|Other names||Beta-blocker, β-blockers, beta-adrenergic blocking agents, beta antagonists, beta-adrenergic antagonists, beta-adrenoreceptor antagonists, beta adrenergic receptor antagonists, BB|
|Uses||Abnormal heart rhythms, ischemic heart disease, heart failure, hypertension|
|Side effects||Tiredness, headache, trouble sleeping, nausea, sexual dysfunction|
|Interactions||Some calcium channel blockers|
|Subtypes||Cardioselective: Atenolol, bisoprolol, metoprolol, esmolol|
Non-cardioselective: Carvedilol, labetalol, propranolol, sotalol
Beta blockers (β-blockers) are a class of medication mainly used to manage abnormal heart rhythms, ischemic heart disease, and heart failure. They are also used to treat high blood pressure, though are no longer a first choice for initial treatment in most people. Other uses may include overactive thyroid, essential tremor, glaucoma, and migraines. Common agents in this class include atenolol, bisoprolol, carvedilol, and metoprolol. They can be taken by mouth, given intravenously, or used as eye drops.
Side effects may include tiredness, headache, trouble sleeping, nausea, and sexual dysfunction. They may cause complications in asthma, low blood pressure, and heart block. Lower doses may be required in those with liver problems and heart failure. They may also interact with certain calcium channel blockers. Beta blocker toxicity is associated with a high risk of a poor outcome.
Beta blockers work by binding to and blocking epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline) from activating beta receptors, and thus decrease sympathetic nervous system activity. Some block activation at all β-adrenergic receptors while others are selective for β1- receptors. β1- receptors are located mainly in the heart and kidneys. β2-receptors are located in the smooth muscles of blood vessels and the airway. β3- receptors are located in fat cells.
The first medically useful beta blocker, propranolol, was made in 1964 by James Black. It is considered one of the most important contributions to pharmacology of the 20th century. Beta blockers are among the most widely used medications. Some are available as generic medication and are relatively inexpensive. Their use in particular sports is banned by the International Olympic Committee as they improve accuracy.
Nonselective beta blockers display both β1 and β2 antagonism.
- Bucindolol (has additional α1-blocking activity)
- Carvedilol (has additional α1-blocking activity)
- Labetalol (has additional α1-blocking activity)
- Oxprenolol (has intrinsic sympathomimetic activity)
- Penbutolol (has intrinsic sympathomimetic activity)
- Pindolol (has intrinsic sympathomimetic activity)
- Sotalol (not considered a "typical beta blocker")
β1-selective beta blockers are also known as cardioselective beta blockers.
β1 selective antagonist and β3 agonist
Large differences exist in the pharmacology of agents within the class, thus not all beta blockers are used for all indications listed below.
Uses for beta blockers include:
- Angina pectoris (contraindicated for Prinzmetal's angina)
- Atrial fibrillation
- Cardiac arrhythmia
- Congestive heart failure
- Essential tremor
- Glaucoma (as eye drops, they decrease intraocular pressure by lowering aqueous humor secretion.)
- Hypertension, although they are generally not preferred as an initial treatment.
- Migraine prophylaxis
- Mitral valve prolapse
- Myocardial infarction
- Phaeochromocytoma, in conjunction with α-blocker
- Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome
- Symptomatic control (tachycardia, tremor) in anxiety and hyperthyroidism
- Theophylline overdose
Beta blockers have also been used for:
- Acute aortic dissection
- Hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy
- Long QT syndrome
- Marfan syndrome (treatment with propranolol slows progression of aortic dilation and its complications)
- Prevention of variceal bleeding in portal hypertension
- Possible mitigation of hyperhidrosis
- Social and other anxiety disorders
- Controversially, for reduction of perioperative mortality in non-cardiac surgery, but the best evidence suggests that they increase mortality when used this way
High blood pressure
For the treatment of primary hypertension, meta-analyses of studies which mostly used atenolol have shown that although beta blockers are more effective than placebo in preventing stroke and total cardiovascular events, they are not as effective as diuretics, medications inhibiting the renin–angiotensin system (e.g., ACE inhibitors), or calcium channel blockers.
Although beta blockers were once contraindicated in congestive heart failure, as they have the potential to worsen the condition due to their effect of decreasing cardiac contractility, studies in the late 1990s showed their efficacy at reducing morbidity and mortality. Bisoprolol, carvedilol, and sustained-release metoprolol are specifically indicated as adjuncts to standard ACE inhibitor and diuretic therapy in congestive heart failure, although at doses typically much lower than those indicated for other conditions. Beta blockers are only indicated in cases of compensated, stable congestive heart failure; in cases of acute decompensated heart failure, beta blockers will cause a further decrease in ejection fraction, worsening the patient's current symptoms.
Beta blockers are known primarily for their reductive effect on heart rate, although this is not the only mechanism of action of importance in congestive heart failure. Beta blockers, in addition to their sympatholytic β1 activity in the heart, influence the renin–angiotensin system at the kidneys. Beta blockers cause a decrease in renin secretion, which in turn reduces the heart oxygen demand by lowering extracellular volume and increasing the oxygen-carrying capacity of blood. Heart failure characteristically involves increased catecholamine activity on the heart, which is responsible for a number of deleterious effects, including increased oxygen demand, propagation of inflammatory mediators, and abnormal cardiac tissue remodeling, all of which decrease the efficiency of cardiac contraction and contribute to the low ejection fraction. Beta blockers counter this inappropriately high sympathetic activity, eventually leading to an improved ejection fraction, despite an initial reduction in ejection fraction.
Trials have shown beta blockers reduce the absolute risk of death by 4.5% over a 13-month period. In addition to reducing the risk of mortality, the numbers of hospital visits and hospitalizations were also reduced in the trials.
Therapeutic administration of beta blockers for congestive heart failure ought to begin at very low doses (1/8 of target) with gradual escalation of the dose. The heart of the patient must adjust to decreasing stimulation by catecholamines and find a new equilibrium at a lower adrenergic drive.
Officially, beta blockers are not approved for anxiolytic use by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. However, many controlled trials in the past 25 years indicate beta blockers are effective in anxiety disorders, though the mechanism of action is not known. The physiological symptoms of the fight-or-flight response (pounding heart, cold/clammy hands, increased respiration, sweating, etc.) are significantly reduced, thus enabling anxious individuals to concentrate on the task at hand.
Musicians, public speakers, actors, and professional dancers have been known to use beta blockers to avoid performance anxiety, stage fright, and tremor during both auditions and public performances. The application to stage fright was first recognized in The Lancet in 1976, and by 1987, a survey conducted by the International Conference of Symphony Orchestra Musicians, representing the 51 largest orchestras in the United States, revealed 27% of its musicians had used beta blockers and 70% obtained them from friends, not physicians. Beta blockers are inexpensive, said to be relatively safe, and on one hand, seem to improve musicians' performances on a technical level, while some, such as Barry Green, the author of "The Inner Game of Music" and Don Greene, a former Olympic diving coach who teaches Juilliard students to overcome their stage fright naturally, say the performances may be perceived as "soulless and inauthentic".
Beta blockers lower the heart rate and reduce tremors, and as a result have been used in professional sports where high accuracy is required. Such sports have included archery and shooting. Golf and snooker have been implicated as well. Beta blockers are banned by the International Olympic Committee. In the 2008 Summer Olympics, 50-metre pistol silver medalist and 10-metre air pistol bronze medalist Kim Jong-su tested positive for propranolol and was stripped of his medals.
For similar reasons, beta blockers have also been used by surgeons.
Side effects associated with the use of beta blockers include: nausea, diarrhea, bronchospasm, dyspnea, cold extremities, exacerbation of Raynaud's syndrome, bradycardia, hypotension, heart failure, heart block, fatigue, dizziness, alopecia (hair loss), abnormal vision, hallucinations, insomnia, nightmares, sexual dysfunction, erectile dysfunction and/or alteration of glucose and lipid metabolism. Mixed α1/β-antagonist therapy is also commonly associated with orthostatic hypotension. Carvedilol therapy is commonly associated with edema. Due to the high penetration across the blood–brain barrier, lipophilic beta blockers, such as propranolol and metoprolol, are more likely than other less lipophilic beta blockers to cause sleep disturbances, such as insomnia, vivid dreams and nightmares. Beta blockers do not appear to affect the rate of depression.
Adverse effects associated with β2-adrenergic receptor antagonist activity (bronchospasm, peripheral vasoconstriction, alteration of glucose and lipid metabolism) are less common with β1-selective (often termed "cardioselective") agents, but receptor selectivity diminishes at higher doses. Beta blockade, especially of the beta-1 receptor at the macula densa, inhibits renin release, thus decreasing the release of aldosterone. This causes hyponatremia and hyperkalemia.
Hypoglycemia can occur with beta blockade because β2-adrenoceptors normally stimulate glycogen breakdown (glycogenolysis) in the liver and pancreatic release of the hormone glucagon, which work together to increase plasma glucose. Therefore, blocking β2-adrenoceptors lowers plasma glucose. β1-blockers have fewer metabolic side effects in diabetic patients; however, the fast heart rate that serves as a warning sign for insulin-induced low blood sugar may be masked, resulting in hypoglycemia unawareness. This is termed beta blocker-induced hypoglycemia unawareness. Therefore, beta blockers are to be used cautiously in diabetics.
A 2007 study revealed diuretics and beta blockers used for hypertension increase a person's risk of developing diabetes mellitus, while ACE inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor antagonists (angiotensin receptor blockers) actually decrease the risk of diabetes. Guidelines in Great Britain, but not in the United States, call for avoiding diuretics and beta blockers as first-line treatment of hypertension due to the risk of diabetes.
Beta blockers with lipophilic properties and CNS penetration such as metoprolol and labetalol may be useful for treating CNS and cardiovascular toxicity from a methamphetamine overdose. The mixed alpha- and beta blocker labetalol is especially useful for treatment of concomitant tachycardia and hypertension induced by methamphetamine. The phenomenon of "unopposed alpha stimulation" has not been reported with the use of beta blockers for treatment of methamphetamine toxicity. Other appropriate antihypertensive drugs to administer during hypertensive crisis resulting from stimulant overdose are vasodilators such as nitroglycerin, diuretics such as furosemide, and alpha blockers such as phentolamine.
Contraindications for beta-blockers include:
The 2007 National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) asthma guidelines recommend against the use of non-selective beta blockers in asthmatics, while allowing for the use of cardioselective beta blockers.:182
Cardioselective beta-blocker (β1 blockers), if really required, can be prescribed at the least possible dose to those with mild to moderate respiratory symptoms. β2-agonists can somewhat mitigate β-Blocker-induced bronchospasm where it exerts greater efficacy on reversing selective β-blocker-induced bronchospasm than the nonselective β-blocker-induced worsening asthma and/or COPD.
Beta-blockers' inhibition on epinephrine's effect can somewhat exacerbate hypoglycemia by interfering with glycogenesis and mask signs of hypoglycemia such as tachycardia, palpitations, diaphoresis, and tremors. Diligent blood glucose level monitoring is necessary for a patient with diabetes mellitus on beta-blocker.
Abrupt withdrawal can result in thyroid storm.
Bradycardia or AV block
Unless a pacemaker is present, beta-blockers can severely depress conduction in the AV node, resulting in reduction of heart rate and cardiac output. Usage of beta-blockers in tachycardic patients with Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome can result in severe bradycardia, necessitating treatment with a pacemaker.
Glucagon, used in the treatment of overdose, increases the strength of heart contractions, increases intracellular cAMP, and decreases renal vascular resistance. It is, therefore, useful in patients with beta blocker cardiotoxicity. Cardiac pacing is usually reserved for patients unresponsive to pharmacological therapy.
People experiencing bronchospasm due to the β2 receptor-blocking effects of nonselective beta blockers may be treated with anticholinergic drugs, such as ipratropium, which are safer than beta agonists in patients with cardiovascular disease. Other antidotes for beta blocker poisoning are salbutamol and isoprenaline.
Mechanism of action
Stimulation of β1 receptors by epinephrine and norepinephrine induces a positive chronotropic and inotropic effect on the heart and increases cardiac conduction velocity and automaticity. Stimulation of β1 receptors on the kidney causes renin release. Stimulation of β2 receptors induces smooth muscle relaxation, induces tremor in skeletal muscle, and increases glycogenolysis in the liver and skeletal muscle. Stimulation of β3 receptors induces lipolysis.
Beta blockers inhibit these normal epinephrine- and norepinephrine-mediated sympathetic actions, but have minimal effect on resting subjects. That is, they reduce the effect of excitement or physical exertion on heart rate and force of contraction, and also tremor, and breakdown of glycogen. Beta blockers can have a constricting effect on the bronchi of the lungs, possibly worsening or causing asthma symptoms.
Since β2 adrenergic receptors can cause vascular smooth muscle dilation, beta blockers may cause some vasoconstriction. However, this effect tends to be small because the activity of β2 receptors is overshadowed by the more dominant vasoconstricting α1 receptors. By far the greatest effect of beta blockers remains in the heart. Newer, third-generation beta blockers can cause vasodilation through blockade of alpha-adrenergic receptors.
Accordingly, nonselective beta blockers are expected to have antihypertensive effects. The primary antihypertensive mechanism of beta blockers is unclear, but may involve reduction in cardiac output (due to negative chronotropic and inotropic effects). It may also be due to reduction in renin release from the kidneys, and a central nervous system effect to reduce sympathetic activity (for those beta blockers that do cross the blood–brain barrier, e.g. propranolol).
Antianginal effects result from negative chronotropic and inotropic effects, which decrease cardiac workload and oxygen demand. Negative chronotropic properties of beta blockers allow the lifesaving property of heart rate control. Beta blockers are readily titrated to optimal rate control in many pathologic states.
The antiarrhythmic effects of beta blockers arise from sympathetic nervous system blockade—resulting in depression of sinus node function and atrioventricular node conduction, and prolonged atrial refractory periods. Sotalol, in particular, has additional antiarrhythmic properties and prolongs action potential duration through potassium channel blockade.
Blockade of the sympathetic nervous system on renin release leads to reduced aldosterone via the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system, with a resultant decrease in blood pressure due to decreased sodium and water retention.
Intrinsic sympathomimetic activity
Also referred to as intrinsic sympathomimetic effect, this term is used particularly with beta blockers that can show both agonism and antagonism at a given beta receptor, depending on the concentration of the agent (beta blocker) and the concentration of the antagonized agent (usually an endogenous compound, such as norepinephrine). See partial agonist for a more general description.
Some beta blockers (e.g. oxprenolol, pindolol, penbutolol, labetalol and acebutolol) exhibit intrinsic sympathomimetic activity (ISA). These agents are capable of exerting low-level agonist activity at the β-adrenergic receptor while simultaneously acting as a receptor site antagonist. These agents, therefore, may be useful in individuals exhibiting excessive bradycardia with sustained beta blocker therapy.
Agents with ISA are not used after myocardial infarctions, as they have not been demonstrated to be beneficial. They may also be less effective than other beta blockers in the management of angina and tachyarrhythmia.
- Agents with intrinsic sympathomimetic action (ISA)
- Agents organized by lipid solubility (lipophilicity)
- High lipophilicity: propranolol, labetalol
- Intermediate lipophilicity: metoprolol, bisoprolol, carvedilol, acebutolol, timolol, pindolol
- Low lipophilicity (also known as hydrophilic beta blockers): atenolol, nadolol, and sotalol
- Agents with membrane stabilizing effect
- Carvedilol, propranolol > oxprenolol > labetalol, metoprolol, timolol
In 1964, the search to find an effective drug in myocardial infarction led Sir James Black and ICI, the company with which Black worked with, to develop propranolol, the first beta blocker with beneficial effects. Subsequent poorly designed trials failed to demonstrate benefits and beta blockers for myocardial infarction fell out of favour until the ISIS-1 trial, a landmark trial which looked at injecting beta blockers in myocardial infarction. Beta blockers were found to reduce cardiac rupture, leading to their estabishment in the use following an acute myocardial infarction.
Society and culture
Commonly used β-blockers are available as generic medication and are relatively inexpensive. Their use in certain precision sports is banned by the International Olympic Committee as they improve performance by reducing tremor and anxiety.
- Agents specifically labeled for cardiac arrhythmia
- Agents specifically labeled for congestive heart failure
- Agents specifically labeled for glaucoma
- Agents specifically labeled for myocardial infarction
- Agents specifically labeled for migraine prophylaxis
Beta blockers, due to their antagonism at beta-1 adrenergic receptors, inhibit both the synthesis of new melatonin and its secretion by the pineal gland. The neuropsychiatric side effects of some beta blockers (e.g. sleep disruption, insomnia) may be due to this effect.
Some pre-clinical and clinical research suggests that some beta blockers may be beneficial for cancer treatment. However, other studies do not show a correlation between cancer survival and beta blocker usage. Also, a 2017 meta-analysis failed to show any benefit for the use of beta blockers in breast cancer.
Beta blockers have also been used for the treatment of schizoid personality disorder. However, there is limited evidence supporting the efficacy of supplemental beta-blocker use in addition to antipsychotic drugs for treating schizophrenia.
Contrast media are not contraindicated in patients receiving beta blockers.
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Humans need to drink at least 2 litres of water every day to keep you fully hydrated and healthy. One of the most common problems which affect not only our gut but our energy levels is chronic dehydration. It is incredibly common due to the busy, hard working lifestyle many people have adopted. These sorts of people ignore thirst and replace water with diuretic drinks such as coffee and tea. Statistics from the Natural Mineral Water Information Service shows that 90% of people in the UK do not drink enough water to stay healthy and well hydrated. Chronic dehydration can affect people from any age and can cause:
- Dark, Strong-smelling urine
- Infrequent urination
All of these symptoms indicate the lack of water intake in your body. You should ask yourself a few questions to find out if you are dehydrated;
- Does your mouth feel dry? This is a sign on dehydration.
- What colour is your urine? If it is dark you are dehydrated.
- Do you get frequent headaches? This is a sign of dehydration.
- If you pinch the skin on the back of your hand, does it bounce back quickly? If not, you are like a floppy plant that is not well watered.
- Are you moody? Dehydration can cause mood swings.
If you feel as if you are dehydrated, through the questions or not, you should:
- Make sure to drink about 8 glasses (2 litres) of water every day.
- Try to make sure you have a water bottle or glass of water with you at school, at work, in your car, at home etc.
- Finally, make sure to drink more water during the day rather than in the evening as you don’t want to be woken up at night with a full bladder!


