French Épée VSTOL Fighter/Interceptor:
Because the French government had not upgraded much of its military during the first half of the Twenty-First century, the state of their forces dropped to deplorable levels. The majority of their equipment was old, worn-out, and outdated. The resurgence of colonial Britain in 2055 “woke up” the French government and made them realize that they had lost their status as a world power. To make up on lost ground, the French government funded and enormous military build-up program to re-equip its military in all areas. The army, navy, and air force all received funding for projects, especially those dedicated to colonial expansion and enhancing global presence.
When the Mirage VIII entered service with the French air and naval services in 2070 and 2071 respectively, it was their pride and joy. Capable of low level penetration of enemy defenses, precision strikes, and fleet defense, it was the ultimate Mirage design. However, the destruction of the Royal Navy Ark Royal task force in 2072 by Chinese-built Argentinean stealth bombers showed a definite gap in the capabilities. That same year, the French Air Force and Navy put forth a request to the government for funding for a new fighter/interceptor. In light of the British disaster, funding quickly came in for the project, named Épée or “sword”. The aircraft was to be capable of long-range high-speed interception of enemy forces. The sensor suite was to be capable of detecting even the stealthiest targets by a combination of radar, infrared, and ultraviolet systems. A long-range directional jamming system was to be incorporated to shut down enemy detection and communication systems as far out as possible. Finally, the new fighter/interceptor’s weapons were to be capable of independently targeting aircraft and missiles and destroying them well away from their intended target.
Dassault Aviation of course took the project by the reins, and began developing the airframe around the requirements. The designers chief inspiration, surprisingly, came began with the old American F-104 Starfighter from the 1960’s. The concept was rejected as being impractical and the designers shifted to others ideas. Eventually the designers submitted a sleek design that closely resembled the Rafale design from earlier in the century and the newer Super Rafale. This new design did have significant changes to the older aircraft. The delta and canard wings were more elongated and sleeker for less wing resistance. The single vertical stabilizer was replaced with two fins both at 60 degree angles for increased high-speed maneuvering. The aircraft was designed with stealth in the body shape and used radar absorbing materials to help avoid detection. The materials used in construction were highly resistant to damage and corrosion like most new military designs.
The majority of the weapons were within ordinance bays to reduce drag and increase stealth. Two large ventral bays could each carry three long-range missiles or six medium-range missiles. Two smaller bays further out on the wing-roots each carried two medium-range missiles. The same railgun fitted to the Mirage VIII was incorporated into the left wing-root for close-in dogfighting. Four hardpoints were fitted to the wings, although they were not often used. Using them reduced the stealth characteristics of the aircraft and increased air-resistance, both of which hurt the aircraft’s intended role. The Épée carried chaff and flare packs, and towed decoy dispensers located at the tips of the wings to protect it from missiles. The inboard jamming system was extremely powerful and almost matched those on dedicated jamming aircraft. Being a very directional system, it did not need the power or space required on other aircraft. The system was intended to jam enemy detection and communication systems until they could be targeted and destroyed.
Production of the Épée began in 2075 after an exhausting testing and evaluation period. The developmental costs overran their budgets in every area, but the requirement for the fighter/interceptor remained solid throughout. Eventually just over 120 of these aircraft were built with half going to each of the services. Like most French squadrons, naval units received eleven aircraft while land-based units had thirteen aircraft assigned. Though both services used the exact same aircraft, the “N” designation was given to the naval aircraft to separate them from their land-based brethren.
|Model Type:||Épée||Land Based Air Force Fighter/Interceptor|
|Épée-N||Navy Fighter/ Interceptor|
Crew: Two (Pilot / Sensor & Electronic System operator)
M.D.C. by Location:
|Forward Mounted Gun (1; Wing Root):||35|
|Wing Mounted Missile Hard Points (4):||10 each|
|Large Internal Ordnance Bays (2; hatch):||60 each|
|Small Internal Ordnance Bays (2; hatch):||45 each|
| Wings (2):||120 each|
| Forward Canard Wings (2):||30 each|
| Rudders (2):||65 each|
|Reinforced Crew Compartment / Cockpit:||130|
|Ejection Seats (2):||2 each|
| Engines (2):||120 each|
|Landing Gear (3):||10 each|
| Main Body:||200|
 Destroying one or both Canard Wings will result in reducing bonuses to dodge by two and removing the 10% bonus to piloting the aircraft.
 Destroying a wing will cause the plane to crash
 The destruction of one engine will reduce the fighter’s top speed by half and give the pilot a -2 penalty to dodge as well as giving a 10% penalty to piloting. Destruction of both engines will cause the aircraft to crash. Pilot may attempt an emergency landing or pilot can choose to eject.
 Depleting the M.D.C. of the main body will shut the aircraft down completely, rendering it useless and causing it to crash if in flight. Damage to the main body will also reduce the aircraft's stealth, for every 10% of damage to the main body, reduce the aircraft's stealth by 10% of its total.
Driving on Ground (Taxiing): Only possible for take offs and landings as well as for parking and storage. Speed is 40 mph (64 kph) when traveling and not on take off or landing. Because of the vectoring of the thrusters, the fighter can take off in a short distance.
Flying: The Épée has a top speed of Mach 3.5 (2,595.1 mph /4,176.4 kph) and has a maximum altitude of 72,000 feet (21,942 meters). When the fighter is carrying ordnance on its external hard points, the fighter has a top speed of 3.2 (2462.4 mph / 3962.9 kph) but reduction in fighter’s top speed is negligible with internal ordnance. The fighter has a minimum glide-speed of 150 mph (240 kph); if it goes any slower, the wings cannot provide sufficient lift and the aircraft will crash unless VTOL engines are engaged. Cruising speed tends to be between 720 mph (481 kph) and Mach 2.0 (1,482.9 mph / 2,386.5 kph).
Maximum Effective Range: Nuclear powered, giving it continual energy, but the jet engines begin to overheat after 12 hours of continual use. Occasional rest stops every 4 to 6 hours, giving the engines an hour to cool down, will allow the aircraft to travel indefinitely.
Height: 16 feet 5 inches (5.0 meters)
Wingspan: 43.5 feet (13.2 meters)
Length: 74 feet (22.6 meters)
Weight: 39,600 pounds (18,000 kg) empty and 55,000 pounds (25,000 kg) fully loaded.
Power System: Nuclear fusion; should have an average lifespan of 10 years.
Cargo: Minimal (Storage for small equipment), does not include ordnance bays or hard points. Small ordnance bays can carry 2,200 lbs (1000 kg) each and large bays can carry 6,600 lbs (3000 kg) each
Black Market Cost: Not available. None are known to have survived the coming of the Rifts. The jet has never been recovered by enemies or mercenaries. Such an aircraft would sell for 80 to 110 million credits on the open market.
- Forward Mounted Rail gun: A fix forward weapon was mounted on the wing-root
of the fighter. It served as the one of last line of defense against enemy planes and missile
volleys, although some pilots used it for strafing runs against ground targets. Most pilots
did not like being exposed to ground weapons fire so it was an uncommon practice. The weapon
was controlled by the pilot.
Maximum Effective Range: 4,000 feet (1,200 meters).
Mega-Damage: A burst of 40 rounds does 1D6x10.
Rate of Fire: Equal to combined hand to hand attacks of pilot or commander.
Payload: 4,000 round magazine for 100 bursts each.
- Main Ordnance Bays (2): The aircraft had two ordnance bays at the bottom of the
mid-fuselage. The Épée could carry three long-range missiles, six medium-range missiles,
or their equivalent in smaller ordnance or bombs. Ordnance types can include missiles, torpedoes,
naval mines, and bombs. Missile and bomb sizes may be mixed between different types of ordnance
but an ordnance drop or launch must include the same type and size of ordnance. Both guided and
unguided ordnance may be carried. These weapons were almost never carried as the Épée was
intended to be an interceptor. The weapons officer controls the missiles but the pilot has
Maximum Effective Range: Varies by missile type for missile and varies by altitude dropped at (See revised bomb and missile tables for details.)
Mega Damage: Varies by missile or bomb type (See revised bomb and missile tables for details.)
Rate of Fire: Ordnance is dropped or fired one at a time or in volleys of two, five, eight, or sixteen but must be the same size (light, medium, or heavy) and style of ordnance (all missiles or bombs in a volley.)
Payload: 3 long-range missiles or 6 medium-range missiles in each bay. Bombs and naval mines could substituted for missiles. Alternately, 9 short-range missiles could be exchanged for the Long Range Missiles or Medium Range Missiles.
- Secondary Ordnance Bays (2): The aircraft had two ordnance bays on the intake sides.
The bays were designed to carry two medium-range missiles or four short-range missiles. Missiles
could be mixed and matched but normally the bay carried all the same type of missiles. Normally
only medium-range weapons were carried. The weapons officer controlled the missiles but the pilot
had auxiliary controls.
Maximum Effective Range: Varies by missile type for missile (See revised bomb and missile tables for details.)
Mega Damage: Varies by missile type (See revised bomb and missile tables for details.)
Rate of Fire: Missiles can be fired one at a time or in volleys of two, or four but must be the same size (light or medium).
Payload: 2 medium range missiles or 4 short range missiles per bay.
- Wing Hard Points (4): The Épée had four external hard points for ordnance
and equipment. The hard points could be used to carry missiles, bombs, and rocket packs as
needed by the mission. Missiles, rocket packs, and bombs could be mixed or matched but all
ordnance on a hard point had to be the same type. Carrying ordnance on the aircrafts external
hard points negated the aircraft's stealth from the bottom, sides, front, and back of the
aircraft. The aircraft retained normal stealth from the top when carrying wing mounted
ordnance. The hardpoints were only used when heavy combat was expected. Reduce Stealth
by 10% for every hard point carrying ordnance.
- Bombs and Missiles: The only restriction is that a hard point must carry
all the same type of missiles or bombs. Both unguided and guided bombs can be carried.
Maximum Effective Range: Varies by missile type for missile and varies by altitude bombs are dropped at (See revised bomb and missile tables for details.).
Mega Damage: Varies by missile or bomb type (See revised bomb and missile tables for details.)
Rate of Fire: Missiles can be fired and bombs can be dropped one at a time per hard point. Multiple hard points can be linked as one attack but must be the same size (light, medium, or heavy) and style of ordnance (all missiles or bombs in a volley.)
Payload: One long range missile or heavy bomb, two medium range missile or medium bombs, or four short range missiles or light bombs (see above - all ordnance on a hard point must be the same size and type of ordnance)
- Mini-Missile Pod: Large capacity mini-missile pod. The mini missile pods are normally
carried for ground strafing, anti-troop, and anti-emplacement attacks. Normal missile used are
armor piercing, plasma, or fragmentation mini-missiles.
Maximum Effective Range: Varies with missile types, mini-missiles only (See revised bomb and missile tables for details.)
Mega Damage: Varies with mini-missile types (See revised bomb and missile tables for details.)
Rate of Fire: Each pod can fire missiles one at a time or in volleys of two (2), four (4), or eight (8) missiles, and can be linked with other mini missile pods for greater number of missiles (Counts as one attack no matter how many missiles in volley.)
Payload: Each pod carries sixteen (16) mini-missiles.
- Bombs and Missiles: The only restriction is that a hard point must carry all the same type of missiles or bombs. Both unguided and guided bombs can be carried.
- Anti-Missile Chaff Dispenser: Located at the very tail of the fighter are two
chaff dispensers. When tailed by a missile, a cloud of chaff and other obtrusive particles can
be released to confuse or detonate the enemy's attack. Rifts Earth decoy systems are assumed to
not operate against Phase World missiles due to technological difference. Reduce effects by 20%
against smart missiles (Add +20% to rolls for smart missiles.)
- 01-50 Enemy missile or missile volley detonates in chaff cloud - Missiles are all destroyed.
51-75 Enemy missile or missile volley loses track of real target and veers away in wrong direction (May lock onto another target.)
76-00 No effect, enemy missile or missile volley is still on target.
Payload: Eight (8)
- Advanced Towed Decoys (4): These are mounted in dispensers on the tips of the
fighter’s wings with two decoys in the dispenser on either wing. These drones are dragged
about 328 feet (100 meters) behind the aircraft on a thin cable. Each is a specially designed
radar lure that creates a radar image to mimic the aircraft. The decoy has a special jammer
that is designed to decoy missiles that have been programmed to home on jamming signals. If
decoys are not destroyed, they can be recovered and repaired. Rifts Earth decoy systems are
assumed to not operate against Phase World weapons due to technological difference.
Effects: The decoy has an 80% chance of fooling ordinary non military radars and non smart guided missiles, the decoy has a 50% chance of fooling military level radars (like those of the Coalition), and the decoy has a 25% chance of fooling advanced military radars (Like those of the New Navy and Triax) and smart missiles. Against missiles homing on a jamming signal, jamming has an 40% chance of tricking missiles if both the aircraft and missile are jamming and an 80% chance if the jamming system on the aircraft is deactivated before the missile reaches it.
Maximum Effective Range: Not Applicable although decoy is deployed 328 feet (100 meters) from the aircraft
Rate of Fire: One can be deployed at a time and requires 15 seconds to deploy (Reel Out) another decoy \
Payload: 4 Decoys (2 each)
The fighter has all the standard features of a standard fighter (same as standard robot minus loudspeaker and microphone) plus these special features listed below.
- Stealth Features: Causes a -80% to any attempts to detect the fighter using radar. The special shape of its exhaust also means that the plane is -20% to detect using IR sensors. All IR guided missiles are -1 to strike. The engine is also much quieter than it is on the standard version of the fighter. Opening the main ordnance bay greatly increases the aircraft's radar signature from the underside of the aircraft and aircraft creates no penalties to be detected in those conditions. Also, reduce Stealth by 10% for every hard point carrying ordnance. Go to General Detection Penalties / Bonuses for more information on penalties and bonuses to use with stealth.
- Directional Active Jamming Gear: The system creates a jamming field in a cone shape 60 mile (96.5 km) in front of the aircraft. It jams all radars, radios, and all equipment that uses RF waves. This also includes jamming all friendly forces and all equipment in aircraft that is mounting the system and operating it. The system will cause all radar systems to have a 85% reduction in range. In addition, radar systems will have a -25% penalty to detect all targets within their reduced range. Laser communications and light-based sensors are unaffected by the jamming system. Jamming also causes a -6 penalty to strike with all radar guided weapons within the area but some radar guided missiles can home on jamming signals.
- Radar: Range 300 miles (482.8 km). The radar system can identify and track up to 48 targets simultaneously. With Combat & Targeting Computer, the fighter can fire missiles at up to sixteen targets at the same time. The weapon officer frees the pilot from controlling the missiles so he can retain his full attacks.
- FLIR: Forward Looking Infrared. Allows pilot to get visuals on targets at night.
- E.S.M.: Radar Detector passively detects other radars being operated.
- Laser Navigational System: Allow flight at low altitude without use of Radar. Gives a map of the Terrain.
- +2 to strike
+2 to dodge
+5 to dodge while traveling over 300 mph
[ Altarain TM, Bandito Arms TM, Brodkil TM, Chipwell Armaments TM, Coalition States TM, Cyber-Knight TM, Federation of Magic TM, Free Quebec TM, Golden Age Weaponsmiths TM, Horune TM, Iron Heart Armaments TM, Kankoran TM, Kittani TM, Kydian TM, Larsen’s Brigade TM, M.D.C. TM, Mechanoids TM, Mega-Damage TM, Megaversal Legion TM, Millennium Tree TM, Mutants in Orbit TM, Naruni Enterprises TM, Naut’Yll, New Navy TM, New Sovietskiy TM, NGR TM, Nog Heng TM, Northern Gun TM, Phase World TM, Psyscape TM, Rifter TM, SAMAS TM, S.D.C. TM, Shemarrian TM, Splugorth TM, Stormspire TM, Sunaj TM, Tolkeen TM, Triax TM, Wellington Industries TM, Wilk’s Laser Technologies TM, Xiticix TM, and Zaayr TM are trademarks owned by Kevin Siembieda and Palladium Books Inc. ]
[ Beyond the Supernatural®, Heroes Unlimited®, Nightbane®, Ninjas & Superspies®, Palladium Fantasy®, and Rifts® are registered trademarks owned by Kevin Siembieda and Palladium Books Inc. ]
Writeup by Kamikazi (firstname.lastname@example.org).
Copyright © 2004, Kamikazi. All rights reserved.


