The amounts are well below toxic levels, but microwaving a bottle or leaving it in the sun or a hot car can accelerate the process. • In 2003, the California Department of Conservation estimated that roughly three million water bottles are trashed every day in that state. At this rate, by 2013 the amount of unrecycled bottles will be enough to create a two-lane highway that stretches the state’s entire coast. • The energy used each year making the bottles needed to meet the demand for bottled water in the United States is equivalent to more than 17 million barrels of oil.
- To fill a single bottle of water, it takes three times of the water than it can actually store.
- This contamination is believed to exist as a result of the packaging process and scientists are beginning to believe that “microplastics” fall under the category of endocrine-disrupting chemicals known as obesogens.
- EPA regulates public drinking water , while FDA regulates bottled drinking water.
- The Quabbin Reservoir watershed alone covers 187.5 square miles, 55% of which is owned by DCR.
- Bottled water is very useful in many retrospect’s it can be delivered to countries in need of help from a disaster or just plain poverty.
- This unique ionization process of Essentia helps to increase the pH level of the water to 9.5, making it highly alkaline.
- National Sanitation Foundation rate water filters based on their ability to remove contaminants.
- Even with safe water, people in the U.S. still consumed more than 8.25 billion gallons of commercially bottled water in 2006 , prompting debate and criticism regarding the merits of both tap and bottled water.
- The easy availability of purified drinking water means that you can now travel easily and carry all the other important things you need, instead of carrying extra load of drinking water.
- Sterile water – this type of water meets sterilization requirements, for example, those specified under “sterility tests” in the United States Pharmacopoeia.
- Another concern is bisphenol A, aka BPA – a chemical frequently found in plastic water bottles.
- You can buy a mineral additive such as Third Wave Water and follow the instructions or find a DIY recipe for a mineral additive.
- On January 1, 2009 bottled water brands marketed in California began posting more label and website information required by a new state labeling law.
According to the EPA, water from artesian aquifers often is more pure because the confining layers of rock and clay impede the movement of contamination. However, despite the claims of some bottlers, there is no guarantee that artesian waters are any cleaner than ground water from an unconfined aquifer, the EPA says. Hence, tap water can even have a positive effect on our health in the long run. Do CBD Gummies help with anxiety? Thus, although we will not get sick most of the time by drinking this water, our body might still produce a certain level of antibodies, which may make us less vulnerable to several other diseases. Even though tap water may contain some bacteria, the concentration of those bacteria is usually quite low. Many companies often also do not disclose where their bottled water really comes from.
ZeroWater brand caught 93 percent, PUR pitchers got 84 percent, but by the time the filters needed to be replaced, Brita was only catching 50 percent. A similar discrepancy was found between PUR and Brita brand filters tested specifically against disinfection byproducts. They both started out about the same at the beginning, but by the end of the filter’s life PUR appeared to do better. Reverse osmosis systems can work even better, but the cost, water waste, and loss of trace minerals doesn’t seem worth it. Countries could prevent the formation of disinfection byproducts in the first place through the better initial removal of source water’s “natural organic matter” (or what my grandmother would have called “schmutz”).
Therefore, some consumers have sought out alternative sources of drinking water by turning to bottled water. The FDA Standards of Identity requires bottled water to be accurately labeled, creating national standardized bottled water labels. By comparison, tap water is “inexpensive and monitored by the EPA,” she says. Even when the water is safe to drink, sometimes it can smell or taste unpleasant. It is easy and it does definitely improve the water quality — the taste is better, and you know it’s much safer and cleaner. The only limitation I’ve found, however, is that it does not solve hard water problems.
Soda Companies Are Aware Of How Lucrative Bottled Water Can Be
Other environmental issues to consider are the resources it takes to extract the water, as well as the transportation and distribution. Trucks driving around the country loaded with cases of bottled water are emitting a whole lot of greenhouse gases and other harmful fumes into the air. Minerals detected in Oahu’s drinking water include boron, vanadium, manganese, and sulfates.
In case you’re experiencing a change in the water, it can be due to chlorination or mineral content in the water. The water filtration system is an economical, practical, and easiest way to get pure and hygienic water for drinking purposes. You can get countertop, faucet, pitcher, water-bottle filtration, 3, 5, 7 stage filtration, RO filtration system with UV light and water distillation systems to get pure water in your homes. There is a reason the debate of tap water vs. bottled water has gone on for so long. Water is important to your health, and you want to be sure you are doing everything in your power to protect your health and the health of your family. A filter is likely still less expensive over time than buying bottled water regularly for everyday use.
The Everything Guide To Bottled Water
ColiA certain amount of any bacteria is allowed.Cannot have confirmed E. Laboratory testing by EWG has found all sorts of nasty stuff in popular brands of bottled water – disinfection byproducts, industrial chemicals, prescription drugs and even bacteria. And unlike your local tap water utilities, which are required to test for contaminants each year and disclose the results to the public, the bottled water industry can hide the test results. Knowledge is power, and with bottled water you’ll likely know nothing about what you’re drinking. To ensure you are drinking clean spring water or purified water invest in a dual stage filter system.
Bottled Water Vs Tap Water: The 2021 Definitive Comparison
This significant growth was fuelled by a surge in advertising by the industry players that “bottled water was pure and healthy”. By law, the FDA regulations for bottled water must be at least as stringent as the Environmental Protection Agency standards for tap water. “Groundwater” and “well water” are names used for water that is produced from a well that penetrates the water table.
The Problem With Tap Water
On the other hand, water systems in the developed world are well-regulated. In the U.S., for instance, municipal water falls under the purview of the Environmental Protection Agency, and is regularly inspected for bacteria and toxic chemicals. Check out the Environmental Working Group’s National Drinking Water Database. If you do not want to run the risk of the dangers of bottled water, you should the opportunity to adopt greener and healthier solutions. To do this, you can, for example, install a filter for your tap water if this option seems to be the best.
Carbon Water Filter
The only bottled water that I will drink is using my stainless-double-vacuum sealed bottles. Anyone buying bottled water should read this page in order to become educated on the topic. There are many, many issues with bottled water, all of which are covered on this page.
You may know that when plastic is exposed to heat it releases harmful chemical compounds which are not only bad for our health but also pollutes our environment. Coli and has set up limits to allow a certain amount of bacteria. On the other hand, as per the standards set by EPA for tap water, it should not contain any amount of E. In today’s modern world most of the people prefer drinking water from bottled water instead of tap.
Whats In Tap Water?
As much as 45 percent of bottled water comes from municipal water supplies. Results from the study for specific brands of bottled water can be found here. Water bottles are made from virgin petroleum, a fossil fuel, and fossil fuels are burned in order to fill and distribute the bottles.
The Way To Purify Tap Water
Still, this doesn’t even come close to the amount of waste that gets generated by water bottles. If you buy bottled water in bulk, that will cost you roughly $70.76 per personin your household annually. If you buy single bottles , you are looking at a cost of $435 per person annually. Most plastic bottles end up in landfills, where they decompose very slowly and release toxic chemicals as they do break down.
The Most Popular Bottled Waters, Ranked
This blog doesn’t provide any medical/dental advice, diagnosis or treatment. Tragically, while leaving the faucet water to sit can dispose of chlorine the equivalent can’t be said with regards to chloramines. This is something that you have to consider when choosing whether or not to treat your water.
The State Of Our Water Today
According to Dr. Gina Solomon, a scientist at the Natural Resources Defense Council, “There is no reason to believe that bottled water is safer than tap water.” There is a huge myth that most Americans believe, and it might be the marketing triumph of the 20th century. We pay an absurd markup (Zero Hedge says as much as 280,000% for “designer” water) on something we can get for free because most of us believe that bottled water is healthier than tap water. Here are 5 reasons why tap water is probably better than that bottled stuff you drink. The “better” water largely depends on what you consider to be the most important factors.
The basic issue is the affordability; tap water is much cheaper than bottled water. Hence, for many people, difference in the cost is the major consideration. For this reason, people with a compromised immune system, such as patients of diabetes and cancer are not recommended the use of bottled water.
In Fact, Tap Water Is Typically Tested For Quality And Contamination More Frequently Than Bottled Water
This 22-billion-dollar industry uses 1.5 million tons of plastic each year. Most plastic bottles end up here, releasing toxic chemicals as they very slowly decompose. The solution to problems both in bottled and tap water is distilled water, which is virtually 100% pure water. Some people may confuse distilled water with the distilled water sold at grocery stores, in the cheap plastic gallon containers. The moment that distilled water touches that cheap plastic, the plastic taste and smell will be infused in the distilled water, no longer enjoyable or recommended for human consumption. Almost all of the bottled water comes in recyclable plastic bottles but only about 10 percent of the bottles we use get recycled.
On the downside, distillation means that water has to boil until it vaporizes, which is an energy-intense process and will add up to your electricity costs. If you use a water distiller in your household, expect that the system will be running a couple of hours each day. Not every filter system uses the same technology to clean water. The most commonly used technologies are distillation, reverse osmosis and mechanical filtration .
They also raise serious concerns about the potential for other plastic chemicals to leach out of typical PET water bottles especially if they sit in the hot sun” (Knopper, par.23). Customers purchase bottled water completely unaware of the facts how plastic can affect their health, because people do not take the time to research how bottled water is produced. Finally, the mining of water supplies in rural areas in the United States have conservationists working with communities for support in stopping bottling companies from using their natural resources. Companies like Nestle, Coca-Cola, and Pepsico have purchased the rights to extract water in many states where water is abundant; in defiant opposition of the people against the over mining of people’s water resources.
Water treatment facilities put water through several rounds of filtration, targeting different contaminates with different filtration processes before it is finally disinfected with chemicals such as chlorine. You are unlikely to get ill from drinking British tap water, as it has undergone a long and involved process of decontamination and sanitation before it reached your tap. The safety of tap water varies from country to county and from area to area. Luckily for Brits, the water in the UK is among the safest in the world, in terms of bacteria at least. A water ionizer is a unique machine, originally developed in Japan to help their population with major health issues.
Disadvantages Of Filtering Tap Water
Filtration will help remove these toxins and the smell of chlorine which is used to treat tap water. Disinfection and filtration is also not required of bottled water unlike tap water which requires disinfection and filtration, including bacteria testing and tests for Cryptosporidium viruses. In addition, some states require bottled water firms to be licensed annually. It is thought that consumers have been “bamboozled into thinking that all bottled water is pure and clean” . United Kingdom tap water is recognised as “one of the best in the world” . An example of a bottled water marketing strategy is, “perfect to keep you healthy” .
In addition, our drinking water is also contaminated with bacteria and viruses. Some may not be yet aware of this, but most already are, and that’s when the surge in sales of bottled water and water filtration systems started. We find everyday that there are new artificial chemicals around us everyday that cause a host of conditions . Until that day I will continue to buy organic prodyce, I will avoid microwaving plastic containers, and I will certainly be watchful of my tap water intake. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency determines whether tap water is safe to drink while the U.S.
The resources it takes to manufacture the plastic bottles, bring the water out of the ground, bottle it, and ship it, are incredibly harmful to the environment. It takes three bottles of water and one bottle of gasoline Is delta 8 strong? to produce one bottle of water, whereas tap water’s impact is nearly zero. It is estimated that 4 of 5 bottles of water never make it to the recycler, and wind up contaminating our water systems or in landfills.
It may, however, be specific to the group of filters selected for our purposes. The filtration treatment left Perrier® water with a substantially lower calcium concentration, in the same range as tap and spring waters . Another issue that must be addressed regarding this study is the somewhat common lack of uniform mineral composition of the water within one city. A very important example would be Los Angeles, the second most populated city in the USA. This city provides four water quality reports for different parts of the city.
They contain soluble matter, which is mostly dissolved minerals. The ground acts as a filter so helps keep the water free from contamination . These waters aren’t always untreated and unless the bottle says “bottled at source” it’s probably been transported to a bottling plant in a bulk container. Spring waters can be filtered, UV treated or chemically disinfected.
Faucet water can also contain unhealthy elements such as limestone. This is why you should consider installing a reverse osmosis filter to remove the unhealthy elements in question. When they finish consuming the water from the bottle, many people use to filling the plastic bottle again that is wrong. As mentioned earlier, you need to filter the contaminants out of your tap water to make it safer to drink.
We guide you in the water fluoridation and suggest the best water filter system for your home in Ireland. It has been implied by many manufacturers that there are harmful contaminants in your tap water. But it’s arguable that North Americans should be more fearful of the potential chemicals in their bottled water from the bottle itself. Some studies have shown that plastic bottles release chemicals, especially under certain conditions such as excessive heat. There hasn’t been any credible study or findings that prove bottled water is healthier for you. So if you drink bottled water because you think it’s healthier for you, you may want to give your regulated tap water a try.
This is a waste of water in order to produce a liter of bottled water which slowly impacts the environment in a negative way. If you live in an area with contaminated water, bottled water may be better for you than untreated water straight from your tap. However, it would be much more economically viable of you to have a reverse osmosis filter installed in your home. They rely on your home’s water pressure to force your tap water supply through a series of fine membranes. One of the most heavily-studied of these chemicals in plastic bottles is BPA.
The rain water is absolutely pure and is distilled water but everything in the air is gathered up by the distilled water as it falls down to the earth. We have emissions from factories, smog from cities, solvents from all kinds of chemicals, emissions from cars, trains, planes, and buses. All of that is in the air, that is one the reason the light turns on in the tap water. Our tap water then hits the ground, in one teaspoon of dirt we have billions of bacterium, virus and parasites.
Most of the people keep on asking whether tap water is safe for fish tank or not. City water systems must issue annual “right to know” reports, telling consumers what is in their water. Bottlers successfully killed a “right to know” requirement for bottled water.
To help alleviate environmental harm from PET, some companies are adopting a more eco-friendly bottling alternative. But the International Bottled Water Association says the product provides a convenient, healthy alternative to calorie-laden portable drinks or those containing caffeine and artificial additives. Well-known French brands Evian and Volvic export between 50 and 60 percent of their water to destinations across the globe. A well presented an informative article which has changed the way I plan to store water. It’s fine to store your water in this room as long as your barrels are up on pallets like you plan to have them. Just make sure not to store food in this room because of temperature changes.
Americans Consume More Packaged Water Overall Than People In Any Other Country In The World Except China
Our work shows that the Po river basin has reached a turning point, as concerns water resources and drought management. Tap into your child’s imagination while creating magic water bottles by filling Are 3000mg CBD Gummies very powerful? a bottle with objects that they can search for and locate. Nitrites are used in water treatment systems as corrosion inhibitors, as preservatives, and in the manufacture of organic chemicals.
We get a copy of your local water quality report, and customize your filtration to target the toxins that are in that report. Three other elements that showed curious results were aluminum, phosphorus and potassium; these elements actually increased when filters were used. Aluminum levels actually increased in both tap waters filtered through Filter B, and phosphorus and potassium levels increased in both tap waters filtered through Filters A and B. Although the aluminum results of 0.043 and 0.038 mg/l in samples 1C and 2C respectively are below the lower MCL of 0.05 mg/ as an unenforceable secondary contaminant, they are heading up there. An investigation into the actual contents of the filters and the molecular reactions that occur during filtration could reveal reasons for this unexpected increase in these elements. Again, even with these findings, overall the filters were effective in removing elemental contaminants of concern, with Filter B appearing to be the more effective of the two.
Since bottled and tap water both come from the same local water sources, the water should be the same. However, the Federal Drug Administrated administered bottled water industry generally provides a lower lead content. Tap water, controlled by the Environmental Protection Agency , has slightly higher lead content from passing through the pipes, has traces of bacteria-killing chlorine, and fluoride for stronger teeth. Like the article said, the amount of gasoline spent to make bottled water is so harmful to the earth (not to mention the amount of people who don’t recycle). To give you an idea, each bottle of water can be filled 25% with gasoline, because that’s approximately the amount of gas each bottle of water takes to make.


