Enterprises are turning to certificates to secure mobile devices, applications, and users, rather than relying on less secure authentication methods such as usernames and passwords. Digital certificates authenticate mobile users to a growing set of applications, including the web, cloud, Virtual Private Networks (VPNs), and wireless networks secured by 802.1X, and the shift toward Bring Your Own Device (BYOD) has led to the rapid deployment of hundreds of thousands of mobile certificates.
However, many of the security experts I speak to have little control over or visibility into their mobile certificate inventory, and they do not know which mobile certificates each user can access. As a result, cyber-criminals can easily exploit certificates for mobile devices and users and pose as trusted users, thereby infiltrating corporate networks and stealing intellectual property.
Mobile device and user certificates as an emerging threat vector
With the rapid influx of mobile devices in the enterprise, these mobile devices have become an effective threat vector against the corporate network. In fact, according to a Verizon Data Breach Report, 71% of compromised assets in 2013 involved users and their endpoints. Why are cyber-criminals targeting users’ mobile devices? These mobile devices contain enough information, such as email accounts, user passwords, and company VPN credentials, to allow attackers to infiltrate the internal network as legitimate users. The mobile devices themselves essentially serve as a conduit directly into the enterprise network. For example, if attackers can download custom malware to a mobile device, they can use the mobile device’s VPN connection to access the corporate network.
This attack method is so effective malware creators are focusing on mobile devices. In 2012 McAfee Labs discovered 44 times the number of mobile malware samples found in 2011. This means that 95% of all mobile malware samples ever seen appeared in the last year.
In addition to the increased volume of mobile threats, the threats are becoming more dangerous. Cyber-criminals have determined that one of the best ways to circumvent standard system security is to electronically “sign” their malware using a stolen or fabricated certificate. Network systems then “trust” the malware, making it possible for attackers to target specific systems and retrieve confidential data. McAfee Labs discovered that instances of signed malware increased 3 times just in Q4 2012.
Mobile malware, code signing, man-in-the middle (MiTM) attacks, other mobile certificate-based attacks demonstrate how easily cyber-criminals can use mobile devices to access the corporate network. In fact, mobile certificates present a risk even when attacks do not directly target them because they provide access to the enterprise.
IT is losing control of mobile and user certificates
To protect the network, IT must be able to detect when mobile device and user certificates are being attacked or compromised and prevent these compromised certificates from accessing the network. However, IT is quickly losing control of mobile and user certificates. Consider the problem: Thousands of users connect to the corporate network, and each user has multiple, personally owned mobile devices. These users and devices are issued hundreds of thousands of certificates, and IT must track and protect all of them.
In a Venafi survey conducted at the 2013 RSA Conference, we found that 57% of organizations do not have an accurate mobile certificate inventory. In addition, in more than 50% of organizations some mobile and application certificates are issued outside the control of the IT security team. The rapidly growing influx of mobile and user certificates is becoming a nightmare for IT security teams—and the lack of insight into and control over their mobile and user certificate inventory introduces significant security vulnerabilities such as:
Orphaned and duplicate mobile certificates
The organization’s existing security controls do not detect certificate anomalies such as orphaned and duplicate mobile certificates, which attackers can use to gain unauthorized access. IT security teams are aware that certificates have been issued and know these certificates grant access to various resources—perhaps even critical ones. But they do not know which users have access to the certificates, how many certificates have been issued, or where the certificates have been deployed. Sophisticated attackers executing advanced persistent threats (APTs) will take advantage of any and every exploit to steal corporate—including exploiting orphaned and duplicate mobile and user certificates. For example, if attackers can download custom malware to a mobile device, they can use an orphaned VPN certificate to establish a VPN connection and gain access to a corporate network. In addition, attackers can use orphaned certificates to sign code from a “trusted” source. Once their code is trusted, attackers can use the mobile device or application to infiltrate the enterprise.
Constantly changing environments
Terminated employees or contractors who have access to mobile and server certificates, Secure/Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (S/MIME) keys, and Secure Shell (SSH) keys can use those keys to impersonate corporate servers or steal data. In addition, users frequently change roles, and whenever they change roles, the level of access they require to corporate data changes as well. Mobile certificates issued to users serve as trusted credentials, granting users secure access to critical networks, applications, and data. But if employees or contractors are terminated or reassign and their mobile, Wi-Fi, VPN, and S/MIME certificates are not revoked, those users can still access the corporate network and sensitive information.
Fraudulent mobile certificates and compromised Certificate Authorities (CAs)
As the use of certificates has increased, the CAs that issue certificates have increasingly become targets for sophisticated attacks. Hackers have successfully obtained fraudulent certificates that grant them unauthorized access and forged digital signatures. These attacks on CAs make it critical for organizations to ensure they are using secure CAs. Organizations also need to respond quickly if a CA is compromised or a fraudulent certificate is issued.
According to a Ponemon Institute research, the average Global 2000 company still uses 1024-bit keys. In fact, 1024-bit keys make up almost 70% of the encryption key inventory. In addition, the weak MD5 algorithm allows hackers to create a rogue CA root certificate that is trusted by all browsers. Unfortunately, many mobile certificates used for VPN access still use the MD5 algorithm, leaving a huge backdoor wide open for attackers to steal information.
Poor application security
Mobile applications are vulnerable to MiTM attacks that are instigated by inserting rogue certificates. For example, attackers used a T-Mobile vulnerability to access and modify calls and text messages T-Mobile users sent on millions of Android smartphones. In this vulnerability, the certificate validation was not fully implemented, so without proper verification, hackers could create a fake certificate and pretend to be the T-Mobile server.
As you can see, the rapid adoption of mobile devices has made it challenging for enterprises to secure and protect the certificates on these devices, making them prime targets for attackers eager to exploit security vulnerabilities and hijack mobile and user certificates for their own use. Bad actors and cyber-criminals have proven that once they gain access to unprotected certificates, they can authenticate to networks and gain access to corporate information.


The Priesthood in Light of the Eucharist
The Priesthood in Light of the Eucharist
Many theologians endorse the view that one of the characteristics of Catholicism is its instinct to emphasize "both/and". We confess Jesus both God and man; we affirm both Scripture and tradition; we insist that the Church lives both from invisible grace and visible sacraments. Yet, in practice, Catholics too often fall into binary modes of thought. One pervasive either/or regards the priesthood. We are often informed that Vatican II replaced a "cultic model" of priesthood with a "servant model" — thereby falling into an unhelpful "either/or".
The late Pope John Paul II never wrote an encyclical on the priesthood. But his last Encyclical, Ecclesia de Eucharistia, stressed the intimate relationship between the Eucharist and the Church. He taught that the whole Church "draws her life from Christ in the Eucharist; by him she is fed and by him she is enlightened" (Ecclesia de Eucharistia, n. 6). He often reiterated that the Eucharist is "the center and summit of the Church's life" (n. 31).
Thus, had he written an encyclical on the priesthood, the Pope might well have called it: "The Priest within the Church whose Life Comes from Christ in the Eucharist". For the priest is certainly not outside the Church. He is one of the faithful: a member of the community of the baptized who have been washed in the regenerating waters of baptism. Like all his sisters and brothers, he is called by Christ to holiness of life.
At the same time, by virtue of his sacramental ordination, the priest is ordered to the Eucharist in a way that is distinctive and defining. He represents sacramentally Jesus Christ who, through his paschal mystery, has become Eucharist and continues to nourish his Church with his own glorified body. As Vatican II teaches: the ordained priest "acting in the person of Christ, brings about the eucharistic sacrifice and offers it to God in the name of all the people" (Lumen Gentium, 10). The priest's ministry is not limited to the eucharistic celebration in a narrowly cultic sense; rather, the Eucharist centers and orients the entire life and ministry of the priest. It is that from which everything else comes forth and to which all returns. The priest is pre-eminently the servant of Christ in the Eucharist.
