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Lantern Slide - Soldiers in Battle, Franco-Prussian War, 1870-1871 Reg. No: MM 031788
- Lantern slide, probably depicting soldiers in the Franco-Prussian War 1870-1871. The war is surmised from associated images that identify this provenance.
- Single lantern slide, comprising circular hand-coloured print on glass, with black mask, mounted in rectangular wooden frame.
- Description Of Content:
- Coloured drawing of soldiers charging in battle on horseback. The central figure has a raised sword. Cartwheels are visible - perhaps weaponry. The woldiers wear blue jackets with white belts and mauve trousers.
- Acquisition Information:
- Loan & Subsequent Donation from Australian Film Institute (AFI)
|Tagged with:||lantern slides, military history, franco-prussian war 1870-1871|
|Themes this item is part of:||Francis Collection, Images & Image Making Collection|
|Primary Classification:||MILITARY HISTORY|
|Tertiary Classification:||battles & battlefields|
|Format:||Lantern Slide: Colour; Wooden Framed - Single Image|
|Date Depicted:||Europe, 1870-1871
Dates based on dates of Franco-Prussian War. The lantern slide would have been made later - specific date unknown.


After months of social distancing and stay-at-home orders, the encouraging progress in the development of a COVID-19 vaccine has been a rare bright spot, a hopeful sign that we may yet find a way out of this pandemic.
But despite the scientific promise of these efforts, a vaccine can only be effective if people get vaccinated. Right now, we are not doing nearly enough to tell people about the importance of getting a COVID-19 vaccine when one becomes available — and this inaction threatens to squander the promise of vaccine breakthroughs, not to mention the billions of dollars of taxpayer money invested in them.
Researchers at more than a hundred institutions, including my own university, are rushing to develop brand-new COVID-19 vaccines at an unprecedented pace. Meanwhile, anti-vaccine opinions appear to be growing — and hardening. In a Yahoo News/YouGov poll conducted in late July, just 42 percent of Americans surveyed said they plan to get a COVID-19 vaccination when one becomes available. That’s down from 55 percent when the survey was first conducted in mid-May.
Those figures are deeply troubling. Most experts agree that 60 percent to 70 percent of the population must get vaccinated to achieve herd immunity, the point where so many people are immune to the virus that it is likely to stop circulating. If we don’t reach that threshold, the virus will likely continue to threaten millions, including those who cannot be vaccinated because of pre-existing health conditions. And as long as the virus is circulating, getting vaccinated is the only way to ensure you are immune. If so few people choose to get the vaccine, life may not return to normal for any of us.
I have studied “vaccine hesitancy” in several countries around the world, and my team’s research has shown that many people with concerns want to engage in honest and open conversation. They often say they do not have all the information they need to choose vaccines, and they often don’t know whether to trust information they find online. Many just need someone they trust to tell them the facts.
Some of the most common concerns revolve around vaccine safety and effectiveness. The extraordinary conditions under which COVID-19 vaccines are being developed likely will heighten those questions. One recent study, for example, found that safety was the chief concern cited by 77 percent of people surveyed in considering whether to get a COVID-19 vaccine.
Many studies suggest that a doctor’s recommendation can be the deciding factor for people who are unsure about choosing vaccines. Public health officials can help by providing information and training for doctors to make strong vaccine recommendations. While we don’t yet have data on the safety and effectiveness of specific vaccine candidates for COVID-19, we can be talking about the safety precautions that are built into the development process and how we will know that an approved vaccine works. Transparent, open dialogue now will help assuage reasonable concerns and build the public confidence we will need for the vaccine to be widely accepted.
Outside of the medical establishment, we need to initiate grassroots campaigns that leverage community resources to stress the importance of getting a COVID-19 vaccine. In uncertain situations like this pandemic, people don’t like to be told what to do, but they do want to know what their peers and community members are doing. Public health officials should be working now with schools, churches and other neighborhood networks to address questions and build community solidarity for COVID-19 vaccination.
This won’t be easy. Throughout this pandemic, we have seen a frustrating lack of consensus about the steps we can take to control the virus, turning even simple precautions such as wearing a face mask into heated political debates. Convincing hundreds of millions of people to line up for a COVID-19 vaccine will be an even bigger challenge, but it is one we need to confront now.
Lavanya Vasudevan is an assistant professor of family medicine and community health at Duke University and a member of the Duke Global Health Institute and the Duke Human Vaccine Institute.


1876- 1940 (64 years old)
Year of great discovery/work
When he was 9 years old, Joseph Meister was bitten by a rabid dog while he was outside playing. Meister’s mother had read about Pasteur’s work and took her son to him, hoping he could save the boy’s life. After much deliberation over the ethical implications of using an experimental treatment on a human subject, Pasteur treated Joseph. Meister made a full recovery and did not develop rabies.
Did you know?
As an adult, Meister worked as a caretaker at the Pasteur Institute.


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Was your Grandmother a Harvey Girl?
Published: 04 June 2010
By: Shirley Gage Hodges Biography & Archived Articles
Many women from the mid-west and eastern states in the U. S. went west to become Harvey Girls. If your female ancestor seemed to have disappeared during the period of 1880 to about 1950 they may have gone west to find employment. They left their homes and took jobs to work in Fred Harvey's restaurants along the Santa Fe Railroad route. These restaurants were found from Kansas to California. There were restaurants at stations along the line about every 100 miles.
Those women who decided to become Harvey Girls had to sign a contract to work for either a six-month or year long period. Some left at the end of their contact but many of these women continued to work for 35-40 years for Fred Harvey.
Fred Harvey trained these women who had little or no experience to not become simply a waitress but a part of a group of people who helped to settle the West. Fred Harvey had very high standards. He would only hire those who he felt were upstanding, educated and virtuous women. The ads placed in the paper would call for "Young women of good character, attractive and intelligent, 18 to 30, to work in Harvey Eating Houses in the West." He advertised in the East and Midwest because he felt that other than those women who were wives and mothers there were not many "respectable" women in the West in the early years.
Many of these women left their homes so that they could earn money to help their families. Some were hoping for adventure, the chance to travel and perhaps even romance.
Map of Santa Fe Railroad
[click on map for larger image in .pdf format]
As many as 100,000 women may have gone west to work as Harvey Girls. Many of these women ended up marrying and settling in the West and starting families of their own.
If your Grandmother was a Harvey Girl make sure that you tell her story.
Until next time :)
Shirley Hodges email@example.com
To read back issues of Shirley Hodges' articles, visit her biography & archived Articles
Editor's Note: Shirley Hodges is the author of the popular Guide to United States Census, 1790-1930:
BOOK - Guide to United States Census, 1790-1930
By Shirley Gage Hodges
Published by Global Heritage Press, Milton
Guide to the United States Census, 1790-1930 explains what the United States census records are, what information they contain and how to use each census. Each individual year of the Federal Census between 1790 and 1930 (census were compiled every 10 years) is explained in detail. This guide is designed to help the census novice and intermediate researcher come to grips with this valuable genealogical research tool. Experts will also find this guide useful.
ISBN 978-1-897446-01-0 More information
Check out the resources at GlobalGenealogy.com:


With a myriad of computer viruses flooding the cyberspace currently, it has develop into really needed for computer savvy to be completely armed and completely ready towards their assaults prior to they wreak havoc. Now a day’s Computer viruses have taken up company personal computers by huge and with a company computer as we are mindful of the predicament are fully distinct in regard to that of a desktop laptop. At the time a virus have created it room on a area method of a company community with no time it will be a big menace to the Server of that organization hampering and risking out the productiveness and safety issue of the organization. To protect your Computer and server from viruses you need to have to set up anti-virus program system and keep by yourself up to date with its most current virus definitions readily available spherical the corner.
Outlined below are distinct properties a virus displays. Nevertheless, not all the computer viruses have popular properties.
Polymorphic: Some viruses have an skill to improve their code. This indicates a virus can have various quantities of identical variants. E-mail viruses that keep on shifting the topic or physique of the information to prevent recognition are considered to have exact same properties.
Memory or non memory resident: A virus is both memory resident where the virus is first loaded into memory and infects a computer subsequently or non memory resident where the virus code operates each individual time a file is opened.
Stealth: The stealth virus first attaches itself to documents on the computer and then assaults the computer.
Transmissible: Laptop or computer viruses are smaller program courses which can have other identical viruses, thereby creating the virus dangerous. The most important virus will take a shelter driving the other or gain assistance to infect a specific section of the computer.
Permanence: Some viruses are ready to destroy the performance of distinct areas of the computer these as CMOS battery or grasp boot record. If a computer is formatted and the contaminated software or system is continue to on a back again up disk, the virus can very easily re-infect the computer.
Viruses can affect documents or programs in numerous approaches. They typically attack .com, .exe, .sys, .bin, .pif or any other data documents. Viruses have an skill to infect any file and frequently seek out for executable documents or data documents including word or excel document to replicate.
Functioning an antivirus defense system is the most handy and a trusted way to clear away computer viruses of all types. A couple of people also use other features of the computer to detect the presence of virus or other malware make a difference.


