg assumed command of the Army of Tennessee, Davis’ record of service was brought to his attention for a special project the controversial general was devising.
Sam Davis was chosen to become a member of an elite group of men known as Coleman’s Scouts. There assignment was to operate behind enemy lines and gather intelligence on Union troop movements and other vital information for General Bragg. They were carefully chosen and only the best were culled from the ranks of the Confederate Army.
Coleman’s Scouts were led by Captain Shaw. In order to protect his identity, Shaw was given the alias and codename E. Coleman. The alias was the only name ever used to identify Shaw by Confederate leaders and his own scouts. The captain often wandered between the battle lines posing as a herb doctor. Even the Union soldiers who knew of the disheveled "doctor" never figured him to be one of the most wanted men in the south. His men were just as effective.
For over a year, they worked dutifully and became a first class operation. What was even more dangerous was the fact that the scouts often wore their Confederate uniforms. A single Confederate soldier on horseback could often maneuver near military installations and their presence not be seen as unusual, as many local Confederates often slipped back to visit their families. In any case, Coleman’s Scouts always regarded themselves as a military unit and functioned as one. Davis’ work in the group was exemplary and earned the silent praise of his superiors. During a trip to Union-held Nashville, Davis dined in the St. Cloud Hotel at the same table with General Rosecrans listening to the Union commander as he unveiled plans of military movements in Tennessee. When the information gathered by E. Coleman and his scouts on Union troop movements led to the surprising Confederate victory at Chickamauga, Union officials were furious and put a price on the heads of the scouts and their leader E. Coleman.
On a cold November night in 1863, Davis returned to Smyrna, well behind enemy lines, to visit his family. When he arrived, Davis tapped on the dining room window to get his mother’s attention and slipped into the house. His father repaired his son’s boots and his mother gave him a hand-dyed Confederate overcoat to help keep him warm in the oncoming winter. After a brief emotional visit, Davis left his family home and made a rendezvous with E. Coleman and some of the Scouts. The men agreed they needed to regroup in northern Alabama and start making their way towards Confederate-held Chattanooga where they would make a report to General Bragg. Coleman also gave a report to Davis to take with him in case the men came to trouble. One by one they slipped out of the territory and began working their way south to the prearranged meeting place.
Davis rode quietly southward and into Giles County. As he approached a Union outpost on Nov. 20, he was spotted by a group of Kansas Cavalrymen and captured. Because of his Confederate uniform, Davis was taken as a Prisoner of War and routed eleven miles to the County seat of Pulaski. A search of his person found maps and information he had gathered as well as the papers given him by E. Coleman. He was jailed and put under the direct charge of Union General Dodge for interrogation and disposition. The Union General observed how young Davis was and seized upon the opportunity to try and frighten him into confessing who his superior was and where he could be found. In spite of Sam Davis’ uniform, he quickly accused the young Tennessean of being a spy – threatening him with a Federal court marital and death by hanging for his crimes if he did not tell him who had given him the information. Davis held fast and refused to sell out his men. The general quickly assembled a "federal court" that found Davis guilty of spying and sentenced him to hang on Nov. 27. With the decision to execute Davis now official and with a date affixed, General Dodge assigned Union Army Chief of Scouts Levi Naron to interrogate Davis and get the answers, offering him his life and freedom from the cell he was occupying. When Davis returned to his cell, three captured prisoners sat in the one adjacent to his. Sam glanced at the men and marched on as if he had no interest in them or knew who they were. The men in the cell were, in fact, E. Coleman and fellow scouts Joshua Brown and W.L. Moore. The very men the General was seeking sat right under his nose in his own cells and he didn’t even know it, nor would he. The three men sat silently while Union officials constantly interrogated Davis and offered him his freedom for just the names of Coleman’s Scouts.
Sam Davis continuously told Naron that he would never betray the trust placed in him and, if Tennessee could not be restored to the southern Confederacy, he would rather die anyway. His refusal to be an informant earned the admiration of Pulaski citizens and even his captors. The Union soldiers were so taken with Davis’s resolve to remain silent that they often visited the Tennessean and begged him to save his own life and name the scouts. During one of the visits, Davis remarked:
"I do not fear for death, but it makes me mad to think I am to die as a spy."
On Nov. 26, 81st Ohio Infantry Chaplain James Young went to the cell where Davis was to comfort him. He was touched by the ongoing story of Davis and quickly made friends with the young man. Davis and the Chaplain spent the entire day and night together. On the night before his execution, Davis requested that the Chaplain join him in singing "On Jordan’s Stormy Banks I Stand" and the two stayed in prayer throughout the night. The coffin for Davis had been brought into his cell and the Tennessean sat on its lid as he listened to Naron’s final offer of freedom for the information. Davis looked hard at the Union Scout Chief and replied:
"Do you suppose were I your friend that I would betray you?" Sam asked. "Sir, if you think I am that kind of man, you have missed your mark. You may hang me a thousand times and I would not betray my friends."
Before the night had ended, Davis penned a final letter to his family.
"O how painful it is to write you!" Davis wrote. "I have got to die tomorrow– to be hanged by the Federals. Mother, do not grieve for me. I must bid you good-bye for evermore."
Davis went on to tell his parents where they could collect his personal belongings and where his father could collect his remains after the execution. He then wrapped his belongings and gave them to the Chaplain who had befriended him. He gave the chaplain the coat his mother had made for him as a gift for the final moments of friendship he had given the young Confederate.
On the gallows, the offer for freedom was again made of Davis. Sam Davis refused and uttered the words to the Provost Marshal. "I am ready."
At 10:20 a.m. Nov. 27, 1863, Coleman Scout Sam Davis was dropped from the gallows and hanged. Union soldier John Randal, who had helped capture Davis, watched with tears streaming down his face as the young Tennessean was executed. He later stated that he had never witnessed such a pathetic and heroic scene and noted other Federal soldiers in tears.
Many of the Union soldiers stationed at the post were in disbelief that the General had gone through with the execution and silent resentment towards him began to grow among his men. The story of Sam Davis began to spread in Tennessee and even in the Union ranks where nothing but respect was offered for his actions and sacrifice.
Following the execution, the prisoners in the cell next to Davis were put on trains and sent north to Union prisons. Somewhere along the tracks in Kentucky, E. Coleman jumped from the train and escaped into Confederate territory where he continued his work.
Although Pulaski is about 70 miles south of Smyrna, word got to Davis’ parents that their son had been killed. They didn’t know for sure it was their son and asked family friend John C. Kennedy to travel to Pulaski and, if it was true, to locate their son’s remains and bring them home.
After a federal run-around, Kennedy managed to get a note from Union General Rosseau allowing safe passage as far as Columbia. From there until he reached Pulaski, Kennedy relied on the illiteracy of Union pickets and reached the city before the Provost Marshal found him out. He handed the Marshal the note, who immediately declared it invalid. After Kennedy told him he was there to collect the body of Sam Davis, the Marshal’s attitude changed and he offered help and the statement to Davis’ parents:
"Tell them for me that he died the bravest of the brave," the Marshal said, " an honor to them, and with the respect of every man in this command."
The Provost Marshal then gave Kennedy return passes and offered a company if necessary to retrieve the body. The Marshal then gave an account of Davis’ saga and Kennedy went to the graveyard where he exhumed the Tennesseans body. As he lifted the coffin lid and began his work of identifying Davis, a group of Union soldiers gathered with their hats in hand and watched the solemn proceedings. When the body was loaded in the new coffin and Kennedy returned to Pulaski, the Provost Marshal gave him the personal effects of Sam Davis the Ohio Chaplain had entrusted him with following his departure from the city. The body was returned to Nashville where it was properly shrouded and taken to Smyrna. Sam Davis’ mother passed out at the sight of the coffin and it took Kennedy a while to convince Charles Davis that he should remember his son as he last saw him. Acting as only a family friend could, Kennedy walked the horses across the creek from the home and buried Davis in the family graveyard. As the Tennessean was committed to his final resting place, little did anyone know that he would soon become a legend throughout America. From Pulaski throughout Middle and West Tennessee, monuments commemorating Sam Davis started going up. The phrase he repeated over and over to his Union captors: "If I had a thousand lives, I would lose them all before I would betray my friends or the confidence of my informer." would forever enshrine him as the "Nathan Hale of the South" and earn him the respect of soldiers on both sides of the war.
The coat that Sam Davis gave to the Ohio Chaplain remained in the clergyman’s possessions until he was 73-years-old. The former chaplain returned the coat to the editor of Confederate Veteran magazine, where it was returned to Tennessee. The search for artifacts of the young Tennessean continues to this day. In 1994, Tennessee Historical Commission Executive Director Herb Harper located a boot knife belonging to Davis in a Knife Shop in Boston. Harper purchased it and donated it to the Tennessee State Museum where it is included in a display on the Tennessean. In addition, a photograph has been recently found that is being studied and authenticated as that of Sam Davis.
The Davis’ hid their family pictures in the hay of their barn – fearing the Union Army would burn their home. When Union soldiers raided them, however, they set fire to the barn rather than the house and all photographs of Sam Davis were thought lost.
Around the turn of the century, the Tennessee legislature commissioned an official monument of the Tennessean and contracted world-renowned sculptor George Julian Zolney to do it. He worked from descriptions and used Sam Davis’ younger brother as a model. In 1909, Governor Malcolm Rice Patterson dedicated the new monument. The governor had attended the ceremony dedicating Andrew Jackson’s monument as a child and recalled the event during his speech.
"Little did I think then, even in the day dreams of my youth, that one day as Governor I would be called upon to accept in the name of the state another figure in bronze erected on this side of the grounds," said Governor Patterson, " not of a man on horseback, but of a young man scarcely more than a boy, who belonged to another and later age of our history, who stands without the marks and accouterments of rank without any other sign save that of a soldier ready to fight and ready to die. The name and fame of Andrew Jackson filled the mind with wonder and admiration; the memory of Sam Davis, with infinite love and tenderness."
With the dedication, the monument became the only one on the capitol grounds not commemorating a U.S. President.
In 1865, as the War Between the States came to a close, the Confederate States of America commissioned their own National Medal of Honor. Before it could strike the first one, however, the government was defeated. Post-war politics didn’t recognize former Confederates and the duty of bestowing this highest military award was eventually handed over to the Sons of Confederate Veterans. In 1976 in Memphis, the Sons of Confederate Veterans held their National Convention and assembled for a very special meeting. In Memphis 111 years later, the SCV first awarded their highest military honor posthumously to Sam Davis of Smyrna, Tennessee. Davis would be one of four Tennesseans to receive the Confederate Medal of Honor. The second recipient was also a Coleman Scout from Tennessee named Pvt. Dewitt Smith Job, Lt. General N.B. Forrest was the eighteenth, and East Tennessean James Keelan was the fortieth to receive the award. The best book on the subject is "Valor in Gray" by Greg S. Clemmer and should be available from local bookstores.
Sam Davis’ boyhood home in Smyrna is located 20 minutes away from Nashville and is a state historic site featuring numerous artifacts of the family’s life in the middle Tennessee town. It is open from 10 a.m.- 4 p.m. Monday through Saturday. Admission is $4 for adults, $3.50 for seniors, and $2.50 for children under 12. Special discounts are available for groups. The home is considered one of the best examples of an antebellum middle class farm home in North America. There are many events held at the home throughout the year. Its Christmas program is considered one of the most popular Holiday events in Middle Tennessee.


