The new finding has left asteroid specialists stunned as they discovered a weird possibility. Utilizing remote sensing image data to analyze a particular asteroid, a team of astronomers discovered that the craters on the asteroid Ryugu are quite different.
As a matter of fact, the eastern and western orbs of the listed as a Near-Earth Object (NEO) space rock may have actually taken form at separate times. A team of researchers led by Assistant Professor Naoyuki Hiratoa of the Department of Planetology at Kope University’s Graduate School of Science discovered very uneven surface patterns and contradictory sides of the asteroid.
The Japan-based university used images taken by a new uncrewed probe known as Hayabusa-2, which was launched by the Japan Space Agency (JAXA). The spacecraft has been snapping pictures of the probably dangerous space rock since June of last year.
Two Different Orbital Change Periods
Specialists analyzed the images in detail and discovered a total of 77 craters on Ryugu. However, it was the location of the craters that made scientists understand more about the way they formed. The American Scientific Journal Icarus issued the results on November 5th, depicting the shocking discovery.
After closely observing thousands of images sent by Hayabusa-2, the team detected craters that measure between 10 meters (32 feet) and 20 meters (65 feet) in diameter. The experts examined the location of the crates and determined that the majority of craters were discovered to be located in the area of the eastern hemisphere, close to the meridian. Ryugu’s largest crater, dubbed Cendrillon, is close to that region. In an austere contrast, the western hemisphere of the asteroid was found to host only a few craters.
The findings imply that the western side of the space rock may have taken form much later than the other regions. If the eastern and western orbs were indeed shaped at separate times, this could indicate something much bigger. It could mean that in the past, there was a minimum of two periods when the cosmic object’s orbital speed enhanced.
Paula is an outstanding reporter for Henri Le Chat Noir, always finding new and interesting topics to bring to the portal. She mostly crafts Science and Technology news articles, covering everything one needs to know about those niches. Paula studied at Concordia University.


How to Create a Comprehensive Cybersecurity Training Program
As organizations look to protect their data and networks from cyber threats, cybersecurity training has become an essential tool for ensuring that employees remain aware of the latest security practices. In this blog post, we will explore how to create a comprehensive cybersecurity training program that ensures your staff is up-to-date on the latest security protocols and best practices.
We’ll discuss the importance of developing a plan of action, assessing existing security policies, creating tailored curriculums and selecting appropriate training methods. Finally, we’ll look at ways to measure the effectiveness of your training program. By following these steps, you can ensure that your organization stays ahead of emerging cyber threats.
Overview of Cybersecurity Training.
Cybersecurity training is a process of educating personnel about the principles and best practices of cybersecurity. It can be used to teach employees how to identify, prevent, and respond to cyber threats in their organization’s networks, systems, and data. The goal of cybersecurity training is to enable staff members to recognize potential risk factors and take appropriate mitigating actions when necessary.
Common Types of Cybersecurity Training.
Different types of cybersecurity training exist that focus on different aspects of security protocols such as network security, application security, digital forensics, cryptography, ethical hacking and more. Basic security awareness training should include topics such as social engineering attacks (phishing emails), malware prevention strategies (best practices for downloading software), password management techniques (strong passwords) and other safe computing practices that are important for all users within the organization.
Additionally there are also specialized trainings tailored for individual roles like IT administrators or developers which may include programming best practices or system hardening techniques depending on their specific role within the organization’s technology stack.
Benefits of Cybersecurity Training.
Cybersecurity training has numerous benefits for organizations; firstly it increases staff awareness around the latest cyber threats facing businesses today which helps them make better informed decisions when using company resources online or over a network connection ultimately leading to improved overall security posture across the entire business landscape from employees up through executive level decision makers..
Additionally it can help reduce financial losses due to malicious actors by providing personnel with knowledge around identifying suspicious activity quickly so they can take action accordingly before any damage occurs as well as improving compliance with relevant regulatory requirements pertaining to information protection standards set forth by governing bodies in each respective industry sector they operate in.
Ultimately employee education is key in being able to stay ahead of cyber criminals who constantly evolve their attack methods each year so staying up-to-date on the latest trends within the ever changing world of digital threats remains an ongoing priority for any business looking to protect itself against potential harm brought about through malicious activities online.
Implementing a Comprehensive Cybersecurity Training Program.
Creating a comprehensive cybersecurity training program requires planning and foresight. Start by setting measurable goals that define the objectives you wish to achieve with your training program. Goals should be based on the current state of your organization’s security practices and should be tailored to address any identified risks or vulnerabilities.
Next, create a timeline for implementing your plan, taking into account both short-term and long-term goals, as well as any external factors that could affect the success of your training program. This timeline should also include milestones for assessing progress and evaluating results at regular intervals throughout the duration of your training program.
Assess Your Current Security Practices.
Once you have developed a plan of action, it is important to assess the current state of your organization’s security practices in order to identify any weaknesses or areas that need improvement in order to meet the goals set out in your plan. Conducting an audit or risk assessment can provide valuable insight into potential threats, weaknesses, and areas where additional security measures may be needed in order to ensure adequate protection against cyber attacks.
Create a Comprehensive Cybersecurity Curriculum.
Creating a comprehensive curriculum is essential for ensuring effective cybersecurity training for all members of an organization—from top executive leadership down to entry-level staff members—and addressing potential gaps in knowledge about proper security protocols and best practices for data management and digital identification processes across all departments within an organization.
The content included in each lesson should be tailored towards different audiences within the organization based on their roles and responsibilities when it comes to handling sensitive information or using technology safely while working remotely if applicable during times like these due to Covid-19 pandemic situation .
Additionally, it is important that lessons are regularly updated as new technology becomes available so that employees remain up-to-date on the latest industry standards when it comes to cybersecurity protocols and procedures they must follow while using technology at work or remotely from home during this period post Covid – 19 pandemic phase too .
Select Appropriate Training Methods
In addition to creating comprehensive curricula tailored towards different audiences within an organization, organizations must also select appropriate methods for delivering this material effectively so that employees understand how best protect themselves against cyber attacks both online & offline . Examples include seminars , webinars , videos , quizzes & other interactive activities conducted via online platforms such as Zoom meetings which have been widely used since Covid – 19 pandemic started .
These approaches help make sure employees fully comprehend key concepts associated with cybersecurity rather than just memorizing facts presented through traditional teaching methods .
Subsection 2.5 Tailor Training To Different Audiences The content included in each lesson should not only be relevant but also interesting enough so that everyone understands its importance regardless of their technical acumen level . For instance , those who are more tech savvy can benefit from advanced topics such as social engineering tactics used by hackers while those without prior knowledge can focus more on basic concepts related with cyber safety such us identifying phishing attempts & email spoofing techniques etc .
Furthermore , providing visual aids during classroom sessions will help reinforce key points covered by speakers which will enable learners better remember what has been taught over time even after trainings get completed successfully !
Measuring the Effectiveness of Your Training Program.
It is important to measure the effectiveness of your training program in order to track progress and ensure that employees are properly educated on cybersecurity best practices. To do this, you should assess employee knowledge before and after training sessions. This can be done by administering tests or quizzes prior to the session as well as post-test assessments afterwards. This will help you identify any areas where further instruction may be needed, as well as identify which topics were most effective during the training session.
Use Surveys to Gather Feedback.
In addition to testing knowledge, surveys can be used to gather feedback from participants about their experience with the training program. Surveys can include questions such as: “What did you find most useful about the training?” or “What could have been improved upon?” Gathering this information helps inform decisions for future trainings and provides insight into which aspects of cyber security education resonated most with employees.
Analyze Your Training Data.
Finally, it is important to analyze all of your data in order to draw meaningful conclusions from your training efforts. You should look at both quantitative measures such as test scores or completion rates, but also qualitative measures such as surveys and interview feedbacks from participants in order gain a holistic understanding of how successful your cybersecurity program has been overall. By analyzing these metrics, you can make informed decisions regarding changes that need to be made in order for your organization’s cyber security training programmers to run more effectively in the future.
Creating a comprehensive cybersecurity training program is essential for organizations to ensure their employees are well-equipped to protect sensitive data. By developing a plan of action, assessing current security practices, creating an effective curriculum, selecting appropriate training methods and tailoring training to different audiences, organizations can create an effective cybersecurity training program that will help them stay ahead of potential threats.
To measure the effectiveness of your training program, assess knowledge before and after training with surveys and analyze the data you gather in order to make informed decisions about where improvements need to be made. Ultimately, it is important for organizations to invest in comprehensive cybersecurity training programs in order to keep their businesses safe from cyberattacks.
It is clear that with the right tools and strategy in place, any organization can develop a successful cybersecurity training program that will help protect their systems from potential threats. So don’t wait – put your plan into action today!


