Guest post by Mathy Vanbuel, Secretary of the Media and Learning Association. The Media and Learning Association has signed the Right Copyright petition and is also actively involved in raising awareness of copyright issues in education.
Paola, a teacher in Italy can show a DVD in class as long as its use is educational and the DVD has been acquired in a legal way. But she is not allowed to show the same programme via YouTube! Mélanie, a French teacher has to ask for permission to the rights holder to scan a page of her textbook before she can show it on the electronic whiteboard in her class. Recording a TV programme in its entirety for showing in class is illegal in most European countries. Playing music or performing a theatre play in class is prohibited in Spain. Sharing reading materials via email with your students is illegal in the Netherlands. Posting an entire article on a virtual learning platform is allowed in Belgium, but that does not count for photographs. Paul, a Belgian teacher who created a maths workbook and found a publisher to distribute it, needs to pay copyright fees to use his own materials in his lessons…
Education is increasingly digital and it is getting easier and more compelling to use digital materials in class. But copyright laws are complex and detailed, and it is almost impossible for teachers and content creators to know what they can or cannot do – not helped by the fact there seems to be absolutely no logic in the current situation in Europe.
Education is increasingly borderless, but copyright is still based on national legislation, exceptions and jurisdiction. And despite the newly proposed European copyright law, use and reuse of copyrighted materials in education will largely remain governed by national legislation, hindering the international character of education. Our students are encouraged to travel and study abroad but discover that the regulations regarding use of content and media differs completely from country to country: a German art student who studies in Italy needs to know that in Italy he cannot use a photograph in its entirety in his presentation. Fortunately or unfortunately it is not clear for the student what exactly ‘partially‘ means… MOOCs (Massive Open Online Courses) and VLE (Virtual Learning Environments) are not limited by national borders. But what about the content that teachers put on these environments? What is allowed in the originating country of the MOOC or VLE could be illegal in the country where the students are taking the courses. As a result, in some cases content gets blocked and becomes inaccessible by students abroad. A common rule is needed to provide clarity.
Education is increasingly open: school, universities and other learning organisations are also providing informal or non-formal learning to the public outside of their own organisation. Copyright regulation may, for the moment, allow the use and reuse of certain content within their own organisation, but does not foresee the provision of access to the same content by learners that are not on campus. Regulations often apply for formal education only, while non-formal or informal institutions (for example adult education centres, as well as museums or libraries) cannot take advantage of the same educational conditions of use and reuse.
The Right Copyright campaign, initiated by COMMUNIA, states that the copyright system does not facilitate modern education. The campaign is part of COMMUNIA’s project Copyright Reform for Education and tries to increase awareness about copyright in education and wants to reform the copyright system for educational institutions and educators in Europe.
They fight for: the freedom to teach without breaking the law, for teachers to be able to use materials that will tell stories in an unbiased way, the same freedoms for all educators in the EU, a law that will allow teachers to embrace the digital opportunities that are available and that recognises museums, libraries and NGOs as having an educational function.
Educators can sign the petition Right Copyright anytime before May 14.


In an era of high anxiety, few issues rattled people in the 1960s and 1970s more than the Earth’s seemingly runaway population growth. The sense of imminent overcrowding doom was chillingly articulated by Paul Ehrlich, the Stanford University biologist whose 1968 book, The Population Bomb, became an unlikely bestseller, propelled in part by the academic’s numerous appearances on Johnny Carson’s Tonight Show. The swelling ranks of humankind would lead to “hundreds of millions” dying of starvation by the 1970s, a substantial increase in the global death rate and assorted ecological disasters, he predicted. Involuntary sterilization might be needed to lessen the coming cataclysm.
“We can no longer afford merely to treat the symptoms of the cancer of population growth; the cancer itself must be cut out,” he wrote. Four decades later, the Earth’s population has doubled and the United Nations predicts a newborn’s arrival some time this fall will push the total to seven billion souls.
By 2050, another two billion humans are likely to be jostling for elbow room. Yet the doomsaying predictions of Prof. Ehrlich and others have in most cases failed to materialize. The world still has more than its share of misery: Almost one billion people go hungry every day and 1.4 billion live in extreme poverty. But as the population expanded at a pace never seen before, the overall death rate dropped rapidly, life expectancy climbed and the number in poverty — though still huge — shrank.
Tens of millions moved into the middle class in China, southeast Asia and India.
“Every indicator of human well-being that you can measure … there’s no question it’s better today, no matter how many people we have,” said Hania Zlotnik, head of the UN’s population division.
“On the whole, society has been extremely successful, both in reducing population growth from its peak and making life better for most people.”
Since The Population Bomb exploded in the late 1960s, the Green Revolution has made agriculture exponentially more productive, feeding billions more, while economies that were near collapse are now thriving. Meanwhile, many demographers predict the population size will not keep spiralling out into “oblivion,” as Prof. Ehrlich suggested, but level off by the end of this century.
“In the end, it’s always the same story,” said Pierre Desrochers, a geography professor at the University of Toronto. “People forget that human beings are not just mouths that eat, but brains to work out new solutions.”
Still, experts warn there is no reason to be complacent — the number of humans keeps expanding and those average improvements in well-being obscure pockets of calamity. Many parts of the world — sub-Saharan Africa most prominent among them — still have high fertility rates and widespread, grinding poverty.
“The problems are here and now,” said Joel Cohen, head of the laboratory of populations at New York’s Rockefeller University. “People forget there are a billion chronically hungry people; every day those people wake up and they’re hungry all day, and they go to sleep hungry.”
And if their moribund economies do take off — as everyone hopes — they could add to climate change and other worrying environmental problems, originally the product of the developed world.
As it turns out, population expansion is not just a simple question of reproduction run amok, but a subtle interplay between death rates, birth rates and economics.
For much of human history, population levels changed little, says Frank Trovato, a sociology professor and population expert at the University of Alberta. While women had many babies, their fecundity barely kept pace with mortality rates fuelled by disease, hunger and war.
By the mid 18th-century, though, cities and towns in Europe, at least, were becoming increasingly crowded and dirty, health improved, food became more abundant and the population started to increase. Later improvements in public health — like sewers that separated disease-ridden human waste from drinking water — kept people alive even longer, while the Industrial Revolution raised general well-being.
History indicates that as life expectancy increases and more children survive into adulthood, birth rates decline.
There is always a gap, though — called a demographic transition — before fertility slows enough to tally with the rising longevity. When it does, couples have enough children at most to replace themselves. During the transition period, however, the numbers rocket up.
By the 1960s, fertility rates had dropped to near-replacement levels in the industrialized world, but remained higher elsewhere. World population, only one billion in 1800, climbed to two billion by 1927, three billion by 1959, four billion by 1974 and six billion by 1998, according to UN figures.
The number is projected to tick over to seven billion some time around Oct. 31, with the milestone baby more likely to be born in India than in any other country.
Fears about population growth date back centuries, suggesting an almost innate human anxiety about the effects of too many human beings.
Prof. Desrochers points to the early Christian theologian Tertullian, who argued 1,800 years ago the world’s “teeming population” was overly burdensome, and pestilence, conflict and other deadly events were a useful “remedy” to prune the overgrowth.
Much later, at the end of the 18th century, Thomas Malthus, an English clergyman and scholar, theorized population expansion would inevitably outpace society’s ability to feed itself, meaning famine and disease would sooner or later bring the boom to a halt.
Neo-Malthusians expanded on and popularized his ideas in the mid-1900s. The notion picked up steam in the popular media, with Time magazine featuring the “Population Explosion” on a cover in 1960. Even pop culture joined in. The movie Soylent Green imagined a dystopic, over-populated future where authorities feed the masses a mysterious substance that turns out to be made from other people, sacrificed for the common good when they get old.
Prof. Ehrlich’s book, commissioned by the Sierra Club, likely had the biggest impact on public consciousness, with its predictions of mass starvation and resource depletion. On the face of it, he at least overstated his case.
With twice as many people on Earth, global average death rates have dropped to eight per 1,000 per year, from 13 in 1970. Life expectancy has soared from 56 years to 67. The number living in extreme poverty slid to 1.4 billion in 2005 from 1.8 billion in 1990. And the percentage of people who are malnourished has halved, though the total number has climbed — from 815 to 925 million — over the same period.
Even as Prof. Ehrlich predicted Mexico would be unable to feed itself, new, Green Revolution strains of wheat were turning it from a net importer to a net exporter of the grain. Those farming innovations later helped transform crop yields in Asia.
“Science has progressed in many ways in parallel with population growth,” said Prof. Trovato.
Economic reversals have meanwhile raised living standards in much of east Asia, parts of India and Latin America.
Fertility rates are also dropping to below the replacement level of two children in much of the industrialized world and in emerging economies such as Brazil and China. Other regions are hovering just above that level, while a third group, mainly in sub-Saharan Africa and south Asia, still has birth rates as high as four or five.
If fertility remained at those levels, the population explosion would go ballistic, pushing the numbers to 15 billion by 2100, says the UN’s population division. Conversely, if dramatic advances were made in lowering birth rates now, the numbers of humans could actually start to decline by the late 2000s.
The agency is placing its bets on a middle projection, where fertility is curbed slowly, resulting in nine billion by 2050 and more than 10 billion by the end of the 2000s, before levelling off.
In some ways, Prof. Ehrlich and other neo-Malthusians may have got it right. The limits on fertility and increases in food production they urgently recommended have been key to helping the world cope with, and even thrive, amid the population explosion.