It doesn’t matter so much how often you mow, as much as how long the grass actually is. If your lawn looks off-green and tired after you’ve mowed it, you probably have the blade on your mower set too low.
Some people like a super-short lawn like a putting green, or tennis court, but doing this requires a specific variety of grass seeds and lots of extra care spent on fertilizing and other maintenance.
In reality, your grass will be healthiest if you let it grow a little longer. The extra length in the grass blades will allow the plant to store nutrients along the blades, and cutting too short may prevent this and harm the grass in the long term.
In the hot summer days, you will notice the grass actively growing at a quicker rate than in the spring, and keeping an eye on the length will determine when it needs cut. Cloudy days for a week or so may mean noticeable less growth, so allow an extra period of time for it to lengthen before cutting.
Some people chose to maintain their yards for the whole year, and use a lawn calendar as guidance.
Do We Have to Mow the Lawn?
Although strictly speaking, no harm will come to any people who allow their yards and gardens to be unkempt, the massive majority of people do, in-fact, maintain their outside property, even to some degree. The overwhelming majority do so for aesthetic reasons, as having a ‘jungle’ of a garden is plain ‘ugly’. As humans, we derive many benefits and pleasures from keeping not just our lawns short and neat, but the whole of our yards and gardens maintained, including:
- Creates a pleasant and enjoyable place outdoors to enjoy the weather in.
- Pride can be taken in a well maintained yard or garden.
- A feeling of relaxation and comfort can be achieved by resting in the garden.
- Other people can see you maintain your property.
- The hobby of gardening can be done, giving enjoyment.
- Fresh cut grass is one of the most liked odours by humans.
- Having the correct balance in your garden encourages wildlife to visit.
Pushing a mower up and down your yard, surprisingly, has mind-body benefits. According to psychologists, doing exactly this will trigger off a state of relaxation in the brain, release feel good chemicals, and put us in a calm state.
Benefits of Mowing the Lawn
Keeping the grass at the correct height, which depends on the time of the year, takes a little bit of time and consideration, but the pay-off is worth it. The aim is to clip off only the top third of the grass blades, which ensures perfect re-growth without stressing the plant. This alone benefits the grass by allowing it to re-grow in a uniform, strong and healthy manner. Frequent cutting can commence in April, be sure to keep an eye on the length which will tell you when to cut. Fortnightly at around this time of year is good, and the blade length can be slightly increased to give a shorter cut for the coming summer days.
During the hot days, if your lawn loses too much moisture, it may grow slower, and in this case, shorten the blade to allow the grass to grow back up, and do keep mowing. If the moisture is retained, continue to mow at the shorter height. Moving to the end of the year, less cutting is required in around November, and you can allow the grass to grow to the previous height in readiness for the winter months. The following year, it should take less work to prepare your garden in the spring for the summer. After doing all of this, you will be able to physically see the benefits of correctly mowing your lawn, as it taken in a healthy and vibrant look.