Why measure anaerobic threshold?
You spend valuable time training with determination, passion and dedication but often do not obtain the expected results. You find your performance decreasing over time and often run out of energy during a race that was very important to you. Why?
In endurance sports such as cycling, it is fundamental to know your individual threshold ‘numbers’ if you want sustainable performance improvement. You have to know what and when to ask to your body what is required so you can achieve the best results possible and still finish strong.
The evaluation - threshold | lactate test
The most precise and informative test that lets us fully comprehend our cardiovascular (aerobic) engine capacity and function is the threshold test through the analysis of blood lactate. Thanks to the accuracy of this evaluation the results allow for more specific ‘numbers’ to structure a personalized training plan according to specific goals and races entered.
First, let’s say that there is not an “absolute and definitive interpretation” of the values achieved since they need to be analyzed according to the races we are going to do.
To give some examples: your body needs to be trained in different ways depending on your goal – a full marathon, a 10K race, a short or very long cycling event. Moreover, the data should be interpreted according to the level of the athlete: a good runner will run the half marathon at a speed that is close or even slightly higher than the threshold speed, whilst a beginner will choose a speed between low and high tempo.
If during a running event, speed is mostly constant, the situation is different when cycling, where a number of external conditions (road inclination, draft, wind) constantly requires differences in power expression. On a race with short climbs it will be possible to overcome the threshold power for a few minutes, whilst on longer races and long climbs it would be important not to go above threshold values to avoid getting into ‘trouble’ where you can’t sustain the duration.
This occurrence is described as ‘hitting the wall’ that some marathon runners face at a certain point of their race (typically above 30 km) or the hunger crisis of a cyclist on long endurance races. No matter when, the sudden decrease of performance always has the same outcome: an intensity that is too high with a consequent depletion of glucidic storage. To avoid these risks, knowing your ‘numbers’ is fundamental to plan both your training and racing.
Planning your training
Let’s give some examples: marathon runners or triathletes (1/2 Ironman or Ironman) should be trained to maximize fat utilization and to accumulate the least amount of lactate as possible. Their performances in fact lasts some hours without significant changes in intensity. That is why their sessions should be designed around low and medium tempo training with some progressions (fairly long) up to threshold. This is the correct way to train muscles to use the aerobic metabolism.
The training for a 10 km or for a 50Km event will be significantly different. For these competitions, it will be important to train the capacity on maintaining thresholds or above thresholds values training at those intensities. These athletes, thanks to their different physiological make-up can produce a higher level of lactate.
The reference value of the anaerobic threshold (expressed in mmol) is subjective and should be interpreted by an expert trainer. Normally, in athletes involved in long distance at a constant intensity the threshold is generally lower than 4 mmol, whilst in athletes competing for 60/90 min max or with constant intensity variation the values can be much higher.
When should a threshold test should be done?
I can’t do the test with professional supervision. What can I do?
Although it is ideal to do the tests in a controlled environment under the supervision of a professional that will subsequently analyse the results, this it is not accessible to everybody. However, there are other ways of conducting threshold tests with estimated values to analyse the relationship between power and heart rate – such as an incremental intensity test leading to exhaustion.
In this case, it is the Technogym Maximal Test available on the Mycycling app . The evaluation protocol, developed by the Technogym Scientific department provides a maximal ramp test, designed on the athlete’s physiological characteristics. During the warm up phase, an analysis of the heart rate is done and the increments in power that occurs every minute are chosen accordingly to get to the maximal effort within 15 to 20 minutes. Then an algorithm predicts the relevant values: heart rate, cadence and power at threshold. Subsequently a training program called Technogym Neuromuscular Training is generated.


There is a lot of discussion about the benefits of eating raw foods. So we asked Dr. Fuhrman the question "is raw food better than cooked food?"
Raw vegetables are dramatically low in calories and we probably only absorb about 50 calories a pound from raw vegetables. Our caloric needs cannot be met on a raw food diet without consuming large amounts of fruits, avocado, nuts and seeds. This may be an adequate diet for some people, but in my 15 years of medical practice catering to the community of natural food enthusiasts, raw foodists and natural hygienists, I have seen many people who weakened their health on such raw food, vegan diets. Frequent fungal skin and nail infections, poor dentition, hair loss and muscular wasting are common on such fruit-based diets.
Unfortunately, sloppy science prevails in the raw-food movement. Raw food advocates mistakenly conclude that since many cooked foods are not healthy for us, then all cooked foods are bad. This is not true.
The idea that stirs the most enthusiasm for this diet is the contention that cooking both destroys about fifty percent of the nutrients in food, and destroys all or most of the life promoting enzymes. It is true that when food is baked at high temperatures—and especially when it is fried or barbecued—toxic compounds are formed and most important nutrients are lost. Many vitamins are water-soluble, and a significant percent can be lost with cooking, especially overcooking. Similarly, many plant enzymes function as phytochemical nutrients in our body and are useful to maximize health. They, too, can be destroyed by overcooking. However, we cannot paint with this brush of negativity over every form of cooking. Click here to continue reading the article:


