The code words often used on the Underground Railroad were: “tracks” (routes fixed by abolitionist sympathizers); “stations” or “depots” (hiding places); “conductors” (guides on the Underground Railroad); “agents” (sympathizers who helped the slaves connect to the Railroad); “station masters” (those who hid slaves in
- Who were station masters for the underground railroad? People who operated safe houses for runaway slaves were called station masters. What was the underground railroad? A vast network of people who helped runaway slaves escape to the North and Canada.
What were the stations on the Underground Railroad?
Hiding places included private homes, churches and schoolhouses. These were called “stations,” “safe houses,” and “depots.” The people operating them were called “stationmasters.” There were many well-used routes stretching west through Ohio to Indiana and Iowa.
Who helped with the Underground Railroad?
The Underground Railroad had many notable participants, including John Fairfield in Ohio, the son of a slaveholding family, who made many daring rescues, Levi Coffin, a Quaker who assisted more than 3,000 slaves, and Harriet Tubman, who made 19 trips into the South and escorted over 300 slaves to freedom.
Where is the main station of the Underground Railroad?
With it’s sophisticated network of conductors, proximity north of the Ohio River and defiant free African Americans, Cincinnati was the Grand Central Station of the Underground Railroad.
Where were stations in Indiana that were part of the Underground Railroad?
Indiana’s Underground Railroad All three paths eventually led to Michigan, then to Canada. (Canada abolished slavery in 1833.) The routes in Indiana went from Posey to South Bend; from Corydon to Porter; and from Madison to DeKalb County, with many stops in between.
Who is the most famous person in the Underground Railroad?
HARRIET TUBMAN – The Best-Known Figure in UGR History Harriet Tubman is perhaps the best-known figure related to the underground railroad. She made by some accounts 19 or more rescue trips to the south and helped more than 300 people escape slavery.
Does the Underground Railroad still exist?
It includes four buildings, two of which were used by Harriet Tubman. Ashtabula County had over thirty known Underground Railroad stations, or safehouses, and many more conductors. Nearly two-thirds of those sites still stand today.
Who was the most famous conductor of the Underground Railroad?
Our Headlines and Heroes blog takes a look at Harriet Tubman as the most famous conductor on the Underground Railroad. Tubman and those she helped escape from slavery headed north to freedom, sometimes across the border to Canada.
What code words were used in the Underground Railroad?
The code words often used on the Underground Railroad were: “ tracks” (routes fixed by abolitionist sympathizers); “stations” or “depots” (hiding places); “conductors” (guides on the Underground Railroad); “agents” (sympathizers who helped the slaves connect to the Railroad); “station masters” (those who hid slaves in
What does the code word liberty lines mean?
Other code words for slaves included “freight,” “passengers,” “parcels,” and “bundles.” Liberty Lines – The routes followed by slaves to freedom were called “liberty lines” or “freedom trails.” Routes were kept secret and seldom discussed by slaves even after their escape.
Did the Underground Railroad use quilt codes?
Two historians say African American slaves may have used a quilt code to navigate the Underground Railroad. Quilts with patterns named “wagon wheel,” “tumbling blocks,” and “bear’s paw” appear to have contained secret messages that helped direct slaves to freedom, the pair claim.
How many slaves did Levi Coffin save?
Historians have estimated that the Coffins helped approximately 2,000 escaping slaves during their twenty years in Indiana and an estimated 1,300 more after their move to Cincinnati. (Coffin didn’t keep records, but estimated the number to be around 3,000.)
What happened to Cesar in the Underground Railroad?
While the show doesn’t show us what happens after their encounter, Caesar comes to Cora in a dream later, confirming to viewers that he was killed. In the novel, Caesar faces a similar fate of being killed following his capture, though instead of Ridgeway and Homer, he is killed by an angry mob.
How did Levi Coffin help the Underground Railroad?
During the Civil War he visited numerous contraband camps and continued to aid slaves in their quest for freedom on the Underground Railroad. After the war ended, Coffin raised over $100,000 for the Western Freedman’s Aid Society to provide food, clothing, money, and other aid for recently freed blacks.
The Underground Railroad
|The Underground Railroad, a vast network of people who helped fugitive slaves escape to the North and to Canada, was not run by any single organization or person. Rather, it consisted of many individuals – many whites but predominently black – who knew only of the local efforts to aid fugitives and not of the overall operation. Still, it effectively moved hundreds of slaves northward each year – according to one estimate,the South lost 100,000 slaves between 1810 and 1850. An organized system to assist runaway slaves seems to have begun towards the end of the 18th century. In 1786 George Washington complained about how one of his runaway slaves was helped by a “society of Quakers, formed for such purposes.” The system grew, and around 1831 it was dubbed “The Underground Railroad,” after the then emerging steam railroads. The system even used terms used in railroading: the homes and businesses where fugitives would rest and eat were called “stations” and “depots” and were run by “stationmasters,” those who contributed money or goods were “stockholders,” and the “conductor” was responsible for moving fugitives from one station to the next.For the slave, running away to the North was anything but easy. The first step was to escape from the slaveholder. For many slaves, this meant relying on his or her own resources. Sometimes a “conductor,” posing as a slave, would enter a plantation and then guide the runaways northward. The fugitives would move at night. They would generally travel between 10 and 20 miles to the next station, where they would rest and eat, hiding in barns and other out-of-the-way places. While they waited, a message would be sent to the next station to alert its stationmaster.The fugitives would also travel by train and boat – conveyances that sometimes had to be paid for. Money was also needed to improve the appearance of the runaways – a black man, woman, or child in tattered clothes would invariably attract suspicious eyes. This money was donated by individuals and also raised by various groups, including vigilance committees.Vigilance committees sprang up in the larger towns and cities of the North, most prominently in New York, Philadelphia, and Boston. In addition to soliciting money, the organizations provided food, lodging and money, and helped the fugitives settle into a community by helping them find jobs and providing letters of recommendation.The Underground Railroad had many notable participants, including John Fairfield in Ohio, the son of a slaveholding family, who made many daring rescues, Levi Coffin, a Quaker who assisted more than 3,000 slaves, and Harriet Tubman, who made 19 trips into the South and escorted over 300 slaves to freedom.|
9 Unsung Heroes of the Underground Railroad
With hundreds of people participating in the Underground Railroad’s operation, which spanned from the Deep South all the way to Canada, it’s hardly surprising that the network of underground pathways and safe homes known as the Underground Railroad was so large in scope. Some, like as Harriet Tubman, served as “conductors,” directing rescue efforts, while others, such as John Brown, served as “station masters,” welcoming fugitives into their houses and facilitating their safe journey to safety after their capture.
1. William Still
William Still, who was born in 1821 to previously enslaved parents in New Jersey, traveled to Philadelphia when he was 23 years old and took up the abolitionist banner in more ways than one. As a result, he learned himself to read and write and obtained employment as a clerk for the Pennsylvania Abolition Society, where he rose through the ranks until he was appointed head of the organization’s new Vigilance Committee in the early 1850s. While in that role, Still administered the region’s network of safe houses, which included his own residence, and generated funds to support important rescue operations, including a number of those undertaken by Harriet Tubman.
The fact that he’s frequently referred to as “the Father of the Underground Railroad” is due to another factor.
Hopefully, the “amazing drive and ambition” displayed in the terrible stories will serve as an inspiration to Black Americans as they continue the fight for civil rights.
2. John P. Parker
When John P. Parker was 8 years old, a trader in Norfolk, Virginia, removed him from his enslaved mother and sold him to a doctor in Mobile, Alabama. John P. Parker was born into slavery. With the assistance of the doctor’s children, Parker worked as an apprentice in an iron foundry, where he also learned to read and write. Having persuaded one of the doctor’s patients to purchase him at the age of 18, he was given the opportunity to gradually reclaim his freedom with the money he earned from his foundry.
- While all of this was going on, Parker was making regular trips over the Ohio River to transport fugitives from Kentucky back to Ripley’s safe homes (one belonged to John Rankin, a prominent white abolitionist who lived less than a mile from Parker).
- He once anticipated that an enslaversuspecteda married couple would seek to flee, so he kidnapped their infant and placed him in his chamber to sleep.
- The enslaver awakened and chased after Parker, firing his gun, but Parker and his family were able to flee across the river and into Canada.
- Gregg during a series of interviews in the 1880s, but the manuscript remained undiscovered in Duke University’s archives until historian Stuart Seeley Sprague unearthed it and published it in 1996.
Parker’s rescues were recounted to journalist Frank M. Gregg during a series of interviews in the 1880s, but the manuscript remained undiscovered in Duke University’s archives until historian Stuart Seeley Sprague unearthed
3. and 4. Harriet Bell Hayden and Lewis Hayden
Lewis Hayden, who was born enslaved in Lexington, Kentucky, in 1812, witnessed enslavers tear his family apart not once, but twice throughout his lifetime. His brothers were sold to a different enslaver at first, and then his wife and son were purchased by Kentucky senator Henry Clay and sold someplace in the Deep South, according to historical records. Hayden never saw them or heard from them again. In the early 1840s, he married an enslaved lady called Harriet Bell, adopted her son, and began preparing their escape from the plantation where they had been held.
