why do cells divide
they want to stay small because they function better
what is the largest single celled organism
cellular communication is more effective in a
the larger a cell becomes:
the more demand the cell places on its DNA
the smaller the cell:
the more effective it is
what is the equation for surface area
what is the equation for volume
what is the ratio about when it comes to size of cells
surface area : volume
about the ratio of surface area to volume: what increases faster?
volume increases faster than surface area
what happens to the ratio as the cell grows?
decreases making it very difficult to transport nutrients in and waste out
what are the 3 parts of the cell cycle? what happens in each
: chromosomes tighten, cell grows
: 4 parts, divides it nucleus
: divides cytoplasm
as organisms grow and develop,
the size of the cells don't change, just the quanity
when do daughter cells form
when one cell divides into two
how many chromosomes do human cells have?
what are somatic cells
cells in your body that don't include reproductive cells
how many chromosomes in reproductive cells
what are chromosomes made out of?
DNA and protein
when are chromosomes visible?
during cell division/mitosis
when does a cell copy its chromosomes?
where does a cell spend most of its life? and how long


How Often Should You Feed Your Kid?
There’s no formula to eating healthy that applies for everyone, including children. However, paying attention to what and when you feed your child is a great way to ensure that you can keep your child’s weight in check while warding off chronic illnesses.
Here are a few tips on the best times to feed your child and why.
Children need to eat more than adults
It’s important to note that as your child grows so does his or her stomach. Therefore, children need to eat more often than adults. Keeping a check on the portion size of your child’s food is good enough, but keeping a tab on when you are feeding your child is equally important.
For instance, a new-born baby would need to be fed every one to three hours round-the-clock. But as his or her stomach begins to grow, he or she doesn’t need to be fed at night. A one-year-old child needs to eat about six times in a day, with milk or breastfeeding session as the last meal. While toddlers require to be fed every two to three hours or five to six meals in a day, pre-school kids need about four meals in a day. According to the American Academy of Paediatrics Handbook, an average toddler or a pre-school child requires three main meals and two in between snacks in a day.
By the time a child goes to school, he or she can graduate to three main meals (breakfast, lunch and dinner) and one snack in the afternoon. However, you need to keep a tab on the timings of all the meals. For instance, if you feed your child with breakfast at 7 am and lunch at 12.30 pm, he or she would definitely require a snack in between.
It’s up to you to decide how often
You can decide on how often you need to feed your kid based on your child’s development and growth. The younger your child, the more frequently you will need to feed him or her. As they grow, you will notice that their appetite changes. Though you cannot predict your child’s hunger every day, you need to pay attention to your child because only he or she should choose whether to eat or not.
It is always best to take into consideration the individual child. For instance, your neighbour’s or friend’s three-year-old kid might be eating four times in a day, but when it comes to your child, he or she may be eating five to six times in a day, including the in between meal snacks.
However, it’s important to remember that it’s not how frequently your child eats but what they ingest is equally important. Their meals should meet the nutritional requirement and help them in their growth and development.
Remember the 3 main meals
Breakfast: This is one meal which nobody should skip, irrespective of his or her age. A wholesome meal in the morning can help you and your child prepare for the day. Children are very active through the day, so they require the right amount of fuel to keep them going.
Several studies reveal that children who skip their breakfast regularly are unlikely to be healthy, active and concentrate better in school. They are also likely to experience mood swings and weight gain, which will eventually snowball into a host of other diseases.
To help your child’s growth and development, it is pertinent to give him wholesome food like whole-grain cereals, toast, eggs, fruits and vegetables along with low-fat milk and cottage cheese.
Lunch: It’s always good to fuel up your child at the right time. Just as your car engine won’t run if there’s no fuel, your body or your child’s body will not be able to function if you don’t fuel it right.
Avoid feeding your child with highly processed foods like salami and ham or salty and sugary food during lunch hour. You can instead feed your child with cooked vegetables, rice, pita bread with low-fat cheese, sandwiches with lean meat, vegetables, hummus and salad. Don’t forget to hydrate your child throughout the day.
In between meals: Depending on your child’s activity, his or her appetite may vary. Let them choose how much they want to eat from a wide range of healthy foods that you lay out in front of them. Give them nutrition-rich foods rather than empty-calorie foods that are high in energy.
A glass of milk with a sandwich; a bowl of vegetable soup; cereal with some fresh fruits and milk; and fresh fruit smoothies are some of the options you can try out.
Dinner: Avoid takeaways from restaurants or eateries. Food from outside tend be high on salt, fat and sugar. Moreover, we don’t know the type of oil being used to cook the food. You can instead cook more meals at home. Involving your child while cooking is also a great way to make him or her enjoy the meal.
Dinner can include chicken or vegetable soup; whole wheat pasta; mashed potatoes, low-fat spinach lasagne; rice, lentil and vegetables or chapatti with vegetables.


The answers are no and no. Even when the official unemployment rate is 4.1%, we are not close to real full employment. And it does not appear that inflation is about to surge. If the authorities are really worried about it, they should develop counter-measures that do not cause more unemployment.
How these issues have been handled over the last fifty years is instructive. In 1969, after a 1964 tax cut, and hefty spending increases for the Vietnam war and for social programs, prices were rising 5.5% a year. The official rate of unemployment was down to 3.5% and that lifted millions of people out of poverty. But there were millions more who were still unemployed or underemployed. Some of them people rioted in America’s cities. A special Department of Labor survey of ten inner-city communities revealed levels of unemployment that were much higher than those in the regular unemployment census.
In the late 60s and the 1970s, anti-inflation concerns often replaced anti-poverty and employment concerns. Reducing demand for goods and workers was used to limit wage and price increases. A short recession in 1969-1971 raised unemployment a bit but did not moderate inflation much. Then world demand pushed food prices up and oil prices surged. The latter was a long-term and major cause of higher inflation, but over time it seemed that wages got more blame than oil prices.
In 1971-1974 President Richard Nixon tried wage-and-price controls–an interesting idea that worked pretty well in World War II–but unionists felt that wages were more tightly controlled than prices; and business leaders did not like price controls. So a possibly useful method for maintaining job growth while restraining prices was dismissed. Then the administration and the Federal Reserve engineered a deep recession–the worst since the 30s. But textbook results did not follow. A new phenomenon was born: stagflation. Unemployment, which reached 8.5%, was supposed to limit wage and price increases, but it hardly made a dent. You’d have thought that this challenge to economic assumptions would cause experts to rethink the basics. If a recession with 8.5% unemployment did not have much effect on prices, perhaps the high-unemployment approach was wrong. But many experts doubled down on the old-time religion: if high unemployment did not tame inflation, then the economy needed more of it all the time. Not to worry. In the late 70s, former Nixon advisor, conservative economist Herbert Stein, wrote in the Wall Street Journal that people should simply consider that 7% unemployment was full employment. Guilt-problem solved.
In the early 80s, Federal Reserve Chair Paul Volcker and President Ronald Reagan gave America a shocking recession with very high unemployment. The White House also joined the war on unions and working-class living standards. This recession and some lucky events got inflation rates way down. Job totals grew strongly, but many jobs were lousy ones.
Economists, meanwhile, refined anti-worker inflation cures. A source here was conservative economist Milton Friedman’s 1960s idea of a Natural Rate of Unemployment, below which unemployment must never be allowed to go. This Natural Rate idea was supported by contrived ideas of how workers reasoned about jobs and inflation. In the 70s, Friedman’s idea began to morph into NAIRU, the Non-Accelerating Inflation Rate of Unemployment. The causative links between unemployment, wages, and prices were not always clear. But NAIRU was presented as a quasi-scientific way to determine how far down unemployment could go before wage-and-price inflation accelerated. While something like NAIRU seemed to work in the Reagan-Volcker recession, it did not have reliable predictive power. But it supplied scholarly sounding gobbledygook to justify the idea that workers had to bear the cost of inflation-fighting in the form of lost jobs and wrecked communities.
As cheap imports ballooned and union membership sagged, the official unemployment number could get pretty low (4% in 2000) without much increase in prices. But NAIRU lived on and was often equated with full employment. Quite a few economists learned to define full employment by reasoning backward from the level of unemployment they guessed was needed to keep the lid on wages, not forward by what was necessary to employ everyone who wanted a job. More economists grew skeptical of NAIRU, but in 2017-2018, the staffs at the Federal Reserve and the Congressional Budget Office seem to believe this: 4.7% unemployment = full employment = NAIRU. But the official unemployment rate was 4.1% in February of 2018–lower than NAIRU–but wages and prices are not taking off.
There are several reasons why 4.1% unemployment does not send wages and prices soaring. These reasons include falling union density and a flood of cheap foreign goods. But another reason is that real unemployment is much higher than 4.1%. There are millions of potential workers and quiet job-wanters who are ready to work but not counted as unemployed. The U.S. has a labor surplus, not a labor shortage. It’s true, for example, that in some locales, there aren’t enough truckers available at customary wage levels, so owners have to pay more. That’s good, but let’s not get too excited: $19.50 an hour and no company-supported health insurance is not exactly the lap of luxury, especially if you are making sizeable payments on your truck.
We need to reframe the conventional view of current labor markets. There is no general shortage of workers today. Labor markets are just getting to where they should be. Many workers are still paid rotten wages. It’s not a labor shortage when tens of millions of workers earn less and often much less than $20 an hour. There are millions of potential employees outside the labor force and ready to work. (There is some duplication among the following groups, but the total may be as high as ten million.) There are five million people every month who say they want a job although they are not currently looking for one. These people offer a variety of explanations for why they are not looking, including illness, family responsibilities, and the belief that they will not find a job; some of them eventually go to work.
Some of these 5 million are among the 7 million prime-age (25-54) males who are not working or even looking for work. Some of these men live in depressed areas in Chicago, Detroit, Cleveland, Paterson and Ocean City, New Jersey, rural areas of Alabama and Mississippi, West Virginia, East St. Louis, El Centro, California, and dozens of other left-behind communities. Some are disabled and some are drug addicts. But the number of disabled people in the labor force is rising and so is the number of prime-age men. There is, also, more demand for ex-prisoners–people who usually face huge barriers to getting hired. It is noteworthy too that the rate of employment for people without high-school diplomas is rising and that the percentage of people 55 and over who are in the labor force, which was 30% in 1993, is now 40%. These facts show that there is a large pool of labor that is not called unemployed but is virtually unemployed and ready to work.
As far as the big picture goes, we may want to labor shortages: there’s stronger demand for labor, but it’s a boohoo situation for employers who have to accept the kinds of workers they used to reject. How tragic for them. Or we can say that labor markets are just beginning to function as they should. And good times for workers have barely begun. Over the last year, after-inflation wages for average employees and for new hires have not moved.
Going forward, we should push for fuller employment–let’s start by aiming for 3.0% in the official count–and we want wages on the up escalator. We’ve not had 3.0% since World War II. Before we get there, will inflation fears cause the Fed to put the brakes on job growth? What should people do about inflation? If inflation rates are only modestly higher, and less than wage increases, we should pressure the authorities to leave things alone. If wages are increasing at 4 to 5% and prices at 2 to 3%, and consistently so, that’s a good deal for workers in the lower half. But what if prices surge? I don’t have the answer but I do have a suggestion. Some of the geniuses who run government and the economy should have their experts working on anti-inflation policies that don’t push millions of people into unemployment and poverty. If politicians really love workers–many say they do–why have they gifted corporations and rich people with trillions of dollars in 2001, 2003, and 2017–no obligation to create jobs or raise wages–but not approved a new WPA to provide good jobs for millions who still need them, or authorized a measly hundred million dollars for Institutes to Study Solutions to High Inflation That Don’t Require More Unemployment and Low Pay? Finally, why is the Fed threatening to turn NAIRU-ish, raising interest rates to slow job growth, when there is still a lot of underlying unemployment to solve?