Taking care of your finances does not have to be difficult or frustrating. It requires discipline and planning that involves knowing your financial objectives and taking the necessary steps to accomplish them. Reviewing your financial plans on a regular basis will help you ensure that you stay on track.
Maintaining Financial Wellbeing
- Before taking the steps to achieve your goals, you have to determine the type of financial situation you need to feel secure.
- Financial wellbeing and security varies with different people. Some people want to be able to achieve a certain net worth while others want own homes or give their families financial support.
- A list of financial accomplishments according to your needs will help you formulate a specific financial plan. It is important to note that financial situations are also determined by factors such as age.
Goals are essential aspects of financial planning. Your sense of financial security will be based on being able to access the resources you need to fulfill your needs. Goals vary with different people and you should rank your financial goals according to their importance. Goals such as being financially prepared for retirement, purchasing your first home and eliminating debt all require a clear agenda.
- In order for you to be able to improve your financial situation effectively, you need to evaluate your finances and be aware of your current situation.
- If your assets exceed your liabilities, you are in a position to direct the extra funds towards your financial goals.
- If your liabilities exceed your assets, you have the option of either increasing your income or reducing your debt before you will be able to improve your finances.
All efforts to attain financial security and freedom begin with saving. Setting aside enough money is crucial for achieving various goals. Savings also protect you from financial risks and emergencies. Can you file Chapter 13? Find out here.
Tips for Avoiding Bankruptcy
Bankruptcy can be compared to getting a second chance but it may not be the solution for everyone. It can adversely affect your credit and compel you to sell what you own. If your goal is to safeguard your credit, avoiding bankruptcy is important.
Careful budgeting is an important step towards preserving your finances. Most people lack the resources to spend as much as they want without worrying about where the money will come from. A budget enables you to structure your needs, understand your financial situation and determine how you will spend the money that you have.
- Monthly budgets are practical and effective ways of monitoring finances. A budget lists your fixed expenses as well as expenses that are likely to change every month such as utilities. Disposable income is determined by subtracting expenses from income and living within your budget will prevent you from being overwhelmed by debt.
- Saving regularly, regardless of how small the amounts may be will eventually lead to being able to have enough money that you can use to cover your expenses.
- If you have several debts, you can consider credit counseling and other debt management solutions such as settlement and consolidation.
Maryann Walker is an editor and writer. She has been working in the media industry for more than 10 years and has experience in both print and electronic media. She enjoys spending time with her husband and children. Can you file Chapter 13? Learn more here.


Author(s): Shari Thurer
Publisher: Penguin Books
This groundbreaking and irreverent history of motherhood is worth a hundred advice books for any mother whos ever been made to feel guilty or frazzled by societys impossible expectations. Analyzing data from the psychoanalysts couch to the hidden history of wet nursing, psychologist Shari L. Thurer wends her way from the Stone Age to the age of Hillary Rodham Clinton, painting a vivid, often frightening picture of life for mothers and children in a time when their roles were constructed by men. Along the way, she debunks myth after mythexposing the not-so-golden ages of Classical Greece and the Italian Renaissance, and revealing the pervasive ideal of Dr. Spocks selfless, stay-at-home mother as the historical aberration it actually was. A work of impassioned scholarship and astonishing range, The Myths of Motherhood does nothing less than recast our conception of good mothering. Review: Psychologist Thurer offers a historical smorgasbord of societal attitudes toward mothering, from the paleolithic period to the present. She views the Stone Age as a golden period for women: The prevalent divinities were powerful, complex mother goddesses, revered for their seemingly magical ability to bear children. By 600 bc, the patriarchy s ascendancy signaled the beginning of a long downward spiral for the status of mothers and, by extension, of children. In classical Athens, misogyny was particularly virulent women were marginalized, and infanticide appeared to be the preferred form of family planning. Medieval and Renaissance Europeans venerated images of the Virgin Mary and her divine child, but in real life, deaths of infants (particularly girls) due to neglect and abandonment reached epidemic proportions. Throughout much of later European history, women who fit the mold of the submissive, fertile wife were idealized, albeit patronized, while unwed mothers were vilified and sometimes put to death. By the early 20th century, as medical advances made survival of birth more likely for both mother and child, scientific motherhood arrived. A stream of manuals offered advice on raising physically and emotionally healthy children, paving the way for psychological theories that blamed women for all their offspring s emotional ills. Recently, though, says Thurer, the image of mothers has been revitalized by feminist authors who portray them as loving but with a realistic range of emotions. Mom is finally becoming a person. Many of Thurer s conclusions, particularly those concerning early history, seem open to question, based as they are on scanty evidence. And there are some distracting factual lapses. (The Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary means that from the time she was conceived she was without original sin–not that she was conceived asexually.) Nonetheless, Thurer effectively demonstrates how transient any one view of mothering really is.
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There are a number of good reasons for people to stay physically active.
The health benefits of exercise include physical and emotional ones, and doing so can help a person develop discipline.
The answer to the question, why should people exercise is one that is multifaceted.
Getting regular exercise is a great way to lower the risk of a number of health ailments, including heart disease and stroke.
Cardiovascular exercise helps to keep the heart healthy. It can help to bring blood pressure down to a normal range.
Exercise is a natural stress buster as well.
Spending some time in an enjoyable physical activity changes your focus and is a well-deserved break from your regular routine.
What are the physical benefits of exercise?
Regular exercise not only strengthens the heart, but it also helps to burn fat and build lean muscle mass. A person who is interested in losing weight and keeping it off should make a point of including exercise in his or her daily routine.
Getting physical and keeping the heart rate up for a time helps the body to burn fat, which is essential for weight loss.
The exercise also helps the body to build muscle. Why is having more lean muscle important for people who want to get to or maintain a healthy weight? A pound of muscle burns more calories than a pound of fat, even when the body is at rest.
Muscle also weighs more than fat, which means that a person has increased his or her level of physical activity may not see the number on the scale go down right away (they may even see it go up for a time).
Engaging in some weight-bearing exercise regularly can help to prevent osteoporosis, which is a leading cause of broken bones in older adults. Going for a walk or a jog regularly can help to keep joints healthy and limber; even walking or running on a treadmill can help to improve joint health.
What are the emotional benefits of exercise?
Along with the physical benefits of exercise come some important emotional ones. When a person gets his or her heart rate up, the body is flooded with endorphins. These are hormones that act to make the participant feel good.
The person who is exercising will experience an elevation in his or her mood after exercise that will last for some time. Regular exercise can play a part in helping to treat the hopelessness and feeling of worthlessness that are symptomatic of depression as well.
Continuing to exercise regularly means that the participant continues to experience this improved outlook on life. The stresses that are part of everyday life seem less daunting for a person who is getting physical on a regular basis.
How does discipline impact exercise?
Getting fit is not something that happens overnight and it takes dedication to stick with it. After a workout, it's normal to have tired muscles that are a bit sore. Being in pain is not normal, and is a sign of pushing too hard.
For a person to get the benefits that an active lifestyle can bring, he or she needs to stick with an exercise workout program. Aside from having to deal with some physical discomfort at first, there is the risk of losing motivation if you become bored. The ability to set a goal of getting fit and then doing what it required to make it a reality takes discipline, and this is another positive aspect of getting exercise.
To lower the likelihood of giving up on exercise, have a plan for staying motivated. Having someone to work out with is a good way for both people to stay on track, since they can help to encourage each other. Scheduling a few sessions with a personal trainer can help a person who is new to exercising at a gym learn how to use the equipment properly and gives the participant someone to offer support as they are making a positive change in their life.
Exercise is a great way to burn fat and gain lean muscle, as well as a natural blues buster and mood stabilizer. Any activity that raises the heart rate can provide a health benefit, so think of ways to mix up your routine to avoid becoming bored. You can use the workout plan finder to locate the perfect incentive boosting routine for you!


CPR can serve as a critical lifesaver when administered in time and properly for someone having a heart attack. It has been observed that bystander CPR has better results when more people are present, reported Resuscitation journal on Jan. 2, 2014. This finding has come from research aimed at identifying the factors
which are associated with good quality bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation (BCPR).
The data for this Japanese research was collected from 553 out-of-hospital cardiac arrests (OHCAs) which were managed with BCPR in the absence of emergency medical technicians (EMT) during 2012. The quality of the BCPR administered was evaluated by EMTs at the scene and was assessed in relation to the standard recommendations for chest compressions, including proper hand positions, rates and depths. It was concluded that the presence of multiple rescuers with bystander-initiated CPR are predominantly associated with the administration of good-quality BCPR.
In a review of this research by MedPage Today it has been stated that cardiac arrest victims were more likely to be given good-quality bystander-initiated cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) when multiple people assisted. It was also noted in this research that good-quality bystander CPR was not as commonly performed by a family member, by older bystanders, and in home environments.
It was also noted that neurologically favorable survival 1 year after the cardiac event did not differ significantly between those people who received good-quality versus poor-quality resuscitation. It has been reported by experts in emergency medicine that the key to survival and positive neurological outcomes for those who experience an out-of-hospital cardiac arrest is the initiation of bystander CPR. This CPR should be performed with just chest compressions, without mouth-to-mouth resuscitation. However, the authors also noted that survival among patients hit with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest remains low.


