A modem for a PC may be either internal or external. The internal one is installed inside of your PC (you must remove screws, etc. to install it) and the external one just plugs into a serial port connector on a PC. Internal modems are less expensive, are less likely to to suffer data loss due to buffer overrun, usually use less electricity, and use up no space on your desk.
External modems are usually easier to install and usually require less configuration. They have lights which may give you a clue as to what is happening and aid in troubleshooting. The fact that the serial port and modem can be physically separated also aids in troubleshooting. External modems are easy to move to another computer. If you need to turn the power off to reset your modem (this is seldom necessary) then with an external you don't have to power down the entire PC.
Unfortunately most external modems have no switch to turn off the power supply when not in use and thus are likely to consume a little electricity even when turned off (unless you unplug the power supply from the wall). Each watt they draw usually costs you over $1/yr. Another possible disadvantage of an external is that you will be forced to use an existing serial port which may not support a speed of over 115,200 bps (although as of late 2000 most new internal modems don't either --but some do). For details Can't Set a High Enough Speed
Internal modems present a special problem for Linux, but will work just as well as external modems provided you avoid the ones that will work only for MS Windows. Configuring them ranges from very easy (automatically) to difficult depending on both the modem, your skills, and how easy it is to find info about your modem --info that is not all in this HOWTO. Some of the modems which will work only under MS Windows due to lack of Linux drivers (for software modems). If you buy a new one that you're not sure will work under Linux, try to get an agreement that you can return it for a refund if it doesn't work out.
While most new modems are plug-and-play you have various ways to deal with the PnP configuring:
Many Linux users still say that it's a lot simpler just to get an external modem and plug it in. But if you get the right internal modem it may be just as easy.
ISA (and some PCI) hardware modems (including all external modems) don't really need any driver. The serial port the the modem resides on does need a driver and it's supplied either as a Linux serial module or compiled into the kernel. Any driver for a PCI Modem should install automatically since they are detected by system software. Software modems do need a driver. The drivers for MS Windows are *.exe programs which will not run under Linux. So you must use a Linux driver (if it exists). See Software-based Modems (winmodems, linmodems)
Many external modems are labeled "Plug and Play" (PnP) but they should all work fine as non-PnP modems. While the serial port itself may need to be configured (IRQ number and IO address) unless the default configuration is OK, an external modem uses no such IRQ/IO configuration. You just plug the modem into the serial port.
How can an external modem be called PnP since it can't be configured by PnP? Well, it has a special PnP identification built into it that can be read (thru the serial port) by a PnP operating system. Such an operating system would then know that you have a modem on a certain port and would also know the id number. If it's a software modem, it could try to locate a driver for it. It could also tell application programs what port your modem is on. (such as /dev/ttyS2 or COM3). But since you don't have such a PnP operating system you may need to configure your application program manually by giving it the /dev id (such as /dev/ttyS2). Some programs can probe for a modem on various ports.
Connecting an external modem is simple compared to connecting most other devices to a serial port that require various types of "null modem" cables (which will not work for modems). Modems use straight through cable, with no pins crossed over. Most computer stores should have this. Make sure you get the correct gender and number of pins. Hook up your modem to one of your serial ports. If you are willing to accept the default IRQ and IO address of the port you connect it to, then you are ready to start your communication program and configure the modem itself.
An internal modem is installed in a PC by taking off the cover of the PC and inserting the modem card into a vacant slot on the motherboard. There are modems for PCI slots, other modems for the older ISA slots, and ARM software "modems" for the new small AMR slot. Some new PC don't have any ISA slots. Only some newer PCs will have ARM slots. While external modems plug into the serial port (via a short cable) the internal modems have the serial port built into the modem. In other words, the modem card is both a serial port and a modem.
Setting the IO address and IRQ for a serial port was formerly done by jumpers on the card. These are little black rectangular "cubes" about 5x4x2 mm in size which push in over pins on the card. Plug-and-Play modems (actually the serial port part of the modems) don't use jumpers for setting these but instead are configured by sending configuration commands to them over the bus inside the computer. Such configuration commands can be sent by a PnP BIOS, by the isapnp program (for the ISA bus only), by setpci (for the PCI bus), or by newer serial device drivers for certain modems. Under Linux you may have a choice of how to configure the ones that don't get io-irq configured by the serial driver.
See Quick Install for more details, especially for the PCI bus.
Software modems turn over some (or even almost all) of the work of the modem to the main processor (CPU) chip of your computer (such as a Pentium chip). This requires special software (a modem driver) to do the job. Until late 1999, such software was released only for MS Windows and wouldn't work with Linux. Even worse was that the maker of the modem kept the interface to the modem secret so that no one could write a Linux driver for it (even though a few volunteers were willing to write Linux drivers).
But things have improved some since then so that today (late 2001) many such modems do have a linux driver. There is no standard interface so that different brands/models of software-modems need different drivers (unless the different brands/models happen to use the same chipset internally).
Another name for a software modem (used by MS) is "driver-based modem". The conventional hardware-based modem (that works with Linux) doesn't need a modem driver (but does use the Linux serial driver) After about mid-1998 most new internal modems were software modems.
Software modems fall into 2 categories: linmodems and winmodems. Winmodems will only work under MS Windows. Linmodems will work under Linux (but formerly were mostly winmodems so some still call them "winmodems"). The term "Winmodem" is also a trademark for a certain model of "winmodem" but that's not the meaning of it in this document.
In late 1999, two software-based modems appeared that could work under Linux and were thus called "linmodems". Lucent Technologies (LT) unofficially released a Linux binary-only code to support most of its PCI modems. PC-TEL (includes "Zoltrix") introduced a new software-based modem for Linux. After that, interest increased for getting winmodems to work under linux. There is a GPL'ed driver for Intel's (Modem Silicon Operations) MD563x HaM chipset (nee Ambient division of Cirrus Logic). As of mid-2001 there are also drivers for: Conexant HSF, Motorola SM56, ESS (ISA only), and IBM's Mwave for Thinkpads 600+.
What percent of software modems now (2001) work under Linux? Well, there's a lot of modem chips not supported: Lucent/Agere ARM (Scorpio), 3COM/US Robotics, Conexant HCF, some SmartLink (3 different chipsets), Ambient HSP, and possibly others. But there might be support for some of these by the time you read this. So it seems that over half the software modem chips are now supported (as of late 2001).
Be warned in advance that determining if your modem is a linmodem may or may not be easy. You may need to first find out what chipset you have and who makes it. Just knowing the brand and model number of your modem may not be sufficient. There are complex ways to find this out using say "lspci" (more than once) and then looking up the chip maker using the long modem number. This requires checking a database or searching the Internet. It's not always simple. It could happen that you will put a fair amount of effort into this only to get the bad news that your modem isn't supported. See Linmodem-HOWTO for more details.
There are two basic types of software modems. In one type the software does almost all of the work. The other is where the software only does the "control" operations (which is everything except processing the digital waveshapes --to be explained later). Since the hardware doesn't do the control it's called a "controllerless" modem. The first type is an all-software modem (sometimes just called a software modem).
For both of these types there must be analog hardware in the modem to generate an electrical waveshape to send out the phone line. It's generated from a digital signal (which is sort of a "digital waveshape"). It's something like the digital electronics creates a lot of discrete points on graph paper and then the modem draws a smooth curve thru them. There must also be hardware to convert the incoming waveshape to digital. This is just analog-to-digital conversion (and conversely). It's done by a codec (coder-decoder).
Then this digital waveshape must be converted to a data byte stream. This is known as demodulation, while turning data bytes into a digital waveshape is known as modulation. The modem can't just send an incoming data byte stream to the PC but must first do decompression, error correction, and convert from serial to the parallel bus of the computer. Likewise for an outgoing data byte stream.
The difference between the two types of software-based modems is where the digital modulation takes place. In the all-software modem this modulation is done in the CPU using a Host Signal Processor (HSP). In the controllerless modem it's done in the modem but all other digital work is done by the CPU. This other digital work consists of dealing with AT-commands, data compression, error correction, and simulating a serial port. In the all-software modem, there are still two items handled by hardware: the A/D conversion of waveshapes by the codec and echo cancellation.
For example the Rockwell HCF (Host Controlled Family) is an all-software modem. If the software that does these tasks could be ported to Linux and then there wouldn't be a major problem.
How do you determine if an internal modem is a software modem? First see if the name, description of it, or even the name of the MS Windows driver for it indicates it's a software modem: HSP, HCF, HSF, controllerless, host-controlled, host-based, and soft-... modem. If it's one of these modem it will only work for the cases where a Linux driver is available. Since software modems cost less, a low price is a clue that it's a software modem.
If you don't know the model of the modem and you also have Windows on your Linux PC, click on the "Modem" icon in the "Control Panel". Then check out the modem list (see Web Sites. If the above doesn't work (or isn't feasible), you can look at the package it came in (or a manual) find the section on the package that says something like "Minimum System Requirements" or just "System Requirements". It may be in fine print. Read it closely.
If it requires a Pentium CPU, then almost all of it's work is done by software and it's not likely to work under Linux. If it requires a 486 CPU (or better) then it's likely a host-controlled modem that will work only if there exists a Linux driver for it. Saying that it only works with Windows is also bad news. However, even in this case there may be a Linux driver for it.
Otherwise, it may be a hardware modem if it fails to state explicitly that you must have Windows. By saying it's "designed for Windows" it may only mean that it fully supports Microsoft's plug-and-play which is OK since Linux uses the same plug-and-play specs (but it's harder to configure under Linux). Being "designed for Windows" thus gives no clue as to whether or not it will work under Linux. You might check the Website of the manufacturer or inquire via email. Some manufacturers are specifically stating that certain models work under Linux.
Only if you know there is a Linux driver for it that works OK. Besides the problems of getting a driver, what are the pros and cons of software modems? Since the software modem uses the CPU to do some (or all) of its work, the software modem requires less on-board electronics and thus costs less. At the same time, the CPU work load is increased by the modem which may result in slower operation.
The percentage of loading of the CPU by the modem depends on both what CPU you have and whether or not it's an all-software modem. For a modern CPU and a modem that only uses the CPU as a controller, there's little loss of performance. In most other cases, you will not suffer a loss of performance if there are no other CPU-intensive tasks are running at the same time. Of course, when you're not using the software modem there is no degradation in performance at all.
Is the cost savings worth it? In many cases yes, especially if you don't use the modem much and/or are not running any other CPU intensive tasks when the modem is in use. The savings in modem cost could be used for a better CPU which would speed things up a little. But the on-board electronics of a modem can do the job more efficiently than a general purpose CPU (except that it's not efficient at all when it's not in use). So if you use the modem a lot it's probably better to avoid all-software modems (and then you can use a less powerful CPU :-).
A PCI modem card is one which inserts into a PCI-bus slot on the motherboard of a PC. While many PCI winmodems will not work under Linux (no driver available) other PCI modems will work under Linux. The Linux serial driver is being modified to support certain PCI modem cards (but not winmodems). If the Linux serial driver supports it then the driver will set up the PnP configuration for you. See PCI Bus Support Underway If no special support is in the Linux serial driver it may still work OK but you have to do some work to configure it.
These are all winmodems that insert into a special AMR (Audio Modem Riser) slot on the motherboard. Audio cards are sometimes used in this slot. The slot's main use is for HSF type modems where the CPU does almost all of the work. This results in a small modem card and thus a short AMR slot. Such a "modem" is actually little more than a codec which transforms digital signals representing an analog voltage wave into the analog wave itself (and conversely). Linux supports at least one of them.
USB = Universal Serial Bus. Some USB modems work with Linux and some don't. Linux has support for modems that conform to the USB Communication Device Class Abstract Control Model (= USB CDC ACM). There's a module for ACM named acm.o. See the /usb/acm... document in the kernel documentation directory (/usr/share/doc/kernel-doc-2.4.x in Debian, perhaps /usr/doc/kernel... in some distributions). The ACM serial port for the first (0th) such modem is (with devfs) is: /dev/usb/acm/0. Otherwise it might be /dev/usb/ttyACM0.
Note that there's now a Linux driver for the ACP (Mwave) modem used in IBM Thinkpads 600+. See the mini-HOWTO: ACP-Modem.
While hardware modems used use DSPs (Digital Signal Processors) some of these DSPs are programmed by a driver which must be downloaded from the hard disk to the DSPs memory just before using the modem. Unfortunately, such downloading is normally done by Dos/Windows programs (which doesn't work for Linux). But there has been substantial success in getting some of these modems to work with Linux. For example, there is a Linux driver available to run a Lucent (DSP) modem.
Ordinary modems that work fine with Linux (without needing a driver for the modem) often have a DSP too (and may mention this on the packaging), but the program that runs the DSP is stored inside the modem. These work fine under Linux. An example of a DSP modem that has problems working under Linux is the old IBM's Aptiva MWAVE.
One way to get some DSP modems to work with Linux is to boot from DOS (if you have it on your Linux PC). You first install the driver under DOS (using DOS and not Window drivers). Then start Dos/Windows and start the driver for the modem so as to program the DSP. Then without turning off the computer, start Linux.
One may write a "batch" file (actually a script) to do this. Here is an example but you must modify it to suit your situation.
rem mwave is a batch file supplied by the modem maker call c:\mww\dll\mwave start rem loadlin.exe is a DOS program that will boot Linux from DOS (See rem Config-HOWTO). c:\linux\loadlin f:\vmlinuz root=/dev/hda3 ro
One may create an icon for the Window's desktop which points to such a batch file and set the icon properties to "Run in MSDOS Mode". Then by clicking on this icon one sets up the modem and goes to Linux. Another possible way to boot Linux from DOS is to press CTRL-ALT-DEL and tell it to reboot (assuming that you have set things up so that you can boot directly into Linux). The modem remains on the same com port (same IO address) that it used under DOS.
The Newcom ifx modem needs a small kernel patch to work correctly since its simulation of a serial port is non-standard. The patch and other info for using this modem with Linux is at http://quinine.pharmacy.ohio-state.edu/~ejolson/linux/newcom.html.
Some older Rockwell chips need Rockwell RPI (Rockwell Protocol Interface) drivers for compression and error correction. They can still be used with Linux even though the driver software works only under MS Windows. This is because the MS Windows software (which you don't have) does only compression and error correction. If you are willing to operate the modem without compression and error correction then it's feasible to use it with Linux. To do this you will need to disable RPI by sending the modem (via the initialization string) a "RPI disable" command each time you power on your modem. On my old modem this command was +H0. Not having data compression available makes it slower to get webpages but is just as fast when downloading files that are already compressed.