Little work from the Natural Language Processing community has targeted the role of quantities in Natural Language Understanding. This paper takes some key steps towards facilitating reasoning about quantities expressed in natural language. We investigate two different tasks of numerical reasoning. First, we consider Quantity Entailment, a new task formulated to understand the role of quantities in general textual inference tasks. Second, we consider the problem of automatically understanding and solving elementary school math word problems. In order to address these quantitative reasoning problems we first develop a computational approach which we show to successfully recognize and normalize textual expressions of quantities. We then use these capabilities to further develop algorithms to assist reasoning in the context of the aforementioned tasks.


William Shaw (Irish politician)
William Shaw (4 May 1823 – 19 September 1895) was an Irish Protestant nationalist politician. He was a Member of Parliament (MP) in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and one of the founders of the Irish home rule movement.
Born in Moy, County Tyrone, Shaw was connected with the Young Ireland movement, and studied at Trinity College, Dublin without taking a degree. He then studied theology at Highbury College in Middlesex. He served as a Minister at an independent church in Cork from 1846 to 1850, then married and left his post to move into business.
Shaw stood as a Liberal Party candidate in Bandon, at the 1865 by-election and subsequent general election, but was defeated on both occasions. He stood in the same seat at the 1868 general election, and was elected as an independent Liberal. While generally supportive of William Ewart Gladstone, he became active in the new Home Government Association, and in 1873, he presided over the convention held to found its successor, the Home Rule League.
At the 1874 general election, Shaw was elected unopposed for County Cork, and with Mitchell Henry, often deputised for Home Rule Party leader Isaac Butt. He remained loyal to Butt, and when Butt died in 1879, Shaw was selected as the new party chairman.
Shaw held his seat at the 1880 general election, but lost an election for the party chairmanship, to Charles Stewart Parnell. Parnell distanced the Home Rule League from the Liberal Party, but Shaw continued to sit on the Liberal benches in the House of Commons, and was appointed to the Bessborough Commission to examine Irish land tenure. Shaw opposed the Irish Land League, formally left the Irish party group in early 1881, and resigned from the moribund Home Rule League in December.
Shaw devoted increasing amounts of his time to his chairmanship of the Munster Bank, and did not stand for Parliament at the 1885 general election. Later in the year, the Munster Bank collapsed, and Shaw was declared personally bankrupt. He moved to London and worked with various newspapers in the last years of his life.
- Hansard 1803–2005: contributions in Parliament by William Shaw
|Parliament of the United Kingdom|
Henry Boyle Bernard
|Member of Parliament for Bandon
McCarthy Downing and
|Member of Parliament for County Cork
With: McCarthy Downing, to 1879;
David la Touche Colthurst, from 1879


The most common species in Spain is called Larus (argentatus, Michaelis, cachinans).
These birds are typical on the coast and have been slowly colonizing the interior of the peninsula, following the course of rivers.
Their traditional diet is fish, but they gradually changed their diet down to feed on garbage in landfills, and other birds like pigeons, which are abundant in our cities, becoming predators.
Their natural habitats are the crags and cliffs but landfills are good locations. A more recent phenomenon is nesting in certain buildings.
They can be easily found now in our coastal cities and inland cities, they are birds in full expansion now.
Gulls share many of the pigeons animal health problems, but being less abundant now represent no problem.
But they are for their aggressiveness. Even against humans, if they are young, threatened or hungry.
Their growing presence in the urban environment has become a threat in some cases.
Some curiosities of seagulls
It is known that gulls can drink sea water through a gland that secretes salt through tears from their metabolism.