Jonathan Wilkins discusses the benefits that predictive analytics holds for automation
In 1955, Variety magazine infamously predicted that rock ‘n’ roll would all be over by June. It is quite apparent more than 60 years later, that this couldn’t be further from the truth.
Accurate predictions of industry trends and patterns are crucial for many businesses, particularly when machinery that has a finite lifespan is involved.
Predictive analytics, a branch of mathematical analysis, can forecast unknown future events using techniques such as predictive modelling and machine learning.
Used across many industries, predictive analytics can provide trend analysis and pattern recognition which are used by airlines to set ticket prices, banks to calculate credit scores and manufacturing facilities to predict the lifespan of their equipment.
As the cost of test and measurement equipment such as sensors, fall, more industries are employing technology for additional applications.
As technology use continues to grow with the advent of Industry 4.0, so does the amount of data available.
One use of this data within manufacturing plants is predictive maintenance.
Predictive maintenance, an applied form of predictive analytics, is used by many manufacturing plants to determine the condition of equipment, allowing maintenance to be performed at predicted, planned times.
This can save time and money by detecting failure before any damage occurs to the machine or system, in addition to limiting downtime.
Efficiency is priority for maintenance teams and operation decision makers, and the ability to predict when an asset needs intervention, or replacement, allows time, resources and personnel to be planned around the downtime.
Predictive maintenance can both minimise the amount of time the plant is unproductive, allowing only essential sections to be shut down, and limit the effects on the subsequent production line.
This increases plant availability, while increasing equipment lifetime and plant safety, in addition to reducing the likelihood of safety breaches and the negative impact inefficient equipment has on the environment.
For predictive maintenance to be effective, a choice must be made about what data to use. It is unwise to attempt to use all the available data, especially as the amount available increases.
Data can range from maintenance reports to expected lifetime statistics and sensor data, and choosing the right format is vital to producing the desired results.
Usually real-time data from sensors or programmable logic controllers (PLCs) is used in predictive maintenance systems, although this will vary depending on the specific needs of the plant.
The low data requirements mean most plants already have all the necessary data available, it is just a matter of using it correctly to ensure the efficiency of their maintenance work.
Predictive maintenance is becoming increasingly popular as plant managers begin to recognise it as a cost-effective solution for the scheduling of corrective maintenance, preventing unexpected equipment failures and unplanned downtime.
With the wealth of information available, and sophisticated systems involved, the predictions are very accurate – unlike those of Variety magazine.
Jonathan Wilkins is marketing director of industrial obsolete parts supplier EU Automation.


In the Gospel lesson for the Feast of the Holy Trinity, Jesus says, “The wind blows where it wishes, and you hear its sound, but you do not know where it comes from or where it goes. So it is with everyone who is born of the Spirit.” Now on the surface of things, this sounds like a quaint ancient way of speaking. After all, Jesus spoke to people in a pre-scientific age. He spoke to people who didn’t have understand how wind was produced. They didn’t have instruments for accurately measuring wind. They didn’t have Doppler radar and other tools for tracking weather. They didn’t have computers to help them forecast and predict weather.
We now know that wind is caused by differences in atmospheric pressure. Air moves as it goes from high pressure to low pressure and this is what we call “wind.” Of course, that is expressing things in simple terms. It turns out that there are many other factors that impact the movement of this air – that impact wind. First, there is he basic fact that the wind is moving over our planet which is a rotating sphere. The result is that air is deflected in a clockwise movement in the Northern Hemisphere and in a counter-clockwise movement in the Southern Hemisphere, rather than moving in a straight line.
Then there are other factors that come into play. The differences in temperature between land and water produce pressure differences, and of course these are constantly changing during the day. The topography of the land – features like mountains and plains – impact the way wind moves.
When you put together all of the different factors that can impact wind at any one time, it turns out to be extremely complex. In fact because of the complexity, there are different models that are used to explain and predict the weather. There are a tremendous number of variables and they can change all the time.
So while we know where the wind is coming from – we can track it; and while we know in general why it occurs; we don’t really know where it is going. The weather forecast can predict what is going to happen based on the available data, but it does not provide certain knowledge.
However, sometimes we forget about this deeper mystery of the wind – it’s unpredictable nature. So, for example, I have heard it said that some pastors cancel services in the winter because the weather forecast says that wind is going to bring a bad snow storm, only to have the wind shift in an unexpected way and the result is nothing on the ground. Not that I would know anything about that personally.
Our Lord says this morning, “The wind blows where it wishes, and you hear its sound, but you do not know where it comes from or where it goes. So it is with everyone who is born of the Spirit.” He is describing the mystery of the operation of the Holy Spirit in giving people new life. But on this Trinity Sunday they are also words that underscore the mystery of God himself – our triune God, the Holy Trinity.
In our Gospel lesson today we learn that a man named Nicodemus came to see Jesus. He was a Pharisee and a leader among the people. He said to Jesus, “Rabbi, we know that you are a teacher come from God, for no one can do these signs that you do unless God is with him.”
Nicodemus refers to “signs.” In the Gospel, Jesus has just performed his first sign at Cana in Galilee as he turned water into wine. After he cleanses the temple in Jerusalem, John tells us, “Now when he was in Jerusalem at the Passover Feast, many believed in his name when they saw the signs that he was doing.”
Nicodemus is apparently one of these people. He believes in Jesus. However, this doesn’t mean that he really understands. Nicodemus comes to Jesus at night – and in John’s Gospel when the evangelist goes out his way to mention night, it isn’t just because he wants us to know the time of day. Instead, he is telling us that the person is “in the dark.” He is telling us that a person doesn’t understand.
Jesus answered by saying, “Truly, truly, I say to you, unless one is born again he cannot see the kingdom of God.” Nicodemus said to him, “How can a man be born when he is old? This made no sense to Nicodemus. After all, how can a man enter into his mother’s womb a second time?
However our Lord came right back and said, “Truly, truly, I say to you, unless one is born of water and the Spirit, he cannot enter the kingdom of God. That which is born of the flesh is flesh, and that which is born of the Spirit is spirit. Do not marvel that I said to you, ‘You must be born again.’ The wind blows where it wishes, and you hear its sound, but you do not know where it comes from or where it goes. So it is with everyone who is born of the Spirit.”
In our text we encounter the mystery of the way God works. Here Jesus is speaking about God working salvation. But frankly, the same thing is true when it comes to the circumstances of our lives. God works - he allows and denies things – in ways that we don’t understand. They are a mystery to us – though the pain of the hardships we experience is no mystery at all. And this is something that we do not want.
We see things that don’t make sense to us. And on this Trinity Sunday we are also reminded that when we turn to God we encounter the One we don’t understand. We encounter the One who defies our reason even as he calls us to have faith in him. We meet the One God who is Father, Son and Holy Spirit, even as the Father is God; the Son is God; and the Holy Spirit is God.
In times of trial, our reaction to painful circumstances we don’t understand and a God we cannot fathom can be one of anger or doubt. And our text tells us why. Jesus says, “That which is born of the flesh is flesh, and that which is born of the Spirit is spirit.” We were conceived and born as flesh – as those whose existence was ruled by the sinful, fallen nature. And though we have been born again – born from above by the work of the Spirit – we still bear the ongoing struggle against the devil, the world and our sinful nature. They don’t own us. They aren’t our Lord. But they want things back to the way they were before we were baptized. And they struggle for this.
We may not understand why things are happening in our life. Though we can describe it, we aren’t able to fathom fully the nature and character of the God in whom we are called to believe. Yet our text this morning brings us back to why we can trust our God in spite of this.
Jesus says, “No one has ascended into heaven except he who descended from heaven, the Son of Man. And as Moses lifted up the serpent in the wilderness, so must the Son of Man be lifted up, that whoever believes in him may have eternal life.” In our text, Jesus describes himself as the One who has descended from heaven. This Gospel teaches that as the Son of God he came from God and that he is God. The first verse of John says, “In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God.” The Word – the Son – is God. And then John tells us, “And the Word became flesh and dwelt among us, and we have seen his glory, glory as of the only Son from the Father, full of grace and truth.”
The Son became flesh when – as we learn in Scripture - he was conceived by the Holy Spirit. He came down from heaven as flesh – true God and true man – so that he could do something stunning; something that seems to make no sense for him. He came down from heaven so that he would be lifted up on the cross in death. Jesus says, “And as Moses lifted up the serpent in the wilderness, so must the Son of Man be lifted up, that whoever believes in him may have eternal life.”
The Father sent the Son who was conceived by the Spirit. The Son came down in order to be lifted up. He came to die, and by his death to give us life. He came as the Lamb of God who takes away the sin of the world. And for this reason Jesus says that whoever believes in him has eternal life.
This was the plan, unexpected though it may seem to us. Immediately after our text Jesus says, “For God loved the world in this way, that he gave his only Son, that whoever believes in him should not perish but have eternal life. For God did not send his Son into the world to condemn the world, but in order that the world might be saved through him.”
The incarnate Son was lifted up on the cross in death. But as we celebrated during Easter, he did not stay dead. Instead the One who descended from heaven rose from the dead on the third day, and on the fortieth day when went back up to heaven in the ascension. Yet before he did this he said, “But when the Helper comes, whom I will send to you from the Father, the Spirit of truth, who proceeds from the Father, he will bear witness about me.” Jesus promised the Holy Spirit whom he poured out on Pentecost.
Do we have problems? Are there things we don’t understand? Yes. But you know what we have because of the work of God – Father, Son and Holy Spirit? Life. We have life – eternal life now. We have the forgiveness of sins. We have peace with God. And those things enable us to trust confidently in God in spite of the things we don’t understand.
Do we understand how the One God is Father, Son and Holy Spirit? Do we understand how the Father is God, the Son is God and the Holy Spirit is God, and yet there is only one God? No. But the only reason we even know about this reality is because God has acted in his Son to save us. The only reason we know about the Holy Trinity is because God has revealed his saving love for us. And this fact bears us up in the mist of all the things we don’t understand. As John said in his first epistle, “In this the love of God was made manifest among us, that God sent his only Son into the world, so that we might live through him. In this is love, not that we have loved God but that he loved us and sent his Son to be the propitiation for our sins.”


