A tendon is a tough yet flexible band of fibrous tissue. The tendon is the structure in your body that connects your muscles to the bones. The skeletal muscles in your body
are responsible for moving your bones, thus enabling you to walk, jump, lift, and move in many ways. When a muscle contracts it pulls on a bone to cause movements. The structure that transmits the
force of the muscle contraction to the bone is called a tendon. Tendons come in many shapes and sizes. Some are very small, like the ones that cause movements of your fingers, and some are much
larger, such as your Achilles tendon in your heel. When functioning normally, these tendons glide easily and smoothly as the muscle contracts. Sometimes the tendons become inflamed for a variety of
reasons, and the action of pulling the muscle becomes irritating. If the normal smooth gliding motion of your tendon is impaired, the tendon will become inflamed and movement will become painful.
This is called tendonitis, and literally means inflammation of the tendon.
Tendons are the tough fibres that connect muscle to bone. Most tendon injuries occur near joints, such as the shoulder, elbow, knee, and ankle. A tendon injury may seem to happen suddenly, but
usually it is the result of many tiny tears to the tendon that have happened over time. Health professionals may use different terms to describe a tendon injury. You may hear, Tendonitis (or
Tendinitis): This actually means "inflammation of the tendon," but inflammation is rarely the cause of your tendon pain.
People with Achilles tendinitis may experience pain during and after exercising. Running and jumping activities become painful and difficult. Symptoms include stiffness and pain in the back of the
ankle when pushing off the ball of the foot. For patients with chronic tendinitis (longer than six weeks), x-rays may reveal calcification (hardening of the tissue) in the tendon. Chronic tendinitis
can result in a breakdown of the tendon, or tendinosis, which weakens the tendon and may cause a rupture.
A podiatrist can usually make the diagnosis by clinical history and physical examination alone. Pain with touching or stretching the tendon is typical. There may also be a visible swelling to the
tendon. The patient frequently has difficulty plantarflexing (pushing down the ball of the foot and toes, like one would press on a gas pedal), particularly against resistance. In most cases X-rays
don't show much, as they tend to show bone more than soft tissues. But X-rays may show associated degeneration of the heel bone that is common with Achilles Tendon problems. For example, heel spurs,
calcification within the tendon, avulsion fractures, periostitis (a bruising of the outer covering of the bone) may all be seen on X-ray. In cases where we are uncertain as to the extent of the
damage to the tendon, though, an MRI scan may be necessary, which images the soft tissues better than X-rays. When the tendon is simply inflamed and not severely damaged, the problem may or may not
be visible on MRI. It depends upon the severity of the condition.
The latest studies on Achilles tendonitis recommend a treatment plan that incorporates the following three components. Treatment of the inflammation. Strengthening of the muscles that make up the
Achilles tendon using eccentric exercise. These are a very specific type of exercise that has been shown in multiple studies to be a critical component of recovering from Achilles tendonitis.
Biomechanical control (the use of orthotics and proper shoes). Shockwave therapy.
In cases of severe, long-term Achilles tendonitis the sheath may become thick and fibrous. In these cases surgery may be recommended. Surgery aims to remove the fibrous tissue and repair any tears in
the tendon. A cast or splint will be required after the operation and a recovery program including physiotherapy, specific exercises and a gradual return to activity will be planned.
If you're just getting started with your training, be sure to stretch after running, and start slowly, increasing your mileage by no more than 10% per week. Strengthen your calf muscles with
exercises such as toe raises. Work low-impact cross-training activities, such as cycling and swimming, into your training.


mâdde-ye vâgen (#)
Fr.: matière dégénérée
Highly compressed matter in which the normal atomic structure has broken down and which, because of quantum-mechanical effects, exerts a pressure that is independent of temperature. Bodies with masses less than → Chandrasekhar's limit (1.4 solar masses) are supported by electron → degeneracy pressure and have densities of about 106 kg/m3. In collapsed stars of mass above 1.4 solar masses, gravity will overwhelm electron degeneracy and further collapse ensues. Electrons combine with protons to form neutrons, so producing a → neutron star. Because neutrons, like electrons, are → fermions and therefore subject to the → Pauli exclusion principle, at high enough densities, about 1014 kg/m3, neutron degeneracy pressure prevents further collapse of the star. For masses larger than 2-3 solar masses, even neutron degeneracy cannot prevent further collapse, and a → black hole is formed.


Chapter 6The history of muscle movement control is analogous to the children's history of the three bears.The moral of that story is that things shouldn't be too hot or too cold but should be "okay." Thesame rule applies to muscle action. Too much or too little force compromises control ofmovement. In the words of the futurist Alvin Toffler, "overcontrol is as dangerous as undercontrol" (1990, p. 463). Sometimes generating too much force can be as detrimental toperformance as not producing enough force,Too much conscious thought can compromise the effectiveness of movement, a principlesometimes jokingly referred to as "analysis paralysis." In certain situations, such as moments ofdeath or when a person is under the influence of certain drugs, humans can develop much moremuscle strength than is used in typical maximum effort. But for security reasons and due to therisk of muscle injury, this force is not always voluntary.Controlling even the simplest joint movement generally requires the cooperative action ofseveral muscles working together as a single unit. This cooperative action is called musclesynergy. Several concepts of muscle function are important in understanding how musclescooperate and compete to control movement:Agonists. Muscles that actively produce or control a single joint movement or maintain asingle joint position are called agonists. In most movements, various muscles act togetheras agonists, with some playing a bigger role than others ...
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People make decisions about what to eat based on their beliefs and backgrounds, including health, political, environmental, cultural, or religious ideals. For some people, that carries over into what they choose to feed their dogs and cats. In one study, 100% of people who fed cats a vegetarian diet reported eating vegetarian diets themselves.
Amy Short from Brooklyn, N.Y., tells WebMD that she began feeding her domestic shorthaired cats, Olive and Georgia, a commercial vegan diet as 3-month-old...
You'll need to bring your kitten or puppy in for vaccines every 3 to 4 weeks until he's 16 weeks old.
Dogs will get distemper-parvo and rabies boosters, and may also be vaccinated against health woes such as kennel cough.
Cats are tested for feline leukemia and feline immunodeficiency virus, and they get vaccinations that cover several diseases.
At this stage, your pet will also start heartworm and flea/tick prevention medications.
The vet will check your pet to make sure he's growing well and shows no signs of illness. She'll check again at around 6 months, when you bring your pet in to be spayed or neutered.
"We'll also check to see how housebreaking, training, and socialization are going," Barrett says.
Adult: 1 to 7-10 Years (Depending on Type of Pet and Breed)
During this stage, vets recommend yearly checkups, in which the doc gives your pet a head-to-tail physical. She'll also take a blood sample from your dog to check for heartworms. (Cats are normally not tested because the tests are hard to interpret.) The vet may recommend other tests based on any problems your pet has or anything unusual she sees during the exam.
Your pet will get distemper-parvo and rabies booster shots during the first yearly checkup, then usually every 3 years after that. (The frequency of rabies boosters depends on state law.)
Your dog may get other vaccines to prevent illnesses like kennel cough, and outdoor cats should get feline leukemia vaccines.
It's helpful to bring in a stool sample from your pet, which your vet will check for intestinal parasites.
Senior: 7 to 10 Years and Older
Vets suggest twice-yearly checkups for older pets. Your cat or dog will get vaccines when needed and will get a thorough physical, along with tests to follow up on any problems. Blood and urine tests can give your vet the scoop on your pet's kidney health, thyroid hormone levels, and more.
Tell your vet about any changes you've seen in your pet -- if, for example, your cat is drinking more water or your dog is no longer excited by his daily walks -- because these can be signs of a new problem such as kidney disease or arthritis.