|Scott, Virginia -|
|Ascher, John -|
|Nufio, Cesar -|
Submitted to: Book Chapter
Publication Type: Book / Chapter
Publication Acceptance Date: June 17, 2011
Publication Date: September 1, 2011
Citation: Scott, V.L., Ascher, J.S., Griswold, T.L., Nufio, C.R. 2011. The bees of Colorado (Hymenoptra: Apoidea: Anthophila). Natural History Inventory of Colorado. 23: 1-100. Interpretive Summary: Despite more than a century and a half of studies on the bees of North America we still do not have well documented lists of bee species for any of the western states where most of the diversity in bees resides. The Colorado Bee List documents the presence of 940 bee species and their occurrence at the county level. The history of bee research in Colorado is recounted, describing the contributions of diverse researchers that had a major impact on our knowledge of Colorado’s bees. A summary of our knowledge of the biology of bees in Colorado is provided. New records for the state are documented.
Technical Abstract: The Colorado Bee List contains 940 valid extant bee species in 66 genera. Distributional data are presented at the county level for each bee species found within Colorado. The history of bee research in Colorado is reviewed and important contributors are noted. Gaps in our current understanding of the Colorado bee fauna are discussed. Colorado bee species diversity is assessed in relation to the faunas of other states, including those adjoining Colorado. Life history characteristics, e.g., aspects of sociality, nesting biology, and floral associations, are summarized for Colorado bees at the generic level. The literature on fossil bee species known from Colorado is summarized. Megachile helianthi Cockerell is recognized as a junior synonym of Megachile (Megachile) montivaga Cresson, new synonymy. The parasitic species Lasioglossum (Dialictus) sitocleptum Gibbs is recorded for the first time from the United States, and approximately forty additional species are recorded for the first time from Colorado.


Just what is true in literature and what meaning we can find in it are perennial subjects for prophets as well as literary pontificates. Yet often both of these are treated as unitary–a work of literature is either true or its not, and has just one meaning. Of course literary critics have long seen that works of literature can be true in different ways and have multiple meanings. But somehow this fact is lost in the debate when we put things in a religious sphere.
Except when it comes to scripture. By the early twentieth century some Mormons not only thought that scripture was true in multiple ways and had multiple meanings, they also taught these ideas in the published Relief Society lessons about the Bible, such as the extract from a lesson found below. Oddly enough, I’m not sure that most Church members today see this point, at least not from the scripture lessons I attend each week.
Again I’m not quite sure who wrote this lesson. From the reading I’ve done in the Relief Society Magazine of the time, it seems likely that the author is one of the General Relief Society Board–in this case whichever board member was considered the literary specialist. However there were 17 board members, in addition to the Relief Society Presidency and the Magazine staff, so the author could have been anyone from the Magazine editor, Susa Young Gates, to even the President, Emmeline B. Wells. Given their other assignments, and President Wells’ advanced age, I kind of doubt either of them, but I don’t know enough about the background of the others to know who is likely and I haven’t found any information to indicate who else is possible. I’m sure who it is will eventually become clear.
Whoever it was had put some thought into how to read scripture, and, by extension, how any literary text should be read.
Stories from Scripture
Relief Society Magazine lesson
“Back to the Bible” is one of the stirring calls in these trying days. Why? Because the Bible is the Book of books. Within its pages are found the truths of life ‘plainly told and vividly pictured with the choicest of stories. Every home should know the Bible; every father should make it a companion, a binding link between him and his children, and every mother should make its stories a means of inculcating the gospel in the hearts of her little ones. It is not enough to trust this work to the Sabbath school or other organizations. We should have a scripture story hour frequently in every home.
This does not mean that every story in the good book should be given indiscriminately to children. Some stories from scripture cannot be understood by the immature child. But there are many stories which are within his grasp. Such tales should be read for his delight and his development.
As has been pointed out before, the Bible story is not only charming in its interest as a literary tale, but it is always true to life and true to truth. Between its lines may ever be found some lesson of vital importance to mankind. The child may not catch this message at first hearing, nor at second. It is not necessary that he does. Let him enjoy the story as a story. Read it in its sweet simple language from the Bible or tell it plainly. The day will come when its deeper meanings will come to give new joy to his heart.
A scripture story hour in every home frequently or at least every Sabbath day might do much to stir in the hearts of both parents and children a clearer understanding and a deeper appreciation of these stories, and it would certainly be a means of creating a greater love for the sacred books God has given to us.
Relief Society Magazine, v4 n10, October 1917, p. 592-595.
The author had already brought up (and I think I published earlier her thoughts on) the idea that there is more than one way that a text can be true. Above she indicates that the Bible can be “true to life” and “true to truth,” while she previously talked about texts being “true to fact.” Today I think we call “true to life” verisimilitude, and the concept that literary works should be true to life has developed into the idea that works must be true to their setting instead of our life today–a natural extension of verisimilitude.
The requirement that literary works be “true to fact” was, as we’ve seen in this series, a bit of a stumbling block for Mormons in the 19th century, but its omission above and the earlier mention shows that this was no longer being taught, at least not in the Relief Society. And it doesn’t seem to be much of an issue today.
But the idea that a work should be “true to truth” is, I think, a bit more difficult to parse. I think the author means that literary works must somehow communicate or promote a basic truth of human nature or of gospel principle in order to have value. But today (or at least to me) this seems a little bit simplistic. Aren’t there actually many truths that could be taught or communicated in a literary work? And if a work has multiple ideas in it, what happens when one isn’t true while another is? And what about more modern works that don’t have a clear point, but simply describe life? Are such works true or not?
I don’t want to dismiss the author’s lesson because of these issues. I wish this lesson were taught in Church today. I think too many members haven’t understood the points the author is making. But if we try to apply these points about scripture to other literature, I think there is still some thinking to be done, especially with current literary styles and trends and the increasing emphasis on media that is made solely for entertainment.