Obesity is gaining epidemic proportions in the US.
Leading causes of obesity in children are dietary habits, environment, lifestyle and genetics. Though children of obese parents are more likely to turn obese, it is also true that lifestyle and diet play a major role. If the child is encouraged or allowed to lead a sedentary life he is more at risk of becoming obese.
If a child is fed high calorie junk food for our convenience then he will definitely become obese. So the best way to prevent obesity in children is to give them smaller meals at frequent intervals.
Allowing the child to indulge in physical activity and outdoor activities in lieu of video games. This will help burn calories the natural way.In some cases however, the reasons may be hormonal and it needs immediate attention from the parents.


Liposomes are spherical, self-closed structures formed by one or several concentric lipid bilayers with an aqueous phase inside and in between the lipid bilayers, having droplet diameters from about 50 to 5000 nm. Some attractive properties of liposomes include their biocompatibility and ability to entrap water-soluble (hydrophilic) pharmaceutical agents in their internal water compartment and water-insoluble (hydrophobic) pharmaceuticals in their membrane. There are approximately a dozen liposomal drugs currently on the market, including anticancer agent doxorubicin, in both polyethylene glycol (PEG) liposomes (Doxil) and in non-pegylated liposomes (Myocet). This agent is used widely off-label and is approved for the treatment of solid tumors in patients with breast-carcinoma metastases.
Lipid nanosized emulsions or nanoemulsions are complex, kinetically stable oil-in-water dispersions, homogenized with the aid of an emulsifier. In clinical practice, there are two major applications of lipid nanoemulsions: 1) parenteral nutrition and 2) colloidal drug carriers.
Lipid nanoemulsions are widely used as drug carriers because they easily incorporate lipophilic bioactive compounds, stabilize bioactive compounds that tend to undergo hydrolysis, and reduce side effects of potent drugs. Additionally, lipid nanoemulsions are biodegradable and can be produced on a large scale using ISM's ultrasonic processors. Furthermore, nanoemulsions can be administered by almost all available routes including parenteral, ocular, nasal, oral, topical, and even aerosilization to the lungs. Examples of commercially available drugs encapsulated into nanoemulsions include Diprivan (Propofol) from AstraZeneca, Etomidat-Lipuro (Etomidate) from B. Braun Melsungen, Lipotalon (Limethason, Dexamethasone Palmitate) from Merckle, Restasis (Cyclosporin A) from Allergan, and Gengraf (Cyclosporin A) and Norvir (Ritonavir) both from Abbott.
Two parameters are measured to check toxicity and physical stability of liposomes and nanoemulsions: 1) mean droplet size (MDS) and 2) particle size distribution (PSD). United States Pharmacopeia (USP) adopted Chapter 729, entitled “Globule Size Distribution in Lipid Injectable Emulsions”, which sets two physical limits for nanoemulsions: 1) MDS < 500 nanometers (nm); 2) percent of lipid globules > 5 microns (um) or PFAT5 < 0.05%. This is of great significance for infusion safety: higher amounts (> 0.05%) of outsized (> 5 um) lipid droplets are associated with instability; moreover, intravenously administered lipid droplets exceeding 5 um have been shown to cause adverse effects, in particular emboli in the lungs.
PRODUCTION WITH HIGH-AMPLITUDE ULTRASOUND
The formation of nanoemulsions and liposomes requires intense shear forces and significant energy deposition in order to break the original particles down to the nanometer scale. Industrial Sonomechanics, LLC (ISM), offers bench and industrial-scale high-power ultrasonic processors for the production of nanoemulsions and liposomes. The processors are based on our patented Barbell Horn Ultrasonic Technology (BHUT), which, as explained below, makes it possible to directly implement laboratory accomplishments in a production environment, guaranteeing reproducible and predictable results at any scale.
High ultrasonic amplitudes are required for efficient nanoemulsion and nanoliposome production. The necessary shear forces are created by ultrasonic cavitation, which produces violently and asymmetrically imploding vacuum bubbles and causes micro-jets that disperse and break up the original oil droplets and liposomes down to the nanometer scale. Known for many decades, this effect of high-amplitude ultrasound has been extensively studied and successfully used in laboratory-scale research. However, prior to the introduction of BHUT, none of the existing ultrasonic liquid processors could generate the required amplitudes on the industrial scale. Commercial implementation of high-power ultrasound has, therefore, been limited to processes for which low-amplitudes are sufficient (cleaning, simple deagglomeration, mixing, macro-emulsification, etc.).
Conventional high-power ultrasonic technology inherently forces all processes to run either at a small scale and high amplitude or a large scale and low amplitude. ISM has successfully overcome this limitation by developing BHUT, which permits constructing industrial-scale ultrasonic processors able to operate at extremely high amplitudes. The processors are directly scalable and can be used in the commercial production of high-quality drug-containing nanoemulsions and liposomes for the pharmaceutical industry. Our equipment is compact and relatively low-cost, needs little technical support, includes very few wetted parts, generally requires no special pre-treatment of precursors, and is potentially self-sterilizing due to antibacterial properties of high-intensity ultrasound.
Examples of Drug-Containing Nanoemulsions and Liposomes Produced by High-Intensity Ultrasound
The table on the left demonstrates that nanoemulsions and liposomes prepared using our ultrasonic technology are effective for the delivery of one of the most promising hydrophobic drugs widely used for the treatment of a variety of solid tumors, Zn-Phtalocyanine (ZnPC). The following nanoemulsion and liposome systems were prepared using Industrial Sonomechanics' (ISM) 1200 W bench-scale flow-through ultrasonic processor, BSP-1200, equipped with a piezoelectric transducer, flow-through reactor chamber and Full-wave Barbell Horn (FBH) operating at the ultrasonic amplitude of 75 microns: 1) Emulsion 1 (Intralipid-type emulsion): soybean oil-in-water nanoemulsion consisting of soybean oil (10%), L-a-Phosphatilylcholine, Type IV-S (1.2%), glycerol (2.25%), water (86.55%) 2) Emulsion 2: soybean oil-in-water nanoemulsion consisting of Soybean oil (10%), Tween 80 (8.7%), Span 80 (1.3%), water (80%)); 3) Liposomes: L-a-Phosphatilylcholine, Type IV-S (2.4%), phosphate buffer saline (97.6%). We also prepared Emulsions 1 and 2 containing 0.05 mg/ml ZnPC with and without preliminary dissolution of ZnPC in ethanol (final ethanol concentration did not exceed 2%). In this case, either ZnPC powder or its ethanol solution was added to the oil phase. In order to examine the effect of filtration on the size of the droplets, Emulsion 2 was also filtered using a 0.45 mm filter.
As can be seen from the table, all parameters of the prepared nanoemulsions and liposomes are well within USP requirements. Other most significant results obtained for Emulsions 1, 2 and Liposomes include: 1) The addition of ethanol to Emulsions 1 and 2 does not significantly change the droplet size; 2) The droplet sizes for filtered (through a 0.45 mm filter) and unfiltered Emulsion 2 are practically the same; 3) The absorbance and fluorescence spectra obtained for ZnPC-containing Emulsions 1 and 2 coincide with those for solutions of ZnPC in pure soybean oil; 4) Absorbance and fluorescence spectroscopy measurements showed that the ZnPC incorporation coefficient is close to 100% (results were confirmed by scanning electronic images showing no ZnPC crystals in the water phase).
The data presented above was collected in collaboration with Allied Innovative Systems, LLC (ALLIS).