- The couple had returned to the United States by 1846, when they had settled in Boston’s Beacon Hill district, where they had founded a clothes business.
- Despite the fact that slavery had been outlawed in Massachusetts since 1783, the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 declared that enslaved persons who had escaped to free states might still be apprehended and returned to their enslavers in the southern United States.
- Among those who have received considerable notice are Ellen and William Craft, who gained notoriety for their perilous escape from slavery in Georgia, which required Ellen impersonating a white man and William as a Black servant.
- The bounty hunters didn’t take any chances and returned home empty-handed.
- In 1873, he was elected to the Massachusetts General Assembly, where he served until his death in 1904.
- The estate of Harriet Tubman, who died in 1893, was bequeathed to Harvard Medical School for the aim of creating an annual scholarship for Black students, which is still in existence today.
5. Henrietta Bowers Duterte
His wife, Henrietta Bowers, was 35 when she married Francis A. Duterte, a Haitian-American undertaker who was also 35 at the time. It should have been a long and happy union because they both hailed from well-respected Philadelphia households and Francis’s mortuary was prosperous; in other words, it should have been a joyful union. However, by the end of the decade, Henrietta was on her own: Her children had all died while they were young, and Francis had also died unexpectedly. Instead of handing over the funeral company to a male, as would have been anticipated at the time, Henrietta took over and transformed it into a particularly secretive station on the Underground Railroad, in addition to maintaining the mortuary business.
It was nonetheless profitable, and Henrietta used the proceeds to support organizations that supported Philadelphia’s Black population, such as the First Colored Church and Stephen Smith’s Philadelphia Home for Aged and Infirm Colored Persons, which were both founded by Stephen Smith.
In 1866, she assisted in the organization of the Freedman’s Aid Society Fair, which raised funds for previously enslaved persons in Tennessee.
6. David Ruggles
David Ruggles, who was born free in Norwich, Connecticut, in 1810, traveled to New York City when he was 17 years old and founded a grocery store, which he operated with liberated African Americans. Ruggles soon expanded his business to include lending and selling abolitionist books, pamphlets, and newspapers as well, making him the first Black bookshop proprietor in the United States. Ruggles and other local abolitionists formed the New York Vigilance Committee in 1835, which was an inter-racial group that, like the Philadelphia Vigilance Committee, assisted people in their attempts to elude slavery.
- Frederick Douglass, who had escaped slavery and arrived in New York in 1838, impoverished and starving, was one of these temporary visitors.
- David Ruggles saved his life, as he revealed in his autobiography published in 1845.
- Ruggles’s alertness, kindness, and tenacity,” he wrote.
- Ruggles gave the couple $5 shortly after their wedding and arranged for them to go by steamer to New Bedford, Massachusetts.
- Ruggles distributed countless anti-slavery publications during his years as an Underground Railroad station master, and he advocated for “practical abolitionism,” which is the idea that each individual should actively participate in the emancipation of African-Americans.
- Not that he was without adversaries: his business was burned down on two occasions, and he was violently attacked on other times.
- Ruggles was able to restore some of his strength by hydrotherapy while he was there, and he subsequently founded his own hydrotherapy facility, where Douglass would frequently pay him a visit.
7. and 8. Harriet Forten Purvis and Robert Purvis
Robert Purvis, the son of a free Black woman and a free white man, was involved in virtually every aspect of Philadelphia’s anti-slavery movement from the 1830s to the Civil War, and he died in the Civil War. His work with prominent abolitionists such as William Lloyd Garrison to establish the American Anti-Slavery Society in 1833 and the Pennsylvania Anti-Slavery Society a few years later resulted in the formation of the Vigilant Association of Philadelphia and its Vigilance Committee, which provided fugitive fugitives with boarding, clothing, medical attention, legal counsel, and northern passage.
- Harriet, like Mott, would go on to become a prominent figure in the women’s suffragist movement.
- Their home on Lombard Street became a well-traveled corridor for fugitives on their way to the United States border with Canada.
- The eighth anniversary of slavery’s abolition in the British West Indies was being celebrated when a mob of Irish people, resentful of their own low social standing, attacked the revelers and began looting and setting fire to Black-owned businesses along the street.
- However, according to reports, a Catholic priest diverted the rioters off their intended route to the Purvises’ home, where Robert was armed and ready to confront them.
Robert estimated that he had assisted in the emancipation of around one person each day between 1831 and 1861 (though it’s probable that this figure includes his larger involvement with other anti-slavery organizations).
9. Samuel D. Burris
For more than a decade in the 1840s, Samuel D. Burris worked diligently to transport fugitives through his home state of Delaware and into Philadelphia, where he resided with his wife and children. Despite the fact that Burris was a free man, he might be imprisoned and sold into slavery if he was found assisting fugitives in Delaware—which is exactly what happened to him in 1847. Burris was detained while attempting to sneak a lady named Maria Matthews onto a boat, according to authorities. Because his bail was set at $5000 (equivalent to more than $157,000 today), he was compelled to spend months in jail while awaiting his trial.
Burris was found guilty on November 2, 1847, and he was sentenced to 10 more months in jail as well as a $500 fine.
A group of Philadelphia abolitionists raised $500 during Burris’ 10-month prison sentence and sent a Quaker named Isaac Flint to masquerade as a merchant and acquire Burris at an auction while Burris was serving his sentence.
In Still’s words, “he was not in the least conscious that he had fallen into the hands of friends, but on the contrary, he appeared to be under the assumption that his freedom had been taken away.” ‘The joyous news was whispered in Burris’s ear that everything was OK; that he had been purchased with abolition money in order to keep him from going south.’ The historian Robin Krawitz of Delaware State University told CNN that Burris continued to assist fugitives after his release, and enraged Delawareans petitioned the government to punish him even more severely after he was sentenced to prison.
Burris’ operations in Delaware were suspended when officials approved legislation that prescribed public flogging as a penalty for anyone caught a second time.
8 Key Contributors to the Underground Railroad
Isaac Hopper, an abolitionist, is shown in this image from the Kean Collection/Getty Images. As early as 1786, George Washington expressed dissatisfaction with a “organization of Quakers, founded for such reasons,” which had sought to free a neighbor’s slave. Quakers were instrumental in the establishment of the Underground Railroad. Slavery was opposed in especially in Philadelphia, where Isaac Hopper, a Quaker who converted to Christianity, created what has been described as “the first working cell of the abolitionist underground.” Hopper not only protected escaped slave hunters in his own house, but he also constructed a network of safe havens and recruited a web of spies in order to get insight into their plans.
Hopper, a friend of Joseph Bonaparte, the exiled brother of the former French emperor, went to New York City in 1829 and established himself as a successful businessman.
He remained in the city, continuing to assist fugitive slaves and, at one point, battling off an anti-abolitionist crowd that had formed outside his Quaker bookstore. READ MORE: The Underground Railroad and Its Operation
2. John Brown
John Brown, an abolitionist, about 1846 GraphicaArtis/Getty Images courtesy of Similar to his father, John Brown actively participated in the Underground Railroad by hosting runaways at his home and warehouse and organizing an anti-slave catcher militia following the adoption of the Fugitive Slave Act in 1850, which he inherited from his father. The next year, he joined several of his sons in the so-called “Bleeding Kansas” war, leading one attack that resulted in the deaths of five pro-slavery settlers in 1856.
Brown’s radicalization continued to grow, and his ultimate act occurred in October 1859, when he and 21 supporters seized the government arsenal in Harpers Ferry, Virginia (now West Virginia), in an effort to incite a large-scale slave uprising.
3. Harriet Tubman
Harriet Tubman was born into slavery on Maryland’s Eastern Shore, where she experienced repeated violent beatings, one of which involving a two-pound lead weight, which left her with seizures and migraines for the rest of her life. Tubman fled bondage in 1849, following the North Star on a 100-mile walk into Pennsylvania, fearing she would be sold and separated from her family. She died in the process. She went on to become the most well-known “conductor” on the Underground Railroad, participating in around 13 rescue missions back into Maryland and rescuing at least 70 enslaved individuals, including several of her siblings.
As a scout, spy, and healer for the Union Army, Tubman maintained her anti-slavery activities during the Civil War, and is believed to have been the first woman in the United States to lead troops into battle.
When Harriet Tubman Led a Civil War Raid, You Should Pay Attention
4. Thomas Garrett
‘Thomas Garrett’ is a fictional character created by author Thomas Garrett. The New York Public Library is a public library in New York City. The Quaker “stationmaster” Thomas Garrett, who claimed to have assisted over 2,750 escaped slaves before the commencement of the Civil War, lived in Wilmington, Delaware, and Tubman frequently stopped there on her route up north. Garret not only gave his guests with a place to stay but also with money, clothing & food. He even personally led them to a more secure area on occasion, arm in arm.
Despite this, he persisted in his efforts.
