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QUOTATIONS ON THE CASTE SYSTEM
FROM THE ANCIENT RELIGIOUS TEXTS OF INDIA
ANCIENT EASTERN INFLUENCES
The caste system in India is a highly controversial subject. There are serious differences of opinion among respected historians in India about the nature and the extent of the caste system in ancient India. We do not suggest that we are going to resolve these scholarly disputes. However, we do believe it is relevant to cite the original sources in ancient texts that are used in these debates.
We feel these quotes are particularly relevant since they also had a major role in the development of intellectual theories about racism in the west. For example, the study of ancient India was a major part of Nazi political ideology in Germany.
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Dasyus = Dark Skinned Peoples
Panis = Semites, Phoenicians
Source: Rig Veda
"The mighty Thunderer with his fair-complexioned friends won the land, the sunlight, and the waters." (Rig Veda I.100.18)
"Indra in battles helps his Aryan worshipper, he who hath hundred helps at hand in every fray, in frays that win the light of heaven. Plaguing the lawless he gave up to Manu's seed the dusky skin; Blazing, 'twere, he burns each covetous man away, he burns the tyrannous away." (Rig Veda I.130.8)
"Thou, Hero, winner of the spoil, urgest to speed the car of man. Burn, like a vessel with the flame, the lawless Dasyu, Conqueror!" (Rig Veda I.175.3)
"Stirrer to action of the poor and
lowly, of priest, of suppliant who sings his praises; Who, fair-faced, favors
him who presses Soma with stones made ready, He, O men, is Indra." (Rig Veda II
"He gained possession of the Sun and Horses, Indra obtained the Cow who feedeth many. Treasure of gold he won; he smote the Dasyus, and gave protection to the Aryan color." (Rig Veda III.34.9)
"For thou art he, O Indra, who stormeth all castles of the foe, Slayer of Dasyus, man's Supporter, Lord of Heaven." (Rig Veda VIII.87.6)
"Blowing away with supernatural might from earth and from the heavens the swarthy skin which Indra hates." (Rig Veda IX.73.5)
CHAPTER I, pp. 40-42
Seeing these kinsmen, O Krishna! standing (here) desirous to engage in battle, my limbs droop down; my mouth is quite dried up; a tremor comes on my body; and my hairs stand on end; the Gandiva (bow) slips from my hand; my skin burns intensely. I am unable, too, to stand up; my mind whirls round, as it were ... What joy shall be ours, O Ganardana! after killing Dhritarashtra's sons? Killing these felons we shall only incur sin. ... O Ganârdana! should not we, who do see the evils flowing from the extinction of a family, learn to refrain from that sin? On the extinction of a family, the eternal rites of families are destroyed. Those rites being destroyed, impiety predominates over the whole family. In consequence of the predominance of impiety, O Krishna! the women of the family become corrupt; and the women becoming corrupt, O descendant of Vrishni! intermingling of castes results; that intermingling necessarily leads the family and the destroyers of the family to hell; for when the ceremonies of (offering) the balls of food and water (to them) fail, their ancestors fall down (to hell). By these transgressions of the destroyers of families, which occasion intermingling of castes, the eternal rites of castes and rites, of families are subverted. And O Ganardana! we have heard that men whose family-rites are subverted, must necessarily live in hell.
CHAPTER III, pp. 54-55
Whatever a great man does, that other men also do. And people follow whatever he receives as authority. There is nothing, O son of Pritha! for me to do in (all) the three worlds, nothing to acquire which has not been acquired. Still I do engage in action. For should I at any time not engage without sloth in action, men would follow in my path from all sides, O son of Pritha! If I did not perform actions, these worlds would be destroyed, I should be the cause of caste intermingling; and I should be ruining these people.
CHAPTER IX, p. 85
Even if a very ill-conducted man worships me, not worshipping any one else, he must certainly be deemed to be good, for he has well resolved. He soon becomes devout of heart, and obtains lasting tranquility. (You may) affirm, O son of Kuntî! that my devotee is never ruined. For, O son of Pritha! even those who are of sinful birth, women, Vaisyas; and Sudras likewise, resorting to me, attain the supreme goal.