Shark fins tracked by DNA
The finding that sharks have DNA 'zip codes' means that the fight against the shark fin trade is strengthened as scientists can work out what region sharks where born in.
A team of international researchers, led by the Institute for Ocean Conservation Science in New York, has successfully used DNA to confirm that there are separate groups of both dusky sharks and cooper sharks living in distinct coastal areas. Both of these species of sharks are highly prized for their shark fins and they are facing serious threats from the shark finning trade.
Whilst sharks tend to have a wide habitat in which they live, they are connected to the coastal regions where they always go to reproduce. Dr. Demian Chapman, leader of the research team and assistant director of science of the Institute for Ocean Conservation Science, said ''By analysing part of the genome that is inherited solely through the mother, we were able to detect differences between sharks living along different continents, in effect their DNA zip codes''.
It would seem this might just turn out to save their lives as it means each population is likely to have distinct genetic patterns. Chapman explains that this research shows that adult females faithfully give birth along the continental region where they were born and ''if fished too much, the population will collapse, and it is extremely unlikely that it will be replenished from immigration of sharks from another region''.
The International Union for Conservation of Nature classifies the dusky shark in the Western Atlantic as Endangered and that their population is below one fifth of the levels it was at only 20 years ago. Luckily enough this latest research has shown that the differences in the genetic makeup of the shark populations are big enough to enable scientists to actually track the origin of the fins.
The outcome of this research is that regional populations of sharks can be prioritised for management in the fight against the shark finners. This means that better monitoring in local areas as well as improved regional management practices can be put in place to protect these predators at the top of the food chain.


Discriminative stimulus or SD: A stimulus in the presence of which a response is reinforced.
When Thorndike's cats operated the latch-mechanism of a puzzlebox and escaped from the box, the situational stimuli associated with being in the box were present when the response occurred and resulted in the unlatching of the door. Thorndike's situational stimuli thus qualify as a (complex) discriminative stimulus according to this definition.
But there is something wrong with this definition -- it is not enough simply to reinforce a response in the presence of some stimulus. You must also see to it that the relationship between response and reinforcement changes in the absence of the stimulus. What is typically done is that responses are reinforced when the discriminative stimulus is present and not reinforced when the discriminative stimulus is absent. The occurrence of the SD must signal a change in the response-reinforcer contingency.
There is also another problem with the above definition. Although it defines an SD in terms of responses being reinforced in its presence, a perfectly good SD can be created by punishing a response in the presence of a stimulus. To be complete, then, the definition would have to change "reinforced" to "reinforced or punished."
The second definition of "discriminative stimulus" emphasizes process or result:
Discriminative stimulus or SD: A stimulus that controls the probability of a response.
Because responses have been reinforced in the presence of the discriminative stimulus (first definition), and not in its absence, they tend to occur more often when the SD is present than when it is absent.
As an example, consider a pigeon pecking away at a response key for grain reward. When the key is green (illuminated from behind by a green light), we occasionally reinforce key-pecks. After a few minutes, we turn off the green lignt and switch the schedule to extinction (key-pecks are never reinforced). From time to time we turn the green key-light on or off, continuing to reinforce key-pecks only in the presence of the green light.
What we will observe is that the pigeon at first pecks at the key whether the green light is on or not. As the pigeon gains more experience with the contingencies, however, pecking when the green light is off gradually diminishes until key-pecks occur only in the presence of the green key. The green illumination of the key is serving as a discriminative stimulus, and response probability (as reflected in the rate of responding) is now much higher in its presence and in its absence. We say that the green key-light exerts stimulus control over key-pecking:
Stimulus control: The ability of a discriminative stimulus to alter the probability of a response. This relationship between discriminative stimulus, response, and reinforcement has been described as the three-term contingency. Because responses always occur and are reinforced (or not) or punished (or not) in some stimulus context, one can expect response probabilities to vary sensitively as contexts change. This accounts for the fact that you are likely to behave very differently in one context (say, the classroom) than you do in another context (say, at a party): Different discriminative stimuli are present, indicating that different reinforcement contingencies are in effect -- what is likely to be rewarded, ignored, or punished changes.
In the test, we present a series of lines on the key oriented at different angles from the vertical, all during extinction conditions, in a randomized order, and observe the rate of key-pecking in each case. We will find, not surprisingly, that the pigeon responds at its highest rate during SD and at its lowest rate during S-delta. But what about line orientations between the vertical and horizontal? For those likes, the pigeon will respond at average rates that vary smoothly from higher to lower as the line orientation changes from vertical to horizontal, whether the line is rotated clockwise or counterclockwise. The result will be a smooth curve with a peak at SD and declining in either direction of rotation toward S-delta -- a typical generalization gradient similar in appearance to those produced in generalization tests in classical conditioning (see figure to right showing some real data). What is changing in this case, however, is the rate at which the pigeon emits an operant -- usually thought of as a voluntary response.
If you observe carefully during the generalization tests, you will discover that what changes as the line rotates from vertical to horizontal is not the lowering of an otherwise steady rate of responding; rather, what changes is that the pigeon begins to alternate between periods of responding and not responding, or in other words, between behaviors appropriate to SD and those appropriate to S-delta. As the line orientation becomes less like SD and more like S-delta, the balance shifts more and more toward S-delta-appropriate behavior (i.e., doing something other than key-pecking). Consequently the average rate of keypecking in the presence of the line declines.


IRI Data Library Hosts New Experimental Forecasts
Two new extended-range weather forecast databases are now more accessible to public and researchers
Wouldn’t it be nice to know now what the weather is going to be for the vacation you have planned next month? Or, if you’re a farmer, whether you’re going to get enough rainfall during a crucial planting time coming up in a few weeks? Weather forecasts help us make decisions about the next few days to a week, and seasonal climate forecasts give us information on the time scale of three months to a year or more. But a significant gap in scientists’ understanding has limited the ability to forecast what will happen two weeks to two months from now, also called the subseasonal scale. Scientists are starting to produce experimental subseasonal climate forecasts, exploring, for example, the prediction of conditions related to the recent hurricanes to strike the United States. Easy public access to those forecasts has been limited, until now.
Two new datasets available in the IRI Data Library allow access to 60 terabytes of climate forecasts containing predictions of rainfall, temperature, winds and other variables at the subseasonal level. Researchers can also take advantage of the computational power of the Data Library, including the ability to visualize and analyze the new data online without having to download it.
One of the datasets makes subseasonal forecasts available from 11 out of 13 of the World Meteorological Organization’s official long-range forecasting centers. This dataset, called the S2S Database, underpins the international Subseasonal to Seasonal (S2S) Prediction Project, said Andrew Robertson, who heads IRI’s climate team and is the co-chair of the S2S Project. The WMO’s World Weather and World Climate Research Programs created the project in 2013 to improve forecasts and understanding on timescales of two weeks to a season, filling the gap between daily weather and seasonal climate forecasts. WMO also wants to promote use of the forecasts for better early warning of high impact weather events such as floods and droughts, and heat and cold waves.
While the S2S Dataset is also available at two official S2S archiving centers (ECMWF and CMA), the IRI Data Library version brings a large subset of the S2S database online so that it is accessible “in the cloud” using any web browser, even on a tablet or smart phone. Researchers can also more easily assess S2S forecast accuracy using the Data Library’s extensive datasets of observed climate conditions.
“The functionality that the Data Library adds will be particularly relevant for researchers who are working on how subseasonal forecasting data might be used in applications for public health, water resources, agriculture, disaster risk reduction and more,” said Robertson. The coding and data skills required for accessing S2S data from other centers is not a problem for many climate science researchers, such as those doing predictability research or studying model errors. But for those with more of an eye toward applying the forecasts, the process of obtaining the most appropriate data can be unwieldy.
Perhaps most importantly, the IRI Data Library allows users to visualize the S2S data before downloading it. For some, said Robertson, viewing the data – such as weekly averages of forecasted daily rainfall during a past flood event – may be all that’s needed. Others are likely to find it useful for exploratory analysis before downloading.
“We want to expand the ability of the user community who may be in interested in developing forecast products,” said Robertson. “The S2S Project is primarily a research project, but it also seeks to demonstrate the potential for significant socio-economic value of forecasts, to develop new tools and to lay the groundwork for future climate services. This dataset is an important first step.”
Significant for applications development, the IRI Data Library allows virtual “Maprooms” to be created using the S2S data. A Maproom – a platform that starts with a map as the entry point for accessing a range of climate information and analyses – can be adapted to specific user groups and expressed in terms relevant to their decision making.
Because of restrictions in place at many operational forecasting centers, the S2S forecasts are only available three weeks after they are issued.
But the other new subseasonal dataset in the IRI Data Library does offer real-time forecasts. The data come from NOAA’s Subseasonal Experiment (SubX) research project, which combines North American global models from NOAA, NASA, Environment Canada, the Navy, and National Center for Atmospheric Research to produce once-a-week real-time experimental sub-seasonal forecasts. The SubX dataset provides similar variables to the S2S Dataset, including a set of forecasts for past dates (also called reforecasts), and is being made available for the research community in the Data Library.
Between the two datasets, IRI now houses around 60 terabytes of subseasonal climate forecasting data. This much data couldn’t simply be copied to IRI from the S2S archiving center at ECMWF, or from the SubX forecasting centers. A large part of the S2S data was transferred thanks to two Columbia University projects funded by NOAA’s Modeling, Analysis, Predictions, and Projections Program. Members of IRI’s Data Library team then coded special files to translate the forecasts into a format readable by the Data Library. This translation is also what allows for the more user-friendly interface, and for the possibility of deriving forecast products within the Data Library.
“The bookkeeping and constructing of all those files turned out to be quite a job,” said Robertson.
IRI’s Michael Bell and Jing Yuan did most of the data work on the files. For each of the 11 models in the S2S dataset, for example, they created code tailored for each variable in the models, with the number of variables per model ranging from 17 to 44, said Bell. They also had to make sure their “translations” accounted for other eccentricities that differ between the models — such as how many different times the forecasts are run and how many days into the future the forecasts are predicting. And, they standardized naming conventions across all of the forecasts. The team took similar steps to make sure the SubX dataset was compatible with the IRI Data Library.
“The S2S Database and SubX datasets are very complementary,” said Ben Kirtman, lead of the SubX project team. “The focus with the S2S data is forecasts from operational centers, whereas the SubX data includes forecasts from research models.”
Ángel Muñoz, a post-doctoral researcher at Princeton and IRI, said the datasets have already been useful during trainings he’s conducted abroad.
“The in-the-cloud availability of data and computational capacity provided by the Data Library permits the students to focus on the actual problems of interest, instead of spending time downloading data in the lab sessions,” said Muñoz. “This is of special importance in countries where the internet tends to be a bit slower.”
The new additions are also already making it more efficient for researchers based in the U.S. to get their work done. Kathy Pegion, an assistant professor at George Mason University who is a lead researcher with the SubX project, said that her work involves evaluating models to improve forecasting, especially at the three to four week timescale.
“It’s not always easy to get access to the global models from around the world,” said Pegion. With both the S2S and SubX datasets in the Data Library, she said, it makes it easier to compare more models, and lead to a better understanding of large scale climate drivers and sources of climate predictability.
Housing the S2S and SubX data at IRI was made possible through grants from NOAA Research’s Modeling, Analysis, Predictions, and Projections Program, and the National Weather Service Next Generation Global Prediction System program. Collaboration with Suzana Camargo, Shuguang Wang and Haibo Liu at Columbia University through their NOAA MAPP (NA16OAR4310079; NA16OAR4310076) and NSF (#1543932) projects is gratefully acknowledged.