He also stated that “if any of you know of any poor slave who needs assistance, please send him to me, as I now publicly pledge myself to double my diligence and never miss an opportunity to assist a slave to obtain freedom.”
5. William Still
William Still is a well-known author and poet. Photograph courtesy of the Hulton Archive/Getty Images Many runaways traveled from Wilmington, the final Underground Railroad station in the slave state of Delaware, to the office of William Still in adjacent Philadelphia, which was the last stop on their journey. The Vigilance Committee of the Pennsylvania Abolition Society, which provided food and clothing, coordinated escapes, raised funds, and otherwise served as a one-stop social services shop for hundreds of fugitive slaves each year, was chaired by Still, who was a free-born African American.
Still ultimately produced a book in which he chronicled the personal histories of his guests, which offered valuable insight into the operation of the Underground Railroad as a whole.
His assistance to Osborne Anderson, the only African-American member of John Brown’s company to survive the Harpers Ferry raid, was another occasion when he was called upon.
6. Levi Coffin
Charles T. Webber’s painting The Underground Railroad depicts fleeing slaves Levi Coffin, his wife Catherine, and Hannah Haydock providing assistance to the group of fugitive slaves. Getty Images/Bettina Archive/Getty Images Levi Coffin, often known as the “president of the Underground Railroad,” is said to have been an abolitionist when he was seven years old after witnessing a column of chained slaves people being taken to an auction house. Following a humble beginning delivering food to fugitives holed up on his family’s North Carolina plantation, he rose through the ranks to become a successful trader and prolific “stationmaster,” first in Newport (now Fountain City), Indiana, and subsequently in Cincinnati, Kentucky.
In addition to hosting anti-slavery lectures and abolitionist sewing club meetings, Coffin, like his fellow Quaker Thomas Garrett, stood steadfast when hauled before a court of law.
7. Elijah Anderson
The Ohio River, which formed the border between slave and free states, was referred to as the River Jordan in abolitionist circles because it represented the border between slave and free states. Madison, Indiana, was an especially appealing crossing point for enslaved persons on the run, because to an Underground Railroad cell established there by blacksmith Elijah Anderson and several other members of the town’s Black middle class in the 1850s. With his fair skin, Anderson might have passed for a white slave owner on his repeated travels into Kentucky, where would purportedly pick up 20 to 30 enslaved persons at a time and whisk them away to freedom, sometimes accompanying them as far as the Coffins’ mansion in Newport.
An anti-slavery mob devastated Madison in 1846, almost drowning an agent of the Underground Railroad, prompting Anderson to flee upriver to Lawrenceburg, Indiana, where he eventually settled.
While carrying on his operations, he aided around 800 other fugitives before being arrested and imprisoned in Kentucky for “enticing slaves to flee.” Anderson was found dead in his cell on what some accounts claim was the exact day of his parole in 1861, raising suspicions about his death.
8. Thaddeus Stevens
Mr. Thaddeus Stevens is an American lawyer and senator. Bettmann Archive courtesy of Getty Images; Matthew Brady/Bettmann Archive Thaddeus Stevens, a representative from Pennsylvania, was outspoken in his opposition to slavery. The 14th and 15th amendments, which guaranteed African-American citizens equal protection under the law and the right to vote, respectively, were among his many accomplishments, and he also advocated for a radical reconstruction of the South, which included the redistribution of land from white plantation owners to former enslaved people.
Despite this, it wasn’t until 2002 that his Underground Railroad activities were brought to light, when archeologists uncovered a hidden hiding hole in the courtyard of his Lancaster house.
Seward, also served as Underground Railroad “stationmasters” during the era.
An informal network of secret passageways and safe homes used by fleeing slaves in the United States of America on their trip north to “Free States” or Canada has been known as the Underground Railroad since the 1840s, when the name was first used. In addition to twenty-nine states, Canada, Mexico, and the Caribbean were included in the territory. Along with many others, Quakers played an important role in the event. It was referred to as a “Underground Railroad” because it was kept hidden, and as a “Railroad” because it indicated the route taken by fleeing slaves on their way to freedom.
- “Stockholders” were those who made contributions of money or products to aid the cause.
- “Conductors” were people who planned the routes and who frequently assisted and accompanied the slaves in their quest for freedom on the Underground Railroad.
- Stations were typically between 10 and 20 miles apart, and the travelers either walked between them or hid in covered wagons or carts with false bottoms while traveling between stations.
- The exact date when the Underground Railroad got its inception is unknown.
According to Washington’s letter to Robert Morris, a slave had escaped from one of his neighbours, and “a society of Quakers, organized for such reasons, had sought to liberate him.acting in a manner abhorrent to justice.in my judgment highly impolitic with respect to the State.” Over 3,000 persons were employed by the Underground Railroad by 1850, according to historical records.
African Americans such as Harriet Tubman (a former slave who made 19 journeys to help first her own family and then other slaves) made the most significant contributions, but many others were also involved, including members of Methodist and other evangelical groups, as well as Quakers and other religious groups.
- Among the other Underground Railroad Quaker strongholds were Salem, Iowa; Newport; Alum Creek; Cass County; Farmington; and New Bedford, Massachusetts.
- Thomas Garrett (1789 – 1871), a Quaker, is credited with assisting almost 2,700 slaves in their escape from slavery and was known as the “station master” of the final Underground Railroad station, which was located in Wilmington, Delaware.
- Quaker Levi Coffin (1798 – 1877), who lived in Cincinnati, Ohio, was known as the “President of the Underground Railroad” because of his work on the Underground Railroad.
- Some Quakers, however, did not believe that acting outside the law was justified, despite their empathy for the slaves’ condition.
- By the middle of the nineteenth century, it is believed that over 50,000 slaves had escaped from the slave states of the South through the use of the Underground Railroad.
- It is possible that federal marshals who failed to apprehend an accused runaway slave may be fined $1,000.
The Underground Railroad did not come to an end as a result of the Fugitive Slave Act. With the abolition of slavery at the conclusion of the American Civil War, it came to a logical conclusion (1861-65).
When describing a network of meeting spots, hidden routes, passages, and safehouses used by slaves in the United States to escape slave-holding states and seek refuge in northern states and Canada, the Underground Railroad was referred to as the Underground Railroad (UR). The underground railroad, which was established in the early 1800s and sponsored by persons active in the Abolitionist Movement, assisted thousands of slaves in their attempts to escape bondage. Between 1810 and 1850, it is estimated that 100,000 slaves escaped from bondage in the southern United States.
Facts, information and articles about the Underground Railroad
Aproximate year of birth: 1780
The beginnings of the American Civil War occurred around the year 1862.
Estimates range between 6,000 and 10,000.
Harriet Tubman is a historical figure. William Still is a well-known author and poet. Levi Coffin is a fictional character created by author Levi Coffin. John Fairfield is a well-known author.
The Story of How Canada Became the Final Station on the Underground Railroad Harriet Tubman’s Legacy as a Freedom Fighter and a Spion is well documented.
The Beginnings Of the Underground Railroad
Even before the nineteenth century, it appears that a mechanism to assist runaways existed. In 1786, George Washington expressed dissatisfaction with the assistance provided to one of his escaped slaves by “a organization of Quakers, founded for such purposes.” The Religious Society of Friends, or Quakers as they are more officially known, were among the first abolitionist organizations to emerge. Their influence may have played a role in Pennsylvania becoming the first state to abolish slavery, which was home to a large number of Quakers.
In recognition of his contributions, Levi is often referred to as the “president of the Underground Railroad.” In Fountain City, Ohio, on Ohio’s western border, the eight-room Indiana home they bought and used as a “station” before they came to Cincinnati has been preserved and is now a National Historic Landmark.
The Underground Railroad Gets Its Name
Owen Brown, the father of radical abolitionist John Brown, was a member of the Underground Railroad in the state of New York during the Civil War. An unconfirmed narrative suggests that “Mammy Sally” designated the house where Abraham Lincoln’s future wife, Mary Todd Lincoln, grew up and served as a safe house where fugitives could receive food, but the account is doubtful. Routes of the Underground Railroad It was not until the early 1830s that the phrase “Underground Railroad” was first used.
Fugitives going by water or on genuine trains were occasionally provided with clothing so that they wouldn’t give themselves away by wearing their worn-out job attire.
Many of them continued on to Canada, where they could not be lawfully reclaimed by their rightful owners.
The slave or slaves were forced to flee from their masters, which was frequently done at night. It was imperative that the runaways maintain their eyes on the North Star at all times; only by keeping that star in front of them could they be certain that they were on their trip north.
Conductors On The Railroad
A “conductor,” who pretended to be a slave, would sometimes accompany fugitives to a plantation in order to lead them on their journey. Harriet Tubman, a former slave who traveled to slave states 19 times and liberated more than 300 people, is one of the most well-known “conductors.” She used her shotgun to threaten death to any captives who lost heart and sought to return to slavery. The Underground Railroad’s operators faced their own set of risks as well. If someone living in the North was convicted of assisting fugitives in their escape, he or she could face fines of hundreds or even thousands of dollars, which was a significant sum at the time; however, in areas where abolitionism was strong, the “secret” railroad was openly operated, and no one was arrested.