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Impetigo is a very contagious skin condition in which children present with fluid filled blisters around nose and mouth. These can eventually extend to other parts of the body. These blisters sooner or later burst and the underlying skin is healed without leaving scars. It is caused by bacterial infections and can be treated using antibiotics. Children catch impetigo via cold sores, cuts or grazes. As it is contagious, it’s best to cover the site with a loose gauze dressing.
It is a condition in which the person is unable to control urine and involuntary urination occurs. It is commonly encountered during pregnancy. It can vary from mild to frequent urination. Age and body mass index also determine the degree of incontinence. The type of incontinence which occurs during pregnancy is stress induced. Stress increases the pressure inside urinary bladder and it causes uncontrolled urination. Other causes of incontinence in pregnancy include
1. Medical conditions such as diabetes, stroke in past and anxiety medicines.
2. Physical movements that put extra pressure on the bladder such as coughing, sneezing and laughing.
3. The growing baby also puts extra pressure on the bladder.
4. Lining of bladder and urethra is affected by changing hormones.
5. Untreated UTIs before pregnancy.
Incontinence can be treated by bladder management and certain healthy changes that should be incorporated in lifestyle. These include
1. Bladder diary to re-teaching bladder to hold urine by lengthening time among trips.
2. Kegels exercise is safe and effective method to strengthen pelvic floor.
3. Avoiding drinking at night or any carbonated/caffeinated drinks.
4. Maintaining a healthy weight in order to reduce pressure on the bladder
5. Eating a healthy and high-fibre diet in order to avoid constipation.
This problem occurs only during pregnancy but sometimes it occurs after birth of the baby because of damage to the nerves that control urination. In a study it is found that 50 percent of the women continued to have incontinence even after the pregnancy. Woman who don’t have incontinence during pregnancy have a lower risk of postpartum incontinence.
This often presents as a lump in groin region for girls and may extend into scrotum for boys. Inguinal Hernias are much more common in boys than in girls. Testes develop in the abdomen and are relocated to groin region via a passageway known as the Inguinal Canal. In case of hernia, due to some defects, the canal remains wide and abdominal contents or organs may protrude into the canal. On increased pressure due to crying or coughing the lump becomes more prominent. It is lesser in girls because they have a much narrower Inguinal Canal. It can be surgically treated


Worship in the Early Church: Did You Know?
The first part of an early Christian worship assembly was open to all, including strangers, who might be converted by the preaching. The second part of the service involved the Lord’s Supper, which only the baptized were allowed to partake, so the unbaptized departed then.
By the early 200s, baptism often included renouncing Satan and all his works, making a statement of faith, being baptized (naked) in water, being clothed in a white robe, receiving anointing with oil, and immediately celebrating the Lord’s Supper.
Many Romans believed Christians were a funeral society because Christian families observed the anniversary of a relative’s death on the third, ninth, and thirtieth (or fortieth) day after the death. They gathered at the tomb, sang psalms, read Scripture, prayed, gave alms to the poor, and ate a meal. Later, this practice developed into feasts to honor martyrs. Perhaps the first such feast was for Polycarp (a bishop burned to death for his faith); it began shortly after his death in about 156.
Christians prepared for Easter, the festival of the Resurrection, by fasting. At first, the fasting lasted one day; later it was extended to 40 hours, to symbolize the 40 days Jesus spent fasting and praying in the wilderness.
Sunday, the “little Easter,” was also a festival of joy. To prepare for it, many Christians fasted on Wednesday and Friday.
Repentance was an involved process in the early church. Sin was seen not as a personal matter but as something that destroyed the unity of the church. Penitents fasted and prayed for the forgiveness of their sins, appeared before the church to make public confession, and were barred from the Lord’s Supper until they gave evidence of a change of heart ...