CHAPTER XVIII, pp. 126-127
The duties of Brahmanas, Kshatriyas, and Vaisyas, and of Sudras, too, O terror of your foes! are distinguished according to the qualities born of nature. Tranquility, restraint of the senses, penance, purity, forgiveness, straightforwardness, also knowledge, experience, and belief (in a future world), this is the natural duty of Brahmanas. Valor, glory, courage, dexterity, not slinking away from battle, gifts, exercise of lordly power, this is the natural duty of Kshatriyas. Agriculture, tending cattle, trade, (this) is the natural duty of Vaisyas, And the natural duty of Sudras, too, consists in service. (Every) man intent on his own respective duties obtains perfection.
BOOK I, CHAPTER III
Hence the king shall never allow people to swerve from their duties; for whoever upholds his own duty, ever adhering to the customs of the Aryas, and following the rules of caste and divisions of religious life, will surely. be happy both here and hereafter. For the world, when maintained in accordance with injunctions of the triple Vedas, will surely progress, but never perish.
BOOK II, Chapter I
Villages consisting each of not less than a hundred families and of not more than five-hundred families of agricultural people of súdra caste, with boundaries extending as far as a krósa (2250 yds.) or two, and capable of protecting each other shall be formed. Boundaries shall be denoted by a river, a mountain, forests, bulbous plants (grishti), caves, artificial buildings (sétubandha), or by trees such as sálmali (silk cotton tree), samí (Acacia Suma), and kshíravriksha (milky trees).
BOOK II, CHAPTER IV
In the midst of the houses of the people of all the four castes and to the north from the centre of the ground inside the fort, the king’s palace, facing either the north or the east shall, as described elsewhere (Chapter XX, Book I), be constructed occupying one-ninth of the whole site inside the fort.
On the eastern side, merchants trading in scents, garlands, grains, and liquids, together with expert artisans and the people of Kshatriya caste shall have their habitations.
To the south, the superintendents of the city, of commerce, of manufactories, and of the army as well as those who trade in cooked rice, liquor, and flesh, besides prostitutes, musicians, and the people of Vaisya caste shall live.
To the west, artisans manufacturing worsted threads, cotton threads, bamboo-mats, skins, armors, weapons, and gloves as well as the people of Súdra caste shall have their dwellings.
To the north, the royal tutelary deity of the city, ironsmiths, artisans working on precious stones, as well as Bráhmans shall reside.
BOOK II, CHAPTER 37
A Gopa shall keep the accounts of ten households, twenty households, or forty households. He shall not only know the caste, gotra, the name, and occupation of both men and women in those households, but also ascertain their income and expenditure.
BOOK III, CHAPTER II
If a husband either is of bad character or is long gone abroad or has become a traitor to his king or is likely to endanger the life of his wife or has fallen from his caste or has lost virility, he may be abandoned by his wife.
BOOK III, CHAPTER IV
Wives who belong to Sudra, Vaisya, Kshatriya or Brahman caste, and who have not given birth to children should wait as long as a year for their husbands who have gone abroad for a short time; ... If the husband is a Bráhman, studying abroad, his wife who has no issue should wait for him for ten years; but if she has given birth to children, she should wait for twelve years. If the husband is of Kshatriya caste, his wife should wait for him till her death.
BOOK III, CHAPTER V
Persons fallen from caste, persons born of outcaste men, and eunuchs shall have no share [of familial inheritance]; likewise idiots, lunatics, the blind and lepers. If the idiots, etc., have wives with property, their issues who are not equally idiots, etc., shall share inheritance. All these persons excepting those that are fallen from caste shall be entitled to only food and clothing.
BOOK III, CHAPTER VII
Partition of inheritance shall be made in accordance with the customs prevalent in the country, caste, guild (sangha), or the village of the inheritors.
BOOK III, CHAPTER XVIII
If among Brahmans, Kshatriyas, Vaisyas, Sudras, and outcastes (antávasáyins), any one of a lower caste abuses the habits of one of a higher caste, the fines imposed shall increase from 3 panas upwards (commencing from the lowest caste). If any one of a higher caste abuses one of a lower caste, fines imposed shall decrease from 2 panas.
