Pressure-relief valves are found in virtually every hydraulic system, and they assist in a variety of functions, from keeping system pressures safely below a desired upper limit to maintaining a set pressure in part of a circuit. Types include relief, reducing, sequence, counterbalance, and unloading. All of these are normally closed valves, except for reducing valves, which are normally open. For most of these valves, a restriction is necessary to produce the required pressure control. One exception is the externally piloted unloading valve, which depends on an external signal for its actuation.
Types of pressure relief valves :
sub plate –pressure relief valve – up to 400 bar pressure
Line mounted –pressure relief valve – up to 400 bar pressure
Catriage –pressure relief valve – up to 600 bar pressure
PCM – pressure control model.
Pressure reducing valve
A hydraulic valve properly directs the flow of a liquid medium, usually oil, through your hydraulic system. The direction of the oil flow is determined by the position of a spool. A hydraulic system can only function - as per requirements - by using valves. Thus, you should always look for the correct type of hydraulic valve to serve your intended purpose.
Hydraulic valves are available in a variety of sizes. The size required is determined by the maximum flow of the hydraulic system through the valve and the maximum pressure in the hydraulic system. Hydraulic valves are available with different mountings: e.g. mounting in pipe lines, threaded connection as cartridges, sub plate mounting, etc
Mobile valves are the ideal solution for all mobile applications in order to ensure the supply to all consumers.
Standard d.c vavles are mostly used for hydraulic machines and power packs.
Monoblock directional control valve
Sectional directional control valve
HAND LEVER OPERATED D.C. VALVE
Sub plate mounted D.C valve ( cetop3, cetop5, cetop8 )
Threaded body D.C valve ( ¼ ‘’ to ½ ‘’ b.s.p)
A solenoid valve is an electromechanically operated valve. The valve is controlled by an electric current through a solenoid: in the case of a two-port valve the flow is switched on or off; in the case of a three-port valve, the outflow is switched between the two outlet ports. Multiple solenoid valves can be placed together on a manifold.
Solenoid valves are the most frequently used control elements in hydraulics. Their tasks are to shut off, release, dose, distribute or mix fluids. They are found in many application areas. Solenoids offer fast and safe switching, high reliability, long service life, good medium compatibility of the materials used, low control power and compact design.
These are Solenoid Operated Directional Valves of high pressure, high flow and low pressure drop, the features of which can be materialized by employing a powerful wet type solenoid and the rational flow channel design.
Types of valves :
Sol. Operated Directional Valves
Sol. Controlled Pilot Operated Directional Valves
D.C. powered solenoid valves
A.C. powered solenoid valves
The fluid flow rate in a hydraulic system is controlled by flow control valve. Control of flow in a hydraulic system is critical because the rate of movement of fluid-powered machines or actuators depends on the rate of flow of pressurized fluid.
The basic function of the flow control valve is to reduce the volume of oil supplied in different places in a hydraulic circuit. Is a device used for adjusting or manipulating the flow rate of a liquid in a pipeline. The valve contains a flow passage or a port whose flow area can be varied. The role of the valve in a hydraulic circuit is very important and its very location is critical to optimum system performance.
An important application of this valve in hydraulic systems is: controlling the flow rate to cylinders and motors to adjust their speeds. Any flow decrease it means a speed decrease at the actuator.
Also builds added resistance to the circuit, increasing pressure, resulting in a partial bypassing of fluid over the relief valve or a de-stroking pressure of a compensated pump. This reduces flow downstream of the valve.
These valves are non-adjustable (fixed) or adjustable.
Type of valves:
Line mounted flow control valve ( ¼ ‘’, 3/8’’, ½’’, ¾’’ B.S.P)
Pressure compensated flow control valve ( up to 32 LPM / 315 bar )
Modular type throttle cum check valve
Flow divider valve ( 5 to 100 LPM / 315 bar )
hese type check valves allow free flow from port A to port B and give leak-proof closure in opposite direction. Available as inline mounting or Sub-plate mounting as per standard design.
These modular valves are available with the pilot operated check valve facility on either 'A' or 'B' ports. The hydraulic opening operation for free flow in reverse direction is achieved by means of internal pilot pressure available from the other working port.
These cartridge valves are suitable for mounting in manifold cavities machined as per size. By selecting suitable cartridge and cover, it is possible to achieve functions like Check valve Directional control valve, Unloading valve, Throttle valve etc. These valves offer fast response, have very low internal leakage and can handle very large flow rates.
Types of check valves:
Line mounted check valve ( NRV)
Sub plate mounted check valve
Piloted operated check vavle
Sub plate mounted pilot operated check valve
Modular type pilot operated check valve
Line mounted pilot operated check valve
Cartridge check valves ( 350 bar / up to 600 lpm )
Counter balance valve
Prefill valve ( 300 bar – high Lpm )


It is normal for most individuals to lose up to 50-100 strands of hair every day. This is not cause for alarm since new hair will grow right back over a few months. Hair normally grows and sheds in cycles, with each new hair growing and living only for a few years and then shedding off, only to be replaced by a brand new hair from the same hair root.
However, when you start loosing more than 100 strands daily or if your scalp shows obvious thinning, it is time to figure out the cause and take some remedial action. The most common causes of hair fall include:
- Male and female pattern hair loss. This kind of hair fall is driven by genetics and hormones. Males typically loose hair from the front and the crown. Females maintain the frontal hairline but notice hair loss from the top of the head. Early treatment with oral and topical medicines can put a brake on this progressive process. With some newer techniques, a few younger, lucky patients may even notice some regrowth.
- Telogen effluvium. This is sudden, diffuse hair loss and can happen due to many different reasons. Medically speaking, hair is not very important to the body and any sudden trauma, illness or deficiency within the body, causes the hair cycle to be shut down. The hair does not fall immediately but only after several weeks or months after this stress. Luckily this kind of hair fall is reversible with minimum treatment. Be prepared to be a “patient” patient, since several months of treatment is required to allow the hair to gradually grow up from the hair roots situated deep within the skin.
- Anagen effluvium. This is caused by damage to hair roots by anti-cancer medicines, toxic chemicals, and some drugs. This condition is automatically reversed once the cause is removed.
- Alopecia areata. This is caused by a faulty immune system, which, for unknown reasons, attacks the body's own hair roots. This abnormal immune response can be reversed and regrowth of normal hair can be achieved. Treatment options will vary from patient to patient and may involve applications of creams, injections, lasers, lights and sometimes stronger immune modulators.
Don't be afraid to shampoo regularly. Shampoos do not cause hair fall. Avoid tight braids, vigorous combing or vigorous toweling on wet hair. Do not be misled by unscientific advertisements of shampoos, lotions, gadgets etc. Instead, seek proper medical advice. Of course, always maintain a healthy lifestyle and a good, well balanced healthy diet.
In case you have a concern or query you can always consult an expert
& get answers to your questions!


Soy wax candles have many advantages: an extended burn time, no unsightly black soot, and a reputation as a desirable, naturally-derived product. It’s no surprise that soy candles make up more than half of the candles on the market today.
soy wax is natural
Derived from the soybean, soy wax is a hydrogenated vegetable oil that turns to a solid at room temperature. After they are harvested, the beans are cleaned, cracked, dehulled, and rolled into flakes. Soy wax contains nothing artificial, which makes it a better alternative to old-fashioned paraffin wax, which is made from petroleum oil and produces harmful by-products when burned or melted. Soy wax is non-toxic making it better both for the environment and your health!
Soy Wax is Environmentally Friendly
Since soy wax is made from soybeans, it is friendly to the environment because soybeans are a renewable resource. Paraffin wax is derived from petroleum, which is not a renewable resource. This is especially important if you are pregnant, have kids, or have pets, because it’s the safest option health-wise. You want to avoid wax blends or candles that don’t state the exact breakdown of ingredients.
Soy Wax Burns Cleaner
Because soy wax is made of all natural materials, it is thought that it delivers a cleaner burn that petroleum derived paraffin wax. It’s common to hear people complain of headaches when paraffin candles burn, but in general, this isn’t due to the scent of the wax but rather the chemicals it releases into the air.


Lake Victoria is more like a vast inland sea than a lake. It covers an area of 69,490 sq km (26,830 sq miles), the size of Ireland, comparatively. Of this, 51% is in Tanzania, 43% in Uganda, and only 6% in Kenya. It is the largest fresh water body in Africa and the second only to Lake Superior on the Canada-US border. Separated from the Serengeti National Park by only a few km of land, L. Victoria lies between the Eastern and the Western arms of the Great Rift Valley at 1,133m (3720ft) a.s.l. It is 337km (209miles) long and 240km (149miles) wide.
Lake Victoria was known to the Africans in Tanzania as Nyanza and to the Arabs as Ukerewe after an island in the lake of that name. An English explorer, John Hanning Speke, renamed it after his Queen, ‘VICTORIA’. To the Victorian Britain, obsessed with exploration, “L. Victoria contained geographical secrets after the discovery of America”. This secret inspired a number of grueling excursions by many armchair geographers such as Diogenes (a Greek merchant), Ptolemy, Dr. David Livingstone, Henry Morton Stanley, John Speke, and other more, to Africa to the finding and affirmation that L. Victoria was indeed the source of River Nile. The Lake is 750,000 million years old and the Nile is the longest river in Africa, 6700km (4164miles).
For centuries, River Nile has provided Egypt’s lifeblood, water. River Nile, despite it having no rain in the drier months each year, it continued pouring water through its eastern Sahara, one of the world’s driest desert areas, into the Mediterranean Sea.
Lake Victoria’s fishing industries and the agricultural land around its shores has made the area, one of the major pivots in the economy of Tanzania. Although fishing is a traditional mainstay of the region, cotton and coffee, are increasing the importance of the area, especially in Mwanza Region.. Telecommunications and transportation is also a growing industry and has encouraged growth in the region, which has made it one of the most populated areas in the country. Trade with neighboring Uganda to the north- east and Kenya to the north means that the ports on L. Victoria are bustling with growth and economic activities. The commercial fishing industry in L. Victoria has at least 10 fishing factories in Tanzania, filleting Nile perch for transport by plane to European destinations.
For visitors, the lake offers spectacular trips to the jewel Rubondo National Park and other scenic islands of rocks, in addition to the boat- and canoe- fishing of varieties of fresh water tropical fish, many of which are exported to aquariums all over the world. Its shores are peaceful and pristine, and offer a quite alternative to the constant and bustle of a safari itinerary! Participation in various cultural programmes on offer, around the area gives another aromatic experience. Bird watching around the lake in the wet season is by far rated a sight!