With one billion people undernourished already, however, and another two billion coming soon — mostly in the countries least equipped to absorb them — the challenges remain immense.
Feeding them all will likely require another Green Revolution, as the novel crop varieties that boosted yields in Latin America and Asia do not work in sub-Saharan Africa, where irrigation is scarce and food production a fraction of that on farms elsewhere.
A 2008 report by the UN’s Food & Agriculture Organization says feeding nine billion people by 2050 can be done, but would require annual private and public investments of US$83-billion on developing-world agriculture.
Even now, enough grain is produced globally to feed 11 billion mouths, said Prof. Cohen. The problem is a third is eaten by cows, pigs and other livestock — helping sate the rich world’s craving for meat— and a sixth is used for fuel, other industrial applications and seed.
He advocates an end to U.S. farm subsidies that divert much of the country’s corn crop to ethanol production. “The world chooses to feed its machines and its domestic animals before it feeds its people,” he laments.
The famine now ravaging Somalia raises another key issue. Hunger often has more to do with political and climatic factors than the sheer number of people, and solving problems like deep-rooted corruption might be a precursor to more tangible agricultural advance.
“Consider the Horn of Africa. Is this sustainable?” said Don Kerr, a social demographer at King’s College, University of Western Ontario. “It continues to experience famine due to a drought and political and economic mismanagement.”
At the same time, more efforts are needed to lower the birth rate in high-fertility regions to avoid worst-case population scenarios, and potentially to slow growth even more than expected, said Ms. Zlotnik.
The UN population czar rejects the conventional economic wisdom that fertility starts falling only as affluence in a country rises, saying there are many examples where birth rates have shrunk independent of an economic boom. Bangladesh, for instance, is moving fast toward replacement-level fertility because of robust programs that encourage child and maternal health and family planning.
Yet surveys of women in the developing world suggest 215 million would like access to birth control but cannot get it.
There are some activists who still voice existential fears for the future. Lester Brown, founder of the environmental group Worldwatch Institute, says population growth, coupled with climate change, threatens to bring an end to global civilization unless corrective measures are urgently taken.
In 2009, Prof. Ehrlich conceded he may have overblown the hunger problem, not foreseeing the impact of the Green Revolution. But he argued he was overoptimistic in other areas, failing to predict climate change, widespread deforestation and damage to the Earth’s ozone layer, and believes population-related problems have only got worse.
Still, a deep-seated fear of the bomb seems to have dissipated. It has been replaced with a sense solutions are at hand, but action is overdue to rectify the problems of the current seven billion — and those to come.
“When one looks at the broad picture of human history… it’s been a history of population meeting challenges that come up,” said Prof. Trovato.
“I think we will continue in this way … but that doesn’t necessarily mean that all parts of the world will be equal in meeting the challenges.”
Prophets of doom & gloom
Confucius (551- c. 479 BC)
A disciple asked, “Once there are so many people, what should be done?” “Enrich them,” said the Master. “Once they are enriched, what next?” “Educate them.”
Plato (429-347 BC)
“Fear of poverty and war will make them keep their family within their means.”
Artistotle (384-322 BC)
“A great city is not to be confounded with a populous one.”
Tertullian (c. 160- c. 220)
“Pestilence, and famine, and wars, and earthquakes have to be regarded as a remedy for nations, as the means of pruning the luxuriance of the human race.”
Richard Hakluyt (1527-1616)
“[T]hrough long peace and seldome sickness … we are growen more populous than ever heretofore; … many thousandes of idle persons are within this realme, which, havinge no way to be sett on worke, be either mutinous and seeks alteration in the state, or at leaste very burdensome to the commonwealthe.”
Thomas Malthus (1766-1834)
“[There is a] constant effort towards an increase in population [which tends to] subject the lower classes of society to distress and to prevent any great permanent amelioration of their condition.”
“Population will inevitably and completely outstrip whatever small increases in food supplies we make … The death rate will increase until at least 100-200 million people per year will be starving to death during the next 10 years.”
Donella and Dennis Meadows
The Earth is finite. Growth of anything physical, including the human population and its cars and buildings and smokestacks, cannot continue forever.”


Sheet metal fabrication is a comprehensive cold processing process for metal sheets (usually below 6mm), including shearing, punching, bending, welding, riveting, mold forming and surface treatment.
Sheet metal fabrication has the characteristics of light weight, high strength, electrical conductivity (can be used for electromagnetic shielding), low cost, and good mass production performance. It has been widely used in electronic appliances, communications, automotive industry, medical equipment and other fields, such as in computer cases, cell phones, and MP3. Thus, sheet metal fabrication is an indispensable part.
Nowadays, with the popularity of the electronics industry, the case of many electronic products are made of metal with high hardness and long life. Sheet metal cases are widely used in our life and work, and computer cases (such as Apple computers) are more common.
The sheet metal case has a variety of materials, the main materials are: galvanized sheet, stainless steel, aluminum alloy.
1. Galvanized sheet metal case
Galvanized sheet refers to a steel sheet coated with a layer of zinc on the surface. Galvanizing is an economical and effective anti-rust method that is often used. About half of the world's zinc production is used in this process.
Advantages: Compared with other materials, the cost of galvanized sheet is relatively low, it has the characteristics of fingerprint resistance, excellent corrosion resistance, good formability, and better welding, so it is widely used in general sheet metal cabinets.
2. Stainless steel sheet metal case
As a healthy material, stainless steel has been widely used, covering almost all areas of human health. The stainless steel water pipe can be fully recycled, save water resources, reduce transportation costs, and reduce heat loss.
Advantages: high temperature resistance, low temperature resistance, acid and alkali resistance, good uniformity, as well as good hot workability for stamping and bending, no heat treatment hardening, suitable for sheet metal case in medical, military, transportation and other industries.
3. Aluminum alloy sheet metal case
Aluminum alloy is the most widely used non-ferrous metal structural material in industry, and it has been widely used in aviation, aerospace, automobile, machinery manufacturing, shipbuilding and chemical industries.
Advantages: light weight, good pressure-bearing conditions of the template, good processing performance of cast aluminum alloy, die, hard die, green sand and dry sand mold, investment plaster casting mold for casting production. In addition, vacuum casting, low-pressure and high-pressure casting, squeeze casting, semi-solid casting, centrifugal casting and other methods are used to produce various castings with different uses, specifications, and properties.
1. The expansion method should be combined, and it is convenient to save materials and processability.
2. Reasonably choose the gap and edge wrapping method, t=0.2 below 2.0, t=0.5 below 2-3, long side wrapping short side (door panel type).
3. Reasonable consideration of tolerance dimensions: negative difference to the end, positive difference to the end, hole shape size: positive difference to the end, negative difference to half.
4. Burr direction.
5. Draw a section view in the direction of tooth extraction, riveting, tearing, punching and bump (bag) direction.
6. Check materials, board thickness and board thickness tolerances.
7. Pay attention to the special angle of the computer case during sheet metal fabrication service.
8. It should emphasize the error-prone areas (similar asymmetry).
9. Add enlarged pictures where there are more sizes
10. The spraying place must be indicated.
11. When the computer case is in sheet metal processing, the coating must be even, and there must be no hanging or exposed bottom.
12. The logo should be complete, clear, durable and reliable, and the serial number of the logo should not be lost.
13. The panels of the computer case should be flat, without deformation or distortion, and the openings of the cabinet doors should be uniform and neat.
14. The size should meet the requirements, and the error should not be too large.


Rice, Stanley A. , Rice, A. Lisette .
Male cottonwoods open their flowers earlier than female cottonwoods.
BUDBURST dates for 276 cottonwood (Populus deltoides) trees at two latitudes (34° and 36° N) were determined. Trees were chosen before budburst, eliminating bias in choice of male and female trees. There were 159 male and 117 female cottonwood trees in the sample. On the average, male cottonwood trees at both latitudes burst their buds 5.26 days after the first budburst at that latitude, while female cottonwood trees at both latitudes burst their buds 8.85 days after the first budburst at that latitude. Due to sequential opening of flowers within an inflorescence, pollination probably continued at least a week after budburst. The range of budburst dates was about 18 days at each location. One possible interpretation of these results is sexual selection; in male cottonwoods, competition may take the form of earlier budburst. A significant interaction factor between gender and location effects on budburst date indicates that males did not open earlier than females in every location at 34° N latitude. -DU
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1 - Southeastern Oklahoma State University, Biological Sciences, Box 4027, Durant, Oklahoma, 74701, USA
2 - 7324 S. Trenton Ave., Tulsa, Oklahoma, 74701, USA
Presentation Type: Oral Paper:Papers for Sections
Date: Wednesday, August 2nd, 2006
Time: 8:00 AM


Many people do not acknowledge the importance of proper hand hygiene until a catastrophe occurs. Washing your hands does not only wash away grime and dirt but also those invisible germs. It is essential to use both soap and a hand sanitiser correctly. Noticeably dirty hands need water and soap for cleaning. But, following it up with an alcohol-based hand sanitizer can eliminate germs that cause diseases to occur.