The minimum 60 percent forest cover was first mentioned in the National Forest Policy 1974. It states:
In consideration of the geo-physical conditions of Bhutan and the necessity of maintaining soil and climatic equilibrium, the objective will be to maintain a minimum of 60 percent of the total land under forests.
When the policy was being drafted, there was no forest cover information available in the country. It said that if after a comprehensive survey the forest cover turns out below 60 percent, the government would undertake afforestation on “all available land unfit for agriculture”. And, if the country’s forest cover turns out above 60 percent, “the forest area in excess of the prescribed proportion will not, however, be sacrificed”.
The minimum 60 percent forest cover commitment is now enshrined in the Constitution for which the country is lauded by the international community as an example to follow. Article 5 Section 3 reads:
The Government shall ensure that, in order to conserve the country’s natural resources and to prevent degradation of the ecosystem, a minimum of sixty percent of Bhutan’s total land shall be maintained under forest cover for all time.
The first forest cover survey in the country was carried out from 1976 to 1981. It covered 76 percent of the total land area, leaving out the mostly treeless northern part of the country. Based on aerial photographs from 1956 to 59, the tree cover was 56.24 percent and scrub forest 0.90 percent with total forest cover (tree + scrub) of 57.14 percent (percentages adjusted against new country figure of 38394 sq km). Since then, there have been seven land cover exercises in the country. Some of these reports have not been officially released. The current officially approved land cover figure is from the Bhutan Land Cover Assessment 2010. Based on satellite images from 2006 to 09, tree cover is 70.46 percent and shrubs 10.43 percent with total forest cover of 80.89 percent.
The land cover exercises for the past 50 years show significant forest cover increase from 57.14 percent to 80.89 percent. Many think that the country is greenest at any time in its history. But then, there are also those who think forest cover has decreased. The confusions over and disagreements on forest cover increase or decrease are to a large extent due to inconsistent forest definitions. It is said that there are more than 800 definitions of forest.
The notion of forest to most people is a large tract of land covered with trees or other woody vegetation. However, under many forest definitions, an area completely lacking trees may still be considered a forest if there were trees on it in the past and will have trees in the future. Similarly, land that is legally designated as a forest is defined as forest even if no trees are on it. And then, forests are classified in different ways and to different degrees of specificity, eg. closed vs. open forest, old growth vs. secondary forest, primary vs. degraded forest, natural forest vs. forest plantations, etc.
Technically speaking, there is a world of difference between “land under forests” in the 1974 Forest Policy and “land under forest cover” in the Constitution. Land under forests is a land use definition, which refers to areas with tree cover on it or they may not be covered with trees in a near future (or ever). It cannot be determined from satellite imagery. On the other hand, land under forest cover indicates presence of trees over any land at the point in time of assessment. It can be determined by analysing satellite imagery, and it provides information on the current landscape. To illustrate the point, say a 10 hectare forest was harvested in 2010 and replanted in 2013. Land cover would classify it as a forest before harvest in 2010, and scrub/shrub in 2014 after harvest. Land use and land cover are often used interchangeably. But they have specific meanings pertaining to land.
Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) in its attempt to calculate forest both at regional and global levels has developed a common definition for its member countries, but it remains far from being universally accepted. At the international level, United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) have their own forest definitions. Bhutan follows the FAO definition that defines forest as land area of more than 0.5 hectare with a tree canopy of more than 10 percent and tree height of 5m and above. Temporally, un-stocked land as a result of forest harvesting and forest fires, but which are expected to revert to forests, is also included under forest.
The current definitions of forest are criticised for their overemphasis on timber production aspects and for lacking environmental and social criteria. As mountains are among the fragile ecosystems, greatly valued are the protective functions of forests against soil erosion, landslides and water conservation. The forests are also equally valued for biological diversity and carbon sink. These environmental functions of forests have prompted the 1974 National Forest Policy and Constitution to pursue the important principle of maintaining the minimum 60 percent forest cover of total land area for all times.
Efforts to maintain and enhance these environmental functions of forests must start with a clear understanding of the existing knowledge and seeking new knowledge. Asking good questions is a cornerstone of learning which helps gain deeper insights of issues. What has as yet never crossed the minds of forest professionals is to ask some valid questions with regard to the minimum 60 percent forest cover policy such as (1) Are trees the primary focus in forest cover? (2) Do other land uses such as grasslands, open forest and non-forest land have a role in soil, water and biodiversity conservation? (3) How should the forest cover be distributed across the country and over time? (4) What does it mean by conservation of country’s natural resources? (5) What does it mean by ‘to prevent degradation of the ecosystem’?
Land for the increased forest cover has come from land under grasslands and agriculture land, including tseri and pangshing. Biodiversity richness is as rich as the ecosystem diversity. For example, grassland ecosystem is the habitat of certain species that can flourish only on grassland. Loss of grasslands means extinction of such species. Further, cultural landscapes in the country also face risk with human-wildlife conflicts and rural-urban migration as the Bhutanese character and culture are linked to the traditional agricultural use of the land. Management of biodiversity conservation requires the integration of different land uses at a landscape level.
Something we all unquestionably believe is the more trees, the more water. However, current forest hydrology research challenges this assumption. The forest ecosystem is in fact a major user of water through evapotranspiration. Studies show that forests are not the best land cover to increase downstream water yield, especially in arid or semi-arid ecosystems. Ground cover, shrubs and grass are most important component of the forest environment for protecting the soil from erosion and landslides.
It is obvious from above that different definitions are required for different purposes and at different scales. In order that we may uphold the Constitutional provision well based on best science and wisdom, it is that important we begin a national conversation on formulation of an explicit national definition as to what it means in Bhutanese context to maintain the minimum 60 percent forest cover.
(Dr) Phuntsho Namgyel


Feline Facts and Information
Facts about Lions, Leopards, Jaguars, Cougars, Lynxes, Cheetahs, Snow Leopards,
Caracals, Bobcats, Servals and many other felines
Introduction to Felines
What comes to your mind when you hear the word feline? Some people think of their cuddly domesticated cat. Others think of the fast Cheetah or the distinctive Jaguar. The aggressive nature of the Cougar can come to mind or the great mane of the lion. There are all members of the feline species and a spectacular group to explore. While they do have plenty of differences they also have common links that put them all under that same umbrella.
Feline Visual Index
** Asiatic golden cat image. Copyright of opencage.info
The history of felines takes us back in time to very early humans. There are records to indicate the domestic cat has been involved with humans for more than 10,000 years. There has long been a desire that many people have to keep other forms of felines as pets. Some of them were very prestigious leaders in various parts of the world. Today it is considered illegal in many areas to have most of them as pets. Yet the process continues and money is made on the black market selling them.
There are two subfamilies of cats to consider. The first one is the Pantherinae. Members of this group of felines include the larger cats. The Lion, Tiger, Leopard, and Jaguar fall into this particular category. The Felinae includes the Cheetah, Cougar, Serval, domestic cat, Ocelot, Caracal, and the Lynx.
There is evidence to suggest that there was another subfamily approximately 20 million years ago. This class would have included the infamous Saber Toothed Tiger. The name of this subfamily is the Machairodontinae. There is still a great deal that we don’t know about the early felines or the evolution process. Even with some fossil remains a great deal of information still falls into the area of theories.
The classifications of the felines has been mainly based upon DNA. This has led to the identification of 41 types of felines including the subspecies. All of them are believed to have stemmed from a common ancestor a very long time ago. All felines are meat eaters. They are able to live in a variety of habitats as long as they can have access to food supplies.
Most felines are very good climbers and that helps them in their natural environment. You will find that plenty of zoos out there have different felines in captivity. They tend to be loner creatures with the exception of some species that hunt in groups. The felines are adaptable to changes in their environment which does help them to survive.
Felines are fast animals with very powerful jaws. They are able to take down prey that is much larger than they are. Some of the different species have also been known to attack and kill humans. That has lead to them getting a bad reputation in the eye of the public. That fear has led to many of them being killed.
Various felines have gorgeous fur coats and there was once a huge demand for them. Upper class individuals would pay large sums of money for them. This is one of the reasons why so many species of the felines are now struggling to get their population numbers increased.
The future for many times of felines continues to be one that is uncertain. Many of them are is serious threat of becoming extinct. There are many different types of conservation in place but it can only do so much. The relationship between many forms of felines and humans has long been a tense one. The balance of where their right to the habitat and that of humans should be allowed continues to be a strong area of debate.