Constitution for a fifth grader
The United States Constitution, therefore, set up a Constitutionally limited Republic, where those granted authority were limited in scope by the expected language of the Constitution. The mistake has been two fold in that most education systems call our system a Democracy, implying that we have some sense of moral responsibility to alter the behavior of those we disagree with by instituting new laws and assuming that the Constitution is not a limiting document, but a living document, where it can be circumvented by other law. Both are errors.
Ask yourself what comes to mind when you think of the statement “The United States”. Do you think on a convention of independent States allied by contract? Or do you imagine the President and his government?
In simpler words: Government has not been given the authority to rule over men, but to rule for them. Any action that moves the point of rule from the individual to the agent is flatly unconstitutional.
Originally the idea of elected officials was specifically designed by the US Constitution to help ensure the distinction of class in individuals and more importantly to create ‘conflict’, that is, what we have come to know as checks and balances, between the many officials in the government.
"Man cannot take away God given rights." - This is where the fundamental notion of asking the question about the nature of the universe comes into play and why it is the most important question to ask.
As I’ve stated, the root of a man is our First Estate (our body/mind complex), from this First Estate one is able to work with the body to do things like gather food and build shelter. Work by the First Estate allows the individual to survive, and thus, ensures Life. The ability to do this work without hindrance is Liberty. From these three primary concepts the Founding Fathers compiled a list of rights they believed would express these underlying thoughts.
Taxation, ownership, and forced participation
Are roads necessary? Necessary is a sticky word because it implies some kind of social requirement, that the world is moving someplace on purpose: That Progress is a teleological necessity. From a society stand point, nothing is necessary (as society is a collection of individuals)...
There is no signature of agreement by those being taxed, they are not being allowed to participate by their own will. They are forced to agree, else be murdered.
First and foremost, the argument automatically assumes a selfish position by the person putting forth the idea. The very idea of the kind of selfishness the collectivists attribute to the Objectivist point of view. They say to us, “you capitalist are greedy and Selfish!”, yet, in order to have what they want, they willingly steal and build their blood soaked monuments with our creation, at gun point...
Unification of Self & Liberty
You know you are already angry with the title of this book. Good. You should be.
A longer chain of slaves with more links called rights gives the slave the opinion of his freedom because he cannot see the Master’s whip so easily, but it is still there.
This book by specific intention says that constructed views of reality - that is: enforced values, opinions, writings, purposes and especially the construction we have come to call Law - is not and never has had the authority to supersede the individual. From this sense, a document called Constitution with named specific rights is just a document and holds no sway or validity over the individual.
The outcome of the vote is always compulsion forced on the individual.
In the end, the vote is not only consent, but it is a surrender that requires the voter to give up individual authority or be murdered, sometimes both. It is a surrender to all posterity, a way of diminishing the value of all future children.
The voter has agreed to the outcome of the events without any actual consideration of morality. The voter assumes that only moral acts can be achieved by the vote. Thus, stealing someone’s income so that the voter can have a road is to such a person a justifiable outcome. The theft itself ignored, for the presumed moral end called road.
You want to talk about having a voice, then start discussing how much of your autobiography can actually be written with your own voice, penned by your own identity. Nearly none of it. Because the State makes most of your important decisions for you.
The amount your voice matters is related to how voluntary your society is.
Not only physically by taking away the natural Right of the individual to self-determine, but it destroys our ability to live in society. Because now I know, that 6 out of every 10 people I talk with want to have me chained and controlled. If I step out of line, by their definition of that line, those 6 out of 10 people would have no problem with me being put down like a sick dog. Six out of ten would jeer and applaud as the police destroyed my home, drug my limp dead body into the street and lauded over it as a trophy.
The State, as indicated above, cannot own the authority of a right, because only the individual has that contract of the self. This contract is called Himself. The State’s only power is a false authority.