Late fall rains signal the start of mushroom season, which can last until spring in the Bay Area. Though only experts should forage and eat wild mushrooms (following park rules about harvesting), anyone can appreciate the rich diversity of these ephemeral fruits of the forest.
QUEST tags along with fair organizer J.R. Blair and his San Francisco State University students as they collect mushrooms in San Francisco's McLaren Park. Then we tour the annual Fungus Fair in Berkeley to explore the Bay Area's tasty, dangerous and weirdly wonderful fungi.
The newts are on the move again. Each fall, after the rains start, the newts of Berkeley’s Tilden Park start migrating from the woods to waters of Wildcat Creek, where they mate and lay their eggs. South Park Drive, popular with cyclists and Sunday drivers, crosses their migratory path. Each year from November 1 to April 1 the road is closed to cars, to prevent the newts from getting squished. (How did the newt cross the road? Not by being run over, that’s for sure.)
Air pollution may seem like an urban problem, but it’s becoming an increasing concern in California’s national parks.
Sudden Oak Death is devastating oak forests along the coast, killing trees that are key to the ecology of the coastal hills. Researchers have found a way to inoculate individual trees from the disease, but are struggling in their search to find a more sweeping answer to the threat.
You may not think of salmon when visiting the redwoods in Muir Woods, but it's home to a population of Coho Salmon. Redwood forests provide ideal salmon habitat, providing woody debris to protect young salmon in the creeks and keeping them shaded and cool. But the Coho in Muir Woods' Redwood Creek are endangered, and local biologists and volunteers are working to protect the salmon and restore their habitat.
Less than an hour’s drive north from San Francisco, the 2,882 acres of Samuel P. Taylor State Park is within easy driving distance of some of northern California’s most dramatic outdoor scenery. The park features a unique contrast of coastal redwood groves and open grassland.


|1.||a person who flees|
|2.||a thing that is elusive or fleeting|
|3.||fleeing, esp from arrest or pursuit|
|4.||not permanent; fleeting; transient|
|5.||moving or roving about|
|[C14: from Latin fugitīvus fleeing away, from fugere to take flight, run away]|
Gen. 4:12, 14, a rover or wanderer (Heb. n'a); Judg. 12:4, a refugee, one who has escaped (Heb. palit); 2 Kings 25:11, a deserter, one who has fallen away to the enemy (Heb. nophel); Ezek. 17:21, one who has broken away in flight (Heb. mibrah); Isa. 15:5; 43:14, a breaker away, a fugitive (Heb. beriah), one who flees away.


E. Cobham Brewer 18101897. Dictionary of Phrase and Fable. 1898.
Bandbox Plot (The).
Rapin (History of England, iv. 297) tells us that a bandbox was sent to the lord-treasurer, in Queen Annes reign, with three pistols charged and cocked, the triggers being tied to a pack-thread fastened to the lid. When the lid was lifted, the pistols would go off, and shoot the person who opened the lid. He adds that [dean] Swift happened to be by at the time, and seeing the pack-thread, cut it, thereby saving the life of the lord-treasurer.


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An old Chinese proverb states, "Only when one cannot
sleep does one know how long the night is." Almost
everyone can relate to those words at some point in life. In younger people, stress and worry commonly cause insomnia. Older people suffer from a natural decrease in melatonin-a sleep inducing hormone. Pressures from job and family, illness, side effects of some medications, and aches and pains caused by uncomfortable beds or pillows can also rob us of sleep. Television and computers may also contribute to sleep problems. Computer use, especially in the workplace, has been associated with all types of insomnia in adults-more so than stress, which affects only difficulty falling asleep and early morning arousal.1 Studies have found that unlimited TV, computer, and Internet use cause sleep deprivation in children-they go to bed later, sleep fewer hours, and feel more tired.2,3 Extensive television viewing in adolescence may result in adult sleep problems.4 Playing computer games may affect adults, as well. A Japanese study found thatperforming exciting tasks on computers with bright
monitors at night affects melatonin concentration and the human biological clock, interfering with sleep.5 Overall, 40 million Americans suffer from chronic sleep disorders each year, and an additional 20 million have occasional sleeping problems.6 Deep sleep helps children grow and improves their learning ability.6,7 Lack of sleep affects the immune and nervous systems, memory, judgment, attention, patience, and thinking and reading abilities. It can be especially dangerous for those who drive. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration estimates that sleep deprivation is responsible for 100,000 vehicle accidents a year, resulting in 1,500 deaths and 71,000 injuries.8 Sleeping problems are common in people with most mental disorders, Alzheimer's, stroke, cancer, and head injury. In hospitalized patients, sleep deprivation may be worsened by treatment schedules and routines. Insomnia contributes to the patients' confusion, frustration, or depression. They become more sensitive to pain and may request increased pain medications.9 Recent research shows that the old advice of sleeping in a comfortable bed in a cool bedroom, eating an early dinner, going to bed at the same time each night, and avoiding caffeine and alcohol before sleep may not work for everyone.10 Sleep medications are not suitable for long-term use. So, what can we do when all the known remedies have been tried, but sleep is nowhere to be found?
Sleep experts recommend the following:
• On weekends, go to bed at the same time as on weekdays.
• If you exercise in the evening, do so at least 3 hours before bedtime. Also, stay away from evening brain-stimulating or stressful activities, such as balancing checkbooks, reading thrillers, and playing computer games.11
• Develop a sleep ritual that will help you to relax and unwind, such as a warm bath.
• Try listening to relaxing music before going to sleep. Soothing music may improve sleep quality in children, older adults, and critically ill patients.12-16
• Limit your child's exposure to TV or video games to less than 1 hour a day.2 Long hours spent in front of the TV may lead to not only sleep problems, but also headache, back pain, and eye symptoms.17 Make sure there is no television set in your child's bedroom.18
• Be sure your children go to bed early and get enough sleep. Children between 3 and 6 years of age should get 11-13 hours of sleep at night. Children from 1st to 5th grade should sleep 10-11 hours.19 Late bedtimes and short
sleeping hours have been strongly associated with childhood obesity.20
• Older people should take 30-minute afternoon naps to reduce sleepiness and fatigue and improve mood and performance.21,22
• Sleep on a comfortable, supportive mattress and pillow. Talk to your doctor of chiropractic about choosing the bed and pillow that are right for you. Researchers are looking into several possible alternative
sleeping aids. Although they have not been widely researched, sleep experts agree-it can't hurt to try them:
• Acupuncture has been proven effective for some sleep disorders and anxiety.23-25
• Therapeutic touch and relaxing back massage are useful for promoting sleep in critically ill patients.26,27 Traditional chiropractic care may also help those with spasms, pain, and joint dysfunction of the neck and back.28
Indications of insomnia
• Taking more than 30 to 45 min. to fall asleep
• Waking up many times each night
• Waking up early and being unable to get back to sleep
• Waking up feeling tired.9
Potentially Helpful Supplements
Valerian (Valeriana officinalis) may be more appropriate for longterm use than sleep medications.30 Although sleeping medications impair vigilance the morning after use, valerian does not.31,32 More studies are needed, however, to assess valerian's effectiveness and establish the optimum dose.33 German chamomile, hops, lavender, lemon
balm, passionflower, and wild lettuce have been said to have mild sedative properties, but need more scientific investigation.34,35 Melatonin supplements may be useful for treating some insomniacs.37,38 They appear to be safe
when used for days or weeks-but the long-term use safety is not clear.
Note: Pregnant or nursing women, children under 3 years of age, and people who use alcohol or sedative drugs, should check with their doctor before taking any of these supplements.29
To view the list of references, go to:
We now offer hydrotherapy on our AquaThermassage III table. It combines heat, flotation, and massage through 12 powerful jets that simultaneously massage your entire back and legs, while fully clothed. The ultimate relaxation break, also COMPLIMENTARY with every chiropractic treatment!


At the New York Public Library's Adult Learning Centers, where adults work on basic English and literacy skills, we're often asked for recommendations of websites for adults to practice English at home. Below you'll find eleven sites, some with a focus on listening, some on vocabulary, others on grammar, and some with a range of activities. Happy learning!
Easy World of English
An attractive, user-friendly website including grammar, pronunciation, reading and listening practice and an interactive picture dictionary.
This website includes matching quizzes, word games, word puzzles, proverbs, slang expressions, anagrams, a random-sentence generator and other computer-assisted language learning activities. The site also includes a special page on pronunciation, including practice with minimal pairs. Not the fanciest or most beautiful website, but with lots to see and use and no advertising.
Dave's ESL Cafe
A forum for both ESL teachers and students around the world. Includes quizzes, grammar explanations, and discussion forums for students. For teachers, includes classroom ideas on all subjects as well as discussion forums.
The California Distance Learning Project
Read and listen to a news stories on topics including working, housing, money and health, then work on activities based on the stories including matching pairs, vocabulary, and quiz questions. Some stories also include videos.
BBC Learning English
An array of wonderful activities for practice, some relating to current events. Includes videos, quizzes, vocabulary practice, idioms, crosswords, and much more, though all with British accents.
Activities for ESL Students
Grammar and vocabulary practice for all levels, including many bilingual quizzes for beginners. Also includes a link for teachers, with conversation questions, games, and many other ideas to put to use in the classroom.
This is a website for kids, but who says adults can't use it, too? The site includes educational games organized by grade level, from 1st to 5th, and is particularly good for spelling and phonics. There are games to practice vowels, uppercase and lowercase letters, Dolch sight words, synonyms and antonyms and more..
GCF Learn Free
A well-designed site with interactive tutorials for everything from operating an ATM machine to reading food labels. If you click on the main page icon and then click on reading, the site has resources for English language learners as well, including stories to listen to and read along, and picture dictionaries.
This is an online picture dictionary, with everything from the alphabet to parts of the body to farm animals.
Oxford University Press
This site from Oxford University Press has activities to practice spelling, grammar, pronunciation, and listening. A bit difficult to navigate, so more suitable for advanced learners and savvy internet users.
Also, don't forget YouTube. Whatever you'd like to learn — an explanation of a grammar term, idioms, a set of vocabulary — enter it in the search field and an array of videos are sure to come up. I hope some of these sites prove useful. Enjoy! And please add your own favorite sites in the comments.