induced pluripotent stem cells
Despite the granting of their HFEA licences two of the three research groups have been refused funding for their proposals. This is seen by some as the funding bodies making an ethical decision, choosing to fund other sources of stem cells instead.
One possible alternative is to 'reprogram' somatic cells into stem cells. This method has long been used in plant biology as a means to re-start a whole organism from any already differentiated tissue in that organism. However, in animal biology this is a very difficult process.
The cells produced by reprogramming a cell are known as induced pluripotent stem cells, or iPS cells. They are developed by making a cell express transcription factors that change the cell's gene expression pattern to that of a stem cell.
The transcription factors are currently inserted into the somatic cell using retroviruses. See Wikipedia for more details. Scientists acknowledge this is not ideal as there is a possibility that it could result in an increased likelihood of tumours appearing. Further work is needed to remove any trace of these methods after insertion.
What will happen to hybrid embryo research?
As iPS cell technology becomes more successful hybrid embryos are slowly becoming less important in the lab. However, like so many discoveries, iPS cell creation techniques would not have been developed without the ground work done using hybrid embryos. We can now look back and see that they were an important turning point with bio-scientists, such as Dr Stephen Minger, communicating with the public and scientific regulation being well informed and researched. Both of these enabled a open debate on the technologies and held public engagement on an ethical issue at its core.
Should research using potentially dangerous methods go ahead? What qualifiers or assurances, if any, would you want in place?
Ethical issues in stem cell research


Science Confirms-Drinking Coffee Tied to Lower Risk of Death
Good news coffee lovers !
In a 10-year U.S. study, people who drank coffee regularly were less likely to die of many causes, including heart disease and diabetes, than those who didn’t drink coffee at all.
“Coffee contains numerous biologically active compounds, including phenolic acids, potassium, and caffeine,” said lead author Dr. Erikka Loftfield of the National Cancer Institute in Rockville, Maryland.
Many studies have found that coffee consumption is associated with lower risk of overall and heart-related mortality, Loftfield told Reuters Health by email. The researchers used data from a previous study on 90,317 adults without cancer or history of cardiovascular disease who were followed from 1998 through 2009. They had reported their coffee intake, along with other dietary and health details, at the start of the study.
By 2009, about 8,700 people had died. After accounting for other factors like smoking, the researchers found that coffee drinkers were less likely to have died during the study than nondrinkers.
The risk of death was lowest for those who drank four to five cups of coffee per day. A similar association was seen among drinkers of decaffeinated coffee as well, according to the results in American Journal of Epidemiology.
Coffee drinkers had a reduced risk of death from heart disease, chronic respiratory diseases, diabetes, pneumonia and influenza and suicide, but not cancer, the researchers found.
“Although coffee drinking has also been inversely associated with incidence of certain cancers, like liver, in epidemiological studies, we did not observe an association between coffee and overall cancer mortality,” Loftfield said. “This may be because coffee reduces mortality risk for some cancers but not others.”
People who consumed two to three cups of coffee per day had approximately an 18 percent lower risk death during follow-up compared to those who reported drinking no coffee, she said. Drinking up to five cups per day, or 400 milligrams of caffeine per day, is not associated with any long-term health risks, Loftfield added.
Moderate caffeine intake, up to 200 milligrams per day, is even safe for pregnant women, according to a statement by the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists.
“There is an accumulating number of studies of very high quality that show that people who drink more coffee tend to have better health outcomes,” said Dr. Marc J. Gunter of Imperial College London, who was not part of the new study.
“Coffee drinking is correlated with other health behaviors,” and those who drink it regularly may have other healthy habits, like exercising and keeping to a healthier diet, though the researchers tried to account for those other factors, Gunter told Reuters Health.
The study doesn’t prove that coffee extends life. “You could argue that people who are already sick might not be drinking as much coffee,” Gunter said. But coffee may also have a direct effect on inflammation or cardiovascular health, he said. “It doesn’t seem to do you any harm, if you like drinking coffee then carry on,” Gunter said.
Coffee can be part of a healthy, balanced lifestyle, and it may even do some good, though we can’t yet recommend than non-drinkers adopt the habit for health reasons, he said.


Today, we will be looking building on our draw square procedure to creating a Tic-Tac-Toe gameboard. If you get a little lost in the lesson, you can follow along here:
This will probably take you 1-2 classes to complete, so take your time and try to get it done right. Your assignment needs to have the 3 following procedures:
Try experimenting with different game board sizes (number of rows/cols) and sizes of squares.
This assignment is due on Fri Sep 30.
A couple of great articles for you all to look at, the first on the booming tech sector here in BC, more employees than forestry, mining, oil/gas:
This second article about the rising wages:
“VFX artists are averaging $105,000 per year, while senior animators are averaging $93,000.”
“Software developers with just two to four years of experience are earning an average salary of $75,400, while those with four or more years of experience are bringing home an average of $93,900 per year”
That is more money that I make! Maybe I should go back to being a software developer😦
Please take the following quiz. Make sure you enter your name and student id in the first field. Once you finish the quiz, it will tell you right away your mark. I will only grade your first submission.
After the quiz, I will briefly go over the following in Snap!:
- create a custom block
- allowing user input into the custom block
If you are having problems with the above, here is the code for drawsquareprocedure:
Today, I will go over the following information page on what is a programming language. I will play the videos and explain some of the details.
Then please go ahead and complete the 12 question quiz here, being careful to study the answers:
On Friday, I will create a quiz based on the content and quiz above. Remember, quizzes are worth 20% of your mark.
If you struggled a little bit on Snap!, here are links to the first 2 lessons:
Today, we will go over the following in Snap:
- have a sprite following the mouse
- control what happens when a sprite touches another sprite
- drawing a square
- creating your own custom block
- entering text, as an input variable for your custom block
When done, please share your assignment, create a tinyURL for it, then email me the link.
Tomorrow, we will do a short lecture on What is a Computer Programming Language.
Today is our first lesson using Snap! If you used Scratch last year, then using Snap! will be easy. I will give about 2 tutorial lessons in Snap! before I give you your first main assignment.
Create a login for Snap! (snap.berkeley.edu/run) and then begin the tutorial. Your project needs to have:
- When the program starts (flag clicked), Alonzo says ‘click me’ to start
- Alonzo changing costumes when clicked (flipped)
- Shared and a custom TinyURL (tinyURL.com)
Your assignment is due by Mon Sep 15. Please email the tinyURL link to your shared Snap! project.
Next class we will work on a tutorial on drawing.
This is the post excerpt.
As mentioned in class, whenever I mark assignments, I will send you an email with your mark and feedback. Therefore, I need your email address.
For your first classroom assignment, please complete the following:
1. Write an email using your preferred email software (Gmail, Yahoo, Hotmail, etc..)
2. Address it to firstname.lastname@example.org (my email address)
3. Write a paragraph that outlines the following:
– why you chose this class as your elective
– what do you think the terms “coding” and computer programming mean? Define them in your own words.
– do you have any experience with coding and computer programming? If so, please list the languages and explain how you learned it and what you like about it.
– Do you prefer Android or Apple and why.
– Do you prefer Windows PC, Apple, or Linux and why.
I will reply to your first assignment with a mark and some comments.