Microsoft started development on the .NET Framework in the late 1990s originally under the name of Next Generation Windows Services (NGWS). By late 2001 the first beta versions of .NET 1.0 were released. The first version of .NET Framework was released on 13 February 2002, bringing managed code to Windows NT 4.0, 98, 2000, ME and XP.
Newbies may want to know what .Net is before they ask how it can help their business. The .Net system is actually a software framework so you might have heard of other names for it such as .Net Framework instead. It runs on the Windows operating system of Microsoft but is unique because it is compatible with a range of different programming languages. This means that you can run .Net on any of those programming languages without worrying that the code will be rejected. Because .Net is Windows based, many new applications that are grounded on the Windows OS platform are compatible with the .Net Framework.you integrate Windows.Net Development into your business.


On a school trip through an old battlefield, the group is faced with having to go through an area loaded with unexploded mines and trip wires. A gaseous substance, leaking from toxic spills underground is dangerous to the eyes. The group needs to cross the field, while blindfolding their eyes form the gaseous substance. No one may enter the field unprotected. One or more may go at a time.
- Ropes: For Start and Finish lines
- Mines: A collection of whatever objects you have available to you. Rubber toys, beach balls, tennis balls, crates, pieces of paper, etc.
- Trip wires: Ropes in the area between the start and finish lines that can cause a maze to occur in the minefield area.
- Bandanas: For shielding the eyes.
What happens when someone touches a wire or a mine is determined beforehand. Suggestions include:
- The person 'dies' and starts over
- The person is 'wounded' and waits for a rescuer (Meaning: waits until someone else comes into the field and touches them before they can continue).
- The person counts the number of times s/he tripped a wire or an object, reports that number to the group, the group adds all the trips that occurred and then tries again as a group with the goal being to reduce the number of trips that formerly occurred.
Again, it is up to the group whether they want to send individuals through, or have every one go through together, or send half through with verbal help from the other half and repeat.


Companies raise debt and equity capital to buy operating and non-operating assets which are expected to generate revenue going forward. The activities related to the utilization of these operating assets are called the core operations of a business. For example, the activity of producing and selling toys for a toy manufacturing company would be considered its core operations. The net difference between the revenue generated by the core operations and the expenses directly incurred to generate this revenue is called the Net Operating Income.
The most common operating expenses are:
- Cost of Goods Sold (COGS): COGS are the cost of the merchandise that is sold.
- Selling, General and Administrative Expenses (SG&A): SG&A are the non-production costs directly related to the operating activities and include salaries, advertising expenses, rents and other selling expenses.
- Depreciation: Depreciation is a non-cash expense representing the deterioration of the operating fixed assets of a company over a reporting period.
In our example above about the toy manufacturing company, the COGS would include the cost of the material used to create the toy along with the direct labor costs used in the production. SG&A would be comprised of the rent, administrative expenses, utility bills, the marketing campaign and the selling commissions.
Net Operating Income is an important measure of operating efficiency as it excludes the effect of financial leverage and taxes, which can vary widely among companies even in similar industries. The level of Operating Income is driven by various factors including pricing strategies, the cost of raw materials, salaries and the level of fixed versus variable costs.
The various items used to calculate Net Operating Income are reported on the Profit & Loss Statement (P&L) as follows:
|Economic view of the P&L|
|Operations||Revenue – Cost of Goods Sold (COGS) – Selling, General and Administrative expenses (SG&A)|
|Investments||– Depreciation & Amortization|
|= EBIT or Operating Income|
|Capital structure||+ Net financial income|
|= Earnings before taxes (EBT)|
|Exceptional items and taxes||+ Exceptional items – taxes – minority interests|
|= Net Income|
Net Operating Income is closely followed by investors as it represents the ability of a company to generate earnings through its core operations. It is the pre-tax income from operating assets that is available to all capital providers. It is also often used to compare profitability metrics between companies in a similar industry as it takes into account the capital intensiveness of a business. Net Operating Income should not be confused with Earnings Before Interest, Tax, Depreciation and Amortization (EBITDA), which is another commonly used measure by investors to assess the profitability of the core operations of a business. Contrary to Net Operating Income, EBITDA does not take into account the non-cash D&A expense so it facilitates comparisons between firms across different industries. EBITDA is often used as a proxy for cash flow from operating activities. The formula for Net Operating Income is often displayed as an adjustment from EBITDA as shown below.
Operating Income = Revenue – COGS – SG&A – Depreciation – Amortization
Operating Income = EBITDA – Depreciation – Amortization
Net Operating Income should also be distinguished from Net Income which is the Net Operating Income adjusted for the after-tax effect of financial leverage, non-operating and exceptional items and minority interest, if necessary.
To better understand how these figures are calculated in practice, you can look at the P&L below which provides a line-by-line example of the main items on the top line and bottom line.
|P&L ($m)||Year 1||Year 2|
|Cost of goods sold||100||108|
|Selling, general and administrative expenses||30||32|
|EBIT / Operating Income||46||49|
|Net interest expense||26||26|
|* Assuming a tax rate of 30%|
Finally, it is common for financial analysts to calculate the Net Operating Income margin to assess the profitability of a business. It is calculated as the Net Operating Income (EBIT) divided by total revenues. A high and increasing operating margin are viewed positively as the firm is generating more core earnings by the unit of revenue.1
BookAugust 31st, 2019


This book examines the history, theory and practice of parallel (orthographic) and central (perspective) projection. The objective is to provide the tools to imagine and represent with precision, dexterity, and virtuosity, a continually expanding repertoire of three-dimensional architectural form. The focus is twofold: first, to trace key historical developments of projection in architecture from the Renaissance through the Enlightenment into the twentieth century and second, to explain the comprehensive codification of Descriptive Geometry as defined by Gaspard Monge at the end of the eighteenth century and the means by which it is practiced. The projective systems of Girard Desargues and Monge are revealed to have altered contemporaneous relationships between masons, carpenters, engineers, mathematicians, cartographers, painters and architects.
The impact of the computer on architecture’s perennial oscillation between the three and two dimensions of projection is reviewed. Important theoretical texts on geometry, representation, and historically situated examples of buildings wherein tectonic and formal configurations are explicitly linked to their projection, are examined.
A series of excursuses are dedicated to perspective and stereotomy. The proceeding sections, having provided a survey of the origins and fundamental bases of central projection and their effects on orthography, are developed further as variations on techniques are demonstrated and compared. In particular, the role of the distance point and the deft avoidance of the vanishing point are shown to be capable of linking the representation of perception and the description of objects, two tasks that are conventionally distinguished in architectural drawing but have been unwittingly, in many respects, mutually determined and transformed.


Issues with fertility are now able to be identified early through a hair test thanks to cutting edge research led by University of Nottingham.
The university worked with scientists across the East Midlands in order to achieve the breakthrough, which also provides an an early warning of overall general health.
The test detects levels of the hormone cortisol that have built up in a sample of hair over the space of several months. It is said to be the equivalent of 200 blood or saliva tests.
Cortisol is a glucocorticoid steroid hormone that is crucial for maintaining overall health including regulating the immune system, brain health, controlling blood pressure and reproductive function.
Dr Adam Massey, researcher at University of Nottingham and CEO of Cortigenix, explained: “With just a few strands of hair, we can now track cortisol levels that have accumulated in hair strands over the previous three months – which is the equivalent of needing over 200 blood or saliva cortisol tests.
"The sample for the test can be done easily from home, without clinical supervision, and the result provides an indication of one’s general health over that three month period."
Researchers say that Cortigenix’s new Cortisol Over Time (COT) test is the first of its kind that detects levels of circulating cortisol built up in the body and brain over three months.
Dr Massey added: "We believe that fundamental to preventative health is to be able to detect health problems as early as possible. This way, we are shifting from treating ill health to preventing it in the first place”.
Professor Kavita Vedhara, from University of Nottingham, said: “This test builds on 30 years of high quality scientific evidence and research into the affect of cortisol on a range of health outcomes. This is the first time we’ve been in a position based on extensive research to provide a validated test to the general public."