The Prophet (blessings and peace of Allah be upon him) defined the locations of the miqaats in a hadeeth narrated by Ibn Abbaas (may Allah be pleased with him), who said: The Messenger of Allaah (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) defined the miqaat of the people of Madeenah as Dhu'l-Hulayfah; that of the people of Shaam (Syria) as al-Juhfah; that of the people of Najd as Qarn al-Manaazil; and that of the people of Yemen as Yalamlam. And he said: And these miqaats are for the people at those very places, and for others who come through those places with the intention of performing Hajj and Umrah; and whoever is living within these boundaries can enter ihraam from the place from which he sets out, and the people of Makkah can start (and enter ihram) from Makkah.
Narrated by al-Bukhaari, no. 1254; Muslim, no. 1181
The fuqaha' are unanimously agreed upon these miqaats and that they are for their people and for those who come to them.
See al-Ishraaf by Ibn al-Mundhir, 3/177; Maraatib al-Ijmaa, p. 42; al-Istidhkaar, 11/76; al-Mughni, 5/56
Based on this, it is not permissible for the one who intends to do Hajj or Umrah to pass the miqaat that is prescribed for him, whether he is coming by land or sea or air, because of the report narrated by Ibn Umar (may Allah be pleased with him) who said: When these two regions were conquered, they came to Umar and said: O Ameer al-Mu'mineen, the Messenger of Allah (blessings and peace of Allah be upon him) defined Qarn (as the miqaat) for the people of Najd, but it is out of our way and if we want to go to Qarn it is difficult for us. He said: Look and see where on their route is in line with it, and he identified Dhat Irq for them (as their miqaat).
Narrated by al-Bukhaari, 1531
Umar (may Allah be pleased with him) made the miqaat of those who did not pass by the (original) miqaat a place that was in line with it, and whoever comes in line with it by air is like the one who comes in line with it on land.
So what the one who comes in line with the miqaat when he is on the plane must do is enter ihram. It is better for him to enter ihram before he comes in line with it, because of the speed with which the plane travels.
See also the answer to question no. 4635
With regard to the people you asked about, what they should have done was to put on the ihram garments and recite the Talbiyah for Umrah or Hajj, and if they had already put on the ihram garments, they would not have had to do anything but recite the appropriate Talbiyah as soon as you told them that they had reached the miqaat, and they would not have had to do anything more than that, so long as they did not deliberately pass the miqaat without entering ihram. They did not know at all that they had passed it without entering ihram; rather they thought that the place from which they should enter ihram was their miqaat, based on what you told them.
In you case, what you should have done was wake them up before reaching the miqaat, allowing enough time for them to prepare to enter ihram. This was a matter that was entrusted to you and was your responsibility.
As you forgot to do that, there is no sin on them for what they forgot, because Allah, may He be exalted, says (interpretation of the meaning):
Allah burdens not a person beyond his scope. He gets reward for that (good) which he has earned, and he is punished for that (evil) which he has earned. Our Lord! Punish us not if we forget or fall into error, our Lord! Lay not on us a burden like that which You did lay on those before us (Jews and Christians); our Lord! Put not on us a burden greater than we have strength to bear. Pardon us and grant us Forgiveness. Have mercy on us. You are our Maula (Patron, Supporter and Protector, etc.) and give us victory over the disbelieving people'
According to the hadeeth qudsi, Allah, may He be exalted, says: I have granted that. Narrated by Muslim, 126.
It was narrated that Abu Dharr al-Ghifaari said: The Messenger of Allaah (blessings and peace of Allah be upon him) said: Allaah has forgiven for my ummah their mistakes and forgetfulness, and what they are forced to do.
Narrated by Ibn Maajah, 2043; classed as saheeh by al-Albaani.
But the big problem with your case is that you should have told them about the real situation and that you had in fact passed the miqaat. In that case they should have delayed their ihram until they got off the plane, then went back to the miqaat and entered ihram from there.
If they entered ihram knowing that they had passed the miqaat, then they should have sacrificed a fidyah (ransom).
In fact the sin that you committed, you and the captain, is in your having deceived them and not told them what had really happened. As it is no longer possible to put things right, then you - you yourself and those who were also part of it - have to repent to Allah, may He be exalted, for having deceived them, especially since the matter has to do with the validity of an act of worship and the sacred limits set by Allah in that regard.
As well as repenting to Allah, may He be exalted, from that, you also have to do work out the number of these pilgrims who went to do Umrah, even if it is only an approximation, and slaughter a hadiy (sacrificial animal) for each one of them, because you are the ones who caused them to pass the miqaat with you without entering ihram, then you denied them the opportunity to go back and make up what they had missed.
Shaykh Ibn Uthaymeen (may Allah have mercy on him) was asked about a group of people who went for Hajj on mass transit, and the driver did not tell them about the miqaat until one hundred kilometres after they had passed it. The passengers asked him to go back to the miqaat so that they could enter ihram from there, but he refused to go back and the trip continued until they reached Jeddah. What do they have to do?
What the driver should do is stop at the miqaat so that the people can enter ihram from there. If he forgot and did not remember until after one hundred kilometres, as the questioner said, he has to take the people back so that they can enter ihram from the miqaat, because he knows that these people want to do Umrah or Hajj. So if he does not do that and they enter ihram from where they are, i.e., one hundred kilometres after passing the miqaat, then each one of them has to offer a fidyah (ransom), a sacrifice to be slaughtered in Makkah and its meat distributed to the poor, because they omitted one of the obligatory actions of the rituals, whether for Hajj or Umrah.
In this case, if they took the matter to court, perhaps the court would rule that he is liable for the cost of this fidyah, because he is the one who caused them to have to pay that penalty. This matter should be referred to the court; if the judge thinks that it is appropriate, he may say to the driver: You have to pay the value of the fidyahs that these people slaughtered, because you are the one who transgressed against them; you were the one who forgot and you were careless first of all, that you transgressed against them a second time by depriving them of the right to go back (to the miqaat).
Majmoo Fataawa al-Shaykh, 21/368
And Allah knows best.
Reproduced from Islam QA


Dr. Booker T. Washington
This is an extensive biography and list of facts on Dr. Booker T. Washington.
The Oaks was Washington's command center and Tuskegee Institute's social center. The Oaks, Washington's home, provided tangible evidence of his success. It was a place of employment and an on-the-job training site for students. African-American educators, businessmen, and farmers were entertained there. Professional staff visited frequently.
This is a link to the text for the autobiographical book by Dr. Booker T. Washington, "UP FROM SLAVERY".
"Tuskegee and It's People: Their Ideals and Achievements", is a book edited by Dr. Booker T. Washington. This link gives access to the complete manuscript.
Equipping Young Americans to Live, Learn and Lead.
This is a short version of Booker T. Washington's biography by the Public Broadcasting System.


Latino American Experience
- Provides a collection of 200 titles dating from 1985 to the present dedicated to the history and culture of Latinos.
- Primary source material — maps, images, audio clips, interviews, music files, speeches, documents, and other material in English and Spanish, plus links to vetted Web sites.
- A fully searchable timeline — dating to the pre-Colonial civilizations of the Aztecs, Mayas, Incas, Caribes, and others, up through the most recent political movements and achievements of contemporary Latinos.
- Spanish-language content — including folktales, recipes, and primary documents.
- Current content — newly published reference and scholarly books introduced biannually.
Need assistance? Contact the Web Administrator.


Seborrheic dermatitis is a common inflammatory disease of the skin characterized by scaly lesions usually on the scalp, hairline, and face.Seborrheic dermatitis appears as red, inflamed skin covered by greasy or dry scales that may be white, yellowish, or gray.
Related Journals of Seborrheic Dermatitis
Vitiligo & Dermatomyositis, Clinical Pediatrics & Dermatology, Archives of Medicine, Dermatologic Clinics, Mycoses, JDDG - Journal of the German Society of Dermatology, Clinical, Cosmetic and Investigational Dermatology.
All Published work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
Copyright © 2018 All rights reserved. iMedPub LTD Last revised : December 09, 2018