Astronomers think liquid water could flow on its surface.
To date, scientists have discovered about 4,000 exoplanets, the term used for planets that reside outside Earth's solar system.
About 96 percent of those exoplanets are far larger than Earth, but thanks to a new search algorithm, a team of German astronomers has discover 18 new Earth-sized exoplanets — including one they say in a press release "could offer conditions friendly to life."
Hide and Seek
The astronomers found these exoplanets in data from NASA's Kepler Space Telescope using an algorithm designed to detect dips in a star's brightness that would signal the passing of an orbiting planet.
This data had been analyzed previously, but because their method was more sensitive, the astronomers were able to uncover the 18 overlooked planets — and they expect the method will lead to the discovery of 100 more.
At just 69 percent the size of the Earth, one of the newly detected exoplanets is the smallest ever discovered. However, the most interesting new exoplanet might be the one the astronomers discovered orbiting within the so-called "habitable zone" of a red dwarf star.
"At this favorable distance from its star," they write in the press release, "this planet may offer conditions under which liquid water could occur on its surface — one of the basic prerequisites for life as we know it on Earth."
READ MORE: 18 Earth-sized exoplanets discovered [Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research]


- 1coin something to invent a new word or phrase that other people then begin to use The term ‘cardboard city’ was coined to describe communities of homeless people living in cardboard boxes. He was the first to coin the motto ‘Make Love, Not War’.
- 2coin something to make coins out of metal Word Origin Middle English: from Old French coin
- 1used to introduce a well-known expression that you have changed slightly in order to be funny Tasting is believing, to coin a phrase! (= the usual phrase is ‘seeing is believing’).
- 2used to show that you are aware that you are using an expression that is not new Oh well, no news is good news, to coin a phrase.
BrE BrE//kɔɪn//; NAmE NAmE//kɔɪn//Verb Forms present simple I / you / we / they coin
BrE BrE//kɔɪn//; NAmE NAmE//kɔɪn//he / she / it coins
BrE BrE//kɔɪnz//; NAmE NAmE//kɔɪnz//past simple coined
BrE BrE//kɔɪnd//; NAmE NAmE//kɔɪnd//past participle coined
BrE BrE//kɔɪnd//; NAmE NAmE//kɔɪnd//-ing form coining
BrE BrE//ˈkɔɪnɪŋ//; NAmE NAmE//ˈkɔɪnɪŋ//


We all have our own lives to live and our own stories to write.
It's your responsibility to take charge, control your life, and accomplish the things you want to achieve.
It's your responsibility to direct your own life and write a story in which you're the type of hero you wish to be.
Here we'll talk about the composition of any good story and how it relates to writing the story of your life.
If you take one thing from this entry, let it be the understanding that you have the power within yourself to make your own decisions and create the life of your dreams. Many will try to guide you and provide advice that they don't even take themselves - always listen but act only on what information is right for you.
While you may not be able to control everything that happens you can control your reaction to everything and we'll be here to help guide you through your growth.
The hero in every story is a strong and courageous individual who perseveres through hard times to achieve the goals they have set for themselves which may have seemed improbable to others.
You are a hero and your life is the story. Choose what you want to do in life (your story) and know the work required to get there. Persevere through the obstacles set forth by the plot (life) and the villains (obstacles) and you could accomplish anything.
THE HERO (YOU):
Every great story has a hero and the hero is normally the primary character in the story.
He or she has a strong role committed to realizing a notable, predetermined goal.
You get your own life and you are your own person.
Always be committed to learning and improving and you will embrace your ability to control your mind, emotions, and your life’s direction.
You can’t control the world around you but you can control yourself and your disposition toward the world. You have the ability to choose between a negative and positive perspective. It does you no good to focus on the negatives, so do your best to maintain optimistic and see the positive in each situation.
To find what you enjoy, do many things, identify what you like, and choose a big dream to achieve. Once you know your target goal/life and what is required to actually achieve it, commit yourself to that goal and work every day for it's achievement. To achieve the lofty goals we encourage you to set for yourself, you only need to make some progress each day - you don't need home runs to score, focus on hitting base hits and you'll accumulate the runs you need to win.
Take a kind disposition toward the world and be good to others while always remaining confident, focused, and fierce.
The hero (you) is as strong and as able as anybody to pick a goal and a dream life and live it.
Be bold and work hard for what you want. In anything you do you will reap rewards proportional to the effort and perseverance you put in.
Know, that life might not be very nice to you (we’ll talk about the villains in the story soon) and there will be many people, situations, and obstacles that will get in your way but it's your responsibility to surpass them and win.
Because life can get so tough sometimes, you may need to find those things you could do to keep you calm and poised under stress – exercise, listen to music, create your own music, read, go outside, hang out with friends, make new friends, do whatever hobbies or things you really enjoy doing and do these things when fighting for your goals gets tough.
Know that who you are as a person and the values and beliefs you hold are more important than anything. Your character is part of what makes you the hero and a fit to write a good story.
Stay calm, keep learning, be wise, continue improving, and be always show gratitude for everything you have.
NOTE: This is real life, your career/job/money is important. You'll have to work hard and earn a proper living by providing real value to others. Your service to others is proportional to what you are rewarded - the better service you provide for more people, the more money you should be able to make doing so. Money is important in life, so go get that money and do good things with it.
You write your own life's story; you get to direct your own life.
That’s right. Your life is yours to guide, you get to write your life’s story, and in this story you're the hero.
You can have and do what you want and you will be who you want as long as you treat others and your surroundings with respect while staying focused on achieving your goals.
So, stay curious and continue learning about the world, yourself, and your environment. Work hard, surround yourself with good people, and shoot for the moon.
You don't want somebody else deciding who you are or how you live. Live your life and decide what makes you happy for yourself.
PLOT DEVELOPMENT (LIFE):
The plot of the story is your life.
The life of the hero, can you imagine what it might be like?
Step back. What is your life like now? What do you want your life to be like? What will it take for you to get what you want? Are you willing to learn and work hard through tough sh*t?
You don’t have to save the world - but you do have to save yourself. Never settle, avoid negativity, and take care of your thoughts.
Every hero should be grateful for their parents and their upbringing (some exceptions) but there comes a time in everyone’s life where you must understand that you have to make a living and a life for yourself.
If that time has not yet come for you, it has now. You have to be able to take full care of yourself so that you aren't dependent on others.
Know, also, that you don't know what you can't do until you've at least tried.
Take risks but be safe – mitigate risks and avoid taking risks that put too much at stake. Be willing to try new things.
In the plot there will be many twists and turns, ups and downs. Stories consist of joy, excitement, birth, ideas, achievements, confidence, and discovery but at the same time include insecurities, tragedy, envy, ignorance, death, opponents, villains, and everything else that is a part of life.
Never let your spirit break and always have faith. The worthy hero will always rise.
You write your story by what you do. At the end of the story, it will have been good or bad according to what you wrote and what you moved yourself to do.
The hero knows to make good decisions as often as possible and understands that bad decisions are made but they are just learned from and then forgotten.
So make good decisions and move forward after learning from your mistakes. Your decisions, actions, friends, and surroundings will influence your character and guide your life, but you can choose who and what to surround yourself with. Choose good things that make you feel good and avoid anything that harms you or others and isn't enjoyable.
YOU get to choose whom you hang out with, what you do, what you don’t do, and everything else. Choose wisely – hero.
NOTE: One day, the story will end - All of our stories end. When you are alive writing your story, bear this gracefully in mind. Since you know your story will end spend your time doing things you love and appreciating each moment and day as if it's your last.
THE VILLAINS (EVERYTHING AGAINST YOU):
Without a villain there is no struggle and no life comes without struggle. The villain doesn’t have to be human. Regardless, the villain opposes the hero and the villain is who/what you must avoid.
There are countless villains. The game of life isn’t easy. Villains are everywhere and are ever-changing.
People or things that were promising at first can always turn to oppose you – never be surprised and prepare your ego for these unfortunate events.
Villains also include weak mental barriers that hold us back. We must learn about ourselves and build strong minds able to overcome negative emotions and thoughts that our human minds will naturally display consistently throughout life.
Listen to me. Sometimes your peers might not like you and it doesn't matter, keep moving forward.
Heroes have villains in the form of people in real life too, not just stories. Do not let people oppose you – they don’t matter.
Be smart, be agile, work hard, and be creative to beat anybody and anything who stands against you.
Most of the time you can avoid people who oppose you by just ignoring them and avoiding them. Regardless, you should understand that the negative things people say are irrelevant and you should always remain confident in yourself.
Anything that is in your way, move through and destroy.
F*ck the villains - you’re the hero. Enjoy fighting through obstacles that move you toward your goals and laugh as you blow past them.
THE GUIDE (US – EMPTY WHOLE):
Our purpose here at Empty Whole is to encourage you to find what makes you come alive and empower you to do it.
Everything we do at Empty Whole we do to inspire and empower the hero - you - in your story.
Empty Whole exists to make sure that you write your best story and live your best life.
You only get one life and we want you to live happy, healthy, and whole.
Support us and we'll always support you.
- Your life is like a story. There are villains, a plot, twists and turns, a hero with a goal, and an ending - hopefully a good one.
- The good new is: you're the hero and you get to write your own story. Don't let others define you. You define yourself.
- There are many villains that can be both people and things. Anything/anyone can be a villain. A villain is against you (the hero) and is there to break you down and prevent you from achieving your goals. Beat the sh*t out of the villains, always continue learning, and keep moving forward.
- The plot of the story is your life. It is what you do which fills what your life and story. Identify goals and achievements that you want, identify how to achieve them, and commit yourself each day to the work required for the achievement of your goals. Live your life on your terms, with a goal, and with purpose - your purpose.
- Life gets rough. A lot of bad stuff happens. And a lot of things don’t feel good. But a lot of the time life is the most amazing thing. Remain grateful for your blessings, find the beauty in life, and when you notice what's beautiful, stop and enjoy it. Find what you love and go do it.
- Your story will end and you do not know when. So live every day doing the things you love to do.
- You are a hero and you write your own life's story. Stay committed to learning and improving, identify and work toward your goals, be good to yourself and everyone, and enjoy the story you write.
Empty Whole™ is a Luxury Goods, Fashion, and Beauty Company providing you with the resources you need to look, feel, and live better. Our brand continues to grow worldwide and we're glad you are a part of it.
Have you sat down and contemplated your story? What does your story look like? What do you plan to do/write for the rest of your life? Are you going to write your own story or let people write it for you? You know what to do, now go do it.