Vioxx is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID). Vioxx is also called rofecoxib, and it is manufactured and developed by Merck, and is used to treat a few different painful medical conditions such as:
- Menstrual Pain
- Acute Joint Pain
The FDA approved Vioxx in 1999 as a pain reliever and anti-inflammatory. Vioxx reduces pain and inflammation by inhibiting the COX-2 enzyme within the body that causes swelling and inflammation.
At first, Vioxx was a preferred choice over other NSAIDs because it didn’t cause gastro intestinal side effects. Unfortunately, as Vioxx use began spreading, it was found that it caused other more serious side effects, including:
- Heart Attack
- Sudden Cardiac Death
- Abdominal Pain
- Blood in Vomit
- Flu-like Symptoms
- Yellowing of Skin or Eyes
Vioxx is a dangerous drug, and after an increasing number of reports showing that consumers were suffering from the above side effects, Merck pulled Vioxx off the shelves in 2004.


Online phishing (pronounced like the word fishing) is a way to trick computer users into revealing personal or financial information through an e‑mail message or website. A common online phishing scam starts with an e‑mail message that looks like an official notice from a trusted source, such as a bank, credit card company, or reputable online merchant. In the e‑mail message, recipients are directed to a fraudulent website where they are asked to provide personal information, such as an account number or password. This information is then usually used for identity theft.
Bing uses Microsoft SmartScreen's list of reported phishing sites to warn users that a page they are navigating to, from Bing’s search results, could be dangerous. In addition, the webmaster of the site receives a notification in the form of a Phishing Alert in Bing Webmaster Tools.
|If you're seeing warnings on results from your site in Bing (and Yahoo! for that matter) and you haven't signed up for the Bing Webmaster Tools and verified ownership yet, please sign up to get additional information about the harmful elements we discovered on you site. Bing Webmaster Tools is the only place that allows you to submit a re-evaluation request once you have cleaned your site.|
IF MY SITE HAS A PHISHING WARNING, WHAT SHOULD I DO?
If your site generates a phishing warning, please follow these steps:
- Within your site, review the areas where you ask for personal information and then review its usage
- Once you are sure that your site is clean, login to Bing Webmaster Tools and navigate to the Phishing tool, located under Security.
- In the Phishing tool, click Request a Review to start the review process.
HOW DO I CHECK MY WEBSITE MANUALLY?
You can check websites manually from Internet Explorer by clicking the Tools button , pointing to Safety, and then choosing Check this website.


World Class Universities and Companies, USA has it all
Public Universities / State Universities
Public universities in the US, also often called state universities, receive some level of public-sector funding, via the state government. You may also find them alluded to as public or state colleges or schools, though both “college” and “school” are also used when referring to a single department or faculty within the university, such as the Law School or College of Engineering.
State universities are often (but not always) part of a state university system. This is a collection of public universities which operate separately, in different locations of the state, but with some shared management and administration. An example is the State University System of New York (SUNY), one of the largest state university systems, which comprises more than 60 campuses spread across the state of New York.
As state universities are supported by public funding, they usually charge lower tuition fees than private universities – though the actual amount students pay can vary vastly, especially once financial aid is considered. You’ll find two bands of fees listed: a lower rate for “resident” or “in-state” students (students from within the same state), and a higher rate for “non-resident” or “out-of-state” applicants. International students either pay the same fees as out-of-state students, or a separate international rate.
Also referred to as junior colleges, community colleges are also supported by state funding. They typically offer the chance to complete an associate’s degree, an undergraduate-level qualification which takes two years to complete. For this reason, community colleges are also often called “two-year colleges”, while other types of university in the US may be referred to as “four-year colleges”.
An associate’s degree can be beneficial and career-boosting in its own right, and can often also be used as the foundation for a bachelor’s degree, by completing a further two years’ study at another US university or college.
Community colleges tend to be on the smaller side, and their tuition fees are typically much lower than those at other types of university in the US. Like public universities, they’re sometimes grouped into state “systems”. The largest of these is the California Community Colleges System (CCCS), which governs more than 100 community colleges across the state.
Private non-profit US universities
While the majority of students in the US attend public universities and colleges, private universities account for a significant proportion of enrolments – and many of the country’s most elite and globally famed institutions. This includes the likes of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Harvard, Yale, Princeton, Stanford, Caltech, Columbia, Cornell, Johns Hopkins, and many more.
While private universities do tend to dominate at the top of national (and international) rankings tables, it’s worth pointing out that they don’t have a complete monopoly. Leading public universities in the US, such as the University of Michigan and University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) are held in equal esteem and are just as competitive when it comes to gaining admission.
Overall, fees at private universities tend to be higher than those at public universities and colleges. However, the initial “sticker price” is often significantly lower once financial aid is factored in, and the most prestigious institutions tend to also have the largest budgets available for providing scholarships and other funding.
Liberal arts colleges
A type of university which is especially prevalent and popular in the US, liberal arts colleges focus on teaching undergraduate-level courses in the liberal arts and sciences (although some also offer graduate-level programs and more vocational subjects such as medicine, business administration or law). They tend to be fairly small in terms of both overall enrolments and class sizes, and allow students to choose a subject to specialize in (a “major”), while also taking courses in a range of other fields.
Historically, liberal arts colleges have been known for their strong focus on teaching, individual student development, and the more academic (as opposed to vocational) side of higher education. The majority are run privately (as non-profits), though there are a few examples of public universities which are essentially liberal arts colleges, such as the University of Mary Washington, in the state of Virginia.
For-profit US universities and colleges
While most of the best-known universities in the US are classified as either “public” or “non-profit” organizations, the past few decades have seen a growth in the number of for-profit private universities and colleges. Unlike other types of university, for-profits operate as business ventures, aiming to make money for their shareholders as well as providing a good education for their students.
The trend towards more for-profit universities has generated significant controversy, with critics calling for stricter regulations to ensure students and families are ensured a good return on their investment. In the past few years, a stream of negative publicity has been followed by a decline in enrolments at for-profit universities, but they continue to play a significant role in the US higher education sector.
While the US remains the world’s most popular destination for international students, it’s also among the most expensive choices. But while the headline costs of studying in the US may be daunting, often involving a string of five-digit numbers, it’s worth checking all the facts on fees and funding options before you make up your mind.
In HSBC’s 2014 report on the costs of studying abroad in different locations, the US emerged as the third most-expensive option overall, behind Australia and Singapore. HSBC put the average annual cost of study in the US – including tuition fees and living expenses – at US$36,564. Multiply by four for most undergraduate courses and by two for most master’s degrees, and for the majority of prospective students, attending university in the US may seem about as realistic as crashing at the White House while you look for a place to live.
Costs of study at different types of US university
Anyone familiar with the basic rules of averages will have realized that the HSBC estimate is likely to include significant variation in either direction – and this is true. At the very top-tier US universities (the majority of which are private non-profits), fees and living costs are likely to add up to around US$60,000 per year, but it’s also possible to study in the US at a much lower outlay.
Those seeking a more affordable option may find lower tuition fees at US universities within the public sector. These are typically run as state university systems – collections of colleges within a state, which share some administrative aspects while operating as separate institutions. Public universities in the US have two tuition fee rates: one for state residents and one for everyone else. The second (more expensive) category applies equally to applicants from other US states and from other countries.
According to student support organization College Board, published tuition fees for 2014/15 at state colleges are an average of US$9,139 for state residents, and $22,958 for everyone else. This compares to an average of $31,231 at private non-profit colleges. The cheapest options of all, however, are public-sector two-year colleges – also known as community, technical or city colleges – where average fees for 2014/15 are just $3,347.
Admittedly, you can’t complete a full degree at a two-year college, but you can gain an associate’s degree. This counts as the first half of a bachelor’s degree, which can then be completed by transferring to a university for an additional two or three years.
Better research to options can lead to the suitable institutions as per individual’s need.
When you first arrive on campus, you need a place to live before getting permanent accommodation.
Many schools will provide temporary housing for international students who arrive before the semester begins. Ask the foreign student advisor or housing office for information about temporary housing.
Another option if you know a student at the school is to ask them to let you stay with them for a few days. New graduate students can often find someone in their department with room for a temporary guest. Most major cities have a Council for International Visitors or similar organization to help incoming international visitors. Hostels are a good place to stay for a few days while you look for a permanent place to live. They provide dormitory style accommodations, sometimes with bunk beds in large rooms. Payments must be made in advance.
Permanent Accommodations include renting an apartment, renting a house, or buying a house. Most international students cannot afford to buy a house. But, most university students in the US live on or near campus. Students who live off-campus generally find a place less than a mile or two away. . If the school offers on-campus accommodations for international students, you should seriously consider living on-campus, at least for the first year. Since this is probably your first trip to the United States and your first time living alone, on-campus housing will help soften the transition to life in the United States. Later, when you are more familiar with the neighborhood, you can consider moving off-campus.
Research Your Options
The first step to studying in the United States is researching your options to find a college or university that best fits your needs. Applicant shouldn’t try to match themselves to the school, but rather find the school that matches them and their priorities and long-term goals
Remember that no official ranking system exists for colleges and universities in the United States. The best college or university is the one that is best for you and meets your requirements—academic, financial, and personal.
Finance Your Studies
Invest in yourself! The cost of living and studying varies across the United States. With the right amount of planning and research, pursuing a U.S. higher education can be made affordable with high returns on your investment.Start your financial planning as early as possible. Each year international students receive significant amounts of financial assistance for their studies. However, competition is high. Applications for financial aid go together with applications for admission.
Complete your application
Applying for U.S. study is a task that takes time and concentration as each application is different and involves collecting recommendations, writing essays, and routing the results of required standard examinations. During this phase its very important to keep track of the application deadline.
Applicant will need to arrange an interview at the local US embassy, following the US visa requirements below:
You must remain enrolled full time. Go to class and maintain passing grades. If you are having difficulty in your classes, notify your international advisor. If you are unable to complete your program by the date listed on your Form I-20, your international advisor can help you request a program extension.
Your passport should be valid for at least 6-months in the future. Your country’s consulate or embassy can help you extend your passport if needed. Carry a copy of your passport with you along with your I-94 card for identification purposes.
Always notify your international advisor or office if you make changes to your address, study plans, or visa status.
F1 visa students are not allowed to work off-campus. However, you may have some on-campus work or curricular practical training options if you qualify. Check with your international advisor to see if this is a possibility for you. If you choose to work without proper authorization, your visa will be revoked and you will be forced to leave the United States.
You have 60 days upon completion of your program to leave the United States under your F1 visa. To remain in the US, you will need to re-enroll in a higher program, transfer to another school to receive a new I-20 form, or apply to change your visa status. Your international advisor can give you more information regarding your options.
Practical Training on an F-1 Visa
An F-1 student is generally entitled up to one year of post-completion practical training. Authorization for this type of practical training may be granted for a maximum of 12 months and starts once you have graduated or completed your course of study.
Always notify your international advisor or office if you make changes to your address, study plans, or visa status.
The students should speak to the international students department of your university to get the necessary forms to apply. They will inform you of the different practical training options available to you. Find out about your practical training options when you start to study so you can adequately prepare for the future.