Practice Good Hand-washing Habits
You can never go wrong when you get into the habit of good hand hygiene using water and soap. Do not forget to use hand sanitizer as well to kill most germs. Health experts strictly recommend washing up during these critical scenarios:
- Before you eat food
- After you use the toilet
- After you touch garbage
- After you touch an animal or animal feed
- Before and after you care for someone who is ill
- After you clean up a kid who has used the toilet or change diapers
- After you touch pet food or pet treats
- After you sneeze, cough, or blow your nose
- Before and after you treat a wound
- Before, during and after food preparation
Throughout the day, make sure that your hands are always dry and clean. Be extra careful when you go outside your house and come in contact with hand railings, doorknobs, subways, or use public toilets.
Correct Way to Clean Your Hands
You have antibacterial soap, liquid soap, and other types of bath soap plus your hand sanitiser, but do you know how much and how long you should wash those hands? Regardless of the products and brands you use, what is more, important is that you use them properly for effective cleaning.
When using soap and water, scrub all areas of your hands meticulously, not less than 20 seconds. The general rule of thumb is to sing the birthday song a couple of times. When it comes to using a hand sanitiser, apply it all on your hands and scrub all over until they are dry.
People tend to only clean their palms when washing quickly, which is not a good habit for hand washing. You should also include under your nails, between the fingers, and the back of both hands. Make sure to use a bit of friction while doing so. When it is time to rinse the soap on your hands, do it thoroughly and let them dry.
Do Frequent Washing Irritate or Hurt Your Skin?
The skin is the first line of defense against illnesses and diseases, so it is vital that you do your part in protecting your skin. Make sure it is free of a wound, including your hands. You can prevent dryness and irritation from frequent hand washing by wetting your hands first before putting soap on them. Dry your hands properly by patting them on the towel instead of rubbing them. You may apply lotion afterward for that extra moisture. Moreover, you can find lots of alcohol-based hand sanitizers that come with emollients, reducing the risk of skin irritation.
Viruses and bacteria can spread easily, and your hands are the vehicle for them. Poor hand hygiene makes it possible for these harmful microorganisms to thrive and cause illnesses. Fortunately, there is a cheap method of eliminating them and keeping your hands fresh and dry. Simply put, wash your hand and use a hand sanitiser at critical times and in every possible opportunity.
Alison Lurie is a farmer of words in the field of creativity. She is an experienced independent content writer with a demonstrated history of working in the writing and editing industry. She is a multi-niche content chef who loves cooking new things.


The American Academy of Pediatrics issued its first statement on homosexuality and adolescents in 1983, with a revision in 1993. This report reflects the growing understanding of youth of differing sexual orientations. Young people are recognizing their sexual orientation earlier than in the past, making this a topic of importance to pediatricians. Pediatricians should be aware that some youths in their care may have concerns about their sexual orientation or that of siblings, friends, parents, relatives, or others. Health care professionals should provide factual, current, nonjudgmental information in a confidential manner. All youths, including those who know or wonder whether they are not heterosexual, may seek information from physicians about sexual orientation, sexually transmitted diseases, substance abuse, or various psychosocial difficulties. The pediatrician should be attentive to various potential psychosocial difficulties, offer counseling or refer for counseling when necessary and ensure that every sexually active youth receives a thorough medical history, physical examination, immunizations, appropriate laboratory tests, and counseling about sexually transmitted diseases (including human immunodeficiency virus infection) and appropriate treatment if necessary.
Not all pediatricians may feel able to provide the type of care described in this report. Any pediatrician who is unable to care for and counsel nonheterosexual youth should refer these patients to an appropriate colleague.
Pediatricians are being asked with increasing frequency to address questions about sexual behavior and sexual orientation. It is important that pediatricians be able to discuss the range of sexual orientation with all adolescents and be competent in dealing with the needs of patients who are gay, lesbian, bisexual, or transgendered or who may not identify themselves as such but who are experiencing confusion with regard to their sexual orientation. Young people whose sexual orientation is not heterosexual can have risks to their physical, emotional, and social health, primarily because of societal stigma, which can result in isolation.1,2 Because self-awareness of sexual orientation commonly occurs during adolescence, the pediatrician should be available to youth who are struggling with sexual orientation issues and support a healthy passage through the special challenges of the adolescent years. Pediatricians may be called on to help parents, siblings, and extended families of nonheterosexual youth. Also, nonheterosexual youth and adults are part of peer groups with whom all pediatric patients and their parents spend time in the neighborhood, at school, or at work. Thus, pediatricians may be called on to help promote better understanding of issues involving nonheterosexual youth.
Gay, lesbian, and bisexual people in the United States have unique health risks. The US Department of Health and Human Services has identified 29 Healthy People 2010 objectives in which disparities exist between homosexual or bisexual persons and heterosexual persons. These focus areas include access to care, educational and community-based programs, family planning, immunization and infectious disease, sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, injury and violence prevention, mental health and mental disorders, substance abuse, and tobacco use.3
Sexual orientation4,5 refers to an individual’s pattern of physical and emotional arousal toward other persons. Heterosexual individuals are attracted to persons of the opposite sex, homosexual individuals are attracted to persons of the same sex, and bisexual individuals are attracted to persons of both sexes. Homosexual males are often referred to as “gay”; homosexual females are often referred to as “lesbian.” In contrast, gender identity is the knowledge of oneself as being male or female, and gender role is the outward expression of maleness or femaleness. Gender identity and gender role usually conform to anatomic sex in both heterosexual and homosexual individuals. Exceptions to this are transgendered individuals and transvestites. Transgendered individuals feel themselves to be of a gender different from their biological sex; their gender identity does not match their anatomic or chromosomal sex. Transvestites are individuals who dress in the clothing of the opposite gender and derive pleasure from such actions; their gender role does not match societal norms. Transgendered individuals and transvestites can be heterosexual, homosexual, or bisexual.
Sexual orientation is not synonymous with sexual activity or sexual behavior (the way one chooses to express one’s sexual feelings). Certain sexual behaviors can put individuals of any sexual orientation at risk of pregnancy (penile-vaginal sexual intercourse) and/or certain diseases (penile-vaginal, oral, and anal sexual intercourse). Especially during adolescence, individuals may participate in a variety of sexual behaviors. Many homosexual adults report having relationships and sexual activity with persons of the opposite sex as adolescents,6,7 and many adults who identify themselves as heterosexual report sexual activity with persons of the same sex during adolescence.8–10 Also, many youth label themselves as gay, lesbian, or bisexual years after labeling their attractions as such.11 In addition, adolescents may also self-identify as nonheterosexual without ever being sexually active. Pediatricians need to understand that they should inquire about sexual attraction or orientation even when youth do not report being gay or lesbian.
ETIOLOGY AND PREVALENCE
Homosexuality has existed in most societies for as long as recorded descriptions of sexual beliefs and practices have been available.4 Societal attitudes toward homosexuality have had a decisive effect on the extent to which individuals have hidden or made known their sexual orientation.
Human sexual orientation most likely exists as a continuum from solely heterosexual to solely homosexual. In 1973, the American Psychiatric Association reclassified homosexuality as a sexual orientation or expression and not a mental disorder.12 The mechanisms for the development of a particular sexual orientation remain unclear, but the current literature and most scholars in the field state that one’s sexual orientation is not a choice; that is, individuals do not choose to be homosexual or heterosexual.8,11
A variety of theories about the influences on sexual orientation have been proposed.5 Sexual orientation probably is not determined by any one factor but by a combination of genetic, hormonal, and environmental influences.2 In recent decades, biologically based theories have been favored by experts. The high concordance of homosexuality among monozygotic twins and the clustering of homosexuality in family pedigrees support biological models. There is some evidence that prenatal androgen exposure influences development of sexual orientation, but postnatal sex steroid concentrations do not vary with sexual orientation. The reported association in males between homosexual orientation and loci on the X chromosome remains to be replicated. Some research has shown neuroanatomic differences between homosexual and heterosexual persons in sexually dimorphic regions of the brain.5 Although there continues to be controversy and uncertainty as to the genesis of the variety of human sexual orientations, there is no scientific evidence that abnormal parenting, sexual abuse, or other adverse life events influence sexual orientation.4,5 Current knowledge suggests that sexual orientation is usually established during early childhood.1,2,4,5
The estimated proportion of Americans who are homosexual is imprecise at best, because surveys are hampered by the stigmatization and the climate of fear that still surround homosexuality. Past studies asked more often about sexual behavior and not sexual orientation. Kinsey et al,9,13 from their studies in the 1930s and 1940s, reported that 37% of adult men and 13% of adult women had at least 1 sexual experience resulting in orgasm with a person of the same sex and that 4% of adult men and 2% of adult women are exclusively homosexual in their behavior and fantasies. A more recent review of various US studies estimated that 2% of men are exclusively homosexual and 3% are bisexual.14 Other current studies conclude that somewhere between 3% and 10% of the adult population is gay or lesbian, and perhaps a larger percentage is bisexual.4,5 Sorenson15 surveyed a group of 16- to 19-year-olds and reported that 6% of females and 17% of males had at least 1 sexual experience with a person of the same sex. Remafedi et al,10 in a large, population-based study of junior and senior high school students performed in the late 1980s that measured sexual fantasy, emotional attraction, and sexual behavior, found that more than 25% of 12-year-old students felt uncertain about their sexual orientation. This uncertainty decreased with the passage of time and increasing sexual experience to only 5% of 18-year-old students. Only 1.1% of students reported themselves as predominantly homosexual or bisexual. However, 4.5% reported primary sexual attractions to persons of the same sex, which better reflects actual sexual orientation. The Garofalo et al study,16 based on the 1995 Massachusetts Youth Risk Behavior Survey, found that 2.5% of youth self-identified as gay, lesbian, or bisexual.