Hypercalcemia is a condition in which the calcium level in your blood is above normal. Too much calcium in your blood can weaken your bones, create kidney stones, and interfere with how your heart and brain work.
Hypercalcemia is usually a result of overactive parathyroid glands. These four tiny glands are situated behind the thyroid gland. Other causes of hypercalcemia include cancer, certain other medical disorders, some medications, and taking too much of calcium and vitamin D supplements.
Signs and symptoms of hypercalcemia range from nonexistent to severe. Treatment depends on the cause.
You might not have signs or symptoms if your hypercalcemia is mild. More-severe cases produce signs and symptoms related to the parts of your body affected by the high calcium levels in your blood. Examples include:
- Kidneys. Excess calcium in your blood means your kidneys have to work harder to filter it. This can cause excessive thirst and frequent urination.
- Digestive system. Hypercalcemia can cause stomach upset, nausea, vomiting and constipation.
- Bones and muscles. In most cases, the excess calcium in your blood was leached from your bones, which weakens them. This can cause bone pain, muscle weakness and depression.
- Brain. Hypercalcemia can interfere with the way your brain works, resulting in confusion, lethargy and fatigue. It can also cause depression.
- Heart. Rarely, severe hypercalcemia can interfere with your heart function, causing palpitations and fainting, indications of cardiac arrhythmia, and other heart problems.
When to see a doctor
Contact your doctor if you develop signs and symptoms that might indicate hypercalcemia, such as being extremely thirsty, urinating frequently and having abdominal pain.
Besides building strong bones and teeth, calcium helps muscles contract and nerves transmit signals. Normally, if there isn't enough calcium in your blood, your parathyroid glands secrete a hormone that triggers:
- Your bones to release calcium into your blood
- Your digestive tract to absorb more calcium
- Your kidneys to excrete less calcium and activate more vitamin D, which plays a vital role in calcium absorption
This delicate balance between too little calcium in your blood and hypercalcemia can be disrupted by a variety of factors. Hypercalcemia is caused by:
- Overactive parathyroid glands. The most common cause of hypercalcemia, overactive parathyroid glands (hyperparathyroidism) can stem from a small, noncancerous (benign) tumor or enlargement of one or more of the four parathyroid glands.
- Cancer. Lung cancer and breast cancer, as well as some cancers of the blood, can increase your risk of hypercalcemia. Spread of cancer (metastasis) to your bones also increases your risk.
- Other diseases. Certain diseases, such as tuberculosis and sarcoidosis, can raise blood levels of vitamin D, which stimulates your digestive tract to absorb more calcium.
- Hereditary factors. A rare genetic disorder known as familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia causes an increase of calcium in your blood because of faulty calcium receptors in your body. This condition doesn't cause symptoms or complications of hypercalcemia.
- Immobility. People who have a condition that causes them to spend a lot of time sitting or lying down can develop hypercalcemia. Over time, bones that don't bear weight release calcium into the blood.
- Severe dehydration. A common cause of mild or transient hypercalcemia is dehydration. Having less fluid in your blood causes a rise in calcium concentrations.
- Medications. Certain drugs — such as lithium, which is used to treat bipolar disorder — might increase the release of parathyroid hormone.
- Supplements. Taking excessive amounts of calcium or vitamin D supplements over time can raise calcium levels in your blood above normal.
Women older than 50 are at highest risk of overactive parathyroid glands.
Hypercalcemia complications can include:
- Osteoporosis. If your bones continue to release calcium into your blood, you can develop the bone-thinning disease osteoporosis, which could lead to bone fractures, spinal column curvature and loss of height.
- Kidney stones. If your urine contains too much calcium, crystals may form in your kidneys. Over time, the crystals may combine to form kidney stones. Passing a stone can be extremely painful.
- Kidney failure. Severe hypercalcemia can damage your kidneys, limiting their ability to cleanse the blood and eliminate fluid.
- Nervous system problems. Severe hypercalcemia can lead to confusion, dementia and coma, which can be fatal.
- Abnormal heart rhythm (arrhythmia). Hypercalcemia can affect the electrical impulses that regulate your heartbeat, causing your heart to beat irregularly.
July 07, 2017
- Shane E. Clinical manifestations of hypercalcemia. http://www.uptodate.com/home. Accessed Dec. 27, 2016.
- AskMayoExpert. Hypercalcemia. Rochester, Minn.: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research; 2016.
- Fact sheet: High blood calcium (hypercalcemia). Hormone Health Network. http://www.hormone.org/questions-and-answers/2012/hypercalcemia. Accessed Dec. 27, 2016.
- Shane E, et al. Treatment of hypercalcemia. http://www.uptodate.com/home. Accessed Dec. 28, 2016.
- Primary hyperparathyroidism. National Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Information Service. http://endocrine.niddk.nih.gov/pubs/hyper. Accessed Dec. 28, 2016.
- Hypercalcemia. Merck Manual Professional Version. http://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/endocrine-and-metabolic-disorders/electrolyte-disorders/hypercalcemia. Accessed Dec. 27, 2016.


The American Revolution not only affected the status of Protestantism by undermining the position of established churches in the former colonies but also contributed to decades of religious ferment. The controversies emerging during the struggle with Great Britain over the meaning of power, authority, equality and liberty did not end with independence. The debate over the meaning of these terms spilled over into religious life and energized it. Insisting that common people had the ability and responsibility to think for themselves in religious matters, popular leaders attacked the position of a learned elite clergy who told congregations how to understand the Bible and what to believe. As one Methodist preacher explained to his "bretheren and sisters . . . larnin isn't religion and eddication don't give a man the power of the Spirit. It is the grace and gifts that furnish the real live coals from off the altar." The emphasis on the Spirit rather than formal religious training offered the opportunity not only to preachers who lacked a formal education but gave ordinary men and women the confidence to speak of their faith experiences and to reject traditional doctrines and practices.
The Methodists were organized in a way that allowed them to capitalize on the changing religious landscape. Preachers who traveled on circuits brought their message to ordinary people living in many parts of the new country. With credentials based not on theological training but rather on a proven ability to reach the hearts and emotions of their listeners through direct and powerful language, Methodist circuit riders carried the message of repentance and salvation to ordinary men and women, blacks and whites, the free and enslaved. Converts were encouraged to develop their spiritual gifts and judgment in local class meetings. At these weekly gatherings guided by a class leader, members spoke freely about their progress in the religious life, their religious experiences including dreams and visions, and enjoyed fellowship in a society where rank, status, and formality had no place.
Charismatic preaching, an organized system of reaching large numbers of people, and the formation of local groups to tie believers together contributed to the rapid growth of Methodism. Also important to the expansion of Methodism (as well as other popular denominations) was the skillful use of the printing press. Inexpensive religious tracts and books, often carried in the saddlebags of circuit preachers, helped to win religious converts. By 1850, the Methodists had become the largest Protestant denomination in the United States.
Popular techniques and the efforts to win adherents to a revived and more democratic form of Christianity also fueled denominational competition. The Methodist preacher, Peter Cartwright (1795-1872), who used humor as one of his means of winning over the unconverted, often participated in public debates with Baptist preachers in Kentucky and Illinois. Either Cartwright or his counterpart would offer the challenge. With crowds of people in attendance, each preacher attacked his opponent's beliefs and refuted his arguments. If the debate was lively and held the audience's attention, the encounter might be prolonged. The point of such an exercise was not only the defeat of a presumably misguided rival but also the conversion of the listeners. Whoever won the contest often baptized members of the audience and organized them into a local religious society. The debating skills Cartwright developed eventually led him to consider entering politics. In 1846 he ran against Lincoln in an unsuccessful bid for Congress.
Contributing to the heady religious mixture was the belief in the second coming of Christ. Methodist Leonidas L. Hamlin believed that process bringing about the new millennium would be gradual. "It will be, not like the springing up of worlds from chaos, but like the stealing dawn," he suggested. "The knowledge of God, or of his truth diffused throughout the earth is to transform it into holiness and beauty." But others expected a cataclysmic event bringing Christ back to "cleanse his sanctuary." Carwardine 15 William Miller, a one-time Baptist preacher in New York state, galvanized Americans with his claim that Christ's second coming would occur in1843. Publicizing his message both orally and in print, Miller recruited perhaps as many as 100,000 followers in the 1830s and early 1840s, mainly in New England, New York, the Western Reserve, and parts of Michigan. Belief faltered when the second coming did not occur in 1843 nor on October 21, 1844, the date that Miller came up with when he recalculated the numbers. The failure of Miller's prophecies diminished the numbers of his followers, but when he died in 1849, his tombstone announced, "At the time appointed the end shall be." Some did not lose hope and became Advent Christians and Seventh Day Adventists.
As Miller's career suggests, during this period of popular religious growth gave some individuals the confidence to establish their own church. The founder of Mormonism, Joseph Smith, was one such person. Growing up in a religious but economically unsuccessful family, Smith found no comfort in the competing voices of New York's many religious sects. Religious controversy brought neither liberation nor illumination, Smith thought, but "great confusion and bad feelings." Influenced by a world of folk belief that valued visions, dreams, and spells, Smith, at the age of 22 (1827), revealed his encounter with an angel called Moroni. Moroni, Smith said, gave him access to golden plates that contained in unknown language a new book of the Bible. Translated by Smith with the angel's assistance and published in 1834, the text became known as the Book of Mormon. The book had a democratic energy in its attack on the clergy and the rich and pointed the way to a church in which the humble and despised would play a prominent role. Convinced of the need to build up God's kingdom (Zion) anew on earth, Smith gathered followers who regarded themselves as God's Chosen People. Most came with him as he sought to establish the new Zion, first in Ohio, then Missouri, and then Nauvoo, Illinois.
African Americans, whether slave or free flocked to the Methodists and the Baptists who accepted them as brothers and sisters in Christ. Eventually, as the welcome in predominantly white congregations became less warm, black preachers began to gather blacks into their own churches between 1790 and 1810. While many retained an affiliation with the Methodist and Baptist organizations, they developed an African character that was quite new. Independent and ministering to the spiritual needs of slaves as well as those of northern free blacks, these black churches provided sustenance to black communities and a focus for religious and social life.
While 95% of Americans were at least nominally Protestant, the arrival of Roman Catholic immigrants from Ireland and Germany added complexity to the religious landscape. While Catholics were a minority (in 1850 only 1,300 of the approximately 36,000 churches in the United States were Catholic), they often clustered in urban areas where they were visible. The growing presence of seemingly alien Catholics, their devotion to Catholic institutions like parochial schools, and their allegiance to the pope, seen as a foreign potentate, all helped to fuel anti-Catholic sentiments and the belief that Catholics could not be good Americans.
Hatch, Nathan O. The Democratization of American Christianity (1989).
Underwood, Grant. The Millenarian World of Early Mormonism (1993).
Wigger, John H. "Taking Heaven By Storm: Enthusiasm and Early American Methodism,1770-1820," Journal of the Early Republic, 14 (summer 1994).