Hence both Pope John Paul II and Pope Benedict XVI have frequently urged the priest, who presides at the Eucharist, to himself "sit at the 'school' of the Eucharist" so that he might instruct his people in Christ's eucharistic way. I suggest that the priest does so in three principle ways: by leading a prayerful celebration of the Eucharist, by forming eucharistic community, and by promoting eucharistic practice. Let me briefly comment of each of these exercises of priestly ministry.
First, by his prayerful celebration of the Eucharist the priest exercises a mystagogic function. Through the body language of fervor, reverence, and silence he orients the assembly beyond itself to find its center in Jesus Christ, the one bridegroom of the Church. The placement of the altar — whether ad orientem or versus populum — fades in importance compared to the priest's prayerfulness in evoking a sense of the transcendent Mystery in whom we live and move and have our being.
Second, the priest's sacramental representation of the presence of the living Lord in the midst of the community must, of its nature, inspire and support his ministry of enabling the community's growth into a eucharistic community. This includes but goes beyond promoting that "active participation" in the liturgy the Vatican Council so desired. It entails discerning and encouraging the sharing of the manifold gifts of the Spirit present in the community. The priest bears special responsibility to foster such eucharistic consciousness and sharing within the local community. Indeed, the concrete exchange of gifts serves as an important criterion for discerning the vitality of our actual communities.
Finally, sitting with his community at the "school of the Eucharist" will lead the priest to realize anew that the community's eucharistic celebration and contemplation must overflow into eucharistic practice. The liturgical proclamation, "the Mass is ended go in peace to love and serve the Lord", is a call to diaconal service, especially of the most needy. Certainly individual actions of outreach and
service to family, neighbors, and parish are the responsibilities closest to hand. However, in a time of growing interdependence and globalization, local communities need to engage in the more demanding task of structural discernment: reading the signs of the times in light of the Gospel.
To live ordained priesthood in the light of the Eucharist is to discover anew the mystical heart of the priest's life and ministry. Jesus Christ, truly present in the Eucharist, life-giving head of his body the Church, is the origin and goal of priestly existence. To preside and guide, teach and learn in the midst of the eucharistic community is the ordained priest's all-embracing vocation and endless joy.
*Priest and professor of theology at Boston College, USA
Weekly Edition in English
19 October 2011, page 17
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TSL 532 Full Course Discussions GCU
TSL 532 Full Course Discussions GCU
TSL 532 Topic 1 DQ 1
How does the “English-only” movement potentially impact second-language learners in the classroom?
TSL 532 Topic 1 DQ 2
What type of classroom models have been created as a result of “English-only” mandates? Are they beneficial to English language learners (ELLs)? Why or why not?
TSL 532 Topic 2 DQ 1
What are some socio-emotional challenges that English language learners (ELLs) face in the classroom? How do these impact learning?
TSL 532 Topic 2 DQ 2
Review Krashen’s Monitor Model and Cummin’s Theories of Bilingualism and Cognition from your required textbook reading. What are the similarities and differences between the language acquisition theories of Krashen and Cummins?
TSL 532 Topic 3 DQ 1
What are some major misconceptions about Sheltered English Immersion teaching? How does lesson planning combat these misconceptions?
TSL 532 Topic 3 DQ 2
What are the pros and cons for English as a Second Language Pull-out programs? When are these the most beneficial? How does one ensure they are beneficial?
TSL 532 Topic 4 DQ 1
How can a dual language or bilingual classroom assist in second language acquisition? (Please cite at least one source).
TSL 532 Topic 4 DQ 2
What are educational issues involving bilingual education? How can teachers assist schools in overcoming these issues?
TSL 532 Topic 5 DQ 1
What type of professional development would be beneficial to teachers at your local school? Why and who can assist in developing these professional developments?
TSL 532 Topic 5 DQ 2
What possible obstacles may prevent teachers from participating in professional development opportunities?
TSL 532 Topic 6 DQ 1
How can building positive relationships with parents of second-language learners close current achievement gaps?
TSL 532 Topic 6 DQ 2
What should be considered in the selection and use of technology for ELLs? Can building positive relationships with parents of second-language learners close current achievement gaps? Explain.
Check out this related post: TSL 532 Full Course Assignments GCU.
NSG8100 Capstone in Applied Practice
Workforce Expansion Strategy
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The Dobunni tribe occupied territories encompassing the modern counties of Gloucester, Avon, west Oxfordshire, north Somerset, along with parts of southern Hereford & Worcester and Warwickshire. They were a non-Belgic people occupying impressive hillforts with some Belgic influences.
Other passages in Ptolemy Book II Chapter 2 give the ancient names of a number of rivers and other geographical features within the territories of the Dobunni tribe:
Established by the Romans at the centre of a network of local roads, at it's height the town covered more than 230 acres and was the second largest in Roman Britain. The only town ascribed to the tribe by Ptolemy, it is possible that it later became the provincial capital of Britannia Prima.
The iron mining district around Monmouth in the Forest of Dean, was administrated from Weston-under-Penyard. Salt production was maintained throughout the Roman period at natural brine springs in Droitwich Spa. There was a cluster of brick, tile and pottery kilns near Malvern at Leigh, Howsell and Upper Sandlin. There are numerous extremely rich villas in the area of Cirencester, a notable example being Chedworth, which includes a Romano-British temple.
|Distribution of Coins of the Dobunni|
|The hatched area shows the approximate extent of the tribal canton.|
|From Barry Cunliffe's Iron Age Communities in Britain (Fig.7:9, pp.101; originally sourced from D.F. Allen, 1961a/b, 1962).|
|The siting of the Belgic Oppidum at Bagendon|
|From Iron Age Communities in Britain by Barry Cunliffe (Fig.7:10, pp.103; originally sourced from Clifford, 1961).|
|Anted[...]||Leader of both north and south Dobunnic territories during the first decades of the first century AD. He seemed to have brought together the northern and southern factions of the tribe under a single banner for the first time since the division of the tribe in the latter half of the first century BC, during the conflict between Bodvoc and Corio. This division was seemingly promoted by their respective successors Catti[...] and Comux[...]. Anted[...] of the Dobunni appears to have been succeeded by another single Dobunnic monarch, Eisu[...], possibly his own son, c.30AD.|
|Bodvoc||Issued coin during the last decades of the first century BC. It is probable that he ruled over the northern part of the Dobunni tribe, as all of his coins have been found in that region, his contemporary, Corio appeared to have ruled over the southern part of the tribe, though some of his coins have been found in the northen territory. Whether the division of the Dobunnic kingdom was an amicable arrangement between two legitimate sons of the old king or was the result of an internecine war between members of opposing noble families, will probably never be known. Coinage distribution evidence shows that Corio possibly ruled over the entire Dobunnic kingdom for a while at least, before Bodvoc took over in the north. It is possible that Bodvoc was succeeded by Catti[...] in the north, while Corio was replaced by Comux[...] in the southern territories. A variant of his name may have been Bodvoccus or Boduoccus.|
|Catti[...]||Possibly inherited the northern Dobunnic lands from Bodvoc around the turn of the millennium, therefore contemporary with Comux[...] who appeared to have succeeded Bodvoc's old rival Corio in the southern territories of the Dobunni.|
|Comux[...]||Possibly succeeded Corio as the king of the southern Dobunnic territories around the turn of the millennium, therefore contemporary with Catti[...] who inherited the northern Dobunnic kingdom from Bodvoc.|
|Corio||King of the southern Dobunni in Gloucester towards the end of the first century BC. Although his coins are found throughout the Dobunnic territories, they are clustered mainly in the south, while the northern lands appeared to have been under the control of another Dobunnic overlord, Bodvoc, who issued his own coins. It is possible that the splitting of the Dobunnic territories occurred during his reign. Corio was succeeded at around the turn of the millennium by Comux[...].|
|Eisu[...]||Successor to the united Dobunnic throne following the re-merger of the tribe by Anted[...]. He came to power around 30AD, and was probably chieftain during the invasion campaigns of Plautius, though whether he was leader of the faction of the Dobunni that surrendered to Plautius at Durovernon is unknown.|
|Inam[...]||Appeared to rule over the entire Dobunnic territory. Whether he ruled the kingdom prior to it being divided and shared by Bodvoc and Corio or after the tribe was reunited under the kingship of Anted[...], will probaby never be known with any certainty.|


The digital revolution is on and you're not going to escape it! Those of you who have been watching analog antenna broadcastings the past 20 years or more are soon going to look very disappointed when their screen suddenly pulls gray and noisy. Fact is that some country governments have decided to quit broadcasting analog TV signals whether it's done via cable, antenna or satellite, some countries might already have pulled to plug as we speak. Well, you can't really argue with them as digital (HD) TV signals really are superior to the analog signals we've been using the past decades. Yes, there is certain incompatibility involved but at some point there just won't be enough customers for analog broadcastings in order to keep it financially interesting. And let's face it: are you really going to keep on watching analog when you can have video quality which is more than twice as good?