This is the fifth in a series on classroom management through wikis. Here are links for wikis I’ve created for grades K-5.
This one is Fourth Grade:
You can organize a classroom with blogs, internet start pages (click for more on internet start pages), wikis, even twitter (Click for more on twitter). Wikis are the most thorough. Take a look at my fourth grade class wiki . I have room for student and parent resources, homework, What we did Today (for absent students or parents), grade-level skills, favorite links. You can even add student pages, created by students. This is very popular in the older grades. When students are absent, I send them to this wiki to see what we did and what they need help with. When we’re getting ready to submit a project, they can check out the grading rubric here, be sure they have all required pieces. This is a great spot to include extensions for those precocious students who finish everything early. I’m going to add a ‘sponge’ page, for just that reason: a place students can go to try theme-oriented websites that can be completed in 5-10 minutes.
How fast do fourth graders get used to the click-clack of finding the wiki? A few weeks, but I don’t design it for only the students, rather the parents also. Fourth grade parents want so much to stay on top of activities, class work, requirements, and they understand the five-year-old brain isn’t yet mature enough (in most cases) to collect and remember pertinent facts. Sometimes, that age child can’t differentiate what they must remember and what there’s no need to. This site solves those issues. If it’s not on here, parents can rest comfortably it isn’t required. There’s also a ‘Discussion’ tab on each page so parents can communicate their thoughts with me if there’s a pesky part that perturbs them.
A class wiki also helps me stay organized. I consider it the best classroom management tool I use. I can go back in time, see the details of what I did last year, the links I visited, samples of projects, and update where necessary. And the best thing about a class wiki: It’s free through Wikispaces.com and so many other purveyors.
Click here for more information on wikis.
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Jacqui Murray is the editor of a technology curriculum for K-fifth grade and author of two technology training books for middle school. She wrote Building a Midshipman, the story of her daughter’s journey from high school to United States Naval Academy midshipman. She is webmaster for five blogs, an Amazon Vine Voice book reviewer, a columnist for Examiner.com, an Editorial Review Board member for Journal for Computing Teachers, an IMS tech expert, and a weekly contributor to Write Anything and Technology in Education. Currently, she’s working on a techno-thriller that should be ready this summer. Contact Jacqui at her writing office, WordDreams, or her tech lab, Ask a Tech Teacher.
Jacqui Murray is the author of the popular Building a Midshipman, the story of her daughter’s journey from high school to United States Naval Academy, and the thriller, To Hunt a Sub. She is also the author/editor of over a hundred books on integrating tech into education, adjunct professor of technology in education, webmaster for four blogs, an Amazon Vine Voice book reviewer, a columnist for TeachHUB, monthly contributor to Today’s Author and a freelance journalist on tech ed topics. You can find her books at her publisher’s website, Structured Learning. The sequel to To Hunt a Sub, Twenty-four Days, will be out this summer. Jacqui Murray has been teaching K-8 technology for 15 years. She is the editor/author of over a hundred tech ed resources including a K-8 technology curriculum, K-8 keyboard curriculum, K-8 Digital Citizenship curriculum. She is an adjunct professor in tech ed, CSG Master Teacher, webmaster for four blogs, an Amazon Vine Voice book reviewer, Editorial Review Board member for Journal for Computing Teachers, CAEP reviewer, CSTA presentation reviewer, freelance journalist on tech ed topics, and a weekly contributor to TeachHUB. You can find her resources at Structured Learning.


The GirlsRISE project (www.girlsrisenet.org/about) is all about girl power. This nationwide network of museums led by the Miami Science Museum works to strengthen the capacity of informal science educators to engage and motivate middle school and high school minority girls to explore and pursue careers in science and engineering. At the recent GirlsRISE National Institute in Baltimore, Dr. Angela Byars-Winston participated as a guest researcher and one of the event’s invited speakers, giving a talk entitled: “Promoting Culturally-Relevant STEM Career Interventions: Assessing Self and Building Skills.” Now Dr. Byars-Winston has been given another immense honor – she has just been named a “Champion of Change” by The White House (www.whitehouse.gov/champions).
Champions of Change are individuals, businesses, or organizations honored by President Obama because they embody the theme “Innovate, Educate, and Build.” On December 9, an event was held at The White House to honor Dr. Byars-Winston and fellow Champion Barbara A. Bitters. These inspiring women were chosen because of their determined efforts to “win the future” by helping to recruit girls and retain women in fields of science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM). The event included small group discussions focused on changing the stereotypes of girls in STEM, and mentoring and supporting women in the STEM workforce.
Dr. Byars-Winston is a counseling psychologist and Associate Professor at the University of Wisconsin Department of Medicine. She has done extensive research on cultural influences on academic and career development, especially for women and minorities in STEM. She is a member of the STEM Equity Pipeline National Advisory Board, as part of the National Alliance for Partnerships in Equity (www.napequity.org/), and has played a major role in creating diverse classrooms and workspaces. She is a true champion.