The Application of â€œDigit Ratio 2D:4Dâ€ in Predicting Male-Female Hands on Prehistoric Cave Hand Stencils in Indonesia
Hand print/stencil is one object that is common found at prehistoric caves. Many aspects can be studied using hand stencils as sources, and one of them is the study of gender identity of the maker of the hand stencils, whose hands were printed on cave walls.
It is John T. Manning who introduced the idea about â€œratio 2-digit/4-digit (2D/4D)â€ to differ male palm/hand and female.Â It is said that the length of forefinger and ring finger can differ whether they belong to male or female. Manningâ€™s idea is tested and applied on the hand stencils from prehistoric cave Petta Kere in Maros District, South Sulawesi, particularly from the panel where hand stencils are in a context with big belly wild boar.
Lukisan Batu Karang di Indonesia: Suatu Evaluasi Hasil Penelitian. Laporan Penelitian DPP UI. Depok: Lembaga Penelitian Universitas Indonesia
Arifin, Karina dan Philippe Delanghe
Rock Art in West Papua. Paris: UNESCO.
Banh, P. & Vertut, J.
Journey Through the Ice Age. Berkeley: University of California Press
Chazine, Jean-Michel & Noury, Arnaud
â€œSexual Determination of Hand Stencil on the Main Panel of the Gua Masri II
Cave (East-Kalimantan/Borneo-Indonesiaâ€, International Newsletter On Rock
â€œRecording Prehistoric Artâ€, in Graham Connah (ed.) Australian Field Archaeology a Guide to Techniques. Canberra: Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies.
â€œHandstencils: Rock Art or Not Artâ€, in Paul Bahn dan AndrÃ©e Rosenfeld (ed.), Rock Art and Prehistory. Oxford: Oxbow Book, Park and Place, p. 39-44.
Heekeren, H.R. van
â€œRock-Paintings and Other Prehistoric Discoveries Near Maros (South West Celebes)â€, in Laporan Tahunan 1950 Dinas Purbakala Republik Indonesia: Archaeological Service of Indonesia. Djakarta, p. 22-35.
â€œThe Stone Age of Indonesiaâ€, in Verhandelingen van Het Koninklijk voor Taal Land en Volkenkunde: 61, The Hague-Martinus Nijhoff.
â€œStudi Komparatif tentang Lukian-Lukisan Gua Prasejarah di Kawasan Asia Tenggara (Indonesia, Thailand, dan Pilipina)â€, PIA IV (vol. II-b). Jakarta: Ikatan Ahli Arkeologi Indonesia, p. 377-394.
Lukisan gua di Sulawesi Bagian Selatan: Refleksi Kehidupan Masyarakat Pendukungnya. Master thesis. Universitas Indonesia.
The Mind in the Cave: Consciousness and the Origins of Art. London: Thames & Hudson Ltd.
â€œClassification and terminology in Australian rock artâ€, in P.J. Ucko (ed.) Form in Indigeneous Art: Schematisation in the art of Aboriginal Australia and Prehistoric Europe. Canberra: Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies.
Manning, J.T., Schutt, D., Wilson, J., & Lewis-Jones, D.I.
â€œThe ratio of 2nd and 4th digit length: a predictor of sperm number and
concentrations of testosterone, luteinizing hormone and oestrogenâ€ in Human
Reproduction, 13: 3000-3004.
Nelson, Emma C., Manning, John T., Sinclair, Anthony G.M.
â€œUsing the length of the 2nd to 4th digit ratio (2D:4D) to sex cave art hand stencils:
factors to considerâ€ in Before Farming 1 article 6: 1-7.
Permana, R. Cecep Eka,
â€œBentuk Gambar Telapak Tangan pada Gua-gua Prasejarah di Kabupaten Pangkajene Kepulauan, Sulawesi Selatanâ€ in WACANA Vol 7 No. 2.
Pola Gambar Tangan Pada Gua-Gua Prasejarah di Wilayah Pangkep-Maros
Sulawesi Selatan. Dissertation. Universitas Indonesia
Snow, Dean R.
â€œSexual dimorphism in Upper Palaeolithic hand stencilsâ€ in Antiquity, June,
Soejono, R.P., & Leirissa, R.Z. (eds.)
â€œZaman Prasejarah di Indonesiaâ€ dalam Sejarah Nasional Indonesia Vol.I
(updated edition). Jakarta: Balai Pustaka
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Session: Role of Farmers in the Implementation of the Paris Agreement
Run by: World Farmers’ Organisation (WFO) and the International Fertiliser Industry Association (IFA)
“Climate change knows no boundaries – it affects everyone”.
Particularly in developing countries, farmers have the frontline experience of the direct effects of climate change by witnessing increased weather extremes, decreasing water supplies and soil degradation. As global food security uncertainties grow, farming systems need to adapt to become more resilient and sustainable.
The Paris Agreement came into force on 4th November 2016, ahead of time. Within the Agreement, several top priorities directly involving agriculture include: increasing food security, alleviating world hunger and reducing the vulnerability of food production to climate change. The global food demand is projected to increase by 60 – 70% by 2050, as the global population reaches 10 billion. The question arises: how to sustainably increase food supply whilst combating climate change?
Thomas Malthius once theorised that the finite resources on Earth would limit the world’s population. However, population carries on increasing and in fact, estimates from the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) suggest that 40% of population owes its life to higher crop outputs enabled from the use of fertilisers. Sub-Saharan regions in particular have greatly benefited from increased crop yield over the recent years. However, by stimulating soil microbes and denitrification, nitrogen-based fertilisers result in increased nitrous oxide emissions which are even more dangerous than carbon dioxide emissions.
More environmentally friendly alternatives include mineral fertilisers and organic matter, such as locally sourced manure – as advocated through the integrated soil fertility management (ISFM) scheme. However, organic fertilisers are less nutrient rich and it is suggested that there are simply not enough animals to meet demand– not globally, let alone locally. An idea promoted by the 4R Nutrient Stewartship campaign in Canada focused on ‘Climate Smart Agriculture’: applying the 4R’s to fertiliser usage, i.e. right rate, right time, right place and right source, trying to minimise negative environmental impact.
The session also featured the importance of sharing agricultural knowledge internationally, from Canada to Denmark to Zambia. At the heart of the debate was the issue of land use changes: how should farmers ensure that on a particular type of soil, the most appropriate type of crop is grown to optimise the balance between crop yield and quality? The ‘Food vs Fuel debate was also touched upon, as the amount of land used for biofuels increases, detracting more land from food crops and adding to the imminent problem of deforestation. It is therefore evident that attempting to tackle world hunger comes with many interlinked pieces of the puzzle and the environmental, social and economic importance must all be weighed equally.
Run by: Heinrich Böll Foundation (HBF), ActionAid International and MISEREOR
Paris was the “what”, this is the “how”
In ratifying the Paris Agreement participating governments agreed to make a combined effort to limit the global temperature increase to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels, giving hope to those most vulnerable to climate change. However, the feasibility of achieving such an ambitious target remains uncertain.
With discussions at COP22 largely focussed on establishing how to reach this goal, the afternoon session featured an engaging discussion around so-called ‘Technofix’ climate mitigation solutions. The discussion centred on carbon capture and storage (CCS) and solar radiation management technologies as ways in which to limit future levels of warming. Both of these Technofixes involve geoengineering at the planetary scale and unprecedented human intervention with the climate system, with uncertain consequences. But do these solutions solve the problem or do they create renewed problems for those most vulnerable to climate impacts?
ActionAid’s representative Teresa Anderson highlighted that these Technofixes could be a “lose-lose situation” for vulnerable communities. Often these technologies are not yet fully developed, therefore we cannot afford to just wait in hope for them to work and be a silver bullet. Furthermore, models which are used to determine what actions need to be taken are often based on unreasonable assumptions about future economic scenarios, or simply not adequately communicated from the scientists to policy makers. One model assumes the use of 6 billion hectares of land for CCS, but – to put that in context -1.5 billion hectares are currently used for crops.
Another point raised in the session was that only 10% of the population produce 45% of the world’s emissions. This means that high emitters need to be targeted, fossil fuel use must peak as soon as possible, and more transparency about their continued use is needed. More local-level solutions are needed, rather than relying on a one-size-fits-all approach with global geoengineering solutions.
University of Reading students interviewing Teresa Anderson to learn about ActionAid’s participation at COP
After the session, we interviewed Teresa Anderson to learn about ActionAid’s participation at COP. The organisation represents the perspective of the typically underrepresented, most vulnerable communities who have contributed to climate change the least, yet suffer the most. ActionAid works ‘from the ground up’ by gathering first-hand information, such as farmers’ direct experience of how changes in the weather have affected them over the past decade. These views are then brought into light through ActionAid’s negotiations with academic scientists and NGOs here at COP, and it is important to realise that the negotiators really do appreciate hearing about first-hand perspectives of the developing communities. This is a two-way connection facilitated by ActionAid’s involvement in the process: just as information travels from the grassroots up through the chain, the responses have to be carried back across to the developing communities to make them aware that their voices are being heard. Ms. Anderson also highlighted the need for more research into the social and economic impact of new technologies. Instead, funding flows freely into research on ‘shiny new innovative approaches’ without fully addressing their long-term impacts.
Our interview made it clear that COP22 feels very different from the last one: discussions were becoming increasingly exciting in the run-up to Paris, but now the world must come together as one to seriously talk about how to implement the proposed solutions. Ms. Anderson is due to publish a report on the role of the El Nino this year as the hottest year with the biggest drought affecting 400 million people globally. And yet, statistics like these are totally obscured by the excitement of securing a target in Paris in the media, and of course the US presidential election…
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Leading climate scientists warn that #COP24 talks seriously misrepresents the climate impact of methane emissions… https://t.co/nLztI7UZOI
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African rainfall projected to change, with potential impact on agriculture @WalkerInst @TAMSAT_Reading @AtmosScience https://t.co/KNmI8BjiEw
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On the 1st ever International Universal Health Coverage Day, see how technology can help achieve that goal in Afric… https://t.co/7RgtpS0dkl
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I came back to the UN Climate Conference #COP24 with an urgent appeal: a strong agreement in Poland is absolutely n… https://t.co/vQCuuY7XIn
13:05 PM - 12 Dec 2018


