That's why, if allotted to publish essays about stereotyping, we advise you to definitely have a distinctive slope usually the one while using beneficial connotation.
The definition of impressive stereotypes?
Precisely what is simply determined in the label by itself, optimistic stereotypes are favourable morals that matter a particular population group. Like Asians simply being efficient at resolving math concepts difficulties or African Us citizens currently being greater sports athletes.
The one thing with favourable stereotypes is they might cause a negative or positive impulse, depending on circumstances, the societal setting along with the individual proclaiming it. Even while in some instances they may be thought about a accompany, in other folks they merely aggravate the thing of the stereotyping.
This continue in closing is made right after a related test was placed and discussed in Diary of Individuality and Social networking Mindset in 2013. All through the play around, individuals of Oriental descent had been exposed to a confident stereotype through a Caucasian individual. In line with the outcomes of the play with it, these types of stereotyping prompted them the emotions of:
But still because of the great mother nature, constructive stereotypes are trickier to battle. Perpetrators don't acknowledge the damage they could be inducing the stuff of stereotyping thereby are much less conscious as to what it is said.
In truth, it has been established that getting confidently stereotyped in a single sector will produce destructive stereotyping in an alternative area (African Americans' fitness accomplishments as well as their intended mental inferiority).
But we had been progressing to target the favorable part, weren't we? In many cases, great stereotypes will be helpful. The chief state is subtlety. Most people like actually being an element of the set which is absolutely stereotyped, yet they don't such as stereotype simply being voiced and implemented straightaway. As a result, the magic formula to implementing a good stereotype along with a good outcome is simply not implementing it right.
It comes with an illustration to show it. In any related test, two categories of Oriental People in the usa have been exposed to an optimistic stereotype with regards to their mathematics expertise before you take an evaluation. The handle staff had not been exposed to any stereotype in any way. Following evaluation effects were assessed, it proved how the party which had been reminded concerning mathematics skills via subdued clues executed a lot better than the opposite two.
Acquiring a easy sign and beginning to feel an element of the organization that is really stereotyped served them be a little more assured while giving far more suitable explanations.
Constructive operates in all stereotypes
In truth, each of those undesirable and optimistic stereotypes have crucial subconscious characteristics. First reports advisable that stereotypes were definitely a sign of impolite, authoritarian many people. Later on developments showed which a stereotype are few things different but a refined thought of the veracity. In straightforward text, stereotypes support folks comprehend and get meaning that from exactly what is occurring. Through the help of stereotypes, people today label and systematize facts. After a stereotyped range has been given, most people make use of it to spot the right responses in specific predicaments.
Also, stereotypes have some specific public operates. They assist most people really feel bundled, which in turn enables them to consider in their own individual qualities (see higher than for Oriental American citizens and mathematics case in point).
Stereotypes guide most people rationalize specific activities, which may be negative or positive depending on circumstance. Additionally, they help appreciate particular situations in the specified situation.
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This is definitely the key reason why the essay catch is available and is also this sort of vital resource.
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Take into account the on the whole speech within your give good results:
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Essay hooks options
- A literary estimate
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When we finally enjoy, we at all times make an effort to get a lot better than we have been. If we aim to grow to be far better than we have been, every thing all-around us is more effective way too. Concur or otherwise not, however these text from your Alchemist identify
- Rates from Recognized Persons
Such as a insurance quote from an authoritative and powerful individual can assist service your case and generate an appealing connect. The trick is to be sure that you distinctly clearly show how a estimate is applicable to the essay.
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There is absolutely no cause harm to in acquiring correct to the level. Get started with your primary debate and rehearse your entire essay to aid your viewpoint. For those who have a fascinating accept an issue, audience should take time to see the places you created your concept.
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Based on the design of essay you may be publishing (story, convincing, unique, significant, argumentative, deductive, and so on.), the amount of catch you will need to use varies. Keep in mind, your essay connect is simply a advice of iceberg and it will surely not promise that your entire essay will continue to work. Make sure to prepare your homework and initiate by using an description prior to picking out the most effective connect to begin the process your essay. The right selection can certainly make your newspaper actually intriguing and value studying.


The Center for Strategic and International studies have looked at the impact of Feed the Future Investments in Guatemala. Feed the Future is a US cross sectoral initiative that focuses on transforming food systems in 12 countries to pull people out of poverty. It draws upon the discrete skill sets of various partners to target challenges unique to each country. This report on Guatemala looks at a range of issues, including the effects of climate change on price volatility, and how to optimise the value chain in Central America’s dry corridor. It includes excerpts from Guatemala’s Zero Hunger Plan and looks at gaps in agricultural extension services.
This resource presents evidence or data but has not been peer reviewed


Can’t Travel? These Places Are Bringing Black History to You
Most people aren't traveling, but luckily a number of museums and organizations have put together some amazing virtual ways of learning about Black history.
Coming off a year when race dominated the national conversation, Black History Month is more relevant than ever. There’s a lot of soul searching going on and a quest for knowledge and understanding. While ordinarily a reckoning of this magnitude might have meant hitting the road to soak up history first-hand, many people aren’t traveling during pandemic. However, that doesn’t mean you have to skip your Black history education. Get comfy on your coach and let your computer take you on a journey through the past. There is a myriad of virtual Black History experiences for the youngest to the eldest.
Providence, Rhode Island
Rhode Island may be a tiny state, but it has a big black history story. Rhode Island was involved in 60 to 90 percent of America's international slave trade. The DeWolf family of nearby Bristol was the biggest slave-trading dynasty in America. Providence is home to Brown University—some alumni, corporation members and members of its namesake family participated in the slave trade. You can learn more about the legacy of slavery in Providence and its aftermath with the virtual version of Providence Walks: An Early Black History Tour.
The Oregon Black Pioneers based in Salem is Oregon’s only historical society dedicated to preserving and presenting the experiences of African Americans statewide. It hosts a 360-degree virtual tour and video, Racing to Change: Oregon’s Civil Rights Years. Oregon in its own way was the wild, wild, west. Racist attitudes and policies of exclusion had their place in society then. Oregon saw its share of fires and vandalism that destroyed Black-owned neighborhoods. You’ll also see and hear the stories of resilience, of a Black community that fought to overcome obstacles.