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25: A Miracle Video Lecture:
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25: A Miracle
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This video lecture series on Higher Computing by Richard Buckland of by The University of New South Wales, Australia is an introductory course for computer science. This course consists of three strands: programming, systems, and general computer science literacy. The programming strand is further divided into two parts. For the first half of the course we cover small scale programming, in the second half we look at how to effectively use teams to produce more substantial software. In the systems strand we will look at how computers work. Concentrating on microprocessors, memory, and machine code. In the literacy strand we will look at topics drawn from computing history, algorithms, WWW programming, ethics and law, cryptography and security, and other topics of general interest. The stran


International Workers Day is also referred as Labour Day or May Day, celebrated on May 1st of every year . It is observed to honour the labourers and the working class people. The day is promoted by the international labour movement, socialists, communists and anarchists. It is a national declared holiday in most of the countries. Each country has its own tradition and culture in celebrating the day, but the major concept lies in paying tribute to the working class people. Share this International Workers Day Greetings Images to your friends, family members and everyone who toiled hard and succeed in life.
International Workers Day is observed on May 1st to appreciate and honour the efforts made by the labourers and working classes society. It is also called as Labour Day or May Day. This day is observed as national holiday in so many countries. Wish every labourer who worked hard and toiled their body to build the integrated society. Download the workers day image for free here. You can also email the image with the personalized messages.


ABS stands for the anti-lock braking system, and it is the safety feature usually present in all types of vehicles. It enhances stability and control during the application of brakes in buses. It works with a wheel speed sensor, control module, and hydraulic system.
Do Buses Have ABS? Buses have ABS to ensure safety on roads, compliance with safety regulations, better stability of the steering wheel, reduced risk of tire damage, and stable driving. Most of the school and passenger buses have this safety feature. Moreover, the government announced that vehicles that have been manufactured after 2015 should have an anti-lock braking system.
The number of accidents on the roads is increasing day by day. In addition, most of these accidental cases are of larger buses and trucks because of the locking of their wheels. These can collide with smaller vehicles on the road because of the slipping of their tires.
Why do buses have ABS?
Anti-lock braking systems of buses rely heavily on the speed sensors mounted on their wheels. These sensors transfer the information to the control module, which eventually controls the brake pressure on each wheel and prevents them from skidding.
Ensure safety on roads
Anti-lock braking system has been introduced in buses to enhance the safety of the driver and passenger on the road. In addition, the safety feature is specially designed to decrease the chances of a collision on the road.
Roads become slippery during the rainy season because of water on the road. It creates a layer between the road surface and the tires. Tires cannot maintain traction with the road surface because of a water layer.
The skidding chances increase when you apply brakes because tires cannot maintain contact with the road. ABS reduces the skidding chances and prevents the wheels from locking up by equally distributing the hydraulic pressure on all wheels.
Roads in the rainy season also become slippery because of the mixing of oil and water. The safety feature is also beneficial when you are moving on inclined surfaces.
It prevents the tires from slipping and locking up while moving downward. Tires remain moving, and you can easily apply brakes without the risk of skidding and collision with other cars.
Tire skidding chances also increase when you are moving on snowy roads. The Anti-lock braking system prevents the wheel from locking up on snowy roads and maintains traction with the road when you suddenly apply brakes.
Compliance with safety regulations
Many safety regulations have made it mandatory for all buses to have anti-lock braking systems to ensure the safety of other cars and passengers on the roads and highways.
It is an effective safety feature to reduce the risk of accidents that usually occur during front and back collisions.
Yesterday, I was driving on the highway, and I saw a fast-moving bus collide with an SUV because of a slipping wheel on the road. However, it was a minor backside collision, and all passengers and drivers were safe, and few people got minor injuries.
They have this safety feature to ensure compliance with their particular states’ safety rules and regulations.
Better stability over the steering wheel
Drivers cannot maintain the steering wheel’s stability when the buses’ wheels lock up during brake application.
You cannot effectively steer the steering wheel even during emergency braking conditions. An Anti-lock braking system enhances the stability of the steering wheel by protecting the tires from locking up and maintaining the stability of the steering wheel.
It allows easy maneuverability of the steering wheel in different directions to avoid collisions and reduce the risk of accidents on the roads. It also gives drivers better control over the steering wheel during brake application.
Reduce the risk of tire damages
Skidding and locking up issues are damaging for wheels and increase the chances of their wear and tear. It damages the rubber material when drivers accelerate their buses to move forward.
Excessive force on the tires to move forward can damage their rubber material. It creates flat spots on tires, which decreases their average lifespan.
ABS helps enhance the tires’ safety and protect them from unnecessary damage by reducing the risk of wheels locking up and skidding chances.
In addition, it is also beneficial to decrease maintenance costs and keep the vehicle operating for a longer period without any potential damages.
ABS helps maintain the overall stability of the buses on different roads. It allows the tires to maintain their traction on different terrains.
They cannot lose control while moving on slippery, wet, uneven surfaces. It protects the tires from locking up while moving on uneven surfaces where traction is challenging to maintain.
It allows the driver to maintain stability and control while braking on even road surfaces where tires encounter different friction levels.
Shorten braking distance
Anti-lock braking systems reduce the braking distance, which is a significant contributor to decreasing road accidents. However, the braking distance of the larger vehicles is more because of their size and weight.
ABS safety features reduce their braking distance because of the presence of an effective braking system. Skidding indirectly increases the stopping distance because locked-up tires take longer.
It distributes equal hydraulic pressure on each wheel, and they can stop quickly when you apply brakes in emergency situations.
It prevents the locking up of tires, and eventually, buses take less time to stop.
How can you tell if your bus is equipped with ABS brakes?
ABS is the high-end safety feature that is present in new models of all buses. The computerized feature keeps the tires from locking up during challenging braking conditions.
You can check the certification label to identify the presence of the safety system. In addition, larger vehicles equipped with anti-lock braking systems also contain yellow malfunctioning lamps to warn drivers of faulty components.
It is helpful to alert the drivers on the road when any of their components are faulty and not functioning correctly.
How should you apply brakes in a bus with ABS brakes?
You do not need any specialized method to brake in a bus equipped with ABS safety features. Press the brake pedal as you usually do to apply the brakes.
Apply the braking force that is necessary to stop while maintaining their stability. Moreover, you have to brake in the same manner regardless of the presence of an anti-lock braking system in your vehicle.
In addition, avoid pumping on brakes during emergencies. It is necessary to slow down your bus and then monitor it to back off the brakes because it is helpful to maintain stability and control.
When did ABS come in buses?
All buses are not equipped with ABS because it depends on their model and manufacturing company. However, in some states of America, it is necessary to add an anti-lock braking system in all smaller and larger vehicles.
The vehicles in these particular states have the safety features to comply with their state’s local rules and regulations. In addition, the government ordered to add the ABS system to all larger automobiles.
Vehicles launched after April 2015 should have this safety feature, which is the major contributor to the decrease in road accidents and high-force collisions.
The government is taking preventive measures and making rules and regulations because road safety is their primary concern. In addition, it allows the drivers to maintain control over the steering wheel during emergency braking conditions.
What type of buses are equipped with ABS?
School buses often have an anti-lock braking system because the safety of children is a significant concern.
It is necessary to make these vehicles safe and secure because it is necessary for children’s safety and to gain their parents’ trust.
In addition, it is also present in larger passenger buses that provide accommodation for more than 10 passengers. It is helpful to improve the overall safety of the people by preventing the tires from slipping.