Law Enforcement has changed dramatically over the years in the United States.
Our history has progressed from the English law. Many technological advances have
helped shape law enforcement today. Also new ways and ideas of policing have
influenced the change in law enforcement. Law enforcement has become less corrupt
over the years. Women are playing a big role in enforcement. New rules, laws, and
procedures have been put in place to help improve or society.
The criminal justice system of England in the 18th century seems very different
from the view from people that are more familiar with modern institutions. The two most
striking ideas is the way the institutions prosecuted the offenders and the range of
punishments. Prosecution of almost all criminal offenses was private, usually by the
victim. Intermediate punishments for serious offenses were absent. Most people say that
in the early years of the century, English courts imposed only two sentences on convicted
felons. The perpetrator would either be turned them loose or be hung (Beattie, 20-23). It
is hard to believe how far we have come from the early English law.
There have been many dramatic changes since the political era ended. Hard work
and determination is the key to success in the criminal justice system. Officers now
advance through the rank system in progressive steps. This ensures that those promoted
have the necessary background and skills for their new position. By going through the
ranks a level of fairness and properly trained officers are hired. It is very rare for one to
skip from the patrol unit and become an investigative lieutenant. This differs from years
past when a family member or friend was promoted. Politics have still not completely
been abolished from the promotion system, but promotions are now based more on skills...


constant deterioration of the environment today has a negative impact on human health.First of all, this affects the functioning of the thyroid gland.Today, it is not uncommon diseases, and almost the norm.One of the most common thyroid disease is autoimmune thyroiditis.For the first time the disease studied Japanese scientist Hashimoto, in this regard, it is often called by his name.There are several types of autoimmune thyroiditis, one of which acts as Hashimoto's thyroiditis, which is a chronic disorder of the functional activity of the thyroid gland.Autoimmune thyroiditis leads to destruction of thyroid cells.
To include autoimmune diseases, which resulted in impaired activity of the human immune system: it is, instead of alien, dangerous to human health of micro-organisms, starts to struggle with the inherent to the human body beneficial bacteria, harmful to the body missing.In autoimmune diseases, the immune system of a human lymphocytes produce antibodies attacking any of the organs.If autoimmu
What is the cause of this disease?As long-term studies have shown the emergence and development of diseases such as autoimmune thyroiditis is usually a hereditary disease.Therefore, if your immediate family suffered from this disease, you also need to think about the possibility of its occurrence.However, can trigger autoimmune thyroiditis, and other factors.So, at risk are people who have recently experienced significant stress.Furthermore, dependence of the condition of the individual's sex and age.Women Hashimoto's thyroiditis is detected much more frequently than men, and optimal thyroiditis age - 30-50 years.So, every 6-10 th of the fair sex in the age of 50-60 years it is sick.Now, however, there is a rejuvenation of the disease.Increasingly, it is diagnosed in children and adolescents.Favorable to the development of autoimmune thyroiditis are considered a polluted environment on the territory of human habitation.However, the causes of thyroiditis may be various kinds of infectious and viral diseases.
As for the symptoms of the disease under consideration, it usually occurs without any external signs.Hashimoto's thyroiditis, the symptoms can only be detected with a special examination of the thyroid gland.Often throughout the life of his thyroid gland produces hormones that meets the standards.Such a state of autoimmune thyroiditis is not dangerous, however, requires periodic monitoring.The appearance of symptoms of the disease associated with impaired production of thyroid hormones, first in greater than normal, the side that has been called hyperthyroidism, and then in the lower - hypothyroidism.Hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism are characterized by different features.In the first case, the patient is excessive irritability, mood swings, problems with the cardiovascular system, increased hair loss, weight loss, problems with the reproductive system.Concepts such as "autoimmune thyroiditis and pregnancy" is practically not compatible and require special monitoring of future mother.
Hypothyroidism is accompanied by a feeling of weakness, depression, deterioration of the skin, swelling, decreased mood, overweight, reduced sweating, brittle nails, and others.
on the treatment of autoimmune thyroiditis should be noted that in strict compliance with all regulations endocrinologist from thisthe disease can be cured.


Dark matter makes up approximately 83% of the matter in the universe. We need it to explain why galaxy clusters hold together. All available evidence suggests it's very real. So why is there almost none of it around the Sun?
That's the troublesome result from a new survey conducted by the European Southern Observatory. The astronomers meticulously measured the motions of some 400 stars in a 13,000 light-year vicinity of our solar systems. They used those motion measurements to calculate the amount of mass around each star, and then they compared that to all the materials we could observe. The two measurements matched up almost perfectly. And, as team leader Christian Moni Bidin explains, that's exactly the problem:
"The amount of mass that we derive matches very well with what we see — stars, dust and gas — in the region around the Sun. But this leaves no room for the extra material — dark matter — that we were expecting. Our calculations show that it should have shown up very clearly in our measurements. But it was just not there!"
Now, for those hoping this might somehow mean an end to dark matter, I should stress that that isn't what these results mean. Dark matter is still crucial for explain the gravitational interactions of galaxy clusters, as all available evidence suggests there isn't enough mass at that scale for them to remain intact in the way we observe them. (For more specifics, check out Dr. Dave Goldberg's excellent primer.)
But it does mean that dark matter seems weirdly absent at a local level, and that's a deeply puzzling result. Our current best guess is that the Milky Way is surrounded by some sort of halo of dark matter, and we should have seen evidence of it during this survey. It's possible the halo has a highly unusual shape - like, say, it's extremely elongated - that would cause it to evade detection. But we have no reason to think that apart from these results.
What's more, this could mean bad news for the hunt for the dark matter particle. If dark matter really is as rare in our neck of the galactic woods as it appears to be, then our changes of detecting the particle just dropped drastically. Whatever is going on, the hunt is far from over, as Bidin himself concludes:
"Despite the new results, the Milky Way certainly rotates much faster than the visible matter alone can account for. So, if dark matter is not present where we expected it, a new solution for the missing mass problem must be found. Our results contradict the currently accepted models. The mystery of dark matter has just become even more mysterious. Future surveys, such as the ESA Gaia mission, will be crucial to move beyond this point."
Via ESO. Artist's impression by ESO/L. Calçada.


The scarlet letter essay writing guide the scarlet letter essay topics the scarlet letter has been around for a long time and persons still continued. Below i have given you several essay topics on the scarlet letter choose one and compose an essay in response to the questions it raises the essay should be 3-5. Working essay writing service scarlet letter essay prompts sell essay online essay on my dream pc in future. Dissertation helper the scarlet letter essay prompts do my assignment for me do my coursework for me thesis writing uk. Essays and criticism on nathaniel hawthorne's the scarlet letter - the scarlet letter.
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Memory: RAM and ROM
RAM (Random Access Memory) is used as the temporary memory space, or workspace of the computer. It is where the operating system, application programs and documents currently in use are stored. RAM is semiconductor memory: it consists of networks of millions of transistors, capacitors and resistors manufactured in integrated circuits or chips. RAM needs continuous power to maintain its information: all data is erased when the power is shut off. (Computers use hard disks, floppy disks, CD-ROMS and other media for permanent storage.) RAM cards or modules are installed in slots on the mainboard, connected to the microprocessor by the processor bus.
Bits, Bytes and Megabytes
Because computers use binary numbers for their internal operations, RAM memory is measured in bytes.
Types of RAM
DRAM - Dynamic RAM uses one transistor and one tiny capacitor to store each bit as a voltage. The capacitor can only store the voltage for several microseconds so it must be recharged or refreshed every 15 microseconds. To refresh the RAM the microprocessor must read all the contents of RAM and rewrite it. This can take several clock cycles, but with the high clock speeds of modern microprocessors, it has become a relatively minor task.
SRAM - Static RAM uses a circuit of six transistors to store each bit of data. It is much faster, because it does not have to be refreshed, but it is also more expensive. It is used for cache memory operating at the same speed as the processor. Because less than 1MB of high speed SRAM connected directly to the microprocessor can dramatically increase the performance of the system, the higher cost is justified.
The data transfer
rate is a measure of the data transferred in one second. The transfer
rate is the product of frequency and bus width.
Access time is the length of time that it takes for the system to find and retrieve data in RAM or on disk. RAM access times typically range from 60 nanoseconds (DRAM) to 2.5 nanoseconds (DDR-SDRAM). Hard disk access times are measured in milliseconds. Access time is inversely related to the clock speed at which RAM can operate.
Until a few years ago, RAM speed was reported in terms of access time. However with the introduction of SDRAM the speed began to be reported in terms of clock speed. For example, 7.5ns SDRAM is known as PC133.
Many factors can cause errors in the transmission of data from RAM chips, including power glitches, radio frequency interference, timing errors and cosmic radiation. Non-parity RAM has no built-in error correction capability. Parity RAM includes an extra bit for every bite stored; the state of the extra bit is determined by the sum of the other 8 bits. The memory controller must have parity-checking capability in order to use Parity RAM. When an error is detected, the controller sends a message to the BIOS or the operating system. ECC RAM uses a system called Error Correcting Code to detect and repair memory errors. Although it is more expensive it provides highly reliable performance in servers and other critical applications.
Types of DRAM
Several improvements have been made to increase the speed of DRAM.
The earliest microcomputers had RAM mounted directly on the mainboard or on expansion cards. To make RAM easier to install or replace, it is now mounted on small printed circuit boards and installed in dedicated slots on the motherboard.
When first introduced, DRAM was packaged in 30-pin Single In-Line Memory Modules (SIMMs). Although the chips may be mounted on both sides of the circuit board, the contacts which make the electrical connections to the motherboard are the same on both sides. 30-pin SIMM capacities ranged from 256kB to 16 MB. Only one byte of memory could be accessed at one time; the other pins are used for power, addressing and control signals. 72-pin SIMMs have 32 pins for data (plus 4 pins for parity). Capacities range from 1 MB to 128 MB, stored in 8 or 9 chips soldered onto the card. 72-pin SIMMs were used in Pentium I systems; since the Pentium has a 64-bit external data bus, memory modules must be installed in pairs in Pentium I systems to make up 64 bits.
SDRAM is packaged in 168-pin DIMMs (Dual In-line Memory Modules) which permits data to be transferred 64 bits at a time. Unlike SIMMs, DIMMs have different contacts on each side of the module, so more than double the number of pins can fit onto a slightly larger area. DDR SDRAM is mounted on 184 pin DIMMs. Although the two types of DIMMs are almost identical in size, the notches on the bottom are different, to prevent the module from being plugged into the wrong slot. Up to 1GB of RAM can be packed on a single DIMM module.
Rambus memory is available in 184-pin and 232 packages, which transfer data 16 or 32 bits at a time.
Read-Only Memory (ROM) is used to store permanent data which will not be lost when the power is turned off. The BIOS information (Basic Input-Output System) is stored on ROM chips on the motherboard so that the computer will always have access to the instructions needed to boot up the computer. ROM memory is also Random Access Memory, but it cannot be used by the system for storing programs like the main memory. Some ROM chips are designed to be rewritten using a special procedure, which allows BIOS manufacturers to provide upgrades. Once it has been rewritten, the ROM will retain the new data when the power is off.
Types of ROM