BOOK IV, CHAPTER VI
Persons ... whose caste and avocation are very low; who keep false appearances or put on different caste signs; who change their ancestral customs under false excuses; whose notoriety is already marked; ... may be suspected to be either murderers or robbers or offenders guilty of misappropriation of treasure-trove or deposits or to be any other kind of knaves subsisting by foul means secretly employed. Thus the seizure of criminals on suspicion is dealt with.
BOOK IV, CHAPTER VIII
Whether an accused is a stranger or a relative to a complainant, his defense witness shall, in the presence of the complainant, be asked as to the defendant's country, caste, family, name, occupation, property, friends, and residence.
BOOK IV, CHAPTER X
When a man contemptuously rushes against the hands or legs of any person of a higher caste, or of a teacher, or mounts the horse, elephant, coach, etc., of the king, he shall have one of his legs and one of his hands cut off or pay a fine of 700 panas. When a Súdra calls himself a Bráhman, or when any person steals the property of gods, conspires against the king, or destroys both the eyes of another, he shall either have his eyes destroyed by the application of poisonous ointment, or pay a fine of 800 panas.
BOOK IV, CHAPTER XIII
A Kshatriya who commits adultery with an unguarded Brahman woman shall be punished with the highest amercement; a Vaisya doing the same shall be deprived of the whole of his property; and a Sudra shall be burnt alive wound round in mats. A man who commits adultery with a woman of low caste shall be banished with prescribed mark branded on his fore-head, or shall be degraded to the same caste. A Súdra or a svapáka who commits adultery with a woman of low caste shall be put to death, while the woman shall have her ears and nose cut off.
BOOK VII, CHAPTER XI
In colonizing a land with four castes, colonization with the lowest caste is better, inasmuch as it is serviceable in various ways, plentiful, and permanent.
Source: Khandogya Upanishad
V, Tenth Kanda,7
'Those whose conduct has been good, will quickly attain some good birth, the birth of a Brahmana, or a Kshatriya, or a Vaisya. But those whose conduct has been evil, will quickly attain an evil birth, the birth of a dog, or a hog, or a Kandala.
The name Manusmriti is the conjunction of "Manu," the mystery shrouded name of the creator of the book and "smriti" meaning what is fit/deserves to be remembered. The English translation of the title is The Ordinances of Manu, which is the name given to the text by the translator George Bühler. These quotations have been compiled from the online Bühler translation of The Ordinances of Manu
1. The great sages approached Manu, who was seated with a collected mind, and, having duly worshipped him, spoke as follows:
2. 'Deign, divine one, to declare to us precisely and in due order the sacred laws of each of the (four chief) castes (varna) and of the intermediate ones.
8. He, desiring to produce beings of many kinds from his own body, first with a thought created the waters, and placed his seed in them.
9. That (seed) became a golden egg, in brilliancy equal to the sun; in that (egg) he himself was born as Brahman, the progenitor of the whole world.
31. But for the sake of the prosperity of the worlds he caused the Brahmana, the Kshatriya, the Vaisya, and the Sudra to proceed from his mouth, his arms, his thighs, and his feet.
87. But in order to protect this universe He, the most resplendent one, assigned separate (duties and) occupations to those who sprang from his mouth, arms, thighs, and feet.
88. To Brahmanas he assigned teaching and studying (the Veda), sacrificing for their own benefit and for others, giving and accepting (of alms).
89. The Kshatriya he commanded to protect the people, to bestow gifts, to offer sacrifices, to study (the Veda), and to abstain from attaching himself to sensual pleasures;
90. The Vaisya to tend cattle, to bestow gifts, to offer sacrifices, to study (the Veda), to trade, to lend money, and to cultivate land.
91. One occupation only the lord prescribed to the Sudra, to serve meekly even these (other) three castes.
92. Man is stated to be purer above the navel (than below); hence the Self-existent (Svayambhu) has declared the purest (part) of him (to be) his mouth.
93. As the Brahmana sprang from (Brahman's) mouth, as he was the first-born, and as he possesses the Veda, he is by right the lord of this whole creation.
94. For the Self-existent (Svayambhu), having performed austerities, produced him first from his own mouth, in order that the offerings might be conveyed to the gods and manes and that this universe might be preserved.