Houses on stilts, small-scale energy generation and recycling dishwater are some of the measures being proposed by engineers at
The academic team, engaged in a project for the Tyndall Centre for Climate Change, outlined how major cities must respond if they are to continue to grow in the face of climate change.
Using the new UK Climate Predictions 2009 data for weather patterns over the next century, the
The report focuses on the particular challenges facing London, but it can be used as a model for other UK cities on how policy makers, businesses and the public must work together to prepare for climate change.
As well as protecting homes and buildings against the increased threat of flooding from rising sea levels, the report emphasises the need to reduce carbon emissions, reduce water usage and move towards cleaner, greener transport.
‘Most importantly, we have to cut our CO2 emissions, but at the same time we need to prepare for the extremes of weather – heat waves, droughts and flooding – which we are already starting to experience,’ he said.
‘The difficulty is balancing one risk against another while allowing for the expected population and employment growth and that is what our work attempts to address,’ added Dawson.
The report promotes the development of cycleways and public transport, low-carbon energy and water recycling. It also shows how solving one problem can exacerbate another.
‘To combat the problem, we often resort to switching on the air conditioning. This is not only energy intensive and therefore has potential to raise CO2 emissions that drive climate change, but it works by cooling the inside of the building and expelling hot air outside, raising the overall air temperature in the city as well.
‘This can amplify what is known as the urban heat island,’ he added.
To reduce this problem, the authors believe that one option might be to stimulate growth along the
‘The problem then is that you are building in the flood plain, so you have to prepare for a whole different set of challenges,’ said
‘Good planning is the key. We have shown that land use planning influences how much people travel and how they heat and cool their buildings and hence the CO2 emissions.
‘Land use also determines how vulnerable people will be to the impacts of climate change,’ he added. ‘Our research enables policy makers to explore these many issues on the basis of evidence about the possible future changes and to analyse the effectiveness of a range of innovative responses, so they can better understand and prepare for climate change.’


Teachers use CultureGrams Kids Edition in the classroom to teach a range of subjects including language arts, geography, current events, history and math. Maps charting topography, political and regional differences and graphs and tables, comparing data across countries and identifying trends are among the teaching tools included in CultureGrams Kids.Continue Reading
CultureGrams provides an opportunity for students to learn how to conduct online research as they search the CultureGrams database for information on the day-to-day life, customs, history and language of over 200 countries. With built-in distance calculators and currency converters, as well as an option for creating graphs and data tables, CultureGrams engages students in the practical application of mathematical concepts. Potential learning activities range from comparing rates of population growth to charting the impact of natural disasters on economic growth.
Teachers build learning activities around the program's varied content elements like its in-depth video interviews regarding culture and daily life. Asking students to reflect in writing on their perceptions or conclusions after viewing a series of interviews is an opportunity to foster analytical skills and meet language arts requirements. Options for learning the vocabulary of various languages and hearing them spoken enhance cultural understanding and provides unique learning opportunities, like discussing the impact of one language on another or the evolution of a language within its historical context.Learn more about K-12 Curriculum


There are two main types of asthma inhalers or sprays. They include long-lasting preventative type asthma sprays and fast-acting or relieving asthma inhalers. They both have their place in modern medicine, each serving very different purposes.
This article specifically looks at the fast-acting type of inhalers. It addresses the long-term side effects of using this particular drug over many years.
A Ventolin or Salbutamol puffer or inhaler is the most common drug for managing asthma around the world. Its sole purpose is to relieve an acute asthma attack. It does nothing to prevent asthma attacks from occurring in the first place. It actually works against your body’s own natural defence system and therefore creates dependency; worsening asthma in the long term.
Many asthmatics believe that the corticosteroids (preventative type asthma sprays) that they take are much more harmful to their health than the fast-acting relieving inhaler they use. Therefore, they may skip doses of the preventative drug here and there and still require the rescue inhaler. This is a mistake. Corticosteroids administered in the correct dose are much less damaging to your health than the rescue drug Albuterol, Ventolin or Salbutamol.
The long-term effects of Ventolin are alarming! Any asthma sufferer who is heavily reliant on Ventolin to control their asthma symptoms is doing great damage to their health and should consider addressing their asthma management plan YESTERDAY! Seriously “what are you waiting for!”
In fact, clinical trials have proven that Ventolin can cause side effects to:
- Psychiatric Health
Discover Information Guaranteed To Help You Eliminate All Asthma Medications Click On This Link Now Natural Asthma Miracle


- carminative (adj.)
- early 15c., from Latin carminat- (past participle stem of carminare "to card," from carmen, genitive carminis, "a card for wool or flax," which is related to carrere "to card;" see card (v.2)) + -ive. As a noun from 1670s.
A medical term from the old theory of humours. The object of carminatives is to expel wind, but the theory was that they dilute and relax the gross humours from whence the wind arises, combing them out like knots in wool. [Hensleigh Wedgwood, "A Dictionary of English Etymology," 1859-65]


The Hairy Armadillo weighs around 1.5 pounds. Its armor consists of the shield on the head, a small shield between the ears on the back of the neck, and the carapace which protects the shoulders, back, sides and rump. The banded portion of the carapace has about 18 bands, of which usually 7 to 8 are movable. These animals have more hair than most armadillos.
Location: Conservation Education Programs
RangeHairy Armadillos are found in Western Bolivia, Paraguay and Central Argentina.
HabitatHairy armadillos inhabit semi-desert conditions in open areas.
GestationGestation in hairy armadillos takes 60-75 days.
LitterHairy armadillos usually have two in a litter.
BehaviorThe Hairy Armadillo usually inhabits open areas and they seem best adapted to semi-desert conditions. They are powerful diggers and live in burrows. The burrows are usually on sloping sand dunes and are several meters long and more than a meter deep. Activity is largely nocturnal in summer, to avoid the desert heat, and diurnal in winter. When threatened, they often emit a loud squeal. If unable to find a hole, they try to burrow into the ground. If overtaken while running, or if they do not have a chance to burrow, they draw in their feet so that the edges of their armor are in contact with the ground, and thus protect themselves against canid and avian predators. They anchor themselves in their burrows by spreading their feet sideward and bending their bodies so that the free hind edges of the bands grasp the walls of the burrow.
They regularly burrow under animal carcasses to obtain maggots and other insects and sometimes burrow into the carcasses. They have been observed to kill small snakes by throwing themselves upon the snakes and cutting them with the edges of the shell. Under certain conditions they obtain grubs and insects from a few centimeters below the surface of the ground by the unusual method of forcing a hole in the ground with the head and then turning the body in a circle so that a conical hole is formed without any digging. During the summer they feed primarily on insects but may also feed on rodents, lizards and other small vertebrates. They also rely heavily on plant material, especially in the winter, when over half of their diet consists of vegetation.


Generally speaking, past research has shown that children who are highly sensitive to stress tend to be at higher risk for health and behavioral problems compared with their less delicate peers. Yet, a new study finds that sensitivity in of itself may not necessarily be what primes children for struggles. According to new research published in the journal Child Development, while highly sensitive children who are raised in challenging, high-stress settings are indeed more likely to have health complications and behavioral troubles as they grow up, emotionally sensitive kids who are raised in supportive, nurturing, low-stress environments tend to thrive and excel. The findings, researchers say, indicate that being extraordinarily reactive to stress isn’t necessarily a bad thing for children, and far from being a stand-alone factor in kids’ development, is in fact strongly influenced by home environment.
To analyze how family environment together with predisposition for emotional sensitivity impact child development, researchers from University of California at San Francisco, University of California at Berkeley and University of British Columbia recruited 338 kindergarteners and their teachers and families. As the children completed a series of tasks intended to mimic simple day-to-day challenges encountered in the their lives, researchers found that certain children exhibited physiological signs of heightened sensitivity to stress. They also found that, compared with less sensitive peers, how these children reacted to stress was more strongly influenced by their home and family situations—both for better and for worse.