The welding technique, friction stir welding, was developed almost 30 years ago in 1991. Although it was invented many years ago, it has seen a high rise in demand over the past few years. One of the main reasons that friction stir welding has seen such a massive increase is due to the rising demand for greater strength and durability in applications.
There are multiple welding techniques that have significantly impacted a variety of industries, including the transportation and aerospace industries. Similar to other friction welding processes, the friction stir welding technique also uses frictional heat. This type of welding also uses force to merge materials together in order to create high-quality parts and joints.
The friction stir welding has technique uses a great method of joining the metals together, and this is greatly different from the traditional welding methods. Some of the uniqueness of friction stir welding lies greatly in the fact that no melting takes place when the materials are merged together. The metals are generally softened enough to the point where they can easily join together without a great deal of assistance.
This technique relinquishes outstanding mechanical properties, including stiffness and reduced defects. The friction stir welding technique also results in less wasted materials and an overall better look. Another great benefit of friction stir welding is that it does not cause harm to our environment because there is no need for toxic fumes during the use of this method.
When it comes to welding, I think it is safe to say that friction stir welding will always have a place in the industry because of its high efficiency, cost savings, and the ability to not cause any harmful effects in regard to the environment. The process is a great choice for the engineers and others in the industry who want to combine techniques and are looking for outstanding results.
For more information, please do not hesitate to contact us today.


Swimmer's Ear: What It Is & What to Do About It
May 14, 2018 Cedars-Sinai Staff
Swimmer's ear can put a temporary stop to the summertime fun of splashing around in the pool.
The first sign of infection is often simply muffled hearing, but if left untreated it can become very painful.
So why does this common summertime ear condition cause so much discomfort for kids and adults alike? We sat down with Cedars-Sinai pediatrician Dr. Karina Eastman to find out.
What is swimmer’s ear?
Swimmer's ear is really just a common outer-ear infection caused by bacteria or fungi inside the ear.
The amount of water doesn't matter. It’s about creating the right environment for the bacteria to grow.
It's often referred to as "swimmer's ear" because water trapped inside the ear canal can make it more prone to infection. The amount of water doesn't matter. It's about creating the right environment for the bacteria to grow, says Dr. Eastman.
In fact, the ear doesn't even need to get wet for an outer-ear infection to develop.
A tear or other damage in a dry ear canal can lead to the same infection. Eczema, aggressive ear cleaning, or a foreign object in the ear can also increase the risk of "swimmer's ear."
Symptoms of swimmer's ear?
Swimmer's ear usually develops over a couple of days. At first hearing may be muffled, and as the infection progresses the ear canal may start to itch and the whole ear could turn red. Then comes the pain, which may be accompanied by discharge.
"A lot of my parents say by the time the infection has settled in their kid's ear, it's too painful to touch."
"A lot of my parents say by the time the infection has settled in their kid's ear, it's too painful to touch," says Dr. Eastman.
Muffled hearing or partial hearing loss may persist throughout, but should return to normal once the infection has cleared.
How to treat swimmer's ear?
The usual treatment for mild swimmer's ear infections is over-the-counter acetic acid ear drops. Your doctor may also prescribe steroid ear drops to dry up extra moisture or antibiotics if the infection is severe.
If the ear hurts or is sensitive to touch, speak to your doctor before trying any remedies.
Tips to prevent swimmer's ear:
- Wear earplugs while bathing or swimming.
- Use caution when cleaning the ear canal.
- Gently wipe inside the ears after contact with water to keep the area dry.
Despite the pain that may come along with swimmer's ear, it's a common and treatable infection, and it shouldn't stop kids or the young at heart from having fun this summer, Dr. Eastman says.


Isaac D’Israeli was an easy-going freethinker, Spinozist and Voltairian, who, though he did not want to give up his ancestral faith, never showed religious zeal. As Sheila A. Spector has pointed out, ‘Isaac D’Israeli’s attitude toward his Jewishness was problematic at best’(24). He was probably one of the first British Jews, who revealed unorthodox approach to traditional Jewish ceremony. In 1798, he published in the Monthly Magazine a sketch about Moses Mendelssohn (1729-86), the father of the Jewish Enlightenment in the eighteenth century. He called him, with admiration, the ‘Jewish Socrates’, who ‘fought all his life with obscurantism, poverty and prejudice’ (Schmidt v). In 1813, D’Israeli was appointed, for a year’s term, Parnas (Head Warden) of the Congregation of Bevis Marks Synagogue, the oldest British Sephardic synagogue in Aldgate, London, built in 1701. Surprised by this nomination, he politely refused it, explaining that his secular lifestyle and the relative indifference to Jewish traditions and ceremonies did not permit him to accept such dignity. In the early nineteenth century, open expression of disloyalty to religious leaders was seen as totally unacceptable. The rabbi and a council of elders punished Isaac by a fine of forty pounds, which was quite a substantial sum for that time. Isaac refused to pay, claiming that the rabbi had no legal grounds to impose such a punishment to him in England. The dispute lasted for several years without a final solution, probably because Isaac did not want to worry his old and pious father by an open apostasy from the faith of his ancestors. But in 1816, after the death of his father, who left him a tidy sum of 35,000 pounds, Isaac formally broke off with the synagogue and began to sympathise with the movement of Reform Judaism, which began in Germany in the early nineteenth century. D’Israeli, influenced by the writings of Voltaire, treated Judaism as a relic of ancient, barbaric times. Talmud was for him ‘a mass of superstitions, contradictory opinions, rambling oriental fancies, and casuistical glosses’ (Endelmann 110). His son Benjamin certainly adopted man of his father’s views.
On the advice of a friend, the historian Sharon Turner (1768-1847), Isaac had all his children baptised in the Anglican Church of St. Andrew in London’s Holborn in 1817, because he believed that only the full assimilation would enable his children to enjoy a comfortable and peaceful life in England. However, Isaac himself chose not to be baptised and he never had a desire to convert from Judaism to Christianity. However, he did not participate in the inauguration ceremony of the Reformed Synagogue at Berkeley Street in London. After learning about the baptism of Isaac’s children, the rabbi of the Bevis Marks Synagogue immediately declared it invalid and to this day the London synagogue has never officially approved the departure of Benjamin Disraeli from the Jewish religion.
Baptism had an unequal impact on Isaac’s children. At the time of baptism, the younger sons, Ralph and James, were eight and four years old, respectively. Their elder brother Benjamin was twelve years old and was probably old enough to understand the consequences of this event. The eldest sister, Sarah, who was then fourteen, was undoubtedly the most aware of the importance of baptism. However, it appears in her letters that she was not an overly religious person, but she understood well Benjamin, who devoted much attention to his complicated situation of a Christian convert. In 1838, D’Israeli published anonymously a tract, The Genius of Judaism, in which he gave expression to his ambivalent views on the question of Jewishness and Judaism. He attempted to explain the causes of the exclusion of Jews from Christian and Muslim societies. Shortly before his death, he urged his son, then an MP, to support the Jews Relief Bill, which removed the barriers to Jews entering Parliament.
Last modified 30 November 2016