As Yogi Berra said: If you don't know where you are going, you are certain to end up somewhere else. Does your organization have a mission that is clearly focused on where you want to go − in the short term? in the long term? Are you prepared for unexpected opportunities and challenges? Class participants will examine the strategic planning process: its purpose, benefits, and essential components: defining objectives, assessing current and future conditions, forming and implementing strategy, evaluating progress, and fine tuning as needed to stay in the game. Let us help you get to where you want to be.
define strategic planning
review a strategic plan development/deployment model
identify the components of strategic planning
describe approaches for holding successful strategic-planning sessions
develop skills through practice and group activities
Business/budget analysts, supervisors, managers, team leaders‚ anyone who is active in the strategic planning process


The group works with the precious metal to create nanoscale silver clusters with unique fluorescent properties. These properties are important for a variety of sensing applications including biomedical imaging.
The team’s latest research is published in a featured article in this month’s issue of ACS Nano, a journal of the American Chemical Society. The scientists positioned silver clusters at programmed sites on a nanoscale breadboard, a construction base for prototyping of photonics and electronics. “Our ‘breadboard’ is a DNA nanotube with spaces programmed 7 nanometers apart,” said lead author Stacy Copp, a graduate student in UCSB’s Department of Physics.
“Due to the strong interactions between DNA and metal atoms, it’s quite challenging to design DNA breadboards that keep their desired structure when these new interactions are introduced,” said Gwinn, a professor in UCSB’s Department of Physics. “Stacy’s work has shown that not only can the breadboard keep its shape when silver clusters are present, it can also position arrays of many hundreds of clusters containing identical numbers of silver atoms — a remarkable degree of control that is promising for realizing new types of nanoscale photonics.”
The results of this novel form of DNA nanotechnology address the difficulty of achieving uniform particle sizes and shapes. “In order to make photonic arrays using a self-assembly process, you have to be able to program the positions of the clusters you are putting on the array,” Copp explained. “This paper is the first demonstration of this for silver clusters.”
The colors of the clusters are largely determined by the DNA sequence that wraps around them and controls their size. To create a positionable silver cluster with DNA-programmed color, the researchers engineered a piece of DNA with two parts: one that wraps around the cluster and the other that attaches to the DNA nanotube. “Sticking out of the nanotube are short DNA strands that act as docking stations for the silver clusters’ host strands,” Copp explained.
The research group’s team of graduate and undergraduate researchers is able to tune the silver clusters to fluoresce in a wide range of colors, from blue-green all the way to the infrared — an important achievement because tissues have windows of high transparency in the infrared. According to Copp, biologists are always looking for better dye molecules or other infrared-emitting objects to use for imaging through a tissue.
“People are already using similar silver cluster technologies to sense mercury ions, small pieces of DNA that are important for human diseases, and a number of other biochemical molecules,” Copp said. “But there’s a lot more you can learn by putting the silver clusters on a breadboard instead of doing experiments in a test tube. You get more information if you can see an array of different molecules all at the same time.”
The modular design presented in this research means that its step-by-step process can be easily generalized to silver clusters of different sizes and to many types of DNA scaffolds. The paper walks readers through the process of creating the DNA that stabilizes silver clusters. This newly outlined protocol offers investigators a new degree of control and flexibility in the rapidly expanding field of nanophotonics.
The overarching theme of Copp’s research is to understand how DNA controls the size and shape of the silver clusters themselves and then figure out how to use the fact that these silver clusters are stabilized by DNA in order to build nanoscale arrays.
“It’s challenging because we don’t really understand the interactions between silver and DNA just by itself,” Copp said. “So part of what I’ve been doing is using big datasets to create a bank of working sequences that we’ve published so other scientists can use them. We want to give researchers tools to design these types of structures intelligently instead of just having to guess.”
The paper’s acknowledgements include a dedication to “those students who lost their lives in the Isla Vista tragedy and to the courage of the first responders, whose selfless actions saved many lives.”