Over 3 billion people of the world’s population of 7.6 billion live in rural areas, 90 percent of them in Asia and Africa, according to United Nations estimates. The two continents have the most lower and middle-income countries (LMIC), which the World Bank defines as states with a GNI (Gross National Income) per capita of $1,005 or less and between $1,006 and $3,955, respectively.
One of the major challenges many of these countries face is access to healthcare, where hard-to-reach rural areas bear the brunt of the inequality. In some cases, even where health clinics are relatively accessible, they often offer lower quality care compared to those in urban areas.
While the UN, the World Health Organization (WHO), and other international bodies have called for better policies and funding to drive change in access to healthcare, innovation also has its role. One Israeli startup is stepping up to the plate to bring high-quality digital health tools to the less developed areas of the world, with the motto “where you live shouldn’t determine whether you live.”
Engineering for All (EfA) has developed a small, portable device, RevDx, that can perform automated blood tests, diagnostics, and data analytics on the spot, a kind of hand-held hospital to assist under-equipped medical workers and technicians.
EfA co-founder and CEO Yoel Ezra tells NoCamels that the idea behind RevDx, which is still in development, is to create “the first programmable lab-on-hand,” a hand-held gadget that can run sophisticated diagnostics. EfA is currently working on a prototype that will be able to diagnose illnesses and run imaging on blood samples inserted into the device via a disposable kit. The prototype will specialize in blood count and parasite (such as malaria) diagnostics.
“Today, when people in, say, India or Africa or an area with deadly infectious diseases [come in] with a fever, they don’t really know if it’s because of parasites like malaria or something else that may need antibiotics [for],” Ezra explains. “In more than fifty percent of the cases, they just use unnecessary antibiotics or unnecessary anti-malaria [medicine].”
RevDx is meant to solve this problem, he says, alongside its other two purposes to eradicate malaria and bring innovative healthcare solutions to rural areas.
The device won EfA the startup competition last month at the DigitalHealth.Il Conference in Tel Aviv, an annual event that brings together biotech startups, entrepreneurs, investors and leading players in the global digital health landscape.
Another Israeli startup that bears some resemblance to EfA and which also presented at the conference was Tytocare, a telehealth company that developed hand-held medical check-up devices, profiled by NoCamels last week. Tytocare’s devices don’t do bloodwork, unlike EfA’s, but can examine the ears, throat, heart, lung, abdomen, and skin, and measure heart rate and temperature so a doctor can issue a diagnosis remotely. Founded in 2012, it has so far raised $45 million and has partnered with 25 health systems in the US, where it is looking to expand.
India, Africa, then Latin America and maybe even the US
EfA for its part intends to focus initially on India and Africa, before expanding into Latin America, Ezra tells NoCamels. Ezra was part of a delegation to India in August organized by the Pears Challenge, an Israeli non-profit that also had a hand in organizing the India-Israel Innovation Challenge (as part of the India-Israel Innovation Bridge) in which 18 startups from Israel and India partner for solutions in the spheres of agriculture, water technology, and digital health, areas where India faces unique challenges due to its size and demographics. These startups were part of a delegation to India last month led by Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu.
EfA, says Ezra, plans to reach rural and remote places in these areas through a B2B-B2C-B2G business model (B for business, C for citizen, and G for government). EfA intends to provide its product to private clinics and health organizations, which will use it for health services to citizens. These organizations will then work with governments to aggregate epidemiological data and improve service administration. Ezra says that, already, some government representatives, health organizations like the Malaria Consortium, and several international organizations have expressed interest in the RevDx system.
He tells NoCamels that, in the long term, EfA hopes to reach rural areas even in the West, especially in the US, where 20 percent of Americans live in areas with relatively limited access to health facilities. Not to mention that some 30 million don’t have health insurance and therefore restrict medical visits to mainly emergency situations.
Affordability is also important to EfA, as Ezra says he wants EfA to be “a portfolio product company with high-end and still affordable health technology solutions.” In fact, the World Health Organization says that about six percent of people in LMIC are “tipped into or pushed further into extreme poverty because of health spending,” making affordability a particularly important issue.
Ezra says EfA has a “roadmap” for RevDx’s future application with plans to upgrade the device’s software to run diagnostics for various kinds of illnesses and on blood as well as urine samples to make RevDx into an adaptable platform.
“In five years from now, I see RevDx applied in different markets and several solutions based on this platform,” Ezra tells NoCamels, “In ten years, I see more products other than RevDx, not only in diagnostics,” he says.
Looking to Developing Countries
Ezra says his background in the Israel Defense Forces helped shape the idea behind Efa. He served in the Israeli military for 23 years, becoming the commander of a small technological operations unit that was dubbed the “Q Lab” (in reference to James Bond) by visiting American special forces. Ezra says the diversity of expertise he encountered there – from materials science to engineering to image processing to chemistry – convinced him that “there is no limit to what you can do with technology; it is a matter of what you do with it,” and that unit’s small size gave it a “startup” feel. During his service, he was awarded the Prime Minister Award for special technological operation achievement.
After leaving the IDF, Ezra says he decided to pursue his childhood dream to work in the health field, though he “knew nothing” about biology at the time. Intending to learn “from the ground,” he joined the US healthcare technology firms Medtronics and later Edwards Lifesciences, where he helped develop heart valve replacements, and also studied heart valve replacement surgery.
In 2015, Ezra began to feel that, although his work was benefitting healthcare in developed countries, not enough was being done for places with less access. So at his own expense, Ezra traveled through Africa, going to rural clinics to find out more about their needs. “Like in special operations,” Ezra says, “you, first of all, collect data.”
Back in Israel, he made contact with the Pears Challenge, and TechForGood, an Israeli non-profit that provides investment and mentoring for startups in this field, and after receiving the Israel Innovation Authority’s “Tnufa” Grant for startups in 2016, he founded EfA together with Eli Mor, EfA’s COO. The two then began working with EfA’s medical advisor, Dr. Ami Neuberger, an infectious disease specialist, on a RevDx prototype.
EfA has so far funded the prototype’s development mostly through the grant as well as Ezra’s personal contributions and is now seeking private investors in Israel and Europe. Ezra says that once the prototype is finalized, EfA will begin seeking investment from non-profits.


Athens, Ga. - The same compounds that give plants and vegetables their vibrant colors might be able to bolster brain functioning in older adults, according to a recent study from the University of Georgia. The research from the department of psychology is the first to use fMRI technology to investigate how levels of those compounds affect brain activity and showed that study participants with lower levels had to rely on more brain power to complete memory-oriented tasks.
People get these compounds, known as carotenoids, from their diets, and two of them--lutein and zeaxanthin--have been shown in previous research to bolster eye and cognitive health in older adults. What isn't known is the neural mechanisms underlying the relationship between these compounds and cognition, said Cutter Lindbergh, first author of the study and a doctoral candidate in the psychology department in the Franklin College of Arts and Sciences.
"If you can show that in fact there's a real mechanism behind this, then you could potentially use these nutritional supplements or changes in diet, and you could easily intervene and potentially improve cognition in older adults," said L. Stephen Miller, a professor of psychology and corresponding author of the study.
With Miller's help, Lindbergh used fMRI technology, also known as functional MRI, to gauge the brain activity of more than 40 adults between 65 and 86 years old while they attempted to recall word pairings they were taught earlier. The researchers then analyzed brain activity while the participants were in the machine, finding that those individuals with higher levels of lutein and zeaxanthin didn't require as much brain activity to complete the task.
The researchers determined the level of the compounds in two ways: through serum samples, which are done using a blood sample, and through retinal levels that are measured using noninvasive flicker photometry, which relies on lights to determine levels of the compounds in the eye.
"There's a natural deterioration process that occurs in the brain as people age, but the brain is great at compensating for that," Lindbergh said. "One way it compensates is by calling on more brain power to get a job done so it can maintain the same level of cognitive performance."
In this study, participants with lower levels of lutein and zeaxanthin had to use more brain power and relied more heavily on different parts of the brain in order to remember the word pairings they were taught. People with higher levels, on the other hand, were able to minimize the amount of brain activity necessary to complete the task. In other words, they were more "neurally efficient."
"It's in the interest of society to look at ways to buffer these decline processes to prolong functional independence in older adults," Lindbergh said. "Changing diets or adding supplements to increase lutein and zeaxanthin levels might be one strategy to help with that."
The study showed no relationship between the levels of the compounds and the number of words participants could recall, but this finding, while somewhat unexpected, demonstrated how the brain went into overdrive to compensate for any diminished cognitive functioning.
"On the surface, it looked like everyone was doing the same thing and recalling the same words," Lindbergh said, "but when you pop the hood and look at what's actually going on in the brain, there are significant differences related to their carotenoid levels."
The participants weren't randomly selected and the total sample size is small, but the amount of variation in brain functioning within the group was significant.
The next step for the researchers is to study whether interventions like changing one's diet to include more vegetables containing the carotenoids or by adding nutritional supplements could boost individuals' neurocognitive performance.
The study, "Relationship of lutein and zeaxanthin levels to neurocognitive functioning: An fMRI study of older adults," was published in the Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society. The research was funded in part by Abbott Nutritional Products and the University of Georgia's Bio-Imaging Research Center. The study is available online at https:/
Catherine Mewborn, professor Billy Hammond and lecturer Lisa Renzi-Hammond, all from the University of Georgia's psychology department, co-authored the study. Joanne Curran-Celentano, a professor at the University of New Hampshire, was also a co-author.


Card Set Information
Last test before the final.
Federal laws established by the US Congress.
A serious crime which may be
punished by a heavy fine and/or imprisonment or even death
A lesser offense,
punishable by a small fine and/or a short jail term
Who determines all penalties for Federal crimes?
What is a Grand Jury?
Formail device by which a
person can be accused of a serious crime
How many people on Grand Juries have to be present in order to conduct business?
What is the difference between a "No Bill" and a "True Bill"?
is called a "True Bill".
If the jury finds
insufficient probable cause
then it is a "No Bill".
A formal complaint before a grand jury which
charges the accused with one or more crimes
defendent is read the charges
filed against them and is
advised of their rights
defendent enters a plea
of not guilty or guilty.
trial day is set
After the arraignment, how many days is it before the trial takes place?
Within 70 days
from the defendent's first appearance in court.
What is a plea agreement?
An agreement between the prosecutor and the defense attorney/defendent.
What are the options when guilt is decided?
- Incarceration in a Federal prison
- A fine
The defendant can appeal the sentence or the finding of guilt within how many days of the sentence?
Within 10 days from the date the sentence was imposed.
What is an affidavit?
setting out the statement of a witness
for court proceedings
What is probable cause?
The standard where a
police officer has the authority to
, conduct a personal or property
, or to
obtain a warrent
What is a federal magistrate?
Judges appointed to assist US district court judges
in the performance of their duties.
What is another name for a trial jury?
How many people are on a criminal jury?
How many people are on a civil jury?
6 - 12
What is guilt beyond a reasonable doubt?
The standard of proof required in most criminal cases.
What is meant by deliberation?
A jury in a trial in court discusses the findings of the court.
What is a hung jury?
A jury that cannot agree on a verdict.
The power of a court to hear a case first, before any other court.
Power shared by federal and state courts to hear certain cases.
The authority of a court to review decisions of inferior courts.
Compensaiton for a loss, damage, or jury.
Also known as
, one is released but must check in with a parole officer.
Due Process Clause
Part of the
which guarantees that
no state deny basic rights to its people
System of law that relies on the contest between
each advocate representing his/her party's positions
involves an impartial person/group.
False and malicious use of printed words.
False and malicious use of spoken words.
crime more violent
and calls for a
Circumstances that call for mercy/leniency.
sum of money that the accused may be required to post
as a guarantee that he or she will appear in court at the proper time.
the death penalty