96. Of created beings the most excellent are said to be those which are animated; of the animated, those which subsist by intelligence; of the intelligent, mankind; and of men, the Brahmanas;
97. Of Brahmanas, those learned (in the Veda); of the learned, those who recognise (the necessity and the manner of performing the prescribed duties); of those who possess this knowledge, those who perform them; of the performers, those who know the Brahman.
98. The very birth of a Brahmana is an eternal incarnation of the sacred law; for he is born to (fulfill) the sacred law, and becomes one with Brahman.
99. A Brahmana, coming into existence, is born as the highest on earth, the lord of all created beings, for the protection of the treasury of the law.
100. Whatever exists in the world is, the property of the Brahmana; on account of the excellence of his origin The Brahmana is, indeed, entitled to all.
101. The Brahmana eats but his own food, wears but his own apparel, bestows but his own in alms; other mortals subsist through the benevolence of the Brahmana.
116. (The law concerning) the behaviour of Vaisyas and Sudras, the origin of the mixed castes, the law for all castes in times of distress and the law of penances,
117. The threefold course of transmigrations, the result of (good or bad) actions, (the manner of attaining) supreme bliss and the examination of the good and bad qualities of actions,
118. The primeval laws of countries, of castes (gati), of families, and the rules concerning heretics and companies (of traders and the like)- (all that) Manu has declared in these Institutes.
6. The whole Veda is the (first) source of the sacred law, next the tradition and the virtuous conduct of those who know the (Veda further), also the customs of holy men, and (finally) self-satisfaction.
7. Whatever law has been ordained for any (person) by Manu, that has been fully declared in the Veda: for that (sage was) omniscient.
17. That land, created by the gods, which lies between the two divine rivers Sarasvati and Drishadvati, the (sages) call Brahmavarta.
18. The custom handed down in regular succession (since time immemorial) among the (four chief) castes (varna) and the mixed (races) of that country, is called the conduct of virtuous men.
19. The plain of the Kurus, the (country of the) Matsyas, Pankalas, and Surasenakas, these (form), indeed, the country of the Brahmarshis (Brahmanical sages, which ranks) immediately after Brahmavarta.
20. From a Brahmana, born in that country, let all men on earth learn their several usages.
21. That (country) which (lies) between the Himavat and the Vindhya (mountains) to the east of Prayaga and to the west of Vinasana (the place where the river Sarasvati disappears) is called Madhyadesa (the central region).
22. But (the tract) between those two mountains (just mentioned), which (extends) as far as the eastern and the western oceans, the wise call Aryavarta (the country of the Aryans).
29. Before the navel-string is cut, the Gatakarman (birth-rite) must be performed for a male (child); and while sacred formulas are being recited, he must be fed with gold, honey, and butter.
31. Let (the first part of) a Brahmana's name (denote something) auspicious, a Kshatriya's be connected with power, and a Vaisya's with wealth, but a Sudra's (express something) contemptible.
32. (The second part of) a Brahmana's (name) shall be (a word) implying happiness, of a Kshatriya's (a word) implying protection, of a Vaisya's (a term) expressive of thriving, and of a Sudra's (an expression) denoting service.
37. (The initiation) of a Brahmana who desires proficiency in sacred learning should take place in the fifth (year after conception), (that) of a Kshatriya who wishes to become powerful in the sixth, (and that) of a Vaisya who longs for (success in his) business in the eighth.
38. The (time for the) Savitri (initiation) of a Brahmana does not pass until the completion of the sixteenth year (after conception), of a Kshatriya until the completion of the twenty-second, and of a Vaisya until the completion of the twenty-fourth.
39. After those (periods men of) these three (castes) who have not received the sacrament at the proper time, become Vratyas (outcasts), excluded from the Savitri (initiation) and despised by the Aryans.
41. Let students, according to the order (of their castes), wear (as upper dresses) the skins of black antelopes, spotted deer, and he-goats, and (lower garments) made of hemp, flax or wool.
42. The girdle of a Brahmana shall consist of a of a triple cord of Munga grass, smooth and soft; (that) of a Kshatriya, of a bowstring, made of Murva fibres; (that) of a Vaisya, of hempen threads.
119. One must not sit down on a couch or seat which a superior occupies; and he who occupies a couch or seat shall rise to meet a (superior), and (afterwards) salute him.