With that in mind let us first have a look at how broadcastings are being offered.Digital Video Broadcasting explored
Early in the 90's of the previous century some mayor international companies came together to discuss the future of digital TV in Europe. Followed up by the formation of the DVB (Digital Video Broadcasting) consortium we saw the first open standards for digital television broadcastings being released in 1994: DVB-C and DVB-S were born. Later in early 1997 DVB-T was being added to the list with more standards following over the years. Nowadays DVB is slowly taking over the market which was once covered with pure analog signals, some country's like Belgium have already decided to no longer broadcast analog terrestrial (via antenna) video and by 2012 many more European countries will follow in their paths, the digital revolution is nearly complete!
So what mayor standards are available here in Europe...DVB-T: video broadcasting using a transmitter/receiver antenna
DVB-S: video broadcasting using a satellite
DVB-C: video broadcasting using the cable
DVB-H: much alike DVB-T though specially developed for compact and portable devices like Cell phones and PDA's.
At this moment DVB2 is already surfacing and promises more options, higher efficiency and many more. Downside is that it requires a hardware upgrade...
Also make note that some companies use IPTV: television via ADSL for example.
A closer look at DVB-T
Terrestrial Digital Video Broadcasting using an antenna is what we're going to focus on for our today's product. DVB-T replaces the older analog antenna broadcastings which many of you might have used in the past, digital video is being brought to a transmitter pole via IP/ATM/... where it is then being send into the ether somewhere in the UHF (Ultra High Frequency) electromagnetic frequency band. People can collect signals and receive DVB-T using an antenna, though now with everything being encoded there is still the need for a Set-Top-Box which converts the digital data to a digital/analog signal which can be used by your television.
The benefits from using digital over analog transmissions is that the image quality is mostly better. With analog broadcasting you'll see grain and noise appearing if the signal isn't that great, with digital broadcasting you either receive or don't receive a signal. The upside of all this is that DVB-T requires less transmitting power, its efficiency is greater than that of analog broadcastings: even if your signal quality wasn't that great with analog broadcasting (noise/reflections) the chance is very big you have clear video quality when using DVB-T. On a side not here, DVB-T signal quality isn’t exactly ying or yang like I told you above, sometimes you might see artifacts like black squares if reception isn't the best.
Nowadays with the open DVB-T2 standard being finalized you might also stumble upon even greater image quality, DVB-T2 promises 30% more capacity over DVB-T which allows High Definition channels to now go life and transmit using terrestrial broadcasting.
Talking about video quality, latest DVB-T broadcastings use the MPEG-4 H.264/AVC video codec which is nearly twice as efficient as the MPEG-2 codec, it allows DVB-T to increase from broadcasting at 25 frames per second at 720x576 resolution (PAL) to 25fps at 1280x720 resolution. The release of DVB-T2 would allow more channels to broadcast in HD because current DVB-T bandwidth isn't all that great. Aside of all this there is also something called DAB, Digital Audio Broadcasting, the DVB-T for radio's. Again we're talking about better quality, at 192kBit/s you have near CD quality audio, our Compro VideoMate isn't able to receive DAB but instead receive DVB-T radio.
We’re going to have a view on what DVB options are available for our local Belgians viewers. Broadcastings are very bound to the place you live so we are not able to answer everyone's request on what their options are, if you're not interested in our local politics I suggest you jump straight to page 3!


Subject: Can trees be used to generate electricity?
Date: Thu Feb 26 06:33:08 1998
Posted by Stuart May
Grade level: grad
School: Queensland University of Technology
City: Brisbane State/Province: QLD
Area of science: General Biology
I am a product designer trying to design a garden lighting system
utilising alternative energy sources. Can electricity be produced in
a high enough quantity to power a light bulb from the molecular
processes continuously acting in a tree? e.g photosynthesis, cellular
energy production etc. Can this electricity be harnessed?
Re: Can trees be used to generate electricity?