Inertial navigation peripheral/Sensors
This section will cover the main hardware needed for the peripheral to function, the sensors, micro controller and XO connection.
Our choice of sensors was primarily dictated by cost. We needed at least two sensors, a gyroscope to measure angular velocity, and an accelerometer for tangential acceleration. Initially we were planning to have pitch and roll compensation for the device, but this was shoved towards the end.
For the accelerometer, we got a Triple Axis Accelerometer Breakout - ADXL330 from Sparkfun for $34.95 and for the gyroscope, we got a Gyro Breakout Board - Dual Axis IDG300 for $74.95, also from Sparkfun. Hypothetically, we could get cheaper sensors in the future, as we only ended up using one axis of the gyroscope and accelerometer.
We used a PIC 18F4550 as the heart of our peripheral. This was a slightly excessive choice, as we could have used the PIC 18F2455 as well, which would shave off some cost. Both uCs have built in USB modules, which minimizes the number of components needed in the peripheral.
Like most PIC uCs, they have built-in analog to digital converters which are used to convert the analog signals from the sensors into integers.
The firmware uses a template developed by Prof. Bradley Minch from Olin College. The template implements a basic USB peripheral with a few samples of how to perform requests.
In our case, we will be modifying the vendor requests of the device, using the GET_RA2 request as a template. Instead of just sending a single byte with every request, we send five, one for each of the five channels of the sensors. You will need to change the endpoint number in the code, as that is what determines the number of bytes sent.
The five bytes being sent are all signed integers. During the main program loop, the PIC MCU will read all five sensors inputs and convert them into a 10 bit number. I only choose to read the upper 8 bits, as there is a significant amount of jitter in the signal. The stored values can then be requested by the vendor request as needed.
A future effort would entail having a timestamp with the data conversion. This would minimize the problem of the vendor request taking a significant amount of time. However, this becomes very minor once other issues are considered.
We installed some 1uF capacitors from each of the input pin used by the sensors to ground as a low pass filter. This helped reduce the jitter in our signal tremendously.
Once we had the device functioning(sending sensor values to the PC), we needed to try and translate abstract values into actual physical meaning.
The problem was that humans do not walk in a very rigid fashion. We sway, oscillate and do not more dead true. Recognizing this, we scrapped the idea of trying to be very precise, and instead tried to create a simple logic system for navigation.
We would use one gyroscope axis for yaw, and to determine if we were rotating clockwise or counterclockwise, or not rotating. Then one accelerometer axis was used to determine if we were moving forward, backward or not moving. The way we implemented this was by experimentally determining bands for which the sensor data corresponded to actual movement. This was all done empirically, by performing simple movements like walking in a line, and plotting the resulting data.
With this simple set of commands, we are able to perform simple numerical integration and determine our position in space. The main way this system works is that the graphical representation provides feedback to the user, allowing this simple, near-Boolean logic to function effectively. Without the visual feedback, it would be difficult to control the device, as it would be nearly impossible to account for drift.
We would like to add a bit more sensitivity to the system. This would be by choosing narrower bands and setting values for each band. It was uncertain to us how to do this accurately, as we had very wide bands for the simplest of motions.
Also, pitch and roll compensation needs to occur. From a usability standpoint, not having those means that the peripheral has to be held very rigidly, which is an unrealistic usability contraint.