You read about the American Revolution in grade school, but don’t assume you got the full monty. The Museum of the American Revolution seeks to fill in the missing pieces about women, native people, and free and enslaved Blacks. Finding Freedom shares five tales of Blacks in Virginia during the Revolutionary War and the paths they each took to freedom. Spoiler alert: you might need a hanky. Another must-see is the one-woman theatrical performance that highlights the life of Elizabeth “Mumbet” Freeman, who upset the status quo when she sued for her freedom and won. Her victory helped pave the way to the abolition of slavery in Massachusetts.
The Legacy Project
Microsoft goes all out with The Legacy Project: A Celebration of Black Changemakers and Their Contributions to Modern Day American History. Microsoft partnered with 13 leading Black History Museums, historical landmarks, cultural centers, athletes, and civic influencers to provide a month-long series of free, immersive and interactive experiences for K-12 schools. What can students expect? A virtual walk with Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. to join in the fight for Civil Rights in the Selma-to-Montgomery Marches of 1965. They’ll hear inspirational children’s stories read by NBA and NFL players for K-2nd graders, fly through the eyes of WWII’s Tuskegee Airmen, hit a home run with Satchel Paige and Jackie Robinson at the Negro Leagues Baseball Museum, explore the legacy of the African Americans in the US military at the Buffalo Soldiers National Museum, and more. Schools, youth programs and families can enroll in the program.
African Americans have long played a pivotal role in the military. The African American Military History Museum celebrates those contributions with exhibitions portraying Buffalo Soldiers, Tuskegee Airmen and servicemen and women from the greater Hattiesburg area, including the first African American naval aviator Jesse L. Brown, whose story is in the upcoming movie Devotion, which recounts how a pair of the Navy’s most celebrated wingmen risked their lives, 70 years ago, during the Korean War. Enjoy the museum’s virtual tour.
Montgomery is known for its bus boycott that was the first large-scale U.S. demonstration against segregation. The Civil Rights Memorial and Center in Montgomery chronicles the history of the Civil Rights Movement and a 10-minute virtual tour provides an overview of the importance of the Center and includes a view of “The March Continues” hallway, which recognizes individuals who recently lost their lives to hate and injustice. Top off the experience and download the activity book for children.
Music is the soundtrack of our lives. The Rock & Roll Hall of Fame’s Black History Month celebration can be viewed virtually through the It’s Been Said All Along: Voices of Rage, Hope & Empowerment exhibit that showcases the musical and visual artists who created art as a response to unspeakable tragedy and to promote social justice. The collection includes Aretha Franklin’s Valentino dress worn during her first appearance at Radio City Music Hall, a jumpsuit worn by James Brown and Public Enemy’s “Fight the Power” lyrics and more.
Wilmington and Island Beaches, North Carolina
Take advantage of the trio of tours offered by the African American Heritage Foundation of Wilmington. The Heart and Soul: Black Advancement Through Church Life provides a virtual tour of churches, revealing the spiritual and architectural diversity reflected in African American spiritual life in Wilmington’s history. Travel Through History: African American Placemaking on the Lower Cape Fear highlights how African Americans contributed to the social, economic, political and religious development of the region. And Spoken Treasures: Samples from the African American Heritage Museum of Wilmington’s Oral History Collection includes interviews with Wilmington’s residents recalling the past.
This data-driven website is a treasure trove of information on the historical and cultural contributions of people of color. You can settle in for a while and pick and choose among goodies like the Black in the Day Black History video series, which features a different Black history video daily. BlackFacts.com also offers a Black History Heroes video series that celebrates the life and legacy of the heroes and living legends of Black History.
Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Services, Washington, D.C.
The Smithsonian’s traveling exhibit is a powerful homage to Black men. Its Men of Change: Power. Triumph. Truth. is bold contemporary art, photographs, quotes, literary excerpts, and essential stories about revolutionary men. Men of Change weaves history into the moment. Learn about the impact these men had and their roots in rich community traditions.
Power is the ability or capacity to do something or act in a particular way. Leave it to Oaktown to keep it real. The Oakland Museum of California’s exhibit Black Power is not to be missed. The focus here is the Black Panther Party. The exhibits shed light on the tensions between a culturally and socially progressive California and examples of economic racism and oppression in the state. In the late 1960s, some Civil Rights activists grew frustrated that their political victories had not defeated racism. Economic and political discrimination continued as activists were beaten, arrested, and killed. For those who had lost faith in using only nonviolent tactics, Black Power was the answer. Black Power explores the history of the Black Power movements in California and the Bay Area's role in this national story.


Astronomers have made a measurement of a distant neutron star that is one million times more precise than the previous world's best - and they did it by using...nothing.
The interstellar medium is the 'empty' space between stars and galaxies. It's not really empty, it is made up of sparsely spread charged particles and those can be used as a giant lens. The astronomers did just that, to magnify and look closely at the radio wave emission from a small rotating neutron star.
Result: the highest resolution measurement ever achieved, equivalent to being able to see the double-helix structure of our genes from the Moon.
"Compared to other objects in space, neutron stars are tiny – only tens of kilometers in diameter – so we need extremely high resolution to observe them and understand their physics," says Dr. Jean-Pierre Macquart from the Curtin University node of the International Centre for Radio Astronomy Research (ICRAR) in Perth.
And some neutron stars - pulsars – give off pulsed radio waves whose beams swept across telescopes at regular intervals. "More than 45 years since astronomers discovered pulsars, we still don't understand the mechanism by which they emit radio wave pulses,"
The researchers found they could use the distortions of these pulse signals as they passed through the turbulent interstellar medium to reconstruct a close in view of the pulsar from thousands of individual sub-images of the pulsar.
"The best we could previously do was pointing a large number of radio telescopes across the world at the same pulsar, using the distance between the telescopes on Earth to get good resolution," Dr Macquart said.
The previous record using combined views from many telescopes was an angular resolution of 50 microarcseconds, but the team - led by Professor Ue-Li Pen of the Canadian Institute of Theoretical Astrophysics and a CAASTRO Partner Investigator - has now proven their 'interstellar lens' can get down to 50 picoarcseconds, or a million times more detail, resolving areas of less than 5km in the emission region.