We love our mobile phones and modern technology. So do hackers looking to initiate cyber attacks. Learn what to watch for and how to better protect yourself.
It is hard to think of a more exciting time in technology. We are beginning to see the promise of AI come to fruition in everything from revolutionizing business processes to helping us order food online. Mobile phones, video, and social media allow people to make connections that would have been difficult even ten years ago. It seems that there is practically nowhere around the globe where we cannot reach out to someone.
And that is part of the problem. Bad actors look to exploit the same devices and software that we rely on in our daily lives. They are looking for every advantage they can find to launch a cyber attack. Hackers are using lax security protocols and mental lapses when it comes to protecting sensitive information.
Where Are We Going Wrong in Protecting Ourselves?
That is a question with a lot of different answers. Let’s start with how we manage our passwords. A study of user password habits conducted by Virginia Tech computer science researchers showed that 38 percent of people use the same password across multiple sites. Facebook was recently in the news for mistakenly stored use passwords in text files that were viewable by their employees.
The company made reassurances that their employees did not take advantage of any of their users and improperly use any passwords. But imagine if they had? If you use the same password for both your Facebook and bank account login, that would have made it much simpler to hack that bank account and access your funds.
What Are Some Other Common Password Mistakes?
Twenty-one percent of online users only made slight modifications to existing passwords when signing up for new services. Here are some other common mistakes made when it comes to handling passwords.
- Password Walking — Creating passwords from letters that are closest together on the keyboard
- Overly Used Terms — Many people love creating passwords from the word “love” and various expletives
- Pop Culture Terms — It is a good idea to stop using the names of Avenger members or other famous figures as the basis of your password
- Favorite Sports Teams — There is no need to show your devotion to your favorite team by making it part of your password.
Incredibly, quite a few people STILL keep the same password after being warned that hackers might have stolen it. Did you bother to change your Facebook password after reading the recent news?
Does Our Mobile Phone Usage Leave Us Vulnerable?
Yes, yes, and yes. Just ask Amazon CEO Jeff Bezos. Our phones provide attackers with the ability to find out everything about us. They can track our movements, find out what we like to eat, and how we spend our spare time. That is because most mobile users leave their phones connected to the internet 24/7. Many smartphones come with pre-installed applications with tracking capabilities of which we may not be aware.
Most of us do not have the visibility of a Jeff Bezos, but that does not mean that hackers would not see us as valuable targets. Some ways we could do a better job preventing this from happening include:
- Keeping passwords updated and not relying on the same one for every application
- Making sure we install recommended security patches from phone vendors
- Being careful about lending our phone to anyone
- Not letting anyone have the passcode to our phone
- Using two-factor authentication to make it harder for outsiders to break into our phone
- Avoid clicks on random links in texts, emails, and message apps
- Installing a trustworthy antivirus application on your phone
Are IoT Devices at Risk for Cyber Attacks?
IoT devices can be just as vulnerable as cell phones and computers to a cyber attack. The networks they use may not be secure or, again, protected with poorly constructed passwords. Here are a few other things that make IoT devices vulnerable.
- Poor construction — Developers can neglect important issues like web security, checks for vulnerable points in APIs, or securing mobile interfaces in their rush to get a device to market.
- Lack of secure updates — A device may not have a prebuilt method of securely delivering updates to a device without leaving it open to attack.
- No privacy protection — Quite a few devices on the market will store a user’s information even without explicit permission.
- Unsecured network services — Many devices have services running on the devices that have no security protocols around them.
What Else Makes Us Vulnerable to Cyber Attacks?
There is a lot to be said for the advancements of modern technology. 5G and 6G wireless have the potential to provide high-speed internet access to rural areas in the U.S. and around the world. But providers must still overcome some genuine security issues or risk introducing a new set of problems to overcome.
Security around AI should be the next big area of concern. Most data scientists have not concerned themselves with potential cyber attacks as they expand the capabilities of machine learning to build more advanced AI technology. There should be more effort made to protect the data and AI models used for creating new infrastructure.
Spade Technology makes security a top priority in the services provided to our clients. We understand that even smaller businesses can become targets for a cyber attack. Our team works hard to always use best practices when it comes to protecting information managed by our clients.
Call Spade Technology at (503) 339-5163 to learn more. You can also schedule a complimentary consultation using our online form.


Press and Popular Culture in Interwar Europe
This collection shows the importance of a comparative European framework for understanding developments in the popular press and journalism between the wars. This was, it argues, a formative and vital period in the making of the modern press. A great deal of fine scholarship on the development of modern forms of journalism and newspapers in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries has emerged within discrete national histories. Yet in bringing together essays on Britain, France, Germany, Italy and Poland, this book discerns points of convergence and divergence, and the importance of the European context in shaping how news was defined, produced and consumed.
Challenging the tendency of histories of the press to foreground processes of ‘Americanisation’ and the displacement of older notions of the ‘fourth estate’ by new forms of human interest journalism, the chapters draw attention to the complex ways in which the popular press continued to be politicized throughout the interwar period. Building on this analysis, the book examines the forms, processes and networks through which newspapers were produced for public consumption. In a period of massive social, political and economic upheaval and conflict, the popular press provided a forum in which Europe’s meanings and nature could be constructed and contested. The interpersonal, material and technological links between newspapers, news corporations and news agencies in different countries served to define the outlines of Europe. Europe was called into being through the circulation of news and the practices and networks of the modern mass press traced in this volume. This publication is highly relevant to scholars of the history of journalism and cultural historians of interwar Britain and Europe.
This book was originally published as a special issue of Journalism Studies.


Artificial Intelligence dates back to 1940's with the inception of research into Neural Networks but it didn't get much traction because of the lack of computing power. But AI got a renaissance in the last few years specially after Alex Krizhevsky, Ilya Sutskever and Geoffrey E. Hinton from University of Toronto (research paper) managed to submit a successful Deep Learning Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) implementation to classify ImageNet dataset back in year 2012.
Nowadays so many research and development is taking place on the subject of Artificial Intelligence and specially with multi layers of Neural Networks stacked together called Deep Learning. There are established commercial players like Amazon, Google, Microsoft offering Artificial Intelligence as a Service. And also frameworks like Tensorflow, Deep Learning for Java (DL4J) which enables to develop, train and use AI models easily.
But Artificial Intelligence is all about letting the model to decide how to solve a problem it is provided with such as classification, generation, etc. This means there can be times when the AI system might try to cut corners to achieve its ultimate goal.
For instance an AI system developed by Randlov and Alstrom to enable Reinforcement Learning and Shaping to Drive a Bicycle. In order to speed up the process they positively rewarded the agent when its made progress towards its goal. The AI system cut corners and learned to ride in tiny circles near the start state because no penalty was incurred from riding away from the goal.
A similar problem occurred with a soccer-playing robot being trained by David Andre and Astro Teller. Because possession in soccer is important, they provided a reward for touching the ball. The agent learned a policy whereby it remained next to the ball and “vibrated,” touching the ball as frequently as possible.
A user by the name Victoria as listed many of these so called "Specification Gaming" in one of her google document.
As with hollywood sinister AI systems such as the classic HAL-9000 from the movie 2001: A Space Odyssey to SkyNet from the Terminator series seems not that far away. Only time can tell.
RSocket Authentication/Authorization using Spring Security 5.2.0.RC1. Read More
Developing Java Applications with Unicode Data. Read More
Performance Monitor using ElectronJS, Flot Chart and justgauge. Read More


Impacts of biofuel cultivation on mortality and crop yields
Fighting climate change by producing more biofuels could actually worsen a little-known type of air pollution and cause almost 1,400 premature deaths a year in Europe by 2020, according to a new study.
The report said trees grown to produce biofuel - seen as a cleaner alternative to oil and coal - release a chemical into the air that, when mixed with other pollutants, could also reduce farmers' crop yields.
"Growing biofuels is thought to be a good thing because it reduces the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere," said Nick Hewitt, who worked on the study with colleagues from Lancaster University, UK. "What we're saying is 'yes, that's great, but biofuels could also have a detrimental effect on air quality'."
Poplar, willow or eucalyptus trees, all used as fast-growing sources of renewable wood fuel, emit high levels of the chemical isoprene as they grow, the study said. Isoprene forms toxic ozone when mixed with other air pollutants in sunlight.
Ground-level ozone is a priority air pollutant, causing ~ 22,000 excess deaths per year in Europe1, significant reductions in crop yields2 and loss of biodiversity3. It is produced in the troposphere through photochemical reactions involving oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The biosphere is the main source of VOCs, with an estimated 1,150 TgC yr−1 (~ 90% of total VOC emissions) released from vegetation globally4. Isoprene (2-methyl-1,3-butadiene) is the most significant biogenic VOC in terms of mass (around 500 TgC yr−1) and chemical reactivity4 and plays an important role in the mediation of ground-level ozone concentrations5. Concerns about climate change and energy security are driving an aggressive expansion of bioenergy crop production and many of these plant species emit more isoprene than the traditional crops they are replacing. Here we quantify the increases in isoprene emission rates caused by cultivation of 72 Mha of biofuel crops in Europe. We then estimate the resultant changes in ground-level ozone concentrations and the impacts on human mortality and crop yields that these could cause. Our study highlights the need to consider more than simple carbon budgets when considering the cultivation of biofuel feedstock crops for greenhouse-gas mitigation.