A LITTLE HISTORY
The history of the jewelry had three basic functions that played in history, as an ornament, also an amulet and as a symbol of wealth, which have finally remained constant to this day.
The jewels in the Stone Age.
Man used natural mineral objects and animals as personal ornament, to reinforce his image or personality.
minerals as their first tools and their first weapons,
His jewels were first bones, teeth, shells, snails, soon began to look for the fewest precious stones, to make tools, for its cutting characteristics and durability, able to cut other materials and separated the precious stones of color or with a special shine , for ornament jewelry or as amulets.
Jewels in the Bronze Age
Weapons and tools became metal with the discovery of copper and then in the Iron Age, with the development of the technology of this material, the stones were relegated as weapons or tools and remained fundamentally for their function as jewel and talisman, maintaining these characteristics until today.
The first techniques of goldsmithing are developed, among them the embossing, the granulation and the filigree of metals such as gold or silver.
The metals and precious stones most valued as jewels were always the scarcest, their possession conferring symbolic values of social status, nobility or wealth to their possessor.
Jewelry in Mesopotamia and Assyria
Very advanced civilizations that developed an extraordinary jewelry, techniques of jewelry that developed highlights the granulate, which was a decorated surface using gold grains, or filigree and inlaid precious or semi-precious stones.
The jewels in ancient Egypt
The ancient Egyptians were true enthusiasts of ornamentation and design and introduced an intense renovation in jewelry.
The jewels had a great importance in the Egyptian culture, they had two functions, the gems were valued as much for their beauty as for the magical protection that they provided, that is, they were both talismans and jewels.
They identified metals and minerals with their gods and with certain therapeutic powers, Copper and Malachite identified with their god Hathor and gold with the Sun god, the name of Lapis Lazuli and Turquoise were synonymous with joy and pleasure.
The amulet served them to avoid danger and ward off evil spirits and was the source of the magical forces that protected them.
The jewels in ancient Greece
Philip V of Macedonia Since the first settlers in Greece it is known to use gold jewelry and precious stones.
The ancient Greeks inherited the jewelry technology of the artisans of the Mycenaean culture
The first Greek jewels were of simple design and manufacture, although of very differentiated style from the gems of other cultures, with time, the designs of jewels, the goldsmith's techniques and the range of materials used in their jewelery increased in complexity.
They made luxury objects of great beauty, such as amber beads for necklaces and bracelets, gold jewelery, pins with a head of rock crystal and dish-shaped vessels also of the same semiprecious stone.
The Greeks were the first to create a new jewel: the cameo
The jewels in ancient Rome
Jewelry is of great importance in the Roman world, in all its ages, the so-called ornamenta or products of personal beautification, combs, hair needles, earrings, rings, necklaces, containers for perfume, in bone, ivory, bronze, ceramics etc. they are used by all Roman social classes.
The hairstyle, and the hair jewelry, were an exponent of the social position,
In ancient Rome we find the ring, the precursor of the current engagement ring that was a simple iron ring,
It was a simple iron ring, which in the ancient Roman tradition, was given as a symbol of the cycle of life and eternity and constituted a public promise that the marriage contract between a man and a woman would be respected.
In the time of Pliny (from 23 to 79 after Christ) the ring was made of iron. The gold ring was introduced later, in the second century AD.
The Christians adopted the Roman custom, making the ring a part of the marriage ceremony.
Marie Antoinette necklace
During the Middle Ages, commercial caravans from the East, brought to Europe precious and semi-precious stones, both for use in the jewelry of kings and nobles and for ecclesiastical jewelry.
In France, citizens were not allowed (by law) to wear girdles or garlands made of pearls, precious stones, gold or silver, other similar laws existed in England, this delayed the advancement of the jewelery of the time.


Something, such as an adage or maxim, that is said.
Synonyms: saying, maxim, adage, saw2, aphorism
These nouns refer to concise verbal expressions setting forth wisdom or a truth. A saying is an often repeated and familiar expression: a collection of philosophical sayings. Maxim denotes particularly an expression of a general truth or a rule of conduct: "For a wise man, he seemed to me ... to be governed too much by general maxims" (Edmund Burke).
Adage applies to a saying that has gained credit through long use: a gift that gave no credence to the adage, "Good things come in small packages." Saw often refers to a familiar saying that has become trite through frequent repetition: old saws that gave little comfort to the losing team. Aphorism, denoting a concise expression of a truth or principle, implies depth of content and stylistic distinction: Few writers have coined more aphorisms than Benjamin Franklin.
The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fifth Edition copyright ©2018 by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. All rights reserved.
Indo-European & Semitic Roots Appendices
Thousands of entries in the dictionary include etymologies that trace their origins back to reconstructed proto-languages. You can obtain more information about these forms in our online appendices:
The Indo-European appendix covers nearly half of the Indo-European roots that have left their mark on English words. A more complete treatment of Indo-European roots and the English words derived from them is available in our Dictionary of Indo-European Roots.