In the first part of this series, we looked at the basics of visual language and format. Today, I am going to explain how spacing, type and colour can make your visuals come alive.
Negative spaces are as important in a template as anything else. Very often people tend to fill these spaces with more words, or clip arts, because, hey I’ve got all this space and it’s going to waste! Big mistake. It is very important to maintain legibility and harmony in your templates by giving them a healthy amount of breathing space. Make sure that the different elements of your visual do not interfere with each other. The amount of space should preferably be in the following order: bottom margin > top, right and left margin> paragraph break > line space > word space > letter space. However, this is a very traditional and safe rule that seasoned graphic designers might not stick to. But remember, it is important to know and master the rules before you are qualified enough to break them.
Let’s look at these two templates used by Westland Books and General Electric. They have used their external and internal spaces very differently. Which one do you think has balanced them better?
4. Type Selection
This can be tricky for people who are not well acquainted with typefaces. First, there are legal issues. Since pirated typefaces are used freely in our country, it is very important to check online whether you have the permission to use them, because the web does not have any national boundaries, and your company can be sued by type foundries for using pirated typefaces. Also, free typefaces can often be hideous to look at. Font Squirrel comes to our rescue with free to use quality typefaces which are categorised by style. Typefaces, when used wisely, can add great aesthetic value to your template. To be on the safer side, choose from the sans serif collection before you start experimenting. Don’t use too many typefaces. Don’t use more than 2, in fact, the safer option would be to use different weights of the same typeface.
Check out how Artic Vodka India has used type. Using light weights of a typeface can add elegance. Random House India has used a beautiful art deco typeface (below right) and played around with the typography.
Stick to a colour scheme of 2 to 3 colours, because more colours can be difficult to handle. The RGB colour model makes it possible to use a wide variety of colours but you can considerably streamline your choices according to the kind of audience that you’re trying to target. Your brand must also have a colour scheme. Use brights and complementaries (but do not use blinding, jarring combinations) for a youthful look and feel. Add a touch of grey for sophistication. I’m a great fan of grey because it can be used with almost any other colour. Instead of keeping the background white, use another light colour, because it is important for your template to stand out against the (usually) white background. Instead of using black for text, try using a deep blue, or red, or green, grey etc. Keep the use of brown to a minimum, because very few people know how to use that colour without making it look ‘muddy’. Color Scheme Designer is a great web based tool to try different colour schemes and see how they look when used in combination with each other. Kuler, a community where users share colours schemes, can come in handy. I will talk more about colour schemes in my subsequent posts :)
Now that you’ve learnt a decent number of graphic design basics, start noticing the graphic design that is all around you. Try and dissect it based on the points that we’ve discussed above. Do post your observations below :)
Disclaimer: Views of authors are personal and do not represent the views of Blogworks, or any of its clients.


European manned spaceship design unveiled in Berlin
Bound to be used - as bargaining tool in Moscow, at least
Proposals for a European-built manned spacecraft have been formally unveiled in Berlin, with some backing from the German government. Backers of the plan hope to see the European Space Agency (ESA) using Euro technology to carry astronauts into orbit, rather than Russian Soyuz rockets.
As reported previously, the mock-up now on view at the Berlin Air Show is a modified "Jules Verne" Automated Transfer Vehicle (ATV) cargo module, of the type which has just begun carrying supplies to the International Space Station (ISS). Pan-European aerospace company EADS, whose space arm Astrium makes the ATV and the Ariane V heavy-lift rocket, hopes that the ESA will fund a manned Jules Verne and launch it using Ariane boosters.
"For us, this is about opening up options," Astrium's Frank Pohlemann told the BBC yesterday. "Instead of diving into studies and spending the next five or six years with no concrete development, what we propose is to do something now and open up options."
Astrium's proposal is first to modify the ATV so that it can return to Earth safely after a normal uncrewed cargo mission, carrying items down from the ISS. Lack of room for such return trips has recently compelled ISS crew to jettison large pieces of equipment into the Earth's atmosphere.
According to Pohlemann, the Jules Verne could be set up for re-entry by 2013 at a cost of "well below one billion" euros. It could then be converted to a three-seat manned ship by 2017, at a total cost "in the frame of a couple of billion" euros.
To date, when ESA manned missions have not taken advantage of NASA's good offices, Euro astronauts have ridden in Russian Soyuz ships. The ESA-Russia partnership is of long standing, and valuable to Russia - to the point where the permanent ESA delegation in Moscow has full diplomatic status.
However, the reputation of Russian Soyuz landers has suffered badly following two recent re-entries which followed an unplanned, much steeper than usual descent path and subjected astronauts to especially severe G forces. There can't be much doubt that many at the ESA - probably including most of the astronauts - would rather ride in a European or American ship at the moment.
Seeking to offset this perception, the Russian space agency Roskosmos went so far as to announce that the ESA planned a new generation of Euro-Russian ships for manned Moon missions last month - just days after news of the Jules Verne mod plans broke, funnily enough. However, for its part the ESA was more reserved, saying that no decision on joint plans with Russia had been made.
The signs are that the German government at least is willing to offer some support for EADS Astrium's notion of an all-Euro manned ship, though even Germany may not be willing to stump up much cash. Support for manned spaceflight - in terms of actual money, certainly - has always been weak in Europe.
If the Russians can offer a cheap enough deal, they would certainly still seem to be in the running. This will be even more the case if they can sort out the re-entry snags on the Soyuz effectively. In the end, the Astrium ATV blueprint may be used, but as a bargaining tool in Moscow rather than an actual spaceship. ®