HSV2 blood tests involve a screening for genital herpes, which is a sexually transmitted disease that is common. It is caused by the herpes simplex virus type 2, which is how the blood test gets its name. Most people who have become infected with HSV2 will not have any symptoms. For this reason, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention do not recommend testing everyone for this sexually transmitted disease.
When to Ask About the HSV2 Blood Test
Diagnosing genital herpes in someone without any symptoms caused by the HSV2 virus has not shown to change their sexual behaviors. It does not stop the virus from spreading either. The HSV2 blood test also has a history of false positive results when there are no symptoms present, which may cause a medical provider to issue an incorrect diagnosis.
If you do not have symptoms of HSV2, but have recently had unprotected sexual contact with a new partner, then speak with your medical provider about your sexual history. This is the best solution to determine if the HSV2 blood test is right for you.
You may also wish to speak with your doctor about the HSV2 blood test if you have certain specific situations in your recent history. This includes symptoms which could be related to the herpes virus or if you have had or are currently having sex with someone who may have genital herpes.
It is also a good idea to have a complete STD exam when you have multiple sex partners.
Why Is Testing Only Recommended When Symptoms Are Present?
Testing is recommended for herpes where there are genital symptoms only because this blood test can help to confirm the infection. When the symptoms of genital herpes are present, this is generally referred to as a “flare up” or “having an outbreak.” They can appear as blisters that are on the rectum, genitals, or even the mouth.
Eventually the blisters can break and may leave painful sores. These sores may take several weeks to heal. The results of the HSV2 blood test can help you know what to expect for future health needs, what medications may be available to help you manage your symptoms, and ways that you can lower future risks of either obtaining the infection in the future or spreading the infection to future partners.
Women who are pregnant and have a sexual partner who has been diagnosed should be tested immediately. The fetus can also obtain the herpes virus and herpes infections in babies can be life-threatening.
What Do My Test Results Mean?
If your HSV2 blood test results come back as positive, then this is a general indication that the herpes virus is present. If the test comes back as negative, then this is a general indication that the herpes virus is not present. The HSV2 blood test does have a history of providing some false results, so it is important to discuss any specific results with a medical provider.
If the HSV2 blood test is positive and the results are confirmed, then it is important to note that people with genital herpes are at a greater risk of obtaining an HIV infection in the future. This increased risk is present even when there are no symptoms of genital herpes present. This is because the infection of the herpes virus can attract the cells that HIV targets during an exposure.
What Happens if My Test Is Positive?
Infections of HSV2 are considered to be a lifelong event. Because of this, it is important to avoid any false positive tests. If you are not having any symptoms of genital herpes and do not believe you have had sexual contact with anyone who may have had this disease, then a second blood test may help to confirm the results.
It should be noted that the CDC believes people who have a lower than average risk of being infected may have a higher than average risk of experiencing a false positive result.
If the HSV2 blood test is positive and confirmed, then a treatment plan to manage symptoms and avoid spreading the infection to others will be implemented. Your medical provider will also provide you with information resources that detail current research efforts, prevention methods, and additional treatment methods that may help to manage outbreaks when they occur.
A positive HSV2 test may require some habit changes, but it doesn’t have to change everything. Speak with your doctor about your risk factors for HSV2 and this will determine if the HSV2 blood test is right for you.


Title: Pepere Played the Fiddle
Author: Linda Ducharme
Publisher: Pemmican Publications, 2006
Pepere Played the Fiddle is an elegant book to introduce young children to the Metis culture. The fiddle music of the Metis community is an integral part of their culture. I believe that introducing students to this music helps break the "Hollywood" stereotype of what Indian music sounds like.
Montana Office of Public Instruction has a publication "American Indian Music: More Than Just Flutes and Drums". They also distributed CD's that connect to the publication. Please contact them to see if the following CD and DVD is still available."American Indian Music- More than Just Flutes and Drums"-CD. A DVD that you might want to ask them about is "The Power of the Drum" (OPI: Indian Ed for All DVD).
I saw a friend at WalMart the other night. Angela shared with me that Labor Day weekend she attended the Montana Metis Festival. She said the music was fabulous. I didn't even know about it until then. I came home and told my husband that I wanted to go to it next year.
Butte's National Folk Festival also featured Metis music.
Metis Radio http://www.metisradio.fm/
Metis History and Culture http://www.metisresourcecentre.mb.ca/history/music.htm
Metis Fiddler Quartet http://www.metisfiddlerquartet.com/
Virtual Museum of Metis Culture http://www.metismuseum.ca/resource.php/03146
Sierra's Song http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NGtckNUY7b8
Fox Fiddle-Metis Tunes from Montana https://sweetgrassmusic.com/index.php?page=shop.product_details&flypage=shop.flypage&product_id=35&category_id=11&manufacturer_id=0&option=com_virtuemart&Itemid=1&vmcchk=1
Montana Metis Project http://lcweb2.loc.gov/diglib/legacies/MT/200003227.html


Summary: Jesus contrasts the phony goodness of the religious leaders with the true devotion of the poor widow. With this great story He gives three great principles about giving; (1) God cares about our giving, (2) God cares about how we give and (3) God cares how
A Study of the Book of Luke
Sermon # 58
The Widow’s Mite!
Dr. John Broadus, on one memorable Sunday as the ushers were about the offering, left the platform and walked down to where the ushers were beginning to take the collection and went along with them and looked on as every dime, nickel and dollar went into the plate. You may well imagine that some of the people were upset, even angry. Some were confused, some shamefaced, others filled with amazement. All were evidently surprised. When the collection was over, Dr. Broadus said, “My people, if you take to heart that I have seen your offerings this day and know just what sacrifices you have made and what sacrifices you have not made, remember that the Son of God your Savior, goes about the aisles with every usher and sees with his sleepless eye every cent put into the collection by His people.” He then reminded them of this truth by reading them the story of the “widow’s mite.”
Let’s read the story in Luke 21, beginning in verse one, “And He looked up and saw the rich putting their gifts into the treasury, (2) and He saw also a certain poor widow putting in two mites. (3) So He said, "Truly I say to you that this poor widow has put in more than all; (4) for all these out of their abundance have put in offerings for God, but she out of her poverty put in all the livelihood that she had."
Jesus chose the treasury as the place that he would give his final teaching before leaving the temple forever. Jesus contrasts the phony goodness of the religious leaders with the true devotion of the poor widow. With this great story He gives three great principles about giving; (1) God cares about our giving, (2) God cares about how we give and (3) God cares how much we give.
The first principle is, God Cares About Our Giving.
In the parallel account in Mark 12:41, it says ”Now Jesus sat opposite the treasury. And saw how the people put money into the treasury. And many who were rich put in much.” Mark gives us a picture of Jesus’ concern for the treasury of the house of the Lord. Mark tells us that Jesus “saw” or as the King James Version says, “beheld” what the people gave. The word used here means to look at something with interest and purpose, usually indicating the careful observation of details. Of all the people that Jesus saw giving into the treasure only one person impressed him. In spite of the fact that “many of the rich put in much” he was not impressed.
God is interested in our giving because He has a plan for our giving. God’s plan is called tithing. The word “tithe” is in reality a very simple word it means one tenth. The believer is expected to give one-tenth of his or her income to the Lord. In Malachi 3:10 we read; “Bring all the tithes into the storehouse, that there may be food in my house, and try me now in this, Says the LORD of hosts, ‘If I will not open for you the windows of heaven and pour out for you such a blessing that there will not be room enough to receive it.”
Now I realize that the subject of money is a touchy one to some people. But it should not be. One of my favorite quotes about giving is by Frank Hubbard who has said, “When a fellow says, ‘It ain’t the money, but the principle of the thing,’ it’s the money.”


Climate outlook for October to January
Climate outlook overview
- Rainfall is likely to be below average across most of the country for the remainder of 2019 and early 2020. However, for parts of northwest WA, there are slightly increased chances of above average rainfall for October to December.
- Daytime temperatures are very likely to be above average over virtually all of Australia during the October to January period.
- Nights are likely to be cooler than average across parts of the southeast and north during October to December, with warmer nights likely elsewhere.
- A positive Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) remains the major influence on Australian climate over the coming months. A prolonged negative SAM (Southern Annular Mode) is also forecast, which at this time of the year is likely to enhance the drier signal across parts of eastern Australia.
High chances of drier October and November for most
- Rainfall is likely to be below average across most of the country during October to January. However, for northwest WA, there are slightly increased chances of above average rainfall through the October to December period.
- For the month of October, most of the country is likely to be drier than average. Large parts of the eastern two-thirds of the country are very likely to be drier than average (greater than 80% chance). This pattern continues into November, with most areas of Australia likely to be drier, except northern WA and western Tasmania.
Warmer end to the year very likely
- Daytime temperatures are very likely to be warmer than average for virtually all of Australia for the remainder of 2019 and early 2020.
- Nights are likely to be cooler than average in parts of the southeast and tropical north during October to December, with other areas likely to have warmer than average nights.
- The positive Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) is forecast to continue until early summer, and is the main influence driving warmer and drier conditions across large parts of Australia.
- IOD events typically decay towards the end of the year, having little influence on Australian climate from December to April, meaning its contribution to the drier outlook should start to reduce in early summer.
- A prolonged period of negative Southern Annular Mode (SAM) is forecast by the Bureau's climate model during October and November. This is largely due to a sudden warming of the stratosphere over Antarctica.
- A negative SAM in the spring months often brings drier than average conditions to parts of eastern mainland Australia by reducing onshore flow, but also brings wetter than average conditions to western Tasmania.
- Forecast warmer than average sea surface temperatures off the northern WA coast are likely contributing towards the increased chances of above average rainfall for northern WA in October to December. Similarly, cooler than average waters are forecast further east, over northern Australia. These cooler waters are likely contributing towards the drier forecast across much of this region for October to December, as well as the cooler nights.
- The El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is expected to remain neutral for the remainder of 2019.
- In addition to the natural drivers such as ENSO and the IOD, Australian climate patterns are being influenced by the long-term increasing trend in global air and ocean temperatures.
Product code: IDCKOATCO2