Genetics Not Enough to Increase Wheat Production
Embargo expired: 16-Aug-2010 12:00 AM EDT
Source Newsroom: Crop Science Society of America (CSSA)
Newswise — The deep gene pool that has allowed wheat to achieve ever increasing gains in yield may be draining. Crop scientists estimate that 50% of the gain in wheat production over the past century has been due to breeding. According to a new study, however, that improvement has been slowing since the late 1980s, with little chance that future increases in yield can be met by breeding efforts alone.
The researchers, Robert A. Graybosch of USDA-ARS and C. James Peterson of Oregon State University, estimated that the average rate of genetic improvement in winter wheat yield potential since 1959 was 1.1% per year. However, most of this gain was realized from 1959-1989.
The study, reported in the September-October 2010 edition of Crop Science, published by the Crop Science Society of America, evaluated data collected from long-term USDA-ARS regional nursery trials in the Great Plains. The varieties entered into these trials from public and private entities represent the highest current genetic potential for grain yield production.
Since the late 1980s, the rate of grain yield improvement has slowed, and now appears to have reached a plateau. There are several reasons for this, including the perpetual evolutionary arms race against new pathogens, the resurgence of old pathogens, or perhaps merely the exhaustion of available genetic resources for yield improvement.
“We truly are in need of a second ‘Green Revolution’ in wheat,” says Graybosch, a wheat geneticist.
Fifty years ago, it was estimated that world population growth would out-strip world food supplies. These dire forecasts never reached fruition, as advances in genetic improvement via plant breeding and improved plant production practices have been able to keep pace with food demands.
Since inception of modern breeding efforts, improvements in wheat grain yield were driven by major breakthroughs, from adapting the plants to their climate, introducing disease resistance, and the introduction of dwarfing genes that caused plants to put more energy into growing seeds rather than stems. However, since these developments, no other major breeding advances have produced the “great leap forward” necessary to continue improving yields.
Unless some significant advance shortly impacts wheat genetic potential for grain yield, any increased demand for wheat can only be met by changes in current production practices or expansion of cultural environments.
The full article is available for no charge for 30 days following the date of this summary. View the abstract at https://www.crops.org/publications/cs/abstracts/50/5/1882.
Crop Science is the flagship journal of the Crop Science Society of America. Original research is peer-reviewed and published in this highly cited journal. It also contains invited review and interpretation articles and perspectives that offer insight and commentary on recent advances in crop science. For more information, visit www.crops.org/publications/cs
The Crop Science Society of America (CSSA), founded in 1955, is an international scientific society comprised of 6,000+ members with its headquarters in Madison, WI. Members advance the discipline of crop science by acquiring and disseminating information about crop breeding and genetics; crop physiology; crop ecology, management, and quality; seed physiology, production, and technology; turfgrass science; forage and grazinglands; genomics, molecular genetics, and biotechnology; and biomedical and enhanced plants.
CSSA fosters the transfer of knowledge through an array of programs and services, including publications, meetings, career services, and science policy initiatives. For more information, visit www.crops.org


Image Guided Radiotherapy (IGRT)
What is IGRT?
Image-guided radiation therapy (IGRT) uses imaging techniques to verify a tumour’s location/patient’s position before treatment to improve the precision and accuracy of the delivery of radiation treatment.
Tumour can move after each treatment session or during a radiation treatment session. Therefore imaging techniques are used for IGRT by visualizing bony or soft-tissue anatomy.
IGRT is used to treat tumors in areas of the body that are prone to movement, such as the lungs (affected by breathing), liver, pancreas, and prostate gland, as well as tumors located close to critical organs and tissues.
How does IGRT work?
Before the radiation beam is turned on, physicians use Image Guidance technology to provide precise and exact information on the specific location of any soft-tissue or bony target. This will allow delivery of treatment to a specific site/tumour while avoiding surrounding healthy tissues. That means less damage to healthy tissue, less “collateral damage.”
With most types of IGRT, the radiographers can take scans using the radiotherapy machine. This can be done before, during or after each treatment. This allows them to verify that the “target’ is within the planned treatment field. It is also used to ensure that the other organs have not “moved” into the treatment field especially the rectum and bladder in prostate radiotherapy.
What are the advantages of IGRT?
The main advantage of IGRT is that it is very precise.
It makes it possible to:
- use higher doses of radiation to kill the cancer
- avoid harm to healthy tissue
- keep radiation side effects to a minimum
- ensures that the tumour is in the right position to avoid “missing the target”


Somalia Surf Trip Vacation Destinations
Africa's easternmost country, Somalia has a land area of 637,540 square kilometers, slightly less than that of the state of Texas. Somalia occupies the tip of a region commonly referred to as the Horn of Africa--because of its resemblance on the map to a rhinoceros's horn--that also includes Ethiopia and Djibouti.
Somalia's terrain consists mainly of plateaus, plains, and highlands. In the far north, however, the rugged east-west ranges of the Karkaar Mountains lie at varying distances from the Gulf of Aden coast. The weather is hot throughout the year, except at the higher elevations in the north. Rainfall is sparse, and most of Somalia has a semiarid-to- arid environment suitable only for the nomadic pastoralism practiced by well over half the population. Only in limited areas of moderate rainfall in the northwest, and particularly in the southwest, where the country's two perennial rivers are found, is agriculture practiced to any extent.
Somalia Climate: Somalis recognize four seasons, two rainy (gu and day) and two dry (jiilaal and hagaa). The gu rains begin in April and last until June, producing a fresh supply of pasture and for a brief period turning the desert into a flowering garden. Lush vegetation covers most of the land, especially the central grazing plateau where grass grows tall. Milk and meat abound, water is plentiful, and animals do not require much care. The clans, reprieved from four months' drought, assemble to engage alternately in banter and poetic exchange or in a new cycle of hereditary feuds. They also offer sacrifices to Allah and to the founding clan ancestors, whose blessings they seek. Numerous social functions occur: marriages are contracted, outstanding disputes are settled or exacerbated, and a person's age is calculated in terms of the number of gus he or she has lived. The gu season is followed by the hagaa drought (July-September) and the hagaa by the day rains (October-November). Next is jiilaal (December-March), the harshest season for pastoralists and their herds.
Back to Africa Surf Trip Vacation Destinations...


Many people enjoy the public Wi-Fi commonly offered by coffee shops, hotels, restaurants, libraries, airports and other places. But few users realize that these sources don’t always secure their public Wi-Fi.
Fake Wi-Fi and unsecured Wi-Fi
What is fake Wi-Fi? Public Wi-Fi areas often attract thieves and hackers, who create fake access points to Wi-Fi to steal user information by either 1) redirecting them to fraudulent sites that ask for their personal information or 2) observing their online activity while they are using the faulty connection.1 Simply put, fake public Wi-Fi tricks users into thinking they have a safe and secure internet connection at places they’d expect to find it.
Unsecured Wi-Fi is not password protected, meaning you can access it without a unique password. Sometimes, unsecured Wi-Fi can be legitimate: a friend or company simply may not require a password for convenience sake, but this can provide opportunities for hackers to imitate legitimate Wi-Fi to commit fraud.2 Without a secured Wi-Fi connection, hackers may direct you to the Internet through their own computers, meaning they can monitor your Internet activity while you’re using their connection.
Secured and unsecured websites
These days, websites that handle sensitive information tend to be encrypted. This means that any sensitive information you enter into a site will be coded so that hackers have difficulty reading it. Being able to tell whether a site is encrypted is especially important when using public Wi-Fi.
How can you tell if a site is encrypted? The way sites transfer information involves HTTP (hypertext transfer protocol), which is a great way to transfer information across the web. HTTP, however, isn’t secure, which is why HTTPS, a more secure format, was invented (the “S” stands for “Secure”).
You can tell if a site uses HTTPS by checking the left-hand portion of your address bar:
All modern banks and commerce sites that handle sensitive information should utilize HTTPS. If a site doesn't use HTTPS, treat it with caution.
Using public Wi-Fi safely
- Do not provide sensitive personal information to access a public Wi-Fi network unless it’s secure
- Avoid accessing your online bank account while using public Wi-Fi. Especially when using the unsecured Wi-Fi, try not to use any password-protected sites, as these can give hackers access to personal information
- Keep your computer’s antivirus programs and firewall current and activated
- Change your passwords frequently
- When using unsecured Wi-Fi, if you must enter personal information, make sure that the site is encrypted
- Consider using a VPN (Virtual Private Network) to secure your information while using unsecured Wi-Fi. Modern Windows machines come with a VPN installed (search “VPN” in your search bar), and a VPN can be accessed on a Mac in “Network” in the “System Preferences.”