His position as the most significant commander of the Underground Railroad in and around Albany grew as time went on.
However, in previous times of American history, the phrase “vigilance committee” generally refers to citizen organizations that took the law into their own hands, prosecuting and hanging those suspected of crimes when there was no local government or when they considered the local authority was corrupt or weak.
White males who were found assisting slaves in their escape were subjected to heavier punishments than white women, but both were likely to face at the very least incarceration.
The Civil War On The Horizon
Events such as the Missouri Compromise and the Dred Scott decision compelled more anti-slavery activists to take an active part in the effort to liberate slaves in the United States. After Abraham Lincoln was elected president, Southern states began to secede in December 1860, putting an end to the Union’s hopes of achieving independence from the United States. Abolitionist newspapers and even some loud abolitionists warned against giving the remaining Southern states an excuse to separate. Lucia Bagbe (later known as Sara Lucy Bagby Johnson) is considered to be the final slave who was returned to bondage as a result of the Fugitive Slave Law.
Her owner hunted her down and arrested her in December 1860.
Even the Cleveland Leader, a Republican weekly that was traditionally anti-slavery and pro-the Fugitive Slave Legislation, warned its readers that allowing the law to run its course “may be oil thrown upon the seas of our nation’s difficulties,” according to the newspaper.
Following her capture, Lucy was carried back to Ohio County, Virginia, and punished, but she was released at some time when Union soldiers took control of the region. In her honor, a Grand Jubilee was celebrated on May 6, 1863, in the city of Cleveland.
The Reverse Underground Railroad
A “reverse Underground Railroad” arose in the northern states surrounding the Ohio River during the Civil War. The black men and women of those states, whether or not they had previously been slaves, were occasionally kidnapped and concealed in homes, barns, and other structures until they could be transported to the South and sold as slaves.
Underground Railroad Secret Codes : Harriet Tubman
Supporters of the Underground Railroad made use of the following words: Railroad conductors were hired on a daily basis to construct their own code as a secret language in order to assist slaves in escaping. The railroad language was chosen since it was a new mode of transportation at the time, and its communication language was not widely used. Secret code phrases would be used in letters sent to “agents” in order to ensure that if they were intercepted, they would not be apprehended. A form of Underground Railroad code was also utilized in slave songs to allow slaves to communicate with one another without their owners being aware of their activities.
|Agent||Coordinator, who plotted courses of escape and made contacts.|
|Baggage||Fugitive slaves carried by Underground Railroad workers.|
|Bundles of wood||Fugitives that were expected.|
|Conductor||Person who directly transported slaves|
|Drinking Gourd||Big Dipper and the North Star|
|Flying bondsmen||The number of escaping slaves|
|Forwarding||Taking slaves from station to station|
|Freedom train||The Underground Railroad|
|French leave||Sudden departure|
|Gospel train||The Underground Railroad|
|Stockholder||Those who donated money, food, clothing.|
|Load of potatoes||Escaping slaves hidden under farm produce in a wagon|
|Operator||Person who helped freedom seekers as a conductor or agent|
|Parcel||Fugitives that were expected|
|Patter roller||Bounty hunter hired to capture slaves|
|Preachers||Leaders of and spokespersons for the Underground Railroad|
|River Jordan||Ohio River|
|Shepherds||People who encouraged slaves to escape and escorted them|
|Station||Place of safety and temporary refuge, a safe house|
|Station master||Keeper or owner of a safe house|
Following that will be Songs of the Underground Railroad. Underground Railroad codes, coded language, coded music, Underground Railroad followers, underground railroad, supporters of the Underground Railroad Underground Railroad is a subcategory of the category Underground Railroad.
The Jackson Homestead – Station on the Underground Railroad
|The Jackson Family, 1846, from a daguerreotype by Whipple of Boston|
|The Jackson Homestead – Station on the Underground RailroadA Local LegacyIf you were an escaped slave before the Civil War the best way to travel was along the Underground Railroad. This wasn’t a real railroad but a secret system located throughout the Northern states. The system helped escaped slaves from the South reach places of safety in the North or in Canada, often called the “Promised Land,” because U.S. slave laws could not be enforced there. The slaves often wore disguises and traveled in darkness on the “railroad.” Railway terms were used in the secret system: Routes were called “lines,” stopping places were called “stations,” and people who helped escaped slaves along the way were “conductors.” One of the most famous “conductors” on the Underground Railroad was Harriet Tubman (an “Amazing American”), a former slave who escaped from Maryland.William Jackson’s house in Newton, Massachusetts, was a “station” on the Underground Railroad. The Jacksons were abolitionists, people who worked to end slavery. Today, the Jackson House is a museum with a large collection of historical objects and documents that are used for research into Newton’s past.page 1 of 1About Local Legacies|
The Underground Railroad
At the time of slavery, the Underground Railroad was a network of routes, locations, and individuals that assisted enslaved persons in the American South in their attempts to flee to freedom in the northern states. Subjects History of the United States, Social StudiesImage
Home of Levi Coffin
Levi Coffin’s residence in Cincinnati, Ohio, where he lived as an American Quaker and abolitionist. This was a station on the Underground Railroad, a network of routes, locations, and individuals that assisted enslaved persons in escaping to the North during the Civil War. Cincinnati Museum Center provided the photography. “> During the age of slavery, the Underground Railroad was a network of routes, locations, and individuals that assisted enslaved persons in the American South in escaping to the North, according to the Underground Railroad Museum.
Although it was not a real railroad, it fulfilled the same function as one: it carried passengers across large distances.
The people who worked for the Underground Railroad were driven by a passion for justice and a desire to see slavery abolished—a drive that was so strong that they risked their lives and jeopardized their own freedom in order to assist enslaved people in escaping from bondage and staying safe while traveling the Underground Railroad.
- As the network expanded, the railroad metaphor became more prevalent.
- In recent years, academic research has revealed that the vast majority of persons who engaged in the Underground Railroad did it on their own, rather than as part of a larger organization.
- According to historical tales of the railroad, conductors frequently pretended to be enslaved persons in order to smuggle runaways out of plantation prisons and train stations.
- Often, the conductors and passengers traveled 16–19 kilometers (10–20 miles) between each safehouse stop, which was a long distance in this day and age.
- Patrols on the lookout for enslaved persons were usually on their tails, chasing them down.
- Historians who study the railroad, on the other hand, find it difficult to distinguish between fact and fiction.
- Eric Foner is one of the historians that belongs to this group.
- Despite this, the Underground Railroad was at the center of the abolitionist struggle during the nineteenth century.
- Levi Coffin’s residence in Cincinnati, Ohio, where he lived as an American Quaker and abolitionist.
- Cincinnati Museum Center provided the photography.
- Person who is owned by another person or group of people is referred to as an enslaved person.
Slavery is a noun that refers to the act of owning another human being or being owned by another human being (also known as servitude). Abolitionists utilized this nounsystem between 1800 and 1865 to aid enslaved African Americans in their attempts to flee to free states.
With the exception of promotional graphics, which normally link to another page that carries the media credit, all audio, artwork, photos, and videos are attributed beneath the media asset they are associated with. In the case of media, the Rights Holder is the individual or group that gets credited.
Tyson Brown is a member of the National Geographic Society.
The National Geographic Society is a non-profit organization dedicated to the exploration of the world’s natural wonders.
Gina Borgia is a member of the National Geographic Society. Jeanna Sullivan is a member of the National Geographic Society.
According to National Geographic Society’s Sarah Appleton, Margot Willis is a National Geographic Society photographer.
- User Permissions are set to expire on June 21, 2019. Users’ permissions are detailed in our Terms of Service, which you can see by clicking here. Alternatively, if you have any issues regarding how to reference something from our website in your project or classroom presentation, please speak with your instructor. They will be the most knowledgeable about the selected format. When you contact them, you will need to provide them with the page title, URL, and the date on which you visited the item.
If a media asset is available for download, a download button will show in the lower right corner of the media viewer window. If no download or save button displays, you will be unable to download or save the material.
The text on this page is printable and may be used in accordance with our Terms of Service agreement.
- Any interactives on this page can only be accessed and used while you are currently browsing our site. You will not be able to download interactives.
Underground Railroad, The (1820-1861)
Smuggled fugitives through the Underground Railroad during the winter seasonThe Underground Railroad was constructed to help enslaved persons in their escape to freedom. The railroad network was made up of dozens of hidden routes and safe houses that began in slaveholding states and extended all the way to the Canadian border, which was the only place where fugitives could be certain of their freedom. From Florida to Cuba, or from Texas to Mexico, there were shorter routes that took you south.
The Underground Railroad’s success was dependent on the collaboration of previous runaway slaves, free-born blacks, Native Americans, and white and black abolitionists who assisted in guiding runaway slaves along the routes and providing their houses as safe havens for the fugitive slave population.
The Underground Railroad in the Nineteenth Century New York Public Library’s Jean Blackwell Hutson Research and Reference Division, part of the Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, provided this photograph.