The 10 best green foods for your liver
By Nutrition Consultant Jessah Robinson
The liver is a powerful organ that has many important roles in our body such as manufacturing many essential proteins, hormones and fluids, eliminating toxins, regulating fat and protein metabolism, storing important vitamins and minerals, filtering our blood to get rid of any unhealthy cells, regulating hormones and protecting our immune system. Because the liver carries out all these important roles, if your liver is not functionally optimally you will notice many symptoms arise such as digestive issues, unpleasant mood changes, headaches, high blood pressure, unstable blood sugar levels and you are more likely to suffer from gallstones.
To support the liver as best you can, we recommend incorporating these liver cleansing foods into your diet:
Like other cruciferous vegetables, it’s bright green colour is an indication of its high antioxidant properties and chlorophyll content. Broccoli is also naturally high in fibre to help cleanse the body from carcinogens and other toxins and support healthy bowel elimination. Broccoli is also a great source of vitamin E, which is a particularly important liver antioxidant.
Are a rich source of glutathione; the body’s most potent antioxidant. Glutathione also happens to be a specific liver nutrient that is required by our liver to filter out harmful substances. Studies have shown that having half an avocado a day for 30 days can repair a damaged liver.
A cruciferous vegetable that is rich in vital phytonutrients which help your liver to neutralise chemicals, pesticides, drugs, carcinogens and heavy metals. Good cabbage foods to include in your diet are kimchi, coleslaw and sauerkraut.
A leafy green vegetable that can be consumed raw, cooked or in a juice. It is an extremely rich source of chlorophyll and has the ability to soak up environmental toxins from the blood stream. Spinach increases the stimulate and flow of bile; the substance that is required for the essential absorption of dietary fats.
Citrus fruits are a very good source of vitamin C which aids the body in converting fat-soluble toxins into water-soluble toxins to be eliminated from the body. Drinking water first thing in the morning with a squeeze of fresh lime or lemon helps to stimulate the liver and aid digestion.
A powerful brassica vegetable that is high in sulphur, which supports the liver during the two phases of detoxification, and prompts it to eliminate free radicals and other toxic chemicals. Kale reduces inflammation throughout the body which is especially valuable to those with chronic liver issues as liver inflammation can lead to liver cell damage.
7. Cold-pressed olive oil
Cold pressed organic oils such as olive, hemp, and flaxseed are excellent for the liver and are also a rich source of omega 3 fatty acids. They aid liver function by providing a lipid base to absorb harmful toxins in the body, therefore taking some of the workload away from the liver.
Are a rich source of pectin, the soluble fibre to help cleanse and eliminate toxins and cholesterol from the digestive tract. This action makes it easier for the liver to handle the pressure of toxic load. In particular, Granny Smith apples are especially high in malic acid, a nutrient that is required for the removal of carcinogens and other toxins in the blood.
9. Green tea
Although it is not technically a food, it’s definitely worth mentioning as it is loaded with plant-based antioxidants called catechins – compounds that are proven to aid liver function, and protect the liver from the effects of liver-toxic substances such as alcohol. To gain its health benefits it’s recommended to have four to five cups a day.
Contain the two phytonutrients; cynarin and silymarin, which have proven to help nourish the liver, increase the production of bile and prevent the formation of gallstones.
With all of the toxins in use through-out the world today it is imperative that you take care of the liver which is your body’s great protector. Choose a liver tonic that combines the clinically proven dose of St Mary’s thistle with B group vitamins, antioxidants and sulfur rich amino acids. A good liver tonic can promote repair of damaged liver cells and facilitate the fat burning and detoxification abilities of the liver.


Break up into small groups. Then discuss the following. Delegate one or more members of your group to prepare an oral and written summary of your group's discussion. If you were not present in class for this exercise, you may complete it (in less than 2 pages) as a typed assignment
1. Review the standard distinction between sex and gender. Have your group come up with 3 or 4 examples of human concerns, expectations or characteristics which are determined by sex (e.g., a biological male is unlikely to be concerned about dying while giving birth to a child).
2. Have your group come up with 3 or 4 examples of human concerns, expectations or characteristics which seem to be a function of gender roles (e.g., a woman might be concerned about finding pumps to wear for a job interview as an accountant at a conservative accounting firm).
3. Have your group come up with 3 or 4 examples of human concerns, expectations or characteristics which are apparently related to issues of sex and gender, but the example seems to be a function of both, or it's not clear which it's an example of (e.g., women are less likely to be in prison for committing violent crimes).
4. Have any of your group's examples changed in the past? How so? Do you expect that any of your group's examples are immune to change, given social changes and the rise of new technologies? Why or why not?
5. What opportunities for human greatness, if any, does gender categorization
offer? What opportunities does it limit? Can you think of any examples from
the works we've read so far?
6. Has someone you know well been challenged by gender expectations that interfered with accomplishing an important task or making progress to an important goal? What happened? (Please change names, etc., as needed to preserve privacy.)
M. Kagan, Le Moyne College
February 26, 2003
Back to Kagan's Homepage
Back to PHL 403 page


Linux Network Services
Students wishing to acquire the intermediate skills required as a Linux system administrator
A knowledge of basic Linux system administration
As a Linux System Administrator, configuring servers to provide services and improve the work environment for your users is a common task. This course describes configuring mail services such as Sendmail and Postfix. It also covers The configuration of the Apache web server, Nginx HTTP and reverse proxy server, as well as the Squid proxy server.
This course is for people taking Advanced Level Linux Professional (LPIC-2) Exam 202.
- recognize the components and features of typical e-mail service configurations
- use Procmail to manage mail traffic
- configure mail services
Implementing a web server
- recognize the procedure for installing and configuring an Apache Server
- configure virtual hosting on an Apache web server and install an SSL certificate
- describe the consideration involved in Nginx configuration and use
- identify characteristics of Apache web server and virtual hosting configurations
- recognize the key characteristics and security features of Squid


Flat roofs, also called low-slope roofs, are commonly found on commercial buildings. Although called flat roofs, they do not live up to their name; they are angled slightly to promote good water runoff. A roof’s pitch is measured by its fall over 12 inches. If a roof falls one inch over 12 inches, it has a pitch of 1 and 12. If the roof has a pitch of 3 and 12 or less, it qualifies for a low-slope roof. Sloped roofs have a pitch of 4 and 12 or greater.
Flat roofs have a reputation for being an imminent leak threat. Whether your roof is at risk for leaks depends a lot on the quality of installation.
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It is critical to have the roof pitched sufficiently so that swimming pools do not form on top of your roof. Water weighs more than eight pounds per gallon and will wreak havoc if left sitting on your rooftop. Also, older roofing membranes often had a 10-year life without much maintenance and another 5-15 years with ongoing repairs. Newer roofing membranes appear to be superior, and some come with 50-year warranties. Seams are the trouble spots; select a roof covering that is seamless.
What are the advantages of a flat roof?
A flat roof with large overhangs protects the siding, windows, and doors of your building from the brunt of the weather. This protection lowers the maintenance costs for these parts of your house. Because the roof slope is low, the overhang is angled out and does not block the windows, permitting sunlight to enter the room and providing pleasant interior light.
Flat roofs are more convenient, giving a handy place to install HVAC units or solar panels. Some people are exploring the options of creating a green roof by growing vegetation on their rooftop. If you are adding onto a building, a flat roof gives a uniform appearance and looks much nicer than a building with unblended roof pitches.


Leon Maxant was born in 1856 and died 1936
1856 manufacturers of barometers and other
Léon-Charles Maxant (1856-1936) began in 1879 with the production of watch movements. In 1887, he took over the "Maison Desbordes", a long-established company, founded in 1824 and headquartered until the year 1865, in 20, Rue Saint Pierre Popincourt, then at 26, rue des Fossés of the Temple.
Desbordes said, such as its physical mathematical optical nautical instruments, as well as safety devices for steam engines.
The company produced everything that had to do with the pressure or the measurement of the air pressure, namely barometers, manometers, barograph.
In addition, pyrometers, thermometers, thermograph, laboratory equipment, dynamometer, lap counter, naval instruments and much more.
It’s a thermograph a device that records temperature
It’s brand new never used.
Dimension case : 18x13x10
Dimension appareil : 16,5x5,5x7
- Thermografie Léon Maxant
- Ijzer (gegoten)
- Ontwerper / kunstenaar
- Leon Maxant
- Ets Maxant
- Geschatte periode
- Eerste helft 20e eeuw
- Land van herkomst
- Als nieuw - ongebruikt
- 18×13×10 cm
- 400 g


The lifespan of the Bourkes parakeet is 8-15 years.
The average lifespan of the Bourkes parakeet is 10 years.
They are very hardy birds as long as they’re not exposed to ongoing damp conditions.
“They are certainly not ‘beginner’s birds’ and will usually not thrive if they are not provided with a spacious aviary where a small flock can be kept in company of a few other small and harmless birds.
It is possible to keep a pair or a single bird in a cage, but they will be sluggish and unhealthy if they are not let out to fly and socialize with humans frequently. ” Wikipedia.