This is where we stored the fuel used to light the lamp in the lens when the light-house first went into operation. We used lard-oil to light the 4-wick lamp used in the first-order lens. It was shipped down here from the San Francisco district office. We would very carefully pour out just enough for the night, taking precautions to be sure we didn't waste any oil. It took about two gallons plus one pint for 10 hours of service. Then we would carry the oil for the night up the stairs to the lantern room. Every night, up all those stairs. Not that we minded, much.
The Light House Board switched to lard oil from sperm-oil. Sperm oil was rendered from sperm whales and had been use to light the lamps in United States light-houses since 1812. Sperm-oil worked fine but each year there were fewer and fewer sperm whales. The oil from the ones that were caught was also being used for other purposes, such as a lubricant. All this drove the price per gallon for sperm-oil up to $2.43 1/2. At one time the price had been as low as $1.09 per gallon. By comparison, the highest the Light-house Board ever paid for lard-oil was $2.27. At one time it had been as low as 48 1/2 cents per gallon.
A First-order lamp, like the one used at Pigeon Point, was allotted 760 gallons of lard-oil per year. By 1872, the year the Pigeon Point Light-house went into service, the Light House Board was spending $85,355.00 a year on lard-oil for all the U.S. Light-houses.
In 1888 we changed from lard oil to kerosene and had to install a new lamp in the lens to burn the new fuel. It was called a "Funk's Mineral Oil Lamp" and it had five concentric wicks. Folks figured out that kerosene was a bit more touchy than lard-oil so in the early 1900's they built a separate fuel house, or "bunker" out there near the flag pole. Guess they didn't want to take any chances on blowing up the light-house!
While I'm on the subject of what we call the "illuminants," I might as well finish the story of how we've kept the lens lit over the years. In about 1911 another type of lamp was installed. Instead of using burning wicks to produce the light, it forced the kerosene under pressure into a vapor chamber where it was converted to a gas. I won't bother you with all the details, but basically it worked like the lanterns used by folks for camping today. This lamp was a big improvement over the open burner type lamps used earlier and with it our lens was rated at 160,000 candlepower. It could be seen up to eighteen miles away!
Nowadays the Coast Guard has all sorts of electronic stuff in here to help ships navigate. I don't know how it works, but it seems to do the job.


Texts for World Literature
English V: World Literature
What does World Literature cover?
World Literature is a college-prep literature survey course. Focus works, including novels, short stories, poems, and drama, have been selected for literary quality, and for their place in the historical development of literature. Context readings provide background information about the author, the historical time and place, and the literary and artistic context of the focus work.
Students will gain an understanding of the development of world literature and will practice the skills of close literary analysis through essays, approach papers, and other evaluative and creative writing. You may learn more about how I chose the literature for Excellence in Literature in How I Chose Books for Excellence in Literature .
World Literature is a challenging course, and I recommend it for older students (11-12th grade). You may wish to take longer than four weeks for each unit, or you may even decide to skip a unit or two (some parents may not wish to cover Inferno and Faust). Whatever you choose, your student will grow in many ways through the study of some of the greatest literary works from around the world.
World Literature: English 5
This World Literature study guide is available for purchase at the Everyday Education website, where you’ll also find many more details about the curriculum and guidance on how to use it. In addition to the study guide, you will also need the focus texts for World Literature. These are the classic books your student will read.
There is also an honors track available for this course. You can view a list of the honors texts here.
By the end of the course, students will:
- Possess a broad knowledge of significant works of world literature.
- Have specific understanding of selected representative texts by major authors of the times and places studied.
- Have a general understanding of the historical and cultural contexts of the works.
- Be able to analyze literary texts and present thoughtfully developed ideas in writing.
- Demonstrate competence in essay organization, style, and mechanics.
- Demonstrate competence in the MLA style of source documentation
Focus Texts for World Literature
Each book is linked to the preferred edition or translation at Amazon. These are affiliate links, of course — that means EIL gets a few cents from each book purchase, but it doesn’t change your cost at all.
Unit 1: The Odyssey by Homer
Module 1: The Odyssey by Homer
Honors: The Iliad by Homer
Module 2: Antigone by Sophocles
The Burial at Thebes: A Verson of Sophocles’ Antigone by Seamus Heaney
Honors: Oedipus Rex by Sophocles (included in the same volume as Antigone)
Module 3: The Aeneid by Virgil
Honors: Lives of the Noble Grecians and Romans by Plutarch
Module 4: Divine Comedy: Inferno by Dante
Honors: Paradiso and/or Purgatorio by Dante
OR Confessions by Augustine of Hippo
Module 5: Don Quixote by Miguel de Cervantes
Honors: The Pickwick Papers by Charles Dickens
Module 6: Les Misérables by Victor Hugo
Honors: The Hunchback of Notre-Dame by Victor Hugo
OR Democracy in America by Alexis de Tocqueville
Module 7: The Portable Nineteenth Century Russian Reader edited by George Gibian
Honors: The Brothers Karamazov by Fyodor Dostoyevsky
Module 8: Faust by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
Module 9: Out of Africa and “Babette’s Feast” by Isak Dinesen
Honors: Surprised by Joy: The Shape of My Early Life by C.S. Lewis
Other chapters include . . .
Formats and Models 107
Approach Paper Format 108
Historical Approach Paper Format 112
Author Profile Format 114
Literature Summary Format 114
Sample Poetry Analysis 118
What an MLA Formatted Essay Looks Like 120
Excellence in Literature Evaluation Rubric 123
Excellence in Literature Evaluation Rubric for IEW Students 125
Student Evaluation Summary 127
Selected Resources 139
Your student will need a good writer’s handbook in order to develop the habit of looking up things when a question arrises. Every professional writer and editor I have encountered has several handbooks, as each has a different focus and use; but for your student, one or two should be adequate. Here are two options:
This writer’s handbook has two parts. The first section provides detailed instructions on how to construct essays and arguments, and the second second is a manual of grammar, style, and usage. This is a book that will be useful from high school into college.
Writer’s Inc. is a time-tested high school handbook that is chock-full of helpful tips and advice on writing, style and usage, and more. This is especially useful as a first handbook for writing students.
All links to Amazon.com are affiliate links and help to support the site. See below for more details. Thank you!


TREKKING THROUGH TROPICAL ASIA
This life science curriculum focuses on the guiding question:
How are Asian tropical ecosystems similar to and different from other ecosystems around the world, including those in Colorado?
The unit focuses on the following Colorado Academic Standard:
Science 2.3: There is interaction and interdependence between and among living and nonliving components of ecosystems.
Final project suggestion:
Tropical Asian Travel Guide
Download Interactive PDF (20.6 MB)
NOTE: Due to the large size of this PDF, we recommend that rather than viewing the PDF in your browser that you download this version to your computer and view it using a PDF reader like Acrobat Reader.
Download Printer Friendly PDF(2.1 MB)
See videos related to this discovery unit.
Find out about Extension Learning opportunities related to this unit.