The railroad employed conductors, among them William Still of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, who was likely the most well-known of the group.
Slave-hiding spots were called stations, and stationmasters were individuals who hid slaves in their houses.
The Underground Railroad functioned as a number of interconnected networks.
Those responsible for leading the fugitive slaves north did so in stages.
The “freight” would be transferred on to the next conductor once it reached another stop, and so on until the full journey had been completed.
When the Underground Railroad was successful, it engendered a great deal of hostility among slaveholders and their friends.
The law was misused to a tremendous extent.
Due to the fact that African Americans were not permitted to testify or have a jury present during a trial, they were frequently unable to defend themselves.
Ironically, the Fugitive Slave Act fueled Northern opposition to slavery and contributed to the outbreak of the American Civil War.
A large number of those who escaped became human witnesses to the slave system, with many of them traveling on the lecture circuit to explain to Northerners what life was like as a slave in the slave system.
It was the success of the Underground Railroad in both situations that contributed to the abolition of slavery.
Blaine Hudson, Encyclopedia of the Underground Railroad (Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland & Company, 2006); David W.
Instructions for Citing This Article (in APA Format): Waggoner, C., and Waggoner, C. (n.d.). The Underground Railroad was in operation from 1820 until 1861). Project on the History of Social Welfare. It was retrieved from


Remittance Flows Worldwide in 2016
in remittances was sent from to other countries in 2016
in remittances was sent to from other countries in 2016
Worldwide, an estimated $574 billion (USD) was sent by migrants to relatives in their home countries in 2016, a 1% decline from 2015, when the amount was $581 billion, according to economists at the World Bank. This is the second drop in global remittances since the global financial crisis. Despite this recent decline, remittances sent by migrants are still about double what they were a decade ago, before the sharp decline in the global economy during the late 2000s.
Tracking remittances worldwide is difficult because many countries do not track funds that are sent or received. Based on data it is able to collect, the World Bank has used a statistical model to estimate the amount of money coming from each sending country to each receiving country. Because these numbers are estimates, there is some room for error. For example, the total incoming or outgoing remittances for some countries may not be the same as actual remittances.
- Remittances from abroad are major economic assets for some developing countries, January 2018
- Migrants from Latin America and the Caribbean sent a record amount of money to their home countries in 2016, January 2018
- Migrant remittances worldwide drop in 2015 for first time since Great Recession, August 2016
- Changing Patterns of Global Migration and Remittances, December 2013
- Remittances to Latin America Recover—but Not to Mexico, November 2013
No Data Available
There was no data provided for the selected field.
"Remittances" are funds or other assets that migrants send to their home countries. Remittances displayed in this interactive, as reported by the World Bank, include remittances sent via formal channels such as banks and other businesses that transfer money. Remittance data in this interactive are provided by the World Bank and follow World Bank definitions adopted from the International Monetary Fund nations (World Bank, 2016). Countries with no data in the interactive have no known remittance flows. Estimates less than $1 million are shown as <$1,000,000. Estimates of $1 million or greater are rounded to the nearest million. Country remittance flow totals are based on unrounded data. If unofficial remittances were counted, such as funds not sent through formal channels or other tangible items, the total could be as much as 50% higher or more, according to household surveys and other evidence cited by the World Bank (World Bank, 2005). Remittance flows presented in this map are based in part on World Bank estimates derived from a statistical model. For more information, see Ratha and Shaw, 2007.
*According to the State Bank of Pakistan, in FY 2016 remittances from Pakistan to India were $116,000 and remittances from India to Pakistan were $329,000.
**Remittances from Israel to Lebanon and Lebanon to Israel are not available.
Source: World Bank 2016 Bilateral Remittance Matrix, accessed December 6, 2017.


By Mary Dalrymple
Lexical-Functional Grammar was once first constructed through Joan Bresnan and Ronald M. Kaplan within the past due Seventies, and used to be designed to function a medium for expressing and explaining vital generalisations concerning the syntax of human languages and therefore to function a car for self reliant linguistic learn. An both vital target was once to supply a limited, mathematically tractable notation which may be interpreted via psychologically believable and computationally effective processing mechanisms. The formal structure of LFG offers an easy set of units for describing the typical homes of all human languages and the actual houses of person languages. This quantity offers paintings carried out over the last a number of years on the Xerox Palo Alto learn heart, Stanford collage, and in other places. the several sections hyperlink mathematical and computational matters and the research of specific linguistic phenomena in components corresponding to wh-constructions, anaphoric binding, observe order and coordination.
Read Online or Download Formal Issues in Lexical-Functional Grammar (Lecture Notes) PDF
Similar Grammar books
The Grammar and Language Workbook bargains sequential language guide besides vast drill and perform in grammar, utilization, and mechanics. this crucial instrument incorporates a instruction manual in addition to vocabulary, spelling, and composition classes. .
The Grammar of Q places forth a singular syntactic and semantic research of wh-questions, person who relies upon in-depth examine of the Tlingit language, an endangered and under-documented language of North the USA. an important outcome of this new method is that the phenomenon classically dubbed "pied-piping" doesn't really exist.
During this quantity Silvio Cruschina makes use of a comparative research to figure out the syntax of the practical projections linked to discourse-related gains, and to account for the marked notice orders present in Romance-particularly within the fronting phenomena. numerous language-specific analyses of discourse-related phenomena were proposed within the literature, together with stories at the notions of subject and concentration in Romance, however the loss of a uniform definition of those notions, including varied assumptions on the subject of the triggering gains, has resulted in the belief that the Romance languages exhibit many targeted and heterogeneous homes with recognize to dislocation and fronting structures.
Transformational Grammar (TG) is a thought of grammar constructed via this century's most renowned linguist, Noam Chomsky, within the 1950's. TG relies at the idea of a common grammar (UG) that's the algorithm for language that every one people own because of the typical genetic positive aspects which distinguish them from different organisms and lead them to ""human.
Extra info for Formal Issues in Lexical-Functional Grammar (Lecture Notes)


A genetic test is not a clinical diagnosis, but it might help your vet make a diagnosis.
Remember, Embark tests for genetic variants that associate with increased disease risk. Only your veterinarian can determine whether your dog actually has a clinical disease, which involves evaluation of your dog's presentation, history, clinical diagnostics such as bloodwork or radiographs, and yes, sometimes a genetic test. Your vet is trained to tie all of this information together to paint a clinical picture of your dog, which ultimately will inform their diagnosis.
If my dog is at increased risk for a genetic health condition, what's the likelihood that my dog develops a disease? It really depends on the condition. Some variants are known to have incomplete penetrance, meaning not all dogs at increased risk will go on to be diagnosed with the disease, or variable expressivity, meaning that a dog's clinical signs might fall somewhere along a spectrum of disease severity. But as we've noted above, visiting your dog's veterinarian is the first step into determining whether your dog might be showing signs of disease or not.
Your veterinarian may email Embark for further information regarding clinical presentation, penetrance, and additional testing recommended for an at risk dog. If you would like to have your veterinarian speak with us directly, please email us with written permission stating that it is ok for us to speak to your vet directly.


PAEONIA: THE PEONY
Herbaceous and Shrubby Plants of Rare Beauty
Paeonia. Popular hardy perennial plants of great beauty, the Peonies are in full bloom in May and June. The herbaceous Peonies are the chief favorites. The Tree Peonies are magnificent, but less well known. The former are natives chiefly of Europe and Asia Minor, the latter of China and Japan. The name Paeonia is said to commemorate the physician of the Greek gods, Paeon. Paeonia belongs to the Buttercup family, Ranunculaceae.
Comparatively few species or wild types of Peony are grown, but innumerable varieties, having single or double flowers in a wide range of coloring, have been raised, and additions to the number are made annually. Many of the very finest are the result of the work of American breeders. The chief species or wild types from which the May-flowering varieties have been raised by crossbreeding and selection are Paeonia officinalis, the old crimson Peony of southern Europe, and P. albiflora, a Siberian plant which bears white and blush-colored fragrant blooms, and whose offspring are the Juneflowering Chinese Peonies.
Soil and Location for Herbaceous Peonies. Herbaceous Peonies thrive in sun or part shade, but they must be planted in deep, rich soil. In poor ground which dries out quickly in summer, they do not flourish; there they grow weakly and flower sparsely. Peonies take some time to become established, and it is necessary to plant them where they can remain undisturbed for years. The sites should be prepared by digging 12-20 in. deep and mixing compost or welldecayed manure in the lower soil. If the ground is light, some heavier loam or clay should be added.
It is a mistake to plant Peonies in a border facing east, for in that position the flower buds are liable to be damaged by the early morning sun, if it happens to shine on them after a frosty night. If, however, the Peonies are in a border facing south, southwest or west, they are unlikely to suffer harm in such circumstances.
How to Succeed with Peonies. As established Peonies are vigorous, leafy plants and take up a good deal of room, it is not wise to use them too prominently in the mixed flower border, where they occupy a disproportionate amount of space after they are through blooming. They may be planted in open spaces among shrubs, in similar places on the edge of woodland, or in other informal parts of the garden where they have room to develop and are not likely to be disturbed. They must not, however, be set in deep shade or in places where the soil becomes impoverished by the roots of neighboring trees or shrubs.