Persons using assistive technology might not be able to fully access information in this file. For assistance, please send e-mail to: firstname.lastname@example.org. Type 508 Accommodation and the title of the report in the subject line of e-mail.
Hepatitis B Virus: A Comprehensive Strategy for Eliminating Transmission in the United States Through Universal Childhood Vaccination: Recommendations of the ACIP APPENDIX A: Postexposure Prophylaxis for Hepatitis B
Adapted from: CDC. Protection against viral hepatitis: recommendations of the Immunization Practices Advisory Committee (ACIP). MMWR 1990;39(No. RR-2):17-22.
Prophylactic treatment to prevent infection after exposure to HBV should be considered in the following situations: perinatal exposure of an infant born to an HBsAg-positive mother, inadvertent percutaneous or permucosal exposure to HBsAg-positive blood, sexual exposure to an HBsAg- positive person, and household exposure of an infant 12 months of age to a primary care-giver who has acute hepatitis B.
Various studies have established the relative efficacies of HBIG and/or hepatitis B vaccine in different exposure situations. For an infant with perinatal exposure to an HBsAg-positive and HBeAg-positive mother, a regimen combining one dose of HBIG at birth with the hepatitis B vaccine series started soon after birth is 85%-95% effective in preventing develop- ment of the HBV carrier state (A1-A3). Regimens involving either multiple doses of HBIG alone or the vaccine series alone have 70%-90% efficacy (A4,A5).
For inadvertent perrcutaneous exposure, only regimens including HBIG and/or immune globulin (IG) have been studied. A regimen of two doses of HBIG, one given after exposure and one a month later, is about 75% effective in preventing hepatitis B in this setting (A6,A7). For sexual exposure to a person with acute hepatitis B, a single dose of HBIG is 75% effective if administered within 2 weeks of last sexual exposure (A8). The efficacy of IG for postexposure prophylaxis is uncertain; IG no longer has a role in postexposure prophylaxis of hepatitis B because of the avail- ability of HBIG and the wider use of hepatitis B vaccine.
Recommendations on postexposure prophylaxis are based on available efficacy data and on the likelihood of future HBV exposure for the person requiring treatment. In all exposures, a regimen combining HBIG with hepatitis B vaccine will provide both short- and long-term protection, will be less costly than the two-dose HBIG treatment alone, and is the treatment of choice.
Acute Exposure to Blood that Contains (or Might Contain) HBsAg
For inadvertent percutaneous (needlestick, laceration, or bite) or permucosal (ocular or mucous-membrane) exposure to blood, the decision to provide prophylaxis must include consideration of several factors: a) whether the source of the blood is available; b) the HBsAg status of the source; and c) the hepatitis B vaccination and vaccine-response status of the exposed person. Such exposures usually affect persons for whom hepatitis B vaccine is recommended. For any exposure of a person not previously vaccinated, hepatitis B vaccination is recommended.
After any such exposure, a blood sample should be obtained from the person who was the source of the exposure and should be tested for HBsAg. The hepatitis B vaccination status and anti-HBs response status (if known) of the exposed person should be reviewed. The outline below and Table_A1 summarize prophylaxis for percutaneous or permucosal exposure to blood according to the HBsAg status of the source of exposure and the vaccination status and vaccine response of the exposed person. For greatest effectiveness, passive prophylaxis with HBIG, when indicated, should be administered as soon as possible after exposure since its value beyond 7 days after exposure is unclear.
Sex Partners of Persons with Acute Hepatitis B Virus Infection
Sex partners of HBsAg-positive persons are at increased risk of acquiring HBV infection, and HBIG has been shown to be 75% effective in preventing such infections (A8). Because data are limited, the period after sexual exposure during which HBIG is effective is unknown, but extrapo- lation from other settings makes it unlikely that this period would exceed 14 days. Before treatment, testing sex partners for susceptibility is recommended if it does not delay treatment beyond 14 days after last exposure. Testing for anti-HBc is the most efficient prescreening procedure to use in this population.
All susceptible persons whose sex partners have acute hepatitis B infection should receive a single dose of HBIG (0.06 mL/kg) and should begin the hepatitis B vaccine series if prophylaxis can be started within 14 days of the last sexual contact or if sexual contact with the infected person will continue. Administering the vaccine with HBIG may improve the efficacy of postexposure treatment. The vaccine has the added advantage of conferring long-lasting protection.
An alternate treatment for persons who are not from a high-risk group for whom vaccine is routinely recommended and whose regular sex partners have acute HBV infection is to administer one dose of HBIG (without vaccine) and retest the sex partner for HBsAg 3 months later. No further treatment is necessary if the sex partner becomes HBsAg negative. If the sex partner remains HBsAg positive, a second dose of HBIG should be given and the hepatitis B vaccine series started.
Household Contacts of Persons with Acute Hepatitis B Virus Infection
Since infants have close contact with primary care-givers and they have a higher risk of becoming HBV carriers after acute HBV infection, prophyl- axis of an infant less than 12 months of age with HBIG (0.5 mL) and hepatitis B vaccine is indicated if the mother or primary care-giver has acute HBV infection. Prophylaxis for other household contacts of persons with acute HBV infection is not indicated unless they have had identifiable blood exposure to the index patient, such as by sharing toothbrushes or razors. Such exposures should be treated like sexual exposures. If the index patient becomes an HBV carrier, all household contacts should receive hepatitis B vaccine.
ReferencesA1. Stevens CE, Taylor PE, Tong MJ, et al. Yeast-recombinant hepatitis B
vaccine: efficacy with hepatitis B immune globulin in prevention of perinatal hepatitis B virus transmission. JAMA 1987;257:2612-6. A2. Beasley RP, Hwang L-Y, Lee G-C, et al. Prevention of perinatally trans-
mitted hepatitis B virus infections with hepatitis B immune globulin and hepatitis B vaccine. Lancet 1983;2:1099-102. A3. Stevens CE, Toy P, Tong MJ, et al. Perinatal hepatitis B virus trans-
mission in the United States: prevention by passive-active immuni- zation. JAMA 1985;253:1740-5. A4. Beasley RP, Hwang L-Y, Stevens CE, et al. Efficacy of hepatitis B
immune globulin for prevention of perinatal transmission of the hepatitis B virus carrier state: final report of a randomized double- blind, placebo-controlled trial. Hepatology 1983;3:135-41. A5. Xu Z-Y, Liu C-B, Francis DP, et al. Prevention of perinatal acquisition
of hepatitis B virus carriage using vaccine: preliminary report of a randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled and comparative trial. Pediatrics 1985;76:713-8. A6. Seeff LB, Wright EC, Zimmerman HJ, et al. Type B hepatitis after
needlestick exposure. Prevention with hepatitis B immune globulin: final report of the Veterans Administration Cooperative Study. Ann Intern Med 1978;88:285-93. A7. Grady GF, Lee VA, Prince AM, et al. Hepatitis B immune globulin for
accidental exposures among medical personnel: final report of a multi- center controlled trial. J Infect Dis 1978; 138:625-38. A8. Redeker AG, Mosley JW, Gocke DJ, McKee AP, Pollack W. Hepatitis B
immune globulin as a prophylactic measure for spouses exposed to acute type B hepatitis. N Engl J Med 1975;293:1055-9.
* An adequate antibody level is >=10 mIU/mL.
Note: To print large tables and graphs users may have to change their printer settings to landscape and use a small font size.
TABLE A1. Recommendations for hepatitis B prophylaxis following percutaneous exposure ======================================================================================================== Treatment when source is found to be ----------------------------------------------------- Unknown or Exposed person HBsAg positive HBsAg negative not tested ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Unvaccinated Administer HBIG x 1 * and Initiate hepatitis B Initiate hepatitis B initiate hepatitis B vaccine + vaccine + vaccine + Previously vaccinated Known responder Test exposed person No treatment No treatment for anti-HBs 1. If adequate, no treatment 2. If inadequate, hepatitis B vaccine booster dose Known non- HBIG x 2 or No treatment If known high-risk responder HBIG x 1, plus 1 dose source, may treat as of hepatitis B vaccine if source were HBsAg positive Response Test exposed person No treatment Test exposed person unknown for anti-HB & for anti-HBs & 1. If inadequate 1. If inadequate, HBIG x 1, plus hepatitis hepatitis B vaccine B vaccine booster dose booster dose 2. If adequate, no treatment 2. If adequate, no treatment ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ * Hepatitis B immune globulin (HBIG) dose 0.06 mL/kg intramuscularly. + Hepatitis B vaccine dose -- see Table 1. & Adequate anti-HBs is >=10 milli-international units. ========================================================================================================
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Simple tests home chefs can use to check adulterants in food
Following safe food practices in the kitchen ensures consumption of wholesome food. The Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) has set certain standards for hygiene and quality that everyone in the food business should comply with. However, most people – cooking for commercial or non-commercial purposes – find it challenging and at times difficult to check for impurities in raw materials that they buy. Getting the samples tested in laboratories is the best way out, but it may not always be feasible. At Home Chef Matters, food safety consultant Prajaktta Parab explained how easy it is to detect food adulteration with the help of rapid tests (DARTs). During the session, she referred to these DARTs published on the FSSAI website which are simple and can be done at home to get an idea of whether the ingredient/raw material procured is adulterated or not. We have listed a few DARTs for your reference. Check them out.
DART (Detect Adulteration with Rapid Test)
Water in milk
Put a drop of milk on a polished slanting surface. Pure milk either stays or slowly flows leaving a white trail, otherwise it immediately flows without leaving a mark.
Other oils in coconut oil
Take coconut oil in a transparent glass and refrigerate for 30 minutes. Pure coconut oil gets solidified whereas other oils remain as a separate layer.
Chalk in common salt
Stir a spoonful of salt in a glass of water. A white solution indicates the presence of chalk and the other insoluble impurities settle down.
Artificial colours on vegetables
Soak some cotton in water or oil. Rub it on the surface of the vegetable (lady’s finger, chilli, sweet potato, etc.). If cotton absorbs colour, it indicates adulteration.
Clay in coffee powder
In a transparent glass, mix some coffee powder in water and leave for 5 minutes. If present, clay particles will settle at the bottom of the glass.
We touched upon a few categories over here; want to know more about such test? Visit the FSSAI website for more details.
Know more about other such techniques to check for impurities in food? Please share with us below.


By: William Alexander Printer Friendly Format
Still remember the days when your computer had just 512MB RAM or even less? Computer memories have grown over years both internal memory and external memory. Storage technologies have also grown over the years. Storage capacity has grown from Kilobytes, megabytes, giagbytes, terabytes, petabytes, exabytes, zettabytes to even yottabytes. Given the rate at which the world's data is growing and with the concept of "Internet of Things", the data is set to grow even further.
In fact, Gartner defines the growth of data in three forms the so called "3Vs"; Volume, Velocity and Variety. Which means data is growing in high volume at a high speed with different forms of data. Although the data has grown huge and growing every minute, the software required to manage these data, search, visualize and mine are lacking. Computer scientists today agree that the software available today such as relational databases and other software are only capable of handling exabytes of data. Any data which is bigger than exabyte or in other words Big data, require new and better software applications.
Mobile devices, remote sensors, software logs, cameras, microphones, RFID readers, wireless sensors, social networks etc are generating these Big Data. These Big Data is difficult to work with using our existing RDBMS and data visualizing technologies are not sufficient, instead massive number of parallel software running in hundreds of servers are required to handle and process such big data to find business trends, determine quality of research, determine realtime traffic conditions, prevent diseases etc..
As a developer, it is time for you to imaging, understand and equip yourself with 'Big Data' tools and technologies and closely follow leaders such as IBM, Microsoft, Google and the likes to keep uptodate on 'big data' updates.
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Lightning Safety Tips
According to the National Weather Service, an average of 33 people have died each year from lightning strikes in the US from 2006 to 2018. Also, about 75% of people killed by lightning strikes were in the outdoors, doing activities such as working, hiking, camping, or enjoying water sports during a thunderstorm.
Thus, when a thunderstorm occurs, it’s important to find shelter immediately and exercise caution. But, as shelter isn’t immediately available to everyone caught outdoors, we’ve prepared tips to stay safe from lightning while outdoors, as well. Follow these lightning safety tips to stay safe indoors and outdoors during a thunderstorm.
Lightning Safety Tips: Indoors
- Stay away from windows and doors, and stay off porches, too.
- Don’t touch anything that uses electricity, such as TVs, computers, and cords. Avoid corded phones; use mobile or cordless phones instead.
- Don’t use the plumbing in your home — don’t use the sink in the bathroom or kitchen, and don’t take a shower.
- Avoid leaning on concrete walls and lying on concrete floors. That’s because lightning can travel through metal wires or bars in concrete walls or flooring.
- Take your dog inside during thunderstorms. Dogs that are chained to trees are vulnerable to lightning strikes. Learn more pet emergency preparedness tips.
- Don’t unplug electrical equipment during a thunderstorm to avoid the risk of being struck by lightning.
Lightning Safety Tips: Outdoors
If you’re outside and can’t find a safe, enclosed shelter, follow these lightning safety tips:
- Get off and away from motorcycles, scooters, golf carts, and bicycles.
- Don’t stay near things that can conduct electricity, such as power lines, wire fences, metal pipes, rails, and other metallic paths.
- Don’t stay in open fields and get off elevated areas like mountain ridges or hills. Also, don’t use cliffs or rocky overhangs as shelter. Go to a low place such as a ravine or a valley, but be alert for flash floods.
- If you are in the backcountry or wilderness, get off the mountain as quickly (and safely) as possible. Going to the opposite side of the mountain, from where the clouds are approaching, will help.
- If you’re in a forest, go in a low area under a thick growth of small trees. Yet, never shelter under an isolated tree as they act as natural lightning rods.
- Don’t stay in tents. A tent can become a grounding path for a cloud-to-ground lightning strike because most modern tents have carbon fiber or metal poles. Stay off porches, too.
- Stay away from water and wet items as water is also an electrical conductor. Get out of bodies of water like ponds and lakes.
- Wait at least 30 minutes after hearing the last thunder before you leave your shelter.
- If a person is struck by lightning, call 911 and get medical help right away. Victims can have a variety of symptoms, so be prepared to get help, administer CPR, or treat burns and trauma.
Thunder and lightning storms happen all the time, but following these lightning safety tips can save your life!
For storm damage repair, contact PuroClean
Powerful storms can often have an impact on your home or business. Check out our tips to prepare your property for storms. If your home has suffered damage after a storm, don’t hesitate to call PuroClean — the Paramedics of Property Damage. We can mitigate storm and flood damage, and help bring your property back to pre-loss condition quickly.