"Our new method can take this technology to the next level and finally get to the bottom of some hotly debated theories about pulsar emission," Professor Pen said.
Testing their technique on pulsar B0834+06, the researchers found the neutron star's emission region was much smaller than previously assumed and possibly much closer to the star's surface – which might be the most crucial element in understanding the origin of the radio wave emission.
"What's more, this new technique also opens up the possibilities for precise distance measurements to pulsars that orbit a companion star and 'image' their extremely small orbits – which is ultimately a new and highly sensitive test of Einstein's theory of General Relativity," Professor Pen said.


A recent study, undertaken by the Dartmouth College in the mountains of New England, has been published by the journal Plant and Soil. Based upon a survey of metals (cadmium, calcium, copper, magnesium, manganese, potassium and zinc) concentrations in the soils of deciduous and conifer forests, in eight places of the Vermont’s Green Mountains (reaching 1,339 m) and New Hampshire’s White Mountains (culminating at 1,916 m above sea level).
It shows that the concentrations of the studied metals are significantly lesser in the soils under the conifers, as well as in their leaves. It has also been found that the retention time of most of these metals is much longer under the conifers than in the soils under the deciduous trees.
The climate change, by increasing the temperature and precipitations, is, at the present time, favouring the replacement of conifers by deciduous trees. This replacement is estimated to reach more than 70% in New England by 2085. This should lead to important changes in the distribution of metals in the soils and subsequently in the surface and subterranean waters, changes that could have some impacts on public health.
Once again, it shows that the impact of climate change on the mountains has far-reaching effects that are not completely known.
 Plant and Soil, pp 1-16, First online: 23 January 2016, Influence of coniferous and deciduous vegetation on major and trace metals in forests of northern New England, USA, J. B. Richardson, A. J. Friedland.


An integration of cognitive, existential, psychodynamic and systemic perspectives, Adlerian counseling theory is a holistic, phenomenological, socially oriented and teleological (goal-directed) approach to understanding and working with people. Furthermore, Adlerian counseling theory is a relational constructivist approach and affirms that people must be understood contextually because it is in our relationships that we understand ourselves, others and the world around us.
Counseling theories tend to focus on either the individual or the collective. Adlerian counseling is a healthy balance between these two perspectives. Adlerian counseling theory affirms that knowledge is socially embedded and relationally distributed but also affirms that humans are creative, proactive, meaning-making individuals who have the ability to choose and be responsible for their choices. Because Adlerian counseling is a relational constructivist approach, it accounts for both the social-embedded nature of human knowledge and the personal agency of creative and self-reflective individuals within relationships.
Given that Adlerian counseling is a relational constructivist approach, it makes sense that it shares significant common ground with various constructive perspectives on counseling, including cognitive constructivist and personal construct therapies, solution-focused brief therapy and narrative therapy. (For further discussion of this significant common ground, please see the suggested readings on page 52). Beyond the many theoretical points of resonance, it is noteworthy that both Adlerian and constructive approaches to counseling strongly affirm the importance of the client-counselor relationship; are optimistic and present/future oriented; and focus primarily on clients’ strengths, resources and abilities rather than on their weaknesses, deficits and disabilities.
Given this common ground, it is not surprising to find that interventions discussed in the constructive therapy literature are either similar to or congruent with interventions used in Adlerian counseling. Nor is it surprising to see significant opportunities for technical integration between the two. This article presents a brief, encouragement-focused counseling process that integrates the Adlerian acting “as if” technique with procedures drawn from constructive approaches to counseling.
Expanding the acting ‘as if’ technique
One specific area Adlerian and constructive therapies share is that both see value in using the “as if” quality of human experience in counseling and psychotherapy. Humans act as if the constructs by which they engage in everyday activities are facts or absolute truths rather than social constructions that are contextually situated.
Using this perspective, Alfred Adler developed the acting “as if” technique, which encourages clients to begin acting as if they were already the person they would like to be — for example, a “confident individual.” The process asks clients to pretend and emphasizes that they are only acting. The purpose of the procedure is
to bypass potential resistance to change by neutralizing some of the perceived risk. Acting “as if” affords clients the opportunity to enact alternative or preferred outcomes and possibly restory oppressive aspects of their personal metanarrative (or “style of life” in Adlerian parlance).
I really like the acting “as if” technique but have found that some clients are reticent to follow through on the enactment due to discomfort with potential ambiguity and a desire for more structure. In addition, I am reticent to ask some clients — for example, those who tend to act impulsively — to go out and act “as if” because I have concerns about their well-being and the well-being of others who might be affected by their choices. Thus, I developed the reflecting “as if” (RAI) counseling process to address my concerns as well as the concerns of my clients.
The integrative RAI process expands the Adlerian technique by having counselors ask clients to take a reflective step back prior to stepping forward to act “as if.” This process encourages clients to reflect on how they would be different if they were acting as if they were who they desire to be. By using reflective questions, counselors can help clients construct perceptual alternatives and consider alternative behaviors toward which they may begin moving.
The RAI process has three phases. In phase one, the counselor uses reflective questions to access the creativity and imagination of clients. In phase two, the client and counselor co-construct an “as if” plan of action on the basis of the client’s reflective thinking. In the final phase, clients implement the “as if” behaviors and then discuss that experience in session with the counselor. As with most action-oriented procedures, the use (and success) of the RAI process is predicated on the development and maintenance of a solid client-counselor relationship.
In the initial phase of RAI, counselors use reflective questions such as the following:
- If you were acting as if you were the person you would like to be, how would you be acting differently? If I were watching a videotape of your life, what would be different?
- If a good friend saw you several months from now and you were more like the person you desire to be or your situation had significantly improved, what would this person see you doing differently?
- What might some initial indicators be that would demonstrate you are headed in the right direction?
In phase one, counselors write down clients’ responses to these or similar questions without judgment or critique. On the basis of what has been shared in prior counseling sessions, counselors can contribute ideas as well. Sometimes clients may offer responses that are too broad; in such cases, counselors will need to ask for more specificity (“What, specifically, will you be doing differently to make that happen?”). Once it appears the initial reflective process has been completed, the counselor and client are ready to move to phase two.