Activated charcoal provides a great way to help rid your body of toxic substances. The ingredient has many potential health benefits, including supporting skin health, temporary relief of gas and bloating, teeth whitening, and more. Find out more amazing uses for this unique ingredient here!
Activated charcoal may be the latest beauty trend, but this mysterious black powder could actually make a difference to your health!
It’s not the same as the coals you use on your barbecue, or the ash from your bonfire. Activated charcoal, also known as medicinal charcoal, is a fine, black, odorless, tasteless and nontoxic powder derived from certain carbon-containing materials. During the activation process, the substance is broken down into a fine powder that is nearly pure carbon. Then, it is treated with steam, oxygen, carbon dioxide, acids and other chemicals to help it expand and become more porous.
Medical professionals have administered activated charcoal since the early 1800s as emergency treatment for acute poisoning, gastrointestinal (GI) tract infections, nausea and more. The beauty market uses the ingredient in facials, cleansers and masks. Some carbon block water filters feature it for natural purification, and the natural health market uses this “adsorbent” agent to help rid the body of toxins and more.
Adsorbency vs. Absorbency
Activated charcoal is one the best natural adsorbent agents. Unlike absorption, which occurs when a substance passes into or through a tissue, adsorption is a process in which a substance attaches to another surface, which is useful in its elimination. The body does not digest activated charcoal. Instead, it binds to toxins, trapping them and carrying them out of the body through the digestive system.
Activated charcoal will adsorb most drugs and toxins, but not all compounds. It does not bind well with severely toxic substances, such as lithium, lead, arsenic, ethanol, acetone or hydrocarbons.
Activated charcoal is not known to be toxic, but you should always check with a medical professional before use. It may also affect the ability to absorb other vitamins or medications if taken together. Use activated charcoal a half an hour before or two hours after other vitamins or medications to help prevent absorption issues. In case of emergency, always seek medical attention.
However, if you need basic, everyday detoxification support, activated charcoal may be worth trying. Here’s why.
Potential Benefits of Activated Charcoal
Supports Overall Health: When taken as a dietary supplement such as Activated Charcoal from Nutri-Dyn, the ingredient promotes overall detoxification, helping the body to rid itself of potentially harmful substances.
Digestive Function: Taking daily dietary supplements like Charcoal Activated 280mg from Nature’s Way may provide temporary relief from occasional, minor feelings of gas and bloating by supporting the trapping and removal of unwanted substances and gas in the digestive tract.
Oral Care: Non-abrasive versions of the ingredient are used in oral care products like Activated Charcoal Whitening Toothpaste in Fresh Mint from Heritage Store, which may support whiter-looking teeth, protecting against stains from foods and beverages and helping to neutralize odor.
Skin Care: When used in skin care products such as D:tox System Facial Kit Travel Size from Giovanni, it may help improve your overall skin health by deeply cleaning and drawing out impurities, such as bacteria, chemicals or dirt.
Or you can opt for a 6 oz version of the D:tox System Purifying Body Scrub.
When used as a deodorant like in Deodorant with Activated Charcoal & Reishi in Refreshing Coconut from Alaffia, it seeks to maintain odor neutralization for a fresh feeling.
Hair Care: Small amounts of it, when used on your hair, may remove oil and dirt. However, it may stain light-colored hair, so test a small patch first before using it on your entire head.
After-Bite Care: Activated charcoal powder used topically may offer temporary relief from the discomfort of bug bites, stings, minor cuts or scrapes.
Juice Cleanse: You could even use it for a cleanse! In Los Angeles, for example, a juice store sells a lemonade cleanse made of raw sugar cane juice, lemon and activated charcoal for liver detoxification support and temporary relief from a hangover.
Start Your Own Detox
Improve your body’s detoxification processes the natural way. Shop Natural Healthy Concepts for activated charcoal dietary supplements, oral care and skin care products today, and stay on the all-natural pathway toward optimal health! For more cleansing and detox options, click here.
Have you tried activated charcoal? We’d love to hear more! Share your story in the comments below.


Cartoons and Extremism
The outrage sparked by the Danish cartoon affair - the publication of images of the Prophet Muhammad in the European press - was a sharp reminder of the potency of the cartoon in the modern media. It is one of the most popular and effective means of communication. By exaggerating and exasperating, cartoons by their very nature lack neutrality, and the cartoon is an important weapon in the Middle Eastern crisis. In response to the Danish cartoon affair, an Iranian newspaper announced a competition for cartoons about the Holocaust, even though it had nothing to do with Israel or the Jewish people. Antisemitic cartoons have long been rife in the Arab-Muslim media. The September 2001 Durban Conference against Racism, intended to denounce and combat racism in all its forms, also featured the distribution of antisemitic cartoons by an Arab organization, yet this elicited no reaction from Western NGOs at the conference. This event set the author on a trail that revealed thousands of such drawings. In the name of anti-Zionism, Jews are depicted as sadistic and bloodthirsty monsters, solely interested in money and power. This return to anti-Jewish hatred is of a new order, in line with current trends - an Arab-Muslim form unexpectedly metamorphosed from the antisemitism traditionally linked with the Christian West. By reproducing more than 400 of these cartoons, taken from both Arab and Western media, this book denounces the use of hatred in the media and hopes to raise the alarm.


During the sixteenth century the initiative passed to Rome, where the architect Bramante designed a papal garden within the Vatican. This was forerunner of the High Renaissance style, with a magnificent arrangement of steps and terraces, which became a prototype for everything which became followed. From then on gardens became even more ostentatious in design, with terraces at different levels retained by walls and interconnected by grand staircases. Water again became a major feature, as it was in Islamic gardens. It was pressurized and used spectacularly, progressing down an incline or displayed in an elaborate fountain. While these Renaissance gardens were still places for cool retreat, with shade and water of great importance, they were also showplaces where the site and its vegetation were deliberately manipulated. The Italians were really the first to make decorative use of plants, with hedges, for example, used to link the house and garden structurally.
The Renaissance movement originating in Italy spread northwards, together with increased knowledge about plants and their cultivation. In France the small formal gardens within the walls of moated chateaux moved outside, becoming much grander in scale and scope. Unlike the Italian hill side gardens, the French ones were flat and straight, most of them situated in the flat marshy areas to the south and west of Paris. The style was still very geometric, as the original pattern of formal beds within a grid system of paths was simply repeated in order to enlarge the garden.
In the seventeenth century Andre le Notre changed French garden planning significantly. With the opening of the chateau garden at Vaux-le-Vicomte in 1661 he established a style which was to influence the whole of Europe for a century. His gardens were still basically formal and geometric in character but they became much more elaborate and interesting with long magnificent vistas, pools or rectangular canals and grand parterres. Parterres were both larger in scale and more intricate in detail than earlier knot gardens. Another distinctive characteristic was the hedge lined avenues which fanned out through the surrounding forest known as pattes d’oie (goose feet). Le Notre was appointed royal gardener to Louis XIV and the garden at Versailles is probably his best known creation. In concept it was a vast outdoor drawing room, intended for the entertainment of a court of thousands.
Though most of Le Notre’s gardens were unashamedly for show they were still not places for colour or floral display; canalized and playing water, clipped and trained vegetation, statuary and elaborate parterres provided the visual interest, along with people walking about in them. This stylized layout, originally designed for large chateaux, was adapted to quite manor house. Like the grand Italian gardens, as they became out of scale with the use of the individual, a smaller secret garden had to be created within them for family use.
At this stage garden design was fairly international in character and more or less uniform throughout Europe. The Germans imitated the Italian Renaissance style but readily switched to the grand geometric French style when it became dominant. The main historical contribution of Germany has been a numerical one – in the sixteenth century there were more gardens in Germany than any other country in Europe – and a certain exaggeration of the elements in any style they adopted. The French formal style of gardening also flourished in the sandy soil of Holland, on a smaller and less sophisticated scale but with more emphasis on hedges, fantastic topiary and decorative planting. Their box-edged formal beds were filled with tulips in the spring, brought back from the Middle East. The Dutch were responsible, through their trading and through their rise as a colonial power, for the introduction of much imported plant material – from China, America, South Africa and many other countries. They introduced the lilac, the pelargonium and the chrysanthemum into Europe and popularized tulips and many other bulbs.
In the same way that English medieval gardens remained pale counterparts of the elegant and colourful enclosures found in Europe, the gardens of English royalty and aristocracy developed on the lines of Italian and French Renaissance layouts during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. They were, however, less rigorously formal, since the English climate is more conductive to mixed plating. There was also a developing interest in horticulture and a new emphasis on flowers grown for their appearance rather than for culinary and medicinal use.
One of the first gardens in the grand formal style was Hampton Court Palace, later emulated by all Tudor nobility. The flower beds were laid out in a knot garden pattern and other characteristics included mazes, labyrinths, gazebos or pavilions, topiary, sundials, trellis and arbours. Vegetable gardens were usually walled and separate from the main garden. After 1660 the influence of Le Notre made itself felt briefly: grand parterres replaced simple knots and vast lakes and canals replaced gentle fountain, while broad beech-lined avenues stretched out to the horizon. Though the English could not match the Italians or French designers, not the Dutch as growers, the closely-cut lawn was one feature of English gardens which attracted international admiration.
The seventeenth century was a time for pioneers on the English gardening scene. The first gardening text books appeared, the interest in horticulture increased and a great search for new plants began. The earliest botanic gardens were opened and there was an increasing use of orangeries and conservatoires to protect tender plants. Men like London and Wise set up the first commercial nurseries and began selling plants throughout the land.