The following was written by Bill Evans and published in the Coolum and North Shore News, Ask the Professionals page on Friday, 25th November 2016.
Q: What are cataracts?
A: Cataracts are a haze or a cloudiness that forms in the lens inside of the eye. The lens is normally transparent, however with cataracts the cloudiness obstructs or distorts light entering the eye, causing poor vision. Most cataracts are a result of a lifetime’s exposure to ultraviolet light and ageing. Injury, genetic defects, certain diseases, or even exposure to radiation and toxic materials may cause some cataracts. If left untreated, cataracts can cause blindness, though in most cases the visual effects of cataracts may be reversed with surgery. The patient’s cataractous lens is surgically removed and an artificial lens is inserted in its place. Having an examination by your optometrist will reveal any sign of cataracts in your eyes, and if necessary they will refer you to an ophthalmologist.


Major-General Samuel Gibbs French, a Confederate officer born in New Jersey, stated shortly after the war that “woman is responsible for [Confederate] Memorial Day,” noting that the annual remembrance of those who died in defense of American liberty was a “pleasing duty” that the Southern woman took upon herself to perform annually. He added: “I am not unmindful, ladies, of the power you possess and can exercise in preserving the true story of the war and the memory of the Confederate soldiers. Tell the true story to your children. If you do not, their nurses will tell them [their version].”
Bernhard Thuersam, www.Circa1865.com The Great American Political Divide
Keep Northern Texts Out of Southern Schools
“The true cause of the War Between the States was the dignified withdrawal of the Southern States from the Union to avoid the continued breaches of that domestic tranquility guaranteed, but not consummated by the Constitution, and not the high moral purpose of the North to destroy slavery, which followed incidentally as a war measure.
As to the war itself and the result thereof, the children of the future would be astonished that a people fought so hard and so long with so little to fight for, judging from what they gather from histories now in use, prepared by writers from the North. They are utterly destitute of information as to events leading to the war. Their accounts of the numbers engaged, courage displayed, sacrifices endured, hardships encountered, and barbarity practiced upon an almost defenseless people, whose arms-bearing population was in the army, are incorrect in every way.
A people, who for four long years, fought over almost every foot of their territory, on over two thousands battlefields, with the odds of 5,864,272 enlisted men against their 600,000 enlisted men, and their coasts blockaded, and rivers filled with gunboats, with 600 vessels of war, manned by some 35,000 sailors, and who protracted the struggle until over one-half of their soldiers were dead from the casualties of war, had something to fight for.
They fought for the great principle of local self-government and the privilege of managing their own affairs, and for the protection of their homes and firesides.
The facts are that while the South has always been prominent in making history, she has left the writing of history to New England historians, whose chief defect is “lack of catholic sympathy for all the sections of the country.”
They especially treat the South as a section, almost as a foreign country, and while omitting the glaring faults of their own ancestors and their own section, they specialize the faults of the early Virginia colonists and the Southern colonists generally.
They speak of slavery as a crime for which the South is solely responsible . . . and ignore the historical fact that England and New England are as much responsible for it as their brothers of the South; that it was forced not only on New England, but on the South, by Great Britain, and in spite of the protests of Virginia and other Southern colonies.
The histories written by Northern historians in the first ten or fifteen years following the close of the war, dictated by prejudice and prompted by the evil passions of that period, (and generally used in the schools), are unfit for use, and lack all the breadth, liberality, and sympathy so essential to true history, and, although some of them have been toned down, they are not yet fair and accurate in the statement of facts.
Until a more liberal tone is indicated by Northern historians, it is best that their books be kept out of Southern schools. It is therefore important that that the Southern people be aroused and take steps to have a correct history written, a history, which will vindicate them from the one-sided indictment found in many of the histories now extant.”
(Report of the Historical Committee (excerpt), United Confederate Veterans, Gen. S.D. Lee of Mississippi, Chairman, presented at the Houston Reunion; Confederate Veteran, June 1895, excerpt, pp. 165-166)


In the play Macbeth by William Shakespeare, it is King Duncan's son Malcolm who is to be the next prince of Cumberland. The title is important because of the region it alludes to. Cumberland used to be a large county in North Western England (now it is part of the new area called "Cumbria") which matters because it borders on some of the lands mentioned in the play. Alongside it are Northumberland and Durham and to the North ... is Scotland. So anyone with these lands assigned to him would have a strengthened hand. It is important to remember that although in England regions were appearing to settle down into "governed" areas, in Scotland tribalism and clan rebellions went on for much longer.
Malcolm, King Duncan's son, is proclaimed Prince of Cumberland in Act I Scene 4. Macbeth is greatly perturbed by this news as it means there is another obstacle - other than Duncan - who stands in his way of accessing the throne as the witches have prophesied.
The Prince of Cumberland! That is a step
On which I must fall down or else o’erleap
For in my way it lies. Stars, hide your fires;
Let no light see my black and deep desires.
The situation is appeased for Macbeth in the short term as Malcolm flees to England and his brother Donalbain to Scotland, after the murder of Duncan is discovered. This leaves the way clear for Macbeth to be proclaimed the new king.
In Act I Sc.4 King Duncan announces that his son, Malcolm will be the new Prince of Cumberland. Macbeth sees Malcolm as a threat to what he now takes seriously as his destiny to become King of Scotland. This marks a major turning point in Macbeth's changing morality. Macbeth makes this clear by famously asking in an aside (private speech), for the stars to hide their light least they reveal his dark and evil purpose to kill King Duncan:
the successor of the king is malcolm hi son!
Just to add some historical background as a follow-on from the answer here from "coachingcorner", the title Prince of Cumberland in early medieval times was as significant in Scotland as the title Prince of Wales is in today's United Kingdom. The title of Prince of Wales is given to the first-born male heir to the British throne in the same way as the Prince of Cumberland was the heir to the Scottish throne. In this respect the territory of Cumberland did indeed hold great significance, but as the southern extremity of the then Kingdom of Scotland and not the northern extremity of Anglo-Saxon England.
At the time of William the Conquerer in England, Cumberland (and the wider area now known as Cumbria) was a significant part of Scotland, bordering as it did the Anglo-Saxon kingdom to the south. The last "King of Cumbria", Dumnall (corrupted to Dunmail as in Dunmail Rise near Grasmere in Cumbria, anglicised to Donald) was Domnall mac Donnchada (Donald, son of Duncan) or Donald III, the last monarch of the Royal House of Canmore (from the Gaelic Ceann Mor, meaning "Great Head" or "Great Chief"), the last Gaelic monarch.
In the modern era the title Duke of Cumberland was given to the younger son of the Hannoverian monarch George II, Prince William. At the Battle of Culloden in 1746 he became known as the Butcher of Cumberland for the brutality he showed in his command of the forces which killed off the Jacobite Uprising. As a consequence the use of Cumberland in royal titles eventually fell out of favour and so the ancient link between Cumberland (Cumbria) and Scotland was lost officially. Today Cumbria is a county within England but there are some, myself included, who are proud of our ancient Scottish heritage and feel a greater affinity with our cousins north of the border than we do with the rest of England.