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Extremely low birthweight (ELBW) babies (2.2 lbs or less) have a higher prevalence of poor physical growth, ill health, and hospitalizations during mid-childhood compared with their peers. Two new studies supported by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (HS08385) examined the physical growth and current health status of these infants by adolescence, as well as parents' attitudes toward saving these infants at birth. The first study shows some catch-up growth by adolescence, as well as fewer acute health problems and less use of health services. The second study reveals that most parents, compared with only a few health care professionals, believe that efforts should be made to save all ELBW infants. The studies are summarized here.
Saigal, S., Stoskopf, B.L., Streiner, D.L., and Burrows, E. (2001, August). "Physical growth and current health status of infants who were of extremely low birth weight and controls at adolescence." Pediatrics 108(2), pp. 407-415.
By adolescence, the physical growth of ELBW survivors continues to be compromised. However, there seems to be some catch-up growth, fewer acute health problems, and less use of medical services, according to this study. These adolescents were born between 1977 and 1982 to residents of central-west Ontario, Canada, and followed from birth. The researchers compared the physical growth and health status of 154 ELBW survivors between 12 and 16 years of age with 125 sociodemographically matched children (controls) recruited at 8 years of age from the same region.
As a group, ELBW adolescents were 5.8 cm (about 2¼ inches) shorter and weighed a mean of 5.8 kg (about 12¾ pounds) less than control adolescents. There was a catch-up in their growth parameters between age 8 and adolescence, with a significantly greater catch-up in weight (especially for girls) than in height. At adolescence, the mean head circumference of the ELBW group was significantly smaller than same-age controls by 1.8 cm (about ¾ of an inch). Subnormal head circumference has been reported to be associated with poor cognitive function and academic achievement.
In fact, over one-fourth (28 percent) of ELBW adolescents had neurosensory impairments compared with 2 percent of controls. ELBW survivors had a higher prevalence of visual problems (57 vs. 21 percent), seizures (7 vs. 1 percent), developmental delays (26 vs. 1 percent), learning disabilities (34 vs. 10 percent), and hyperactivity (9 vs. 2 percent). Twice as many ELBW adolescents as controls had functional limitations (81 vs. 42 percent). A third of the ELBW adolescents compared with 9 percent of controls were limited in their ability to participate in normal activities at school and elsewhere. However, only 5 percent had reduced self-care abilities. Finally, ELBW adolescents used more specialists and community resources than controls but less than when they were younger. The growth deficits reported may not apply to more recent survivors of neonatal intensive care, note the researchers.
Streiner, D.L., Saigal, S., Burrows, E., and others. (2001, July). "Attitudes of parents and health care professionals toward active treatment of extremely premature infants." Pediatrics 108(1), pp. 152-157.
Survival of ELBW infants often means significantly higher rates of neurodevelopmental problems, impaired health, recurrent hospitalizations, educational problems, and strain on the family. A new survey sheds some light on the attitudes of parents of normal-birthweight and ELBW children and doctors about the desirability of saving ELBW infants. The researchers found that most parents of term and ELBW children (nearly 64 percent) compared with only 6 percent of health professionals (HPs) believe that efforts should be made to save all LBW infants, regardless of their condition or weight at birth. Also, 83 percent of parents compared with 66 percent of HPs were against a standard policy on whether to save such infants. None of the five doctors who agreed that all infants should be saved cited the Hippocratic oath (first do no harm), and only three neonatologists and one neonatal nurse equated withholding treatment with killing.
In contrast to parents, HPs also believed that the economic costs to society should be a factor in deciding whether to save an ELBW infant. Of the doctors who disagreed that all ELBW infants should be saved, 83 percent believed that it was unethical to save infants who potentially would have severe disabilities because of the lifelong stress that this would impose on the family. Most parents and doctors agreed that parents and physicians should make the final decision about saving infants of borderline viability and that other groups, such as ethics committees or the courts, should not.
Doctors tended to be more optimistic than nurses about these babies' probability of survival and freedom from serious disabilities. As a result, they recommended to parents life-saving interventions for their children at earlier gestational ages than nurses. These findings underscore the importance of joint parent-doctor decisionmaking regarding intervention to save ELBW infants. They are based on a survey of 169 parents of ELBW children, 123 parents of term children, 98 neonatologists, and 99 neonatal nurses regarding active treatment of ELBW infants.
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After the loss at Chickamauga in September of 1863, the Union Army of the Cumberland retreated to Chattanooga, and there they found themselves besieged. The Confederate forces held the heights on the opposite bank of the twisting Tennessee River, cutting off nearly all communications and preventing supplies from getting through in any reasonable amount. For the next month, mules and horses starved to death, and men went hungry, while the Federal commander Maj. General William Rosecrans fretted over the situation and feared to act. Eventually, President Lincoln decided that a command change was necessary, and ordered Maj. General Ulysses Grant to take command of all western forces. Grant in turn replaced Rosecrans with the "Rock of Chickamauga", Maj. General George Thomas. Between them, Grant and Thomas devised a means of breaking the siege with a series of bold maneuvers and combined actions. This operation would open a corridor to the army in Chattanooga, reconnecting it with it's supply lines. A key portion of the operation was to be a surprise amphibious assault to be conducted by a brigade of men floating downriver in pontoon boats. General Hazen, former Colonel of the 41st Ohio, was picked to lead this assault, and he brought along the 41st Ohio as he did in nearly every operation he lead during the war.
Early in the A.M. hours of October 27, 1863, the men of the 41st and the other men involved pushed their boats into the river near Chattanooga, and floated downstream to a place called Brown's Ferry. There, they disembarked, and rushed up the riverbank, surprising the Confederate pickets and driving them back. Because the Confederate forces were thinly stretched in this area, there was little initial resistance, and the Federal forces gained a foothold on the riverbank. At this point, the Confederate reserves of around 150 men were rushed forward, to try to eliminate the Federal beachhead. A brisk fight ensued, but as the Union brigade continued to land, the small Confederate force was overwhelmed and forced to retire. After consolidating on the riverbank, the Union force moved inland to a hill which was above Brown's Ferry. There more fighting occurred, and the men came under fire from Confederate artillery, but again, the superior numbers on the Union side overcame the Confederate forces, and the hill was taken. Hazen and his men then fortified the hill to guard the river, as the engineers began to convert the pontoon boats into a bridge across the Tennessee River.
This brief synopsis of the battle doesn't do justice to the daring acts of the men involved, so it seems appropriate to turn to the words of a man who was actually there; Major Albert Hart, surgeon of the 41st O.V.I. The following is a letter he wrote to his sons on the day of the assault, as the events were still fresh in his mind.
MY DEAR BOYS: -
I write you from the river-bank, with my hospital knapsack my writing-desk. But this morning is the fastest in military matters which I have ever known since I have been in the army, and I must sketch it to you just as it is before me....
About five o'clock yesterday afternoon I received an order from Brigade Headquarters, that "One surgeon or assistant surgeon will accompany each regiment in the march to-night." It was dark when 175 men out of our regiment, who on some pretence had been previously detailed, and ordered to have cartridge-boxes filled up to sixty rounds, were ordered to be ready to go on a march without blankets. No intimation was given as to the nature of the service. As the night wore on, it became known that a boat expedition was on foot.
I was called up at 1 o'clock A.M., and found a detail from each regiment in our brigade waiting to march. It was 2 o'clock A.M. when we got down to the river. Here a flotilla of fifty pontoon boats awaited us, and slowly we go on board. The boats were twenty-five to thirty feet long, and about seven feet wide, but shallow. On board of each twenty-five men embarked, with five rowers and a steersman to each boat.
It is a moonlight night, but fortunately cloudy, and we gladly see the fog, which hangs over the river, thicken, and the dark shadow of the forest, skirting the right or north bank of the river, widening and throwing it friendly protection out to shield us even partially from observation. We are 1500 strong, bold, resolute, daring men, with enough electric fire among officers and men to kindle enthusiasm for any required deed of danger or daring. But night attacks are notoriously uncertain, and ours is no exception. I think it all over in quiet reflection as we float down, and make up my mind that some of us are pretty sure to sink in the waters of the Tennessee before the expedition is over.
It is understood that after we have descended two miles, or two and a half, the rebels hold the south side of the river with their pickets, and that we are liable to be fired upon at any point below that. Perfect silence is enjoined. I sit beside one of our captains, facing the south bank, and waiting for the first gun from the enemy. After two miles our oarsmen ceased rowing, and we floated still and silent down the rapid stream.
One of the boats near me struck a snag on the shore, a man is caught by the collar of his blouse, lifted out of the boat and dropped into the river. From the boat comes a sharp cry for help. We push for the spot, but the man has already reached the shore. "Go along with your old boat; I'm not half drowned yet." A quiet "All right," and again with muffled stroke we move on.
General Hazen is in the van, directing in barely intelligible voice, and calling out clear and low, "Close up! Close up!" For the boats are straggling as they move at different speed, and when we make our landing our boats should be together, that we may not be beaten in detail. My head drops down upon my arm; I find room between the legs of the oarsmen, drop upon the bottom of the boat, and sleep sweetly and soundly. We have floated miles while I slept. We have descended nine miles by the river in just two hours. This is the sharp rattle of musketry as we turn toward the left bank. I fully awaken only after several shots are fired from the shore, to find the balls whizzing over and around, and striking the water close to our boat. "Push for the shore! Push for the shore!" The oarsmen pull heavily at the oars. Our boats have dropped a little below our intended landing, but we reach the bank and leap ashore as we may. The company in our boat is formed instantly, and rushes up along the bank to reach our proper position. Day is just beginning to break, but objects are confused at a short distance.
We are at Brown's Ferry. A few feet above the water there is a narrow bench of level ground 100 to 150 feet wide, above which towers a hill ascending at an angle of forty-five degrees. At this landing a ravine terminates, which cuts through the ridge I have described, and a road comes down along it to the water's edge. On each side of this road is the high hill. In going back along this road 500 yards, you come out upon the broad valley beyond. Stopping to dress a wounded man I get behind the regiment. I had not gone up more than two hundred yards, when I came upon a squad of sixty men of the 23d Kentucky holding the road, and although ten minutes had hardly elapsed since the landing, they were already cutting down trees to build a breastwork. I had only ascended a little distance when a fierce fight began at the point I had just left. I could not see it in the gloom, but I could hear the short, shrill yells of the rebs, so different from the cheer which our men use. Crack upon crack came the musketry. I could hear our men falling rapidly back; the rebels had got upon the opposite hill, and as our men retreated, the rebel shots crossed the road and came thick and fast around us. Our men threw out skirmishers to the right along the precipitous side of the hill to the right of the ravine, and the whole force pressed forward with furious cheers, and moved up over the rocks, and up the almost perpendicular hill down which the revels in the same order were advancing a moment before. No man could guess what force the rebels had, or how soon we might run upon a line of battle which would sweep us down the hill like chaff. But officers, who had been made fully aware of the ground to be gone over, pressed on at the best speed they could make, and in a few minutes more they reached the top of the ridge on this hill. Meanwhile our detachment of 600 men with which I had landed had moved up the precipitous path and reached the top of the hill on the left. The perpendicular ascent was not less than 300 feet. Great boulders, rocks, rubbish, and underbrush were in their way. Along this ridge, or razor-back, a few feet wide, our men were posted when I reached them. Of course, our regiment with Colonel Wiley is in the advance; the 6th and 24th O.V.I. and 5th Kentucky follow. The top is scarcely two yards wide, and in front again descends rapidly, but it is not so steep as on the river side. Our skirmishers form and push down the hill through the trees and underbrush. The rebels form rapidly, and, probably imagining our force to be small, make a furious effort to take back from us the ground we have gained. Our skirmishers fall back for a moment, but soon drive back the enemy, who, as the daylight advances, are to be plainly seen in the broad valley below, and can be heard giving orders for a rapid retreat. The day is won. But to secure ourselves in our position, our men throw up quickly a breastwork of small trees hastily cut down, loose stones, and earth scratched up with their tin plates.
As soon as the position was secured, another act began. As I sat fronting the ferry, a crowd of men appeared on the opposite shore. At half-past 8 A.M. a pontoon bridge, made with the boats which carried us down, started from the bank. As it was pushed into the river, straight as an arrow, I thought how savage Indians of the olden time, watching its progress from the shore, would have thought it some wondrous animal, pushing itself across the water, and bearing upon its broad back a thousand strange and unknown men, coming to drive them from their hunting-grounds. At 4 P.M., I crossed the river upon this bridge, capable of ferrying over a great army. And over it, a day or two later, Hooker coming up from Bridgeport with the Eleventh and Twelfth Army Corps, would reestablish our "cracker line," and bring hope and relief to our starving army in Chattanooga.
A letter from Major Albert G. Hart, as printed in his paper "The Surgeon and Hospital In the Civil War", Papers of the Military Historical Society of Massachusetts. Vol. XIII. 1902
A summary of the battles of Wauhatchie & Brown's Ferry, from the AmericanCivilWar.com web site
Report from Brig. General E. McIver Law, commander of the Confederate forces at Brown's Ferry
Report from Brig. General William Hazen, commander of the Union forces at Brown's Ferry
The story of the USS Chattanooga, a part of the thin Union supply line during Oct. 1863.
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English teaching specific age group has its own peculiarities and nuances. After all, learning a foreign language of the child, adolescent and adult has to have different ways due to the perception of information at an appropriate age. Typically, tutors, including teaching English on Skype, prefer to work only with one age group. When we involve children English, we must remember that they assimilate the information provided in the form of visual images, or beaten in situations. And this particular form of action to the game.
It is in the game to fully manifest abilities and skills of the child. It was in the game the child can show themselves, to realize their potential. Children play anywhere, anytime. With games children not only learn how to behave in a given situation, learn to make decisions, compete, and try on different images, thus learn about our lives and learn to communicate properly.
Using games for children in the English language is very important in the learning process. After all, being in an atmosphere of joy, passion, equality among themselves, the children overcome shyness and the infamous «language barrier» that prevents us well to learn the language. During the game perfectly digestible language material (since it is repeated many times), worked through the pronunciation and develop properly communication skills, remembered all sorts of features of the structure of language and the rights inherent in his writing and speaking.
What are games for children in the English language?
Of course, very popular role-playing games for the children in English, which simulate certain situations of life trip to the doctor, grocery shopping in the store, traveling to another country, etc. In the younger age children is very fond of playing fabulous content. They contribute to the formation of figurative and expressive speech. In addition, much needed educational games for children in English (bingo, dominoes, games on acquaintance with nature, desktop-printed games, word games, and games, puzzles, games, conversations, etc.).
Is focusing only on any one kind of game is not worth it. They need to be alternated: calm didactic game, mobile role-playing game, the game is a game for two and a whole group of children. All this must be put into an organic learning process, well-chosen subjects, goals, objectives, games according to the materials that should be explored.
There are games for children in English, aimed at the development of speech and creative activities of students (grammar games) and those who train the mental activity and the use of lexical units (lexical game). With the help of creative play for children in English (drama and role play) are implemented and improved speech skills.
For example, children are just beginning to learn English, get to know the alphabet. That is what games can be offered to secure this knowledge:
- call letters depicted on the cards, and hitting a ball on the floor, only to do everything in tact;
- two teams of students are invited to make the speed as much as possible the words of the proposed mixed letters;
- I guess the word by the first letter as soon as possible to draw it to win the game.
When spelling material can use these games for children in the English language:
- Find the letters in the grid with a certain group of words (and here it is necessary to know their correct spelling);
- give the two teams on the length and ask to make as many words of his letters;
- using facial expressions and gestures represent what is written in the proposal will make come true.
To work with the new lexical material and fixing old can approach these games for children in the English language:
- role-playing game on the theme, giving students the opportunity to feel as different characters on stage;
- divided into groups, to offer a certain number of students to guess the riddles and puzzles in English at the time;
- play assumption: what would happen if?
Games for children in the English language can come up with themselves, taking advantage of some of my ideas. For example, examples of folk games you can find on the site englishforkids.ru. There are finger games and educational games. A large number of games for the children in English is located on such a resource as bilingual.ru.
Be sure to include in your learning process games for children in English. This way you can motivate children to learn this foreign language, and turn the whole process into an exciting experience.