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Good News and Bad News! • Good News – The workshops were wonderful! – We got free gifts!!!! • Bad News – You weren’t there! Daily Five • A student-driven management structure designed to fully engage students in reading and writing • Creates routines and procedures that foster independent literacy that are ingrained to the point of being habit Public web page • www.dailycafe.com/public/398.cfm • www.dailycafe.com/public/410.cfm • Websites with all the handouts we received • They are writing a book on how to launch the Daily Five and Café together. There are 3 articles on the website so far you can read. • P.S. There is also a Daily Five math Wednesday – Daily 5 • Basic overview of management process and rationale for Daily 5 • Gave some tips for implementation • Highlighted difference between book and “tweaks” they have included • Delineated differences between intermediate and primary • Encourage adjustments within your personal style, class climate, and curriculum. Greatest needs for success! • Strong professional support – The sisters had each other – Critical friend • Strong administration support • Patience and organization What the research says . .. • READ! • Students should read 80% of the time and receive 20% quality direct instruction • However, students generally receive 20% reading time and 80% instruction • What Really Matters for Struggling Readers by Richard Allington Brain Research: reasoning for mini lesson structure • # of years old = # of minutes of core direct instruction – I don’t believe this hold true after 35 years of age!!!!! Structure • 2-3 rounds (20-30min) sandwiched by mini lessons (7-10min). Comprehension should be the first round. • Introduce 2 components, read to self and writing, then allow choice; continue to teach remaining components. (this is different from what the book says.) • Choice is given after 8-10 days determined by class * Intermediate – build stamina to 40 mins, with 2 rounds, choice is determined between reading and writing • Kindergarten – build stamina to 15-20 mins, with 2 rounds --determine structure based on class and curriculum --- delete least desirable model first time Will he/she be a better reader if they do these things? • As you present mini lessons, small lessons, and conferring, the students have a sense urgency with their time, learning and behavior at school and hold each other responsible by encouraging and supporting each other. • *Kindergarten --- Only work on Read whole time and Stay in one spot as key behaviors What do you think??? • If students can’t do the task they need a teacher. • If students can do the task but won’t, they need a manager. Trouble shooting • • • • • • • Tools and contracting Levels of support for barometer children Reflect on teaching practice Group Dynamics In class modifications In class gradual release modifications Whole school support Stamina – before you introduce new component make sure students have built stamina • Intermediate 12-14 min • Primary 10-12 min • Kindergarten 7-8 Modeling Modeling Modeling Modeling • Muscle memory: • Feel it wrong way • Feel it right way Book Shopping You know your class but --Once a week – Fridays? During conferences on as need Before school Read to Someone • You are in control • Helps student work on fluency and expression • Choose partners • Minimize numbers • Use randomization (pairs of cards) • Partner with stuffed animal • Teach EEKK Word Work • Use your own program • Intermediate should incorporate with Work on Writing (first 10 minutes) • Keep materials to a minimum --- find a storage space to help with management • Essential writing foundations for writing Listen to Reading • • • • Start page on website Computer, MP3’s , Cassette Players Own headphones!!!!!!!!!!!!! Students learn more words, expanding their vocabulary and helping them to become better readers Once up and going • Focus lesson: Comprehension, Accuracy, Fluency, or Expand vocabulary • Check in-class list on clipboard • Check in with choice • Always go in same order, just start someplace different each day, so they know when their turn is coming • All kids stay put until all choices have been given or can check in and go, depending on the class • Use chimes to get children's attention Café Board • 4 components set up across the top • As a strategy is introduced it is put up on a sentence strip under the category by a child • Children put sticky notes under strategy they are working on. They tell you what it is at check in time. Why CAFÉ? • Do our assessments inform our instruction? – Drive/ evaluate??? – Reading groups should be based on strategies needed, not levels. – It is not guided reading, but guiding readers! -How do you organize our paperwork to help us inform our instruction? CAFÉ Menu • Guide for instruction • Menu in classroom is a visual aid to help student/ teaches learn to elicit reading process and strategies during each reading experience • Don’t let your teaching go out the door! DVD’s • We have basic DVD with CD of forms to use for your data notebook --- pensieve • We also received Intermediate level – Parrs has Word Work and Leadership DVD – Other topics are available for $199 per --- CAFÉ think abouts . . . • *Intermediate, address fluency and accuracy in 1-1 or small group, concentrate on comprehension and vocabulary for whole group instruction • CAFÉ menu to guide instruction but student behaviors are the key • Grading – touch points with daily small group and individual:1-below, 2-approaching, 3-meeting,4-exceeding • When do you move on to a new strategy? After 4-5 opportunities with 3’s and 4’s as touch points. • Determine growth with success overtime Build your community . . . • Don’t be tempted to put up “pre made” anchor charts • Create this learning together • Remember the one who works the most, learns the most! The Pensive: A Conferring Notebook • Should only be 1 inch binder • Has a reading and writing keeping track form and an appointment calendar, curriculum calendar, small group form, strategy group and instruction form, reading conferring form, writing conferring form, and Café menu to highlight Things to think about . . . • Explicit instruction for behaviors • Go slow, to move fast • No longer teaching the book we are teaching how to access the strategies – How does this align with curriculum? • Least number of teachers for students per student is better; set common goals based of student observations with in the Daily 5 Continued . . . • Any assessment is only as good as the action that arises from it. • What does flexible strategy groups look like? Video • Fair is not always equal! “Focus on this child . . . . . . this moment.” Next Steps . . . • Monthly meetings – Website, sharings, DVD’s – Critical Friends • Planning/ sub observations/ reflections • Different grades/ within teams?


BC: "Don't cry because it's over, Smile because it happened." - Dr Seuss
FC: Cells | By: Hannah Mallory Madison Walling & Tyler Palcisco
1: Animal Cell Structure: | http://waynesword.palomar.edu/lmexer1a.htm
2: Plant Cell Structure: | http://waynesword.palomar.edu/lmexer1a.htm
3: The cell membrane is the barrier between the inside and outside of cell. It is also known as the outside or coating. | Cell Membrane | It surrounds cytoplasm of cell. This organelle creates structure for the cell. It can be found in both plant and animal cells. | The cell membrane is like a plastic bag with holes in it. It protects the inside, but their are few holes so that good things can come in & let the bad out. | http://www.biology4kids.com/files/cell_membrane.html
4: Cell Wall | This organelle gives a defined shape & protective barrier. It is only found in plant cells. | A cell wall is like the walls in your room. without them, everyone could see through and you would be unprotected. | http://library.thinkquest.org/C004535/cell_wall.html
5: Cytoplasm | This is a fluid structure between the cell membrane & holds everything in between. It contains the other organelles. This is where everything is sorted into good & bad parts before they are obtained by the vacuoles or sent out of the cell. | http://www.google.com/imgres?q=cytoplasm&um=1&hl=en&safe=active&sa=N&rls=com.microsoft:en-us&tbm=isch&tbnid=FzVjc-KXZGDzsM:&imgrefurl=http://www.protopage.com/bwineanimalcell&docid=WWOnEeGNnZyDYM&imgurl=http://images.protopage.com/view/721661/9om6i6botf38jm7zive0ddjpj.jpg&w=248&h=249&ei=8KauTuzcC5CEsAKm4fncDg&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=251&vpy=51&dur=2344&hovh=199&hovw=198&tx=110&ty=196&sig=115256219852447204223&page=1&tbnh=92&tbnw=96&start=0&ndsp=10&ved=1t:429,r:6,s:0&biw=894&bih=371
6: Cytoskeleton | This organelle of the cell is formed by proteins that help the cell's structure and movement such as microfilaments and microtubules. | The Cytoskeleton is very similar to the skeletal system of that in a human body. It keeps our shape and allows movement | Cytoskeleton are found in both Plant and animal cells.
7: Nucleus | 2 is the Nucleus | The nucleus is made of the nuclear envelope, the nucleoskeleton and a triple cell membrane. It contains most of the cells genetic material or DNA. The function of the Nucleus is to maintain the integrity of those genes and to control the activities of the cell. | The Nucleus is similar to the brain in our body, it controls everything and regulates the body. | Nucleus are found in all living cells.
8: Nucleolus | The whole yellow sphere is the nucleus, the inner sphere is nucleolus. | The Nucleus is also similar to the Brain. This situation the skull acts like the nucleus while the brain is the nucleolus. It directs different things through the cell (body). | The nucleolus is found within the nucleus and its 3 major components are fibrillar centers, dense fillibar components and granular components. | The main job of the nucleolus is mainly in charge of directing the assembly of proteins within the Nucleus. | Found in both plant and animal cells.
9: Ribosomes | These are the protein builders. These proteins are used by other organelles in the cell to complete their functions. They are found in the cytoplasm or the endoplasmic reticulum. | Ribosomes are like construction workers. You need them to build a series of things. | Ribosomes are made up of two subunits. When protein needs to be made, mRNA is created and connected with the subunits and create an amino acid chain and then are a part of the protein. | http://www.biology4kids.com/files/cell_ribos.html
10: Endoplasmic Reticulum
11: Golgi apparatus
12: Vacuoles | Structure is found in both animal & plant cells. | This organelle is mostly made up of fluids. It stores waste products, water,& nutrients that the cell needs. | It holds onto things that the cell might need. This can relate to a backpack. | http://www.google.com/imgres?q=vacuole&um=1&hl=en&sa=N&rls=com.microsoft:en-us:IE-SearchBox&rlz=1I7ADBF_en&biw=1440&bih=633&tbm=isch&tbnid=yU9plhg12jhj1M:&imgrefurl=http://ragohin.edu.glogster.com/vacuole-adaptation/&docid=rnSxtTqrat9OtM&imgurl=http://edu.glogster.com/media/4/29/55/80/29558048.png&w=243&h=210&ei=XnytTqy2BcWgsQKjiOSfDw&zoom=1&iact=rc&dur=7&sig=107092785327877009414&page=2&tbnh=124&tbnw=144&start=24&ndsp=23&ved=1t:429,r:7,s:24&tx=76&ty=56
13: Lysosomes | The Lysosomes are almost the same things as a gall bladder, they hold and get rid of waste. | The Lysosomes are cellular organelles containing acid hyrdolase enzymes. These enzymes break down waste and cellular debris. They dispose of cells waste and digest macromolecules. | They are found in plant cells.