The most important thing to remember is that all breeds today are the one species known as Equus ferus caballus. The diversity of the more than 350 breeds is, we think, due to a number of factors over millions of years…
4,000,000 years ago:
The original splitting of Equus Stenonis into two groups (light types and heavy types)
630,000 years ago:
The continuing diversification of Equus ferus due to geographical isolation and natural selection
100,000 years ago:
Migration of herds due to climate change during and after the last ice age, which ended about 10,000 years ago
6,500 years ago:
Possible domestication of horses and trade between people from different regions
5,500 years ago:
Using horses as a work animal, pulling carts and sledges
4,000 years ago:
Horses first used as a military animal, pulling the new improved chariots
3,500 years ago:
The use of horses had exploded all over Europe, as a military animal to pull chariots:
3,000 years ago:
Riding horses as a means of transport and warfare by the Eurasian Nomads. (The Eurasian Nomads may have been riding horses for far longer.)
In the picture below of a scythian horseman, note there is no saddle or stirrups, the long, loose pants rather than a tunic, and soft, flat-soled shoes rather than sandals.
Note: These dates are approximations and rely on archaeological evidence and interpretation and may change as new evidence becomes available.
For as long as we have found horses useful for either work, travel or warfare we have been selectively capturing and breeding them. The types of horses that have developed would have been originally based on the available wild herds of those regions, however trade and warfare would have seen horses move out from their original homelands. Different types of horses would have developed due to their use as well as their suitability to the terrain and the climate of that area.
It wasn’t until the 1700s that people established Stud Books and started to breed for purity of particular blood lines. So the idea of ‘Breeds’ has only been around, in western society, for about 300 years.
A horse is defined as a horse, rather than a pony, if it is over 14.2 hands. Horse breeds, just like Pony breeds, have specific physical traits, these include lighter bones, narrower barrels, longer and finer necks, finer and longer heads and longer legs in proportion to their height.
This issue, of whether a horse is a pony or a horse, can be quite controversial. For example, most of the registries for the Icelandic breed call it a horse even though it rarely exceeds 14.2 hands.
Recent DNA testing of the Icelandic breed has established that the Vikings, as well as later settlers from Scotland, developed the Icelandic from some pony breeds. Its genotype is found in the Exmoor, Fjord and Highland ponies. The same mitochondrial DNA (mother, sisters and female ancestors) is found in the Icelandic, Fjord and Shetland ponies.
When we look at the Icelandic’s phenotype (physical conformation) it is easy to see pony characteristics. For this reason we have left both the Icelandic and Fjord in the horse section, but we have also included them in pony breeds.
American Quarter Horse
Andalusian (see Iberian breeds)
Australian Stock Horse
Caspian (also in Pony Section)
Clydesdale (Draught or Heavy)
Fjord (also in Pony section)
Icelandic (also in Pony section)
Irish Sport Horse
Lusitano (see Iberian breeds)
Missouri Fox Trotter
Oldenburg (Draught or Heavy)
Percheron (Draught or Heavy)
Quarter Horse (see American Quarter Horse)
Saddlebred (see American Saddlebred)
Shire (Draught or Heavy)
Sorraia (see Iberian breeds)
Spotted Saddle Horse
Suffolk Punch (Draught or Heavy)
Tennessee Walking Horse
Ukrainian Riding Horse
Although most people use size as the main difference between a horse and a pony, the most important difference lies in the pony’s conformation.
Ponies generally have thicker manes and tails, a longer, coarser coat, shorter legs (in proportion to their body), a wide barrel, heavier bones, thicker necks and shorter heads with broader foreheads.
All ponies are very strong for their size and all are good ‘doers’. This means that they require less food to meet their needs and can withstand more severe climates. This is very important to understand, as many pony breeds cannot digest and utilise high starch diets. Rich food (and too much of it) can lead to illness and possibly death. The ancestors of the ponies we know today would have developed these physical traits by evolving and adapting to very harsh conditions over many thousands of years.
A pony should not exceed 14.2 hands, however in Australia the pony classification only goes up to 14.0 hands and horses between 14.0 and 15.0 hands are called Galloways.
Australian Riding Pony
Welsh (Section A, B and C)
Welsh Mountain Pony
‘Colour Breeds’ are not breeds that are based on purity and type but rather a colour or range of colours.
The colour registries usually accept any breed of horse or pony as long as it the right colour.
Dun (all of these colours are classified as 'dun'):
When we refer to a type of horse we usually mean horses with a similar physical appearance or a similar use.
A ‘type’ of horse can include several breeds as well as horses that have no registration or pedigree.
This includes Lipizzaner, Fresian, Andalusian and Lusitano as all these breeds are heavily muscled, powerful and used in Classical Dressage.
Draught (also spelt Draft):
Heavy working horses used to pull heavy loads.
Any once domesticated horse or pony that now lives in the wild.
This includes Tennessee Walker, Paso Feno, Icelandic and many others that have an extra four-beat ambling gait.
Any horse that is used for riding.
A type of jumping horse that usually has some Draught in its breeding. It should be heavier boned than a hack, and have a higher knee action to travel safely across uneven terrain and jump cross country obstacles.
Includes all horse and pony breeds that were developed in the Iberian peninsula (Spain and Portugal).
A large number of ‘hot-blooded’ breeds all descended from the original horses of the middle east and Asia. They include Arabian, Ahkele-Teke, Jaboud, Turkoman to name just a few.
Includes all breeds suitable for use in international competitions run by the FEI.
Includes any breed capable of working cattle. The Australian Stock Horse is a specific breed as well as a type.
A group of Sport horse breeds developed for Dressage and other Olympic disciplines. They were originally developed by crossing ‘cold-blood’ Draught types with ‘hot-blood' Oriental types, thus the term Warmblood.
This term relates to any of the Draught blood lines that evolved in the cold climates of northern Europe. These horses were thick skinned with heavy coats, strong bone, great strength and a calmer temperament.
The Oriental breeds are called hot-bloods because they evolved in the hot regions of the Middle East and Asia. They have thinner skins, fine coats, lighter but strong bones, speed, stamina and a more fiery temperament.
A male horse that has been castrated (gelded). Castration is an operation that surgically removes the testicles. This can be done before a colt reaches sexual maturity or any time after. The most important thing is that both testicles need to have descended into the outside sac.
This is a male horse, four years or older, that has not been castrated (gelded).
A male horse under four years that has not been gelded
A male horse where only one testicle has descended and the other remains in the internal cavity. It may also refer to a poorly castrated horse that still behaves like a stallion.
A female horse that is four years of age or older.
A female horse under four years of age.
A male or female that is less than one year old.
A male or female that is one to two years of age.


Gender pay inequalities lie at the core of women’s economic inequality in Canada, and Alberta has the largest gender income gap in the country – 41% compared to the national average of 33%. In dollar terms, Alberta women working full-time, full-year are on average making $31,100 less than their male colleagues each year.
Despite a long history of progressive women’s legislation and recent progress at the national level, Alberta lags well behind in gender income equality; not just compared to its provincial counterparts, but also internationally. Canada’s wage gap rank is the third highest out of the OECD countries; if ranked separately, Alberta would have one of the highest pay gaps of all.
While anti-discrimination legislation ensures that women receive equal pay for equal work – that is, in the same or very similar positions – Alberta laws do not require that women receive equal pay for work of equal worth – for doing work that has the same or comparable value to that done by men.
In 2016, the difference between total market incomes for women compared to men in Alberta is projected to be 50% – with all factors and sources of income taken into account, women in Alberta are likely to earn just half of what their male counterparts will take home in a year. In addition, Alberta women are burdened with working a “double day,” averaging 35 hours of unpaid work weekly, compared to 17 hours for Alberta men.
Pay equity legislation is one of the first and most fundamental steps in reducing this gender income gap, and bringing women and men closer to income parity. The purpose of pay equity laws is to equalize women’s wages to levels equivalent to men’s all across the wage scale – even in situations where there may not be any male wages with which to compare. Pay equity policies address workplace equality, occupational segregation, and balance wage differentials for comparable work undertaken by women and men.
This report explores the best practices in pay equity within Canada and internationally, and finds that the most effective pay equity laws are compulsory, comprehensive in scope, and feature enforcement and ongoing oversight measures. Emphasizing these criteria, the report puts forward a model for implementation that not only delivers economic benefits to the workers who are the most vulnerable, but also provides financial incentives to the provincial and federal governments. Pay equity legislation makes women’s work “pay” for women, for their families, for their economies, and for government revenues.
However, pay equity is only one part of the equation: structural and cultural factors play a significant role in creating and maintaining gendered wage gaps. The highly gender-segregated nature of Alberta’s resource economy is also reflected in gendered wage differentials: the higher-paying jobs in the resource sector are almost completely dominated by men, while the lower paid jobs in the service industry and care sectors still remain predominantly female. In addition, the province’s lack of effectively subsidized childcare options often limits women to part-time or poorly paid occupations, and women who have to pay for childcare still have to earn quite high incomes in order for their after-childcare incomes to “pay.”
The report finds that all of these pieces of the puzzle need to be addressed in order to make significant, lasting change. Among the recommendations urged by the report, the foremost is the need to design effective pay equity, equal pay, and workplace policies capable of significantly improving the economic status of women in Alberta. Given today’s economic challenges, a staged implementation process would soften the short-term impact of these changes while ensuring that progress is made over time.
In concert with a dedicated pay equity framework, the report also calls for revisions to Alberta’s tax system, particularly tax/transfer provisions that currently subsidize gendered economic discrimination. The tax system should treat all taxpayers as financially autonomous individuals to ensure that all women are able to secure a living wage for themselves no matter what the composition of their households may be during their lives.
Ultimately, the report encourages Alberta to strive for equality in the legal, economic, cultural, and societal spheres through law reform, education, public awareness, and role modeling: governments that have generated the highest and most durable levels of economic gender equality are those that maintain effective equality-promoting practices on a consistent basis.