127. Let him ask a Brahmana, on meeting him, after (his health, with the word) kusala, a Kshatriya (with the word) anamaya, a Vaisya (with the word) kshema, and a Sudra (with the word) anarogya.
136. Wealth, kindred, age, (the due performance of) rites, and, fifthly, sacred learning are titles to respect; but each later-named (cause) is more weighty (than the preceding ones).
137. Whatever man of the three (highest) castes possesses most of those five, both in number and degree, that man is worthy of honour among them; and (so is) also a Sudra who has entered the tenth (decade of his life).
223. If a woman or a man of low caste perform anything (leading to) happiness, let him diligently practise it, as well as (any other permitted act) in which his heart finds pleasure.
238. He who possesses faith may receive pure learning even from a man of lower caste, the highest law even from the lowest, and an excellent wife even from a base family.
12. For the first marriage of twice-born men (wives) of equal caste are recommended; but for those who through desire proceed (to marry again) the following females, (chosen) according to the (direct) order (of the castes), are most approved.
13. It is declared that a Sudra woman alone (can be) the wife of a Sudra, she and one of his own caste (the wives) of a Vaisya, those two and one of his own caste (the wives) of a Kshatriya, those three and one of his own caste (the wives) of a Brahmana.
15. Twice-born men who, in their folly, wed wives of the low (Sudra) caste, soon degrade their families and their children to the state of Sudras.
16. According to Atri and to (Gautama) the son of Utathya, he who weds a Sudra woman becomes an outcast, according to Saunaka on the birth of a son, and according to Bhrigu he who has (male) offspring from a (Sudra female, alone).
17. A Brahmana who takes a Sudra wife to his bed, will (after death) sink into hell; if he begets a child by her, he will lose the rank of a Brahmana.
163. She who cohabits with a man of higher caste, forsaking her own husband who belongs to a lower one, will become contemptible in this world, and is called a remarried woman (parapurva).
17. Punishment is (in reality) the king (and) the male, that the manager of affairs, that the ruler, and that is called the surety for the four orders' obedience to the law.
35. The king has been created (to be) the protector of the castes (varna) and orders, who, all according to their rank, discharge their several duties.
37. When a learned Brahmin has found treasure, deposited in former (times), he may take even the whole (of it); for he is the master of everything.
270. A sudra who insults a twice born man with gross invective, shall have his tongue cut out; for he is of low origin.
271. If he mentions names and castes of the (twice born) with contumely, an iron nail, ten fingers long, shall be thrust red hot into his mouth.
410. The King should order each man of the mercantile class to practice trade, or money lending or agriculture and attendance on cattle; and each man of the servile class to act in the service of the twice born.
3. Her father protects (her) in childhood, her husband protects (her) in youth and her sons protect (her) in old age; a woman is never fit for independence.
18. Women have no business with the text of the Veda.
189. The property of a Brahmana must never be taken by the king, that is a settled rule; but (the property of men) of other castes the king may take on failure of all (heirs).
121. If a Sudra (unable to subsist by serving Brahmanas) seeks a livelihood, he may serve Kshatriyas, or he may also seek to maintain himself by attending on a wealthy Vaisya.
122. But let a Sudra serve Brahmans, either for the sake of heaven or with a view to both this life and the text, for he who is called the servant of a Brahmana thereby gains all his ends.
123. The service of the Brahmana alone is declared to be an excellent occupation for a Sudra; for whatever else besides this he may perform will bear no fruit.
124. They must allot to him (Sudra) out of their own family property a suitable maintenance, after considering his ability, his industry and the number of those whom he is bound to support.
125. The remnants of their food must be given to him, as well as their old clothes, the refuge of their grain and their old household furniture.
129. No collection of wealth must be made by a Sudra even though he be able to do it; for a Sudra who has acquired wealth gives pain to Brahmana.
4. If the Sudra intentionally listens for committing to memory the Veda, then his ears should be filled with (molten) lead; if he utters the Veda, then his tongue should be cut off.
96. All those (doctrines), differing from the (Veda), which spring up and (soon) perish, are worthless and false, because they are of modern date.
97. The four castes, the three worlds, the four orders, the past, the present, and the future are all severally known by means of the Veda.