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The House of Stewart (or ‘Stuart’ as it later became) was established by Robert II of Scotland during the late 14th century and the Stuart rule spanned from 1371 to 1714. Summoning those nobles who could be contacted in the time available, he placed the government in the hands of his Scottish council and confirmed the custody of his children to those already entrusted with them. Learn. King James VI of Scotland became also King James I of England, thus combining the two thrones for the first time. King William III and Mary II 1688-1702. 1598. In September 1513, the largest battle between England and Scotland took place. King Charles I 1625-1649. Read a biography about Queen Anne - the last of the Stuart monarchs, and the first sovereign of Great Britain. He was the son of Mary Queen of Scots by her second husband Lord Darnley, and great-great grandson of Henry VIII’s sister Margaret. Anne (6 February 1665 – 1 August 1714) was Queen of England, Scotland and Ireland between 8 March 1702 and 1 May 1707. Still can't find what you're looking for? However the marriage did not bring lasting peace. In this “union of crowns” (1603-1707) the island of Britain was united for the first time as a single realm under one king, and the term “Great Britain” began to be used. Mary, Queen of Scots was brought up in France where she adopted the French spelling of the name, Stuart. Seriously hurt following a kick from a horse in 1388, he never fully recovered from his injuries. With the death of Queen Elizabeth I the Union of Crowns was introduced and Mary’s son James VI of Scotland became James I of England. James was personally annoyed with Henry VIII, now king of England, because he had refused to send on jewellery that was part of Margaret’s marriage dowry. James repeatedly clashed with Parliament over money and foreign policy. There was a public promise, too, that he would return to Scotland every three years – though he would ultimately do so only once, in 1617 – and a further suggestion that his subjects should take heart upon his departure, since he had already settled ‘both kirk and kingdom’. Mary II having died from smallpox in 1694, an intensely grief-stricken William did not remarry and died in 1702 at Kensington Palace. The period is named after the surnames of the monarchs who reigned. Witchcraft was a serious matter, but science and reason began to take hold. ‘I pray unfeignedly,’ wrote Wilbraham, ‘that his most gracious disposition and heroic mind be not depraved with ill-counsel, and that neither the wealth and peace of England make him forget God, nor the painted flattery of the court cause him to forget himself.’, Extracted from James I: Scotland’s King of England by John Matusiak. He promoted absolute rule along with Charles I who was an absolute monarch as well. The Stuart Monarchy. This began the reign of the Stuart family in England, which lasted from 1603-1714. Which English Monarch was the first from the House of Stuart? The first and last pregnancy of the Stuart Queen were both stillborn and sadly, one of the Queen’s stillborn son’s had lay dead within her for at least a month. Leaving at mid-morning and bearing at his breast a sapphire ring that was the prearranged proof of the queen’s demise, Carey had covered 162 miles before he slept that night at Doncaster. According to the eminent lawyer and Master of Requests Sir Roger Wilbraham, the king travelled onwards ‘all his way to London entertained with great solemnity and state, all men rejoicing that his lot and their lot had fallen in so good a ground. The Stuart Monarchy: England. The House of Stewart (or ‘Stuart’ as it later became) was established by Robert II of Scotland during the late 14th century and the Stuart rule spanned from 1371 to 1714. Initially rulers of Scotland only, the dynasty also went on to inherit the Kingdoms of England and Ireland. Stuart, originally Stewart, is the family name of Scottish kings and queens from nearly the end of the fourteenth century until 1714 – English monarchs as well from 1603 to 1714. When Henry then invaded France in 1513, the Auld Alliance was reintroduced with Louis XII of France. That the Duke Francis of Bavaria has the best papers i do not deny; There are two alternative routes; A. By the time that James entered York on 14 April, however, he had already found much else about his new kingdom to impress him. He was the son of King Charles I and his wife Queen Henrietta Maria, making Charles the only Royal House of Stuart monarch who was an heir apparent. There, said Carey, ‘I kneeled by him, and saluted him by his title of England, Scotland, France and Ireland’, in response to which ‘he gave me his hand to kiss and bade me welcome’. James spent the first 14 years of his life being passed around from place to place until in 1526 he was imprisoned in Falkland Palace, finally escaping in 1528 to begin his rule at the age of 16. Enter your email address below to get the latest news and exclusive content from The History Press delivered straight to your inbox. The second of the Stewart kings, Robert III was considered illegitimate by the Church as his parents were so closely related but was legitimised in 1347 by papal dispensation. Edward IV Henry VII Charles I James I 0 explanations . All that remained thereafter was a plea to the council for money, since he had barely sufficient funds to get him past the Border, and a series of meetings with both English officials on the one hand and a mounting flood of suitors already seeking lavish rewards and promises. For he departed, we are told, ‘upon the spur, scarce any of his train being able to keep him company’, and rode nearly forty miles in less than four hours. 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Small farmers across sub-Saharan Africa are turning to simple, affordable techniques to increase harvests and help them cope with climate extremes – from growing trees on their land, to keeping their soils healthy and making their own fertiliser.
Nelson Mwangi has managed to boost the maize yield from his 0.3 hectare (0.8 acre) plot in Rongai, 170km from Kenya’s capital Nairobi, to 18 bags from around seven bags since adopting a method known as conservation agriculture three years ago.
“I have reached a position where I don’t need to use (chemical) fertiliser on my farm anymore because I have enough manure and compost,” says the 54-year-old father of four. The former agriculture teacher is now saving around KSH 3,900 ($46) in fertiliser and KSH 2,500 ($29) in labour costs each planting season.
Conservation agriculture involves minimum or zero tillage of the soil, keeping the earth permanently covered with organic matter, and rotating crops. Limiting disturbance of the soil ensures that it releases very little carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide – key greenhouse gases – into the atmosphere.
The use of harvested crop residue as soil cover helps retain moisture, meaning farmers are less reliant on rainfall.
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Learning, Family Style - Part 2
- David and Laurie Callihan Authors
- 2003 2 Feb
We are presenting some ideas on how homeschoolers can increase understanding of the educational process of family-learning versus doing "school at home" to maximize the benefits that are inherent in homeschooling.
Our previous article described traditional classroom education's approach using a spiral-learning model. We showed arguably where it is not the most efficient way for learning to occur, particularly in the home school.
In contrast, in our home our educational philosophy resembles a "learning tree." It starts with the roots of the tree--the four "r's," reading, 'riting, 'rithmetic, and research. Our goal is to make sure that our children get adequate time to study these four areas sufficiently enough to master the material at a level that shows competence. You, as the parents, are uniquely qualified like no other person to determine whether you believe your child, your student, has succeeded in gaining the basics of elementary knowledge. (Don't let the educators tell you otherwise. Frankly, they're wrong. The evidence is overwhelming.) If the subjects aren't mastered, you work with the student on them until they are. (Or as our kids would say, "Duh!") You work with the child one-on-one to achieve the desired result: mastery of these materials.
So your first priority is making sure that the roots are deeply grounded in the soil of knowledge. Once that is done, you can move on to the next level, equivalent to the trunk of the tree, which is to solidify and integrate the information your child has learned into real life situations. We call this growing in understanding This will be done when your child is going through the time of adolescence, probably from the time he or she is around 10 or 12 until attaining of adulthood. Part of the difficulty that children experience during this time is because moral development is taking place during the same time that their body is going through many changes. Academically at this level, your child is gaining understanding about various aspects of history, science, Bible, etc. and integrating them with the original four "r's." This level then lays the groundwork for the student to become a productive adult. Although our culture views this as the teen years, we prefer to think of it as the pre-adult years, where our children can see the goal to be achieved-adulthood.
The productive portion of the learning tree occurs as the student branches out into various areas of life (he or she may be a spouse, a parent, an employer, a church member, etc.) and bears fruit Bearing fruit is the result of having a strong root system (the four r's) integrated through a sturdy trunk (knowledge in many integrated disciplines) and branching out into areas of life. This final stage of growth is one that is undergirded by wisdom, which is taught by God and makes use of knowledge and understanding.
So in summary, the learning tree provides the means for knowledge, understanding, and wisdom to be progressively taught to your children, in the loving environment of the home. The home provides an environment conducive to true education, within the context of God's design and purpose.
This process reminds us of Psalm 1 which says:
1 Blessed is the man who walks not in the counsel of the ungodly, nor stands in the path of sinners, nor sits in the seat of the scornful. 2 But his delight is in the law of the LORD; and in His law he meditates day and night. 3 He shall be like a tree planted by the rivers of water, that brings forth its fruit in its season; whose leaf also shall not wither; and whatever he does shall prosper. 4 The ungodly are not so: but are like the chaff which the wind drives away. 5 Therefore the ungodly shall not stand in the judgment, nor sinners in the congregation of the righteous. 6 For the LORD knows the way of the righteous: but the way of the ungodly shall perish.
So that's the process that we have the opportunity to lay within our homeschools. It's a good model that develops mature, bright children into responsible, caring adults. In the next article, we talk about how to do this "family-style" learning in very practical ways.
To learn more about other ideas to help you homeschool your children, family-style, consider David and Laurie's web site, and their book, The Guidance Manual for the Christian Home School: A Parent's Guide for Preparing Home School Students for College or Career.
Click here to read Part One.


Passion is something that is cultivated. True passion arises after you’ve put in the long hours to really become a craftsman in your field and can then leverage this value to really have an impact, to gain autonomy and respect, and ultimately, to control your occupational destiny.
To paraphrase Steve Jobs’ famous Stanford Commencement address: You’ve got to find what you love, don’t settle.
Attending a Piano Guys concert this past summer.
I certainly have no idea where the interests of my children will lead them in the future. My role, as their parent, is to provide them with the tools (academic knowledge and skills) and resources (knowing how to find answers to their questions and the ability to work with others) they will need for success as an adult.
Our homeschooling style has evolved over the years; we go with the flow and our approach changes with the tides. At our core, however, is interest-based or child-led learning. Today, I share a simple five step approach to cultivating passions in children.
Interest-based, child-led learning emanates from within the child outward. As parents, we can be careful observers who translate what we see into additional resources that can feed the flame of passion within the child.
Our wisdom and experience as parents is absolutely needed. It is what we are exposing our children to within our home and outside those walls in the greater world or through the great, intellectual resources of computers and technology that can help our children stumble upon an intriguing interest. It is also taking what they become passionate about and feeding the flame from within outward.
Meeting the incredible pianist, Alpin Hong, after an evening performance.
5 Steps to Cultivating Passions
1. Gather Sparks of Curiosity
Allow the whims and interests of your children guide you. Those little sparks of interest can lead you to great places. Follow the bunny trail. Trust your intuition and use it to make small investments in things that are potentially interesting. Read different books, take on different activities, and don’t be afraid to meet different people.
2. Fan the Flames of Interest
Build upon the little sparks of interest and opportunities that come by your life. If your child reads a book about sailing and likes the subject, sign him up for a sailing class. If your child enjoys playing with Lego, consider buying iStop Motion and playing around with making your own animated short films together.
There have been many rabbit trails along our homeschool journey. Here are a few whose initial sparks have ignited flames:
Volunteering at a local retirement home, a weekly service he initiated on his own.
3. Cut Out Distractions
Cultivating whims and exploring new passions requires time. If their interests are genuine and worth exploring, it shouldn’t be too difficult to eliminate the non-essentials. Distractions such as television, excess internet usage, and video games only take a bit of conditioning to let go. Like many modern families, this is an area we are still working to balance, little by little.
When the kids are passionate about something, however, you will find they truly want to spend time honing their skill. Jeffrey, for example, is a very active boy of nearly 10 years. Like most boys his age, it is difficult to get him to sit still for very long. However, he spends hours watching videos of Alpin Hong or The Piano Guys on YouTube and then trying to emulate them himself. Inspired by The Piano Guys’ Charlie Brown Medley, he recently began volunteering to play the piano at a local retirement home.
While Geneva has had music lessons for several years (first in piano and now with violin), seeing The Piano Guys in concert sparked a desire to improve and invest more time in cultivating her own skills. Shortly after our return home, she expressed interest in auditioning for Youth Symphony. She worked hard with her instructor and was over-joyed to be selected for second chair.
Upon auditioning for Youth Symphony
4. Create Value
Down the road, if you or your child have a skill that creates social value and can fill human needs, you can also consider a process for gaining income. This certainly isn’t necessary for all interests and monetizing a passion takes skill, as any entrepreneur can tell you. Some passions are easy to translate. An interest in fly tying could allow you to design and sell your own flies. Other passions are more difficult.
My daughter loves hand tying her own flies for fly fishing and at Fish Camp last year received acclaim for a design of her own. She recently set up a booth at a local craft faire and sold her entire inventory!
Volunteering to tie flies at a local fly fishing workshop
The process of following whims, cultivating passions, turning them into valuable skills, and then finally earning revenue (if interested) is a lifelong pursuit. Just as you should not expect that all their passions will lead to a job they love, do not obsess over failed attempts or that their interests change as they grow.
The sensation of excitement about a particular idea is often a different sensation than the type of deep passion that drives people into a fulfilling career. Excitement comes and goes.
If you desire to allow your children’s whims and interests to guide their learning and wish to cultivate their passions, you may be interested in reading my earlier post, 7 Steps to Successful Project Based Learning.