These data illustrate the complexity of labeling sexual orientation in adolescents. Health care professionals should be aware that a large number of adolescents have questions about their sexual feelings; some are attracted to and may have sexual relations with people of the same sex, and a small number may know themselves to be gay or lesbian.
SPECIAL NEEDS OF NONHETEROSEXUAL AND QUESTIONING YOUTH
The overall goal in caring for youth who are or think they might be gay, lesbian, or bisexual is the same as for all youth: to promote normal adolescent development, social and emotional well-being, and physical health. If their environment is critical of their emerging sexual orientation, these adolescents may experience profound isolation and fear of discovery, which interferes with achieving developmental tasks of adolescence related to self-esteem, identity, and intimacy.17,18 Nonheterosexual youth often are subjected to harassment and violence; 45% of gay men and 20% of lesbians surveyed were victims of verbal and physical assaults in secondary school specifically because of their sexual orientation.1,19
Nonheterosexual youth are at higher risk of dropping out of school, being kicked out of their homes, and turning to life on the streets for survival. Some of these youth engage in substance use, and they are more likely than heterosexual peers to start using tobacco, alcohol, and illegal drugs at an earlier age.20 Nonheterosexual youth are more likely to have had sexual intercourse, to have had more partners, and to have experienced sexual intercourse against their will,20 putting them at increased risk of STDs including HIV infection. In a recent study of HIV seroprevalence, 7% of 3492 15- to 22-year-old males who have sex with males living in 7 US cities were HIV-seropositive. Among adolescent males who have sex with males, HIV seroprevalence rates in descending order were highest among black adolescents, then “mixed race or other” adolescents, and then Hispanic adolescents and were lowest among Asian and white adolescents.21 Women having sex with women have the lowest risk of any STD, but lesbian adolescents remain at significant risk because they are likely to have had sexual intercourse with males. Youth in high school who identify themselves as gay, lesbian, or bisexual; engage in sexual activity with persons of the same sex; or report same-sex romantic attractions or relationships are more likely to attempt suicide, be victimized, and abuse substances.20,22 Although only representing a portion of youth who someday will self-identify as gay, lesbian, or bisexual, school-based studies have found that these adolescents, compared with heterosexual peers, are 2 to 7 times more likely to attempt suicide,16,19,23,24 are 2 to 4 times more likely to be threatened with a weapon at school,16,23 and are more likely to engage in frequent and heavy use of alcohol, marijuana, and cocaine. It is important to note that these psychosocial problems and suicide attempts in nonheterosexual youth are neither universal nor attributable to homosexuality per se, but they are significantly associated with stigmatization of gender nonconformity, stress, violence, lack of support, dropping out of school, family problems, acquaintances’ suicide attempts, homelessness, and substance abuse.2,25 In addition to suicidality, young gay and bisexual men might also suffer body image dissatisfaction and disordered eating behaviors for some of the same reasons.26
Nonheterosexual youth are represented within all populations of adolescents, all social classes, and all racial and ethnic groups. Ethnic minority youth who are nonheterosexual are required to manage more than one stigmatized identity, which increases their level of vulnerability and stress.27 They retain their minority status when they seek help in the predominately white gay and lesbian support communities. In addition, sexual minority youth are represented among handicapped adolescents, homeless adolescents, and incarcerated youth.1
Most nonheterosexual youths are “invisible” and will pass through pediatricians’ offices without raising the issue of sexual orientation on their own. Therefore, health care professionals should raise issues of sexual orientation and sexual behavior with all adolescent patients or refer them to a colleague who can. Such discussions normalize the notion that there is a range of sexual orientation. The portrayal of openly gay or lesbian characters in media is starting to change how adolescents view these differences. Even adolescents who are quite sure of their own heterosexuality are likely to have friends, relatives, teachers, etc whom they know or suspect to be gay or lesbian or who are struggling with questions about their sexual orientation. Rather than asking patients whether they have a “boyfriend” or “girlfriend,” pediatricians could ask, “Have you ever had a romantic relationship with a boy or a girl?” or “When you think of people to whom you are sexually attracted, are they men, women, both, neither, or are you not sure yet?” By doing so, pediatricians open the door to additional communication and start to break down stereotypes and stigmatization. It implies that any of the options is possible and that an adolescent may not be sure of his or her sexual orientation. If these issues are addressed, specifically targeted medical screening, medical treatment, and anticipatory guidance can be provided to adolescents who need it. Pediatricians can have an important positive effect on young people and their families by addressing sexual orientation and sexual behavior on several levels: office and hospital policies, clinical care, and community advocacy.2
OFFICE PRACTICE: ENSURE A SAFE AND SUPPORTIVE ENVIRONMENT
A pediatric encounter may give adolescents a rare opportunity to discuss their concerns about their sexual orientation and/or activities. Adolescents’ level of comfort in the pediatric office sets the tone for their other health care interactions. The way sexuality and other important personal issues are discussed also sets an example for all adolescents and their parents. In the office, pediatricians are encouraged to28:
Assure the patient that his or her confidentiality is protected.29
Implement policies against insensitive or inappropriate jokes and remarks by office staff.
Be sure that information forms use gender-neutral, nonjudgmental language.
Consider displaying posters, brochures, and information on bulletin boards that demonstrate support of issues important to nonheterosexual youth and their families (eg, the American Academy of Pediatrics [AAP] brochure “Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Teens: Facts for Teens and their Parents”).
Provide information about support groups and other resources to nonheterosexual youth and their friends and families if requested.
COMPREHENSIVE HEALTH CARE FOR ALL ADOLESCENTS
Pediatricians are not responsible for labeling or even identifying nonheterosexual youth. Instead, the pediatrician should create a clinical environment in which clear messages are given that sensitive personal issues including sexual orientation can be discussed whenever the adolescent feels ready to do so. A major obstacle to effective medical care is adolescents’ misunderstanding of their right to confidential care.30 The pediatrician should be ready to raise and discuss issues of sexual orientation with all adolescents, particularly those in distress or engaged in high-risk behaviors. The pediatrician should be able to explore the adolescent’s understanding and concerns about sexual orientation, dispel any misconceptions, provide appropriate medical care and anticipatory guidance, and connect the adolescent to appropriate supportive community resources. Pediatricians are encouraged to29,31:
Be aware of the special issues surrounding the development of sexual orientation.29
Assure the patient that his or her confidentiality is protected.29
Discuss emerging sexuality with all adolescents.32
Be knowledgeable that many heterosexual youth also may have sexual experiences with people of their own sex. Labeling as homosexual an adolescent who has had sexual experiences with persons of the same sex or is questioning his or her sexual orientation could be premature, inappropriate, and counterproductive.
Use gender-neutral language in discussing sexuality; use the word “partner” rather than “boyfriend” or “girlfriend,” and talk about “protection” rather than just “birth control.”
Give evidence of support and acceptance to adolescents questioning their sexual orientation.
Provide information and resources regarding gay, lesbian, and bisexual issues to all interested adolescents.
Ask all adolescents about risky behaviors, depression, and suicidal thoughts.
Encourage abstinence, discourage multiple partners, and provide “safer sex” guidelines to all adolescents.33 Discuss the risks associated with anal intercourse for those who choose to engage in this behavior, and teach them ways to decrease risk.
Counsel all adolescents about the link between substance use (alcohol, marijuana, and other drugs) and unsafe sexual intercourse.
Ask all adolescents about personal experience with violence including sexual or intimate-partner violence.
Provide additional screening and education as indicated for each adolescent’s sexual activity:
STD testing from appropriate sites34
HIV testing with appropriate support and counseling35
Hepatitis B and, when appropriate, hepatitis A immunization
Ensure that colleagues to whom adolescents are referred or with whom you consult are respectful of the range of adolescents’ sexual orientation.
SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR NONHETEROSEXUAL YOUTH
For adolescents who self-identify as gay, lesbian, or bisexual, pediatricians should be particularly aware of several points:
Be prepared to refer adolescents’ care if you have personal barriers to providing such care. Many individuals have strong negative attitudes about homosexuality or may simply feel uncomfortable with the subject. Even discomfort expressed through body language can send a very damaging message to nonheterosexual youth. It is an ethical and professional obligation to make an appropriate referral in these situations for the good of the child or adolescent.
Assure the patient that his or her confidentiality is protected.29 Discuss with adolescents and, if appropriate, their parents whether they wish to have their sexual orientation recorded in office and hospital charts. Many nonheterosexual adults prefer to have this information recorded so that health care professionals will not assume heterosexuality.
Help the adolescent think through his or her feelings carefully; strong same-sex feelings and even sexual experiences can occur at this age and do not define sexual orientation.
Carefully identify all risky behaviors (sexual behaviors; use of tobacco, alcohol, and drugs; etc) and offer advice and treatment if indicated.
Ask about mental health concerns and evaluate or refer patients with identified problems.
Offer support and advice to adolescents faced with or anticipating conflicts with families and/or friends.
Encourage transition to adult health care when age-appropriate.