From the Ashes, 1872-1900
A Selection of Documents from the Illinois State Archives
DOCUMENT 10PETITION OF THE ELLSWORTH ZOUAVES FOR COMPENSATION FOR SERVICES RENDERED DURING THE LABOR RIOTS
December 6, 1877
In April of 1877 managers of many of the largest railroads in the country met and agreed to end their rate wars, to fix rates, and to cut wages by ten percent. With the depression in full force and unemployment high employers were in positions to take advantage of their employees. Shortly after wage reductions were instituted mass resentment resulted in labor strikes and violence. The Great Strike of 1877 began on July 14 when workers for the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad walked off their jobs to protest the wage reduction and other grievances connected to working conditions. This action spread quickly to other railroads across the country. Additionally massive sympathy strikes broke out nationwide among factory workers and miners. Riots erupted in many cities and states as police and militia did battle with strikers, other incensed workers and the unemployed. Particularly bloody confrontations occurred in Baltimore, Pittsburgh and Chicago. On July 16 nineteen persons were killed in Chicago when police, aided by cavalry, attacked an unorganized gathering. For a time the country seemed on the verge of revolution.
By the end of July however most of the railroad workers had given in to management and had returned to work without any gains. In Scranton, Pennsylvania, workers achieved one of the few successes of the Great Strike. Forty thousand coal miners defiantly held out for and won a ten percent wage increase and other concessions. Although the strike resulted in general defeat, it demonstrated the impotence of single working persons or small groups of the same. As a consequence the labor movement, which had faltered greatly during the depression, took on new vigor.
In Chicago over six hundred militia members responded to a call for troops to deal with the civil disorder. In total they spent two weeks under arms, having served the final two days at Braidwood in Will County, Illinois. The city council rejected the Ellsworth Zouaves' petition because this outfit was pressing a similar claim simultaneously with the state.
Points to Consider
Who were the Ellsworth Zouaves and what were they requesting?
Nationally and locally, describe the labor riots to which they referred.
Briefly describe the uniform of the Zouaves.
From which social strata did this volunteer unit come? What was their motivation in suppressing the labor disturbance?


Students will demonstrate their understanding of a director’s role in a production by adapting and directing for the stage a 5-7 minute scene from a fairytale.
Level of Experience:
Beginning; for class periods of 80 minutes length
2014 National Arts Core Theatre Standards:
TH:Cr1.1.HSI Apply basic research to construct ideas about the visual composition of a drama/theatre work. TH:Cr3.1.HSI Practice and revise a devised or scripted drama/theatre work using theatrical staging conventions. TH:Pr5.1.HSI Practice various acting techniques to expand skills in a rehearsal or drama/theatre performance. b. Use researched technical elements to increase the impact of design for a drama/theatre production.
TH:Re7.1.HSI Respond to what is seen, felt, and heard in a drama/theatre work to develop criteria for artistic choices.
TH:Cn11.1.HSI Explore how cultural, global, and historic belief systems affect creative choices in a drama/theatre work.


Random articlesTime, Addition Whole Numbers, Place Value Independent Probability Adding/Subtracting Mixed Fractions Fraction Exponents Volume of a Pyramid Fraction Number Line
Here in the Introduction to Trigonometry section, we touch on some of the more basic concepts of what is an extremely interesting and engaging subject, that also has a number of real world applications.
To summarize, Trigonometry is the field of Mathematics concerned with relationships between the sides and angles of triangles.
As such, Trigonometry plays an important part today in a variety of different fields, such as Engineering, Architecture and Astronomy, among others.
Study of triangle shapes, dates back to over 1000 BC, with the ancient Egyptians and Babylonians known to have developed and worked with certain theorems. Though in those very early days, there wasn’t really the same modern concept that we have today of angle measurement.
However, from early periods onward, many advances in the subject have benn made throughout the ages, by a number of Mathematicians in various countries around the globe. Which has helped bring Trigonometry to where it stands today.


#SeePossibility: Five factors for building inclusive education for girls
Looking back over this week’s #SeePossibility campaign, five issues jump out as key to making inclusive education a reality, especially for girls with disability.
1. Target gender based violence: Adolescent girls with disabilities are the most vulnerable to school-related gender-based violence such as bullying, harassment and physical and sexual violence. In institutions, in school toilets, on the way to school, at the hands of peers and teachers, gender based violence was a refrain by all the bloggers as common feature of girls’ lives. For girls with disabilities to attend school, remain in school and learn, we must address gender based violence as a first step. It is a matter of human rights as well as education rights.
2. Invest where it counts: The cost of exclusion from education is significant – for the individual and country – with countries losing billions of dollars of potential income when persons with disabilities are not educated or working. However, inclusive education is consistently underfunded. The newly released report, #CostingEquity: The case for disability-responsive education financing, tells us that in spite of emerging commitments by donors, most donor aid does not include amounts earmarked for disability or inclusive approaches. DFID sets a great example of investing in girls with disability through the new funding window of the Girls’ Education Challenge Fund, “Leave no girl behind”. This second phase of the GECF, has pledged to invest an additional 100 million (L) to get the hardest to reach girls into school and learning, including a particular focus on girls with disability.
3. Make teaching and learning materials inclusive: Current reviews highlight the fact that in most countries learning materials fail to represent persons with disabilities at all, or do not provide a positive portrayal of girls and boys with these challenges. In the newly released policy brief, ‘Textbooks pave the way to sustainable development’, UNESCO reports that only 9% of textbooks show people living with disabilities. This is an inaccurate portrayal of society given that across the globe 15% of the world’s population has a disability. Girls with disability need to recognize themselves in classroom material; all children need to see children with disability actively participating in school activities as well as daily lives.
4. No more ‘special’ schools: In far too many countries, girls and boys with disability – when they have access to school – continue to be separated from their peers. By contrast, child-friendly, inclusive education brings better social, academic, health and economic outcomes for all learners, and at less cost than special/segregated education. Nora Fyles, Head of United Nations Girls’ Education Initiative emphasizes “We should have the same goals and aspirations for girls with disability’ states Nora Fyles, Head of Secretariat for UNGEI. “Our vision is a world where all girls complete free primary and secondary education with the skills, knowledge and opportunities to lead a productive and fulfilling life.’
5. Nothing about us without us: girls’ with disability are the richest source of information about their needs, their experience in school and their ambition. Meaningful engagement of girls with disability in the design of education programs will help ensure that school are relevant, safe and suitable.
At UNGEI, we #SeePossibility.


In 2011 to 2012, 48 schools in the Northern Territory, South Australia and Queensland participated in the Principals as Literacy Leaders with Indigenous Communities (PALLIC) project. Central to this project was the establishment of positive working relationships between school principals and Indigenous community leaders in order to improve Indigenous literacy rates. Professional development in leadership skills and effective literacy instruction was provided through five professional learning modules. Participants worked together to create an action plan to support the literacy achievement of Indigenous students in their schools and communities. This article presents a case study of one participating school in Northern Queensland that successfully utilised the PALLIC framework to facilitate leadership actions and activities between Indigenous community and school leaders in order to form productive partnerships for the teaching of reading. In particular, the case study highlights the way that school leaders and Indigenous leaders established shared leadership and shared ways of learning in the school for reading outcomes of Indigenous students.