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In chemistry, a pyran is a six membered heterocyclic ring consisting of five carbon atoms and one oxygen atom and containing two double bonds. The molecular formula is C5H6O. There are two isomers of pyran that differ by the location of the double bonds. In 2H-pyran, the saturated carbon is at position 2, whereas in 4H-pyran, the saturated carbon is at position 4.
Additional recommended knowledge
Although the pyrans themselves have little significance in chemistry, a variety of their derivatives are important biological molecules. 4H-pyrane easily disproportionates to the corresponding dihydropyrane and the pyrylium ion which is easily hydrolyzed in aqueous medium.
The term pyran is also often applied to the saturated ring analog which is more properly referred to as tetrahydropyran. In this context, the monosaccharides containing a six-membered ring system are known as pyranoses. Hence, the six-membered ring form of glucose is known as D-glucopyranose.
|This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Pyran". A list of authors is available in Wikipedia.|


Eye stye is basically a skin disorder. It is a problematic condition that refers to the development of a red bump inside or under the eyelid. In some cases, this soft red bump is even situated at the base of an eyelash.
Medically, this skin disorder is known by the name Hordeolum.
Main Causes of an Eye Stye
Human eyelids have certain oil glands inside them. These oil glands are medically known by the name meibomian glands. An acute infection of meibomian glands can result in clogging, thereby causing the skin disorder known as Hordeolum or eye stye. Clogging of oil glands is the most common cause of this skin disorder.
At the base of your eyelashes, eye stye condition may develop if hair follicle causes infection. This infection also aggravates the condition very quickly. A large number of eye stye cases are a result of Staphylococcus aureus.
As the infection grows, the condition tends to get more complicated. Eyelids may suffer from inflammation at this stage. That is the time when stye begins to develop in the area. It is also known as blepharitis.
Types of Eye Styes
External Hordeolum – It refers to the stye condition that develops at the base of eyelashes. External Hordeolum is mainly around a hair follicle of the eyelids.
Internal Hordeolum – It refers to the stye condition that develops as a result of blocked oil glands in the eyelid.
Eye Stye – Home Remedies
As mentioned above, an eye stye will usually take care of itself. Sooner or later, it will rupture and give you an immediate relief from painful symptoms if any at all. As far as self-care of eye stye is concerned, you have to consider certain hygiene issues only.
Read on to learn about some popular home remedies to treat eye stye.
- Applying a hot compress for at least ten minutes can be very helpful. You should repeat this process at least three-four times on a daily basis. It will help you to reduce the pain to a great degree. Within a few days, eye stye will be resolved. Rupture of the eye stye happens a lot earlier due to repeated “hot compress”, thereby giving you quick relief.
- Some people prefer to use warm tea bags to deal with eye stye problems. Dip a tea bag in a cup of warm water and place it on top of the stye. Leave the warm tea bag on top of the stye for a few minutes. You will notice that the size of stye begins to reduce drastically when you repeat this procedure. Tea bag has tannic acid inside it. It is due to this acid that eye stye shrinks in size. The size of an eye stye may reduce to half of even more than that.
- You can also use clove spices to deal with eye styes problem. Rub some clove spice in water at first. Now, apply them on top of the eye stye. It can give you an immediate pain relief.
- Some people prefer to use herbal remedies to deal with an eye stye problem. For example, you can place the pulpy side of a slit aloe leaf on top of the eye stye. Aloe leaf’s paste is known to have superb healing properties.
- Take a cup of clean water and add one tablespoon of coriander seeds to it. Boil this mixture. This mixture is a superb eyewash solution. Rinse your eyes at least three-four times a day with this homemade eyewash solution.
- Alum aid is a very famous home remedy for treating eye stye. You just need to dissolve two-three pieces of alum in a cup of water and use this mixture as eyewash. Rinse your eyes with the mixture few times a day to see quick results.
- Acacia leaves are also known to cause a healing action. You can prepare a concentrated extract of these leaves. Boil some leaves with a little water. This extract can be used as a compress for the eyelids affected by eye stye.
Symptoms of eye stye can be a bit painful. However, there is no need to worry too much about it. Within a few days, this condition is healed automatically when an eye stye is finally ruptured. However, it is important not to ignore eye stye conditions. You may try out some home remedies in the beginning. If needed, you should also consult a doctor for expert consultation and treatment.
Some stye cases have been reported where medical and surgical procedures became a necessity. In most cases, stye is not going to cause any sort of damage to your eyes. The need of surgical procedures or medical treatments is a very uncommon occurrence. Intraocular damages due to eye stye are highly uncommon.


The essence of maths is not to make simple things complicated, but to make complicated things simple
“Mathematics is a creative and highly inter-connected discipline that has been developed over centuries, providing the solution to some of history’s most intriguing problems. It is essential to everyday life critical to science, technology and engineering and necessary for financial literacy and most forms of employment. A high- quality mathematics education therefore provides a foundation for understanding the world, the ability to reason mathematically, an appreciation of the beauty and power of mathematics, and sense of enjoyment and curiosity about the subject.”
Here at Beech Hall the ethos of the Maths department is in line with the above statement and the aim of the Maths scheme of work is consistent with the National Curriculum in Mathematics and the AQA GCSE specifications.
Maths is a core subject and is taught by form teachers in the infant and junior departments. Throughout the Junior school we aim to encourage an enjoyment of the subject through practical based activities, exploration and independent activities. As they move through the department they extend their understanding through problem-solving activities. In the Senior School, pupils reinforce and develop topics learned throughout Key Stages 1 and 2. These key skills are the foundations of the GCSE course that begins in Year 9 and is certified at the end of Year 11.
During lessons pupils are taught in a meaningful context whilst providing opportunities for them to use their skills creatively through problem solving and investigation by completing activities and experiences either as a group or individually, e.g. practical work, observation, talking and listening, reflection reading and writing. By actively involving the children it helps to foster independent learning and informed planning. The department encourages children to work to their full potential within lessons and at home to experience a sense of achievement. It is recognised however, that sometimes additional help might be needed to develop some individual pupil‘s skills and this is given by an assistant within the classroom or within the Learning Support Department.
Throughout the school cross-curricular and every- day life topics are recognised and reinforced by working closely with other departments or outside organisations e.g. Science, Geography, ICT, D&T and Financial Management. This enables pupils to further develop the mathematical skills and understanding required for adult life, for employment and for further study and training.