In the second phase of the RAI process, the client and counselor co-construct a list of “as if” behaviors that indicate how the client will act in moving toward his or her desired goals. As part of this co-construction process, the client and counselor discuss the viability of each item on the list and eliminate items that are not realistic.
Subsequent to developing the “as if” behaviors list, the counselor asks the client to rank the items from least difficult to most difficult. After the client has ranked the behaviors, the counselor engages the client in a dialogue about the difficulty level of the items and their position on the list. Once the ranking process and dialogue are completed, the client is ready to begin the enactment process.
Phase three starts with the client selecting a few of the least difficult “as if” behaviors to enact for the coming week. Beginning with the least difficult behaviors increases the potential for client success because success is typically encouraging for clients and often increases their perceived self-efficacy. Success typically increases the client’s motivation to courageously engage the more difficult tasks on his or her list. In the sessions that follow, the client and counselor discuss the enactment of the “as if” behaviors selected for the previous week. Enacting new behaviors often helps clients to perceive themselves, others and the world differently.
Clients can grow frustrated and discouraged as they attempt the more difficult tasks on their “as if” behaviors list because progress no longer comes so easily or consistently. Clients may be more patient and find the process less frustrating if counselors use encouragement to help clients frame success in terms of effort and incremental growth rather than final outcome. Helping clients understand “positive movement as success” is a key element of the Adlerian understanding of encouragement.
Although encouragement is crucial throughout the counseling process, it is particularly important in phase three of RAI. Let me diverge for a moment and briefly clarify the Adlerian understanding of encouragement. Encouragement is often misunderstood as merely an Adlerian “technique.” Actually, encouragement is a way of being with others, and Adlerians view counseling as a process of encouragement. Alfred Adler and subsequent Adlerians consider encouragement a crucial aspect of human growth and development. Stressing the importance of encouragement, Adler stated that throughout the counseling process, “we must not deviate from the path of encouragement.” Similarly, Rudolf Dreikurs affirmed that therapeutic success was largely dependent on the counselor’s “ability to provide encouragement,” while failure generally occurred “due to the inability of the therapist to encourage.” Encouragement skills include:
- Accepting clients unconditionally and without judgment
- Demonstrating concern for clients through active listening, respect and empathy
- Focusing on clients’ strengths, assets and abilities, including identifying past successes and communicating confidence in the same
- Helping clients to generate perceptual alternatives for discouraging fictional beliefs and oppressive narratives
- Helping clients distinguish between what they do and who they are (deed vs. doer)
- Focusing on clients’ efforts and progress
- Communicating affirmation and appreciation to clients
- Helping clients see the humor in life experiences
Using imaginary reflecting teams in RAI
When clients are immersed in difficult situations, they sometimes have difficulty with the RAI process. They struggle to see beyond the problem and need help stepping away from or out of the problem so that alternative perspectives can emerge. The use of imaginary reflecting teams is one way to help clients create dialogic space for reflection in the RAI process.
When clients have difficulty responding to reflective questions, counselors can invite imaginary team members into the session. To begin, counselors can ask clients to think of one or more persons whom they respect and view as wise. The client and therapist then create a list of team members. To amplify the imagery, the therapist may provide chairs for each team member, similar to the use of an empty chair in Gestalt therapy. I often put name tags on the chairs for identification purposes and to anchor the team member imagery.
Once the team is created, the counselor may call on team members for assistance by asking clients questions from constructive therapies. For example:
- Suppose you are talking to this person in the future after you have made significant progress in overcoming the problem. What changes will he or she say are evident? What, specifically, will he or she say is different about you?
- What specific steps would he or she identify that you took to make this significant change?
- What suggestions might he or she make for responding constructively to the problem?
- What might he or she say you do when (the problem) attacks you?
- How would he or she describe times when the problem isn’t a problem for you?
- How would he or she explain your ability to accomplish this great success?
- How will he or she know when you are starting to move in the direction you want to go as a person?
After the team has been “heard,” the counselor can proceed to phase two of the RAI process, helping the client to develop a list of “as if” behaviors and rate them in terms of difficulty. If the client has difficulty ranking the behaviors, the therapist may again invite imaginary team members to help the client with this process.
In phase three, when the client and counselor discuss the enactment of the “as if” behaviors selected for that week — and any resulting perceptual alternatives or enactment difficulties — imaginary team members can be invited in to discuss areas of improvement or areas for growth. As the client attempts the more difficult tasks on his or her behaviors list, imaginary team members can be invited to positively reflect on the client’s efforts and forward movement, as well as provide encouragement when progress is slower. The types of questions previously offered as examples are easily adapted for use in this phase of the process.
RAI is a brief, encouragement-focused counseling process that integrates Adlerian and constructive theory and practice perspectives. Because of the Adlerian and constructive theoretical and practice underpinnings, I believe RAI can be useful for work with diverse populations and in a variety of settings. With the increasing emphasis on multiculturalism and social justice in the counseling profession, many counselors have been drawn to constructive/postmodern approaches because of their focus on the social embeddedness of humans and, consequently, human knowledge. Adlerians and Adlerian theory addressed social equality issues and emphasized the social embeddedness of humans and human knowledge long before multiculturalism became a focal issue in the profession. Thus, because of its integrative Adlerian/constructive foundation, RAI is congruent with the cultural values of many minority racial and ethnic groups.
In addition, RAI strongly resonates with evidence-based perspectives in counseling. John and Rita Sommers-Flanagan recently reviewed the literature addressing RAI in the second edition of their book Counseling and Psychotherapy Theories in Context and Practice and offered the following evaluation:
“The RAI procedure is simple and straightforward. It’s also a good example of not only the theoretical compatibility of Adlerian approaches, but also of their empirical base. Specifically, RAI employs several evidence-based techniques, including (a) collaborative goal-setting; (b) collaborative brainstorming as a step in problem-solving; (c) a focus on concrete and measurable behaviors; and (d) concrete behavioral planning.”
For more information about the theory and practice of RAI, please see the sidebar on suggested readings or contact me directly via email.