The treatment of a brain tumors depends on the tumor’s type, size and location. Other important factors include the patient’s general state of health, their age and how widespread the cancer is. Treatments that may be offered include surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy or a combination of these.
Surgery is the most common approach to treating primary tumors, which are tumors that have originated in the brain tissue. Before surgery begins, the patient is given general anaesthesia. A section of the skull is removed to provide access to the brain in a procedure called craniotomy and the tumor is then cut away and removed. The piece of removed skull is replaced and the scalp is stitched back up and bandaged.
Sometimes, this form of surgery is not possible if the tumor is buried deep within the brain tissue and difficult to remove without damaging surrounding tissue. In these cases, radiosurgery using high-energy radiation directed at the tumor may be used instead.
Radiotherapy and chemotherapy
For primary malignant tumors, surgery is usually followed up with chemotherapy and radiotherapy to help prevent the tumor growing back. In some cases of benign primary tumor that are difficult to access, these treatments may be used instead of surgery to shrink the tumor. Radiotherapy involves high energy radiation being focused on the tumor, but at a lower intensity and over a longer period than in radiosurgery. Chemotherapy involves the use of anticancer agents to kill cancer cells and may be given in tablet form, intravenously or in as an implant.
Radiotherapy may be delivered either externally or internally. External radiotherapy uses a large machine to direct radiation at the tumor over a course of daily treatments lasting days or weeks. Internal radiotherapy or brachytherapy involves the placement of a small radioactive implant near to the cancer site.
Chemotherapy may be given during and after radiation therapy with or without surgery. Carmustine and temozolomide are two examples of chemotherapy drugs currently used in the treatment of high-grade brain tumours. Common side effects of chemotherapy include nausea, vomiting, gastrointestinal upset, anemia, susceptibility to infection, hair loss, appetite loss, mouth ulcers and weakness.
For secondary brain tumors or cancers that have spread to the brain from cancer in other parts of the body, treatment aims to relieve symptoms and prolong life, since the cancer cannot be cured. Treatment may involve corticosteroid pills to reduce pressure within the brain, chemotherapy and radiotherapy to shrink or control the tumor, anti-epileptic medication to prevent seizures, pain relievers and anti-nausea drugs.
Reviewed by Sally Robertson, BSc


Learn about the expansions of the commerce power under modern-day Commerce Clause doctrine, including Congress’s power to regulate channels, instrumentalities, and activities with substantial effects on interstate commerce.
Welcome to the video on the modern doctrine of Commerce Power!
I. The years following the New Deal
In the years following the New Deal, there was an ideological shift on the Supreme Court away from the direct effect and stream of commerce theories of Commerce Power and toward the substantial effects doctrine that forms the basis of Commerce Clause jurisprudence. In this era it becomes clear that under the Commerce Clause Congress may (1) regulate any activity that has a substantial effect on...


I beg the privilege, in the interests of that exactitude of technical terminology without which no study can become scientific, of creating an English word, phaneron, to denote whatever is entirely open to assured observation, in all the entirety of its being, even if this observation be not quite as direct as that of a percept is. An external reality is not a phaneron because it is not entirely open to observation. The phaneron resembles rather what many English philosophers call an idea.
When I say a phaneron is open to observation, I use the word “observation” in a pretty broad sense. Whatever, whether in a purposive or cognitive sense, we mean, or rather, when this is any distinction, what we think we mean is a phaneron, although it may be vague and is usually general, so that it cannot react upon us as a percept does, is a phaneron.
Again, that which is observed, as a percept is absent, must be objectified, while mere tones of consciousness are phanerons. But though subject and object are not discriminated in these feelings, yet it is that element of them which becomes developed into the immediate object which is the phaneron.


Washington UniversityGary W. Kronk
1995 Aug. 3
C/1995 O1 (Hale-Bopp)(Orbit on IAUC 6198)
- Green issued IAUC 6191 on July 26, which gave the first orbit computation (listed as
highly uncertain). Based on 57 positions obtained on July 24-26, it indicated the comet would pass
perihelion in early 1997!
- Brian Marsden (Central Bureau for Astronomical Telegrams) issued IAUC 6194 on August 1.
It gave a parabolic orbit based on 208 positions obtained during the period of July 24 to August 1. This
new orbit, which is still considered "somewhat uncertain", had a perihelion date of April 1, 1997, and a
perihelion distance of 0.9 AU.
- McNaught's prediscovery image was announced on IAUC 6198 and enabled Marsden to
compute a very precise orbit. This new orbit indicated the general correctness of the orbit on IAUC 6194,
except that the comet is moving in a long-period ellipse. It currently has an orbital period of about 4000
years, but the original orbit may have had a period of about 3200 years. Marsden comments that comet
Hale-Bopp "is not on its first pass from the Oort Cloud."
- Marsden wrote on IAUC 6202, "Taking the situation at face value, one can note that comet
C/1995 O1 is in many respects similar to the great comet C/1811 F1 (early absolute brightness,
perihelion distance, orbital inclination, 3000-year revolution period, placement beyond the sun at
perihelion) and may perform as spectacularly."


The quality of hay fed to a beef heifer into early February will determine the vigor of her calf to be born next spring -- and whether she can rebreed to calve the next year.
University of Missouri Extension beef nutritionist Justin Sexten is concerned about the calf crop for the next two years because of drought last summer.
Too many beef females are going into winter without protective layers of fat that help carry them through until spring grass.
A ration rich in nutrients allows cows to maintain body condition, keep the fat layer and develop a calf. Normally hay does that, but "unfortunately, much forage harvested last season does not meet base requirements," Sexten said.
Herd owners judge the amount and what kind of feed that will be needed from body condition scores of cows.
By rule of thumb, a heifer should calve at 85 percent of her mature body weight, but growing heifers need more and better feed than mature cows.
With normal summer and fall grass growth, heifers are grass fat by winter. Not this year. "During July and August, when no grass grew, heifers mined condition off their back," Sexten said.
Now heifers must not only be fed to support normal body and calf growth during winter but also to replace lost fat.
Lost fat concerns Sexten. That energy source affects vigor of the calf at birth. Also adequate body fat adds quality and quantity to milk the heifer provides her newborn calf.
Nutrition in the first 24 hours determines if a calf thrives, Sexten said. Spring-born calves come into a cold world and need the rich energy and antibodies provided by colostrum, the first milk, to survive.
If a heifer loses her calf, a $2,000 replacement heifer becomes worth $900 in salvage value.
A heifer in poor body condition after calving likely will not rebreed to calve the second year. That happens often, causing huge losses for beef herd owners.
Stink bug concern
Illinois residents need to take steps to prepare for the invasion of the brown marmorated stink bug.
The BMSB is on the Most "Unwanted" Invasive Pests list created by the Illinois Cooperative Agriculture Pest Survey Program.
With their piercing mouthparts, these insects are capable of damaging a multitude of crops, such as apples, pears, soybeans and landscape ornamentals. "BMSB are capable of causing economic losses to soybean and corn producers," University of Illinois Extension entomologist Mike Gray said.
The combination of low populations of BMSB and highly managed crop systems in Illinois have kept economic injury levels low up to now, according to Kelly Estes, state survey coordinator of the Illinois Cooperative Agricultural Pest Survey. But recent tracking by the U.S. Department of Agriculture reports that BMSB spread substantially during this last growing season. The drought may have reduced the impact of fungal disease on the insects, with the warm weather causing them to develop faster. The warm fall has allowed two generations to be produced during one growing season, resulting in a greater number of overwintering insects.
As well as damaging crops, the invasive pests seek shelter in homes during the winter.
BMSB has been identified in 38 states. It has the characteristic stink bug shield shape and is as wide as it is long. It has distinctive black and white banding on the antennae and alternating dark/light banding on the edge of the wings.
-- Compiled by Herald-Whig Staff Writer Deborah Gertz Husar