Carbon monoxide (CO) is a toxic gas produced when any carbon-based fuel is burned. It is colorless and odorless; therefore, you may not be aware of its presence. CO can collect in enclosed spaces (including homes, offices, and workshops) without the awareness of the occupants.
According to the National Safety Council and the Center for Disease Control, approximately 500 to 1000 people are killed in the home each year by CO. Nearly 5,000 people in the United States are treated in emergency rooms for carbon monoxide poisoning. It is believed that many other people are made ill by exposure to elevated CO levels, but are either misdiagnosed or untreated.
Most carbon monoxide produced in homes comes from combustion of fuel for heating and cooking. CO may accumulate in the home when a blocked chimney, broken chimney flue, or damaged furnace heat exchanger allows gases to enter the home. It can also enter the home from the garage when an automobile, lawn mower, or other engine is in operation. Backdrafting chimneys and flues (common when ventilation fans are used in tightly sealed homes) may allow combustion gases, including carbon monoxide, to enter the home.
Gas stoves and ranges can produce CO, which can present problems if the appliances are used for prolonged periods or if they are not operated properly. Gas ranges are not intended to be used to heat the home. Some other common sources of carbon monoxide include unvented fuel burning space heaters and indoor use of charcoal for heating or cooking. (Note: charcoal should NEVER be burned indoors.)
Carbon monoxide bonds to hemoglobin in red blood cells, interfering with the capacity of the hemoglobin to transport oxygen throughout the body. Common symptoms of CO poisoning include nausea, dizziness, weakness, muscle aches, vomiting, and a general weakness or sleepiness. Because the symptoms may resemble the "flu" or food poisoning, carbon monoxide exposure may be mistaken for these common illnesses. Carbon monoxide usually affects all occupants of a household at the same time (which may help distinguish carbon monoxide poisoning from the flu.) Higher dosages of CO can cause impaired judgment, confusion, paralysis, coma, and death.
Victims of CO poisoning must be removed from exposure as quickly as possible. They require prompt medical attention. Symptoms may not disappear immediately after the victim is removed from exposure to the gas; in some cases symptoms may recur days or weeks later.
Regular inspection and maintenance of all fuel-burning appliances (stoves, furnaces, water heaters, dryers, etc.) should be conducted by a qualified technician. Metal flues and heat exchangers should be inspected for signs of rust or cracking. Follow recommendations in owners' manuals to ensure proper use of all appliances. Gas ranges, ovens, and clothes dryers are not intended to be used to heat the home.
Do not use "outdoor" appliances (such as barbeque grills or construction space heaters) indoors. Garages and workshops are "indoors"; they are enclosed spaces in which combustion gases may accumulate.
ALERT!!! : Carbon monoxide detectors carrying the Underwriters Laboratories (UL) listing are NOT recommended. Simply turn the packaging over and read the warnings to find out why.
THEY WILL NOT PROTECT YOU AT THE LEVELS YOU NEED THEM TO
THEY OFFER A FALSE SENSE OF SECURITY
The ONLY way you can protect your family at the levels indicated to prevent illness or possible death is to invest in a LOW LEVEL CARBON MONOXIDE ALARM. Call us for more information!