- Adlerian Therapy: Theory and Practice by Jon Carlson, Richard E. Watts & Michael Maniacci, 2006
- Counseling and Psychotherapy Theories in Context and Practice, second edition, by John Sommers-Flanagan & Rita Sommers-Flanagan, 2012
- “Reflecting ‘As If’: An Integrative Process in Couples Counseling” by
- Richard E. Watts, The Family Journal: Counseling and Therapy for Couples and Families, January 2003
- “Adlerian Therapy as a Relational Constructivist Approach” by Richard E. Watts, The Family Journal: Counseling and Therapy for Couples and Families, April 2003
- “Using Children’s Drawings to Facilitate the Acting ‘As If’ Procedure” by Richard E. Watts & Yvonne Garza, Journal of Individual Psychology, Spring 2008
- “Expanding the Acting ‘As If’ Technique: An Adlerian/Constructive Integration” by Richard E. Watts, Paul R. Peluso & Todd F. Lewis, Journal of Individual Psychology, Winter 2005
- “Adlerian Psychology and Psychotherapy: A Relational Constructivist Approach” by Richard E. Watts & Kati A. Phillips, in Studies in Meaning 2:Bridging the Personal and Social in Constructivist Psychology, 2004
- “Adlerian ‘Encouragement’ and the Therapeutic Process of Solution-Focused Brief Therapy” by Richard E. Watts & Dale Pietrzak, Journal of Counseling & Development, Fall 2000
- “Using Imaginary Team Members in Reflecting ‘As If’” by Richard E. Watts & Jerry Trusty, Journal of Constructivist Psychology, October 2003
- Opening Space for Reflection: A Postmodern Consideration” by John D. West, Richard E. Watts, Heather C. Trepal, Kelly L. Wester & Todd F. Lewis, The Family Journal: Counseling and Therapy for Couples and Families, October 2001
“Knowledge Share” articles are based on sessions presented at American Counseling Association Conferences.
Richard E. Watts is distinguished professor of counseling and director of the Center for Research and Doctoral Studies at Sam Houston State University in Huntsville, Texas. A licensed professional counselor and supervisor in Texas, Watts is a fellow of the American Counseling Association, a diplomate in Adlerian psychology and president of the North American Society for Adlerian Psychology (alfredadler.org). Since 2005, he has presented on reflecting “as if” throughout the United States as well as in Canada, Lithuania, Romania, Switzerland and Turkey. Contact him at email@example.com.
Letters to the editor: firstname.lastname@example.org


The Advantages Of Six Sigma
Manufacturing is a very important process and there can be rejected if your product is not met with certain specifications. Six Sigma makes use of techniques to improve the quality of manufacturing and also to reduce the deviation and variation from the prototype.
The methods that are adopted by Six Sigma are usually based on empirical or statistical analysis. The term six sigma describes the level of quality of a product. You can also know more about six sigma tools by phase through online sources.
Image source: Google
Companies all around the world have certain processes that need to be eliminated to increase the efficiency and the yield of the product. Also, quality control needs to be taken care of if your company needs to be successful. Six Sigma trains its professionals to be more efficient and work as a team. Here are some reasons as to why Sigma Six is necessary:
- To measure, analyze, and control the business processes.
- To stabilize and maintain a process and obtain standard outputs
- Working together as a unit to bring about a quality product
- The management level will bring about better leadership
- Decisions should be taken by analyzing statistical data and not on assumptions.
- Every sigma six procedure should give you financial returns.
- To dispose of any unwanted process from the industry to attain higher efficiency.
Functions of a Six Sigma Training:
The main function of the six sigma training is to improve the efficiency of a process, reduce the overhead costs, and eliminate the redundant processes that hamper the growth of the company. The by-product of these processes is that the revenue of your company will increase and the teamwork of your company will grow stronger.


It seems there may be a "fertility awareness gap" among women, according to Australian researchers. A new survey, published in the International Journal of Advanced Nursing, finds that the majority of women don't know when they are fertile and when they are most likely to get pregnant.
Researchers at Monash University surveyed 204 infertile women seeking fertility assistance at two fertility clinics in Melbourne. Only 13 percent could correctly identify which specific days of their menstrual cycle that they were fertile and could become pregnant; however 68 percent of the women believed they had accurately timed intercourse within the fertile days of their menstrual cycle before seeking help from a fertility doctor.
So, the majority of the women seeking fertility treatment had insufficient knowledge of when to time sex to optimize natural conception. The researchers ay that this kind of poor fertility awareness could be a contributing to infertility.
Are you feeling that urge to go shopping or have a pedicure? It's probably your fertile time!
Shopping for potato chips and groceries? It's probably not.
A new study out of Concordia University in Montreal suggests that the hormonal fluctuations that come with a woman's menstrual cycle affect shopping and eating patterns. the study was published in the Journal of Consumer Psychology.
The scientists selected 59 women to keep detailed diaries on their beauty routine, clothing choices, calorie consumption and shopping purchases over the course of 35 days. They also kept track of activities such as sunbathing and eating high calorie foods.
When researchers analyzed the data, they found that there were distinct patterns in women's behavior.
The overall goal of charting your Basal Body Temperature (BBT) is to find out if and when you are ovulating. BBT is the temperature of your body at rest. A special BBT thermometer, the most precise thermometer available, can record your temperature to the tenth degree. To determine your BBT you must take your temperature first thing in the morning, before you get out of bed, eat, drink or go the bathroom. This will yield the most accurate results.
The exact time when a woman ovulates depends on the length of her menstrual cycle . Women with a 28-day cycle generally ovulate around days 13 to 15, but there are some signs that might help you determine when you are ovulating.
Amenorrhea simply means the absence of menstruation (one or more missed menstrual periods), and it can be caused by a variety of things, including problems with the reproductive organs or hormones. Hypothalamic amenorrhea is amenorrhea due to a problem involving the hypothalamus, which is the portion of the brain that links the nervous system to the endocrine system via the pituitary gland.
There are only a few days each menstrual cycle that you can get pregnant. Charting your fertility signs can help you find those days so that you can maximize your intercourse timing to increase your chances of conception each cycle. It can also help you make sense of your entire cycle. Even if you do not get pregnant in a given cycle, what you learn from charting your fertility signs that cycle will help you increase your chances in future cycles.