Grace Cossington Smith was sixty years of age when she painted After fire 1952. It is one of a group of similarly themed landscapes that she produced close to her family home on Sydney’s upper north shore. After spending the previous three years in Europe, she had returned to Turramurra to be confronted by the worst bush fires in 40 years.
After fire, as it is inscribed by the artist, gives a sense of the devastation caused when these fires commenced in November 1951 and continued well into the summer of 1952, ravaging 3.4 million hectares of grassland and forest in New South Wales and taking the lives of at least six people. In contrast to the newspaper headlines of the day which carried fiercely apocalyptic overtones, Cossington Smith’s paintings are much more subdued in tone and nature. Fire, as she and her contemporaries well knew, was a constant reality for those who lived in the Australian bush or semi-rural areas and was an important management tool used by Aboriginals to control over-forestation and to encourage new growth.
Cossington Smith’s paintings of fire range from those that depict landscapes rendered in bright oranges, browns and charred blacks and those, such as After Fire, that have a tinge of green and yellow spared by the inferno or already begun to reappear along the roadside. Rendered in her highly individual technique utilising rhythmic broken brushwork in unmixed, high-keyed colour, the painting offers signs of hope and perhaps solace for those who had either lost loved ones or property by representing the harsh but cyclical nature of the Australian bush.
Grace Cossington Smith is one of Australia’s most celebrated 20th century painters and an important early exponent of modernism in Australia. Born in 1892, Cossington Smith grew up in her family’s first house, Cossington, in the Sydney suburb of Neutral Bay. In 1920, they moved to what had previously been a Quaker meeting-house, which they also called Cossington, in Ku-Ring-Gai Avenue, Turramurra, where she was to live most of her life.
Cossington Smith began her art studies with painter Antonio Dattilo Rubbo in Sydney in 1910. In 1912 she travelled to Europe and attended classes at Winchester School of Art in England and at Stettin in Germany. She claimed not to have studied modern art during her trip. When she returned to Dattilo Rubbo’s classes, in Sydney, she studied European modern art, alongside Roland Wakelin and Roy de Maistre, through colour reproductions brought back from Europe by Dattilo Rubbo and fellow student Norah Simpson.
Throughout the 1920s and 30s, Cossington Smith enhanced her reputation as one of Australia’s most innovative colourists by painting a dynamic series of the Sydney Harbour Bridge in construction and producing important works celebrating modern urban life in Sydney. Turning increasingly to landscape and then interiors, by the mid-1950s Cossington Smith now produced much of her work at Cossington. This was partly due to the long illness of her much-loved sister and the need to care for her at home. These late works reveal, in the words of an Art Gallery New South Wales curator, Cossington Smith’s ‘powers as a mature painter and shimmering statements of her astonishing powers as a colourist.’
Deborah Hart, Grace Cossington Smith: a retrospective exhibition, National Gallery of Australia, Canberra
Daniel Thomas, ‘Smith, Grace Cossington (1892–1984)’, Australian Dictionary of Biography, National Centre of Biography, Australian National University, http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/smith-grace-cossington-8469/text14893, published first in hardcopy 1988, accessed online 16 January 2019.


In ancient Scotland
, Appleyate was a Strathclyde-Briton name for someone who lived in Dumfries. The Appleyate surname comes from the northern Middle English applegarth,
meaning "apple orchard." The name may have been originally used for someone who lived near an orchard, or it may have been a habitational name from a place so named, of which there are examples in Cumbria
and North and East Yorkshire
, and in the county of Dumfries.
Early Origins of the Appleyate family
The surname Appleyate was first found in Dumfriesshire
(Gaelic: Siorrachd Dhùn Phris), a Southern area, bordering on England
that today forms part of the Dumfries and Galloway
Council Area, where they held a family seat
at Applegarth, near Lockerbie.
Early History of the Appleyate family
This web page shows only a small excerpt of our Appleyate research.Another 241 words (17 lines of text) covering the years 1190, 1340 and 1284 are included under the topic Early Appleyate History in all our PDF Extended History products and printed products wherever possible.
Appleyate Spelling Variations
Prior to the first dictionaries, scribes spelled words according to sound. This, and the fact that Scottish names were repeatedly translated from Gaelic to English and back, contributed to the enormous number of spelling variations
in Scottish names. Appleyate has been spelled Aplegath, Aplegarth, Applegarth, Applegate and others.
Early Notables of the Appleyate family (pre 1700)
More information is included under the topic Early Appleyate Notables in all our PDF Extended History products
and printed products wherever possible.
Migration of the Appleyate family to the New World and Oceana
In such difficult times, the difficulties of raising the money to cross the Atlantic to North America did not seem so large compared to the problems of keeping a family together in Scotland
. It was a journey well worth the cost, since it was rewarded with land and freedom the Scots could not find at home. The American War of Independence
solidified that freedom, and many of those settlers went on to play important parts in the forging of a great nation. Among them: Clement Applegate who settled in Virginia in 1654; John Applegate settled in San Francisco, California, in 1850; John Appleget arrived in San Francisco in 1852..


Did humans bring about the extinction of these large animals (megafauna)? Or did they succumb to the impacts of a changing climate? And how did other megafauna, such as the elephant and reindeer, manage to survive?
These questions have troubled biologists for the past two centuries. They have also been the subject of heated debate in Australia, which has lost impressive species such as the diprotodon (a hippo-sized wombat) and giant versions of modern-day marsupials.
For many of the species that went extinct in the past few hundred years – including the New Zealand moa and the Malagasy elephant birds – there is overwhelming evidence that human activity caused their demise.
In other parts of the world, megafaunal extinctions roughly coincided with the arrival of humans. But coincidence is not proof of causation.
The disagreement has persisted because researchers have had differing interpretations of scant evidence. Many of the megafaunal species went extinct long ago, leaving few traces in the fossil and archaeological records.
Thanks to the huge progress in methods for genetic analysis, it is now possible to look at populations of extinct animals by studying DNA from ancient specimens. This DNA contains signatures of past changes in population size. These can be used to look at ancient populations and to see how they changed through time.
Bringing the evidence together
In an article recently published in Nature, my colleagues and I studied megafaunal extinctions by focusing on six species. These included the woolly mammoth, woolly rhinoceros, steppe bison, muskox, wild horse, and reindeer.
We chose to look at the Northern Hemisphere, where the permafrost has preserved huge numbers of specimens for us to analyse.
Our team of geneticists, archaeologists, and zoologists assembled the largest data set of its kind. The study involved nearly 10,000 radiocarbon dates and over 800 DNA sequences.
Apart from reconstructing the populations of the six species, we were able to evaluate the likely effects of humans by estimating their geographical overlap with the megafauna. The interaction between humans and the six species was assessed by the presence of megafaunal remains in archaeological sites.
Using estimates of the timing of changes in populations, we were able to examine the impact of changes in climate. For example, the population size of North American bison experienced a drastic decline during the height of the last Ice Age, when their habitat would have been greatly reduced.
We found that the decline of the woolly rhinoceros and musk ox could be explained entirely by changes in climate. It is likely that human expansion contributed to the demise of the steppe bison and wild horse – the two most common megafaunal species found in archaeological sites.
The reindeer has thrived to the modern day, but we could not find a clear cause for the extinction of the woolly mammoth.
Overall, our study shows the six species varied considerably in their responses to human impacts and changing climate. This suggests the causes of extinction can be complex and probably differ among species.
Megafaunal extinctions in Australia
It is unlikely we will ever be able to conduct such a comprehensive study on the extinctions in Australia. Good specimens are scarce and DNA degrades quickly in Australian conditions.
It has been difficult to place reliable dates on the megafaunal extinctions in Australia. This is because human colonisation and many of the extinction events occurred around 50,000 years ago, which is at the upper limit of radiocarbon dating.
The arrival of humans signalled a drastic change in the Australian environment, not just because of hunting, but also because of the extensive use of fire. This would have altered vegetation and the distributions of habitats.
Our chances of determining the causes of these extinctions will improve with progress in dating methods and ancient DNA analysis. Further refinement of the timing of human arrival in Australia will also be helpful.
Lessons for the future
Humans are now modifying the environment and the atmosphere at an alarming pace. This raises grave concerns about the future of the planet’s biodiversity. Many of the present-day megafaunal species are under threat and require careful management.
If there are any lessons to be learnt from our study of the megafaunal extinctions, it is that different species respond differently to the pressures of human hunting and encroachment, habitat redistribution, and changing climate.
This presents a challenge for conservation efforts because it can be difficult to predict the course of modern animal populations.