Vegetables are categorized into either cool or warm season crops. Cool season crops, such as broccoli, cabbage, beets and carrots, can germinate at minimum soil temperatures of 40 degrees. Warm season crops, such as beans, tomatoes, peppers and squash can germinate at minimum soil temperatures of 55 - 60 degrees Ripe tomatoes need to be placed in an area with temperatures between 55 and 70 degrees Fahrenheit. Storing the fruit at temperatures below 55 degrees causes the fruit to lose flavor and develop a.. Native to the subtropical regions of Central and South America, tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum) have very specific growing requirements. They need full sun, rich soil and warm temperatures. The.. Choose the right variety. Heat-tolerant tomato varieties like Heatmaster, Solar Fire, Summer Set, and Phoenix can form fruit even as temperatures climb. (Check the product reviews of these varieties to see what other gardeners think.) These tomatoes are often described as heat set types, or have heat-related words or locations in their names
A tomato plant which experiences temperatures below 15.5 ° C (60 ° F) for extended periods of time will begin to flower profusely. These flowers may remain open on the plant for several weeks, without fruit being formed . Successfully growing tomato plants at high temperature and scorching. The Ideal Soil Temperature for Tomatoes The ideal soil temperature for planting tomatoes is 60 degrees Fahrenheit or 16 degrees Celsius. A soil thermometer can help you decide when to plant tomatoes Cool and frost free greenhouses: Night Temperature: between 5-7 degrees C (40-45 degrees F) is the prime temperature for growing frost sensitive plants, or your propagated cuttings. Warm greenhouse: Night Temperature: 13 degrees C (55 degrees F).Grow lights may also be needed to supplement light for plants grown at this temperature and from a.
Yet the ideal temperature for germination of tomatoes is 29 deg C In practice you would most likely germinate your tomatoes with a soil temperature between 20 deg C and 25 deg C which is fairly easy to achieve in a heated propagator The best daytime growing temperature for greenhouse tomatoes is 29.4 degrees Celsius (85 degrees Fahrenheit), because it facilitates the plant growing and fruiting properly The first trick to knowing how to grow tomatoes is understanding the room or garden conditions they thrive in. Depending on the stage of growth, tomato plants fancy varied temperatures: Germination : Tomato seeds germinate best at constant soil temperatures of around 70-80 degrees Fahrenheit (21-27 degrees Celsius)
These very tender plants include cantaloupe, eggplant, peppers, and tomatoes. These plants thrive in very warm temperatures and plenty of sunlight. There's the best temperature for germination and then another best temperature for growing. This chart gives you an idea of the best temperatures for tender plants The typical (optimal) temperature for tomato seed germination is between 65 degrees Fahrenheit (18.3 degrees Celsius) and 85 degrees Fahrenheit (29.4 degrees Celsius), according to the University of Maine. Remember that these temperatures refer to soil temperature, not air temperature tomatoes image by Horticulture from Fotolia.com Tomato plants tolerate temperatures that are less than 55 degrees and over 100 degrees Fahrenheit, but after a few days of extreme to low or high temperatures, the plant will experience blossom drop. Tomatoes thrive when grown in temperatures that range between 70 to 90 degrees Fahrenheit optimum temperature range °for tomatoes is 65° to 85F (see previous chart). Within that range, it takes approximately 6 to 8 days before seeds germinate. Tomato seeds may still germinate at 50°F, but it will take over 40 days, and there will probably °be no germination if the soil temperature is 104F
The ideal (optimal) temperature for tomato seed germination is between 65 degrees Fahrenheit (18.3 degrees Celsius) and 85 degrees Fahrenheit (29.4 degrees Celsius). Keep in mind that these temperatures refer to soil temperature, not air temperature. If you want to find out the soil temperature, use a probe-type thermometer to check . X Research source Preheat the oven to that temperature first. Meanwhile, prepare two baking sheets by lining them with nonstick aluminum foil or parchment paper Best Temperature to Set Your Refrigerator. To keep refrigerated food safe, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) recommends an interior fridge temperature of no higher than 40 degrees F, while Energy.gov says 35 F to 38 F is best.. If you have a newer fridge with an adjustable digital temperature control, choose the temperature that's best for the amount of food you typically have on hand Research has shown that blossom drop in tomato can be influ-enced both by the environment (and related stress) as well as by plant nutrition. When daytime temperatures exceed 85 degrees F or nighttime temperatures exceed 70 degrees F, pollination suffers due to pollen becoming tacky and non-viable Seed will germinate at temperatures between the minimum soil temperature and the optimum soil temperatures, but the number of days to germination will be greater. Use this chart to determine if the soil temperature in the garden is right for seed starting the crop you want to plant
We suggest providing light of about 16 hours for the best fruit yields. The optimal temperatures for tomatoes are within the range of 18 to 25 degrees Celsius during the daytime. For the night, anywhere between 12 to 18 degrees would suffice. Take note that any temperature beyond 90 degrees and below 50 degrees can harm the plants immediately Growing in a greenhouse is really the art of manipulating plants, and temperature is one tool to help with this, so the ideal temperature depends on what you want to do with the plants. (It also changes over the season and a good grower will be tw..
Tomatoes should be stored on the counter, as should melon. Both will get sweeter and more flavorful as they ripen. How to keep your fridge at a safe temperature The best way to experiment is to start in the 350-400° F (177-204° C) range and then work your way up or down by 5-10° (or 1° C) at a time. Play around a bit and eventually you will find the temp that is just right for you. If your herb is too moist, most of the heat will be wasted on drying out your buds As McGee mentioned, ripe tomatoes are best stored around 55°F. At that temperature, ripe tomatoes will be held in stasis, neither ripening or becoming damaged by cold Tomatoes perform best when the day temperature ranges from 18.3 to 29.4 degrees Celsius and lower down to 23.9 degrees Celsius at night. Extreme high temperatures can detain flowering and fruit set on tomato. Detained flowering and fruits refer to plants that lack sufficient energy to bear fruit as large as we would like It takes six to eight weeks from the time of pollination until tomato fruit reach full maturity. The length of time depends on the variety grown and of course, the weather conditions. The optimum temperature for ripening tomatoes is 70 to 75F. When temperatures exceed 85 to 90 F, the ripening process slows significantly or even stops
According to this report from the Department of Plant Sciences at UC Davis, firm, ripe tomatoes are best held at anywhere from 44 to 50°F (7 to 10°C), which is higher than fridge temperature but lower than most rooms. (The report says to store less ripe tomatoes at higher temperatures, which supports my above observation that riper tomatoes. I want to know which crops or vegetables will withstand 40 degrees Celsius (103 degrees Fahrenheit)? vegetables optimal-conditions temperature food-crops. Share. Improve this question. Follow edited Mar 10 '17 at 16:33. Which tomatoes grow the best in high temperatures For plant's growth and development, a temperature of 18-25 degrees Celsius (64-77 degrees Fahrenheit) during the day and around 15 degrees Celsius (59 degrees Fahrenheit) during the night is needed. The flowering and growth stops at temperatures less than 10 degrees Celsius (50 degrees Fahrenheit)
At temperatures between 28 and 32 degrees Celsius, their activity level gradually drops. At higher temperatures, the bumblebees stop flying. From the moment, the bumblebees will occupy themselves with cooling the hive until the temperature drops below 32 degrees Celsius again They require certain temperature ranges to set fruit. Night time, when the fruit is set, must be between 62 - 70 degrees F. Normally night temps fall into this range frequently and tomato blooms set fruit. But last summer, in June, night temperatures rose above 70 F and stayed there until August 10th No matter where a person chooses to grow his tomatoes, he will need a way to keep them warm. Temperatures of at least 65 degrees Fahrenheit (18.33 degrees Celsius) but not more than 85 degrees Fahrenheit (29.44 degrees Celsius) are usually recommended
Best temperature for taste- 203 degrees Fahrenheit/95 degrees Celsius. Poultry Temperatures: From Chicken to Turkey. Chicken and Turkey Breasts- USDA recommended minimum temperature- 165 degrees Fahrenheit/ 74 degrees Celsius. Best temperature for taste-150 degrees Fahrenheit if held at that temperature for 5 minute Temperature Unit Conversion Formulas . There's no complicated math required to convert one temperature unit to another. Simple addition and subtraction will get you through conversions between the Kelvin and Celsius temperature scales. Fahrenheit involves a bit of multiplication, but it's nothing you can't handle . They grow best under conditions of high light and warm temperatures. Greenhouses work best for the tomatoes as they regulate the lighting and temperature. Therefore the optional temperature for tomatoes at the greenhouse should be at 15 to 30 degrees Celsius and not beyond 35 degree Celsius
Germination temperature: 40 F - Do not plant seed potatoes until soil reaches 40 F. Days to emergence: 14 to 28 - Sprouts from seed potatoes should emerge in 2 to 4 weeks depending on soil temperature. Maintenance and care: Potatoes perform best in areas where summers are cool (65 F to 70 F), but are widely adapted It forms threads that infect plants through the root hairs. The best conditions for verticillium to thrive are those of early spring: cool and wet. Moist soil at a temperature around 75 degrees Fahrenheit (24 Celsius) is ideal for the fungus to start infecting roots. Signs of Verticillium Wilt on Tomatoes The key to getting the highest seed germination rate is to match the correct soil temperature to the vegetable seed of choice. Below is a listing of correct soil temperatures needed for vegetable seed germination. MINIMUM Soil Temperature for Germination in Degrees Fahrenheit. 32 - Endive, Lettuce, Onion, Parsnip, and Spinac The best room temperature for sleep is between 15 and 19 degrees Celsius for adults. If you find yourself struggling to sleep at night - either with beads of sweat or the shivers running through your body - you may be sleeping in the wrong temperature range Time temperature abuse is the act of allowing foods to stay in the temperature danger zone of 41 to 135 degrees Fahrenheit. Along with cross-contamination, time temperature abuse is a common source of foodborne illness. Foods may become time-temperature abused in three ways: Foods are not held or stored at food safe temperatures
However, sleep experts believe that cooler temperatures work better than warmer temperatures since they assist with your body's core temperature drop. Experts claim the best temperature for sleeping in Celsius is 25 degrees for sleeping at night. We recommend using your air conditioner's thermostat to set your room to this temperature Plum or Roma tomatoes work best for oven-drying because, despite their reputation for being bland, these tomatoes are sturdy and uniform in size. They hold up well for hours of long, slow cooking. One trick for making these oven-dried tomatoes even more flavorful is quite simple: Dry the tomatoes cut-side up Plant your tomatoes about 45cm (18in) apart, leaving 75cm (30in) between rows, and if you're planting into a grow bag, limit yourself to two plants per bag. Tomatoes prefer a temperature of 21 - 24C (70 - 75F) and will perform poorly at temperatures above 27C (81F) or below 16C (61F) In a standard, well ventilated grow room the optimal temperature tends to be between 24-29 °C (75-85 degrees Fahrenheit). There are other factors that can warrant higher temperatures Temperatures in Celsius can be expressed as a number of degrees followed by the symbols ℃, or simply C. The Celsius scale has 100 degrees between water boiling and freezing, while Fahrenheit has.
Internal head temperature should be lowered to 34 to 38°F for best shipping and holding conditions. Head lettuce can be held for 2 to 3 weeks at 32°F and 95% relative humidity. Leaf and butterhead types can be kept for 1 to 2 weeks in cold storage In simple terms, the perfect temperature is between 390 and 490 degrees Fahrenheit or 199 and 255 degrees Celsius. Once you are in that range, the key is finding what temperature is best for your taste. If the temperature is too high, you will get a rich flavor, but the vapor will be so hot that it might cause discomfort The best sleeping temperature for most adults is 60 to 72 degrees Fahrenheit (15 to 22 degrees Celsius). The ideal temperature for elderly people is around 66 to 70°F (19-21°C). It is also vital to = keep the living room and bedroom temperature consistent with each other. The perfect temperature for baby's room should be slightly cooler.
6. Monitor the Temperature. Tomatoes flourish at temperatures of between 18 to 25 degrees Celsius during the day. At night, they like cooler temperatures of between 12 and 18 degrees. You can regulate the air temperature of your hydroponic garden with thermostats and fans. 7. Behave Like a Be . This dish is a lathero and it is enjoyed best at room temperature with feta. I don't eat it with bread, as there is the rice and potatoes, but most Greeks do. Preheat oven at 400 Fahrenheit (200 Celsius)