| I had an interesting e-mail exchange with a friend of mine the other day as I was soliciting him for ad in this week's Black History Month special edition. He responded in a very nice way that he essentially didn't believe in Black History Month because he felt it should be at the forefront 12 months per year. In essence, Black History Month is relegated to a pigeon-hole where it is kept safely out of the mainstream history curriculum, except in February when it's brought out of its hole, petted a few times, and then placed back in its hole on February 28th.
Now I couldn't really argue with him because he had a valid point [even though it hurt to know I wouldn't be getting an ad at that time.] He was right.
His comments were essentially backed up by the comments Lucia Nunez, the director of Madison's Civil Rights Department, made at the Madison Minority Affairs Committee's Black History Month commemoration. Again, Nunez feels that the concept of a month keeps Black History segregated away and minimized. She feels the same thing about Hispanic Heritage Month. Nunez urged the audience to continue to read African American books and listen to African American music and appreciate the contributions of African Americans for the entire year. Again, she has a valid point.
In terms of outcomes, I have to agree with both my friend and with Nunez. However, I don't think Black History Month is something we can just drop in expectation of something else. Carter G. Woodson -- whose image adorns our special Black History Month article logos this month -- founded Black History Week back in 1923, I believe, because there was nothing positive about African Americans in the history books. Nada. Black History Week -- which was later expanded to Black History Month -- was better than nothing and was a means to spur the study of Black history and develop materials and facts that could be included in the mainstream texts and curriculum.
Now, did you ever have the experience that the minimum standard that you set became the maximum standard adhered to by other people? You know, it's like the five percent Affirmative Action target that many agencies and businesses just can't seem to go beyond. Well, it seems that while there are many organizations, businesses, media outlets, and schools that do an excellent job of observing Black History Month, African Americans are then greatly reduced in visibility the remaining eleven months. And so the school curriculum might have Black faces in February, but they largely disappear by March 1st.
Now there is really no separating out Black History from American History except in the minds of bigots and White supremacists. I mean really. Slavery and the growth of King Cotton helped fuel the rise of industrialism in the Northeast, not to speak of the fact it dominated the economy and politics of the South for over 200 years. Some of our great centers of learning such as Harvard and Yale were endowed with money derived from slave labor. And a bloody civil war was fought, for the most part, because of the issue of slavery.
But beyond that, what about all of those inventions that were created by the hands of African American scientists? There are the vacuum evaporating pan for sugar beet processing, blood transfusions, stop and go lights, peanut butter, and a multitude of other inventions out there. Excuse me, but are they only used by African Americans or used only during the month of February? I think not! I could go on and on about these contributions, but the point is that Black History is for every American, not just for African Americans. It is a history that should be taught to all and appreciated by all. And it should be integrated into the mainstream media and classroom curriculum 12 months out of the year and not just in February.
But do I want to give up Black History Month? I don't think so until the mainstream media, etc. start incorporating it on a regular basis. Otherwise the contributions of African Americans may just start to disappear once more into the annuls of history.
Or perhaps I have another solution. By the powers vested in me as an ordinary citizen of the United States and the state of Wisconsin, I do hereby declare the period February 1, 2007 - January 31, 2008 as "The Year of Black History." Let it be duly noted and proclaimed!
|February 7, 2007
* The Literary Divide: Negative images of Blacks persist on TV and in the movies,
by Dr. Paul Barrows
* Riding the education train out of poverty,
by Jonathan Gramling
* Demystifying the home buying process,
by Ike Anyanike
* DCR division heads,
by Laura Salinger
* Louisiana Plantations: Ghosts of a horrible past,
by Heidi M. Pascual
* Simple things:
by Lang Kenneth Haynes
* Voices: Martin Luther King,
by Dr. Jean Daniels
* 100 Black Men held annual meeting ,
by Paul Barrows
* Random Order: State of the Black Union: a rough estimate,
by Tracie Gilbert
* Black History of the Wisconsin Legislature,
by State Sen. Lena Taylor
* Ken Black: Military dayz (part 1),
by Jonathan Gramling
* Living Black History,
by Valeria Davis
* Bucking history,
by Jonathan Gramling
* Noticias de hoy
* Hues City Happenings
|VOL II No. 3 February 7, 2007|
|Reflections/ Jonathan Gramling
The Year of Black History
Decision 2007: Candidates for Madison Mayor answer
The Capital City Hues Questionnaire


Steel in the News
Back to all posts
Posted by Tasha Weiss on April 13, 2012 at 4:18 PM.
The New Children’s Museum in San Diego offers a unique learning environment for kids and families–including its infrastructure. The building’s exposed structural materials and open spaces foster creativity and education while providing a great lesson on how architectural and structural elements work together in harmony. (Click on the photo to see an outside view of the project.) Photo: Geoff Weisenberger
The school year is almost over, but learning continues at the New Children’s Museum, located in San Diego’s Marina District.
Designed by architect Rob Wellington Quigley, the museum is a three-level, 50,000-sq.-ft series of transparent, flexible spaces that visibly expose the building’s construction and design–inspiring children and families to think, play, and create.
Opened in May 2008, the building contains expansive galleries, open studio environments, and an Arts Education Center that offers various classes and camps. It features interactive art exhibitions such as 33-ft-high wooden Trojan horse sculpture, which visitors can actually go into.
The facility is also one of the first green museums in California. The structure uses environmentally sustainable architecture and construction practices, including recycled building materials, a passive air-handling system, photovoltaic panels, water-saving devices, daylighting and convection cooling.
A few blocks from the building is a park and playground that extends the museum’s exposed structural materials to the outdoors. The open steel structure features swing sets and various laser-cut messages in the roof.
(Check out the laser-cutting precision of one of the roof messages from a creative viewpoint!)


In the simplest terms, your domain name is your web address—the link where your website lives. Your domain name marks your place on the Internet. It’s not just your website link; it’s your online brand and unique digital footprint. If you’re interested in getting your own domain name, you may want to get familiar with URLs and how the periods in them define domain levels.
- What Are All the Parts of a Domain Name?
- What Is a Subdomain?
- What Is a Second-Level Domain (SLD)?
- What Is a Top-Level Domain (TLD)?
- What Is a Generic Top-Level Domain (gTLD)?
- What Is a Country-Code Top-Level Domain (ccTLD)?