- Mondays are linked to increases in stress, suicides, and even heart attacks.
- The stress and health risks observed on Mondays are mostly explained by weekend changes in our sleep cycles.
- Disrupted sleep cycles cause hormone changes that result in fatigue, stress, and impaired organ function.
Against otherwise near universal antipathy, perhaps Mondays only saving grace is being the most common day for federal holidays.
Unpopularity is only the beginning of Monday's problems, however. Monday, for example, is associated with the highest levels of emotional stress, the lowest rates of work productivity, and higher rates of suicides for both men and women (1). And these adverse psychological and behavioral outcomes are paralleled with remarkable precision by increases in negative physical health outcomes such as workplace accidents and even strokes and heart attacks (2). Arguably the most infamous and dangerous Monday of all is the "spring forward" Monday following the March daylight saving time weekend. Studies indicate that a 6% to 8% increase in fatal car accidents—translating to two to three dozen excess deaths each year—occur on this grim Monday (3).
Why is Monday such a recurring wrecking ball on our physical and emotional health and what can we do to prevent it? In the case of the daylight saving effect, there is a near annual exercise by congress to solve this problem by canceling daylight saving entirely (e.g., 4). However, because of the varied and arguably negative effects of such legislation in areas such as the northeastern U.S. (where the absence of daylight saving would increase daytime darkness), this effort rarely gains traction. And even if the daylight saving ritual did become a memory, we would still bear the other negative Monday consequences. For this reason, a broader and more practical solution is clearly necessary.
To understand the solution, it is first necessary to explain the surprising power of sleep deprivation and circadian dysfunction. Subjectively, most people underestimate the effects of changing their sleep patterns on their health and function. Although laboratory studies, for example, indicate that even one to two hours of reduced sleep produces measurable cognitive impairment, hormone disruption, accelerated biological aging, and even adverse patterns of geneactivation, most of these changes are invisible to our conscious awareness. Only when the effects reach a threshold of high intensity—such as jet lag or episodes of insomnia—do we typically notice them. In the case of jet lag, most adults are familiar with the combination of fatigue, mental slowing, and increased negative affect that results from traveling across multiple time zones, as well as the days of recovery often needed to restore normal feelings and function. Jet lag is an example of the circadian disruption that occurs when our sleep-wake cycle becomes misaligned with the 24-hour schedule with which our body is accustomed. And the cognitive, emotional, and physical side effects of jet lag are caused by a complex collection of hormones whose careful regulation has gone awry.
Although jet lag and the painful symptoms of circadian dysfunction that result from multiple time zone changes are rare events for most Americans, tens of millions unintentionally induce an only slightly less severe case of "social jet lag" or "weekend jet lag" on themselves every week. Shown in the table below, the typical person in the U.S. follows a markedly different sleep schedule from Monday to Friday than from Friday to Sunday. In many cases, this change in sleep-wake cycle is as much as several hours.
Following a week of regular school or work hours, for example, a person may take advantage of their obligation-free Saturday to both stay up later on Friday night and sleep in on Saturday morning. A similar pattern may be followed on Saturday night and Sunday morning. In this mere 48 hours, the sleep-wake alteration markedly shifts the person's internal clock and hormone cycles. For example, cortisol (our primary stress hormone) levels that typically rise one to two hours before the person rises for school or work (early a.m. cortisol helps us wake up in the morning but typically declines after this cyclic peak) shift to occur a couple of hours later due to their later waking time. Similarly, melatonin levels—normally peaking in the evening hours before the person is retiring before their school/workday—now start later across the weekend to align with their later bedtime. And many other hormones partly regulated by circadian mechanisms such as estrogen, testosterone, growth hormone, thyroid hormone, insulin, and other appetite hormones all scramble to catch up. These hormone cycles have profound effects not only on our feelings of well-being but even on the function of our internal organs. Therefore, when we're out of alignment with our natural sleep schedules, we become vulnerable to a host of negative physical and psychological consequences.
Then comes Monday. Following 48-hours of a late-shifted sleep-wake cycle, our cortisol levels are now peaking during our commute to work and across the morning instead of before waking up. Increased stress and negative affect are the subjective result. The delayed melatonin release in the evenings caused by the weekend means it will be harder to fall asleep Monday night. Waking up much earlier on Monday than on Saturday and Sunday has probably also induced insulin and leptin resistance, affecting mood, cognitive function, appetite, and blood glucose control (sure enough, blood glucose tends to be worse on Mondays; (5)). The effects of this hormone dysregulation are so strong as to even reduce the ability of our hearts to respond to stress, increasing our risk of cardiovascular events such as heart attacks.
The most effective and practical solution to our culture of Monday maladies is to minimize changes in our sleep-wake cycle between weekdays and weekends. If the physical and psychological harms associated with Mondays are the result of hormone disruptions caused by weekend changes in our circadian cycle, the natural remedy is to reduce the degree of these circadian changes. This solution is firmly grounded in science. For example, studies show that the degree of impairment in heart rate variability caused by social/weekend jetlag are directly related to the size of the difference in sleep-wake cycles during the week versus weekend and, critically, are absent among those who follow the same sleep-wake cycle across all days of the week (6). Put simply, people who practice a consistent sleep-wake pattern across the week feel and function as well on Mondays as on other days of the week.
Is it worth getting off the sleep-wake cycle roller coaster to enjoy consistently better physical and emotional health? Unfortunately, this isn't a question science can answer for you. The demands of work and school, coupled with weekend temptations, make this a difficult choice for many Americans. At least, however, sleep and circadian research does clarify for us that Monday misery is a choice.


Lincoln’s Climate Action Plan
Climate Action Lincoln, a subcommittee of the Green Energy Committee,
is charged with developing a Climate Action Plan
What is a Climate Action Plan?
Climate Action Plans set goals and develop actions to mitigate emissions, adapt to environmental changes, and increase resilience. They address these interconnected issues of the climate crisis:
Electrification with renewable energy to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions
Furthering environmental justice and supporting vulnerable populations
Safeguarding public health
Creating sustainable and resilient infrastructure
Protecting and regenerating ecological systems, including back yards, forests, open space, farms and wetlands.
How will a Climate Action Plan help Lincoln reduce emissions?
A Climate Action Plan will coordinate and recommend municipal, commercial, and residential actions necessary for Lincoln to reach net zero GHG emissions by 2050, as outlined in the Act Creating a Next Generation Roadmap for Massachusetts Climate Policy. It will address many sectors in Lincoln, including the built environment, transportation, energy production, waste, water, and land use.
What are the next steps?
Town-wide participation is critical to developing a Climate Action Plan that sets concrete goals to achieve results. In Lincoln, residential behavior will be crucial to the success of a plan as the Town has a very small amount of commercial and municipal properties.
The year-long, collaborative process of developing a plan will include:
Visioning: Engagement of all residents and stakeholders in town
Data: Energy use, GHG emissions, carbon storage
Analysis: Vulnerable populations, housing, infrastructure, transportation
Goals: Align with state and federal goals; interpret for residents
Implementation: Timelines, accountable parties, measurement
Financial implications: for the Town budget.
The Town is applying for a grant for technical assistance and expects to embark on the process of developing the Plan this fall. Be on the lookout for updates on LincolnTalk, the Lincoln Squirrel, or use Climate Action Lincoln’s email firstname.lastname@example.org. We are looking forward to working together and hearing your ideas.
Climate Action Lincoln members:
Sue Klem, Roy Harvey, Emily Haslett, Staci Montori, Lynne Smith
Jennifer Curtin, Assistant Director of Planning and Land Use


In January 1649 the commons resolved: ‘that the commons of England, in Parliament assembled, do declare, that the people are, under God, the original of all just power’ and indeed that the commons ‘being chosen by, and representing the people, have the supreme power in this Nation’ and again ‘that whatever is enacted or declared for law, by the commons, in Parliament assembled, hath the force of law; and all the people of this Nation are concluded thereby although the consent and concurrence of King, or house of peers be not therein to. The primacy of law-making in the United Kingdom has been held with the legislature and in particular Parliament for over 460 years. It is founded in the twin doctrines of Parliamentary supremacy and separation of powers. Although today there are many scholars and other authorities which have questioned the clear distinction in the roles of the executive, the legislative and the judiciary, and their roles in law making with regards to their primacy and function; despite all the criticisms, changes and amendments, it can be argued that the Parliament still bears the primary responsibility to make laws with the contribution of the other arms of Government.
If you can spare a few dollars for the creators of this website to continue their research to bring you more great content, any amount, no matter how great or small, would be greatly appreciated.