During hot, dry weather in summer, Peonies need a copious watering occasionally; they will not flourish if allowed to become dry at the roots. It is beneficial to mulch the soil around them with decayed manure in spring; this helps to keep the roots moist and feeds them also.
Peonies produce larger blooms if they are disbudded. This operation consists of removing all flower buds except the terminal one from each stem. The buds should be picked or pinched out as early as this can be done without danger of
damaging the bud that remains on the stem.
Peonies are quite hardy and require no special winter protection. After frost has killed the foliage it should be cut off slightly below ground level but not deeply enough to injure the buds at the crown (top) of the cluster of roots. Under no circumstances should a mulch of rotted manure, peat moss or other material likely to hold water and exclude air be applied in fall, because it will encourage disease; if a mulch of any kind is used, it should be light and permit the free passage of air through it; salt hay or branches of evergreens laid lightly over the ground are mulches that can be used without ill effect. The best time to plant Peonies is in September; they may, however, be planted in early spring, provided the ground is in a suitable condition. Set the plants at such a depth that the crowns or tops are covered with about 2 in. of soil; they should be spaced 2 1/2-3 ft. from each other. Planting the roots too deep is a common cause of failure.
When suitably located and cared for, Herbaceous Peonies will bloom satisfactorily each year for a long period, often for 20 years or more; it is not wise to transplant them unless quite necessary so long as they continue to flower well.
Propagation of Herbaceous Peonies. Peonies may be propagated from seed. There are two objections to this method, however. One is the long period (4-8 years) which elapses between the sowing of the seeds and the maturing and blooming of the resultant plants. The second is, that unless it is a wild species, the seed gathered from a Peony plant will not exactly reproduce its parent. If seed is gathered from one of the magnificent double white Chinese Peonies, for instance, the seedlings are liable to be a mixture of white and pink single and double forms, none of them identical with the parent. Hence raising Peonies from seed is of interest chiefly to the specialist and breeder.
For the general gardener the best method of multiplication is by division of the roots. If a Peony root is cut into divisions, every piece of root that has a bud attached to it will grow and produce a new plant of the same variety. This is the standard method of propagating Peony plants.
Each division should, preferably, include 3-5 eyes until towards the end of the year, or until the approach of severe weather, and then placed under glass. They can be grown in a greenhouse in which a minimum winter temperature of about 45 degrees is maintained.
Kinds of Peonies. Among the wild types or species of herbaceous Peonies there are several attractive flowering (buds). September is the most favorable time of the year for dividing herbaceous Peonies.
Tree Peonies. The chief of the Tree Peonies, Peonia suffruticosa (Moutan), is a leaf-losing shrub which reaches a height of 3-5 ft., and bears immense single or double flowers in May and June. It thrives in ordinary loamy garden soil which is well drained; light land can be made suitable by adding old turf, and clayey land by adding old turf, leaf mold and sand. It is necessary to choose a position for these shrubs which is sheltered from the east; they are hardy in the sense that they are unlikely to be damaged by severe frost in winter, but as they start into growth early in spring the fresh shoots are liable to be spoiled by late frosts unless in a sheltered place.
If the shoots become slightly frozen and the sun shines on them early in the morning, they will be injured; if, however, the shrubs are in a position sheltered from the east and open to the south, southwest, or west, the slightly frozen shoots will thaw gradually and no harm will follow.
Tree Peonies are sometimes grown in large flowerpots for the decoration of the conservatory. They should be potted in autumn in loamy (turfy) soil with which some leaf mold and sand have been mixed; they may be left out of doors plants, some of which should be included in every representative collection.
One of the earliest to bloom is Peonia anomala, which bears rose-colored flowers. P. humilis is of comparatively, low growth, about 18 in. high, with blooms of rose coloring. Its double form, fimbriata, is very attractive. P. officinalis, a very old garden plant, bears crimson flowers. Its leaves are also attractive when young; they are of reddish-crimson color at first, but they turn green as they age.
The wild type of Tree Peony, Paeonia suffruticosa, has large white flowers blotched with crimson.
Paeonia lutea is a particularly handsome Tree Peony with grayish leaves and yellow flowers which are much smaller than those of the named varieties of Tree Peony.
Other attractive species are: P. Mlokosewitschi, soft primrose-yellow; P. tenuifolia, with finely cut foliage and crimson flowers, and its double form, plena; P. peregrina, red, and its variety Sunshine, salmon-scarlet; and P. Wittmanniana, with pale yellow flowers. All these are in full beauty in May.
Beautiful Varieties. There are innumerable varieties, both single and double, of both herbaceous and Tree Peonies. These are listed and described in the catalogues of dealers in hardy perennial plants and in the catalogues of Peony specialists. They include a wide choice of colors among which are white, pink, red, yellow and many in-between shades and variegations.


Silent, submerged and lethal — the concept of Submarines as a tool of war not only changed the face of warfare in the seas but added a new dimension to how nations perceived naval strength and deterrence. Though the idea of a submerged boat had been fantasized since the 16th century, it became a reality during the American Civil War when a partly submerged oar-propelled CSS Hunley of the Confederate forces became the first combat submarine to sink a warship, 1,240-ton US Navy’s USS Housatonic in 1864. The event, historic as it was, not only signified the beginning of war beneath the waves but also the risks that would have to be taken in this new frontier for the first successful combat mission of CSS Hunley was also its last. Technological advancements of the 19th century and World Wars meant fast-paced development of modern combatant submarines capable of stealthier and deadlier long-range missions as Naval forces recognized the potential and necessity of submarine warfare. It was only natural that Pakistan, having won its Independence post-World War II, would-join the submarine club. But Pakistan Navy, having come into being with just two sloops, two frigates and four minesweepers, would have to wait for 17 years before acquiring its first ex-US TENCH class submarine. By 1970s, Pakistan Navy acquired 4 Daphne and 2 Agosta class submarines from the French Navy, strengthening its Naval arsenal, as it endeavored to safeguard maritime boundaries and trade. But the acquisition of the first submarine was in itself a watershed moment not just because Pakistan Navy became the first country in the region to operate a Submarine, but also because it signified how a small but disciplined Navy would outsmart its much larger adversary through forward planning and future outlook. The first submarine, now remembered as the PNS Ghazi, would prove this point time and again in time to come to embody what the Quaid, Muhammad Ali Jinnah, said to men of the Pakistan Navy during his address to H.M.P.S Dilawar foretelling that You will have to make up for the smallness of your size by your courage and selfless devotion to duty for it is not life that matters but the courage, fortitude and determination you bring to it.” Ghazi and Hangor are two names etched into the annals of Naval warfare, symbols of professionalism, courage, sacrifice and service, hallmarks of Pakistan Navy. During the 1965 War with India, PN had the professional edge of having the sole submarine between the two warring countries. As the land and air forces fought for the defence of the country valiantly, the Naval forces went to work quietly away from the public eye. Ghazi was the centerpiece of the chessboard that PN devised around Indian ports and was tasked to patrol deep into the enemy waters keeping a watch on the crucial Mumbai harbor where the core of Indian Naval aircrafts including the aircraft carrier INS Vikrant was docked. The lone warrior was so effective that no Indian ship dared ventured into the open sea, much less challenge the Pakistani ports. The impact of Ghazi on the Indian Naval psyche allowed the PN to plan and execute an audacious and successful raid on Dawarka, the Indian naval fortress and radar station, as the enemy watched. Not only Ghazi was successful in keeping enemy Navy out of all the action, its legacy continued to haunt its opposing ranks well into the second war of 1971 when it was tasked with yet another daring but ambitious and unthinkable operation which would eventually prove fatal for the submarine which by then was an aging warrior.As hostilities broke out in East Pakistan, PNS/M Ghazi commander received a short order. Find and Destroy INS Vikrant, the crown jewel of Indian Navy, which was kept away from the Western shores out of fear. Despite the fact the Ghazi was ordered to secretly cover 3,000 miles in hostile waters, the submarine and its crew daringly completed the first part of the mission reaching the Bay of Bengal where an unfortunate accident resulted in the loss of PNS/M Ghazi and its crew. Indian Navy was quick to claim that Ghazi had been sunk but this proved a lie as later inquiries showed the indomitable Ghazi had suffered an internal malfunction. Despite the tragic end, the tale of Ghazi remains to this day an epic of valor and undaunted courage in the face of apparently insurmountable challenges. It was as Lord Tennyson had remembered, “Theirs not to make reply, theirs not to reason why, theirs but to do and die.” Within days of the tragedy that befell PNS/M Ghazi, PN struck back. This time the honor belonged to PNS/M Hangor, a daphne class submarine. True to the origin of its name, Hangor prowled the Indian west coast for its prey like a shark. PNS/M Hangor, stayed undetected even as an Indian force of anti-submarine frigates kept looking. Hangor tracked the frigates and on the evening of 9 December 1971, the commanding officer, then Cdr Ahmed Tasnim (Retired as Vice Admiral) maneuvered the submarine into firing position. The first torpedo launched at the le d ship missed the target but the second one hit with such precision that the resulting explosion broke INS Khukri into two sinkings in less than 2 minutes with a crew of near 200 sailors. Undeterred by the fear of being exposed, the commanding officer, fired a third torpedo at the second Indian ship hitting her at long distance causing severe damage. This action was the first confirmed kill by a submarine after the second World War and it jolted the Indian naval pride to such an extent that an entire taskforce was sent after the Hangor. But as dodged it was in offence, so it remained in defence, cunningly outman’buvering the enemy and making back to the Karachi shore safely after a historic operation for which 4 Sitara e Jurat and 6 Tamgha-e-Jurat were awarded, the highest number of operational gallantry awards given to a single unit of Pakistan Navy.