Replica. This microscope was made by Antoni van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723), a Dutch microscopist who was the first to observe bacteria and protozoa using his own simple microscopes. This one consists of a single double convex lens mounted between two thin bras plates riveted together. The object to be examined is held in front of a lens on the point of a short rod which is mounted on a small bras block loosely riveted to coarse-threaded screw; this acts through a socket angle-piece attached to the lower end of the plates by a thumb-screw. In this way the object can be brought in front of the lens, and focusing is effected by a thumb-screw pasing through the mounting block and acting against the plates.
© Science Museum / Science & Society Picture Library


Tire cord fabric is a type of industrial fabric which is constructed using High Tenacity yarns in the warp direction and yarns of negligible resistance in weft direction which is used to hold warn yarns locked in their position. Tire cord coated fabrics provides fundamental properties such as controlled deformation, high strength, abrasion resistance, etc. Widely used by the tire industry, it is also employed for the rubber hose manufacture, air springs, expansion joints, among many other applications.
Fiber consisting of a long chain polymer containing amines and aromatic components. Infusible, does not melt, does not burn, does not soften. Besides it shows low emission of toxic gases while combustion. Certain aramid can decompose at 500 ° C, It is thermostable up to 250 ° C.
CR or Chloroprene Rubber, commonly known as Neoprene®, was the best option to manufacture products that are to be in contact with oils and fuels in the past. Nowadays, Neoprene® is considered to have a moderate resistance to these components. However, Chloroprene Rubber can be considered a mix solution as it has better resistance to a diverse source of degrading agents (like oil, ozone, chemicals and heat) than Natural Rubber. Instead Neoprene® presents lower physical properties. In spite of the physical properties, Neoprene® has a perfect airtightness, therefore it is widely used in the manufacture of inflatable structures of all sort. Its resistance to fire is also excellent, and can be presented in self-extinguishing formulations if required.


Theodore Roosevelt did not like Woodrow Wilson. The Rough Rider called the somewhat effete Wilson “a Byzantine logothete,” and believed he was “a very timid man when it comes to physical danger.” In essence, T.R. believed Wilson to be a coward – probably the worst thing America’s most robust president could say about anyone.
Wilson, on the other hand, was dismissive of the boisterous, phrase-making Roosevelt. He said of T.R. that he was “a great big boy,” and considered him a man of untempered enthusiasms and extreme judgments.
Yet the two of them had something in common much more subtle than their dramatic external differences: a strong heritage in Reformed Protestant theology.
Wilson, whose father was a prominent official in the Southern Presbyterian Church, and Roosevelt, whose Dutch Reformed faith was foundational to his early life, both had an extraordinary sense of predestination, the belief that God had foreordained certain ends for individuals and nations. They extended this faith in a direction the New Testament does not: Implementation of what they saw as the plan of God through the non-Christian state.
Their speeches and writings are full of references to America’s destiny and God’s plan. “This great people in the first flush of its mighty manhood is moving forward to meet its destiny,” wrote then-New York Governor Roosevelt about a year following the Spanish-American War (in which he played a leading role, as a policymaker and cavalryman). And like many of the Progressives of his era, Roosevelt was not hesitant to conflate Christianity’s Gospel mission with the possibility of constructing Christ’s kingdom here and now: “Our Christian missions have for their object not only the saving of souls, but the imparting of a life that makes possible the kingdom of God on earth."
In the words of his biographer Joshua David Hawley: “Roosevelt’s conversion of the kingdom of God into the body politic is especially noteworthy. Religion in his hands ceased to circumscribe state action and became instead its impetus” (Theodore Roosevelt: Preacher of Righteousness, p.263).
This kind of pseudo-theocratism was found often in the many writings and public declarations of Woodrow Wilson. Wilson said quite explicitly, “I am a Presbyterian and believe in predestination.” Historian Michael Streich speaks of Wilson’s “abiding Calvinism;” on Armistice Day in 1924, shortly before his death, Wilson exclaimed, “That we shall prevail” in the “triumph” of progressive principles was “as sure as God reigns.”
Wilson wanted his 14 Points for the resolution of the First World War to be embodied in a “covenant” and “wanted the League of Nations to be headquartered in Calvin’s Geneva.” Historian Paul Boller writes that for Wilson, “the League of Nations … was not simply a human contrivance for ordering international relations; it represented God’s will and, in rejecting it, the United States was trying futilely to resist its Providential destiny.”
Wilson was given to particularly grandiose statements about the union of his will with God’s. He said that “the hand of God” led America into World War I. God “ordained” him to serve as president; to one League of Nations official, Wilson reportedly said, with respect to America’s joining the League, “You can’t fight God!”
In his recent book What the World Should Be: Woodrow Wilson and the Crafting of a Faith-Based Foreign Policy, Michigan State University historian Malcom Magee argues that Wilson’s entire public philosophy and major political actions were guided by the Reformed faith in which he was steeped.
Put simply: What one believes will determine how he acts. This is true in every sphere of life. Those who deny that faith matters to politics are guilty of ill-defining faith itself: “Religion,” the formalistic assent given to a set of doctrines and practices, is immaterial if one’s real faith is informed by selfish desire and temporal aims. It was of this that Jesus referred when He asked, “What does it profit a man to gain the whole world but lose his own soul?” (Mark 8:36).
However, if one’s belief in God defines his deepest convictions and animates his actions, it will affect his politics no less than his private devotions. Roosevelt and Wilson prove it.
As 2013 begins, perhaps a review of how we actually spend our time and energy will reveal a bit about the nature of our true faith. What that examination would show might change the way you related to God, family, friends or even government. As T.R. might have said, go ahead – dare a mighty thing.
Rob Schwarzwalder is senior vice president for the Family Research Council.
Publication date: January 8, 2013


|Florida Domestic Violence Arrest Data for 2013 •|
|Forcible Sodomy||data not collected|
Domestic violence covers a wide range of physical, emotional, and sexual abuse that may range from simple name-calling to murder. However, legal definitions of domestic/intimate partner violence are often restrictive, referring to acts of physical or sexual violence, including rape, stalking, harassment and certain types of psychological abuse and crimes where there are civil and criminal remedies. Laws vary somewhat from state to state, for example, non-physical types of abuse (dominance, name-calling, emotional blackmail, etc.) may not be classified as domestic/intimate partner violence in some jurisdictions. This is true, even though this abuse can often be devastating to the victims and instill great fear and anxiety.
There are essentially 4 types of abuse:
Domestic violence assaults
often lead to specific types of injuries, and these should serve as signals
to health providers. The injuries may be inconsistent with the explanation given
(for example, walking into a door and getting a black eye). Victims may present
with injuries in various stages of healing and signs of both recent and old
injuries. Battery type injuries most-commonly seen in domestic violence include:
Other types of injury patterns associated with domestic violence include:
Injuries which rarely occur as the result of accident:
Defensive injuries occur to parts of the body that the victim uses to
fend off an attack:
In the United States, researchers
estimate that 40% to 70% of female murder victims were killed by their husbands
or boyfriends, frequently in the context of an ongoing abusive relationship.
Sexual assault is a very
common element of domestic/intimate partner violence. The victim may be raped
or forced to participate in sexual activities against the victim's wishes. The
victim may be bitten or burned on the breasts or genital areas. According to
FBI reports of 2002, 10% of sexual offenses against women were committed by
intimate partners, but at least 25% of women will experience a sexual assault
by an intimate partner at some point in their lives.
Many authorities believe that sexual assault as part of domestic/intimate partner violence occurs with much higher frequency than available statistics suggest. Hispanic women are more likely than non-Hispanic women to report rape as part of domestic/intimate partner violence.
For more information on Florida's Sexual Violence Prevention Program, please click here.
Harassment and stalking
is the legal term for stalking, which is a repeated pattern of actions that
cause harassment or repeated annoyance to the victim. Typically, stalking occurs
when the perpetrator repeatedly calls the victim by phone, repeatedly writes,
leaves note or gifts, and repeatedly visits even though told not to do so. The
stalker may repeatedly pass by the residence or workplace of the victim. Stalking
behavior can be particularly dangerous because it most often occurs when the
victim has separated from the perpetrator following a romantic relationship.
These unwanted calls and visits may include threats. In order to classify as
assault under the domestic violence laws of Florida, the threats must be repeated
and form a pattern of harassment. One or two threatening call would not be enough
to constitute a charge of stalking or assault. Because victims are often at
increased risk of injury or homicide after they leave the perpetrators, stalking
is a cause for real concern. The victim of a stalker can file for an injunction
of protection (restraining order) under Florida law.
Non-physical abuse centers
around the perpetrator's need to maintain power and control, and to keep the
victim frightened and dependent. It includes the following actions:
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What is the formula name for Ca2+ and NH4+?
1 Answer | Add Yours
Ions are formed when an atom or a molecule either lose or gains an electron. When an ion is a positively charged it is called a cation. When it is negatively charged it is an anion. Ca2+ (calcium ion) and NH4+ (ammonium ion) are cations.
These ions are produced in a solution. For example Calcium Chloride, CaCl2. In solution they form Ca2+ and Cl- ions
CaCl2 ---> Ca2+ + 2 Cl-
another example: NH4Cl (ammonium chloride)
NH4Cl ---> NH4+ + Cl-
It is always a fact that when an ionic substance is dissolved in water, cations ans anions are present.
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There are a few different ways to differentiate activities:
- Differentiate instruction using Multiple Intelligences
- Differentiate instruction using leveling/scaffolding/tiering
- Differentiate instruction by using remediation and enrichment
I recommend using multiple intelligences to differentiate activities. This allows the teacher to give their students many options of activities to do, based on their interests, using the same content. Students appreciate the opportunity to choose the activity they want to do. It helps give ownership to the project.
Leveling to differentiate instruction should be used when one project type needs to be completed. It can be tricky to do because you need to challenge and not just add busy work to the upper level. They will need additional critical thinking opportunities. Differentiating instruction or the lower ability level can also be tricky because you have to make sure they are getting just as much of the content as the middle and upper level groups.
The last option I’ve provided is to differentiate instruction by using remediation and enrichment. This can be used at the end of a unit or the end of each week. In my experience, it is impossible to do every day. It really works well when a co-teacher is involved. In order to do this you would need to do an evaluation of knowledge and those who have mastered the content do the enrichment activity and those who have not get the remediation.
http://www.teacherspayteachers.com/Store/Kasha-Mastrodomenico/Category/Activity-Templates-and-Rubrics offers differentiated instruction activities, check it out!