Better Students Ask More Questions.
How does Roger Chillingworth's appearance change and how does Hester interpret the...
1 Answer | add yours
Throughout the novel, Hawthrone develops his description of Chillingworth from an older, weathered man to a twisted, almost demonic cariacature. Here is a quote after his change:
"But the former aspect of an intellectual and studious man ... had altogether vanished, and been succeeded by a eager, searching, almost fierce, yet carefully guarded look. It seemed to be his wish and purpose to mask this expression with a smile, but the latter played him false, and flickered over his visage so derisively that the spectator could see his blackness all the better for it. Ever and anon, too, there came a glare of red light out of his eyes, as if the old man's soul were on fire and kept on smouldering duskily within his breast..."
Hester sees his twisted features and the determined glint in his eye and immediately believes it is evil, even the devil, shining through on his visage. She understands at this point the length to which he will go to punish the man he believes to have wronged him by committing adultery with Hester.
Posted by sullymonster on September 30, 2007 at 9:32 AM (Answer #1)
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We are more connected, in ways, than ever before. With our smartphones and social media such as Facebook, Instagram, and Snapchat, we can connect with people with an ease that was not available to previous generations. Ironically though, we don’t seem to be any happier as a society. In fact, there is evidence that rates for anxiety, depression, and suicide have gone up in America. This is especially true for teens and young adults. As discussed in my previous blog, relationships are the key to our happiness. Thus, despite our ability to connect with one another through screens, it doesn’t appear that this is resulting in increases to societal happiness. So, we must ask: Is social media causing greater social isolation?
Is Social Media Causing Greater Social Isolation?
A recent study published in the American Journal of Preventative Medicine, also discussed in this CNN article, found that the more young adults used social media, the more they tended to rate themselves as feeling socially isolated. This was a correlational study. So, the researchers couldn’t prove that social media use was actually causing these young adults to feel more socially isolated. It could very well be the case that people who feel more socially isolated are drawn to using social media to “fill the void,” so to speak. It’s likely that the relationship is bi-directional. Thus, people who feel isolated are more drawn to social media and, as they use it more, they feel more isolated.
The Takeaway Regarding Social Media and Social Isolation?
The world is complicated. It’s not correct to vilify social media. There are plenty of benefits to it, and just about all of us experience these on a daily basis. Still, we evolved to relate to one another in-person. Thus, to truly meet our psychological need for connection, we need to have in-person relationships. If some of our connections are through our screens, this can still be okay. But if our social media time begins to displace our in-person relationships, then we will likely pay a price in the form of increased anxiety, depression, stress, and feelings of social isolation. Ideally, our social media use facilitates greater in-person relationships.
There’s an old saying that too much of a good thing isn’t good. For instance, drinking water is a healthy thing to do, but drinking too much can literally kill us. I believe that our social media use falls in this category. It’s fine in small doses. But if we spend too much time with social media, we are displacing the in-person connections that are the true source of most of our happiness. We must never lose sight of this reality.


Written by Rumi’s Garden
11 Facts You Didn’t Know About the Ashtiname Signed with Prophet Muhammad’s ﷺ Handprint
Rumi’s Garden -By the Grace of God – recently received the Ashtiname of Prophet Muhammad ﷺ which is a beautiful and important of a covenant!
Ashtiname is a Persian means “Book of Peace”. This is a word often designated to treaties and covenants. We have obtained the document directly from the Museum of St. Catherine’s Monastery – whom in turn are the caretakers of it. At Rumi’s Garden, we strongly feel that this blessed covenant is the most profound message against the oppression faced by minorities in Muslim lands.
The Ashtiname is available for purchase at http://www.RumisGarden.co.uk. It has been printed on high quality canvas and it measures 57 x 112 cm – the same size as the original document.
What is the Ashtiname of Prophet Muhammad ﷺ?
The Ashtiname is an agreement that the Prophet ﷺ personally made with the Christians of St. Catherine’s Monastery in Egypt in 4 Hijri (approximately 625 CE). Evidence shows that the original document was written by Sayidna Ali and signed and sealed with our Beloved’s ﷺ blessed palm print.
According to the monks’ of St. Catherine’s Monastery and their well kept history, Prophet Muhammad ﷺ visited them and had deep relationships and discussions with the Sinai fathers.
Several certified historical copies of the Ashtiname are displayed in the library of St. Catherine’s Monastery to this day, some of which were witnessed by the judges of Islam to affirm historical authenticity.
The monks claim that during the Ottoman conquest of Egypt in the Ottoman–Mamluk War of 1516–17, the original document was seized from the monastery by Ottoman soldiers and taken to Sultan Selim I’s palace in Istanbul for safekeeping. A copy was then made to compensate for its loss at the monastery.
The Ashtiname of Prophet Muhammad ﷺ is a fascinating oath that he took on behalf of all Muslims. It is a covenant of extreme importance and it gives Muslims very strong directives on how to take care of our non-Muslim brothers and sisters on a personal, social and political level. In the Prophet’s ﷺ own words, he says:
“This is a letter which was issued by Muhammad, Ibn Abdullah, the Messenger, the Prophet, the Faithful, who is sent to all the people as a trust on the part of God to all His creatures, that they may have no plea against God hereafter. Verily God is Omnipotent, the Wise. This letter is directed to the embracers of Islam, as a covenant given to the followers of Jesus the Nazarene in the East and West, the far and near, the Arabs and foreigners, the known and the unknown.
This letter contains the oath given unto them, and he who disobeys that which is therein will be considered a disbeliever and a transgressor to that whereunto he is commanded. He will be regarded as one who has corrupted the oath of God, disbelieved His Testament, rejected His Authority, despised His Religion, and made himself deserving of His Curse, whether he is a Sultan or any other believer of Islam.”
So what is this oath that our Beloved Prophet ﷺ has made which can have repercussions on our own personal afterlife? What is this oath, that if we break it, can lead us to disbelief in God, Islam and The Messenger of God ﷺ?
The following 11 points are a breakdown of the oath that we as Muslims are all bound by, according to the blessed Ashtiname.
Purchase a copy from http://www.RumisGarden.co.uk
11 Point Breakdown of the Ashtiname of Prophet Muhammad ﷺ
As Muslims, we must protect the wellbeing of Christian monks, devotees and pilgrims. This applies to their physical health, their properties and their morals whether they be in the mountains or valleys, dens of plains or in their houses of worship. The Prophet swears by his own very Self, his Friends, and his Assistants, that the Christians are his subjects and under his Protection.
The Prophet ﷺ insists that Christians should absolutely not be disturbed. From their income, they should not give anything except what they are willing to give. They should not be offended, coerced or compelled. Their judges should not be removed or stopped from accomplishing their work, nor should monks or hermits be disturbed from exercising their religion.
Plundering the Christians is forbidden. Their churches must not be destroyed or spoiled nor can their houses of worship be plundered. Muslims are not allowed to take what is belongs to the Christians and bring the stolen goods to the houses of Islam. The Prophet says: ‘And he who takes away anything therefrom, will be one who has corrupted the oath of God, and, in truth, disobeyed His Messenger.’
The Jizya tax is forbidden to be placed on judges, monks, and those whose vocation is the worship of God. Nothing is to be taken from them whether it be a tax, fine or an unjust right. The Prophet ﷺ says: ‘Verily I shall keep their compact, wherever they may be, in the sea or on the land, in the East or West, in the North or South, for they are under My Protection and the testament of My Safety, against all things which they abhor.’
For those who devote themselves to God, no taxes or tithes should be taken and no one should interfere with their affairs or take action against them. Rather, when crops grow, a provision of wheat should be given to them without anyone saying ‘this is too much’, or imposing payment.
No one should impose on the Christians exile and they shouldn’t be forced to carry arms and go to war. It is the Muslims who must fight for them.
Muslims must not dispute or argue with Christians, but must deal with them according to the verse in the Holy Quran: ‘Do not dispute or argue with the People of the Book but in that which is best’ [29:46]. They should live well and protected from everything which may offend them, wherever they may be and in any place they may dwell.
If any Christian woman is married to a Muslim, the marriage should not occur unless it has her full consent. As a Christian wife, she must not be stopped from going to her church for prayer.
Christian churches must be honored and Christians must not be stopped from building churches or repairing convents.
The Prophet ends the covenant by stating: ‘It is positively incumbent upon every one of the followers of Islam not to contradict or disobey this oath until the Day of Resurrection and the end of the world.’
Besides the handprint of our Beloved Prophet, the covenant lists the witnesses of the signing which includes Ali ibn Abi Talib, Abu Bakr ibn Abi Quhafah, Umar ibn al-Khattab, Uthman ibn Affan, Abu al-Darda, Abu Hurayrah, Abd Allah ibn Masud, Abbas ibn Abd, al-Muttalib, Harith ibn Thabit, Abd al-‘Azim ibn Hasan, Fudayl ibn ‘Abbas, al-Zubayr ibn al-‘Awwam, Talhah ibn ‘Abd Allah, Sa‘d ibn Mu‘adh, Sa‘d ibn ‘Ubadah, Thabit ibn Nafis, Zayd ibn Thabit, Abu Hanifah ibn ‘Ubayyah, Hashim ibn Ubayyah, Mu‘azzam ibn Qurashi, Abd Allah ibn ‘Amr ibn al-‘As and Amir ibn Yasin.
Authenticity of The Ashtiname of Prophet Muhammad ﷺ
Authenticity was historically given to the covenant by Caliph al-Mu‘izz (953-974 CE), Caliph al-‘Aziz (975-996 CE), Caliph al-Hakim (996-1021 CE), Caliph al-Zahir (1024 CE), Vizier al-Afdal ibn Badr al-Jamali (1094-1121 CE), Caliph al-Hafiz (1134 CE), as well as by the Decree of Shirkuh (1169 CE). It was authenticated by the Ayyubids Caliphs (1195, 1199, 1201/02, and 1210/11 CE), by the Mamluk Decrees (1259, 1260, 1272, 1268/69, 1280 and 1516 CE), and by all the Ottoman Sultans from 1519 all the way to 1904.
Furthermore, the covenant was a primary source document that was reviewed by the Fatimids, Ayyubids, and Mamluks. It was verified often by the Hanafi, Shafi’i, Maliki, Hanbali and Ismaili schools of Islamic jurisprudence. The Monastery of St. Catherine’s has a collection of nearly 2,000 fatwas regarding the Ashtiname, from various scholars ranging from the years of 975 to 1888 CE.
A few concluding thoughts…
At the Eve of Ramadan of May 2018 – when most of us are preparing for a month of devotion and inner work – in Surabaya (Indonesia), a wave of suicide bombings occurred against Christians. The attack included two church blasts, killing 13 people and injuring many more. A third attack was foiled, and this saved many lives. What is most disturbing is that the attacks were done by families, including children and teenagers. ISIS claimed these attacks.
How contradictory to the spirit of Islam are these actions against our brothers and sisters of other faiths? What about the atrocities in Afghanistan, Pakistan, Iraq and Egypt against minorities who have lived in these areas for hundreds – if not thousands – of years?
While we should not overlook that more Muslims have been killed by Christians than Christians by Muslims throughout history, we need to understand that murder is not the way of our Beloved Prophet ﷺ. Indeed, it puts us out of the fold of Islam for God calls us to the Abode of Peace. The Bible too, in the Sermon on the Mount states: ‘Blessed are the peacemakers: for they shall be called the children of God.’
Atiya, Aziz Suryal (1955). The Arabic Manuscripts of Mount Sinai: A Handlist of the Arabic Manuscripts and Scrolls Microfilmed at the Library of the Monastery of St. Catherine, Mount Sinai. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press.
Indonesia Suffers Its Worst Terrorist Attack in a Decade. Here’s What to Know About the Latest Wave of Violence
Haddad, Anton F., trans. The Oath of the Prophet Mohammed to the Followers of the Nazarene. New York: Board of Counsel, 1902; H-Bahai: Lansing, MI: 2004.
Pococke, Richard. ‘Chapter XIV: The Patent of Mahomet, which he granted to the Monks of Mount Sinai; and to Christians in General.’ Description of the East. Vol. 1. London, 1743. pp. 268–70.
Manaphis, K.A., ed. (1990). Sinai: Treasures of the Monastery of Saint Catherine. Athens. pp. 14, 360–1, 374.
Morrow, John Andrew. The Covenants of the Prophet Muhammad with the Christians of the World. Kettering, OH: Angelico Press / Sophia Perennis, 2013.
Morrow, John Andrew. The Covenants of the Prophet Muhammad with the Christians of the World.