Pediatricians should be aware that the revelation of an adolescent’s homosexuality (also called disclosure or “coming out”) has the potential for intense family discord.1,2,28 In many families, it precipitates physical and/or emotional abuse or even expulsion. The pediatrician can advise the adolescent to use certain language that may be helpful at the time of disclosure, such as “I am the same person, you just know one more thing about me now.” However, there is no one disclosure technique that will preclude negative reactions. Parents, siblings, and other family members may require professional help to deal with their confusion, anger, guilt, and feelings of loss, and professionals who work with adolescents may be required to intervene on the adolescent’s behalf. If the pediatrician has a relationship with the parents from ongoing primary care, he or she can be an important initial source of support and information. However, adolescents should be counseled to think carefully about the consequences of disclosure and to take their time in sharing information that could have many repercussions.1
With regard to parents of nonheterosexual adolescents, pediatricians are encouraged to:
Advise adolescents about whether, when, and how to disclose their nonheterosexuality to their parents. If unsure, assist the adolescent in finding a knowledgeable professional who can help.
Be knowledgeable about the process of disclosure.
Be supportive of parents of adolescents who have disclosed that they are not heterosexual. Most states have chapters of Parents and Friends of Lesbians and Gays (PFLAG) to which interested families may be referred.
Be prepared to refer parents if you do not feel personally comfortable accepting this responsibility.
Despite AAP statements issued in 198342 and 199343 urging excellent clinical care for nonheterosexual adolescents, these patients still experience many risks to their physical and mental health and safety that occur outside the scope of usual office practice. Some pediatricians may wish to take a broader role in their communities to help decrease these risks. Pediatricians could model and provide opportunities for increasing awareness and knowledge of homosexuality and bisexuality among school staff, mental health professionals, and other community leaders. They can make themselves available as resources for community HIV and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) education and prevention activities. It is critical that schools find a way to create safe and supportive environments for students who are or wonder about being nonheterosexual or who have a parent or other family member who is nonheterosexual. Support from respected pediatricians can facilitate these efforts greatly. Pediatricians who choose to be active on these issues may wish to2,28:
Help raise awareness among school and community leaders of issues relevant to nonheterosexual youth.
Help with the discussion of when and how factual materials about sexual orientation should be included in school curricula and in school and community libraries.
Support the development and maintenance of school- and community-based support groups for nonheterosexual students and their friends and parents.
Support HIV and AIDS prevention and education efforts.
Develop and/or request continuing education opportunities for health care professionals related to issues of sexual orientation, nonheterosexual youth, and their families.
SUMMARY OF PHYSICIAN GUIDELINES
The AAP reaffirms the physician’s responsibility to provide comprehensive health care and guidance in a safe and supportive environment for all adolescents, including nonheterosexual adolescents and young people struggling with issues of sexual orientation. Some pediatricians might choose to assume the additional role of advocating for nonheterosexual youth and their families in their communities. The deadly consequences of HIV and AIDS, the damaging effects of violence and ostracism, and the increased prevalence of adolescent suicidal behavior underscore the critical need to address and seek to prevent the major physical and mental health problems that confront nonheterosexual youths in their transition to a healthy adulthood.
Committee on Adolescence, 2002–2003
David W. Kaplan, MD, MPH, Chairperson
Angela Diaz, MD
Ronald A. Feinstein, MD
Martin M. Fisher, MD
Jonathan D. Klein, MD, MPH
W. Samuel Yancy, MD
Past Committee Members
Luis F. Olmedo, MD
Ellen S. Rome, MD, MPH
S. Paige Hertweck, MD
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists
Glen Pearson, MD
American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
Miriam E. Kaufman, MD
Canadian Paediatric Society
Barbara L. Frankowski, MD, MPH
Past Liaison to Section on School Health
Diane G. Sacks, MD
Past Liaison From Canadian Paediatric Society
Ellen C. Perrin, MD
Karen S. Smith
The guidance in this report does not indicate an exclusive course of treatment or serve as a standard of medical care. Variations, taking into account individual circumstances, may be appropriate.
- ↵Ryan C, Futterman D. Lesbian and Gay Youth: Care and Counseling. New York, NY: Columbia University Press; 1998
- ↵Perrin EC. Sexual Orientation in Child and Adolescent Health Care. New York, NY: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers; 2002
- ↵Bell AP, Weinberg MS. Homosexualities: A Study of Diversity Among Men and Women. New York, NY: Simon and Shuster; 1978
- ↵Jay K, Young A. The Gay Report: Lesbians and Gay Men Speak Out About Their Sexual Experiences and Lifestyles. New York, NY: Summitt Books; 1979
- ↵Rowlett JD, Patel D, Greydanus DE. Homosexuality. In: Greydanus DE, Wolraich ML, eds. Behavioral Pediatrics. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag;1992:37–54
- ↵Kinsey AC, Pomeroy WB, Martin CE. Sexual Behavior in the Human Male. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders Co; 1948
- ↵Remafedi G, Resnick M, Blum R, Harris L. Demography of sexual orientation in adolescents. Pediatrics.1992;89 :714– 721
- ↵American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 3rd ed. Revised. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 1987
- ↵Kinsey AC, Pomeroy WB, Martin CE. Sexual Behavior in the Human Female. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders Co; 1953
- ↵Sorenson RC. Adolescent Sexuality in Contemporary America. New York, NY: World Publishing; 1973
- ↵Remafedi G. Adolescent homosexuality: psychosocial and medical implications. Pediatrics.1987;79 :331– 337
- ↵Garofalo R, Wolf RC, Kessel S, Palfrey SJ, DuRant RH. The association between health risk behaviors and sexual orientation among a school-based sample of adolescents. Pediatrics.1998;101 :895– 902
- ↵Remafedi G, Farrow JA, Deisher RW. Risk factors for attempted suicide in gay and bisexual youth. Pediatrics.1991;87 :869– 875
- ↵Savin-Williams RC, Cohen KM. The Lives of Lesbians, Gays, and Bisexuals: Children to Adults. Fort Worth, TX: Harcourt Brace College Publishing; 1996
- ↵Perrin EC. Pediatricians and gay and lesbian youth. Pediatr Rev.1996;17 :311– 318
- ↵American Academy of Pediatrics. Confidentiality in adolescent health care. AAP News. April 1989:9. Reaffirmed January 1993
- ↵Ryan C, Futterman D. Caring for gay and lesbian teens. Contemp Pediatr.1998;15 :107– 130
- ↵American Academy of Pediatrics, Committee on Psychosocial Aspects of Child and Family Health and Committee on Adolescence. Sexuality education for children and adolescents. Pediatrics.2001;108 :498– 502
- ↵American Academy of Pediatrics, Committee on Adolescence. Condom use by adolescents. Pediatrics.2001;107 :1463– 1469
- ↵American Academy of Pediatrics, Committee on Adolescence. Sexually transmitted diseases. Pediatrics.1994;94 :568– 572
- ↵American Academy of Pediatrics, Committee on Pediatric AIDS and Committee on Adolescence. Adolescents and human immunodeficiency virus infection: the role of the pediatrician in prevention and intervention. Pediatrics.2001;107 :188– 190
- ↵American Academy of Pediatrics, Committee on Adolescence. Counseling the adolescent about pregnancy options. Pediatrics.1998;101 :938– 940
- ↵American Academy of Pediatrics, Committee on Adolescence. Adolescent pregnancy—current trends and issues: 1998. Pediatrics.1999;103 :516– 520
- ↵Gold MA, Perrin EC, Futterman D, Friedman SB. Children of gay or lesbian parents. Pediatr Rev.1994;15 :354– 358
- Perrin EC. Children whose parents are lesbian or gay. Contemp Pediatr.1998;15 :113– 130
- American Academy of Pediatrics, Committee on Psychosocial Aspects of Child and Family Health. Coparent or second-parent adoption by same-sex parents. Pediatrics.2002;109 :339– 340
- ↵Benkov L. Reinventing the Family: The Emerging Story of Lesbian and Gay Parents. New York, NY: Crown Publishers; 1994
- ↵American Academy of Pediatrics, Committee on Adolescence. Homosexuality and adolescence. Pediatrics.1983;72 :249– 250
- ↵American Academy of Pediatrics, Committee on Adolescence. Homosexuality and adolescence. Pediatrics.1993;92 :631– 634
- Copyright © 2004 by the American Academy of Pediatrics


Last time we talked about chain links that start out as figure 8s, and I said that my next area of focus would be on a capital letter B. Before I do that I want to share a picture of some links that I couldn’t find last week in time for the blog. These were purchased from an old collection of metal detector finds from the Balkans. They are supposed to be Medieval, which is plausible. The most poorly crafted chain in the batch is actually the forth down from the top. The links look like they were cut with a chisel (there is at least one double strike) and no attempt was made to make the ends of the links square. It reminds us that not all “old” craftsmanship was good (but that is still no excuse for lousy modern craftsmanship).
I admit that another week of research on the topic of link forms has changed my mind a little. I have talked about this before. One of the dangers of continuing to do research in digital archives all over Europe, while writing blogs, is that sometimes you change your mind. A thing is not exactly what you thought it was. So in this case “B” is for bent.
Now “bent” may seem a bit obtuse, but imagine that you have made half of one of those last figure eight links that we talked about, and then instead of making the other half, you simply bent the remaining wire down in a gentle arch until it reached the bottom end of the formed bottom of the eight… confused? Here is a photo of some links to clarify. The top picture shows the links from straight down, and the bottom picture shows them from the side so that you can see how 3D they are. The figure eight link is the one that I mentioned. The link to the right of that shows what I mean by only making half of the figure 8, then the middle link shows the beginning of the bending process, and the forth link from the left shows the completed link. The link all the way to the right is the same link form flipped on to its side so that you can see the half circle clearly. Better?