BT’s green credentials are well established. It is the largest commercial buyer of renewable electricity in the UK, emphasises the importance of carbon reduction across the organisation, and pushes voice and video conferencing at an unconvinced customer base. In any international ranking, BT’s sustainability measures get high marks. But BT has the same problem as many other organisations: its server farms are growing in number and size. The increased power consumption in its data centres explains why the organisation’s electricity demand is growing. Eventually, its brand image will suffer as critics suggest that its public stance on green issues is not matched by its internal behaviour.
BT’s electricity use is about half a percent of the UK’s total, and its server farms represent over 10% of its energy consumption. BT says that data centre use is rising at 40% a year, and the company’s emphasis on growing video businesses, such as BT Vision, is likely to increase data storage and transmission demands into the foreseeable future.
BT’s response has been to attack the power use of the server with radical measures that set best practice elsewhere in the world. Its new data centres use fresh air cooling, not air conditioning, and the company runs its machines at much higher temperatures than used to be considered possible. Since cooling servers uses at least as much power as running them, this is an important step. The second major innovation is to run the farms on DC power, cutting the very significant losses in the multiple AC to DC conversions in a conventional centre. Better ‘loading’ of the computers helps as well. A well-utilised machine uses only a little more power than an intermittently under-employed server. BT claims that these measures can reduce the typical power consumption of a server farm by 60%.
Across the world, data centre energy consumption is becoming a bigger issue. The world has about 26m servers pumping out data day and night. Estimates suggest that they use about 2% of all electricity produced and global growth is probably around 15% a year. BT’s innovations may be a useful model for others to follow. But the unfortunate fact is that at current growth rates the maximum efficiency gains will be wiped out in less than four years.
In an intriguing trend, some companies are dealing with apparently unquenchable growth in data traffic by beginning to move away from thousands of servers based on PC technology towards huge single computers with lower total energy costs. Who said the mainframe was dead?
The energy problem A generation ago, computer engineers would often speculate that software would eventually become more expensive than hardware. Their prediction turned out to be accurate. Today, similar people talk of the time when the hardware will cost less than the electricity to operate it. Perhaps that day has already arrived. A cheap server uses about £150 of electricity a year and you can buy one from Dell for £200. The lifetime electricity cost is far more than the purchase price.
The 25m or so servers in the world use an average of more than 200 W each. But running the machines is only about one third of the total power used in a data centre. The servers need to be cooled, and the incoming AC power needs to go through two separate conversion processes to DC and back. Many data centres are over-equipped because IT people are terrified of the top management fury when machines fail. Highly excessive levels of redundancy are often built in. Poor knowledge of how to configure air conditioning systems means that large amounts of cooling power are wasted. IT infrastructure managers are very rarely responsible for the electricity bill, so energy efficiency is bottom of the list of priorities.
Concerns over the power use in data centres first arose in the 1999 internet boom. The worry was not driven by cost or by climate change fears. It arose because in some parts of the US the power companies simply didn’t have enough spare electricity. This continues to be a problem in America and elsewhere and Google has even talked of building its own generating capacity for the half a million servers it owns.
But attention is now moving to concerns over the likely long-term rise in the price of electricity and its impact on the cost of running data centres. However, we shouldn’t over-estimate the financial incentive to improve. BT’s centres cost about £20m a year to power. Google’s might take £75m or so. It is not small change, but the economics of these businesses do not depend on cutting power use in data centres. The climate change argument is more impressive. At the average carbon content of UK electricity, BT’s farms put out about 100,000 tonnes of CO2 a year. (BT can claim that this is an unfair point since it buys electricity exclusively from renewable sources.)
Electricity use in BT In its 2007 sustainability report, BT says that the electricity consumption in its networks was 1,992 GWh - just over half a percent of the UK total. Unusually, the report does give comparable figures for last year. Instead BT says, ‘Our investment in energy management has helped us to keep our energy consumption relatively unchanged’. A look in the archives suggests that this is perhaps a slightly questionable summary: electricity use in the networks and data farms has risen by about two and a half percent, a somewhat higher figure than for the UK as a whole.
No one could be surprised at the growth. BT’s underlying business is growing at least as fast as this. Slightly more surprisingly, BT’s use in its offices rose by almost 3%. As in most businesses, increased personal computer power and an increasing number of office peripherals probably drove this figure upwards. But office use is little more than 10% of its total electricity demand. Focus will be on the networks, including the data centres.
According to the company, data centre electricity use is currently rising at about 40% a year as broadband gets into more and more UK homes, and businesses store and retrieve more data. Total electricity use last year was 230 GWh. Although this figure is only about 12% of BT’s electricity use outside its offices, the figure is rising so fast that it will wash away any energy use reductions the company makes elsewhere.
The tactics for energy use reduction in data centres In its new data centres BT is making some radical changes to the way it does things:
- Wherever and whenever possible it is avoiding the use of air conditioning.
- It is running the data centres entirely on DC power.
- It is making use of what is called ‘virtualisation’, enabling one server to emulate two or more. This consolidation means that a smaller number of boxes are needed.
Avoiding air conditioning In a traditional data centre, keeping the temperature to 20 degrees or less uses more power than running the computers. An analysis from the Green Grid, a new industry information sharing group, suggests that only about one third of the power going into a data centre is actually used by computers.
The Green Grid figures are as follows:
|Computer room air conditioning apparatus||9%|
|The IT kit||30%|
|Power supply and battery storage||18%|
|Switchgear and generator||1%|
BT has decided that it can run its data centre at much higher temperatures than used to be considered conventional. At a presentation to analysts, it told us that the wisdom that IT equipment has to be run at 20 degrees is backed by little data. In fact, the company said that the standard was set by IBM a generation ago. Early IBM storage devices used magnetic tape. Apparently the tape stretched unacceptably at temperatures higher than 20 degrees and air conditioning was needed. The conventional wisdom remains, even though tape drives are no longer in use.
BT claims that its servers can now run at 40 degrees with no observable impact on failure rates. It has achieved this better performance partly by obliging its suppliers to design and manufacture their kit to work reliably at these higher temperatures. A top limit of 40 degrees enables BT to shift to fresh air as it main coolant in its new server farms.
Blowing coolish air over the servers from the outside will keep the boxes under 40 degrees for a very large fraction of the year. BT mentions an 85% reduction in air conditioning costs. It intends to go further and says it will be encouraging suppliers to design products that work well at 50 degrees.
Not using air conditioning has the side benefit of minimising the need for dehumidification. Air conditioning can produce condensation on equipment which needs to be wicked away by dehumidifiers.
Running on DC power Most data centres buy AC power, turn it into DC for battery storage (uninterruptible power supply) and then convert back to AC before the final switch to DC to power the processors. Each transition loses some energy, though the amount will depend on how modern the equipment is. In total, the losses can be almost as great as the cost of running the servers themselves.
Changing the electricity to low voltage DC inside the building means conversion losses are minimised. Moving from AC to DC or the reverse creates more heat that has to be evacuated from the building, so BT’s move to DC only in new data centres is helping reduce the demand for air conditioning.
‘Virtualisation’ Creating more than one virtual server inside one box is an effective means of decreasing energy use. It means that each physical box can typically be used to serve more data. In effect it improves capacity utilisation.
In total, BT believes that it can shave 60% of total electricity demand in a new data centre, reducing typical electricity use to 3.2 MW. (Such a centre would still take all the power from one of the largest wind turbines working at full speed.) The electricity cost will still be over £2m a year but BT claims a payback period of less than 18 months on the extra investment in temperature resilient hardware.
The Green Grid BT is a member of the rapidly growing Green Grid, a US-based organisation dedicated to spreading best practice in data centre energy use. Interestingly, Green Grid is initially focusing on far less radical steps to reduce power use:
- More effective use of air conditioning rather more than completely avoiding it. US summer temperatures will generally be much higher than in the UK, but data centre operators still have scope for using fresh air cooling for a large portion of the year.
- Ensuring that the equipment is the correct size and capacity for the job. In effect, it is saying that data centre managers are only ever measured on the percentage of time the centre is working properly (‘uptime’) or on response times to data requests. This is generally resulting in large-scale over-engineering of most data centres, at considerable cost in electricity and capital expenditure.
- Green Grid also focuses on ensuring that servers can be used for multiple tasks (‘virtualisation’). The logical extension of this policy is the rebirth of the mainframe, one piece of physical hardware that can allocate parts of its capacity to different tasks, allocating processing capacity as required. If electricity gets really expensive, we may see machines in our data centres that look suspiciously like modern versions of the IBM mainframe computers of the 1970s.
Much of the global data in this article comes from the extremely impressive analysis of Jonathan Koomey at http://enterprise.amd.com/Downloads/svrpwrusecompletefinal.pdf.