In mainstream podcasts about difficult subject as politics, economy, religion, nature of consciousness, properties of reality and the universe, and many other scientific subject, it often strikes me how frequently people use a certain type of logical fallacy called “Argument from authority”. *1 It seems that over time, same as before, this tendency is not decreasing - regardless of our current level of progress or technical advance.
This logical fallacy goes like this:
- A is an authority on a particular topic
- A says something about that topic
- A is probably correct
But lately it is being used in another very common form:
- A is an authority on a particular topic S
- B talks about unknown U
- B finds relation between U and what A mentioned about U
- B uses A as an authority, therefore you should trust B about U
If I would say something like:
“Scientists had preferred to bow to authority rather than believe the evidence of their own eyes.”
I need to supply evidence that will confirm or strengthen the above claim.
But if I say insted:
"Robert Matthews said 'Scientists had preferred to bow to authority
rather than believe the evidence of their own eyes'." *2
You can notice how the meaning of the sentence has shifted, as now it seems to have more credibility, and I do not need to support my claim with additional evidence.
The above technique has been used frequently, and there are multiple reasons for that.
First and foremost, there is practical reason for this. If one would need to supply evidence for every sentence one says, one would need to write an entire dissertation for even the simplest, smallest subject one is trying to address. We have advanced with knowledge so much because we do not reinvent things all the time from beginning, but because we rally on previous knowledge so that we can continue from that point onward. In order to contract the subject, therefore, the author needs to relate to previous knowledge and authority in order to bridge the gap of knowledge, which should be at the time of writing or speaking already known to the targeted public (if you addressing a public of theoretic physicists, you expect that they know who Einstein was and what his theories were). Also, please not that referencing is not same as usage of “argument from authority” although it can be easily mistaken.
On the other hand, there is the insecurity or credibility reason. As we humans like to fix and hold someone dearly to what he said, not giving him a chance to change his mind, whatever he says can be used against him. So, the best option to deflect that threat is to relate to someone who is well known established authority. The fact that the author could be dead is even more valuable, as it will diminish the ability of people to conduct future checks , except from what’s already been written in existing documents.
For example, imagine that we are talking about consciousness and its nature. As at this point, we do not have enough knowledge, or we have not advanced enough technically, in order to find any solid evidence, and most of our talk is in the domain of pure speculation. At this point, one person can claim that every particle in this universe has consciousness. Although this may be true, we do not have enough evidence to support this claim. We can decide to reject this idea, argue about the validity of the idea, or just leave it open as a possible premise. In the case that someone else openly rejects this claim as foolishness, as it can be perceived as an open attack on the personality of the author, and the author may choose the strategy of defence. By using an “Argument from authority” at this moment, the source of the idea can try to make his argument stronger by referencing a well-known authority and what that authority said about the same subject. For this instance, let’s take Richard Feynman, a well-known theoretical physicist who once used the construction “atoms with consciousness” in his poem. *3 In order to “prove” his claim, the person can use Feynman and what he wrote in order to support his argument. At this point, depending on how well this side knows the source of the citation, the other side can decide to back off.
Who is right here?
We know that currently our level of knowledge about consciousness is quite low, so we can safely conclude that in known human history we have never had more knowledge supported by evidence about consciousness than we have now. Although knowledge can be lost, like in the case of “How to build the Pyramids”, for instance, the only thing that matters is preserved research along with reproducible results.
Therefore, although Mr. Feynman was a great authority on many subjects regarding Elementary Particles and the Laws of Physics, we can conclude that his reference about matter and consciousness was purely speculative and poetic. Furthermore, poems can hardly have scientific value as they usually lack evidence, do not conform to standard scientific rules, and what is written there is only limited by the author’s imagination.
It is worth mentioning that very broad abstractions can say that if atoms are parts that create consciousness and therefore necessary for the existence of consciousness, we can say that they have, in some sense, consciousness on their own.
So, who is right and who is wrong then?
Really no one is right, and also no one is wrong.
A hypothesis/claim has to be left “open” until we gain enough knowledge either to prove or disprove it, but that claim cannot be used for further citation or as a source of evidence until proven valid or invalid.
The main point is that we can brainstorm, discuss and debate about uncharted territories, but it is pointless to argue. However this can be quite difficult, especially when someone is claiming that an electric current contains “Unicorns on a bicycle that move by playing harmonicas” instead of something that is more suitable to our belief system or scientific evidence.
History is full of scientists with bold claims that were ridiculed at the beginning, but their theories were proven to be right years later. Just in the recent history of science, there is the case of Fleischmann–Pons famous cold fusion experiment *4, which has turned into a witch hunt within the scientific community just because people who needed to reproduce the experiment were doing it wrong. That single event ruined the careers of two brilliant scientists. That case, along with many other similar events, is a reason why people are so cautious nowadays about announcing their discoveries.
It would be nice if we had enough strength so we could stand behind our inventions on our own, but probably “arguments from authority” are here to stay with us, for better or worse, at least for some time.
Notes & References:
1. Argument from authorityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argument_from_authority