Title: Geomorphic classification of rivers
Author: Buffington, J. M.; Montgomery, D. R.;
Source: In: Shroder, J.; Wohl, E., ed. Treatise on Geomorphology; Fluvial Geomorphology, Vol. 9. San Diego, CA: Academic Press. p. 730-767.
Publication Series: Book Chapter
Description: Over the last several decades, environmental legislation and a growing awareness of historical human disturbance to rivers worldwide (Schumm, 1977; Collins et al., 2003; Surian and Rinaldi, 2003; Nilsson et al., 2005; Chin, 2006; Walter and Merritts, 2008) have fostered unprecedented collaboration among scientists, land managers, and stakeholders to better understand, monitor, and restore riverine ecosystems. The additional concern over climate change (IPCC, 2007) and the need for securing supplies of clean water for the burgeoning world population (Revenga et al., 2000) have further spurred collaborative watershed analyses. In geomorphology, much of this effort focuses on assessing the effects of natural and anthropogenic disturbances of the landscape in order to understand past response, determine current conditions, and predict likely responses to future disturbance, including land management and restoration activities (e.g., Kondolf et al., 2001; Brierley and Fryirs, 2005; Simon et al., 2011). Channel classification is one tool that is used to address these needs. This chapter reviews the purposes of geomorphic channel classification, the different types of classifications that have been developed, and their use, compatibility, and popularity, and concludes with a look at future needs and directions for channel classification.
Keywords: geomorphic channel classification, rivers
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Buffington, J. M.; Montgomery, D. R. 2013. Geomorphic classification of rivers. In: Shroder, J.; Wohl, E., ed. Treatise on Geomorphology; Fluvial Geomorphology, Vol. 9. San Diego, CA: Academic Press. p. 730-767.
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Perfect indoor climate thanks to ventilation
Thanks to ultra-modern technologies, today’s buildings are insulated with ever greater effectiveness. Heat losses are decreasing on a continuous basis. The drawback to these excellently insulated buildings is the lacking supply of fresh air. Whereas earlier, joins and gaps let air into buildings, this natural exchange of stale and fresh air is practically no longer possible in today’s buildings. The consequence is that the oxygen content of the air drops and humidity rises. People emit moisture to the air, whether through their bodies, showering, or cooking. This air is a perfect breeding ground for unhealthy mould. Yet also a room with stale or dry air can generate an unpleasant climate and cause headaches and poor concentration.
Basically, the effects of bad air can be counteracted with correct ventilation. Above it, it must be ensured that this exchange takes place several times a day in the form of rush ventilation, between fully open and not just tilted windows. The room temperature should not drop under 15 °C, and the heating switched off for the duration of this ventilation, for cost reasons.
Unfortunately, this simplest of ways to ventilate your home is not so simple in today’s times. For many reasons, including working hours, many of these homes are unoccupied during the day, and so cannot be ventilated several times and above all regularly. That is why many new buildings are now fitted with intelligent ventilation systems. The simplest option here is the window ventilator. This is also generally available as a retrofit. KBE is a pioneer in window ventilation systems and can provide the most diverse solutions for the most diverse ventilation requirements.
Consult a specialist on the ideal ventilation solution, and create the perfect living climate in your own home.


A small worm with up to 54 segments. The conical prostomium is fused with peristomium; with articulate antenna and two semicircular nuchal slits; eyes absent.
Anterior segments are gradually becoming broader, 6th-8th chaetiger being the broadest.
Notopodial postchaetal lobes on the first chaetiger very short, papilla-like becoming longer and finger-like until chaetiger 14, posteriorly becoming shorter and thinner.
Neuropodial postchaetal lobes papilla-like.
Chaetae are capillaries, notopodial chaetae slightly longer than neuropodial.
Two kinds of modified chaetae, starting at neuropodium 20-30: thick straight, pseudoarticulate capillaries and 3-5 short chaetae with fine subdistal prolongation.
Up to 13 pairs of leaf-like or lanceolate gills, starting at chaetiger 4.
Pygidium with two long and one short cirrus.
Up to 8 mm for 54 segments.
Whitish with green gloss. Red gills. In alcohol rust-red.
Middle eulittoral to 70 m. In sand, mud and mixed bottoms.
North Pacific, North Atlantic, Mediterranean, North Sea to Baltic Sea (Rügen).


June 2012 // Volume 50 // Number 3 // Commentary // 3COM2
Commentaries conform to JOE submission standards and provide an opportunity for Extension professionals to exchange perspectives and ideas.
Emergency Exercise Participation and Evaluation
Extension is uniquely positioned to participate in emergency exercises, formally or informally, with the goal of engaging community members in emergency and disaster preparedness. With their knowledge of community needs, Extension personnel are valuable resources and can assist emergency managers in the process of identifying local risks and vulnerabilities as well as identifying capabilities that should be tested and strengthened through the process of exercises. By facilitating, participating in, or evaluating exercises, Extension professionals can help communities better prepare for, prevent, respond to, and recover from disasters.
Incident simulations or "exercises" are useful ways to educate and evaluate. Both real and fictional scenarios are often used by Extension educators when engaging audiences in learning (Lehtola, 2008). Real and fictional incident scenarios are used by emergency managers to evaluate adequacy of planning, training, and equipping responders (US Department of Homeland Security, 2007a). Extension personnel can provide informational resources and can use existing relationships with community organizations, commodity groups, and regulatory agencies to support their local or state exercise programs. The relationships Extension personnel have in communities are extremely valuable. By partnering with emergency management, Extension can help the traditional emergency management community overcome one of its historic challenges—bringing the right people to the table.
Extension personnel in all program areas have opportunities to incorporate emergency preparedness and disaster resilience topics into their outreach programs (Boteler, 2007). Exercises serve as an interactive and effective means to engage with a variety of audiences, including youth. Specific to agrosecurity issues, Extension is well-positioned to facilitate exercises involving the food and agriculture sector, such as events resulting in many livestock or poultry deaths, pesticide contamination of feed, or disease outbreaks with human health risks.
Exercises and Emergency Management
Responders at the local, state, and national level must be prepared to respond to all incidents, large and small, according to the guidelines set out in the National Response Framework (NRF; USDHS, 2008). Exercises are part of the preparedness cycle set forth in the NRF. Exercises are particularly important in allowing key actors to practice organizing the response according to National Incident Management System (NIMS; USDHS, 2007d) principles and applying the Incident Command System (ICS).
The National Preparedness Guidelines (USDHS, 2007e) address preparedness for each of what are referred to as the four homeland security mission areas: prevention, protection, response, and recovery. The guidelines take a capabilities-based approach and establish national priorities and associated capabilities. Three planning tools were developed to facilitate achieving the preparedness goals set by the Guidelines: the National Planning Scenarios, the Target Capabilities List (TCL), and the Universal Task List (UTL). Many of the identified target capabilities are relevant to Extension. For example, Extension could easily play a role in the following areas: Community Preparedness and Participation; Intelligence/Information Sharing and Dissemination; Food and Agriculture Safety and Defense; Animal Disease Emergency Support; Emergency Public Information and Warning; Volunteer Management and Donations; and Economic and Community Recovery.
The Homeland Security Exercise and Evaluation Program (HSEEP; USDHS, 2007a, b, c) provides common exercise policy and program guidance that constitutes a national standard for exercises. This standard is expected to be used by state emergency management agencies and response organizations but can be followed by any organization or group. Language and concepts from the NRF, the NIMS, the National Preparedness Guidelines, the UTL, and the TCL are integrated in HSEEP training. The HSEEP Program includes numerous tools that could provide Extension professionals with a basis for working on disaster preparedness and recovery issues and exercises. HSEEP training can lay an important conceptual framework for those outside of the traditional emergency management community, such as Extension professionals, who are working in disaster-related programs with adults or youth.
Types of exercises vary in complexity and intensity from discussion-based activities (including seminars, workshops, tabletop exercises, and games) to operations-based activities (such as drills, functional and full-scale exercises). Exercises should be selected and developed in conjunction with the training and exercise needs of the participating individuals and entities. The exercise cycle is explained in detail in the HSEEP Volumes (USDHS, 2007a, b, c). Its five phases are strategy planning, design and development, conduct, evaluation, and improvement planning. These bear strong similarities to Extension program development best practices.
The National Preparedness Guidelines (USDHS, 2007e, p.10) state, "The challenge for government officials, working with the private sector, nongovernmental organizations, and individual citizens, is to determine the best way to build capabilities for bolstering preparedness and achieving the Guidelines." Extension can be part of the solution because it has established itself as a trustworthy linkage between land-grant universities and clientele in communities across the country.
Extension Can Play a Role
Extension and emergency management come together in most states under the state support function related to agriculture and natural resources, but Extension may be named in other support functions as well. Extension can be involved in all aspects of managing an incident: prevention, mitigation, preparedness, response, and recovery. Extension has historically been most involved in preparedness, prevention, and recovery efforts, thus serving to complement the emphasis of traditional emergency management agencies on response. To fulfill the expectations of emergency management at the state, county, or local levels, Extension professionals must first understand the NIMS and the ICS. Participation in exercises is critical to evaluate actual response capacity and identify additional training or equipment needs. Extension's participation in exercises, however, may go beyond simply assessing our own capacity to respond. Extension professionals can also participate in the following ways:
- Promote exercises involving agricultural, family, youth, and community development issues;
- Help design, plan and/or facilitate exercises;
- Serve as evaluators, simulators, or players in exercises; and/or
- Encourage involvement of 4-H families and other volunteers to serve as exercise victims.
Additional roles include:
- Networking with state and county or local emergency management and voluntary organizations active in disaster (VOADs);
- Facilitating and conducting training by incorporating principles of emergency preparedness and planning into current programs;
- Facilitating engagement of internal audience of Extension professionals in disaster preparedness; and
- Promoting the role of Extension and resources of the Extension Disaster Education Network.
Examples of involvement with exercises include the following:
- An Extension "Inbox exercise" has been conducted to test emergency response protocols;
- 4-H youth involved in Teen Community Emergency Response Teams (CERT) have been involved in exercises of their response roles or as victim simulators; and
- An agrosecurity tabletop exercise was coordinated to get conversations going among response organizations about issues not ordinarily encountered.
Extension Disaster Education Network Takes First Steps
The Extension Disaster Education Network (EDEN) recognizes exercise participation as a priority area. To build capacity within Extension to engage with emergency management in exercise conduct and evaluation, the following actions can be accomplished with existing or minimal additional funds:
- Develop a work group to facilitate information exchange through the Extension System;
- Identify Extension personnel who are active in emergency management or exercise programs in their states;
- Foster sharing of experiences to encourage additional Extension personnel to be involved in emergency management and exercises;
- Provide national professional development webinars or workshops on the ICS for Extension personnel; and
- Support professional development training of some number of Extension personnel to become certified exercise planners or evaluators.
An EDEN Exercise Group has recently been established with Linda Williams as the point person for facilitating discussions and exchange of information on its SharePoint site. Based on the response to this newly created Exercise Group, it is clear that many Extension personnel are interested in getting involved in or are already engaged in conducting or participating in emergency management exercises.
The EDEN Professional Development committee has been discussing ways to facilitate ICS training for Extension personnel who want it. Some organizational resistance to system-wide training has been noted. For Extension to achieve its full potential to engage with local or state emergency management agencies, basic training is necessary. Engaging in exercises at the local and state level is another way to make sure Extension resources are recognized and integrated with the emergency management system.
Extension has embraced evaluation as a means to demonstrate impact. Our expertise in that area can easily translate to evaluation of emergency exercises, but training is required to be certified in that context. Being plugged into exercises of national scope as an evaluator would give us a critical perspective on emergency management and how Extension resources can be better publicized and used. Furthermore, exercise conduct and evaluation could be a useful tool for measuring the impact of Extension activities related to emergency preparedness.
Individuals throughout Extension and collectively through the EDEN have the opportunity to become more engaged in emergency and disaster preparedness activities by planning, participating in, or evaluating exercises. An EDEN Exercise SharePoint Group has recently been established to facilitate sharing of experiences and ideas among individuals with diverse expertise and varying levels of experience with exercises. This group has demonstrated a high level of interest in expanding Extension's role in exercise participation at the local, state, and national level. Given the diversity of disciplines represented and having strong community connections, Extension is well positioned to engage in exercises in a number of ways that will increase our profile and result in enhanced community resilience. In the future, Extension personnel could take a lead role in creating platforms for conducting in-person or virtual tabletop exercises, particularly related to agricultural incidents.
This commentary is based on a paper submitted by the authors in response to the Extension Disaster Education Network's 2010 call for agrosecurity priority papers. The priority paper as submitted is posted at <http://eden.lsu.edu/Resources/WhitePapers/2010WhitePapers/Pages/EmergencyExerciseParticipationandEvaluation.aspx>. It was selected as one of the top submissions and presented at the Extension Disaster Education Network Annual Meeting, by Julie Smith. Portland, Oregon, October 13, 2011.
Boteler, F. E. (2007). Building disaster-resilient families, communities, and businesses. Journal of Extension [On-line], 45(6) Article 6FEA1. Available at: http://www.joe.org/joe/2007december/a1.php
Lehtola, C. J. (2007). Developing and using table-top simulations as a teaching tool. Journal of Extension [On-line], 45(4) Article 4TOT4. Available at: http://www.joe.org/joe/2007august/tt4.php
United States Department of Homeland Security. (2007a). Homeland security exercise and evaluation program (HSEEP) Volume I: HSEEP overview and exercise program management. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. Retrieved from: https://hseep.dhs.gov/support/VolumeI.pdf
United States Department of Homeland Security. (2007b). Homeland security exercise and evaluation program (HSEEP) Volume II: Exercise planning and conduct. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. Retrieved from: https://hseep.dhs.gov/support/VolumeII.pdf
United States Department of Homeland Security. (2007c). Homeland security exercise and evaluation program (HSEEP) Volume III: Exercise evaluation and improvement planning. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. Retrieved from: https://hseep.dhs.gov/support/VolumeIII.pdf
United States Department of Homeland Security. (2007d). National incident management system. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. Retrieved from: http://www.fema.gov/pdf/emergency/nims/NIMS_core.pdf
United States Department of Homeland Security. (2007e). National preparedness guidelines. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. Retrieved from: http://www.dhs.gov/xlibrary/assets/National_Preparedness_Guidelines.pdf
United States Department of Homeland Security. (2008). National response framework. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. Retrieved from: http://www.fema.gov/pdf/emergency/nrf/nrf-core.pdf