14: Centrioles | Found in animal eukaryotic cells | They Centrioles remind me of elbow and thin spaghetti noodles mixed. They are long with a hole throughout. | Their walls are made up 9 triplets of microtubules. They are involved in the organization of mitotic spindle and in the completion of cytokenesis.
16: Chloroplasts | Typically found in plant cells.
17: Cilia/ Flagella
18: Bibliography | Most of the information found in this book is found from: wikapedia biology4kids.com users.rcn.com
21: "An open home, an open heart, here grows a bountiful harvest." - Judy Hand
23: Home is where there's someone to love, and someone to love us.
25: "Write it on your heart that every day is the best day of the year." - Ralph Waldo Emerson


Whatand#8217;s the Buzz?
Special to the Sun
The honey bee is making a come-back from Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD); however, overall losses remain unsustainable. Our honey bee pollinators are in dire straights.
The 3rd annual National Pollinator Week is schedule for the week of June 22 to 28 in a quest to foster awareness of pollinators, their struggle to survive and the importance they play in the production of more than a third of our food sources including fruits, vegetables, nuts, alfalfa and other animal feed products.
When we observed the first National Pollinator week in June of 2007, managed honey bee colonies had suffered a devastating blow from Colony Collapse Disorder, as well as from mites and fungus, with losses of 31.8 percent in 2006/2007. Apiary Inspectors of America and USDA-ARS Beltsville Honey Bee Lab report losses increased in 2007/2008, but decreased the winter of 2008/2009.
The loss directly from CCD has made a marked improvement, however the report also states the total average hive losses of more than 34 percent remain unsustainable; the bees are still in trouble and therefore, so are we. This is serious and imminent danger.
Where the effects of global warming, oh, I mean climate change, wonand#8217;t be seen for decades, the negative consequences of ignoring the pollinatorand#8217;s peril may be realized in less than 10 years. Increased funding must be channeled for research regarding the decline of pollinators. Like canaries in the coal mine, our pollinators are displaying the danger; we must take action.
As I sit writing this article watching the pouring rain I wonder what effect the rain has on our pollinators. I have found (after a little, I mean a lot,of Internet research) although rain can be a good thing for plant production and nectar resources, prolonged or heavy rain is not a friend to our butterflies or bees. Butterflies seek shelter during rain and after a time, if they are unable to venture out for food, they will die You have probably witnessed a butterfly seemingly exercising its wings as it basks in the sun. Well, butterflies actually need the sunand#8217;s rays to buff up. I feel that way myself sometimes.
Bees can fly in light rain but prolonged, sometimes heavy rain is not a good thing for them either. They seek shelter under foliage and hide out in their bee homes where they hang around, bored, eating their stored food supply. Sound familiar? This can be especially dangerous if they deplete the extra food sources for the upcoming winter. Starvation is one of the top five listed reasons for hive losses. Alas, our poor pollinators. If itand#8217;s not one thing it another!
What is the beesand#8217; food source? Honey, of course. They flirt from flower to flower filling their pouches with nectar and at the same time do a great job of pollinating. Bees donand#8217;t actually create honey. They are simply improving on the content and consistency of the nectar they collect. You may be as surprised as I to find delicious, sweet, succulent honey is just regurgitated and dehydrated nectar. Yes, regurgitated repeatedly! The bees are saving us all a lot of chewing and spitting time. Just donand#8217;t think about it while enjoying that peanut butter and honey sandwich. After all that regurgitating, the worker bees fan the honey by beating their wings to cause evaporation of the water content, condensing the sugars, and thereby making the thick, high-energy food source we call honey.
I truly enjoy watching bees collect the priceless nectar; especially bumble bees. They almost seem drunk with the prize as their pouch-filled, pollen specked bodies lumber off a flower petal to gorge on another and another before heading home with their bounty. Last week I noticed a giant bumble bee creep up under our siding; I swear it was almost as big as a golf ball. I read they like to nest in fiberglass insulation and the giant bee must have been a queen. Thatand#8217;s it; I am determined to make a bumble bee box for next spring to help the pollinators. Check online to find instructions for your bumble bee shelter.
Another way to aid pollinators is to create habitat and food sources by naturalizing our gardens. A gardening must is to lay off all pesticides and other garden poisons. I have sworn off all the above and am embracing the dandelions and clover infesting my lawn. The bees and butterflies love them and my husband loves I asked him not to mow the lawn as often so the weed flowers can flourish.
I am currently trying to educate myself on natural grasses in order to provide for pollinators and conserve water. With the new water rates coming soon I am going to contact the conservation department at the PUD for assistance.
Of particular interest is Prosser Reservoir, where the meadows are chock full of purple seas of Camas flowers, white Ball-headed gilia and yellow Buttercups; that has to make our pollinators happy! The reservoir was filled to the brim, full of baby geese and ducklings. Another welcome sight was to find the giant white pelicans have returned after a three-year hiatus, during which time the spring water level was extremely low.
I called the Federal Water Masterand#8217;s office in Reno to see if the new Truckee River Operating Agreement, aka TROA, had anything to do with the abundant water level. My contact assured me it did not as TROA has years of litigation still ahead of it; more on that next year.
The representative explained this year we have perfect spring conditions for filled reservoirs with the ample rains experienced in November, March and early May which saturated the ground. This enabled the snow melt experienced during the May warm spell to rush over the ground without being sucked up before reaching the lakes and reservoirs. The recent rainfall has met all the flow minimums which has kept the flow master from releasing too much from Prosser. I was informed however, that as soon as the natural flows stop, Prosser will again be first of the three reservoirs for release as it has least priority for storage due to old agreements and Prossersand#8217; actual purpose of flood control.
Enjoy it while you can, always being conscientious of the meadow, the flora and especially our pollinators!
1. Educate yourself about pollinators at Web sites such as http://www.pollinator.org
2. Write congressional leaders about your support of funding for pollinator research
3. Naturalize your garden and ask local nurseries about native pollinator attractive plants
4. Discontinue use of all toxic pesticides and poisons. Local nurseries can help with alternatives
5. Create habitat and shelter for pollinators
6. Support organic food producers and stay away from genetically modified foods
7. Support organizations that support pollinators like Haagen-Dazs and Burtand#8217;s Bees
8. Be kind to our pollinators and teach children the same
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The inventor of the brassiere clasp was an American icon who gets no credit for this singular foundation garment fastener, nada, zippo! It remains a travesty of history that this oversight has been ignored for…


The Normans from France were the first to build castles that were made of dirt and wood. they were called, Motte and Bailey Castles. The term motte and bailey castle comes from Norman French words for mound and enclosed land.
Neuschwanstein Castle is a nineteenth-century palace built on a rugged hill above the village of Hohenschwangau near Füssen in southwest Bavaria, Germany. It was built as a retreat and as a homage to Richard Wagner by Ludwig II of Bavaria. The palace was intended as a personal refuge for the king.