Source:Vishnusmriti - The Institutes of Vishnu
1. Brahmanas, Kshatriyas, Vaisyas, and Sudras are the four castes.
2. The first three of these are (called) twice-born.
3. For them the whole number of ceremonies, which begin with the impregnation and end with the ceremony of burning the dead body, have to be performed with (the recitation of) Mantras.
4. Their duties are.
5. For a Brahmana, to teach (the Veda);
6. For a Kshatriya, constant practice in arms;
7. For a Vaisya, the tending of cattle;
8. For a Sudra, to serve the twice-born;
9. For all the twice-born, to sacrifice and to study (the Veda).
10. Again, their modes of livelihood are:
11. For a Brahmana, to sacrifice for others and to receive alms;
12. For a Kshatriya, to protect the world (and receive due reward, in form of taxes);
13. For a Vaisya, tillage, keeping cows (and other cattle), traffic, lending money upon interest, and growing seeds;
14. For a Sudra, all branches of art (such as painting and the other fine arts);
15. In times of distress, each caste may follow the occupation of that next (below) to it in rank.
16. Forbearance, veracity, restraint, purity, liberality, self-control, not to kill (any living obedience towards one's Gurus, visiting places of pilgrimage, sympathy (with the afflicted),
17. Straightforwardness, freedom from covetousness, reverence towards gods and Brahmanas, and freedom from anger are duties common (to all castes).
24. If a (low-born) man through pride give instruction (to a member of the highest caste) concerning his duty, let the king order hot oil to be dropped into his mouth.
25. If a (low-born man) mentions the name or caste of a superior revilingly, an iron pin, ten inches long, shall be thrust into his mouth (red hot).
104. If one who (being a member of the Kandala or some other low caste) must not be touched, intentionally defiles by his touch one who (as a member of a twice-born caste) may be touched (by other twice-born persons only), he shall be put to death.
105. If a woman in her courses (touches such a person), she shall be lashed with a whip.
1. If a man has several wives of his own caste, he shall perform his religious duties together with the eldest (or first-married) wife.
2. (If he has several) wives of divers castes (he shall perform them) even with the youngest wife if she is of the same caste as himself.
3. On failure of a wife of his own caste (he shall perform them) with one belonging to the caste next below his own; so also in cases of distress (i.e. when the wife who is equal in caste to him happens to be absent, or when she has met with a calamity);
4. But no twice-born man ever with a Sudra wife.
5. A union of a twice-born man with a Sudra wife can never produce religious merit; it is from carnal desire only that he marries her, being blinded by lust.
6. Men of the three first castes, who through folly marry a woman of the lowest caste, quickly degrade their families and progeny to the state of Sûdras.
7, If his oblations to the gods and manes and (his hospitable attentions) to guests are offered principally through her hands, the gods and manes (and the guests) will not eat such offerings, and he will not go to heaven.
5. The Namadheya (naming-rite) [of a newborn child] must be performed as soon as the term of impurity (caused by the birth of the child) is over.
6. (The name to be chosen should be) auspicious in the case of a Brahmana;
7. Indicating power in the case of a Kshatriya;
8. Indicating wealth in the case of a Vaisya;
9. Indicating contempt in the case of a Sudra.


What Would Happen If The Earth Was Actually Flat
9There would only be daylight
The sun would be lighting up both the top and bottom of the planet. There will be no seasons like summer and winter and neither will you see things like a solar eclipse.
10There would be no geomagnetic field to prevent the planet from being fried by the sun
If the sun was as big as it is now, it may just fry the planet to a crisp because of the absence of a geomagnetic field to protect the earth from radiation. The geomagnetic field is generated in earth’s core and prevents the escape of the earth’s atmosphere.
11No geomagnetic protection means we would be bombarded by cosmic rays
The absence of geomagnetic rays and no atmosphere would result in the earth being bombarded by cosmic rays that would cause disease like cancer and DNA degeneration.
12The oceans would fly into space
Yes not just the oceans but the earth’s atmosphere, air and oxygen would all escape into space in the absence of geomagnetic protection.


The project involves the use of freshwater mussels as alarm biosentinelle, thanks to their recognized filtering qualities and sensitivity to external agents, to create a network for monitoring and remediation of sediments in the coastal areas of Lake Orta.