Take a look at the chains on this chatelaine at the British Museum. This 7th century Merovingian piece has three identical chains hanging from it. But if you look at the last link on the bottom of the center chain you can see exactly the form that I am talking about. It is half of an eight with the other end of the wire bent to form a half circle.
Now I think that this link form was one of the ones that really confused me when I first looked at it about five or six years ago. So I went in search of other similar links in other areas of Europe. I like to see how pervasive a form is, and how long we seem to find the form. Is it a local fad, or do we find it in a lot of places? I found several chains with the ‘bent” links in the Swedish National Museum, four from Gotland and one from Öland, and all from the Viking Age. I was trying to locate the museum’s technical definition of the Viking Age, since not everyone uses the same exact dates, but I couldn’t find it, so we will go with A.D. 793–1066. This picture has three pieces of chain, from the island of Gotland. If you click on the small picture it will bring up a bigger one. The top piece is a simple two in one link pattern, but the bottom two are both the “bent” links. The middle chain is particularly nice because the last two links on the left side are both slightly open, which allows you to see exactly how they were formed and put together.
I was still looking for a few more examples from other places in Europe, I am sure that there are more, it is just a matter of spending enough hours going through digital archives. At the last minute I found this piece from Germany in the Metropolitan Museum of Art. It is a Censor for burning incense, dating to the 12th Century. This close-up shows the form of the links really nicely.
And Next Time: A couple of other unusual, but not uncommon, link forms.


How did Feminism evolve?
The word Feminism derived from French féminisme, in the late 19th century. The first Women’s Rights Movement began in the United States which was a turning point in women’s history. It was a convention that took place in Seneca Falls, New York in July 19, 1848. About hundred people had gathered at the convention, two thirds were women and the rest were men. The important planners of this conference were Elizabeth Cady Stanton, a mother four children and Lucretia Mott, a Quaker abolitionist. The Declaration of Sentiments was signed successfully after a long debate at the convention. The Declaration of Sentiments was a document that presented a list of discrimination women faced in America. Twelve resolutions were proposed to support women’s voting rights and to treat women and men equal under the law.
Next, the first National Women’s Rights Convention took place in Worcester, Massachusetts in 1850. It was a sequence of yearly meetings that brought about 1,000 people combining men and women. The planners of these gathering were Susan B. Anthony, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Lucretia Mott and many other abolitionists. Many issues were introduced and discussed at this event such as property rights of women, marriage reform, education and equal pay.
Waves of Feminism:
The Seneca Falls Convention is known as the First Wave of Feminism movement which began in the mid-19th century. It is assumed that the First Wave ended in 1920, when the U.S. added 19th amendment to the constitution and granted women the right to vote.
The Second Wave of Feminism began in 1960. At the time, women were restricted to gender roles such as household duties and indoor activities. The Second Wave of Feminism mainly focused on social inequality, sexual stereotypes, reproductive rights and women’s rights in the workplace. Primary organizations such as NOW short for National Organization for Women led campaigns to raise awareness among women and recognize the ways in which they were oppressed. The Second Wave of Feminism ended in the 1980s with prohibition on sex discrimination regardless of race, color and religion and the EEOC (Equal Employment Opportunity Commission) which was formed to implement the Civil Rights Act.
The Third Wave of Feminism emerged in 1990 and still continues today. The Third Wave of Feminism focuses on low income or uneducated women, abortion rights and women’s role in society. However, The wave contains more complexity than the First and Second wave of Feminism because it takes on the global perspective. It supports and interacts with women in developing countries such as the Middle East and Africa by empowering women to gain equal opportunity and form their unique identity. Also, the Third Wave of Feminism is known to support the transgender community that weren’t included in the Second Wave of Feminism.
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It is agreed by everyone (except the nuclear industry) that nuclear power is the most expensive form of electricity – more expensive than wind energy, solar photovoltaic (PV) and more expensive that concentrated solar power (CSP) with six hours of energy storage.
The South African government has researched this during the Integrated Resource Plan (IRP) process, and come to the same conclusion. This graph, extracted from the final IRP report, clearly shows that if the 40% cost overruns (which are inevitable in nuclear power) are included, then all the other forms of power generation are cheaper to build. Note, however, that these are the construction costs per kW peak only. Calculating the cost per kWh is complex, and requires many assumptions around capital costs and repayment terms, load factor, plant life time and in the case of nuclear, decommissioning costs, long term waste management, fuel costs and insurance premiums.
The reason for the costs of renewable energy falling over time, is that as the technology and volume of sales improves for renewable technologies, the cost will fall. Every year, nuclear power looks like a more and more stupid option. This is why the nuclear industry is pushing so hard for an order to be signed now.


Funny thing about communication is everyone is talking about it but no-one is really doing it. Want to learn about communication, better ways to communicate, how to communicate with your spouse, how to communicate with your child, how to communicate at work, how to communicate your feelings you can easily walk into any bookstore and find 100’s of books surrounding the topic of communication. Don’t feel like stepping foot in a bookstore enter communication into the magic google bar and be ready to be overwhelmed with 1000’s of results on the topic. To lazy to type then push that magic button and ask siri and she will have tons of wisdom for you. If you rather talk to a real person, ask the person next to you about communication and they will have a wealth of information for you. You get it. Basically, information on communication is everywhere and everyone is talking about it, even me! However, many of these people aren’t doing it. It’s cliche, I know, however it’s time that we start communicating. Not just any kind of communicating but TLC.
What does the word communication mean? If we look at it’s latin roots, according to dictionary.com communicate comes from the latin word communicatus which means to impart or communicare impart or inform. However, like many things over the years, decades, and centuries the definition changed. Today communicate can be defined; according to merriam-webster.com, to get someone to understand your thoughts and feelings. Hence, this is what communication looks like for many Awww, this explains so much. Let’s begin, shall we?
Many people communicate with the intentions to get the other person to understand their thoughts or perhaps to try and sway or change another’s persons thoughts. There are many books that will even proclaim they can teach you how to do just this type of communication. Here is the problem with this type of communication, you aren’t communicating. Convincing possibly, swaying maybe, judging plausibly, debating probably. The issue with this definition and style of communicating is you aren’t simply informing but you are trying to get the other person to sway or understand your side.
If we stick to the basic definition of communicate, to inform, we can change the entire way we communicate. Inform is to simply give knowledge. What the person does with it, doesn’t really matter to you. Thus the saying agree to disagree. The type of Communicating I want to discuss consist of Talking, Listening, and Connecting. Yep, taken from my beautiful initials TLC. I base the principles of my therapy and coaching around this form of communication. Today I am going to break it down for you.
Talking – to communicate exchange ideas through speaking (Dictionary.com)
In order to properly communicate you must actually speak to the person. What I can’t send a text? Nope, you have to open your mouth and allow the beautiful sounds and words come out of your mouth. Let me pause for a second, and discuss this whole idea of communicating via text.
There is a time and place for communicating via text. Want to send a quick message, sure you can text that person. Already have a strong foundation of communicating, understanding, and a secure attachment, then sure you can communicate some things via text. The problem with texting as a foundation of communication is; I can’t hear your expressions and I can’t see your face. I can, however, misread and misinterpret your words that I am reading. Think about it, when we read a book, we all read the characters voice in different ways, we interpret certain things differently, we allow our imaginations to run free this is the beauty of reading. So, what makes reading a text any different. If I don’t have a strong foundation and secure attachment to you, then chances are I am going to misinterpret your text every single time. You text K, I read they are mad, they don’t want to talk to me, they are busy, they don’t care, and so on and so on. When in reality, you simply meant OK. Nothing more nothing less. You text, hey, how are you. They read, they really like me, they were thinking about me, this is going to be My future spouse, they are feeling me. When in reality, you simply wanted to say hi. You get the idea. Without the ability to look you in face or hear the expressions in your voice, I don’t really know what you mean. What this type of communication leads to is the new age communication debating. Trying to convince the other person of something, usually what you meant by the text and/or what they read.
Ok, hit play.
When you talk to someone you are telling them all about yourself, you are sharing your views of the world with them, they are learning how your mind works. Talking, when done properly, is a way of sharing your inner thoughts, your soul.
How do we effectively talk? The idea of talking is to converse without expectations. It’s a moment when you can allow yourself the freedom of expression without judgement. (we will get to that in a moment) I ask each of my couples to spend 15 min each day talking. I usually give the stipulation of not discussing kids, money, or work. Why do I give such a stipulation? Because this type of talking isn’t soul connecting. Many times people will have filler type conversations. You know the kind of conversations you have with someone while waiting in line or with the grocery cashier. You aren’t exactly bearing your soul to these people. Well, some of you may. I call this type of talking filler talk because you are simply filling space and time. You aren’t interested in really talking or listening to the person and you surely aren’t trying to connect with them. When I take out these 3 topics, many couples say, “what the heck will we talk about then Tanyell?” How about yourself, each other, your relationship, your dreams, your sorrows, and the list goes on. What many people fail to realize is that we are forever changing. Yes, you hear all the time. I am who I am, I can’t change them, I haven’t changed, and blah blah blah. If we didn’t evolve and grow, we would die. We would cease to exist as a species. If you haven’t changed since you were 20…. you get the gist. By constantly talking to each other, we are constantly connecting and learning.