Caerlaverock Castle has that familiar castle surrounded by a moat look. It was first built in the 13th century. It is located on the southern coast of Scotland, on the edge of the Caerlaverock National Nature Reserve. Caerlaverock was a stronghold of the Maxwell family from the 13th century until the 17th century when the castle was abandoned.
Hohensalzburg Castle is translated into English as, "High Salzburg Fortress." The castle sits atop the Festungsberg, a small hill in the Austrian city of Salzburg. It is one of the largest medieval castles in Europe.
Eltz Castle, or the German translation, Burg Eltz, is a medieval castle that was built in the hills above the Moselle River between Koblenz and Trier, Germany. It is still owned by a branch of the same family (the Eltz family) that lived there in the 12th century,
The Château de Suscinio or de Susinio is a French castle, built in beginning of the 13th century. It is a moated castle and was the residence of the Dukes of Brittany. It is located in the commune of Sarzeau in the département of Morbihan, near the coast of the Atlantic ocean. It was designed to be a place of leisure.The castle was fortified and enlarged, at the end of 14th century, when the heirs of the duchy had to fight to keep their lands.
Hohenwerfen Castle (German: Burg Hohenwerfen) stands above the Austrian town of Werfen. The castle is surrounded by the Berchtesgaden Alps. The castle was built between 1075 and 1078 by the order of Archbishop Gebhard of Salzburg. Formerly the castle belonged to the Habsburg family of Austria , currently, their relatives The House of Sforza, Count Andreis reside within it.
The castle's history started in the Middle Ages when a chapel dedicated to Our Lady of Pena was built on the top of the hill above Sintra. According to tradition, construction occurred after an apparition of the Virgin Mary.
One of the most famous castles in the world is Windsor Castle. It is the residence of the Roayal Family od England. The original castle was built in the 11th century after the Norman invasion of England by William the Conqueror. Windsor Castle is owned by Queen Elizabeth II
Hohenzollern Castle is the ancestral seat of the imperial House of Hohenzollern. It has gone through 3 changes since first constructed in the 11th century. The final castle was built between 1846 and 1867. It is the most visited castle in Germany.
The Alcázar of Segovia began as an Arab fort, which itself was built on a Roman fort. It has served as a royal palace, a state prison, a Royal Artillery College and a military academy since then. It is currently used as a museum and a military archives building.
Le Mont-Saint-Michel or Saint Michael's Mount, is an island commune in Normandy, France.The island has held strategic fortifications since ancient times and since the 8th century AD has been the seat of the monastery from which it draws its name. According to legend, the archangel Michael appeared in 708 to Aubert of Avranches, the bishop of Avranches, and instructed him to build a church on the rocky islet. Aubert repeatedly ignored the angel's instruction until Michael burned a hole in the bishop's skull with his finger.
Camelot the castle associated with the legendary King Arthur. Most scholars regard it as being entirely fictional. It brings up the stories of The Knights of the Round Table. However, no direct evidence has been provided to show it actually existed.
The castle has a long association with legends related to King Arthur. Local tradition, founded largely on the writings of Geoffrey of Monmouth in his twelfth-century History of the Kings of Britain, claims this is the birthplace of King Arthur. The ruins of the castle, dates back to the twelfth or thirteenth centuries.
According to the Guinness Book of Records, Prague Castle is the largest ancient castle in the world. From its beginnings in the 9th century, the castle was a seat of power for kings of Bohemia, Holy Roman emperors, and presidents of Czechoslovakia. It is the official residence of the President of the Czech Republic.
A lenticular cloud is a lens-shaped cloud that normally develops on the downwind side of a mountain or mountain range. This occurs when stable, moist air flows over a mountain, creating a series of oscillating waves.
Mammatus are most often associated with the anvil cloud and also severe thunderstorms. They often extend from the base of a cumulonimbus, but may also be found under altocumulus, altostratus, stratocumulus, and cirrus clouds, as well as volcanic ash clouds.
There are over 2.2 billion Christians in the world. The religion is about following the teachings of Jesus. The followers believe that there is only one god, but with 3 different persons--The Father, The Son and The Holy spirit. It is called the Mystery of the Holy Trinity, basically because it is difficult if not impossible to explain. The largest number of Christians out over 30,000 different denominations in Christianity are Roman Catholics, comprising of over 1.2 billion people. The Bible is their holy book which contains the teachings of Jesus in what is called the New Testament.
The second largest religion in the world is Islam, with over 1.6 billion people known as Muslims who follow the teaching of the prophet Muhammad. The word Islam means voluntary “Submission” or “Surrender” to the Will of God. It derives from the root word “salam,” meaning peace. They believe in one god or Allah as the creator of everything. The teachings of their prophet is found in their holy book called the Quran. Islam is the fastest growing religion in the world.
Out of the 3 religions that worship the god of Abraham (the other 2 are Christianity and Islam), Judaism is the oldest. Judaism is an ancient monotheistic religion, with the Torah as its foundational text (part of the larger text known as the Tanakh or Hebrew Bible). Christians use part of the Torah in their Bible known as the Old Testament. Their are around 16 million Jews in the world.
There around 1 billion Hindus in the world and Hinduism is considered the oldest organized religion in the world. There was no one person that began this religion as it developed from the religion that the Aryans brought to India with them in about 1500 BC. Hindus believe that all living creatures have a soul and the soul is eternal. As far as their scriptures are concerned, they include the Vedas, the Upanishads, the Bhagavad Gita and Agamas. It has been said that Hindus worship over 300 million gods. To give a detailed description on their belief in god(s) is a challenge for a short format, but simply put, the main belief of Hinduism is in one almighty being that exists in everything, who is credited with the creation of reality. This existence of reality is known as Brahman, and all of the gods that Hindus worship exist in Brahman Hindus have four central tenants: Dharma, or fulfilling one's purpose; Artha, or prosperity; Kama, or desire, sexuality, enjoyment; and Moksha, or enlightenment. The ideal goal of a Hindu life is to seek these four goals. Hindus also believe that no one religion teaches the only path to salvation, and that all are simply facets of god and the universe.
It can be debated if Buddhism is a religion or a philosophy, but as Buddha said when asked what it was, he said that what he teaches is "the way things are." He said nobody should believe his teachings out of faith, but instead they should examine for themselves to see if they are true or not. There is an estimated 490 to 500 million Buddhists in the world. Buddhism does not include the idea of worshiping a creator god. The best definition for Buddhism is, a path of practice and spiritual development leading to the insight of the true nature of reality. Buddhism was founded in India in the late 6th century B.C.E. by Siddhartha Gautama, who was known as the Buddha. Through the teachings of Buddha, the ultimate goal is the attainment of the state of nirvana, a spiritual existence where one has escaped the cycle of birth and death. Those that see this as a religion, say it is the most peaceful.
With over 20 million followers, Sikhism it is the 5th largest religion in the world. It has been mistaken to be an offshoot of Islam and Hinduism. Sikhism is based on the spiritual teachings of Guru Nanak. The basis of Sikhism lies in the teachings of Guru Nanak and his successors. The essence of Sikh teaching is simplified by Guru Nanak's words: "Realization of Truth is higher than all else. God in Sikhism is known as Ik Onkar. One of the main differences in this religion is that in its writings, not only did their god create everything including life here on earth, but also created life on many other worlds. The religion rejects all forms of discrimination. It is through meditation and good works that one becomes closer to their god and a heavenly life.