In this math tutorial we look at the trick for quickly converting between the two main temperature scales - Celsius and Fahrenheit. This method will allow y.. Typically, room temperature is set between 20-21 degree Celsius whereas, as per standard comfort conditions, ideal temperature is 24-25 degree Celsius. Considering change from 20degree Celsius to 24 degree Celsius, there is potential to increase at least 4 degrees Celsius, which will lead to savings of about 24 per cent of electricity 20.5k members in the CrestedGecko community. Subreddit dedicated to Crested Geckos - discussions, pictures, questions, videos, art, and more! We The ideal temperature for germinating tomatoes is 70-80°F (21-27°C) If your indoor temperature below 64°F I will strongly recommend using a heat mat to heat the seedling trays from the bottom, It will greatly improve the germination speed of your tomato seeds
Light & temperature To germinate, tomato seeds need a temperature of around 64-69°F (18-21°C). A little lower or a bit higher is fine but below 50°F (10°C) and above 90°F (32°C) and they won't do well. Because many of us start tomato seeds between January and March, it can be difficult to give those kinds of consistent temperatures Cut tomatoes may be held un-refrigerated for up to 6 hours if the tomatoes are 41°F or less when removed from temperature control, the temperature of the tomatoes is monitored and never rises above.. From Siberia. Selected by Organic Garden Magazine as one of the 10 best early-producing tomatoes in the world. Siberia Tomato Heirloom, determinate, 50 days, bright red, small-fruited (up to 5 ounces) Excellent cool weather variety that can set fruit at low temperatures. Tomato lore has it that Siberia was smuggled out of Russia in 1975
Good air circulation is also important for preventing mold. Cooler temperatures, from 50-60ºF (10-18ºC), will cause tomatoes to ripen more slowly. Higher temperatures, from 60-65ºF (15-18ºC), will cause more rapid ripening. Make sure that the tomatoes don't reach a temperature under 50ºF, or they may go soft and never turn red The favorable range to grow tomatoes is between 70 and 79 degrees Fahrenheit (21 - 26 °C) with full exposure of sunlight. The night temperatures of 13-18 °C (58-65 degrees Fahrenheit) encourage the fruit set. The plants stop growing below 8-10 °C and the temperatures above 32 °C (90 degrees) cause floral abortion and poor fruit setting If you have issues with germinating your tomato seed, temperature may be the problem. Ideal temperatures for germination are 70-80 degrees Fahrenheit. Temperatures much lower than 70 degrees will cause slower germination, and if temperatures dip far below, germination may not occur at all Commodity Temperature Celsius Fahrenheit Eggs (with shell) -1 to +3 30.2 to 37.4 Eggs (dried, whole solids) +4 to +10 39.2 to 50 Fish (frozen) -18 or colder -0.4 or colder Honey (strained) +10 to +20 50 to 68 Ice cream (frozen diary) -26 or colder -14.8 or colder IQF (individually quick frozen products) -18 or colder -0.4 or colde
Gaming graphic cards are more productive, and they are able to work stably for several hours at a temperature up to 70-75 degrees Celsius. For most office graphics cards, 65 degrees Celsius is considered to be a permissible maximum. HDD. The average operating temperature of the hard drive is about 30-40 degrees Celsius Source: NIST.gov *The point at which the two temperature units are equivalent (-40 °C = -40 °F). As you can see from this chart, Fahrenheit temperatures are typically a lot higher than their equivalent Celsius temperatures are. Also, notice how the difference between Celsius and Fahrenheit starts to get smaller the lower you go in temperature—until, that is, they're the exact same The best way to plant your tomato is to bury it right up to the first few inches of the plant. Over the next few days your plant will sprout hundreds of tiny roots all along its stem. When it comes to the middle of summer your tomato plant will have its roots so deep in the soil that you might not even need to water it 1. Extreme Temperatures. Tomato plants love the sun and prefer temperatures above 65 degrees Fahrenheit (18 degrees Celsius). If you plant your crop too late in the season there are chances that the temperature of the soil drops below this temperature while your plants are fruiting
It is not easy to grow tomatoes in high temperatures, such as 45C degrees. But if the night temperature during the rest of the year is 17-20, it is very good because pollen production is connected with the night temperatures, which must never be higher (for sequent of 3 nights) than 24C Vaporization temperatures greatly effect the quality of your vapor by releasing different amounts, and types, of compounds released at different temperatures. For example, at a lower temperature, approximately 190-210 degrees Celsius, you will receive thin & wispy, yet very flavorful vapor Researchers found that chilling tomatoes at temperatures below 12 degrees Celsius, or 53.6 degrees Fahrenheit, hampers the enzymes in the fruit Every botanical's combustion point is slightly different due to moisture content, but in general, combustion occurs at 235 degrees Celsius. Combustion burns and releases, along with the essential oils, harmful by products such as tar and carbon monoxide through smoke Tomatoes grow and produce best when daytime temperatures range from 70 to 80 degrees, and night temperatures fall between 60 to 70 degrees. Most of our summer days exceed these spring like temperatures, which can cause tomato plants to shed their blossoms without setting fruit. Fruits that do ripen when daytime temperatures reach into the mid.
Store the tomatoes in a dark, cool (55-60 degree F) location, such as a basement or cellar. Inspect the tomatoes periodically during storage. Discard any soft or decaying fruit. When the tomatoes begin to color, remove the newspaper and place them at room temperature If you are searching for temperature settings and time that can work with different materials and design, then the multipurpose settings are fine. The temperature should be 176 degrees Celsius or 350 degrees Fahrenheit Heat press time should be 10-12 minutes lon
The best temperature for germination is between 21 and 24 degrees Celsius. Germination will occur at much lower temperatures, but it is considerably slower. Higher temperatures increase the proportion of `rogue' or `Jack' plants produced by most varieties The best temperature for newborn babies is around 18-20 degrees Celsius. Provided you dress your baby up in a onesie, or place them in a sleeping bag. If you dress your baby up in just diapers and a singlet, then the ideal temperature would be around 23-24 degrees Celsius Use a heating mat to give your tomato seeds the right temperature to thrive on. For your San Marzano seeds, it's optimal to have a temperature of at least 27 degrees celsius. So if your room temperature is colder than this, bring it down using a heating mat. To use this, just expose the mat for at least 6 hours in direct sunlight How does the flavor change when ripe, picked tomatoes go through a commercial post-harvest chain and are then stored either in the refrigerator (7 degrees Celsius) or at room temperature (20 degrees Celsius)?. Researchers from the Division of Quality of Plant Products at the University of Göttingen analyzed flavor-related attributes in new tomato strains drawing on the expertise of a. Carrot. Planting: Carrots (Daucus carota) are cool-season plants that grow best at average temperatures between 60 and 65 °F.The optimum soil temperature for seed germination is 55 to 75 °F. Seeds will not germinate above 95 °F. It is important to plant carrots early enough in the spring to ensure that the crop is harvested before early summer
Tomatoes need warm temperatures but not too warm. The plant cannot stand temperatures of 95 degrees F (x degrees Celsius) and this heat will no doubt cause the plant to wither and die. Keep a thermometer close to your plants and ensure that they stay at a temperature of around 20 degrees Celsius during the day I've found the Husky Cherry Red and the Amish Paste Tomato best for roasting. I cut the cherry tomatoes in half, place cut side up in a greased sheet pan and drizzle olive oil, sprinkle salt and a couple pinches of sugar over the top. Roast at 400 degrees for about 45 minutes (eyeball it), stir a couple times during cooking With a unique blend of essential energy and key vitamins, Celsius energy drink is your partner to an active lifestyle. These energy drinks are clinically proven to function and also contain no sugar, aspartame, artificial flavors, colors or preservatives
Venus is an exception because its dense atmosphere acts as a greenhouse and heats the surface to above the melting point of lead, about 880 degrees Fahrenheit (471 degrees Celsius). Mercury rotates slowly and has a thin atmosphere, and consequently, the night-side temperature can be more than 1,000 degrees Fahrenheit lower than the day-side. Stupid question! Use these tips to grow your own tomatoes bursting with flavour. Tomatoes are the most popular home garden vegetable grown for good reason. They are easy to grow and will tolerate a wide variety of soil types. They are also incredibly versatile. The methods described here will suit most tomato varieties. And what a variety These include tomatoes, eggplant, peppers, squash, cucumbers, and melons. I find this particular mat to be well-made and durable. It only uses 45 watts of power to warm the root area 10 to 20 degrees over the ambient temperature On the Celsius scale, that would convert to -28.8°C to 43.3°C, or a 72.1-degree range of temperatures. Fahrenheit gives you almost double—1.8x—the precision* of Celsius without having to delve into decimals, allowing you to better relate to the air temperature
The Best Ways to Cook Cheap Steaks. Extra-rare or bleu. To make a steak bleu, or extra-rare, you only have to bring it to a temperature of 80 to 100 degrees Fahrenheit, or 26 to 38 degrees Celsius. Rare. Rare steaks will measure out to have a temperature of 120 to 125 degrees Fahrenheit, or 49 to 51 degrees Celsius. Medium-rar Although there is some information circulating regarding that the safe temperatures before thermal throttling on the RX 6000 Series are around 110 Celsius. Nvidia's optimal range is between 70 and 85 degrees Celsius (~158-185 Fahrenheit), while AMD's are at their best at around 60 to 70 Celsius (~140-158 Fahrenheit) Best Temperature to Set Your Home in Summer. For air-conditioned homes, the optimal temperature for energy savings and personal comfort is 25 C. Keeping the house higher than 26 degrees, says Jason Gassman of Bell Brothers Heating and A/C, Inc., will make it humid and force your A/C system to work harder.Settings lower than 22 C can overwork your air conditioning system and cause it to freeze up If you want a more precise calculation, you can use the more exact formula. Using this calculation, we determine that 100 degrees Fahrenheit is equivalent to 37.78 degrees Celsius. (F - 32) / 1.8 = C. In other words, if you'd like to convert a temperature reading in Fahrenheit to Celsius: Start with the temperature in Fahrenheit (e.g., 100.
A review of the evidence found the ideal temperature for 'typical' office work - calls to customers, processing text documents, etc. - is 22°C (71.6F). But before you go blaming your last. Because bacteria naturally exists in all raw meat, taking its temperature is the only way to make sure your meat has been cooked enough to eliminate potentially harmful bacteria that could cause food poisoning.Using food thermometers while cooking could prevent many of the 48 million cases of foodborne illness each year. So congrats! You've made it this far, which means that you're planning to. Initial temperature advice could range from around 340 degrees Celsius or 650 degrees Fahrenheit, and up to approximately 480 degrees Celsius or 900 degrees Fahrenheit. With this variation in temperature comes a variation in cooking time
For some high-temperature applications, ceramic magnets, also called hard ferrite magnets, offer great value and performance. They have a maximum operating temperature of approximately 250 degrees Celsius or higher and a Curie temperature of about 450 degrees Celsius. These magnets, however, are not recommended for use in cryogenic applications The best time of year to visit Istanbul in Turkey. Istanbul can best be visited in spring (May and June) or autumn (September and October) with temperatures between 22 and 30 degrees Celsius (76 & 86° Fahrenheit). During summer it tends to be to hot to visit the city with average temperatures between 30 and 35 degrees Celsius (86 & 95.
Babies - the best sleeping temperature for baby's room should be cooler, around 65 to 70 degrees Fahrenheit (18 to 21 degrees Celsius). Adults - the best sleeping temperature for adults is 60 to 72 degrees Fahrenheit (15 to 22 degrees Celsius). Elderly - the best sleeping temperature for elderly people is around 66 to 70°F (19-21°C) Surface temperature of a browning crust. 200° F (100° C) Interior temperature of a loaf of just-baked bread. 130° F-140° F (55° C-60° C) Yeast cells die (thermal death point). 120° F-130° F (49° C-55° C) Water temperature for activating yeast designed to be mixed with the dry ingredients in a recipe Therefore, some offices set temperature below 22.8 degree Celsius. Appropriate temperature is also essential to prevent computers and servers from overheating. But, if the temperature is too low, it can shorten the lifespan of the aircon. Best Temperature for Air-con The temperature in Singapore is hot most of the time The majority of smart phones couldn't handle temperatures colder than -15 or -20 degrees Celsius / 5 F to -4 F. Even if they managed to stay on, most died when put to actual use. Feature phones did better. Apart from slowness in the display, they showed no symptoms until the temperature dropped to -25 C / -13 F Normal ale fermentation temperatures range from 68 to 72 °F (20 to 22 °C) and lager fermentation temperatures from 45 to 55 °F (7 to 13 °C). Also keep in mind that the heat generated by an active fermentation can warm a typical 5-gallon (19-L) batch of beer by 10 to 15 degrees Fahrenheit (5.5 to 8.3 degrees Celsius)