From The Conversation: How does a piece of bread cause a migraine?
Gluten is a protein found in wheat, rye, and barley, and Celiac disease is a digestive disorder caused by an autoimmune response to gluten. In recent years, scientists have gained a better understanding of how and why migraines occur. Migraine is now considered a genetic condition.
Why does wheat give me a headache?
An inflammatory process occurs in both gluten sensitivity, or celiac disease, and migraine, and I hypothesize that the inflammatory response to gluten makes it easier to activate the trigeminovascular pathway, triggering a migraine.
Can wheat products cause headaches?
Gluten may be a migraine trigger for some people, and a recent study suggests a link between celiac disease and migraines. Migraines may even be an early symptom of celiac disease in some people, though migraine is a rare complication of celiac disease.
Are headaches a symptom of gluten intolerance?
Constipation, fatigue, headaches, and nausea are some of the symptoms of gluten intolerance, and those who have it say that diarrhea and constipation are a common symptom.
Can wheat trigger migraines?
Wheat, or gluten allergy, is one of the causes of celiac disease, and a small percentage of migraine sufferers report wheat products as one of their migraine triggers. If you recognize a trigger, make every effort to avoid or eliminate it from your diet.
What food makes migraines worse?
Despite the lack of scientific evidence, the following foods and beverages have been reported to cause headaches: aged cheese (blue cheese, brie, cheddar, English stilton, feta, gorgonzola, mozzarella, muenster, parmesan, swiss)
How do you flush gluten out of your system?
Water has no calories and is completely free, and it will aid in flushing gluten and toxins from your system as quickly as possible, keeping things moving smoothly through your digestive tract.
Can bread give you headaches?
Migraines have been linked to foods containing yeast, such as sourdough bread and fresh-baked goods like donuts, cakes, and breads; the culprit is (you guessed it) tyramine, which is also found in alcohol and cheese.
What are the symptoms of intolerance to wheat?
Symptoms and signs of wheat allergy include:
- Mouth or throat swelling, itching, or irritation.
- Hives, itchy rash, or swelling of the skin.
- Nasal congestion.
- Difficulty breathing.
- Cramps, nausea, or vomiting.
What fruits help migraines?
Bananas Give You Energy When You Need It “Bananas are a great food for quick energy recovery, and they’re high in magnesium, which can help when people have headaches,” she says, adding that because bananas are about 74% water, they also provide hydration benefits.
What does celiac poop look like?
Diarrhea. Although diarrhea is commonly associated with watery stools, people with celiac disease may simply have stools that are a little looser – and more frequent – than usual. Diarrhea associated with celiac disease usually occurs after eating.
Why do I feel worse after going gluten free?
u201cWhen people go gluten-free, they feel deprived,u201d says O’Bryan, u201cespecially teens who are in a lot of social situations.u201d As a result of this, and the opiate withdrawal, they begin eating more carbohydrates and sugar.
Does gluten cause belly fat?
There is no scientific evidence that gluten-containing foods cause more weight gain than non-gluten-containing foods.
How can I stop migraines permanently?
Although there is no permanent migraine cure, many people who suffer from chronic migraines use a combination of treatments to find long-term relief. These include:
- Alternative therapies such as acupuncture and massage.
- Lifestyle changes.
- Preventive and pain-relieving medication.
- Nerve blockers or nerve stimulators.
What foods should you avoid if you have migraines?
What foods are known to cause migraines?
- Aged cheeses.
- Alcohol, especially beer and red wine.
- Cured meats.
- Food preservatives like nitrates, nitrites, MSG, and artificial sweeteners.
- Smoked fish.
- Yeast extract
Can gluten cause hair loss?
Celiac disease, a condition in which gluten, a protein found in wheat, barley, and rye, causes intestinal damage, can cause hair loss in some people. Fortunately, following a gluten-free diet can help you regain any hair you may have lost while still eating gluten.


The Centers for Disease Control (CDC) has recently updated their recommendations for quarantine following exposure to someone with COVID-19. These recommendations include certain situations where the quarantine period may be shortened. However, monitoring and surveillance still needs to occur for the entire 14 days following the exposure. The science behind how the virus works has not changed. The virus still has a 14 day incubation period, thus the requirement for continued monitoring during this time. The reason for the change to a shortened quarantine time in certain cases is to increase compliance and reduce the burden of quarantine for individuals and families. The safest option is to stay home and away from others for 14 days. But, in certain situations, you may end your quarantine after 10 full days with continued monitoring, or after seven full days with a negative PCR COVID test result and continued monitoring.
ISLA will allow these shortened quarantine periods for staff and students, provided that certain guidelines are followed. In order to qualify for a shortened quarantine time the following things must be true:
If your student has been exposed to COVID-19 and you would like to be considered for a shortened quarantine time, you must submit a request through a Google form (see below). You must submit the proper documentation and hear back that it was approved before sending your student back to ISLA. Otherwise, they will follow the standard 14 day quarantine.