The term “smart grid” is getting a lot of use these days, with related stimulus funding reaching into the billions of dollars and the popular press promising Jetsons-like advances; it has been predicted to enable our control of home appliances from our office desktops and allow us to supply electricity back to the grid and to use our plug-in electric vehicles. What this sometimes hyperbolic coverage overlooks, however, are the many small tweaks that will add up to big reliability improvements for the larger transmission system, with fewer and shorter outages and irregularities, in a process that will be more evolutionary than revolutionary.
Popular attention has centered on smart meters, the devices serving as the communications nexus connecting utilities and customers in smart-grid planners’ schemes. It’s understandable the media would gravitate toward a device with which consumers are already familiar, but this approach overlooks the plethora of behind-the-scenes advances required to give these new meters their intelligence and ensure their ongoing functionality.
“So many people are focused on the meter,” said Katherine Hamilton, president of the Washington, D.C.-based GridWise Alliance, a smart grid advocacy organization with a membership made up of utilities, universities, equipment manufacturers and information technology companies. “There’s been a lot of hype that a smart meter is going to enable customers to make decisions, and that’s not right. A smart meter is just a piece of equipment.”
Between that meter and the central generating plant that powers it will be a new generation of sensors and controllers designed to not just report on current operating conditions but, also, to predict and react to those conditions. Consider, for example, a device called a “phasor measurement unit” (PMU). In either stand-alone designs or incorporated into electrical relays or digital-fault recorders, PMUs measure the magnitude and phase angle of the sine waves making up electric current. A radio connection to a global positioning system satellite enables accurate timestamping of all readings. When this synchronization is implemented, units may be called “synchrophasors.”
Basic PMU technology has been around for almost 20 years, and the major interconnections making up the North American grid now have about 200 in place, according to Tyrone Foster, senior marketing manager for the calibration unit of Everett, Wash.-based Fluke Corp. Cost has been a factor limiting wider adoption, but it is dropping along with the general electronics market and as more manufacturers enter the field.
PMUs take measurements 30 times per second, aiding efforts of interconnection operators to isolate potential problems before they can cascade into disasters, such as the August 2003 blackout. This contrasts with the supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems now overseeing the grid, which make their observations at the outdated rate of once every four seconds.
“That’s equivalent to driving down the road and only opening your eyes every four seconds,” Foster said. “We really need real-time monitoring.”
However, even the currently deployed PMUs lack networking capabilities, a detriment developers are seeking to correct, in one of the many less-publicized efforts to make transmission operations smarter. Included in last year’s stimulus legislation is funding for 850 more PMUs, all networked, enabling simultaneous real-time measurement of line conditions from multiple points across the nation’s major interchanges. This deployment also will help make connections with intermittent resources—such as wind turbines and solar-power systems—more secure, helping system operators understand power irregularities as these renewable generators ramp up and down.
To reach this goal, though, engineers have yet another hurdle to jump—developing a calibration system to ensure these rapid-fire, interconnected devices are all measuring the same thing at the same time. Fluke is combining a $1.4 million stimulus grant with $390,000 of its own funding to develop a methodology for just such a system. But, Foster noted, this is just one of a number of advances needed to help PMUs react to—or, even, predict—-events, not just to monitor them. This hoped-for sophistication will require analytical software and special servers to hold all the data PMUs will be generating.
All this new technology will, of course, require a work force trained to understand a digitally driven transmission and distribution system. With this need in mind, the U.S. Dept. of Energy has announced it will be providing $100 million in training grants, which teams of utilities and educational institutions will use to create required curricula. And, Hamilton added, savvy electrical contractors can take advantage of the opportunity to upgrade their companies’ capabilities in preparation for opportunities that may not even have been identified yet.
“The utilities don’t even know all the job skills that will be needed,” she said. “I think it poses a great opportunity for the electrical contracting stakeholder group—some of those folks who understand digital technology are going to have a leg up.”
ROSS is a freelance writer located in Brewster, Mass. He can be reached at email@example.com.


by Chenzi Xu (Harvard University)
The global financial crisis of 2008 was not unique. It had a precedent in the London banking crisis of 1866. Just as in 2008, the crisis began in the core financial market and spread to the periphery, the same happened in 1866.
The 1866 crisis has only been studied as a purely British event, but my research presents new evidence that it was a global financial crisis on the scale of 2008’s. The cities around the world that depended on British banks that happened to fail in London suffered immediate losses in exports activity. These losses took decades to recover, with the hysteresis persisting until the twentieth century.
In May 1866, Overend and Gurney, a bank’s bank and one of the most prestigious financial entities in London, declared bankruptcy. A panic erupted and almost 20% of banks headquartered in London failed. Crucially, these banks had been established in the mid-nineteenth century to globalise financial markets and trade, and they operated in cities around the world.
Figure 1 shows the concentration of British banking, and the degree to which the banking crisis in London affected them. Red denotes greater losses in British financing, and the size of the circles denotes the amount of lending before the crisis.
I study the impacts of the failures of British banks in London on trade activity around the world, outside of the UK, at hundreds of ports. At the extreme, losing access to all British credit caused exports to drop 80% in the year following the crisis. The aggregate global loss in trade was 17%, which is comparable to the levels seen in the latest crisis. Given that the mid-late 19th century was otherwise a period of great expansion and growth, the counterfactual without this crisis would have been even more spectacular.
The historical context also makes it possible to study the long-run effects, and I find that countries suffering the largest drops in the supply of British credit did not recover their exports to previous partners for several decades. These persistent effects suggest that losing access to financial markets can cause substantial hysteresis.
These long-term consequences of financial market instability have yet to be established for recent crises simply because not enough time has passed. But early evidence suggests that international trade has not rebounded, even ten years after the financial crisis.


Not sure if this is the right place to put this (sorry, first post here) Suppose I determine that the position angle (PA) of a galaxy, in one band - observed by SDSS - is -85.4 ± 8.9°, and is 84.7 ± 10.9° in another. Assuming - for now - that the errors have a Gaussian distribution, and that the "±" numbers are 1σ, how do I go about determining if the two (band) PAs are the same "within 1σ"? (Actually it's more like the binary "are the data consistent with the hypothesis that ...?") PA is nice an linear, and - modulo something subtle and potentially interesting (either an SDSS systematic or weak gravitational lensing, say) - the PAs will be distributed evenly over the interval (-90, 90), a distribution which wraps around (i.e. -90 = 90). Suppose I determine that the axis ratio of a galaxy ("ab"), in one band is 0.73±0.05, and 0.82±0.04 in another. And I want to ask a similar question. In this case, ab isn't distributed evenly over (0, 1) - at least I don't think it is - and certainly doesn't 'wrap around'. Does that make the calculations needed to answer the question different? (again, assume no systematics). Next: effective radius (re), 11.6±0.4 and 9.2±0.4 say (unit? pixels, but it doesn't matter, does it?). In this case, the question becomes a lot more complicated, does it not? I mean, re carries with it the value of n, the Sérsic profile index (or some other model), which is not - necessarily - the same for both bands. And the distribution is far from linear, isn't it? What is needed to do the calculations in cases like this?


Strategic planning is an organization's process of defining its strategy, or direction, and making decisions on allocating its resources to pursue this strategy, including its capital and people. Business plans can help decision makers see how specific projects relate to the organization's strategic plan.
It also needs to be written in formal format and style. You have to remember that a business plan is something that you may have to present to your business partners, financial firms and banks. So if you can, refrain from using slang in any part of your plan.
The business goals may be defined both for non-profit or for-profit organizations. For-profit business plans typically focus on financial goals, such as profit or creation of wealth. Non-profit, as well as government agency business plans tend to focus on the "organizational mission" which is the basis for their governmental status or their non-profit, tax-exempt status, respectively—although non-profits may also focus on optimizing revenue.
Business plans may be internally or externally focused. Externally focused plans target goals that are important to external stakeholders, particularly financial stakeholders. They typically have detailed information about the organization or team attempting to reach the goals. With for-profit entities, external stakeholders include investors and customers.
free business plan
business plan for student
business plan letter


‘Elicit’ or ‘illicit’?
Although elicit and illicit are both pronounced and spelled similarly, they have different meanings and origins. Both words ultimately derive from Latin: illicit comes from the verb licere meaning ‘allowed’, and elicit comes from the verb elicere meaning ‘entice or deceive’.
Illicit is an adjective, with two meanings. The first is ‘not allowed by laws or rules’, as in:
The UN estimated that the illicit drug trade is worth billions every year.
The second is ‘going against moral standards; unaccepted or not approved of by society’, as in:
Suspecting that his wife was having an illicit affair, he warned her to stop.
Elicit is a verb, with two meanings. The first is ‘to manage to get information from someone’ as in:
The hearing elicited some revealing testimony from the chairman’s colleagues.
The second is ‘to cause or draw out a particular reaction’, as in:
Most of the humour is more miss than hit, though there are moments that elicit a chuckle.
You can read more about elicit and illicit on the OxfordWords blog.
Back to Usage.
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As people become more and more aware of mental health disorders and how these can affect their lives and the lives of their family and friends, many words that used to be limited to mental health offices are making their way into common language. While talking about mental health and creating awareness is important, this “common language” explosion of psychological terms can be a bit misleading, especially when people use the terms to mean something other than what the actual diagnosis means. When people seek out counseling in Highlands Ranch, they often come in wondering if they have common mental health disorders based on what they have seen in popular media or gleaned from friends. In a previous post, we’ve covered the differences between “depressed” and “Depression.” This blog will review some of the most common terms that have “escaped” from the mental health field and made their way into everyday language, as well as how these words are different from the actual disorders they are similar to.
Anxiety. Everyone should feel anxious at some point. When a police officer pulls your car over, when you’re waiting in the dentist’s office for that big root canal, or when you’re interviewing for a competitive position, a little worry, stress, or heightened response is normal. Many experience anxiety, but for those with Generalized Anxiety Disorder, the anxiety is more than a racing heartbeat before a big event. It’s feeling like that big event is constantly happening, no matter where you are, and feeling even higher levels of anxiety that make it hard to work or think.
OCD. From the formal Obsessive Compulsive Disorder, OCD has crept into popular language to mean anyone who likes things overly tidy or whose standards don’t quite match those of others. For example, ask most teenagers about their parents’ opinions on cleaning, and you might hear some surprising answers. One teen laments “my mom has OCD—she expects me to wash the dishes every single day!” Similarly, some people will consider one little quirk or habit, say counting sidewalk cracks on long boring walks, to be “OCD.” While any of these little quirks could be part of the actual disorder, people who have OCD for real do more than just irk others for a minute or two; they spend hours and hours each day performing often senseless behaviors to reduce obsessive and awful thoughts.
ADD/ADHD. Losing your stride during a 12-hour movie marathon is not ADHD. Struggling to focus when you are reading a difficult and boring text is not ADHD. Fidgeting now and again is not ADHD. While all of these would also be things that a person with ADHD would show, remember that those who actually have this problem struggle to attend and focus on information all the time , including things they love, and often report feeling driven, scattered, and may struggle with processing speed, working memory, or other tasks.
As a rule, if your problem isn’t affecting you on a daily or near-daily basis, and if it isn’t causing disruption in your normal life, it isn’t usually a problem. We can’t perform 100% all the time, and variation is normal. For those who do struggle with these and other mental health issues, however, there is no variation: anxiety, obsessions, compulsions, and problems focusing are nonstop, disruptive, and debilitating at times. If this sounds like you, seek counseling in Littleton to find an effective diagnosis and treatment—your problems can get better! If you realize your occasional challenges are nowhere near “disorder” status, consider your language use to ensure we do not take away the power of these words as actual diagnoses.