The VTT power supply is required to be a push-pull supply, meaning that it is capable of sourcing and sinking current.
The VTT termination resistor attempts to pull the signal to the middle level of the voltage swing. Current flows from either the VTT termination voltage to the driver, or from the driver to the VTT termination voltage. The direction it flows is determined by whether the line is being driven Low or High.
If the signal is driven Low (0 volts), the current flows from the VTT supply to the driver. When driven High, current flows from the driver to the VTT supply. As a result, the VTT supply must be a source-sink type.
A source-sink supply also requires decoupling capacitors. VTT-to-GND decoupling capacitors serve for source currents, while VTT-to-VCCO decoupling capacitors serve for sink currents.


Plate tectonics, the dominant process shaping Earth as we know it today, may not have existed throughout Earth's history.
Indeed, the interior of our planet (the mantle) cools progressively, by perhaps 300 degrees Celsius over the past 3.0 billion years.
Numerical calculations reveal that in Archaean times (4.0-2.5 billion years ago), the mantle was too hot to support stable, long-lived plate tectonics.
Rather, Jean-François Moyen and Jeroen van Hunen suggest that subduction -- a key component of plate tectonics, with cold, rigid plates sinking from the surface down into the mantle -- was an episodic process, stopping and starting frequently.
Evidence for this episodicity is found in rocks from old geological units such as the Abitibi province of the Canadian Shield, where Moyen and van Hunen describe short, repeated, episodic bursts of subduction related lavas interlayered in non-subduction rocks.
They propose that plate tectonics started progressively on Earth by more and more frequent, long-lived, and large-sized subduction events progressively evolving into the stable, large structures observed today.
Explore further: Researchers reveal how ocean bacteria use light to grow
More information: Jean-François Moyen, UMR 6524 CNRS and Université Jean-Monnet, 23 rue du Dr Michelon, 42023 Saint-Etienne, France., Durham DH1 3LE, UK; and Jeroen van Hunen Durham University. Geology. Posted online 26 March 2012; doi: 10.1130/G32894.1


SCID is a very rare disease that can be deadly. It causes a child to have a very weak immune system. As a result, the child is unable to fight off even mild infections. The disease is also known as the “boy in the bubble” syndrome because living in a normal environment can be fatal to a child who has it. This disease is passed down from parents to child (inherited).
Children with SCID become very sick with infections such as pneumonia, meningitis, and chickenpox. They can die before they reach their first birthday. But treatments are available that can be successful.
Many genetic problems can cause SCID. These problems make the white cells in the blood (T and B cells) less able to fight infection. The child's immune system has trouble defending the body against bacteria, viruses, and fungi.
There are several types of SCID. The two most common types are classical X-linked and ADA deficiency.
Symptoms of SCID usually start within the first year of a child’s life. The following are the most common symptoms of SCID. But symptoms can occur a bit differently in each child.
Usually the child will have many serious infections, life-threatening infections, or both. The infections are not easily treated. And medicines to treat the infections don't work well. Common infections include:
- Repeated ear infections
- Blood infection
- Chronic skin infections
- Yeast infections in the mouth and diaper area
- Liver infection (hepatitis)
Treatment will depend on your child’s symptoms, age, and general health. It will also depend on how severe the condition is.
Treatment for SCID includes:
- Treating the current infection
- Avoiding germs and preventing exposure to new infections
- Fixing the immune system problem (immunodeficiency)
The best treatment for this disease is a bone marrow transplant, which offers a chance of a cure. In a bone marrow transplant, bone marrow cells are transplanted from a healthy person to the child. Bone marrow is the soft, spongy tissue found inside the bones. It helps blood cells form, and is the place where the body stores blood cells.
A bone marrow transplant has the best chance of working if it is done during a child’s first 3 months of life. The goal of bone marrow transplant is to help the child’s immune system work better. Cord blood may also be used for the transplant.
Researchers have had some success using gene therapy to treat SCID. But gene therapy is still in the experimental stages.Since this disorder is inherited, parents of children with SCID should think about talking with a genetic counselor. The counselor can discuss genetic testing and family planning with them.
- SCID is a disease that passed on from parents to children (inherited).
- It is a very rare, life-threatening disease.
- The disease causes a child to have very weak immune system.
- The best treatment for this disease is a bone marrow transplant.
- Parents of children with SCID should talk with a genetic counselor about genetic testing and family planning.
Tips to help you get the most from a visit to your child’s healthcare provider:
- Know the reason for the visit and what you want to happen.
- Before your visit, write down questions you want answered.
- At the visit, write down the name of a new diagnosis, and any new medicines, treatments, or tests. Also write down any new instructions your provider gives you for your child.
- Know why a new medicine or treatment is prescribed and how it will help your child. Also know what the side effects are.
- Ask if your child’s condition can be treated in other ways.
- Know why a test or procedure is recommended and what the results could mean.
- Know what to expect if your child does not take the medicine or have the test or procedure.
- If your child has a follow-up appointment, write down the date, time, and purpose for that visit.
- Know how you can contact your child’s provider after office hours. This is important if your child becomes ill and you have questions or need advice.
January 16, 2018
Adler, Liora C., MD,Brown, Kim, APRN


The number of bees in Virginia has been on a significant decline.
They're an important part of local agriculture, and their population has a direct effect on crops.
Virginia's $52 billion agriculture industry relies heavily on bees. They pollinate the plants that help keep up the amount and the quality of crops. Their decline can have a very negative affect on the food we eat.
The loss of bees over the past decade is un-sustainable. Luckily there are groups like the ‘Central Virginia Bee Keepers Association’ that help support the local bee keepers.
"We support them through bee keeping transfer of knowledge, our monthly meetings where we have speakers and people coming in from all over the country to talk about the bees," says Alan Freeman, Treasurer of the Central Virginia Bee Keepers Association.
The collapse of bee colonies has been seen in other areas around the world and this group wants to prevent it from happening in our backyard.
"It's still being researched, but the colony collapse disorder itself; the most anybody can say about it now is that it's a combination of problems. The verroa might be the main problem, and then associated viruses" mentions Freeman.
We always see a loss of bees during the winter, but this past one was especially bad. Obviously because of the cold; we also see a loss of them because of poor nutrition, a loss of land.
The verroa is a parasite that lives only inside the hive and eats the bee from inside out all the while delivering a deadly virus. These large drops in bee population have the biggest effect on commercial bee keepers that have hundreds of hives.
"The rest of us in the club are what you call hobby or sideline bee keepers with one, two, five, seven, ten hives."
Still one of the best ways to help the survival of bees, is awareness.
The bee keepers association will have a booth at the Albemarle County Fair which is the last weekend in July. They will bring a hive with them, and you can learn how to help prevent the loss of colonies.
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