Previous studies have also shown that the collapse of the continent’s western ice sheet is nothing new. The British Antarctic Survey (BAS) has released two major studies in the last year showing that the thinning south pole ice is nothing new.
A BAS study from February found that Antarctica’s Pine Island glacier thinned just as fast 8,000 years ago as it has in recent times — it also was able to reverse the collapse.
Another BAS study from last year says western Antarctic thinning is within the “natural range of climate variability” of the last 300 years.
“The record shows that this region has warmed since the late 1950s, at a similar magnitude to that observed in the Antarctic Peninsula and central West Antarctica,” said a BAS study published in the journal Geophysical Research Letters last year, “however, this warming trend is not unique.”
“More dramatic isotopic warming (and cooling) trends occurred in the mid-19th and 18th centuries, suggesting that at present the effect of anthropogenic climate drivers at this location has not exceeded the natural range of climate variability in the context of the past ~300 years,” the study said.
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Jason Plaks and his team suggests so. What's more, their findings have interesting implications for an anti-prejudice intervention based around genetics lessons.
The background to this work is that people often mistakenly assume that superficial ethnic characteristics are a reliable sign of significant genetic difference. In fact, each of us is about 99.9 per cent similar genetically to the next person. And the genetic variability that does exist in the human race tends to be greater within ethnic groups than between them.
Plaks and his colleagues devised an ingenious memory test to expose the tendency of their 84 student participants to see black and white races as clear-cut categories (the students were from various ethnic backgrounds, but the majority were white). The stimuli were faces morphed from real photos of black and white people to consist of seven degrees of prototypical blackness and whiteness (including: all black, all white, 50/50, 16.67 per cent black, 16.67 per cent white, 33.33 per cent black and 33.3 per cent white).
These faces appeared in sequence on-screen interspersed with numbers. The participants' task for each number and each face was to say whether it was the same as the last seen number or face. For people who see ethnic races as distinct categories, the racial profile of the faces ought to have interfered with their memory performance. That's exactly what was found.
After the task, the participants were asked how much genetic overlap two random people on earth would be expected to have (the average answer was 56 per cent). Those participants who said there would be less overlap tended to be the same ones who were affected by the racial profile of the faces. That is, they were more likely to say mistakenly that the current face was the same as the last face, if the two faces had a similar racial profile. This suggests they were using racial cues to remember the faces. By contrast, participants who believed there is more genetic overlap between strangers tended to be unaffected by the racial profile of the faces. Presumably they used more idiosyncratic features of the faces to remember them by.
If belief in genetic variation is correlated with people's tendency to categorise faces according to race, then what if people are educated about human genetic variation - might that change their proclivity for prejudice? The next stage of the Plaks' study suggested so.
Half of 95 participants read a passage of text (adapted from a real American Psychologist article) that correctly stated the 99.9 per cent genetic overlap between random individuals, and drew an analogy between ethnic groups and social clubs. The other half of the participants read a version that said genetic overlap between individuals is low (21.4 per cent) and drew an analogy between ethnic groups and families. Again, the participants were from various ethnic backgrounds, but most were white.
Afterwards the participants had to rate words (e.g. "disgusting", "delightful") as either positive or negative as fast as they could. A crucial twist was that the words were preceded by a face prime with varying degrees of racial black or whiteness. For the participants who read the low genetic overlap text, the racial profile of the face prime made a difference - they were quicker to categorise negative words after a face that was 25 per cent black or more. By contrast, the racial profile of the face primes made no difference to the performance of the participants who read the text explaining the high genetic overlap between humans. In other words, being educated about the genetic overlap between humans seemed to reduce participants' sensitivity to, and discrete categorisation of, racial colour, thereby reducing their implicit prejudice in the word recognition task.
Plaks and his colleagues said this result suggests people's beliefs about genetic variation are malleable and could therefore be a useful target for anti-prejudice interventions. "People without a strong motivation for prejudice - and even those with professed egalitarian ideals - frequently display signs of racial stereotyping," the researchers concluded. "We suggest that people with egalitarian ideals may still exhibit stereotyping at least partly because they harbour particular assumptions about genetic variation."
Plaks, J., Malahy, L., Sedlins, M., and Shoda, Y. (2011). Folk Beliefs About Human Genetic Variation Predict Discrete Versus Continuous Racial Categorization and Evaluative Bias. Social Psychological and Personality Science DOI: 10.1177/1948550611408118
This post was written by Christian Jarrett for the BPS Research Digest.