Once you've written down your transition with a fact or detail, you should include an explanation to go with the fact (more
than one explanation is OK).
example: They (dolphins) must come to the surface of the water to breathe and get oxygen from the air. However, unlike
mammals, fish can take oxygen from the water.
In this example, the author explains that because the dolphin has lungs it needs to come to the surface to breathe. This
explains the fact that dolphins have lungs.
The second sentence explains even further that dolphins aren't fish because they can't breathe in the water.


Is it a pimple or cold sore? Getting a spot on or near the lips, inside the nostril, or even on the chin can get people searching the internet to find out the answer!
Since both types of blemish affect the face it is quite easy to confuse a spot with a cold sore or the other way around.
However to treat either of them appropriately, find out below how to tell what that red spot that has just appeared actually is!
What is a Pimple?
A spot or zit is another name for a pimple. As mentioned, small lesions that develop on the skin and might even feel inflamed or painful, are known as pimples, a type of acne, and look quite similar to the early stages of a cold sore when they appear around the lips. The cause of pimples is a bacterial infection or excess oil in the facial oil glands, which inflame the glands and as a result they get filled with pus.
Identifying the symptoms of pimples is one way people can determine which they are actually suffering from. One of the best ways people can telling the difference, is to recall if there was any forewarning sign before the lesion occurred.
In the case of spots, these pus-filled bumps can occur simply out of the blue. Pimples can be present anywhere on the body and usually are more likely on the T zone of the face and are associated with oily skin as well as acne prone skin.
What is a Cold Sore?
Those trying to figure out if they really have a cold sore or whether it is just a pimple after all, should know that these are a manifestation of a viral skin condition that occurs because of the herpes simplex virus type-1 infection. Due to being similar to zits when they first appear, i.e. existing in the form red lesions, there is often confusion about this. While pimples are not infectious and cannot be passed from one individual to another, the the herpes simplex virus can be passed from one person to the other from oral contact. This can be from a kiss, or the use of infected personal items like a towel or a utensil. The image on the left is from the NHS website in the UK, which has some very helpful information about cold sores
The signs and symptoms that are experienced before a cold sore appears are often the best way of telling the difference as people will feel a burning and tingling feeling, which might even be painful. Other tell-tale signs are painful, spontaneous rupturing and the fact that these sores mostly occur on or around the lips.
Treatments are widely available and can vary from a machine that will zap the cold sore to simple creams or gels to apply.
How to Treat a Cold Sore vs Pimple
One people have determined which they have, they can begin treating it accordingly. Cold sores might not go away on their own therefore medications need to be used to treat the condition, while zits generally vanish on their own. Treating zits can normally be done without any medical help and there are many creams, drying products, vitamin supplements and natural remedies that can be used to treat them. Find out more about treating a pimples on lips in this article.
As similar as these two types of blemish might be in appearance, there are still a lot of differences between these two skin conditions. The only way to treat either of them is to find out what the lesion actually is. While spots can be a nuisance, cold sores on the other hand can turn painfully severe in certain cases and visiting the doctor might become necessary to relieve pain and reduce the symptoms. Therefore, to treat either, people need to be certain which skin condition they are suffering from.


Canada: Pass legislation to prevent the sexual exploitation of women & girls
Sudan: Change the law – allow victims of sexual violence to access justice
Kenya: Ensure justice for 16-year-old Liz & all victims of sexual violence
Global: End Child Marriage
United Nations: Listen to survivors – don’t jeopardize efforts to prevent sex trafficking
Egypt: Enforce FGM law & properly investigate Soheir al-Batea’s death
Afghanistan: Protect women & girls from violence. Don’t sign new law rolling back women’s rights.
Latest column: Stop the minimum age of marriage for girls in Egypt from being reduced to as low as 9 years old
Violence against women and girls is major public health and human rights issue that has for too long been denied the attention and concern of international organizations, national governments, traditional human rights groups and the press. Only recently have governments and the international community acknowledged the prevalence and scope of violence against women and girls. Meanwhile, hundreds of millions of girls and women around the globe continue to endure debilitating and often fatal human rights abuses.
Sexual Violence: According to the World Health Organization, between 12 percent and 25 percent of women around the world have experienced sexual violence at some time in their lives. In the United States, data compiled by the National Victim Center in 1995 indicate that over 700,000 women are raped or sexually assaulted annually. The laws of many countries around the world, such as India, Papua New Guinea, Malaysia, have explicit exemptions for marital rape. Additionally, laws in countries such as Uruguay and Ethiopia allow rapists to escape punishment if they marry their victims. Further, armed conflict situations and civil wars in approximately 100 countries around the world have seen the increasing use of rape as a weapon of warfare. Women civilians and refugees, specifically targeted by armed forces, are subject to mass rape, forced pregnancy, and sexual slavery.
Domestic Violence: According to the World Health Organization, results of large-scale studies conducted in various developing and industrialized countries indicate that between 16 and 52 percent of women reported having been assaulted by an intimate partner. In the United States, 28 percent of women reported at least one episode of physical violence from their partner. In Nicaragua, 52 percent of women aged 15 - 49 in the city of Leon reported having been physically abused by a partner at least once. Many cultures condone or legally sanction domestic violence. In Northern Nigeria, for example, Section 55 of the Penal Code allows a husband to discipline his wife so long as the action does not amount to the “infliction of grievous hurt.”
Trafficking in Women and Girls: According to the United Nations Population Fund, an estimated 4 million women and girls around the world are bought and sold either into marriage, prostitution or slavery. Trafficking is an international multi-billion dollar industry. Traffickers operating across international borders procure their victims in many ways. Some women and girls are abducted; some are deceived by offers of legitimate work in another country; some are sold by their own poverty-stricken parents or are themselves driven by poverty into the lure of traffickers who profit from their desperation. These women and girls suffer unspeakable human rights violations as commodities of the trade in human beings.
Honor Killings: The United Nations Populations Fund estimates that as many as 5,000 women and girls are murdered by family members each year in so-called “honor killings” around the world. According to the United Nations Special Rapporteur on extrajudicial, summary and arbitrary executions, “honor killings” have been reported in Bangladesh, Brazil, Ecuador, Egypt, India, Israel, Italy, Jordan, Morocco, Pakistan, Sweden, Turkey, Uganda and the United Kingdom. These crimes are socially sanctioned in many countries (and in some countries legally sanctioned as well) and the killers are treated with lenience because defense of the “family honor” is considered a mitigating or exculpating factor.
Female Genital Mutilation: The World Health Organization estimates that more than 100 million girls and women around the world have undergone female genital mutilation (FGM), a traditional practice that involves either the partial or total removal of the clitoris (clitoridectomy), the removal of the entire clitoris and the cutting of the labia minora (excision), or the removal of all external genitalia and the stitching together of the two sides of the vulva, leaving only a very small vaginal opening (infibulation). FGM is commonly practiced in various countries in the Middle East and Africa, though it has also been documented in Asia, the United States and Europe. At least 2 million girls every year, 6,000 per day, are at risk of undergoing FGM.
Acid Burning: In some countries, women and girls are attacked with acid as a result of family disputes or rejected sex or marriage proposals. An increasing number of such acid burnings have been reported in Bangladesh, Nigeria and Cambodia. Those who survive are permanently disfigured and/or blinded. Perpetrators of such attacks frequently escape punishment.
Dowry Death: The United Nations Children’s Fund estimates that as many as 17 women were murdered per day when their families failed to make dowry payments to the families of their husbands in India in 1997. In a report presented to the Beijing + 5 Special Session of the United Nations General Assembly, the Government of India indicated a 15.2 percent rise in dowry deaths in 1999.
These are only a few examples of violence that are committed against women and girls every day in countries around the world. Although the manifestation of violence may vary according to the economic, social and cultural context in which it occurs, it is a universal phenomenon that is prevalent in every segment of every society, regardless of ethnicity, race, culture, age, class or country. In fact, the World Health Organization estimates that violence is a greater cause of death among women aged 15 to 44 than cancer, malaria and traffic accidents combined.
This bimonthly column written by Equality Now is devoted to issues of violence against women and girls around the world. Each column will feature a particular form of violence and will include recommendations for taking action. By presenting a global overview of gender-based violence, we hope to raise awareness of not only the pervasiveness of violence in all communities and societies, but also of the urgency of the problem. Through awareness and activism, we can eliminate violence against women and girls around the world.
Equality Now is an international human rights organization dedicated to the protection and promotion of the human rights of women and girls around the world. Issues of concern to Equality Now include trafficking in women, rape, domestic violence, denial of reproductive rights and other forms of discrimination and violence against women. Equality Now campaigns against these violations through its Women’s Action Network, which consists of 20,000 groups and individuals in more than 100 countries around the world. Taking advantage of various action techniques such as letter-writing and fax campaigns, video witnessing, media events and other public information activities, Equality Now mobilizes action on behalf of individual women whose rights are bring violated and promotes women’s rights at local, national and international levels.
For more information on the work of Equality Now or to join the Women’s Action Network visit www.equalitynow.org