- What Is a Sponsored Top-Level Domain (sTLD)?
Fun Fact: Oftentimes, a website link will be referred to as a URL, which is a Universal Resource Locator. This name implies that the files it’s locating (such as a website) are not on your computer, but located elsewhere. Typically, the location of your website is one of your hosting company’s servers. The URL tells the web browser how to locate the relevant information. So without a domain name, you could not have a URL, and therefore there would be nothing to navigate to!
Interestingly, you need a domain name in order to publish your website, but you do not need a website in order to have a place for your domain name to redirect or forward to. A domain name provides you with a number of options to market your business or brand to your customers as well as stay in contact with them. Here’s everything you need to know about the wonders that are domain names!
What Are All the Parts of a Domain Name?
There are three parts to a domain name: a subdomain, a second-level domain, and a top-level domain. For example, if you currently own myblog.wordpress.com, the “myblog” section would be a subdomain, the “wordpress” section would be the second-level domain (SLD) and the “.com” would be the top-level domain (TLD). Hover offers over 300 top-level domains so you have an endless selection of domain names to own.
What Is a Subdomain?
A subdomain is related to the main or root domain and is the portion to the left of your second-level domain. If you own your own domain, such as myexample.org and decide to operate a blog on a subdomain, your domain would read as blog.myexample.org. Sometimes you will see subdomains referred to as “third-level domains.”
Subdomains are often used:
- When companies pursue entirely separate mobile websites – A subdomain is often used in this instance (ever land on an m.website.com?). This happens when a company has initially designed and built a website that was not responsive or mobile-friendly. When Google’s push for mobile-first in ranking took place, many companies built out mobile websites to comply.
- When a company operates a platform that their user base builds off of – For example, WordPress users may or may not wish to buy a separate domain name for their blog and therefore, must build their creation off of WordPress’s second-level domain name, for example, theirbrand.wordpress.com.
- To allow for differentiation in design or branding – Subdomains are great for landing pages or for sections of your website that could stand on their own, such as a blog or shop. Many content creators, such as those on YouTube, have merchandise stores that are part of their brand, but not elemental to it. Having that section live on a subdomain attaches it to your brand, while allowing you the freedom to have a separate design, look, and feel from the rest of your content.
That image above isn’t a mistake; “www” is a subdomain as well. As you’ve no doubt noticed, it’s not strictly necessary to enter it before your second-level and top-level domains to get to a website. However, there are considerations you should know about with respect to “www” and your website.
What Is a Second-Level Domain or an SLD?
A second-level domain (SLD) is the domain below the top-level domain and is located to the left of the extension you use. When you’re browsing for a domain name on Hover, you’re in the process of naming the SLD to pair with one of the many TLDs that Hover offers. While top-level domains are restricted to a finite number of options, the possibilities for second-level domains are nearly endless. Your SLD is a great space for your brand name, product name, or your own name!
What Is a Top-Level Domain or a TLD?
Top-level domain (TLD) is a term you may have come across before in the midst of your search for the perfect domain name. TLD is a fancy term for your domain name’s extension, which are the letters to the right of your second-level domain. An example of a domain name extension that you will recognize (unless you’re brand new to the Internet… where have you been?!) is .COM. The .COM portion of your entire URL is your top-level domain, which is shortened to TLD for ease. When we refer to TLDs, we are talking about the extension only.
What Is a Generic Top-Level Domain or a gTLD?
A generic top-level domain (gTLD) refers to domain extensions that are generic in nature. These domain extensions are often common, recognizable, and have few restrictions on the domain name in terms of applicability. That means that you can feel free to register any and all of them for your brand. Google recognizes them as generic in search results, as well. Examples of a few gTLDs that Hover offers are, .COM, .NET, .XYZ, and.ONLINE. Hover sells many (hundreds!) more—so get searching!
The new and niche gTLDs:
There are many new and unique gTLDs available. If you’re looking for a way for your brand or company to stand out, having a TLD that highlights the market you are in is an interesting way to attract your audience. For example, if you sell art, having a .ART domain name is a great alternative to typical extensions. If your company is an iOS or Android app, why not have a .APP domain name? Hover offers over 400 domain extensions for the domain name you have in mind. Nearly any extension you’re looking for to promote your brand can be found on Hover.
What Is a Country-Code Top-Level Domain, or ccTLD?
A country code top-level domain (ccTLD) refers to domain extensions that are specifically for regions or countries. These domain extensions inform search engine results pages (SERPs) and users that your services are either based out of the region or targeting the region you have designated in your ccTLD. There are a few ccTLDs, such as .IO, .ME, and .TV, which Google treats as a gTLD in search since they have been shown to be commonly used outside of that geographic area for other purposes. More on that below.
Be aware that many ccTLDs have language requirements, require your company to be headquartered in a certain location, or you must abide by their Internet/digital laws before you can use their ccTLD. For example, the .CA domain name extension is for Canada and has some restrictions. You must be a registered Canadian business or organization, a Canadian trademark holder, a citizen of Canada, have permanent residency in Canada, or otherwise qualify under the Canadian Presence Requirements.
ccTLDs are the only top-level domains not governed by ICANN, the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers, which governs the Internet Protocol numbers and Domain Name System. Any country can enter the market with their own TLD. A ccTLD can be easily spotted as it is always a two-letter domain extension, such as .CA, .US, or .FR.
The widespread use of ccTLDs:
Some ccTLDs have experience widespread adoptions due to meaning and translation ability across many languages. For example, .ME is a popular domain extension people use for personal branding and portfolio-style websites, but is originally Montenegro’s ccTLD. .IO, the beloved extension of tech companies and startups, is the ccTLD for the British Indian Ocean Territory. Also, .CO, used by many companies, is actually Columbia’s ccTLD. These specific ccTLDs do not have restrictions on use, hence their widespread adoption.
What Is a Sponsored Top-Level Domain, or sTLD?
A sponsored top-level domain (sTLD) is related to a very specific niche and does not allow use by general customers. There are a plethora of rules surrounding the registration and use of these types of TLDs. The sTLDs listed below are specific to the United States.
The .GOV domain can only be used by the American government. The .EDU domain is an extension that is only available to postsecondary education institutions and related organizations for registration. To be eligible to use this domain, the institution must be located in the United States, legally organized in the U.S., or recognized by a U.S. state, territorial, or federal agency.