Cancer cells are an unruly bunch. Instead of listening to signals telling them to differentiate into specific cell types to form tissue, they ignore these signals and grow uncontrollably to form tumours.
Most cancer treatments take a brute force approach: kill all cells that are dividing. Although such treatments effectively kill cancer cells, they also kill non-cancerous cells in the process of normal growth — for example, hair follicle cells. This makes the identification of drugs that target only cancer cells critical to the effective treatment of cancer and to improving patient quality of life.
Selectively targeting cancer cells is precisely what scientists at the Dana-Farber Cancer Research Institute in Boston have reported in the advanced online format of Nature this September.
A consortium of scientists led by James Bradner at Dana-Farber has identified the chemical inhibitor of a protein that is responsible for NUT midline carcinoma, a rare cancer of squamous epithelial cells, which are cells on the outer layer of skin. The tumours produced in NMC are the product of uncontrolled proliferation due to a defect in a protein called BRD4.
Normally BRD4 interacts with chromosomes to help turn growth genes on and differentiation genes off. This interaction is tightly regulated and only occurs when cells should be growing. But in the case of NMC, the interactions between BRD4 and the chromosome are deregulated due to the rearrangement of two chromosomes and resultant gene fusion that produces BRD4-NUT, a chimeric protein.
BRD4-NUT constantly sticks to accessible parts of the chromosome, resulting in prolonged expression of growth genes, which ultimately results in tumour formation near the head, neck, pelvis, or other areas of the “midline.” At present, there is no effective treatment for NMC, and death almost always occurs within months of diagnosis. Although NMC currently accounts for only seven to 18 per cent of poorly differentiated carcinomas, many physicians suspect it is often not recognized and diagnosed properly.
Scientists at Dana-Barber used the 3D structure of the BRD4 protein to identify and create chemicals that might be able to bind the protein and potentially inactivate it, eliminating the devastating effects of the BRD4-NUT chimera.
They tested these chemicals on BRD4 and found that its function was inhibited when combined in a test tube with the chemical (+)-JQ1. The function of the BRD4-NUT chimera was also inhibited. Patient tumors were also grafted onto mice, creating NMC models in which to test for overt toxicity of (+)-JQ1. Experiments using these mice showed that treatment with (+)-JQ1 resulted in smaller tumours, and that treated cancer cells began programmed differentiation into squamous tissue. In addition to halting growth and promoting differentiation, (+)-JQ1 had no obvious toxic side effects, indicating its potential therapeutic value for treatment of NMC in humans.
But how broadly applicable would this treatment be, considering the rarity of NMC? Perhaps one of the most exciting results of this work from Bradner’s group is the potential to identify chemical inhibitors of proteins that are similar to BRD4. According to Dr. Corey Nislow, assistant professor at the Banting and Best Department for Medical Research and the Department of Molecular Genetics at U of T, Bradner and colleagues have “opened the door to a new target set and class of proteins.”
Because there are over 40 genes in humans encoding proteins that are similar to BRD4, the potential for these proteins to be targets for drugs similar to (+)-JQ1 is far-reaching. This is particularly important because of the approximately 30,000 proteins in the human body, only a small fraction are predicted or known to be “drugable” — or in other words, can have their functions altered by chemical drugs. Nislow praised the efforts of Bradner and colleagues for identifying BRD4 as drugable, which could potentially lead to clinical treatments for NMC as early as one to two years from now.
What about side effects? If BRD4 is a protein normally needed to instruct cells to grow at the correct time, how will a chemical inhibitor affect the growth of normal, non-cancerous cells? In other words, would this treatment really target only cancer cells?
Nislow hypothesized that, because there are approximately 40 proteins similar to BRD4, perhaps one of those could ‘cover shift’ for an inactivated BRD4, taking advantage of the robustness of human protein-interaction networks. Of course, multiple stages of testing will be required before potential side effects are identified. But for now, there will be a few less cancer cells winning the battle.


American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition
- n. The bite of a flea.
- n. The small red mark caused by a flea's bite.
- n. A trifling loss, inconvenience, or annoyance.
- From flea + bite. (Wiktionary)
“I am not interested in your provincial attempts to diminish and enclose the question to a fleabite.”
“About how terrific everything smelled this minute, and how great that scratch behind the ear felt on a fleabite.”
“And I tried to make her feel a fleabite on her ankle.”
“And then, still in a reasonable voice, "I've never found it necessary, Dr. Quental, to seek medical aid for a fleabite.”
“His most towering rage, controlled only by supreme expenditures of effort, was met with no more reaction than the bite of a flea; less, for a fleabite is at least scratched.”
“I had paid six hundred pounds for one and four hundred and fifty for the other; they were a fleabite in the total value of my aeroplanes, and both of them were pretty well written down in the accounts.”
“It was a fleabite to them apparently, but it was the hell of a lot of money to me.”
“The water problem is still unsolved, and we get very thirsty; but thirst is a small fleabite, after all.”
“It is eighty miles third-class and more; it is thirty or less first-class; it is a flash in a train _de luxe, _ and a mere fleabite as a bribe to a journalist.”
“It thus appears that even the proverbially trivial fleabite may at times prove a serious injury.”
Looking for tweets for fleabite.


Turner Veterinary Clinic News
Summer is here! Whether you have a hairless Sphynx or a hairy Husky, the heat this time of year can be dangerous for pets. Whatever the breed or size of your kitty or canine, there are a few things to keep in mind when it comes to keeping your pet safe and comfy as the mercury rises.
Dogs and Cats Don’t Sweat
While you may be drenched from head to toe in perspiration, your furry friends release heat and regulate their temperature differently. This means you have to help keep them cool.
How Do Dogs and Cats Keep Cool Without Sweat?
There are some facts you should know about how they regulate their body temperatures.
- If you’ve seen your dog belly flop into your kitchen tile after a midday walk, your dog is using one tactic for body temperature regulation: transferring his or her heat onto a cool surface. This is also a common practice of cats.
- Dogs and cats use convection to cool themselves. How? Pups often do this by wading into cool water or standing right in front of a fan or A/C vent. This pulls heat away from their bodies and into the water or air.
- Panting. Both dogs and cats pant to cool themselves. As their saliva evaporates off their tongues, their body heat lowers.
- Shedding is a longer-term reaction to heat. By letting go of their undercoat, dogs and cats can cool off.
Common Myths About Dogs and Body Heat
- Myth: Shaving your dog will keep them cooler. If your pet has a double or triple coat, always ask if it’s a good idea to shave them. A close shave often results in sunburn more than better heat adaptation.
- Myth: Dogs sweat from their paws to cool themselves. While it’s true dogs do sweat from their paws, this is more often to gain traction and protect their paws than keep their bodies cool. Those pads have too little surface area to truly cool them off. Cooling down is done more so through panting.
- Myth: Cracking the window is enough to keep a pet cool in the car. Temperatures can rise rapidly in a car, even with the windows cracked. It is never a good idea to leave your dog in the car.
What Can You Do to Protect Your Pet from Summer Heat?
There are ways you can help your dog or cat beat the summer heat and stay safe in the sun! Here are some of our top tips for keeping your pet cooler than a cucumber:
- Water, water, everywhere! Make sure your pets have access to cool, fresh water outdoors and indoors. Bring a travel bowl on walks and keep a full bowl wherever your pet may be hanging out. Check outside water dishes and refill them with cool water when the water is warm, try to keep the dish in the shade and don’t use metal bowl for food and water outside - they can get too hot for your dog or cat!
- Change your pet’s walk time to the early morning or evening. This especially applies to highly active play time and walks.
- Don’t let your pet stand on hot asphalt too long and beware of astroturf. Asphalt can be 40 to 60 degrees hotter than the air and astroturf can be 40 to 70 degrees hotter. One rule we suggest is testing the temperature of the surface by placing your hand on it. If it’s too hot for you to hold your hand on for 10 seconds, it’s too hot for your pet to walk on.
- Provide backyard shade. If your pet is going to relax outside, make sure they have some refuge from the sun. An umbrella or patio cover are perfect and make sure they have a cool place to lie down. If you can make a shady area over a spot your dog can dig in, that’s even better. Shade and some cool ground will make your canine companion more comfortable.
- Heatstroke can be fatal and cause permanent damage. Make sure to know the signs of heatstroke and how to respond.
Heatstroke in Dogs and Cats
Dogs and cats experience heat differently than we do. Because their bodies respond to heat differently, they can more rapidly slip into heat exhaustion or heatstroke. These occur when your pets’ body temperatures rises and they cannot release enough heat to cool themselves down to a safe temperature. Heatstroke is always an emergency!
Some common signs of heatstroke include:
- Excessive panting
- Pale or flaring red gums
- A bright red tongue
- Strained breathing
- Muscle tremors
- Excessive drooling
- Seizure or falling over
- Lack of urination
How to respond if you suspect your pet is experiencing heatstroke:
- Immediately find a cooler environment for your pet.
- Douse your pet in cool (not ice cold) water and place a fan in front of them.
- Call us as quickly as possible. Pets suffering from heatstroke may need IV fluids, and oxygen.
Dogs with brachycephaly (short snouts) have a higher likelihood of heat exhaustion or heatstroke. So, if you have a Pug, Frenchie, Bulldog, or another flat-faced beauty, be very careful when it comes to summer heat.
We hope you have a wonderful summer!
Image credit: Pixabay
Does your dog have a fear of thunderstorms or fireworks? Many pets are scared of sudden loud noises and experience various symptoms due to their noise aversion. Unfortunately, thunderstorms and fireworks shows often occur more frequently during the summer months and can cause increased anxiety in your pet.
Are you ready to enjoy warm summer days with your furry friend? With summer just around the corner, it’s essential to make sure you and your pets are prepared for some fun in the sun.
While parasite prevention is essential for your pet’s health, it can also play a critical role in keeping you and your family safe. Some of the parasites that affect pets can be spread to people.
In this article, we’ll discuss which parasites could be a risk to you and how to keep you and your pets parasite free.
Is your home a safe space for your pet? Unfortunately, many everyday items in your home can pose a significant risk to your pet’s health. Here are a few dangers that may be lurking in your home and steps you can take to help keep your pet safe.
Are you looking for ways to show your pet some extra love this Valentine’s Day? While toys and treats are great, there is nothing better than giving your pet the gift of health. February is National Pet Dental Health Month and an excellent time to make your pet’s dental health a priority.