Get A Much Healthier Body With These Handy Nutrition Tips!Nutrition is an important aspect of everyone's life. Nutrition consists of eating and drinking properly to maximize fitness of your body and increase your overall health level. Sometimes practicing proper nutrition can be hard. In order to make practicing proper nutrition easier, follow the tips in this article.
Vitamin D is an important part of a healthy diet. It assists in bone and teeth formation by maintaining calcium and phosphorous levels in the body. Vitamin D also helps in immune function and cell growth. Lowering cancer risk is yet another benefit of vitamin D.
Instead of snacking on sweet items like cookies and ice cream, try their healthier counterparts. Replace cookies with items like granola, oatmeal and cereal, and fruit bars. For ice cream, try going with low-fat or non-fat yogurt. These options not only taste better than the unhealthier ones, but you get nutrients like iron, calcium, fiber and much more in your diet.
When considering a diet that provides an adequate nutrition level, know that peanut butter is a very healthy choice for you. Peanut butter contains healthy fats, as well as plenty of protein. Be visit the following webpage to use moderation, because it still can be considered a high calorie food. It is wise to get your protein and healthy fats from a variety of foods.
If you are having trouble about what you should and shouldn't eat, consult with a doctor or friends. Sometimes it can be hectic to eat nutritious when there is so much information out there for you to read. Asking around can help you understand what it is you should be putting into your body to keep it running healthy.
Mushrooms come in a multitude of varieties and add amazing flavor to many dishes. This is a good enough reason to use them. But they have great additional benefits nutritionally. Mushrooms contain protein as well as many trace minerals and needed vitamins--especially the B vitamins such as biotin.
To reduce fat from your diet, take advantage of the low-fat cooking sprays that are available instead of cooking in oil or butter. The fat in butter and oil are a major source of weight gain. It can also adversely affect your cholesterol and blood pressure, leading to illness and heart problems.
Focus on eating more zinc-rich foods when you are recovering from illness or injury. To avoid illnesses you can use zinc to help strengthen your immune system. Pumpkin seeds, strawberries and peaches are all great foods that contain zinc. These particular foods are not only rich in zinc. They also contain numerous free-radical antioxidants, which help promote great health.
Make sure you're eating a balanced meal. 15-20% should be protein, 30% should be fats, and 50-55% should be carbs. This ensures that your body is getting everything it needs to function properly. Any diets that have high amounts or extremely low amounts of the nutrients deprive your body of what it needs.
If you are on a vegetarian or vegan diet, you need to find plenty of ways to incorporate protein into your diet. Protein is an important building block for muscle development, and it is very easy for vegetarians to lose muscle mass when they reduce the meat and animal products from their diet.
Nutrition is one of the key components to proper weight control. Knowing what to eat and what to avoid can help you lose weight or maintain your current weight if you have reached your goal. Fresh fruits and vegetables are great snacks that can help keep weight off and give you what you need in nutrition when it comes to vitamins and minerals.
If you are trying to cut down on the amount of soda that you consume and think water is too plain, try flavored water. This tasty alternative comes with the same amount of water that you require, and does not have the high sugar and calorie content as soda.
This girl did unspeakable damage to her hair (Paid Content by Dove)
Hairstyling fashion changes almost as often as the clothes on the cat walks, and with so many varied options for achieving the latest 'do we're often tempted to go for something bold and new on a regular basis. Like the girl in the video, we find ourselves swapping and changing our style to stay fresh and current â?? a hairstyle can really complete any look, but at a price. But we found that there’s a secret to keeping hair damage at bay, and you need to watch this to find out. We can all relate in some way because using a range of tongs, tools and potions to achieve the styles of the moment has always been a basic activity. This girl did unspeakable damage to her hair (Paid Content by Dove)
Avoid drinking your calories in liquid form. Drinks with a great deal of calories, such as milk, energy drinks and fruit juice can give you a large amount of calories without satiating your hunger. Sodas, beer, drink mixes and shakes are full of empty calories and provide no nutritional content whatsoever.
Hide grated zucchini and carrots to hamburgers and meatloaf. The mildness of these flavors will be undetected in the finished product, but will increase the healthy aspects of the food with fiber, minerals, and vitamins, while taking ups space and making them less fatty and calorie filled.
When it comes to nutrition, you want to make sure you are constantly keeping an eye on the latest information available to you. With science always learning new things about what is healthy and unhealthy for you, you want to try your best to always, be informed. collagen boosting foods uk know, something that you think could be helping you today could actually end up harming you in the future, so try your best to stay informed.
Eat a balanced diet that includes fruits and vegetables if you are looking to improve your nutrition. You should find out your daily requirement of calories and base your diet on this. You should also avoid foods that are highly processed and contain a high amount of fat and sugar.
We hope these tips will help you sort out the bewildering array of food choices and find those best for you. They have also mentioned the value of consulting a professional nutritionist, and explained more about the intricacies of your digestive system. collagen production during sleep are meant to help you give your body the right foods--both for good health and enjoyment.


Official Blogof Dr. Peter F. Gregory and his Foot Health Team
1. Don't ignore foot pain. It is not normal. If you experience any type of persistent pain in the foot or ankle, please contact our office.
2. Inspect your feet regularly. Pay attention to changes in color and temperature. Look for thick or discolored nails (a sign of developing fungus), and check for cracks or cuts in the skin. Peeling or scaling on the soles of feet may indicate Athlete's Foot. Any growth on the foot is not considered normal.
3. Wash your feet regularly, especially between the toes, and be sure to dry them completely.
4. Trim toenails straight across, but not too short. Be careful not to cut nails in corners or on the sides; this can lead to ingrown toenails. Persons with diabetes, poor circulation, or heart problems should not treat their own feet, because they are more prone to infection.
5. Make sure that your shoes fit properly. Purchase new shoes later in the day when feet tend to be at their largest, and replace worn out shoes as soon as possible.
6. Select and wear the right shoe for each sport or activity that you are engaged in (e.g., running shoes for running).
7. Alternate shoes, don't wear the same pair of shoes every day.
8. Avoid walking barefooted. Your feet will be more prone to injury and infection. At the beach or when wearing sandals always use sunblock on your feet.
9. Be cautious when using home remedies for foot ailments. Self-treatment may turn a minor problem into a major one.
10. If you are a diabetic, please contact our office, The Foot Health Team of Dr. Peter F. Gregory, D.P.M. and schedule a check-up at least once a year.
Children are resilient, but choosing the best shoes and backpacks for back to school now can impact their health in the future. As podiatrists, we care about your children’s foot health as well as their overall wellness because it all ties together.
Follow these simple tips to get your kids off to a good start for the school year.
How to Shop for New Shoes
The fit of your child's shoe is especially important as they head back to class. Remember, their feet are growing, so check regularly for proper fit. Excessive or uneven wear can warn you of foot problems, so check for that as well.
Some things to keep in mind while shoe shopping include:
- Bring your children with you to try on shoes. Knowing their size is not enough. Every shoe is made differently, and you need to know it fits and feels good on their feet.
- Fit the larger foot. One foot is always slightly larger than the other. It’s better to have one shoe that’s slightly loose than one that’s too tight.
- Don’t forget socks! If they’re worn or ill-fitting they’ll cause irritation, blisters, or irregular gait. Buy new socks while you’re buying shoes.
What to Look for in Shoes
- A stiff heel -- The heel of the shoe should not collapse when pressed from the sides.
- Toe flexibility -- The shoe should be flexible enough to bend with your child's toes. However, watch for too much bend.
- A rigid middle -- The shoe should not twist in the middle.
Why Backpacks Matter
How children carry the weight of their books and other gear is important, too. Most kids carry backpacks, but often those packs are unfit for the size of the load - and the size of the kid. An ill-fitting or poorly carried pack can cause neck, shoulder and back problems as well as foot pain.
Here are some things to check while you’re outfitting your children for the upcoming school year:
- The pack should be big enough to carry most of the child’s books and supplies, but not so big that it sags below the buttocks.
- It must be a backpack with two straps to evenly distribute the load on the child’s body. Single strap messenger-type bags cause muscle strain by throwing the child off-balance.
- If a properly fitting bag won’t hold everything your child needs to carry, teach them to carry the rest in their arms, or leave what they don’t need in their lockers.