Listening- to give attention with the ear. (dictionary.com)
Can you see how texting in the context of TL C communication isn’t effective. If you are communicating via text, you are reading with the eye, not listening with the ear. I won’t pause again to lecture on texting. Listening is an important part of communication, in fact I would say it is probably the most valuable part. When we listen to a person, we are simply hearing the information they are giving. We aren’t waiting to reply, rebuttal, report, refute, review, restate, or any other r word that I can’t think of right now! Wait, I have another one, respond. (I humor myself) We are simply listening. When we truly listen to a person speaking, we are able to hear their soul. A person who is being listened to doesn’t feel the need to convince the other person to see things their way. They feel heard and when they feel heard they feel secure enough to talk. See what I did there? (insert emoji wink) Missed it? Ok, let me break it down. In order for a person to feel secure enough to talk to you they must feel that you are listening. This is why filler conversations will take place in lines, because honestly, who feels secure enough to actually talk to the person in line with them. (yes, I put a period. That wasn’t a question. (inert emoji side eye))
How do you know you are listening? When you are listening to a person, they don’t feel the need to change their communication style to convince. In order to listen effectively, you have to hear the person without judgement. A lot of times, when we are listening to a person talk, we are judging. Listening for certain words and key words. Listening with an intent to respond. When you are listening in the context of TLC, you are hearing the person. There aren’t any distractions. This means no cellphones, no tv, no video games, no cleaning, no chores, no computer, and definitely no kids. (the ultimate distraction) You are focused whole heartedly on the person speaking. Giving eye contact. Asking non judgmental or accusatory questions. Really hearing the expression in their voice. It isn’t about you. Ok, I am going to attempt to give an example of this, but remember reading vs listening is different. Here it goes!
P, "How was your day?" J, Breathes hard, "Long." P, "Wow, it sounds like it. Anything happen in particular today?" J, "Not really, I had a report due today, and it wasn't quite right. So, I had to reconfigure some things and it just consumed my entire day." P, "Awe, Sounds like you spent your entire day redoing work that felt like you already did. That seems like it could be frustrating." J, "extremely frustrating!" P, "I'm sorry. Do you want to talk about it?" and the band played on
What would usually happen in this conversation is A. P would ask how was your day. J would respond with long. P would get irritated with the short response because they missed the exasperated breath J took and the look of exhaust on their face. or B. P would begin an interrogating round of questions because P has an interior motive of trying to figure out why J didn’t answer their phone or text earlier. See the difference? In order to effectively listen, you have to be selfless. This part of the TLC isn’t about you, it’s about the speaker. You had your chance or your chance to talk is coming. It’s their chance. When you remove yourself from listening, you are able to effectively listen to the person talking. And you will be able to officially hear what it is they are trying to inform you about. This leads us to the final and most beautiful part.
Connecting- To join, link, or fasten together. Unite or bind latin- tie (dictionary.com)
Feeling connected to someone is one of the most important human needs. Connection comes in many different forms for humans. There is emotional connection, physical connection, mental connection, spiritual connection, sexual connection. Communication can provide all these types of connections. When you Talk to someone and Listen to someone, it ties you together, it unites you. You feel a connection to them. When a person opens their soul to you, and you receive it, an exchange happens that allows you to connect to the person on a deeper level. Keep in mind this is a double lane road, it isn’t a one way street. This is the difference in a relationship, say with a, therapist. Sometimes a person will begin to feel a connection with their therapist, but that connection can’t be solidified or deepened unless the therapist crosses boundaries and begins to talk to the client. Without both persons being active participants in the T and L, you can’t have the C. How will I know I am connected? Because you will feel it… ok, ok, ok…. I will give detailed answer. You will know you are connected because you will feel secure. You will be ok with a text message that reads K. You will be ok with those short conversations via text. You won’t feel rejected when your phone call isn’t immediately answered. You won’t get defensive when your talking and they are informing. You will feel secure, safe, satisfied. The feeling of connectedness is individual. We can’t tell a person when she or he feels connected, but we can see it. Actions are different when people feel connected. The entire purpose of communication is to become connected. You communicate to inform to connect. Communicate is equal to connect. Definition numero 2 of connect, according to dictionary.com, is to establish communication between. I want to connect with you, I want to communicate with you. You can’t have connection with communication and you can’t communicate without connecting. They are joined at the hip.
Finishing it up…..
I saw a funny post the other day.
The thing about this post is the husband who wins, probably, gives TLC to his spouse. They have a secure attachment to one another. More than likely he has already effectively communicated with his wife and she doesn’t feel the urge to call him, text him, dm him, FaceTime him, snapchat him, message him, or whatever else she could possibly do via phone. The wife who calls first, unless of course there is an emergency, more than likely is lacking TLC. So you see, you can’t define connectedness, but you can see it. It shows up in actions. More than likely the moment the rules where stated, the husband with the best communication skills, cheated, and informed his wife about the game! No? Ok, I guess we are the only ones that would cheat…. (insert embarrassed emoji)
This post inspired this blog. I see the couple who lost in my office and I hear the partner exasperation when they say to me, “I called and text him all night and he didn’t answer!! His excuse, he was playing some dumb a@$ game! A game was more important than calling me or answering my calls?!” I hear the defeat/confusion in his voice when he says, “I didn’t know this was going to cause ww1. It was just a game, it wasn’t that serious. They knew I was out, where I was, I don’t understand. I was only gone for a couple of hours.” This is the result of lack of TLC. Rather than the husbands laugh, high five, and poke fun at the husbands who lost and got a phone call, they should be turning to the husband who didn’t get a phone call, and asking them about communication.


Haumea Hot Spot
Spot Discovered on Dwarf Planet Haumea Shows Up Red and Rich with Organics and Minerals
The spot was discovered by measuring changes in its brightness as it rotates. The origin of the spot is unknown, however its “light curve”, which describes variations in its brightness over time, is not exactly the same shape in all wavelengths. Small but persistent differences indicate that the dark spot is slightly redder in visible light and slightly bluer at infrared wavelengths.
“Our very first measurements of Haumea told us there was a spot on the surface. The two brightness maxima and the two minima of the light curve are not exactly equal, as would be expected from a uniform surface. This indicates the presence of a dark spot on the otherwise bright surface. But Haumea’s light curve has told us more and it was only when we got the infrared data that were we able to begin to understand what the spot might be,” said Dr. Pedro Lacerda, Newton Fellow at Queen's University Belfast.
Haumea orbits the sun beyond Neptune, in a region known as the Kuiper belt. It is the fourth largest known Kuiper belt object (KBO) after Eris, Pluto and Makemake. These large KBOs, together with main-belt asteroid Ceres, are known as dwarf planets.
Because of its large distance from the Earth, Haumea is visible only as a rather uninformative point of light. Most of what we know about this object was derived from its brightness variations, or “light curve”. Because of its rotation and elongated shape, Haumea brightens and dims periodically as it reflects more and less sunlight. The extent of this variation tells us how elongated Haumea is, and the time between each brightening and dimming is a measure of the rotation period. The precise Haumea shape and spin period imply that it has a density 2.5 times that of water. Since we know from spectroscopic observations that Haumea is covered in water ice, this high density implies Haumea must have a rocky interior, in contrast with its bright icy surface.
New observations of this spot are planned for early 2010 using the ESO Very Large Telescope. “Now we will get detailed spectroscopy of the spot to hopefully identify its chemical composition and solve the puzzle of its origin” Lacerda concluded. Understanding the chemical inventory of objects in the solar system can help astrobiologists understand what types of molecules could have been delivered to the early Earth to play a role in the origins of life.


Planck introduced Planck’s constant in his proof of Planck’s law using statistics based on an ad hoc assumption that the “smallest packet of energy” or “quantum of action” of a wave of frequency is equal to . Later appeared in Schrödinger’s wave equation as a measure of the diameter of an atom. Planck’s constant thus has two meanings and the connection has remained a mystery, well supported by a statistical interpretation of the wave function as solution to the wave equation and with the photon as a mysterious particle of energy or .
To seek to resolve the mystery let us consider wave mechanics without reference to statistics presented in Mathematical Physics of Blackbody Radiation and Computational Blackbody Radiation, which offers a New View of blackbody radiation based on a generic wave model of a blackbody (as a web of atoms) with the following radiation spectrum of the principal form of Planck’s law:
- for ,
- for ,
where is temperature in Kelvin, is frequency and and are two parameters with representing a high-frequency cut-off. Radiative equilibrium between two such blackbodies defined by parameters with the same high frequency cut-off, shows that where is a universal constant. The generic wave model thus effectively depends on one parameter, which we take to be as a representation of Planck’s constant. We here assume that Boltzmann’s constant as a measure of energy per degree Kelvin is normalized to 1.
We observe that the cut-off condition has the form
which gives the parameter in the a wave model in computational form the meaning of a mesh parameter which can be connected to the diameter of the atoms forming the web supporting the wave model. We thus have only one meaning of Planck’s constant as a mesh size parameter.
In the New View based on wave mechanics there is no need to give a different meaning as a mysterious smallest “packet of energy or action” of a wave of frequency and there is no need to speak about a particle named photon. According to Ockham’s razor this should be a step forward.
To view as a measure of the size of atoms is rational and thus not mysterious. To view as a measure of “smallest packet of energy” of a wave of frequency is irrational and thus mysterious.
Observing the radiation spectrum from a peephole of a cavity with graphite walls, as a physical wave model of a backbody, allows and to be determined experimentally.


While using this method in financial forecasting, the following assumptions should be taken into consideration.