Get Your Perfect Domain Name at Hover.com
There are a lot of things to consider when getting a domain name for your business, organization, brand, or for personal use. Ask yourself what you wish to accomplish for your brand online and consider all of the different options in regards to domain levels. The answer can help you come up with the perfect domain name.
Your next step should be to visit Hover.com. With over 400 TLDs, registering with Hover increases the chances you’ll be able to use your preferred domain name. You’ll also get free WHOIS privacy, flexible email options, and the ability to integrate your website with a number of helpful services. Don’t forget to share your awesome Hover domain with us on Hover’s social!


What is Tarmacadam Surfacing?
Tarmacadam Surfacing (Tarmac) is a material which combines a mixture of road stones and traditionally tar, where tar is used as the binding substance to hold the stones together and create a non porous surface. Modern methods use bitumen in place of tar.
Tarmacadam Surface Preparation
Before Tarmac surfacing can be laid, a sub surface of compacted hardcore aggregate is recommended to create a solid base for the Tarmacadam surfacing installation, once the Tarmac has been put in place it is then rolled to create a level, smooth surface which will last for years to come. It is also recommended that a suitable drainage channel is installed to deal with the surface run off.
What do we do?
L&P Building Services have completed many successful projects using Tarmacadam surfacing, we do large and small jobs from car parks and roads to driveway edge and pot hole repairs. Tarmacacadam is an ideal surface for roads, paths and driveways.


A link between reduced levels of the 'stress hormone' cortisol and antisocial behaviour in male adolescents has been discovered by a research team at the University of Cambridge.
Levels of cortisol in the body usually increase when people undergo a stressful experience, such as public speaking, sitting an exam, or having surgery. It enhances memory formation and is thought to make people behave more cautiously and to help them regulate their emotions, particularly their temper and violent impulses.
The new research, funded by the Wellcome Trust, shows that adolescents with severe antisocial behaviour do not exhibit the same increase in cortisol levels when under stress as those without antisocial behaviour. These findings suggest that antisocial behaviour, at least in some cases, may be seen as a form of mental illness that is linked to physiological symptoms (involving a chemical imbalance of cortisol in the brain and body).
The scientists, led by Dr Graeme Fairchild and Professor Ian Goodyer, recruited participants for the study from schools, pupil referral units, and the Youth Offending Service. Samples of saliva were collected over several days from the subjects in a non-stressful environment to measure levels of the hormone under resting conditions. The young men then took part in a stressful experiment that was designed to induce frustration. Samples of saliva were taken immediately before, during and after the experiment to track how cortisol changed during stress.
The differences between participants with severe antisocial behaviour and those without were most marked under stressful conditions. While the average adolescents showed large increases in the amount of cortisol during the frustrating situation, cortisol levels actually went down in those with severe antisocial behaviour.
These results suggest that antisocial behaviour may be more biologically-based than previously considered, just as some individuals are more vulnerable to depression or anxiety due to their biological make-up.
Dr Fairchild said, "If we can figure out precisely what underlies the inability to show a normal stress response, we may be able to design new treatments for severe behaviour problems. We may also be able create targeted interventions for those at higher risk.
"A possible treatment for this disorder offers the chance to improve the lives of both the adolescents who are afflicted and the communities in which they live."
According to a Home Office research study, almost three-quarters of antisocial behaviour orders are given to offenders under the age of 21. Responding to reports of antisocial behaviour costs the government approximately £3.4 billion per year.
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Metaphors describe one thing in terms of another and give form to things which are otherwise difficult to describe. Suppose, for example, someone says that trying to stay in control is creating a ‘tension all around the top half of my body, like big iron armour crushing inwards’, we get a very graphic sense of how this person is experiencing their situation from the metaphor they have used.
Metaphors are not simply a figure of speech; they play a fundamental role in the way we understand ourselves and the world around us. It seems that we actually structure our thinking through metaphor, although we are not usually consciously aware of doing so. When we shine a light on the metaphors that we naturally use to describe our experience we often reveal a richness of information that would otherwise have remained hidden. These metaphors can be an almost magical way of getting to know ourselves better.
"This empowering book demonstrates clearly and simply how personal metaphors can influence your behaviour and change your life for the better."
AC – retired teacher


Missing VowelsLanguage brain teasers are those that involve the English language. You need to think about and manipulate words and letters.
Three quotes by Peter Drucker have all their vowels removed. You must put the appropriate vowel in each blank.
1. _cc_pt th_ f_ct th_t w_ h_v_ t_ tr_ _t _lm_st _nyb_dy _s _ v_l_nt_ _r.
2. _ff_c_ _ncy _s d_ _ng th_ngs r_ght; _ff_ct_v_n_ss _s d_ _ng th_ r_ght th_ngs.
3. N_v_r m_nd y_ _r h_pp_n_ss; d_ y_ _r d_ty.
Answer1. Accept the fact that we have to treat almost anybody as a volunteer.
2. Efficiency is going things right; effectiveness is doing the right things.
3. Never mind your happiness; do your duty.
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Comprehension, Irritation and Error HierarchiesHispania
AbstractThere are several recurrent themes in the study of native speaker attitudes toward interlanguage. First among them treated in a recent review by Ludwig is comprehensibility, that is, the ease with which the native speaker can comprehend nonnative speech.' Research in the area of native speaker attitudes toward nonnative speech reviewed in Ludwig has shown that formal errors are not well related to comprehensibility of interlanguage. "Irritation" is also a topic of considerable interest. An assumption underlying the study of irritation is that even if nonnative speech is comprehensible, the form of the message may be associated with a negative affective response from the native speaker. Certain formal or mechanical errors may be considered more important than others by native speakers. The ranking of errors by comprehensibility, irritation or other criteria is referred to as an error hierarchy. An interesting, detailed example of an error hierarchy based on both comprehensibility and irritation may be found in an article by Chastain.
Citation InformationShaw N. Gynan. "Comprehension, Irritation and Error Hierarchies" Hispania Vol. 68 Iss. 1 (1985) p. 160 - 165
Available at: http://works.bepress.com/shaw_gynan/11/