Mesothelioma is most commonly caused by exposure to. Mesothelioma is caused by exposure to asbestos when the mineral fibers are inhaled or ingested and lodge in the mesothelium lining.
This cancer develops in the cells of the mesothelium while it mesothelium is a membrane that forms the lining of several body cavities for example just like chest cavity abdominal cavity SAC of the heart.
Mesothelioma define. Mesothelioma is a rare but aggressive form of cancer that grows in the layers of tissues surrounding the lungs. Symptoms can include chest pain shortness of breath and general fatigue. Mesothelioma mainly affects the lining of the lungs pleural mesothelioma although it can also affect the lining of the tummy peritoneal mesothelioma heart or testicles.
Cancer cells can also metastasize spread from their original site to other parts of the body. Definition of mesothelioma. It most commonly occurs in the linings of the lungs or the abdomen.
Symptoms of pleural mesothelioma include. Cancer of the mesothelium is a disease in which cells of the mesothelium become abnormal and divide without control or order. Mesothelioma legal services will help provide compensation for medical expenses loss of jobs and their financial crunches sequelae of the disease.
– Terjemahkan laman ini Mesothelioma Definition. Radiotherapy doubles the survival chances of mesothelioma cancer patients A panel of 2 mesothelioma markers and 2 negative markers depending on the differential diagnosis being considered is recommended. A usually malignant tumor derived from mesothelial tissue such as that lining the peritoneum or pleura Examples of mesothelioma in a Sentence Recent.
It is caused by inhaling asbestos fibers. In the provision of such a law attorneys general in limited circumstances to. The average life expectancy is 18 31 months after diagnosis but prognosis may improve with treatment.
Mesothelioma is a type of cancer that develops in the lining that covers the outer surface of some of the bodys organs. A cancerous tumor typically malignant that develops in the mesothelial tissue that lines the lungs abdominal organs chest wall abdominal cavity heart cavity or testicles. Malignant pleural mesothelioma accounts for 80 90 of all mesothelioma diagnoses.
Mesothelioma is a rare form of cancer in which malignant cancerous cells are found in the mesothelium a protective sac that. Mesothelioma is malignant cancer that is very rare and only suffered by certain people. Its usually linked to asbestos exposure.
Mesothelioma is a rare form of cancer that develops from cells of the mesothelium the protective lining that covers many of the internal organs of the body. Define Mesothelioma Knowledge And Information About Mesothelioma. Mesothelioma definition a malignant tumor of the covering of the lung or the lining of the pleural and abdominal cavities often associated with exposure to asbestos.
Mesothelioma Legal Service compassionate professionals who provide information on lung cancer treatment options and also a support system can provideVictims when they need it most. They can invade and damage nearby tissues and organs. Mesothelioma is a cancer caused by asbestos.
Posts Atom Popular posts. Pleural mesothelioma is a cancer of the lining of the lungs known as the pleura.


Skip to comments.East Asian Physical Traits Linked to 35,000-Year-Old Mutation
Posted on 02/15/2013 1:33:40 AM PST by Pharmboy
Gaining a deep insight into human evolution, researchers have identified a mutation in a critical human gene as the source of several distinctive traits that make East Asians different from other races.
Researchers have identified a mutation in a gene that confers several distinct traits to East Asians, including thicker hair.
The traits thicker hair shafts, more sweat glands, characteristically identified teeth and smaller breasts are the result of a gene mutation that occurred about 35,000 years ago, the researchers have concluded.
The first of those sites to be studied contains the gene known as EDAR. Africans and Europeans carry the standard version of the gene, but in most East Asians, one of the DNA units has mutated.
Seeking to understand if the gene was the cause of thicker hair in East Asians with the variant gene, a team of researchers led by Yana G. Kamberov and Pardis C. Sabeti at the Broad Institute in Cambridge, Mass., decided to test the gene in mice, where its effects could be more easily explored.
...The Broad team engineered a strain of mice whose EDAR gene had the same DNA change as the East Asian version of EDAR.
When the mice grew up, the researchers found they did indeed have thicker hair shafts, confirming that the changed gene was the cause of East Asians thicker hair. But the gene had several other effects, they report in Thursdays issue of the journal Cell.
(Excerpt) Read more at nytimes.com ...
Gene ping for thick hair and small breasts.
Evilution is a satanic lie
Hmph....so much for that created equal jazz.
Interesting how subject to change we are. Wonder about intelligence. East Asians perform better on IQ tests than Europeans and Africans.
But a second researcher had a different explanation and a third researcher had still another idea. And someone else will offer up more.
Who is going to tell the East Asian women they can’t be on the Swedish Bikini Team because they have a mutation?
I guess the gene mutation also makes you smarter!
The evolution theory leaves a couple of questions. If man first evolved in Africa, why aren’t Africans away ahead of the rest of us in intelligence and accomplishments? Why did Africans not develop their rich continent?
Maybe other peoples developed differently, simply because they left - and were exposed to different challenges, as it were. Or maybe those that left self selected, based on a gene mutation prior to leaving.
Funny if how Ron Paul said there were different races everyone would immediately call him a racist...
Yes...facts are facts and the discovered mutation is just that. And the reason for its arising? Random mutation. And the reason why it spread so quickly and took hold in this population? Speculation.
Finns and Jews are not Chinese.
Note, the 35,000 year period was part of an interstadial in the glacial period so it wasn't exactly hot and sweaty! looking forward from that time to 24,000 years ago at the glacial maximum, that meant the Chinese weren't even living in China for most of that period.
The current theory is that the people who became Europeans and Chinese separated 35,000 years ago somewhere in central Asia.
The thicker hair event occurred in the last place all the Chinese, Japanese, Thai, American Indians and others lived in the same place ~ which is in Siberia not far from Lake Baikal ~ but even then the Chinese didn't live in China.
This is actually a great case or putting an end to the 'sexual selection' theory!
This is actually ONE RACE, different hair!
Wow, what a way to start the day...to find out that your wife is a mutant.
I’ve got to admit though, I’ve had my suspicions.
Seriously, this “mutation” could’ve happened shortly after the tribes wandered away from the Tower of Babel...read Genesis for this account.
Maybe because the smart one recognized the hole Africa is and left....
The less intelligent ones stayed.
Maybe they left because they got tired of having to take care of and feed those that didn’t plan ahead.
Those that consumed their food all at once and only wanted to feed themselves on a day to day basis, and if they couldn’t feed themselves on a day to day basis they simply took food from others that did plan ahead and didn’t consume their food all at once.
Some of the tribes in Africa are still that way. Hunt and gather enough to feed themselves for a day.
>Evilution is a satanic lie
Salivation is for the drooling masses.
The yellow fever gene, because obviously the gene was selected for via sex...
That's the part of the opening sentence that caught my eye. Wade has been getting a bit un-PC lately. I think he even believes that genes affect intelligence--horror of horrors.
[ Finns do better on those tests than East Asians, or anybody else. Ashkenazim Jews do second best. ]
The colder it is the smarter you are!!!!
Keep your eyes on those laplanders and eskimoes, they are just waiting for us to make a mistake and then they move in and take everything over....
>Maybe they left because they got tired of having to take care of and feed those that didnt plan ahead.
Looks like many migrated to chitcago, detroit and many other northern cities. When the takers exhaust the loot they will move on again or die off.
There are two conflicting notions here that co-exist. While mutation certainly happens, and happens a lot, the overwhelming majority of mutations are unsuccessful, either resulting in failure, or never leading to expression, or preservation in the genetic line.
Therefore, natural selection can pick and choose its choices from among available ancient and recent mutations, and in a relatively few generations, create a new dominant pattern or subspecies.
But wait, there’s more. Over much longer periods of time, species try to develop a “chromosomal balance”, in which they might have more chromosomes for greater diversity, or fewer chromosomes, to save energy.
For this reason, the organism with the most known number of chromosomes is actually a fern, known as “Adders-tongue” with 1440 chromosomal pairs. Humans only have 46.
And oddly enough, for uncounted generations, the human species is trying to *lower* that number. Our two sex chromosomes, ‘X’ and ‘Y’, used to both be ‘X’, but one of the ‘X’s lost one of its “legs”, so is now a ‘Y’ chromosome, called the male sex chromosome.
And the ‘Y’ chromosome is on the way out. The species is moving to cull it from our genome, and the current ‘X’ sex chromosome will become a ‘Y’, and another ‘X’ chromosome will take its place.
Right now, one of the predominant causes of retardation is called “fragile ‘X’ syndrome”, in which these children’s ‘X’ sex chromosome has a weak or detached “leg”.
No one quite knows how, when there is a successful human mutation to 45 chromosomes, how or if they will be able to reproduce with 46 chromosome humans.
According to this slide presentation
a world-wide flood was caused by a very large comet impact, meaning that the Earth was a much different place for most of its history. If true, then it was much warmer in the abyss due to atmospheric pressure - explaining, perhaps, why we have no fur. Vastly more inhabitable space could plausibly account for the differences among us. Presently exposed landscapes were mostly uninhabited due to the cold, and so scientists are working with incomplete information (and have been, unwittingly).
It is a trait of the black race more so than any other race and it’s the same all over the planet not just the US.
They progress just enough to feed themselves then the progression stops until they need to progress again to feed themselves again.
When they are being fed the progression stops.
This trait isn’t confined to just the black race but it is more common in the black race.
“Don’t feed the bears” same principle.
What are the “characteristically identified teeth” that the article refers to? How are they different?
One of the main bits of evidence for Wolpoff's multi-regional hypothesis (that is, the theory that races originated early, before we were Homo sapiens but rather while we were Homo erectus) was the fact the Peking Man from 400,000 years ago also had shovel incisors. That's why this was so important to the researchers: if they could show that shovel incisors were "only" 35k years old, then the Peking Man similarity could be marked up to a coincidence.
If you are arguing that environmental stress can cause changes in behavior, then I agree.
And taxation is a form of environmental stress.
The next test:
[If man first evolved in Africa, why arent Africans away ahead of the rest of us in intelligence and accomplishments? ]
Because those who ventured into the icelands were forced to adapt or die.
But this begs another question. If American indians are descendents of east Asians then why don’t they have shovel incisors? (or do they?)
Now we are seeing migrations because of economic stress.
People are tired of producing to provide for the non-producers so they are leaving for a location where what they produce goes to provide for themselves and those they CHOOSE to provide for.
I think it’s possible the same thing happened 100’s of thousands of years ago or whenever they left Africa.
The producers are the ones that always wandered further and further out from the group to hunt or gather the food for the others.
Maybe one day they decided “Why take this food back to the group there is more for us if we don’t. Let them hunt and gather their own food.” and they just kept going.
Maybe “Out of Africa” was because socialism was a failure then just as it is now.
Interesting - and entirely possible.
Isn’t that why the Irish, for example, migrated to the US? For a chance to produce for themselves?
Just look at the illegals from Mexico.
The first ones that came didn’t come to mooch off the system, they came to work and send some money back to their families in Mexico.
A lot have stayed to work but they no longer send as much or any money back they keep it for themselves.
Now a lot aren’t coming to work but to mooch off the system.
It’s people with an inner desire to have more that has driven progress, not the people that are content with what they can get from the people that have more.
I believe human progress has pretty much been driven by producers with a desire to rid themselves of takers.
I think what you describe best fits with life after agriculture arose and there came an elected body who could maintain their power by redistributing others' wealth. But I sure get your point.
Hunter gathering societies were/are pretty much content to feed themselves on a day to day, it’s the people that wanted more that developed agriculture.
Assume you have a village and the village is divide into six groups of equal numbers to hunt and gather food.
Every day the 6 groups go out and every day the 6 groups return each with some food, but 2 of the groups return every day with more food than the other 4 groups combined. Everyone gets an equal share.
When times are good there may not be a real problem, but when times are hard the 2 more productive groups will say
“we can provide enough food for ourselves but we can’t provide for the other 4 that don’t produce as much”.
The 2 more productive groups can stay and starve with the others or they can leave and feed themselves.
The 2 groups that leave will take with them the superior skills that made them more productive and pass these superior skills along.
Some in the 4 groups that are left might survive, but they do not have superior skills to pass along so their society stays stagnant.
The same thing is repeated over and over again, the more productive leave as a means of survival because they cannot survive and also provide for the non or if you prefer the less productive. When they leave their superior skills go with them.
Finally one day someone had the bright idea “instead of searching all over hells half acre for this plant that gives me seeds to eat everyday, I will gather extra seed and not eat them instead I will plant some of these seeds in one place so I know where they are” and bingo we had agriculture.
Here, read this. It varies, but many H-G societies DO store food.
Not sure about the incisors, but Native Americans are descended from Siberians.
Many doesn’t mean ALL. Don’t you know that, or is that above your level. It really doesn’t take a scientist to know that.
Some H-G in Africa after 100,000 years still don’t store any significant amount of food, what do you think people did before they left Africa for other parts?
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Thanks Pharmboy.Africans and Europeans carry the standard version of the gene, but in most East Asians, one of the DNA units has mutated.IOW, it wasn't a mutation, it was a boys-meet-girls story.
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Smaller breasts ... than whose?
Considering that civilization DID first emerge out of Africa (in ancient Egypt) as well as the Middle East (the "fertile crescent" of what is now Israel, Syria, Iraq, & Iran) which is right next to Africa...I don't see your point.
Yes, Africa in modern times--that is the last 400 years--has been a basket case. There has never been an one political entity controlling all, or even most of, Africa--as it's topography, including the world's biggest desert and some of the world's biggest rain forrests--doesn't exactly make unification easy, or even possible. The Meditaranian region, Europe, China--and the fertile crescent, are much more amenable for travel--and military/political control...i.e. empires, the topography which of course which has hosted many such empires...and civilization....and development, unlike much of the rest of the world, excepting of course, North America.