There is currently serious concern regarding the level of the nation’s maths skills, particularly when compared with those of many of the world’s other industrialised nations. According to Steve Munby, Chief Executive of the CfBT Education Trust, 250,000 students progress to their A-Levels every year and, crucially, choose not to study maths. One suggested reason is that many are failing to understand the benefits of the subject.
Maths, rather unfairly, is often painted as a 'boring' subject that has little to do with real life. Many a maths teacher has had to deal with the endless grumblings about how algebra and Pythagoras’ theorem are completely irrelevant to their pupils’ lives. And yet, maths is one of the most relevant to our everyday lives and is an important life skill that much of the population is lacking.
As well as being ignorant of the practical applications that maths has in everyone’s day-to-day life, students are increasingly arriving at university unaware that their chosen subject will involve an element of maths. According to the Higher Education Academy, this can often result in students starting their university studies with a lack of confidence that can immediately put them on the back foot.
In its ‘Count Us In’ study, the British Academy warned that the UK’s lack of maths skills leaves us ‘at risk of falling behind in the global race to tap the potential of ‘big data’’. The growth of sectors such as technology, the creative industries and property also means that now, perhaps more than ever, good maths skills can be hugely beneficial for a successful career, helping individuals to stand out in an ever-increasingly competitive international jobmarket.
This is why the new ‘Core Maths’ qualification is an exciting prospect. It is aimed towards students who are studying their A-Levels but have not chosen to study maths to this level. It is designed to teach maths in a practical way, to demonstrate to students the practical application of the subject. Rather than considering abstract ideas, students can expect to have to answer questions on tax liabilities, student loan repayments and even home improvement measures.
Here at Halsbury, we really believe that one way to motivate and engage pupils is to show them the practical application of the subject that they are studying and school trips are ideal for this. Take, for example, one of our most popular school maths trips, to Frankfurt in Germany. Here, at the financial heart of Europe, students can learn about the important role that maths plays at the famous stock exchange, or at the headquarters of Deutsche Bank. They can also visit an interactive maths musuem, the famous Mathematikum, where they will explore the fun side of maths!
We offer a wide range of tailor-made school maths trips suitable for all groups, including those studying the new ‘Core Maths’ course. For further information on any of our school trips, please do not hesitate to contact us.


|Working Breed || |
|Sport Breed || |
|Show Breed || |
|Pony Breed || |
|Easily Trained || |
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The Brumby horse qualities are those of free spirit and strength. They have been a breed that was once kept by local settlers just getting started on their new lives in Europe, to becoming a breed that is lose and set free to roam the fields as they wish. This lifestyle has led to them gaining a poor reputation as being wild animals that cannot be trained, and though they still can be, they just aren't. They can be found in the areas of Queensland, Western Australia, and Southern Australia as well.
The Brumby has a well known temperament for being rough, so rough indeed that they are not easily trainable. This is not necessarily true as they can be trained, they're just considered wild animals at this point in their lives and so few ever bother to train them.
The looks of a Brumby horse are that of strength and agility. This breed was made to run and they have the body framing to do exactly that. Their height can vary so greatly due to their outside, wild style of breeding that there is no definite recorded height range for these animals. They can range from a pony size that stands at around ten hands and go on to being one that stands at around sixteen hands tall as full grown adults. They have all sorts of body shapes and sizes and also have fur coats to match that irregular record keeping. They generally bode a pattern on their fur, but this type can truly have any solid or pattern on their frames.
Taking care of a Brumby horse is simple as they are still wild animals. Now, in the event one would like to attempt to raise a Brumby horse from the beginning of the breeding process, then could have a very sweet and well trained creature on their hands. They are able to reside in any climate range and have no major reported illnesses.
The Brumby horse came to the world by New South Wales, Australia. It was just around the beginning of the eighteenth century when one eager settler by the name of James Brumby began to permit his own private horses to roam about freely. When locals would inquire who owned them, they would all reply with "They're Brumby's." Their name continued on and they became a very famous horse breed to the Aussies, almost as popular as the beloved koala or the kangaroo! They are a well mixed breed, having an influence from just about anywhere you can think of inside Europe. The horses, for some reason at the time, were set to roam freely and as a result, Australia possesses the largest amount of free roaming horses in the world. Considering they are a wild animal essentially running free, they have developed into a breed that many local Aussies claim are a nuisance. When you combine that large of an amount of horses and allow them to roam about, they can lean toward the side of causing trouble. For this exact reason, many local farmers are furious with the Brumby horses as they tend to destroy fencing work and trample on agriculture.


Computer Science Department
The ICT department aims to provide a varied, demanding and continually evolving curriculum for RAIS students based on the content standards of International Society for Technology in Education (ISTE). It is our belief that ICT is both a core and an extremely important subject for students to study in terms of its cross-curricular nature as well as the significance it has in the world of work. To meet these demands the curriculum is refreshed yearly so that students gain exposure to the latest application softwares.
Kindergarten, Elementary and EFL sections
Elementary section computer curriculum is focused on introducing the word processing and basic programming where students learn Office applications and programming skills.
Middle School section
Middle school computer curriculum is mainly focused on designing and programming softwares, where students explore the designing and programming skills using various applications. End of the course students create brochures, banners and posters.
High School section
In grade 11 & 12, students follow Advance Placement (College Board) courses, such as AP Computer Science Principles. Web Design skills are implemented using various softwares, where students are able to improve their designing skills. Under Computer Programming, analytical skills are implemented to gain knowledge and critical thinking skills necessary for software development.


It is important to keep in mind the origins of the United States of America—the obstacles it took to gain independence and the principles upon which it was founded. This country was established through the timeless principles of liberty and order. The architecture constructed represents these principles.
The prefix neo- means “new” and classical describes the Classical Orders. Neoclassical architecture was a movement that began in Europe in the 1700s, during the development of the United States. This style was inspired by the classics of the ancient Greeks and Romans and influenced the founders of the new America.
The Founding Fathers of this nation drew upon the ideals of the Renaissance period. They were inspired by the writings of Renaissance architects, primarily of Andrea Palladio and Giacomo da Vignola, and their accounts of the well-proportioned characteristics of Ancient Greece and Rome. They identified with the image of Imperial Rome—the empire for liberty—exemplifying the nation they sought to establish.
American leaders modeled government structures after Palladian architecture, a style characterized by symmetry and proportion. The order and logic that produced its balanced geometry symbolized the principles of justice and democracy established by these Ancients. While the Founding Fathers of the United States wrote the constitution and developed this new nation, they turned to the Classics as a source of inspiration to model their government structures.
Palladio praised the temples when he wrote: “. . . the ancient Greeks and Romans expended the greatest care on them and composed them with the most beautiful architecture so that they were built with the most magnificent ornaments and finest proportions.”
—Calder Loth, National Building Museum
NEOCLASSICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND EXAMPLES
- Balanced symmetry of building layout, shape and fenestration—window placement
- Columns and colonnades—row of columns
- Pediments—triangular roof gable above the entablature
- Entablatures—horizontal band supported by columns
- Domes and colonnade-surrounded drums
- Portico entries—open roofed space surrounded by a colonnade
District of Columbia
A colonnade supports an entablature below the pediment of the square entrance portico projecting from the north facade of the White House. A balcony sits between the two-story-high columns on the round portico of the south facade.
At the U.S. Capitol Building, balance is achieved in the symmetry of the dome and colonnades flanked by two wings of the floor plan. Atop the dome sits the bronze Statue of Freedom, a classical, female figure designed by artist, Thomas Crawford, and constructed in 1863.
Completed in 1937 and keeping with the Neoclassic style, a colonnade of Corinthian columns surrounds the projecting entrance portico of the National Archives. Above the entablature sits a triangular pediment that contains a relief with figures borrowed from the Ancients.
U.S. Treasury Building
In this 19th-century Neoclassic Greek Revival style, a colonnade of Ionic columns surrounds the south portico of the National Treasury. Alexander Hamilton served as the first Secretary of the Treasury for President Washington from 1789–1795. The original structure was burned to the ground by the British in the War of 1812. This present-day Treasury Building was constructed between 1836–1869.
The influence of the design principles used by Andrea Palladio in the Villa Capra “La Rotunda,” or Villa Rotunda, is seen in Thomas Jefferson’s iconic home in Charlottesville, Virginia, whose name Monticello means “little mount” in Italian. In 1987, Jefferson’s Monticello was named an UNESCO World Heritage Site, along with his Academical Village at the University of Virginia.
Inspired by the classics, Thomas Jefferson’s iconic home in Charlottesville, Virginia–whose name Monticello means “little mount” in Italian–has become an American icon. In 1987, 200 years after it was built, Jefferson’s Monticello was named a UNESCO World Heritage Site (along with the University of Virginia’s Academical Village that he also designed). This beautifully maintained example of Neoclassical architecture was…
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John R. Wright has what some people would call the ultimate work-at-home experience. In his case, "home" is planet Earth, and work is 34 million miles away on Mars.
Wright, one of nine scientist-engineers designated to "drive" a Mars Rover, sits each day at a computer console at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California, and programs his "car" to scoot around the surface of the Red Planet.
NASA hand-built two Rovers—named Spirit and Opportunity—in-house. The reported $414 million cost of the coffee-table-size Rovers is a bit misleading. That figure includes the total cost of the mission. The Rovers themselves are not all that sophisticated; their basic computer has just 128 megabytes of RAM.
The Rover designers needed something that was straightforward, lightweight, and as durable as possible—roadside assistance is problematic in outer space—so each could be hurled to Mars on one tank of rocket fuel and then survive a brusque landing.
After a successful January arrival on Mars, Spirit started working correctly and then suddenly stopped. For just a moment there, more than a few folks remembered the murderous computer, HAL, from Stanley Kubrick's masterpiece, 2001: A Space Odyssey. It took mission controllers a few tense days to understand what happened to Spirit.
"The problem was like one you'd have on your home computer," Wright explains. "Spirit's hard drive was full"—mostly with command files no longer needed that had accumulated during the six-month flight to Mars. Once it was figured out how to cleanse Spirit's memory, control was gradually restored. Opportunity, which landed on the opposite side of Mars in February, avoided any similar shutdowns because scientists knew by then to do regular hard-drive purges.
Driving a Rover is not exactly a hands-on experience. After viewing photos of the terrain on Mars, batches of vehicle commands are loaded into an earthbound computer. "Drivers" radio a day's worth of Rover activities in a single upload to Mars each morning, which takes nine minutes to travel the 34 million miles. That's each Mars morning—a day on Mars is 20 minutes longer than one on Earth. On a day-to-day basis, this doesn't seem like much of a difference, but extrapolated over a three-or-four-month duration, it adds up.
Everyone involved in the mission is obliged to live on Martian time throughout this period, getting up to go to work at progressively later hours.
"Even on your days off," Wright points out, "you have to stay on Martian time. So you wind up visiting a lot of all-night diners, watching bizarre movies on cable, and things like that." Wright also noted the L.A.-area freeways tend to be a lot less crowded and patrolled at 3 a.m. for his 30-mile commute from home. Interestingly, Wright drives a C5 Corvette, and many of his fellow scientists tend to own and drive a disproportionately high number of high-speed exotics. The need for speed among these earth-shackled astronauts seems to be rather intense, after a day of driving a Rover around at less than 1 mph. A typical daily "drive" on Mars? 600 feet.
(Note to Brock Yates: One Lap of Mars, which has a 13,240-mile circumference, would take "too freaking long to even calculate," we are told.)
Each Rover is powered by solar-panel-rechargeable lithium-ion batteries that drive six 20-watt DC motors. Total output? Exactly 0.16 horsepower. Top speed is officially listed at 0.1 mph, but Wright confides that a Rover could go faster if it needed to hurry to, say, avoid capture by Martians.
At work one day, Wright told us: "We see a lot of 'Earthling, Go Home' signs up there." Certainly, no one wants to rile the local occupants and trigger an interplanetary Armageddon.
Does that explain why the Rovers are only "driven" during daylight hours on Mars?
"Nah. We could drive at night," Wright continues, "but we didn't put any headlights on the Rovers. So we would probably just crash into stuff."
A Rover driver who crashes would likely lose his interplanetary driving privileges and be stripped of the prized T-shirt that Rover drivers wear. The front says "Rover Driver," the back features a flaming skull.
So, crashing is not an option.
Not that the Rovers are likely to crash. Equipped with rocker-bogie suspensions capable of deflecting 15-inch obstacles without tipping over, the six-wheeled, all-wheel-drive Rovers are seldom asked to do much more than go look at a rock. Each has a variety of cameras for this purpose and a scraping tool capable of testing soil composition and evaluating samples. The data sent back from the Rovers, analyzing rock density and striations, have led scientists to conclude Mars once had water covering much of it.
That's more than we could conclude while sitting at the consoles, trying to get a sense of how the Rovers are "driven." Looking at twin Mitsubishi 17-inch monitors while wearing a pair of sophisticated goggles that give a multidimensional albeit black-and-white view, the Red Planet did not tempt us to visit.
"Looks like Barstow," we commented.
"Yeah," Wright replied. "There's the outlet mall over there."
The Mars mission is supposed to end later this spring, when funding runs out.
"At that point, I guess we'll just turn out the lights, lock the doors in here, and go on to something else," Wright says.