- The body is a cylindrical shape with strong muscles, length 47-50 cm.,
- The back is wide, fleshy sacro-lumbar part is well developed,
- A small head with short erect ears, about 11 cm long,
- The eyes are red (from pale pink to bright red),
- Wide deep chest without dewlap and short neck,
- Well pubescent short paws.
- Thick and dense fur, returning to its natural position when stroking against hair growth.
- Average live weight is about 4-4.5 kg.
- Ears longer than 13 cm
- Fallen or drooping ears.
- Rare wool.
- Body weight exceeding the threshold of 5.5 kg.
- Double chin.
Reproduction and breeding.
The females of the New Zealand red rabbit are usually larger than the males and have good maternal qualities and fecundity (8-10 rabbits in the litter). The breed of the New Zealand red rabbits is bred, as a rule, for economic purposes in order to get meat and skins. The great advantage of the breed is ripening and quick weight gain. For future offspring, it is best to take young growth at the age of 3-4 months. not necessarily related lines! The puberty of males is 6-7 months, females are 4-5 months. On average, a female brings up to 40 rabbits a year, which is about 60 kg. meat. The first vaccinations do rabbit in 28 days. Within two months, the weight of the animal reaches from 1.7 to 2 kg of fat mass. Slaughter is made at the age of 4-5 months.
What to feed?
Feeding should be carried out 2 times a day. The diet consists of hay and granulated feed (preferably a special rabbit), approximately 150-200 grams. on the head. Feed can be replaced with a grain mixture of oats, barley and wheat. Nursing uterus is recommended to add to the diet of vegetables such as carrots, cabbage or beets. It must be remembered that 70% of the food animals consume in the dark, so dinner should be more abundant. It is impossible to overfeed and underfeed animals, because malnutrition and obesity leads to not high-quality meat, skin and offspring. In no case can not water the rabbits rainwater or water from the reservoirs. This can lead to diseases and mora.
Maintenance and care of the New Zealand red
New Zealand rabbits do not like bright lights, loud sounds, sudden movements, drafts, and this undoubtedly needs to be taken into account when planning a farm and setting up animal cages. As we said at the beginning, there can be a slatted floor in the cage, because the legs of the animals are well trimmed and protected from corns. This somewhat simplifies the care of them. The cells should be arranged in several tiers and should be provided with feeders and drinkers. If you are going to keep animals indoors, then it must be remembered that it should be well ventilated, the optimum temperature should be 18-20 C. Rabbits tolerate cold much better than heat. In summertime, the young can be kept in portable cages without a bottom (just not in the sun!).
If you breed rabbits for fur, then you need to pay attention to the wool of the animal. If necessary, the rabbits must be combed; when tangles are formed, they must be carefully cut with scissors. Perhaps even bathing rabbits necessarily in a warm room, making sure that the beast thoroughly dried out after water procedures. In the process of keeping, it is important not to forget that all rabbits are very sensitive to diseases, therefore, preventive vaccinations should be carried out in a timely manner, and new ones should be kept after buying in separate cages, so that in case of a random purchase of a sick animal, they do not infect others.
Rabbits of the New Zealand red breed are very well suited for beginner rabbit breeders.
Vaccinations for rabbits
The first vaccination is done in 28 days from Myxomatosis, in 45 days of UHD (Viral Rabbit Hemorrhagic Disease). Repeated vaccination of red New Zealand rabbits should be done after 3 months, then every six months.
Buy vaccines only in a pharmacy. Be sure to read the instructions for use and storage of medication. Vaccinations that were stored in violation of the temperature regime may be useless or even dangerous. The cost of 1 vaccine is about 15-20 rubles.
It is advisable for a rabbit breeder to carry out breeding work, to try to prevent closely related mating. Constantly inject new blood - change manufacturers. Buy rabbits of the New Zealand red breed on the tribe you can on our farm.
History of creation
The breed was bred in California, USA. According to one of the versions, the progenitor of the breed is considered a semi-wild bright red rabbit from New Zealand. Parent breeds that improve the blood of the semi-wild, early bastard are considered to be three breed rabbits:
- Belgian Hare
- Belgian Flandre,
Finally, the breed of early meat direction was formed in 1910. In Europe, they began to import from the end of the 30s of the 20th century. The breed was brought to Russia quite late, according to one of the sources, in 1970. Thanks to good adaptation in different climatic zones of Russia, this breed has become popular mainly in private farms.
Breed Standard, New Zealand Red Rabbit Breed
- Medium-sized rabbits with an elongated, torpedo-shaped body.
- The weight of an adult specimen is from 4.5 kg to 5.3 kg.
- The body from the midline between the ears to the root of the tail is up to 500 mm.
- The musculature is developed, the body is knocked down, compact.
- Head wide brachycephalic type, ears vertically erect
- The neck is fleshy, wide, girth up to 120-140 mm, there is no dewlap
- The body is massive, well developed, with prominent musculature, the subcutaneous tissue is dense, elastic.
- The sacral part is wide, the skin is not very tight to the body, it is possible to capture, when released it is easily straightened.
- Limbs straight, massive.
- Eyes brown in tone skin color.
- The fur is short (35-40 mm), thick, hairs are stiff golden-red, the color of the fur is lighter below.
The New Zealand red breed is easily confused with the Burgundian rabbit breed. Read how different the Burgundy rabbit from the NZK.
Weight table by month of the breed of the New Zealand red rabbit
The weight of the little rabbit at birth is from 50 to 60 grams. In adulthood, the maximum weight reaches five kg. Rabbits NZK one of the earliest in the domestic rabbit breeding. For the first 30 days, the weight increases about 10 times and is about 600 grams. Further, the monthly increase is 600-850 grams. At 6 months, the weight is approximately 80% by weight of the adult rabbit. At eight months, weight approximately corresponds to an adult weight of 4.5–5 kg. Meanwhile, this is approximate information, which can vary for each rabbit breeder, depending on experience, condition of food supply, feeding regime. Information can be used as a guide for fattening.
Care and maintenance of NZK breed rabbits
NZK - rabbits ideally suited for cellular keeping. In the pits and burrows can contain, but not appropriate. Ideal temperature conditions not higher than 25 degrees Celsius. Rabbits do not tolerate low temperatures very well. Reducing the temperature to - 15 degrees and below leads to a stop of sexual cycles, the termination of okrol. Rabbits of this breed practically do not contain in industrial conditions. However, for home keeping the breed is a red New Zealand rabbit almost perfect. Rabbits are unpretentious to the diet, but for good fattening, in addition to cheap rough feed, feed is needed, or a mash from a mixture of crushed grain. In the summer, rabbits are well assimilated with succulent feeds, in the beginning of summer tops, and in the end - root vegetables. The rabbit has a relatively short coat. Therefore, special care for the skin is not required. They try not to wash the rabbits at home, because of washing the skin of the rabbits deteriorates a lot, it is impossible to improve the condition by combing, using vitamins and other things.
New Zealand Red Rabbit Breed, Fattening Characteristic
It is believed that the productivity of the New Zealand red rabbit is inferior in productivity to the white New Zealand rabbit, however, if the red-rabbit is fed in a private farmer healthier, resistant to various diseases. However, the speed of weight gain depends not only on the breed, it depends a lot on the stability and quality of the food supply. Frequent change of diets leads to a decrease in weight gain. When fattening, pay attention to the quality, temperature and availability of drinking water. Like water is not related to weight gain, but without water, weight gain can drop significantly. When breeding rabbits in the winter, it is necessary to protect from drafts, add the total illumination near the cage. Try not to get involved in sexual stimulants to increase the sexual arousal of females and increase litters. About sexual stimulants in rabbit fertagil, surfagon and others. Do not get carried away with stimulants and generally any medications.
How to choose a healthy rabbit breed NZK
At present, the breed of the NZK can be searched in the GC of CJSC “OP VVC“ Livestock ”, Moscow. The presence of other nurseries, the New Zealand red breed of rabbits with an official license, in the Russian Federation does not exist. You can try to find a breed from private breeders. It is better to buy rabbits in adolescent rabbit age, it corresponds to 3-4 months. By human standards, it is equal to the age of 12-13 years. Healthy rabbits are considered - proportional build, fatness - factory, that is, with minimal fat deposits. Pay attention to the appetite, clean eyes, lack of discharge from the nose. A skinless without alopecia, although a molt is possible at the age of purchase, the seller will explain what needs to be done to make the molt go unnoticed by health.
The history of the New Zealand rabbits
New Zealand Rabbit - Red
In 1910, scientists from America formed a new breed of rabbits. It is believed that silver rabbit and Belgian hare served as ancestors. There is no exact data about it, so it is impossible to state with certainty. At the beginning, as a result of the crossing, the red New Zealand rabbits turned out, which fully answered the requests of the breeders. Then, in some litters, albinos were found. New Zealand white rabbits were bred from these separate specimens.
Probably, the resulting white New Zealand rabbits were crossed with Angora and even Chinchilla, as a result, by the end of the 1960s, a black variety of this breed was bred.
New Zealand rabbits are quite large animals, they reach a length of 50 cm, their weight approaches 5 kg. Strong and large hind legs and a fleshy back make it possible to use animals in meat production, many start their rabbit breeding business with this breed. Rabbit meat is considered to be a dietary and very useful product, therefore breeding rabbits is quite a profitable business. The fur is thick, the ears are more rare, the ears themselves are up to 12 cm long, the neck is short, experts believe that the shorter the crawl is, the better. The most popular color is white, without yellow spots, the eyes are red.
Red New Zealand rabbits
Red New Zealand rabbits were bred in America in 1910, animals evolved from wild animals crossed with a Belgian rabbit. Animals of strong build, have developed muscles and very beautiful fur of bright red color. Animal skins gladly use well-known fashion designers. The fur of animals is thick and wear-resistant, therefore fur coats from it are extremely in demand. A positive feature of the red New Zealand rabbits is that they easily adapt to different climatic conditions and are unpretentious in food. Females are ready for reproduction at the age of 4.5 months and in one litter there are up to 10 rabbits.
White New Zealand rabbits
In countries where rabbit breeding is developed, they prefer to breed white New Zealand rabbits. They are obtained by selection of albinos, which are then crossed with the Belgian giant. It turned out individuals with strong bones, developed muscles and snow-white fur. White rabbits a little larger than their red relatives are bred to get tasty dietary meat. and white skins. Rabbit fur is demanded by fashion designers, since any paint evenly falls on it. In Hungary, up to 30 young rabbits get one rabbit from this breed. Females produce a lot of milk to feed the offspring.
Commercial potential of the breed
New Zealand rabbits are bred in Europe since 1970 and during this time the production has proved its profitability. It is known that the output of meat from an animal reaches 60%, which is an undoubted record.. Already at the age of 3 months the weight reaches 2.6 kg, then the rabbits grow much slower. It is important to maintain a balanced diet so that the animals are not too fat. In addition to meat, gives a good profit and fur. Fiery red skins enthusiastically acquire the leading houses of models and sew wonderful coats from them. The greatest demand is enjoyed, however, the skins of white rabbits, which, in their natural form, or after dyeing, are also used for tailoring.
Many laboratories use New Zealand rabbits as laboratory animals. The fact is that the organism of these animals reacts to many drugs in the same way as a human one. In the trials of new drugs, taking part more than a million animals. They test cosmetics and medicines for such serious diseases as cancer, diabetes and others.
Choosing the right individual
New Zealand Rabbit - White
When choosing rabbits, you need to consider what a person is going to buy an animal for. If a rabbit is taken for commercial use in order to start a large herd, then the strongest and strongest rabbits should be chosen, regardless of their nature. The color of animals also matters, if the rabbit breeder wants to produce skins, then animals of white or red color are selected. However, bluffs of black and black, which are also in demand, have already been bred.
When buying a pet rabbit in order to make it a pet, it is advisable to choose an active but calm. At the same time, it is imperative to look for the rabbit to be healthy, not to hang “a rag” in his hands, but to try to explore everything around. There should be no crusts in the ears and eyes, or rashes on the genitals.
New Zealand rabbits as pets
In many countries, New Zealand rabbits are kept as pets. It is believed that these animals are intelligent and friendly, unlike dwarfs, who do not like to sit on the hands of the owner. New Zealand, on the contrary, become attached to the person who feeds them, and they are not averse to playing with the child. To keep such an animal is not very difficult, as it is unpretentious in food. Animals suffer from the same diseases as their dwarf cousins, so you need to contact an experienced veterinarian to know what to do if the rabbit gets sick. In the rabbit farms, life expectancy can be 5 years, but if the male is neutered, he will live ten.
New Zealand rabbits - beautiful animals, suitable for industrial breeding in order to obtain dietary meat and elegant skins. They early become sexually mature, breed well and develop rapidly. One rabbit can produce up to 30 cubs in a year and feed them. However, many people take the rabbits into the house and make them pets. New Zealand rabbits are pleasant to talk to, smart and love to play with children.
See also the video on this breed, in the first video you can get acquainted with the white color of the rabbit and in the second with red.


When it comes to oral health, we tend to focus on keeping our teeth clean and in good condition through brushing twice a day.
However, whilst this is second nature to most of us, flossing can be overlooked as an important process to your oral hygiene routine.
There are many different types of floss to use, from nylon floss and dental tape, to spongy floss or an electronic flosser. All of this depends on your preferences, the size of gaps between your teeth and if you wear any dental appliances such as braces.
Flossing has many benefits to improving your overall health and today we’re here to show you the reasons why.
Reduce the risk of gum disease
According to Bupa, around 90% of adults have gum disease in some shape or form. Now that’s a big statistic! But even if you never had a proper oral care routine in place, it’s never too late to start.
Flossing can prevent the build-up of plaque and help to stop gums from bleeding which can lead to gingivitis, or periodontitis developing in extreme cases and eventually tooth loss.
For those who suffer with diabetes, flossing may be the key to controlling high levels of glucose and preventing tooth decay.
This is done by removing those undetectable particles of food – especially from sugary snacks – being absorbed into the bloodstream via saliva or the gums and consequently decrease the risk of inflamed gums in the process.
Stops bad breath
Think brushing your teeth and eating chewing gum is the only way to stop bad breath? Think again!
As stated previously, flossing takes out those pesky bits of food stuck between the teeth. These can transform your mouth into a breeding ground for bad bacteria to evolve, and therefore cause an unpleasant odour. One tip is to floss after every meal – so you can keep your teeth clean and your breath fresh.
With dentures, we at Smiles and More recommend using a soft floss with a gentle but firm action, combined with daily brushing.
If you have any questions regarding our denture aftercare services, or want to know more about how to keep your teeth and gums in tip top condition, contact your nearest clinic or fill in our Ask Gary form where your enquiry will be answered within 24 hours.