Follow these tips as you shop for shoes and backpacks for back to school. The result will be a healthier and more comfortable school year for you and your kids!
For more information contact the Foot Health Team of
Dr. Peter F. Gregory, D.P.M. at 734-522-7676.
When you take a step, your foot typically hits the ground heel first and rolls toward your toes, flattening the arch slightly. As you push off the ball of your foot, your arch springs back and does not touch the ground. That's how normal feet are supposed to work. Unfortunately, many feet aren't normal.
Overpronation occurs if your foot rolls too much toward the inside. This can cause arch strain and pain on the inside of the knee. Underpronation occurs if your foot rolls too much to the outside. Underpronation can lead to ankle sprains and stress fractures. You can relieve foot pain by compensating for these tendencies, but first you need to determine which way your feet roll.
One method for determining which kind of pronation you have is the watermark test: Put your feet into a bucket of water, then make footprints on a piece of dark paper.
- If your footprint looks like an oblong pancake with toes, you pronate excessively or may have flat feet. Try molded-leather arch supports, which can be purchased in many drug stores. And when shopping for athletic shoes, ask a sales clerk for styles with "control" features—soles designed to halt the rolling-in motion. If arch supports or sports shoes don't help, please contact our office for a custom-molded orthotics.
- If there's little or no connection in your footprint between the front part of the foot and the heel, you under-pronate or have a high arch. This means a lot of your weight is landing on the outside edge of your foot. Ask for "stability" athletic shoes, which are built with extra cushioning to remedy this problem. If you are prone to ankle sprains, wear high-top athletic shoes that cover the foot and ankle snugly to minimize damage from twists.
- For additional contact the Foot Health Team of Dr. Peter F. Gregory, D.P.M.
Your feet are one of the most overlooked body parts when it comes to exercise. As you exercise, pay attention to what your feet are telling you.
Consult your physician before beginning any fitness program. This includes a complete physical and foot exam. This is especially important for those who are overweight, smoke, or haven't had a physical exam in a long time.
Proper fitness requires wearing the right clothes and shoes. Wear loose-fitting, light-colored and loosely woven clothing in hot weather and several layers of warm clothing in cold weather.
The American Podiatric Medical Association stresses the importance of foot care in exercising. People don't realize the tremendous pressure that is put on their feet while exercising. For example, a 150-pound jogger puts more than 150 tons of impact on his feet when running three miles.
Improper foot care during exercise is a contributing factor to some of the more than 300 foot ailments, according to the APMA.
The following are common ailments caused by improper foot care during exercise:
- Athlete's foot;
- Corns and calluses; and
- Heel pain (including heel spurs).
For more information please contact the Foot Health Team of Dr. Peter F. Gregory, D.P.M.
This is the time of the year when our feet tend to be frequently exposed to the elements as we wear sandals, flip flops and are often barefoot.
The Foot Health Team of Dr. Peter F. Gregory, D.P.M. have some advice to share that can help keep your feet healthy this summer:
- Limit walking barefoot as it exposes feet to sunburn, as well as plantar warts, athlete's foot, ringworm, and other infections. It also increases the risk of injury to your feet.
- Wear shoes or flip-flops around the pool, to the beach, in the locker room and even on the carpeting or in the bathroom of your hotel room to prevent injuries and limit the likelihood of contracting any bacterial infections.
- Remember to apply sunscreen all over your feet, especially the tops and fronts of ankles, and don't forget to reapply after you've been in the water.
- Stay hydrated by drinking plenty of water throughout the day. This will not only help with overall health, but will also minimize any foot swelling caused by the heat.
- Some activities at the beach, lake or river may require different types of footwear to be worn. To be prepared, always pack an extra pair of sneakers or protective water shoes. If your shoes will be getting wet, they should be dried completely before your next wearing to prevent bacteria or fungus from growing.
If you injure your foot or ankle while on an outing, call our office immediately so we can begin treating your ailment as soon as possible.
Convenient appointments may be made by calling:
Dr. Peter F. Gregory, D.P.M.
17316 Farmington Road
Livonia, MI 48152
Your feet tell a story...We are here to listen!
This website includes materials that are protected by copyright, or other proprietary rights. Transmission or reproduction of protected items beyond that allowed by fair use, as defined in the copyright laws, requires the written permission of the copyright owners.


TUESDAY, Nov. 25, 2014 (HealthDay News) -- A brain abnormality may be responsible for more than 40 percent of deaths from sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), a new study suggests.
The abnormality is in the hippocampus, a part of the brain that influences breathing, heart rate and body temperature. This abnormality may disrupt the brain's control of breathing and heart rate during sleep or during brief waking that happens during the night, the researchers report.
"This abnormality could put infants at risk for SIDS," said lead researcher Dr. Hannah Kinney, a professor of pathology at Harvard Medical School in Boston.
Kinney can't say for sure that this abnormality is a cause of SIDS. "We don't know at this stage. This is the first observation of this abnormality," she said. "It's just an observation at this point."
Before this brain abnormality can be called a cause of SIDS, Kinney said, they have to find out what causes this abnormality and determine if it alone can cause SIDS.
For the study, Kinney's team examined sections of the hippocampus from 153 infants who died suddenly and unexpectedly between 1991 and 2012. The deaths were classified as unexplained -- which includes SIDS -- or from a known cause, such as infection, accident, murder or lack of oxygen.
Kinney's group found that 41.2 percent of infants who died for an unexplained reason compared with 7.7 percent of those whose death was explainable had an abnormality in the part of the hippocampus known as the dentate gyrus.
Among the 86 infants whose death was classified as SIDS, 43 percent had this abnormality, the researchers added.
This change in the dentate gyrus suggests there was a problem in development at some point late in the life of the fetus or in the months after birth, Kinney said.
Kinney added that this abnormality has only been seen under the microscope after death, so a child cannot be tested for the abnormality.
"There are no signs or symptoms that predict SIDS or warn families that this problem is there or that SIDS is going to occur," she said.
The report was published online Nov. 24 in the journal Acta Neuropathologica.
"Until we understand more about this abnormality, parents should follow the safe sleep recommendations of the American Academy of Pediatrics," Kinney said.
The recommendation is to place an infant alone in a crib on the back without toys or pillows as bolsters. "The same messages we have always had are still applicable," she said.
SIDS is the leading cause of death of infants younger than 1 year of age in the United States, the researchers said.
Dr. Sayed Naqvi, a pediatric neurologist at Miami Children's Hospital, noted that this brain abnormality has been found in epilepsy, but this is the first time it has been linked to SIDS.
"This needs to be confirmed and more research done to say this is a cause of SIDS," he said.
Marian Willinger, a special assistant for SIDS at U.S. National Institute of Health's Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, said in a statement, "The new finding adds to a growing body of evidence that brain abnormalities may underlie many cases of SIDS."
"The hope is that research efforts in this area eventually will provide the means to identify vulnerable infants so that we'll be able to reduce their risk for SIDS," she added.
Visit the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention for more on SIDS.
This article: Copyright © 2014 HealthDay. All rights reserved.


1. grumble - noun
· a loud low dull continuous noise; "they heard the rumbling of thunder"
2. grumble - noun
· a complaint uttered in a low and indistinct tone
3. grumble - verb
· show one's unhappiness or critical attitude; "He scolded about anything that he thought was wrong"; "We grumbled about the increased work load"
4. grumble - verb
· make complaining remarks or noises under one's breath; "she grumbles when she feels overworked"
5. grumble - verb
· to utter or emit low dull rumbling sounds; "he grumbled a rude response"; "Stones grumbled down the cliff"
6. grumble - verb
· make a low noise; "rumbling thunder"
The only site you need for word puzzles, home work, anagrams and scrabble games. The best site for two word anagram solutions.
Enter the letters to get anagrams for the word
Definitions, synonyms, antonyms and related words
Enter the word below with '?' to indicate missing letters
Enter the word to find the rhymes
Enter the letters of the beginning, middle or end of the word.


Getting a closer view
Captured by an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV, or drone), this image shows an overhead view of the large, rectangular stone platform recently detected at Petra, and the smaller rectangular structure it contained within its boundaries.
Measurements and details
Detail of the massive stone platform and the smaller structure — offset to the platform's western side — with architectural details and measurements shown. The image was created as a composite using multiple photographs captured by drones.
Seen from above
Aerial image of the enormous stone platform, which measured about 184 feet by 161 feet (56 by 49 m). Petra's city center lies to the north of the structure, and an impressive “facade” — columns and stairway — were found on the side of the platform facing the east
On the ground
Christopher Tuttle, an archaeologist at Brown University and co-author of the article describing the find at Petra, is pictured standing at the southwest corner of the interior, smaller platform, looking north.
Exposing the past
Detail of the west side of the small building showing the single, buried column drum in the foreground.
Archaeologists discovered exposed flagstones in the interior of the smaller platform; this view is facing north.
Archaeologist Christopher Tuttle, who co-authored the article describing the Petra platform, investigated the doorsill of the small building on the platform; this view is facing southwest.