In my daily journeys around Long Beach, I see many green landscapes being torn out, neglected, or being replaced with rock, tiles, bark or cement in an effort to save water. While I support and encourage water conservation, many of these alternations are not environmentally friendly.
During the 1950s lawn care was a regiment of applied chemicals and weekly mowing that sheared off every blade of grass closest to the ground so that it resembled indoor carpet. It was a consistently green, flawless carpet that was not natural. Use of herbicides, pesticides and numerous chemical fertilizers was part of a regular maintenance schedule.
However, this is an old-style regimen and we can still conserve water by practicing a different maintenance plan without tearing out all your favorite plants or lawn.
Install a small lawn or downsize with a drought tolerant tall fescue grass. Mow the lawn at the highest level of your mower or your gardener’s. Use organic compost to improve your soil. Set irrigation timers for 4 a.m. not more than three times per week in the hottest summer. The cool morning hours allow time for the water to percolate deep into the soil. The taller blades of grass protect the earth from sun scorching and add a very rich appearance. This way you can still enjoy a small expanse of lawn. You can create shade, as well, with taller plants around further preventing rapid evaporation of your water supply.
Older trees (those over 30 years old) that are healthy need very little water because they have adapted to this climate. It’s a good idea to keep an old healthy tree for soil health, too. Oak tree woodlands are native to southern California and consists of Coast Live Oak trees, grasses, numerous shrubs, streams, numerous birds and small animals.
Those homeowners who allow their yards to turn to dust from neglect may be saving water but they are creating an unhealthy “dust bowl.” These yards not only send dust pollution into the air, they are creating a sterile “hard-pan” yard that is worthless except as a feral cat litter spot.
Plant more to conserve water, not less. Roots hold water. Cover the dirt with your favorite flowers, succulents, ferns or bushes. Rocks are great accents and can help hold heat around tender roots. However, beware of rocks and bark that have been chemically treated because these chemicals leach into the soil and waterways.
I hope this encourages people to take care of their yards and plants while conserving water. It’s not desirable to live in a concrete jungle for any living thing. Whether a xeriscape, a collection of plant favorites or a native garden, keep it green, naturally.
Deborah Yturralde is a Long Beach based landscape contractor.


The column as the primary key for the table. The column must be defined as NOT NULL. For an unnamed PRIMARY KEY column constraint, use this syntax:
PRIMARY KEYUse the column attribute form of PRIMARY KEY when the constraint applies only to the column and the primary key for the table is defined only on the single column. Tables can have only one primary key. To specify primary keys for referential integrity relationships with other tables, alter the column to have a UNIQUE constraint. Any system-defined secondary or single-table join indexes used to implement this constraint are included in the maximum of 32 secondary, hash, and join indexes per table. A PRIMARY KEY constraint is a unique secondary index or UPI for nontemporal tables and a single-table join index for most temporal tables. For details and examples of PRIMARY KEY constraint on temporal tables, see Teradata Vantage™ Temporal Table Support , B035-1182 .
You cannot include a column with the JSON data type in a PRIMARY KEY.
You cannot add a PRIMARY KEY constraint on a row-level security constraint column.
- CONSTRAINT constraint_name
- For a named PRIMARY KEY column constraint, use this syntax:
CONSTRAINT constraint_name PRIMARY KEY


In the early 1960s, André J. Robert developed the first successful spectral method for meteorological equations, replacing the previously common grid point method. Robert’s method, first documented in 1967, allowed the time step in atmospheric models to be increased by a factor of six, without reducing the accuracy of the forecasts. He later refined his method to include a time filter that was instrumental in the improvement of climate models, as well as allowing for efficiency and precision with reduced computation. Robert’s adaption of primitive meteorological equations for computational use led to the first computer simulation of the atmosphere’s general circulation. His methods were adopted by several of the world’s largest weather centres and are still in use.
• “An Evaluation Of The Behaviour Of Planetary Waves In An Atmospheric Model Raised On Spherical Harmonics”
• “Numerical Methods In Atmospheric And Oceanic Modelling: The André J. Robert Memorial Volume”


"We expected that we would find that a history of heavy marijuana use--more than 500 to 1,000 uses--would increase the risk of cancer from several years to decades after exposure to marijuana," explains physician Donald Tashkin of the University of California, Los Angeles, and lead researcher on the project. But looking at residents of Los Angeles County, the scientists found that even those who smoked more than 20,000 joints in their life did not have an increased risk of lung cancer.
The researchers interviewed 611 lung cancer patients and 1,040 healthy controls as well as 601 patients with cancer in the head or neck region under the age of 60 to create the statistical analysis. They found that 80 percent of those with lung cancer and 70 percent of those with other cancers had smoked tobacco while only roughly half of both groups had smoked marijuana. The more tobacco a person smoked, the greater the risk of developing cancer, as other studies have shown.
But after controlling for tobacco, alcohol and other drug use as well as matching patients and controls by age, gender and neighborhood, marijuana did not seem to have an effect, despite its unhealthy aspects. "Marijuana is packed more loosely than tobacco, so there's less filtration through the rod of the cigarette, so more particles will be inhaled," Tashkin says. "And marijuana smokers typically smoke differently than tobacco smokers; they hold their breath about four times longer allowing more time for extra fine particles to deposit in the lungs."
The study does not reveal how marijuana avoids causing cancer. Tashkin speculates that perhaps the THC chemical in marijuana smoke prompts aging cells to die before becoming cancerous. Tashkin and his colleagues presented the findings yesterday at a meeting of the American Thoracic Society in San Diego.


Recent studies and statistics from American cities show disturbing upward trends in racial profiling.
Kansas City Police Disproportionately Ticket Black Drivers
Black drivers in Kansas City, Missouri received 60% of traffic tickets written by the Kansas City Police Department in 2017 even though they comprise only 30% of the city’s population, reports The Kansas City Star. Ken Novak, a professor of criminal justice and criminology at the University of Missouri-Kansas City, attributes this disparity to the concentration of officers in high-crime neighborhoods which have more non-white drivers.
Stacy Shaw, an attorney who has represented defendants in over 8,000 traffic-related cases since 2011, says the majority of black drivers’ tickets are economically based, such as for failure to pay insurance, licensing, or tag fees — not for “poor driver crimes.” To address these problems, she suggests the state create a sliding scale for car registration fees and that the city improve public transit.
Residents in Missouri are not alone in being financially burdened by fees and fear of ticketing: 41 states and the District of Columbia suspend or revoke driver’s licenses for failure to pay traffic tickets or to appear in court to respond to tickets. Nationally over 7 million people may have had their driver’s licenses suspended for failure to pay court or administrative debt, according to a Washington Post analysis. In North Carolina, civil rights groups filed a federal lawsuit challenging the constitutionality of the North Carolina Division of Motor Vehicles’ practice of revoking the driver’s licenses of people who cannot pay for traffic tickets.
“Driving While Black” in Missouri has Worsened Since Ferguson
Four years after the fatal police shooting of Michael Brown in Ferguson, MO and subsequent protests, black drivers in Missouri are 85% more likely to be pulled over than white drivers, reports Mother Jones and St. Louis Public Radio. This is the largest disparity since the Attorney General’s office began analyzing traffic-stop data in 2000.
The report also uncovered significant disparity in how drivers were treated after being pulled over in 2017: Black drivers who were stopped were 51% more likely than white drivers to be searched and Latino drivers were 45% more likely than whites to be searched. Among those searched, white drivers were more often found with contraband.
“We have to learn how to stop people fairly, how to treat people fairly, and the racial profiling numbers as they stand, they’re egregious. They’re horrible,” said Sgt. Heather Taylor, president of the Ethical Society of Police. At a news conference in response to the report’s findings, the Coalition for Fair Policing called for updated policies to make changes to consent searches, better data collection, and limiting “hot-spot policing.”
Please contact my office if you, a friend or family member were racially profiled and now face criminal charges. Hiring competent defense counsel is the first and best step toward reaching justice.