Nearly 8 million people subscribe to the Bahá'í faith. The Bahá'í Faith was founded by Bahá'u'lláh in 19th-century Persia. In the Bahá'í Faith, it uses the idea of messengers from god These messengers have included Abraham, Moses, Jesus, Muhammad, as well as figures from Indian religions like Krishna, Buddha, and others. The Bahá'í religion is a monotheistic religion which emphasizes the spiritual unity of all humans. Three core principles establish a basis for Bahá'í teachings and doctrine: the unity of God, that there is only one God who is the source of all creation; the unity of religion, that all major religions have the same spiritual source and come from the same God; and the unity of humanity, that all humans have been created equal, coupled with the unity in diversity, that diversity of race and culture are seen as worthy of appreciation and acceptance. According to the Bahá'í Faith's teachings, the human purpose is to learn to know and to love God through such methods as prayer, reflection and being of service to humanity. Between 1910 and 2010 it was the one of the fastest growing religions as the general population. According to The World Almanac and Book of Facts 2004:The majority of Bahá'ís live in Asia (3.6 million), Africa (1.8 million), and Latin America (900,000). According to some estimates, the largest Bahá'í community in the world is in India, with 2.2 million Bahá'ís, next is Iran, with 350,000, the US, with 150,000, and Brazil, with 60,000. Aside from these countries, numbers vary greatly. Currently, no country has a Bahá'í majority.
Confucius (551–479 BCE) is the founder of Confucianism and as with Buddhism, it is can be debated if it is a religion or philosophical way to explain and help others in life. It focuses on family and social well being. Around 6 and a half million people follow Confucianism. Unlike Christianity, Confucius taught that man is capable of doing all that is necessary to improve his life and his culture, relying on the virtue within himself to accomplish it. That man is initially good, but needs help along his journey in life. While there is no central god in this ideology, it has what is known as Tian, or a concept of a heaven that has a relationship with Earth and life. Confucianism focuses mainly on the physical life, but Confucius clearly believed in some form of spiritual survival. This is why reverence to ancestors plays an important part in Confucianism. Confucius was convinced that human beings understood far too little of life here and now to waste it planning for a hereafter they understood even less. When classical Confucian sources talk about Heaven, therefore, they do not have in mind anything like a realm of eternal reward for those who die in a state of righteousness. Heaven is merely a name for the highest spiritual presence of which human beings are aware. We still read his sayings and no matter what religion, or no religion one belongs to, these words can also be applied to our lives.
Shintoism is followed by nearly 3 million people and is the largest religion in Japan. Shintoism has been influenced by Confucianism and by Buddhism, which was introduced in Japan in the 6th century and has no formal dogma and no holy writ. The essence of Shinto is the Japanese devotion to invisible spiritual beings and powers called kami. Unlike Buddhism and Confucianism, Shinto is not a way of explaining the world. What matters are rituals that enable human beings to communicate with kami. Kami are not God or gods. They are spirits that are concerned with human beings. However, Kami include gods. It is a peaceful religion.
Here is a pie chart of the percentages of the people in different religions. There are many people that still believe in a god, but do not subscribe to any particular religion. These people are included with atheists and agnostics.
Probably the number one conspiracy theory is the picture of the flag waving on the moon when there is no atmosphere. There is a simple explanation: it was due to inertia of wiggling the flag post into the lunar surface and because the horizontal rod that runs along the top of the flag got stuck part way out. This meant that the flag didn't "unfurl" fully and is hanging like a curtain rather than being stretched flat as was the original intention. The rod was used because NASA knew that, with no atmosphere and hence no wind, a flag would just hang down.
A 4 minute video about the flags on the moon.
The Apollo spacecraft passed through the inner belt in a matter of minutes and the outer belt in about 1 1⁄2 hours. The astronauts were shielded from the ionizing radiation by the aluminum hulls of the spacecraft. The inner belt is the more dangerous one, containing energetic protons.
A short video with more information about the astronauts and the Van Allen radiation belts
The lunar land modules did scatter a lot of dust, but in the landing itself, the power was decreased for many technical reasons and because of the light gravity that is with the moon.
About a 10 minute video to explain and even visualize the landing.
The light from the sun hitting the surface of the moon is too bright for any camera to capture something in the distance -- it would wash out any light coming from distant stars in the sky. Just as it is harder to see stars from a city because of the lights than it is to them from out of the city. All the lunar missions were done during the daylight, which lasts 29 Earth days.
The Lunar Modules used Aerozine 50 (fuel) and dinitrogen tetroxide (oxidizer) propellants, chosen for simplicity and reliability; they ignite hypergolically – upon contact – without the need for a spark. These propellants produce a nearly transparent exhaust.
Astronauts Neil A.Armstrong (Commander for Apollo 11), Michael Collins (Command Module Pilot), Edwin E. "Buzz" Aldrin (Lunar Module Pilot).
ready for take off. The camera was on the lunar rover and controlled from earth.
There are satellites that orbit the moon and since the debris is too small to see from a telescope, the satellite images show evidence of the lunar landing and man`s foot prints on the lunar surface.
A great example of how to reply to a person that thinks the moon landing and other scientific advancements from NASA are fake.
A video that puts the nail in the coffin for the conspiracy theory that NASA faked the man moon landings
They still will not accept that we landed on the moon-----they will say it is a film made in Hollywood.
Technology from the 1970`s is still in use today. Think of the what we will learn with the technology we have now and the probes we will send out in the future.
The Voyager Golden Record contains 115 images plus a calibration image and a variety of natural sounds, such as those made by surf, wind, and thunder, and animal sounds, including the songs of birds and whales. The record additionally features musical selections from different cultures and eras, spoken greetings in fifty-nine languages, and printed messages from President Jimmy Carter and U.N. Secretary-General Kurt Waldheim. The items were selected for NASA by a committee chaired by Carl Sagan of Cornell University.
After NASA had received criticism over the nudity on the Pioneer plaque (line drawings of a naked man and woman), the agency chose not to allow Sagan and his colleagues to include a photograph of a nude man and woman on the record. Instead, only a silhouette of the couple was included.
Here is an excerpt of President Carter's official statement placed on the Voyager spacecraft for its trip outside the Solar System, June 16, 1977:
We cast this message into the cosmos ... Of the 200 billion stars in the Milky Way galaxy, some – perhaps many – may have inhabited planets and space faring civilizations. If one such civilization intercepts Voyager and can understand these recorded contents, here is our message: This is a present from a small distant world, a token of our sounds, our science, our images, our music, our thoughts, and our feelings. We are attempting to survive our time so we may live into yours. We hope some day, having solved the problems we face, to join a community of galactic civilizations. This record represents our hope and our determination and our goodwill in a vast and awesome universe.---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------from Wikipedia---
The primary mission was the exploration of Jupiter and Saturn. After making a string of discoveries there -- such as active volcanoes on Jupiter's moon Io and intricacies of Saturn's rings -- the mission was extended.
Here is a summary of scientific findings by the two Voyagers at Saturn: SATURN Saturn's atmosphere is almost entirely hydrogen and helium. Voyager 1 found that about 7 percent of the volume of Saturn's upper atmosphere is helium (compared with 11 percent of Jupiter's atmosphere), while almost all the rest is hydrogen. Since Saturn's internal helium abundance was expected to be the same as Jupiter's and the Sun's, the lower abundance of helium in the upper atmosphere may imply that the heavier helium may be slowly sinking through Saturn's hydrogen; that might explain the excess heat that Saturn radiates over energy it receives from the Sun. (Saturn is the only planet less dense than water. In the unlikely event that a lake could be found large enough, Saturn would float in it.)