What plants do well under an oak tree?
Planting Under Oak and Other Dense Shade Trees
- Some Shrubs for Shade. Boxwoods. Yews. Rhododendrons.
- Some Perennials for Shade. Lady’s Mantle. Astilbe. Ligularia.
- Bulbs to Plant in Shade. Daffodils. Snowdrops. Crocus.
- Ground Covers for Heavy Shade. Ajuga or Bugle Weed. Silver or Yellow Archangel (Lamium)
Can you grow vegetables under oak trees?
Perennial vegetables are easier underneath oaks, which is one reason I loved ginger. It likes the shade and will grow through leaves without trouble.
Can plants grow around an oak tree?
Not only do plants near oak trees need to thrive with little water and the shade cast from the tree, but they shouldn’t require regular fertilizer, either. Remember -the roots from an oak tree are sensitive to anything non-native to the area!
Can you plant daffodils under oak trees?
C. Ivan Vistica, who lives near Woodburn, Oregon, found the perfect solution: He underplants his white oaks with drifts of daffodils. They bloom two months before the deciduous oaks leaf out and start casting shade. Neither the oaks nor the daffodils need any extra summer water.
Can you plant hostas under oak trees?
Hostas are an ideal candidate for growing in the shadow of a mature oak tree. Available in a wide variety of colors, leaf variegation and size, hostas easily and quickly transform a bare shady patch into a lush retreat.
What grows under red oak?
- Missouri Botanical Garden: Epimedium Grandiflorum “Lilafee”
- Missouri Botanical Garden: Galium Odoratum.
- Missouri Botanical Garden: Viburnum Dilatatum.
- Missouri Botanical Garden: Muscari Armeniacum.
- Missouri Botanical Garden: Dodecatheon Meadia.
Can you plant azaleas under an oak tree?
Encore Azaleas or any small flowering and/or evergreen shrubs look great in a ring around your oak tree. They can be grown together like a hedge or planted far enough apart to have space between each plant.
What can I plant under a tree?
What Plants or Flowers Grow Well Under Trees?
- Bleeding heart.
- Merry bells.
Can I plant anything next to an oak tree?
The roots in the area closest to the Oak tree’s trunk are especially sensitive, so it’s not wise to plant anything next to the tree. In my garden, however, I couldn’t avoid this.
What plants grow under a southern oak tree?
Choose plants to grow under the tree that has similar growing requirements as the southern oak. Groundcovers generally grow and spread quickly to cover the ground, creating a carpet of greenery. Blue leadwort ( Ceratostigma plumbaginoides) and beach strawberry ( Fragaria chiloensis) are two flowering groundcovers growing in part shade to full sun.
How do you plant lilacs under an oak tree?
That is good. Ceanothus, the California mountain lilacs usually do not grow in the deep shade of oaks, but love the edges, half day sun, or under deciduous oaks. Using Ceanothus or Arctostaphylos, you can leave the heavy mulch under the trees alone and plant the drip line (edge of tree canopy) to make the oak look landscaped.
What zone do southern oak trees grow in?
Sometimes called live oak, southern oak trees (Quercus virginiana) grow in U.S. Department of Agriculture plant hardiness zones 8 through 10, reaching heights of 40 to 80 feet. The canopy of a southern oak tree shades the ground underneath it, creating a dry and dim area where most plants find it difficult to live.