Due to the high demand and continuous consumption of energy, it is extremely necessary to combat climate change along with looking for innovative alternatives to achieve sustainability goals. Modern technology can be used to slow down the pace of loss of energy as well as to meet the needs of people at the same time.
What is the energy management system
An energy management system is a computer-based system of tools generally used to control, monitor, and enhance the process of electric power transmission and generation. In simple words, it is a system specially designed for energy efficiency by adjusting the process to achieve optimized results.
The EMS also collects data and makes it available for its users through online monitoring tools. The most interesting feature of EMS is that the stored data is easily accessible for users who in turn can use the provided quality analyzers to turn the data into something useful without the fear of getting lost. The reports made from the stored data can also be used for monitoring the optimized use of energy.
Through efficient EMS, users can generate data after each power usage and reduce the overall costs along with creating a safer environment. According to the researches, EMS also helps to decrease the total energy consumption by up to 20% – 40%. Moreover, EMS is a more sustainable approach for increased productivity and connectivity.
What to look for in an EMS system
- Real-time monitoring- It is important the EMS gives access to real-time monitoring and not in frequent time intervals. This allows the user to look for areas that need improvements.
- Access to previous data- The EMS must be capable of storing the past data of the company. It allows easy comparison of the old and existing patterns, consumption of energy, and easy diagnosis of problems.
- Easy analysis of power outage- It is not surprising that power outages can cause huge loss for electricity supply companies. A huge part of the revenue generated is incurred in repairing damaged equipment. An excellent EMS can easily identify and forecast power outages or glitch in electrical system performance much before they occur and save thousands of bucks.
- Customized reporting- An energy management system should have the option of customized reporting because a thing valuable for a particular company might be useless for other business firms. The system should be flexible enough to be used by any firm with different requirements.
EMS uses advanced and modern technology to meet customer’s needs as well as nature’s need for sustainable development. This type of system also helps firms to reach their sustainability goals without compromising the needs of today’s generation. Optimized and enhanced usage of energy will consequently lead to reduced costs and more profits. Visit https://www.clpsec.com/energy/ and muster your knowledge.


Greenman and the Magic Forest is a three level pre-primary English course full of surprising adventures created to help children learn English naturally. The Pupil's Book includes colour pages as well as stickers and pop-outs. The wide format and spiral binding are easy for young children to manage as they learn to locate pages with page numbers and work within the book. The book includes tear-off worksheets so the teacher has the option of sending home individual worksheets for pupils to review. On the back of each worksheet brief teacher's notes have been provided, with song lyrics and key language.


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The science that studies organisms in order to ARRANGE them into classes
Process of characterizing in order to GROUP them
Process of organizing organisms into SIMILAR groups
System for ASSIGNING names
Explain why organisms are arranged in taxonomic groups.
This aids in UNDERSTANDING of relationships among species
Give the order of taxonomic groups from the most general to the most specific.
- "Keep Pots Clean Or Family Gets Sick..."
- Domain, Kindgom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
Collection of similar kingdoms. This is a new taxonomy category
Group of similar related Species
Group of closely related isolates or strains – MOST basic group
Most simple group, group of organisms of the same species with minor enough definitions to classify them as a separate VARIETY.
How does MacConkey agar help to identify the cause of urinary tract infection?
It helps determine if there is bacteria in the urine. This test can determine if E. coli is present, for example, as it tests for Gram neg bac, and lactose fermenting vs. non-lac fermenting bacteria.
Explain the basis of DNA hybridization and the kind of information it provides.
This helps to determine if 2 organisms are related. If single stranded DNA from each species hybridizes well enough together (ie: 70% hybridization = same species). If not, then they are not similar.
Morphological studies –
size and shape can be determined, INITIAL step in determining (ie: bacilli – rod, cocci – sphere)
Gram + or – can be determined. Acid fast stain or Endospore stain can ID certain charateristics
Biochemical reactions –
- most common way to ID species, and sometimes strains
- Most rely on pH indicators. These are more conclusive tests
- Can involve metabolic tests, such as Catalase, Citrate, Urease, MRVP. These detect things such as enzymes which, if present, aid in metabolism and therefore help ID the organism
- strains can be differentiated.
- Help for RAPID detection of numerous organisms
- Relies on specific antigen-antibody reaction to help ID
Phage typing –
- strains can be differentiated.
- ID’s organism by the PHAGE that infects it
- Certain strains of org. are susceptible to different bacteriophages (ie: viruses). When cells lyse you can determine if they are susceptible.
Sequencing rRNA genes –
- there is little genetic variation in rRNA so helps determine org
- Amplify and sequence rRNA genes, do not need to grow in culture.
Genomic typing –
molecular method of identifying RFLP’s
DNA hybridization –
- Best to see relation on species level.
- Look at how 2 organisms’ single DNA strands hybridize to each other to determine nucleotide seq similarity.
- 70% hybridization = SAME SPECIES
DNA base ratios
- determining the G-C basepairs in a genome offers a CRUDE comparison of genome
- If this ratio is deviated from 2 organisms, they are NOT related.
- This method does NOT determine relatedness however.
Numerical taxonomy -
Groups taxonomical units based on their characteristics
Identifying Bacteria Phenotypic characteristics
- Microscopic Morphology
- Metabolitic Capabilities
- Biochemical Tests
- Serology – relying on specific interaction between antigen and antibody.
- FAME (Fatty Acid Analysis) – cellular fatty acid comp is used as ID market and shown thru chromatography.
Identifying Bacteria Genotypic characteristics
- Nucleic Acid PROBES – DNA probes used to locate specific nucleotide sequence of specific species & ID organism
- Amplifying DNA using PCR
- Sequencing of rRNA genes (amplifying then sequencing)


“Stress can affect all aspects of your life, including your emotions, behaviors, thinking ability, and physical health. No part of the body is immune…Ongoing, chronic stress (can) cause or exacerbate many serious health problems.” – WebMD
Most of us accept the fact that stress is a certainty in modern society. We understand that, as we go about our day, we’ll almost certainly encounter a stressful situation. For many of us, we’ll have to contend with multiple stressors throughout the day. As we’ve discussed multiple times before, a bit of stress can be a good thing. It can motivate us to get things done and can serve as a powerful self-preservation agent. This aside, excessive stress levels experienced on a continuous basis can pose a serious threat to mental and physical health.
Of course, elevated stress levels are felt by the body. In a state of distress, the brain will release adrenaline and cortisol (aka, “the stress hormone”) into the bloodstream. Under normal circumstances – and in the presence of a real threat – this hormonal response enables us to “(curb) functions that would be nonessential or detrimental in a fight-or-flight situation.” In other words, we can proactively deal with the threat in such circumstances.
Overexposure to adrenaline and cortisol hormones, however, can adversely impact nearly every system within the body. According to the Mayo Clinic, overexposure to cortisol from too much stress increases the risk of numerous health problems, including anxiety, depression, digestive problems, headaches, heart disease, sleep problems, weight gain, and memory and concentration impairment.
In this article, we discuss eight of the most common physical effects of too much stress. We’ll also provide some tips on how to effectively cope with stressors in our lives.
Signs Someone Is Too Stressed
The Mayo Clinic states that headaches are more likely to occur when we’re stressed. Furthermore, stress is the number one cause of tension headaches. The most common type of headache, tension-type headaches can “cause mild, moderate or intense pain in your head, neck, and behind your eyes.” Stress can both create and exacerbate other types of headaches, including migraines.
2. Digestive problems
When the brain opens the hormone floodgates, the digestive system undergoes a kind of initial “shock.” Medical experts have uncovered an intricate connection between the brain and digestive system, which helps to explain why stress can cause a number of digestive problems to surface. Chronic stress can also worsen certain conditions, such as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS).
3. Frequent colds and infections
Stress causes our circulatory system to kick into overdrive (due to increased heart rate). This physiological effect, in conjunction with a rise in blood pressure, can suppress the immune system. Of course, this weakens the immune system’s ability to seek out and neutralize illness-causing bacteria and other agents.
4. Weight gain
Although stress reactions are more commonly associated with weight gain, a minority of individuals experience fluctuating weight – and even weight loss. That said, elevated levels of cortisol “has been shown to up appetite, drive craving or “junk” food, and make it (easier) to accumulate belly fat.”
5. Stomach issues
As mentioned, stress reactions can throw the digestive system through a loop. Relatedly, stomach problems are among the most commonly cited symptoms of those with high stress levels. Nausea, indigestion, cramps and aches are all potential stomach-related problems resulting from a stress reaction.
Emotional, mental and physical stimuli can cause stress that interrupts our body’s normal functioning. The presence of stress increases pressure and tension levels within the body, which makes it more prone to fatigue, also potentially manifesting into mental or physical exhaustion.
7. Chest pain or palpitations
Stress creates anxiety, and anxiety creates stress. This frustrating mental cycle can cause chest tightness and/or pain. Additionally, chest pains are often frightening experiences – and this reaction further exacerbates the stress/anxiety that is present.
Chronic stress is itself a risk factor for heart disease and heart attack. Recent research studies have also linked stress and the mechanisms for blood clotting, which can cause moderate to severe heart problems.
8. Loss of sex drive
For both men and women, the desire to engage in sexual intercourse can be hampered by stress. The simple reason is that stress hijacks chemicals in the brain responsible for stimulating sex drive. Chronic stress can lead to problems in ovulation for women and lowered sperm count and fertility in men.
Stress Coping Tips
While stress may be an unavoidable fact of life, there are plenty of ways to lessen its effect on our minds and bodies.
According to WebMD, some of the best ways to counteract stress include:
– Writing for 10 to 15 minutes a day about stressful events and their effects. This helps to organize our thoughts and may promote stress relief.
– Talking to family, friends, or a professional about your stressful feelings is a healthy way to relieve them.
– Doing something enjoyable, such as a hobby, creative activity, or volunteer work.
– Focusing on the present by practicing meditation and guided imagery.
– Exercising regularly, which is one of the best ways to manage stress. Stretching can reduce muscle tension, which is a byproduct of elevated stress levels.
– Practicing breathing exercises, muscle relaxation, and yoga can help relieve stress.
– Getting a massage, trying aromatherapy or music therapy.


Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
During our lives we will likely all experience a traumatic event at some point that is overwhelming, frightening, and feels out of our control; whether that be a car crash, a victim of assault, or witness of an accident. Often we are able to process these events with time and support, but in some cases, these traumatic experiences trigger a reaction that can last for many months or years. This is called Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), and it is a condition which crucially requires professional help to resolve.
Common traumatic events which may lead to PTSD include:
- serious accidents (road traffic accident)
- military combat
- violent personal assault (sexual assault, physical attack, abuse, robbery, mugging)
- being taken hostage
- terrorist attack
- being a prisoner-of-war
- torture (physical, emotional and psychological)
- natural or man-made disasters
- being diagnosed with a life-threatening illness.
Symptoms of PTSD
Many people feel grief-stricken, depressed, anxious, guilty, ashamed and angry after a traumatic experience. In addition to these understandable emotional reactions, there are three core symptoms which signal the presence of PTSD:
You find yourself repeatedly re-living and re-experiencing a traumatic event as if it is happening again in the here and now. This experience is intrusive, automatic and involuntary, and may occur in the form of flashbacks, intrusive memories, nightmares and/or dissociation. During these times you may feel the same emotions and physical sensations you felt during the event (fear, shame, guilt; nausea, pain, sweating or trembling), and re-experience the same five sensory experiences that you did during the trauma (smell, taste, touch, sound, sight). It can be very frightening, but these are all normal and common reactions seen in PTSD which are treatable.
Understandably, it may feel too upsetting for a person to repeatedly think and talk about a traumatic experience that they endured, and so people commonly try to use techniques to avoid doing so. For example, distraction, numbing (substance misuse) and avoidance of people and places that may remind them of the trauma. Whilst avoidance may provide some short-term relief, unfortunately it is understood to maintain the disorder as ultimately it prevents and interferes with the memories being processed and stored away correctly.
- Feeling ‘on guard’
People with PTSD describe feeling hyper-alert and hyper-vigilant to signs of potential danger, as if they are always ‘on guard’. This commonly results in people feeling chronically anxious and panicky, which can affect sleep, concentration and memory. They may also feel very jumpy and irritable.
Treatment for PTSD
A range of trauma-focused talking therapies are evidenced to be effective in the treatment of PTSD, and a number of psychologists within our team are highly specialised in providing these therapies.
We’re here for you. If you would like to enquire about treatment for PTSD at the Fitzrovia Psychology Clinic, please contact us to arrange an assessment.


Sleep disorders such as sleep apnea can be easily identified through sleep diagnostic testing at Avera St. Benedict Health Center. Testing is performed overnight in a private sleep room. Sensors are attached to the body to monitor breathing, heart rate, brain activity, muscle activity and oxygen levels while the patient sleeps.
If you feel you may be a candidate for a sleep study, consult your physician. Most insurance plans cover the cost of testing and treatment devices. For further information on the Sleep Disorders Clinic at Avera St. Benedict Health Center please call 605-928-3311.
Better sleep means better living.
The Avera St. Benedict Sleep Lab is a specially designed laboratory staffed with trained professionals who perform sleep evaluations to help diagnose and treat patients with sleeping problems. Using the latest technology, sleep technologists work with your physician to establish your individual program. Patients need a physician referral to participate.
A sleep disorder is a disturbance of sleep and wakefulness. Sleep disorders may include insomnia, sleep apnea, narcolepsy, restless leg syndrome, periodic limb movements, excess daytime sleepiness, or drowsy driving. Most sleep disorders can be effectively treated once they have been diagnosed. Treatment may include medication, counseling, continuous positive nasal airway pressure, changes in daily habits, weight loss, or surgery if necessary.
Sleep apnea is a common sleep disorder characterized by loud snoring and brief interruptions of breathing during sleep lasting 10 seconds or more. There are three types of apnea: obstruction, central and mixed. Typically, the soft tissue in the rear of the throat collapses and closes the airway, forcing the individual to stop breathing repeatedly throughout the night. Sleep apnea affects both males and females of all ages.
Insomnia can result from jet lag, stress, diet, or other causes. It generally affects an individual's job performance and how they feel during the day. Insomnia tends to increase with age and affects about 40% of women and 30% of men. It is often the major disabling symptom of an underlying medical disorder.
Restless Leg Syndrome (RLS)
Restless leg syndrome is fast becoming one of the most common sleep disorders. It is characterized by unpleasant crawling, prickling or tingling sensations in the legs and feet with an urge to move them for relief. RLS leads to constant leg movements during the day and insomnia at night. Severe RLS symptoms may develop at any age. Many RLS patients also have periodic limb movement disorder or PLMD, which causes repetitive involuntary jerking of the limbs, especially the legs. These movements occur every 20-40 seconds. In some cases, it may be linked to conditions such as anemia, diabetes or pregnancy.
Narcolepsy is a syndrome of unknown origin that is characterized by abnormal sleep tendencies, excessive daytime sleepiness, disturbed nocturnal sleep and manifestations of REM sleep. Narcolepsy affects both men and women of any age. It is usually noticed between 15-30 years of age. Symptoms include:
- Excessive Daytime Sleepiness
The first symptom of narcolepsy. The patient feels tired all the time. Unwanted episodes of sleep occurring several times a day. The individual falls asleep not only intentionally, but also at embarrassing times, such as at the dinner table, during social activities, or in dangerous situations. The patient wakes up refreshed, then experiences rebound sleepiness.
The sudden, brief loss of muscle control. It can be mild, as a brief feeling of weakness in the knees, or it may be severe, causing a complete collapse resulting in a fall.
What to Expect
A Sleep Lab study is a test that records your physical state during various stages of nighttime sleep and wakefulness. It provides data that helps evaluate sleep and sleep-related complaints by identifying sleep stages, body position, blood oxygen levels, respiratory events, muscle tone, heart rate, and snoring and general sleep behavior.
After completing a questionnaire, you will be asked to get ready for bed. Electrodes will record brain waves, muscle movements, rapid eye movement, air intake, periodic limb movement, and snoring. Your brain waves will be recorded to determine when you are awake or in stages of REM sleep.
In the morning you will be able to go to work. Based on the results of your sleep study, you will be given treatment tailored to your individual sleep disorder.
You may consider a sleep evaluation if any of these apply to you:
- You feel that your sleep is not satisfactory.
- You have trouble falling asleep or staying awake.
- You have been told that you walk, talk, moan, or grind your teeth while you sleep.
- You have been told that your legs twitch or kick during the night.
- You lie awake at night feeling worried or anxious.
- You awaken suddenly gasping for breath.
- You have been told that you snore.
- You feel extremely sleepy during the day.
- You have had sudden attacks of physical weakness.
- Family members are troubled by the above symptoms.
If you answer "yes" to any of these questions, and it interferes with your daily life, please contact your physician or call the Sleep Diagnostic Lab at Avera St. Benedict Health Center in Parkston at 605-928-3311.


His masterwork, Ever since the founding of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) in 1909, Jewish organizations have had a long standing record of supporting black causes.Through the years and reaching a peak in the 1960s with the civil rights movement, Jewry’s activities in support of blacks have involved litigation, legislation, fund-raising, political-organizing, and academic movements.Although non-Jewish whites and some blacks such as W. By 1915, the NAACP had something of the aspect of B’nai B’rith and the American Jewish Committee, with the brothers Joel and Arthur Spingarn, part of the German-Jewish aristocracy, serving as board chairman and legal counsel respectively.The German Jews, Jacob Schiff, the chief financier of the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia, and Paul Warburg, the chief architect of the privately owned Federal Reserve Bank, were the financial angels.By the early 1960s an ADL official estimated that one-third of America’s teachers had received educational material based on the ideology of the Intergroup Relations Movement.It is ironic that the efforts to promote black sympathies in the public schools is carried on by the very same groups who are determined to remove overt Christian influences in our schools.
Feinstein frequently a multi-million dollar military contract to her husband’s “ Perini Company” for the design and construction of facilities for the Washington sponsored ‘ Afghan National Army’ located near Kabul.
“I don’t look at this as being a whistleblower, I think it’s an act of treason,” the Jewish chairwoman of the Senate Intelligence Committee reporters in early June 2013.
BUT the REAL traitor is Feinstein herself who has perpetrated COUNTLESS acts of treachery against the Christian taxpayers of America.
Blacks played only a small role in both the National Urban League and the NAACP until the 1960s when they were presented as “leaders” during the civil rights movement.
For example, at the height of the Jewish-black alliance in the 1960s, the majority of the lawyers defending blacks in the protest movement in the South were Jews.
Heavily Jewish organizations like the National Lawyers Guild and the American Civil Liberties Union, both with ties to the Communist Party, provided much of the legal talent for these endeavors.