However, the assumption only hold if the sample of the population of y values for agiven x is normal with a mean μy/x = α + βx .
The linear regression analysis tool is a very important tool to managers, this is because, it provide the managers with prior information as relates to what is happening in the external and internal environment of the organization. It has been observed that most mangers will prefer the regression analysis technique because of its ability to provide superior reliable information. Regression analysis ensures that the results produced are very accurate. This enables the manager to make objective measures concerning the relationship between the independent and the dependent variables instead of relying on personal judgments,. The use of linear regression analysis provides accurate information which the manager can rely on especially during decision making process. This is because, the results obtained from simple linear regression can empirically be tested for accuracy and reliability with the other parties and still finds the same results.
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The results obtained from the linear regression can be tested using specific tools and packages that are available in the computer. Most of the computers used within the company have specific packages and softwares that can be used to provide a few statistics. For instance, R-square and the student T-value statistics. This two statistical test help the managers to determine the accuracy of the predictions and hence the level of reliability of the result got using the regression analysis is ascertained.
The use of the multiple regression analysis enables the managers to test for several independent variables which may explain different things about the dependent variables. Despite the method being complex, the manager can still test all the factors which he may think that can have an effect on a given dependent variable. By using several variables, the accuracy of the model is greatly improved.
The use of regression analysis in the organization provides the needed input for the activity based-cost and the management techniques. The techniques enable the manager to understand what activities or transactions cause the acquisition and use of resources. It enables the managers to establish objective in decision making processes.
One of the disadvantages of linear regression analysis is that it only considers linear relationships between dependent and the independent variables. It is important to note that at times, this may not be correct because of certain factors. For instance, when we consider the relationship between age and income, we realize that it is curved. This is because, income does tend to rise in the early parts of adulthood, then flatten out in later adulthood and later decline after an individual retires.
Another disadvantage of the linear regression model is that it only looks at the relationship between the mean of the dependent variable and the independent variable. Because the mean itself is not a complete description of relationships among variables, this means that simple regression may not be very accurate unless if you apply quintile regression.
Linear regression is very sensitive to outliers. The outliers refer to the data which are very surprising, it is crucial to note that outliers can either be univariat or multivariate variable. For instance, if we consider age and income we find that univariat variables will be things like a person who is 120 years old or one who made $12 million last year. On the other hand a multivariate variable would be things like an 18 year old that made $200000. In this case, we realize that neither income nor age is very extreme, but very few 18 year old people make that much.
Another disadvantage of linear regression is that it assumes that the data are independent. This would imply that the score of one subject of a person could have nothing to do with those of another. This is not very sensible.
This is an advanced forecasting technique which can be used to understand the impact of risk and uncertainties in a financial, project management and cost. The Monte Carlo simulation can tell you based on the ranges the likely estimates of the resulting income.
How Monte Carlo model works
A random value is selected for each of the task based on the range of estimates. The result of the model is calculated and recorded and the process is repeated several times for instance hundreds or thousands of times in each time using different randomly selected values.
At the time when the simulation is complete, a large number of results is obtained and then used to describe the likelihood of reaching various results. This is an advance technique that can prove to be very useful in forecasting financial statements. It can be used to determine whether the statements will reflect profit or losses.
The moving average technique
This is another technique which is used in financial forecasting. The technique is based on the historical trend of any given business organization. However, the method is not convenient in forecasting the financial statements because of myriad of uncertainties that is involved in extending such a series of historical trend.
Sales of a successful new product
Sales of a product nearing the end of the life
The above method can be used to forecast sales of a given business organization for a period of one week a day or during the week this will give the company or the business organization an hourly seasonal pattern superimposed on daily seasonal pattern. Any deviation or fluctuation that may be realized is described as cyclical factors
At times the managers may find the linear regression model to be a very complicated tool for forecasting in the organization especially in occasions where the data to be used in financial forecasting is too large. The use of computers as a method of forecasting in the business organization have proved to be vital to the managers because it carry out forecasting at a much shorter time compared to the linear regression which involves tedious calculations which at time may not be very accurate because of arithmetic errors. The role of the manager here will be simple, only to feed the data into the computer and within a shorter period of time, the computer program will produce a linear model for forecasting purposes.
This is another technique that may be applied in financial forecasting, in this method, the items in the balance sheet which are related to sales are expressed as a percentage of sales by following the steps mentioned below.
Step 1. The first thing to do is to identify the items in the balance sheet which are directly related to sales. For instance current assets-increase in sales due to increased stock of raw materials, work in progress and the finished goods. Increased credit sales will increase debtors while more cash will be required to buy more raw materials in cash.
It is estimated that increased sales may lead to increased purchase of the raw materials
Retained earnings; the retained earnings may increase as the sales increases only if the firm is operating at a profit
Step 2; in step two the above mentioned is expressed as a percentage of sales then determine the relationship between the item and the current sales. Determine the increase in the total assets as a result of the increase in sales.
Determine total increase in the spontaneous sources of finance and the increase in the retained earnings.
Retained earnings=net profit-dividend paid
Net profit margin=net profit
Meaning that the net profit=net profit margin× sales.
The next step for the manager therefore is to get the financing which is needed. And then prepare the proforma financial statements; proforma financial statements are the projected statements at the end of the forecasting period.
N/B. information could be given which necessitates the determination of forecast sales, this will be determined using the following formula:
Sn =So(1+ g)n
Where: Sn = sales n years from now
n= forecasting period
Assumptions of percentage of sales method.
Advantages of the percentage of sales method
The percentage of sales forecasting is important because it is easy to compute because computation is based on the already existing data. On the other hand, one of the disadvantages of this method is that internal resources are allocated differently either in growth or decline. This might affect the planned budget hence may not be a good way for analyzing future expenditure.
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The model is one in which variation of the value of the variable overtime can be described by adding the relevant components. The model uses the following formulae
Actual value=trend +seasonal variation + error
Procedure for using this model
Step 1: calculate the seasonal components
Step 2: deseasonalize the data by removing the seasonal component from the actual values. Then you calculate the trend the deseasonalised figures.
Step 3: here you deduct the trend figures from the deseasonalised figures in order to leave the errors.
Step 4: you calculate the mean average deviation in order to judge whether the model is reasonable or to select the best from different models. Then you calculate the seasonal components for the addictive model.
Let us consider the data below.
Table 2: QUANTITY OF PRODUCT SOLD OVER THE LAST 13 YEARS 3 MOTHLY PERIOD
|Date||quantity sold 000|
|Jan – May||19 x 6||239|
|apr – Jun||201|
|Jul – sep||182|
|Oct – Dec||297|
|Jan – Mar||19 x 7||324|
|apr – Jun||278|
|Jul – sep||257|
|Oct – Dec||384|
|Jan – Mar||19 x 8||401|
|apr – Jun||360|
|Jul – sep||335|
|Oct – Dec||462|
|Jan – Mar||19 x 9||481|
Let us now assume that we want to analyze the data if we can find historical pattern so as we use it to forecast the quantity sold in the subsequent three monthly periods. The figures are plotted as shown below.
From the diagram, we can deduce that the sales in the winter seasons 1 and 4 are consistently higher than those in the summer seasons 2 and 3. However, the seasonal components appear to be fairly constant over the three years. The trend shows that sales increase overall from around 230 in 19×6 to 390 however, the seasonal fluctuations have not increased. The method can be used effectively in forecasting financial statements.
This is another advanced quantitative method for forecasting financial statements. Let as assume there are more than one factor which influence the dependent variable, for instance, if we are interested in predicting the cost per week for the production department we have to consider other factors such as production hours worked, raw materials used and the number of items produced and the maintenance hours worked. For us to come up with a dependable forecast, we have to consider all the above mentioned variables. The linear model for the multiple regressions will be as follows.
Y=α + β1x1 +β2 x2 + β3x3 + ….βnxn +€
The main problem with the use of the multiple linear regression in forecasting is that it is likely to lead to very complex calculations. However, to make the work easier, certain computer packages can be used hence making the work simple.
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As more Americans experience Alzheimer’s disease and dementia, the roles of qualified staff educators and direct care staff have never been more important. In fact, the important contributions of these people has led to special annual recognition during the winter known as Alzheimer’s and Dementia Staff Education Week, which emphasizes the importance of training and certification related to dementia care. It’s a message that resonates no matter the time of year.
The role of expert medical practitioners is especially important given the latest projections on Alzheimer’s. Roughly 5.1 million people had Alzheimer’s in 2015, and that number is expected to grow 40 percent to 7.1 million in the next decade, according to the Alzheimer’s Association.
How can professional caregivers and families help people with Alzheimer’s and dementia? Because these conditions frequently impede our ability to communicate with each other, the Alzheimer’s Association suggests several approaches that can support your loved one in need.
First, show you care by listening. People with Alzheimer’s can have difficulty remembering the right word to use, so they need to know you are patient. Instead of interrupting your loved one or trying to visit in a noisy place, go somewhere quiet that can help him or her focus.
Second, say something encouraging. It can be tempting to argue or correct someone who has used an incorrect word or phrase, but this is not conducive to building a strong relationship with someone who has Alzheimer’s. You might even try guessing the word they are trying to say.
Finally, use unspoken or nonverbal cues. Facial expressions and the emotions behind words can help you understand everything you need to know to help your loved one.
If you have a loved one with Alzheimer’s or dementia, remember to say thank you to your care providers. Together, we can provide the best quality of life possible for the people we love most.
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