Stories We Like: Novels For Language Lovers
waters of quiet, an ancient Moabite town (Num. 21:30). It was assigned to the tribe of Reuben (Josh. 13:16). Here was fought the great battle in which Joab defeated the Ammonites and their allies (1 Chr. 19:7-15; comp. 2 Sam. 10:6-14). In the time of Isaiah (15:2) the Moabites regained possession of it from the Ammonites. (See HANUN.) The ruins of this important city, now Madeba or Madiyabah, are seen about 8 miles south-west of Heshbon, and 14 east of the Dead Sea. Among these are the ruins of what must have been a large temple, and of three cisterns of considerable extent, which are now dry. These cisterns may have originated the name Medeba, "waters of quiet." (See OMRI.)
town, west-central Jordan. It is situated on a highland plain more than 2,500 feet (760 metres) above sea level. The town lies 20 miles (32 km) south of Amman, along a main highway to southern Jordan.


isnt it possible for matter to exist where there isnt space and time??
Space-time is the "background" in which all "events" occur. "Existing" in this case is an "event".
But the question is not really a physical one, since physics only operates where events occur (i.e. in space-time). It's hard to imagine a "place" where there isn't space and time (indeed, you can not refer to it as a "place" since "place" denotes "space" and you can not refer to it as "where" since "where" deonotes "space" as well!)
Well from research I have done, I believe that there are microscopic wormholes that appear all over space which appear at random so I would assume that it is possible for matter to enter these wormholes and for an extremely short amount of time, not exist in space or time. Rather they would exist inside the wormhole but I am not sure what you would classify that tunnel to be.
that place would be a continuation of space-time thru some sort of non space time medium? like what is on the other side of the wormholes outer walls between the 2 points in space time? that's what i want to know .you can think of a wormhole like a tube between 2 hamster cages it allows the hamster to go thru, but not out of the cage. so the wormhole is like a hamster tube we can go thru but the other side is still the cage of space time, and therefore the wormhole itself is a propagation of space time. thru some sort of abyss of something unsubscribed WHAT is on the other side of the worm holes wall!
While I am not sure. You can look at space-time as being a 2d surface folded over and the wormhole is a bridge between the two parralel sides so what is outside the wormhole confines? In plain english, I have no clue. Someone might know what is there but from my knowledge base, there would be nothing. Nothing could be considered dark energy or dark matter. Again, I don't know but that is my best guess. Also here is a picture of what a wormhole is.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Worm3.jpg [Broken] If the picture doesn't show up here is the url: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Worm3.jpg" [Broken]
Why do you believe this?
Please try to look at this book. Black Holes & Time Warps: Einstein's Outrageous Legacy by Kip S. Thorne
I'll need to read that, however one thing that you have to be careful about is that sometimes when a physicist says something he means "I have this interesting idea that I'm thinking about" rather than "This is the way things work." One of the possible pictures of quantum gravity involves a foamy space-time, but that's total (and possibly incorrect) speculation.
Also when you are thinking about these things, you have to ask the question "what is space?" "what is time?" "what is matter?" If you tell me these things then I can figure out whether matter can exist outside of space and time in your model.
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Learn the basics of Microsoft Word and Excel 2010. MS Word topics include the Save As command, opening and editing a document, searching in a document, moving and copying text, and basic character and paragraph formatting. MS Excel topics include navigating the Excel screen, worksheets, tabs, formatting labels and values, simple formulas and functions, creating basic charts and more.
What will I learn?
In Microsoft Word learn the basics of entering text, the File, Save As command, opening and editing a document, scrolling in a document, searching in a document, AutoCorrect, selecting text, moving and copying text, basic character and paragraph formatting. Particular attention is paid to three essential skills— using tabs, tables and mail merging.
In Microsoft Excel, start with the basics, including elements of Excel screen, simple formulas, (Sales-Expenses=profit), operators: + - = / *, working with workbooks, worksheets, tabs, moving/copying worksheets, formatting labels and values, AutoFormat; basic functions (SUM, AVG, MIN, MAX, NOW), printing, calculating percentages, and basic charts.
Is this for me?
Prerequisite: Basic knowledge of Windows.
Registration and information
For more information, download course fact sheet or call 416-658-3101 x216.
Where and when
Toronto Central - Saturdays
Saturdays | 9:00 A.M. - 2:00 P.M. (4 weeks, 20 Hours)
Registration continues up to the second day of class.
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WASHINGTON, D.C. | March 29, 2017
This hearing is about one basic principle: The sovereign rights of Native Americans must be protected.
This core principle is woven deep into the fabric of our shared history. It is part of who we are as a society and has long defined the unique government-to-government relationship that exists between the United States and independent, tribal nations.
What does tribal sovereignty mean? It means that Native American tribes have a fundamental right to self-govern. They have a right to self-determination. And they have the freedom to advance their own economic policies in the pursuit of prosperity for tribal members.
Bipartisan support for tribal sovereignty has been reaffirmed time and time again by Congress. And for more than 180 years, the Supreme Court has held that tribes possess a nationhood status and retain inherent powers of self-government.
Unfortunately, the National Labor Relations Board has taken a number of alarming steps in the past decade that have created widespread concern in the Native American community and threatened tribal sovereignty as we know it.
For nearly 70 years, the board respected Native American sovereignty and did not apply its jurisdiction under the National Labor Relations Act
over tribes. The reason was simple. While the NLRA provides important protections for workers, it is a private sector labor law that specifically excludes state, local, and federal government employers.
Congress recognized the differences between public and private sector employment, so it afforded every level of government the freedom to determine its own labor policies. But that all changed in 2004. With its San Manuel Bingo & Casino
decision, the board suddenly reversed course. It abandoned long-standing precedent and began using an arbitrary test to determine when and where to exert its jurisdiction over Native American tribes.
The board’s move understandably sparked outrage within the Native American community. In fact, the Chairman of the Mashantucket Pequot Nation testified before this very committee, saying the board’s decision was “an affront to Indian Country.” He added that it “suggests that Indian tribes are incapable of developing laws and institutions that protect the rights of employees.”
We also heard from the Lieutenant Governor for the Chickasaw Nation — one of the largest tribes in the country. He testified that tribal sovereignty is a “profound issue of national importance that cannot be left in the hands of an admittedly inexpert federal agency.” I couldn’t agree more. The NLRB has no expertise in Indian law and has no business meddling in the affairs of tribal nations.
But the aggressive approach we’ve seen from unelected bureaucrats at the NLRB has only grown worse. A series of inconsistent and misguided decisions have created significant legal confusion for Native Americans and tribal-owned businesses.
In order to prevent future NLRB overreach, Congress must pass the Tribal Labor Sovereignty Act
. The legislation would amend the National Labor Relations Act
to clarify that the law does not apply to businesses owned and operated by Native American tribes and located on tribal land. This will ensure that tribes receive the same treatment as states and local governments when it comes to policies impacting their workforce.
I want to thank our colleague Todd Rokita for championing this legislation. And I’d like to point out that this legislation is not about union workers versus non-union workers. What this legislation is about is very simple. It is about the fundamental principle that tribal governments are sovereign and are free to self-govern. Congress now has an opportunity to reaffirm this principle and follow through on our promise to the Native American community.


There are many causes of knee pain. Some of the most common reasons people have knee pain are listed below.
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