Are you a new mom or mom-to-be looking to give your baby the best possible start in life? If so, you’re in the right place! Breastfeeding is one of the most beautiful and natural ways to bond with your baby while providing them with the essential nutrients they need to thrive. But did you know that what you eat while breastfeeding can impact your baby’s health and development? A healthy breastfeeding diet can be a game-changer, helping you to stay energized, feel your best, and ensure your little one is getting everything they need from your milk. In this blog post, we’ll dive into the world of breastfeeding nutrition, sharing tips and insights to help you nourish yourself and your baby in the best possible way. So sit back, relax, and let’s explore the power of a healthy breastfeeding diet together!
What is a breastfeeding diet?
A breastfeeding diet is a healthy and balanced diet that provides the necessary nutrients for both you and your baby. During breastfeeding, your body needs extra calories, protein, vitamins, and minerals to support milk production and promote your baby’s growth and development. A breastfeeding diet should be rich in nutrient-dense foods such as fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, and healthy fats.
What to eat on a breastfeeding diet
- Fruits and vegetables: Aim for a variety of colorful fruits and vegetables to get a wide range of vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants. Dark leafy greens like spinach and kale are particularly rich in calcium and iron.
- Whole grains: Choose whole grains such as brown rice, quinoa, and whole-wheat bread to get fiber, B vitamins, and iron.
- Lean proteins: Include lean proteins such as chicken, fish, beans, and lentils to get the protein and iron your body needs.
- Healthy fats: Choose healthy fats such as avocado, nuts, seeds, and olive oil to get the essential fatty acids your body needs for brain development and overall health.
- Calcium-rich foods: Calcium is important for bone health, and breastfeeding mothers need about 1,000 milligrams per day. Good sources of calcium include dairy products, leafy greens, and fortified foods such as tofu and orange juice.
What to avoid on a breastfeeding diet
- Alcohol: It’s best to avoid alcohol while breastfeeding, as it can pass into breast milk and affect your baby’s development.
- Caffeine: While moderate caffeine intake is generally safe, excessive caffeine can make your baby fussy and irritable.
- Fish with high levels of mercury: Avoid fish with high levels of mercury such as shark, swordfish, king mackerel, and tilefish, as it can harm your baby’s developing nervous system.
- Certain foods that may cause allergies: If your baby has a family history of allergies, you may want to avoid certain foods such as peanuts, tree nuts, eggs, and cow’s milk, as they can cause allergic reactions in some babies.
- Stay hydrated: Drink plenty of water and other fluids to help keep you hydrated and support milk production.
- Eat frequent, small meals: Eating small, frequent meals throughout the day can help keep your energy levels up and prevent hunger.
- Get enough rest: Rest is important for milk production and your overall health. Try to get enough sleep and rest when you can.
- Don’t skip meals: Skipping meals can cause your blood sugar to drop, making you feel tired and irritable.
- Consider taking a multivitamin: While a balanced diet should provide all the nutrients you need, a multivitamin can help fill in any gaps in your diet.


A 60 day (12 week) DAILY articulation program for students to develop carry-over skills for “L, R, S, Sh, Th” sounds for March-May.
Included in this download:
* Speech Club Rules
* Speech Club Folder Cover
* 2 Calendars (with and without dates)
* Letter to parents
* Letter to teachers
* 60 practice sheets for daily articulation practice FOR EACH SOUND : Mad Labs stories, Tic-Tac-Toe sentences, Word Searches, Thinking about Words, Funnies
Monday: Mad Labs stories
Tuesday: Tic-Tac-Toe sentences
Wednesday: Word Searches
Thursday: Thinking about Words
How the program works:
1. Students come to the speech room (or other designated location) for 5-10 minutes every day.
2. Students find their speech folder and initial the calendar to show they are present. SLP initials the calendar as well if the student returned his/her homework.
3. Students begin independent work of the day, including underlining their targeted sounds, practicing in a mirror, practicing with another student, and practicing with the SLP.
4. Students return to class and practice with their teacher.
5. On Fridays the daily work is shorter so that points for the week can be calculated.
Who this program is designed for:
* Students who can read and write. Usually ages 9+.
* Students who have mastered their sounds in words (all positions).
* Students who have the independence skills to get to Speech Club daily and are motivated to practice.
* Students only working on 1-2 sounds.
Check out my blog post describing this program in greater detail , or download the preview!
See all of my Speech Club Bundles:
❤ “…These speech club activities keep me so organized for therapy in addition to home/classroom carryover and RtI activities — no more paging through tons of resource books to find appropriate and motivating activities for my students! “
ABOUT THE AUTHOR:
Hi! I’m Cheri, SLP and doctoral student. I’m an Ivy League graduate and creator of one of the first and longest-running speech therapy blogs in the world, . Since graduating with my master’s degree in 2000, I have worked in schools, clinics, hospitals, and private practice. I am a national presenter and have taught students around the world in my online . In my free time, you can find me playing soccer with my two teens or reading three books at the same time (in front of the fire, while crocheting).
⭐⭐ SUBSCRIBE for access to my library of free speech materials.⭐⭐


Scientists record world's tiniest nudge
A bowl of trapped ions have been used to measure the smallest forces ever recorded, report scientists.
The discovery opens the door to solving unanswered questions in materials science areas such as computing and nanotechnology.
Reporting in the pre-publication blog ArXiv, Professor Michael Biercuk of the University of Sydney and colleagues from the National Institute of Standards and Technology in Colorado have measured forces as small as 174 yoctonewtons, beating the previous best measure by three orders of magnitude.
Yocto is the smallest prefix recognised by the International System of Units (SI), which was first developed in the 18th century.
The initial list of prefixes ranged from mega (one million) down to milli (one thousandth).
In 1960, additional prefixes were introduced, such as giga (billion), tera (trillion), nano (billionth) and pico (trillionth). The prefix yocto (septillionth or 10 to the power of minus 24) was added in 1991.
The new record, may force the listing of a new prefix for an octillionth, or 10 to the power of minus 27.
The device developed by Biercuk and colleagues consists of a few dozen beryllium ions in a device called a Penning trap. Any movement caused by an applied force are measured by a laser.
Dr Peter Fisk, general manager of the Physical Metrology Branch at the National Measurement Institute in Sydney, says the trap uses very cold ions held by an electro-magnetic field.
"They need to be cold so motion due to thermal effect (such as room temperature) is completely removed leaving them extremely still.
"In this state the ions, being charged, are highly susceptible to the effects of stray magnetic and electric fields responding to very small forces which cause them to vibrate."
Bowl of marbles
Fisk says it's a lot like marbles in a bowl.
"They'll normally sit in the bottom of the bowl until you apply a force causing them to roll back and forth.
"In the same way, the atoms will normally line up in the centre of the trap, getting displaced from the centre by an applied force.
"It's this motion which is detected by bouncing a laser off the ions and measuring any doppler shift they cause. The reflected laser light will be a slightly higher frequency as the ion moves towards you compared to when it's moving away.
"It turns out, this system can measure forces from these stray fields that are only a few dozen yoctonewtons in strength."
The most sensitive force detectors until now have been resonating spring boards that are limited to attonewtons, or 10 to the power of minus 18 newtons.
Biercuk and colleagues achieved their 174 yoctonewtons measurement using a trap holding about 60 beryllium ions.
The researchers hope to eventually measure a single yoctonewton using an individual beryllium ion.


Anxiety is a common mental health concern among children, and it can significantly impact their daily lives. Anxiety counseling can help children manage their anxiety and improve their overall well-being.
Anxiety in children should be an expected occurrence at times in their lives. During stages of your child’s development, it is thought of as normal. A great example would be the first day of school.
Another trigger for anxiety in your child might be excessive shyness. There might be struggles to adjust to a new situation. Your child may also suffer from excessive shyness and may struggle to adjust to new situations.
Children may not have the ability to vocalize their feelings. They don’t understand the coping skills needed to manage their feelings and reactions.
The anxiety can also manifest as irritability or anger. Your child might have trouble sleeping or always feel tired. If your child is too quiet, it could be because they worry about your reaction to the anxiety. The ability to vocalize their feelings can be difficult to do. Coping skills need development.
Some examples of anxiety triggers in children would be:
Counseling for children with anxiety typically involves cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT). CBT is a type of therapy that focuses on identifying and changing negative thought patterns and behaviors that contribute to anxiety. In CBT, children learn coping skills, relaxation techniques, and problem-solving strategies to help them manage their anxiety.
The counselor also works with the child to identify and understand triggers that cause anxiety. Together, they develop a plan to address these triggers and reduce anxiety symptoms. The counselor may also provide education and support to parents and caregivers to help them understand how to support the child and promote their recovery.
Play therapy is another approach that can be effective for children with anxiety. Play therapy allows children to express their feelings and concerns through play and creative activities. This can help them process their emotions, develop coping skills, and improve their self-esteem.
Art therapy and mindfulness techniques are also commonly used in anxiety counseling for children. These approaches can help children learn to regulate their emotions and reduce stress.
Anxiety counseling can be beneficial for children with various types of anxiety disorders, including generalized anxiety disorder, social anxiety disorder, and separation anxiety disorder. The specific treatment plan and approach will vary depending on the individual child and the severity of their anxiety.
It’s important to note that anxiety counseling is not a one-time fix. Regular sessions with a counselor are necessary to help the child manage their anxiety and make progress. With the right support and guidance, children with anxiety can learn to overcome their fears and lead fulfilling, confident lives.
At Pathways Counseling Services our counselors are experts working with children. They can teach children the skills necessary to cope with feelings of anxiety.