The cameras also detected 10 previously unseen moons. Several instruments studied the ring system, uncovering the fine detail of the previously known rings and two newly detected rings. Voyager data showed that the planet's rate of rotation is 17 hours, 14 minutes. The spacecraft also found a Uranian magnetic field that is both large and unusual. In addition, the temperature of the equatorial region, which receives less sunlight over a Uranian year, is nevertheless about the same as that at the poles.
Voyager 1----- On February 14, 1990, as the spacecraft left our planetary neighborhood for the fringes of the solar system, engineers turned it around for one last look at its home planet. Voyager 1 was about 6.4 billion kilometers (4 billion miles) away, and approximately 32 degrees above the ecliptic plane, when it captured this portrait of our world. Caught in the center of scattered light rays (a result of taking the picture so close to the Sun), Earth appears as a tiny point of light.
This was done on the suggestion from Carl Sagon
Here are the dates and flight paths of both Voyager 1 and 2.
Voyager 1 is currently the furthest man-made object from the sun. these are the locations of both spacecraft.
this is how scientists figured out that Voyager 1 has left the solar system.
A time frame for how long it will take Voyager to reach the Oort Cloud traveling at 11 miles per second.
What the Voyager spacecraft would like in its mission to explore the universe.
putting the final touches on Voyager 1 before its launch.
In the downtown area of Akron, an area was developed to bring people into the city for free concerts and outdoor activities including ethnic festivals.
another view of Cleveland. Home of the Cleveland Browns football team, the Cleveland Indians baseball team and the world champions Cleveland Cavaliers basketball team.
Years ago, this river caught on fire because of the pollution in it. The city since has cleaned it up and made the area a tourist attraction with many stores and entertainment revenues.
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Last modified: 2011-06-13 by german editorial team
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I will try to report on the Landesfarben problem, even if I am not sure I can explain it correctly, especially from a historical point-of-view. To put it shortly: Landesfarben does not always mean, that there is a flag striped two or three times in these colours. In most of the German states that is in the non-maritime states this does apply, but certainly not in Bremen and Hamburg. In a strict sense Landesfarben means "colours of the (federal) state" and does not imply any use on flags. Historically however, the colours of the flags, very frequently derived from the arms, as did the Landesfarben. Also the flags were usually, at least in the non-maritime states, simple striped flags. The concept of the Landesfarben is, in my humble opinion, a concept of the 19th century, which means, that there are many problems and mistakes (...). The term Landesfarben is used indiscriminately, even in official publications and legal texts; this led already former researchers to believe that there were actual flags in the Landesfarben colours in Bremen and Hamburg, or at least to depict Landesfarben in form of flags (see for example Neubecker 1929).
So what then are Landesfarben used for? Landesfarben usually means:
Marcus Schmöger, 24 September 2001
As a corollary, the same holds for Stadtfarben (colours of the city). There are numerous examples were a city flag is not a bicolour or triband of the city colours, at least in some north German states where the design guidelines are not as restrictive as in, say, Bavaria. What makes things difficult is that in some sources (even Hauptsatzungen, city statutes) Stadtfarben is used equivalently to 'flag colours'...
Stefan Schwoon, 4 October 2001
The concept of "colour" = "stripe" is one of the most misleading in German flag history. There are many instances, when only the "colours" were legally prescribed, assuming that this automatically means an horizontally striped flag of these colours. On the other hand, someone mentioning, for instance, the Hamburg colours being white and red, spawns the idea of a never-existing Hamburg white-red striped flag. So one has to take great care with these expressions.
Marcus Schmöger, 12 June 2002


Yom HaAtzma’ut (Israel Independence Day) is the celebration of the establishment of the State of Israel in 1948. On the Hebrew calendar it falls on the fifth day of the month of Iyyar, about three weeks after Passover begins.
The day before Yom HaAtzma’ut is Israel’s Memorial Day (Yom HaZikaron). Israelis solemnize the day with ceremonies throughout the country and flags are brought to half-mast. At sundown, the mood in Israel changes sharply as the country segues from remembrance to celebration. The flags are raised and the Independence Day festivities begin. Israelis enjoy the day with concerts, parties, picnics, fireworks and cultural events.
For Humanistic Jews, Yom HaAtzma’ut is a time to reaffirm their commitment to Israel as a center of Jewish culture and creativity, to express solidarity with the Jewish people, and to join their Israeli brothers and sisters in joyful celebration of the establishment of the Jewish state. Humanistic Jewish communities may join their wider Jewish communities in Israel Day fairs, parades, walks and other activities.


A measure of the proportion of a program exercised by a test suite, usually expressed as a percentage. This will typically involve collecting information about which parts of a program are actually executed when running the test suite in order to identify which branches of conditional statements which have been taken.
The most basic level of test coverage is code coverage testing and the most methodical is path coverage testing. Some intermediate levels of test coverage exist, but are rarely used.
The standard Unix tool for measuring test coverage is tcov, which annotates C or Fortran source with the results of a test coverage analysis. GCT is a GNU equivalent.


10 billion to 100 billion
Ammuud was first colonized approximately 10,000 BBY by settlers from Thokos, and each of the seven original colony ships formed the basis of Ammuud's seven clans; the House Glayyd, Reesbon clan, Tikeris clan, Owphrin clan, Melchett clan, Almowri clan, and the Odoon clan. Appointing matriarchs called the Mors the government grew corrupt over time. An independent state for several centuries, developed without any contact with the Galactic Republic, a multi-planetary government forming in the Core Worlds of the galaxy. Forgotten by their homeworld, and the clans evolved into quarreling nation-states, continually testing each other in an endless series of savage battles. Circa 100 BBY, the clans called a truce, and formed the Code of Ammuud to govern their future conduct.
The people of Ammuud eventually constructed a large, main spaceport within a well-defended structure adjacent to a snow-capped mountain range. People of all types inhabited the surrounding city, which was composed of wood and stone buildings, slums, and open gutters. The Republic eventually made contact with the world following the blazing of the Hydian Way, when they reached Bonadan. Joining the massive government, the area of space was organized into the Corporate Sector in 490 BBY to free the Republic's lawmakers and the corporate moneymakers from their differences.
During one of his early adventures, smuggler Han Solo visited the mountain stronghold of the Mor Glayyd to collect money due him, and encountered the infamous gunman Gallandro. In 10 ABY, the New Republic, reeling from the destruction of their command base on Nespis VIII, scattered its command ships and fighter units across the galaxy. One of them, the fleet transport Vindicator carrying Luke Skywalker and his Jedi trainees, was stationed out beyond the planet Ammuud, providing cover from the Imperial Remnant.
- Boba Fett: Maze of Deception (Mentioned only)
- Han Solo's Revenge (First appearance)
- Empire's End (Mentioned only)
- Young Jedi Knights: Return to Ord Mantell (Mentioned only)
- A Guide to the Star Wars Universe
- Han Solo and the Corporate Sector Sourcebook
- A Guide to the Star Wars Universe, Second Edition
- Star Wars Encyclopedia
- The Essential Guide to Planets and Moons
- Star Wars: Behind the Magic
- A Guide to the Star Wars Universe, Third Edition
- The Essential Guide to Alien Species
- The Complete Star Wars Encyclopedia
- The Essential Atlas
- Millennium Falcon Owner's Workshop Manual
- The Essential Reader's Companion


Connect the Dots for Kids
This game set contains 32 story cards, ranging from cute dinosaurs to beautiful butterflies. Children can connect the lines by observing the numbers and draw various vivid and interesting patterns.
- 32 story cards
- Card is designed to be erasable for repeated use
- Develop your child's observation and imagination
- Fun and entertaining that will never go out of style
For ages 3 years old and up