Organizations need to take a proactive approach to eliminate bullying and create a healthy culture.
By Chris Dyer
People do their best work when they’re supported socially, so the opposite must also be true: Interpersonal strife interferes with achievement. This is why the topic of bullying, whether in the academic or professional sphere, has come to the forefront in the past 30 years. It’s real and it’s really detrimental.
The Workplace Bullying Institute defines workplace bullying as repeated mistreatment and abusive conduct. In a recent survey, the organization found that 20 percent of adult American workers said they’d been bullied at work and another 20 percent said they’d witnessed that behavior.
Were this just an emotional hurdle, it would be bad enough. But research from Psychology Today shows that the associated stress from bullying contributes to or manifests as chronic illnesses. Workers who are the victims of persistent abusive or unwelcome behavior that they cannot avoid have reported post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms as well as:
- onset of Type 2 diabetes;
- chronic neck pain;
- depression; and
- suicidal ideation.
And this has a real impact. According to Psychology Today, employee victims of bullying have been found to be less engaged, to have higher absentee rates, and to be more likely to exit the workforce altogether and rely on disability subsidies.
So, what can HR do? It’s a tough problem to solve. It often occurs under cover, in ways that are difficult to define, and by people who know how to hide and perpetuate their power. Organizations should define what constitutes bullying and the circumstances that support it in their employee handbook or code of conduct. These three steps will help business leaders to end and prevent the cycle:
1. Identify the behavior. There are three traits common to bullying situations: They’re negative personal attacks, they go on for some time, and the recipient cannot escape their effects. These days, they may take place in person, via the internet, or within the larger social system of the workplace.
2. Purge the behavior. Statistically speaking, getting rid of bullies is much more difficult than preventing them from gaining power over coworkers. In fact, a 2018 Norwegian review of 12 trials found that none of the interventions studied worked. So, bullies in an office will have to be dealt with on a case-by-case basis.
When accusations surface, they should be taken seriously until disproven. HR leaders should have direct discussions with witnesses and document accounts to build a case. Leaders should ask witnesses not to share their accounts with others without evidence. Meanwhile, those in charge can follow the chain of events to get at the truth and make it known.
If one employee accuses another of subterfuge, they should be called together into an arbitration meeting that includes their supervisors. This breaks down the barriers that allow bullies to hide their gossip and fear mongering. Once the behavior and the perpetrator have been identified, it’s up to the boss or HR leader to end the cycle.
A legal investigation may be warranted prior to confronting the accused employee. But whether the behavior was illegal or not, action can be taken to preserve a safe workplace and healthy culture.
3. Protect the workforce. Academic research from Morten Nielsen and Ståle Einarsen found that raising awareness about bullying and being cognizant of management practices that might enable it can have positive effects—but not on the bullies themselves. Educating potential witnesses to bullying, however, does serve to reinforce standards of appropriate workplace conduct.
Catherine Mattice Zundel, founder and CEO of Civility Partners, notes four management practices that raise the risk for bullying:
- using competition between employees to increase performance;
- not addressing team stress levels;
- not addressing grievances; and
- not taking action after identifying interpersonal conflicts.
Management styles and conduct boundaries are culture issues. They directly set the tone for the work environment. So, it’s best for leaders to make policies in these areas before bullies can get a foothold. Their negativity will fill any void in positivity.
Negativity is contagious and, left unchecked, can become the default attitude. Adopting a proactive approach to solving problems and setting goals that focus on company and individual strengths can defuse negative mindsets. Training in appreciative inquiry or positive deviance methodologies can establish positivity as the norm. These two models use positive steps of self-reflection and critical and alternative thinking to find solutions to complex challenges.
Create a Healthy Working Environment
Organizations that are focusing attention on cultural structure are that much closer to forming a healthy place to work. Think of it as adding more vegetables to a plate to increase nutrition. As organizations revisit policies, they can use these morale boosters to make healthy decisions:
1. Give power to the people. Flip those heavy-handed management techniques by giving employees the reins when possible. Whether acknowledging poor behavior or recognizing greatness, let it come from a peer. Set up an employee committee to review performance records and let those who try harder encourage the stragglers. Wondering how to fix an inefficiency? Ask employees with their boots on the ground first; they might just have a solution.
2. Embrace honesty. Wondering what management’s next move will be adds to employee stress. Be as transparent as possible with the workforce. If a change is coming, give fair warning. If the company is in financial trouble or triumph, informed workers will do more to help out or keep the winning streak going.
3. Say yes. Positivity—like negativity—is contagious. Instead of layering on rules for what can’t be done, set boundaries for what can. If a definitive yes isn’t possible, agree to requests in increments.
4. Say thanks. Experts keep repeating that a paycheck alone is not enough incentive to do outstanding work day in and day out. Create an acknowledgement system for different levels of achievement, from showing up on time to landing an important account—and let employees, not managers, be the ones to identify excellence.
Chris Dyer is a speaker, consultant, and best-selling author of the book, The Power of Company Culture.


A steady online stream of searches have accompanied the 9/11 memorial events — "George W. Bush," "Twin Towers," "conspiracy theories," "terror threat," "silence," "fdny 343 firefighters," "pledge of allegiance," "god bless America."
Among these queries, many focused on Psalm 46 ("president obama reading psalm 46," "obama psalm 46 ten anniversary"). The passage has been described as "a sure defense in desperate times." President Obama has quoted from this passage before, during the memorial service of victims from the fatal Tucson mass shooting.
Church history scholar Scott Manetsch, speaking to an Alabama divinity school in 2010, described its "emotive power" as deriving from "blunt honesty and its sturdy confidence in the Lord." The song has been favored among leaders like Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. and former British prime minister Margaret Thatcher. An inspired nine-year-old Wolfgang Mozart composed "God is Our Refuge," based on the psalm, in 1765. Its origins are still unknown among Biblical scholars, and may go back as far as 700 B.C.
The psalm was evoked after the attacks on America, including a statement from evangelist Billy Graham on Sept. 11. Wrote reporter G. Jeffrey Macdonald of the Times Picayune on Sept. 29, 2001, "On America's ever-more-diverse religious landscape, few occasions in recent years have led believers of varied stripes to invoke a common text as relevant and authoritative. In the aftermath of the terrorist strikes, however, no one disputed the appropriateness of the ancient Hebrew lyrics: 'God is our refuge and strength, a very present help in trouble,' says the first verse. 'Therefore we will not fear, though the earth should change.'"
The words to Sept. 11 anniversary recitals — such as Ecclesiastes 3:1, "Turn Again to Life," "The Names," and Meditation XVII ("No Man is an Island") — can be found here.


Winter Management In Poultry Easy Tips for Less Mortality and higher Growth rate.
1- Keep in mind Preheating of the shed must be done before 12 hours before receiving chicks.Initial temperature is required for best brooding is 95 degree Fahrenheit.
2- The Common mistake is measuring temperature from floor .Temperature should not be measured from bottom of floor. If measuring from base of floor near litter it should be around Litter-95° Fahrenheit. In winter try to use the air of pending space in shed. Its better to use direct cold air fro outside.
3- The Common mistake is Poultry farmers don’t provide good quantity of rice husk or wood powder for litter. Please note its for the comfort of bird and soak extra moisture.
So never compromise with bird’s comfort and management.
4- Space-.25 square feet must be given in initial stage and continuously to be increased.
5)-Round Brooding is considered best to avoid corners.Corners are the space , where birds gathered and increases the chance of mortality.
6- Papers or old News papers are used to avoid eating of Wooden powder or risk cover ,must not be removed before 3-4 days and 2 layers are considered best.
7- Brooding equipment must be well cleaned with good quality disinfectants including water pipes before receiving chicks.
8-It doesn’t matter which source you are using to generate heat . But it must no cause any gases formation in shed . Otherwise it will cause Ascites and other issues in poultry farm.
The main thing is is you are giving heat through electrical equipment ,than you must have backup by alternative ways in case of power off.
9- Give Proper lights to all birds and light must be same and proper in all areas .
10- Double Curtains from sides one of Joot and of strong polythene to avoid direct cold air entry in poultry farm.
11-Ventilation in night time to remove CO2,CO, NH3 only through upper side of curtain . Never open all the curtain . In Day time always open curtains from the side , where your birds can get sunlight.
12- Add Dry Litter material if you feel any extra moisture in your poultry farm.
13-If sunlight or Light Sun heat you are feeling in shed ,you can increase space for birds. but remember in night time again decrease the space with 100% sure birds/Chicks must not over crowded and temperature is maintained in poultry shed.
14-A well trusted person or you must be present night time and keep on eye on temperature meter after every hour especially in first 7 days.First seven day best care of birds is half done of your success of full cycle.
15-Exhaust fans should be used to remove gases, with proper balance to maintain proper temperature . It will be give benefit of Less or Zero ascites’s Issue
16- Light intensity s/be 30-40 lux give better results in brooding time resulting better Growth in full life cycle of your poultry birds.
17-Never forget to maintain Humidity in poultry farm. Without Humidity maintaining temperature may be useless . Humidity of brooding area s/be 60-65%, after 3-5 days 50-60% .Humidity can be increased by using water pot near heating source to increase humidity and to be removed to decrease Humidity in Poultry Shed.
If you follow and succeed to follow the above instructions with best chicks quality and Crumbs feed and body weight achievement is 180+ gram average. You are winner and half done of success in this cycle in term of management and resulting less diseases in Poultry.
For more visit https://poultryindiatv.com/