Roe v wade essay questions
Read abortion - the roe vs wade court case of 1973 free essay and over 88,000 other research documents abortion - the roe vs wade court case of 1973 abortion is defined to be an operation or other intervention to end a pregnancy by removing an embryo or fetus. Essays related to roe vs wade 1 women's rights and roe vs wade the biggest change since roe v wades ruling is the improvement in women's health and lives. The decision in roe v wade legalized abortion prior to the decision abortion was illegal after the decision it was legal abortions are therefore legal now, which is a controversial issue to this day. Roe v wade and abortion - abortion essay example “abortion is murder” you hear a protester scream - roe v wade and abortion introduction perhaps he’s holding a sign that reads constant factor, in an obnoxious, all-capitals font.
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Roe v wade essay questions
Describe the supreme court’s decision in roe v wade then defend or criticize it subject - american history since 1877 short essay (min 250 words) with references. Home essays roe v wade and early abortion roe v wade and early abortion topics: abortion in roe v wade, many unsettled questions were avowed and. The yale law journal linda greenhouse & reva b siegel before (and after) roe v wade: new questions about bacdash abstract today, many americans blame polarizing conflict over abortion on the supreme.
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Early rising Californians got a glimpse of NASA's InSight mission to Mars earlier this month when the spacecraft spectacularly blasted off from Vandenberg Air Force base at 4:05 a.m. Anyone who decided to sleep in, though, need not fret — The Atlantic reports that California is well on its way to being America's new Space Coast.
For one thing, the industry is returning. While "southern California as we know it would not exist without aerospace," in the words of historian Peter Westwick, "the city's hidden history is now waking up," The Atlantic writes. Of course there is Elon Musk's SpaceX, but there is also the center at Vandenberg and the Mojave Air and Space Port north of Los Angeles.
For another, the technology has evolved so that launching rockets from the Pacific Coast actually makes sense:
Launches from the East Coast, using Florida's famed Cape Canaveral, have at least two benefits: Rockets can follow a safe, eastward arc over the open expanse of the Atlantic Ocean, and, in the process, they gain a slight boost from the Earth's rotation. From Vandenberg Air Force Base, however, a sprawling site overlooking the Pacific, rockets have only one sensible option: a southern route over the sea. Until the advent of the Atlas V rocket in 2002, however, there hadn't been the power to launch south and pursue what NASA calls a "planetary trajectory." As technology improves, so does California's appeal as a launch site. [The Atlantic]
As The Atlantic concludes, "more rockets will be coming." Read more about southern California's transformation here. Jeva Lange


When it comes to melons we’re spoilt for choice in Australia. Most of the watermelons you’ll find in the supermarket are locally grown and we can access them year-round.
Watermelons love warmth so they’ll thrive in warmer seasons and climates and are happy in sandy soil with a pH of 6.5 to 7.5. They don’t like frost and seeds won’t germinate in temperatures below 15°C.
Watermelons need at least six hours of full sun per day but in very hot conditions their leaves will burn so make sure there is some shade from the midday sun.
How to plant
Watermelons grow on vines so need a lot of room to spread and grow. One vine can grow up to six metres long and each vine will produce between two and four melons. You can grow watermelons from seeds or from a seedling.
Before you even think about planting watermelons you need to think of a couple of things.
- Have you got enough room and space for the vines to crawl?
- Is your soil full of nutrients? Watermelons are heavy feeders so it’s a good idea to fertilise or place some compost down before planting.
Hint: when choosing which variety you’ll grow at home the smaller the better as they won’t take as long to grow.
How to grow watermelon
Sow three to four seeds 1cm deep in the soil and leave to grow for a couple of weeks, once they start to grow pick the strongest plant. Water your vines every couple of days and fertilise each fortnight.
Around two weeks after planting your vines should begin to flower. The smaller male flowers will grow first followed by the female flowers. Bees should be able to pollinate your flowers for you, but if you don’t have any bees around you can give them a helping hand. Watch this video.
How to harvest watermelon
Generally speaking, it takes around 30 days for fruit to fully mature. You’ll know that it is time to harvest your watermelons when the underside turns from yellow to green and when you spot a brown tendril on the watermelon. To harvest simply cut the fruit off the vine and enjoy.
Plant Care & Troubleshooting
Watermelons are prone to powdery mildew in humid conditions. To stop mildew from growing make a concoction of one part milk to nine parts water and spray the vine each week.
Pests love to nibble on watermelon vines so make sure you keep a natural bug killer handy.
The best companion plants for watermelons are corn which helps protect them from the harsh sun. Marigolds and oregano also make great companion plants as they help keep pests away.
You might also like:
How to grow sweet potatoes
Your go-to guide to homegrown cucumbers


Posted by R. Berg on June 09, 2001
In Reply to: Thanks, R Berb. posted by K Yone on June 08, 2001
: Hi, again!
: >In a sense, both #1 and #2 are generic >statements: they lump all Chinese together; they >are generalizations. #1 says that all Chinese >individuals work hard; #2 says that the Chinese >as a nation work hard (but not that "China works >hard"). These two meanings are not very different
: 1. The Chinese are hard working people.
: 2. The Chinese are a hard working people.
: I see. Both of them are generic statement. Could #1 be specific statement too depending on its context? For example, there are some Chinese students at a college and they're all hard-workers. Can I say 'The Chinese are hard-working people'?
: Thanks again. I'm very much grateful for your help.
: K. Yone
Suppose a conversation is already going on about a particular college with some Chinese students and so forth, so that your listener shares enough background information with you. In that case "The Chinese are hard-working people" might be understood, but it doesn't sound quite natural. American speakers would say "Those (or "The") Chinese students are hard workers" or "The students from China work hard" or "Lucy Wong and James Yee are hard-working people."
If you say "The Chinese are hard-working people" when you mean only a specific group of students, it sounds as if you were talking about all Chinese people everywhere. To know that you mean just the students, a listener needs a lot of information from the context.


Summary: Psalm 100 encourages us to count God as our greatest blessing.
"God made two great lights -- the greater light to govern the day and the lesser light to govern the night. He also made the stars. God set them in the expanse of the sky to give light on the earth, to govern the day and the night, and to separate light from darkness." (Genesis 1:16-19) That is how Genesis describes what God created on the fourth day in his work of creation. In addition to the stars God made two great lights to govern day and night. I am certain that even the very young children here this morning could name those two lights. The greater light in the sky that governs the day is obviously the sun. The second light is also easy to identify. The lesser light that governs the night is the moon. Have you ever wondered why God didn’t cause the writer of Genesis to name those two lights? The Hebrew language had names for the sun and the moon. Why didn’t God use them to describe what he had created?
At the time when Moses wrote the book of Genesis the word for sun and the word for moon were the also names of false gods. The pagan peoples of the world were worshiping the sun and moon so those two great lights in the sky were known by the names of the gods they represented. It seems that God deliberately left out the names for the sun and moon so they didn’t draw his people’s attention away from him. He simply called one the greater light and one the lesser light and left it at that. This illustrates a truth about God’s dealings with people. Although the sun and moon are important God wanted his people to know that their relationship with him was more important. God never wants the things he has created for people to enjoy to become a barrier in their relationship with him.
However, throughout the history of mankind things in creation have drawn attention away from the creator. Sometimes people have actually worshiped what God created. They have worshiped heavenly bodies, mountains, and creatures. At other times people have become stuck seeing only material things so that they fail to see the God who made them. Although we are not tempted to worship the sun or the moon there is a very real chance that the things God has created can block our view of him. Even on Thanksgiving Day the blessings for which we are thankful can hinder us from seeing the One who gave them to us. Before we count our blessings let’s count our greatest blessing. Our greatest blessing is God Himself. The Holy Spirit will use Psalm 100 to direct our attention away from material things to God. We will be lead to:
GIVE THANKS TO THE LORD
I. Give thanks because He is God
II. Give thanks because we are His people
III. Give thanks because His love endures forever
In our Bibles the Psalms appear as one book among the others books of the Old Testament. We learned to say the book in order along with the others, "Esther Job, Psalms, Proverbs, Ecclesiastes..." To the Jews the Psalms were not another book in their Bible but their hymnal for worshiping God. Some of the Psalms served as liturgy for worship. Other Psalms were performed by choirs and groups of musicians. Just as our hymnal has special hymns for the seasons of the church year and festivals like Christmas and Easter certain Psalms were used for seasons of the year and for special celebrations.