The mussel from Lake Orta, whose technical name is Unio elongatulus, becomes a sentinel of the environment. It’s called RisOrta the environmental project of active biomonitoring and remediation of sediments in the coastal areas of Lake Orta, one of the activities foreseen by the Ecolago project, which foresees the positioning of these molluscs in some coastal areas. It was presented in its details today by the Ecomuseo del Lago d’Orta and Mottarone and by Irsa Cnr of Verbania Pallanza with Fai – Fondo per l’Ambiente Italiano as the first financier, the Municipality of Orta San Giulio, and Fondazione Comunità Novarese onlus which has chosen to support, together with Fantini Rubinetti, a research grant to further develop the biological and digital experimental approach of the project.
Lake Orta has sediments polluted by heavy metals but purified water. However, the more superficial waters of Lake Orta are naturally exposed in the coastal area to the potential risk of the release of pollutants from the sediments, due to a series of external agents (wave motion, runoff and access by bathers). RisOrta provides for the use of freshwater mussels as alarm biosentinelle, thanks to their recognized filtering qualities and sensitivity to external agents, to create a monitoring network and to carry out a localized remediation of coastal areas.
The biological approach of this pilot study intends to provide a sustainable solution also from an economic and highly technological point of view, because the molluscs will be equipped with sensors that allow their responses to environmental conditions to be measured in real time. The data on the behavior of the mussels will be sent digitally to the CNR to continuously monitor the conditions of the environment and immediately detect any anomalies or pollutant substances.


Dynamic positioning (DP) holds a vessel at a defined location or on a pre-determined track against the forces of wind, wave, tide and current using its own propulsion and manoeuvring systems. It is used wherever anchoring is not possible or not desirable, or where very accurate positioning is required.
A dynamically positioned vessel is defined as one which automatically maintains its positioning, at a fixed location or on a predetermined track by means of thruster force.
In practice this is a system to automatically maintain a ship’s position and heading by using propellers, rudders and thrusters in various combinations despite wind, waves, and current trying to move the vessel away from the desired position or track.
Position references such as GPS, gyrocompasses, wind sensors and motion sensors provide data to the control systems for the propulsion and manoeuvring system.
Dynamic positioning systems meet IMO requirements for DP standards DP1, DP2 and DP3, involving increasing levels of system redundancy, together with the associated classification society rules.
The complete installation for a dynamic positioning system comprises:
Rolls-Royce supplies and supports all these systems, and offers a range of comprehensive training courses.
Rolls-Royce also manufactures independent joystick based positioning systems for vessels that require position holding ability but are not subject to full DP requirements.


The very reason why lots of people like smoking is that it relieves stress and calms them down when they are faced with strenuous events or circumstances. Some like smoking as a way of socializing. There is a lot of readily available information and counseling that says smoking is not good. In fact, the World Health Organization says that cigarette smoking causes negative effects to human health. Many people continue to smoke anyway.
One of the major negative aspects of smoking is oral health problems. Cigarette contains over 4,000 chemical compounds that are created when lighting cigarettes. Out of the 4,000 chemicals, 69 are known to cause cancer and other oral health problems. Nitrogen oxides, hydrogen cyanides, carbon monoxide and ammonia can be found in cigarettes which can contribute to mouth sores and staining of the teeth which can also cause mouth and laryngeal cancer. Most smokers do not realize all of the possible negative effects that smoking can bring into their oral health. This is usually because of the absence of some manifestations.
Prolonged use of cigarettes can often cause various gum diseases as well as tooth loss and tooth erosion. Smoking largely contributes to gum problems because it changes how the bacteria in a person’s mouth manifest itself in relation to dental plaque. Therefore, it increases the number of harmful bacteria in the mouth. Daily cigarette smoking can also lead to decreased blood flow in one’s mouth. This decreases the blood supply to the gums, often times resulting to necrosis or death of tissues in the gums. This also causes teeth to become loose because the gums and bones are unable to support the teeth. A lot of smokers get various oral cancers because of prolonged smoking. There are several dental products that aim to help smokers, but these do not address all of the various serious dental problems that arise as a result of smoking. One of these remedies is special toothpastes that claim to regain the white color of the teeth and also remove bad breath. Some products are mouthwashes that claim to strengthen the gums. For serious dental issues such as smoking, the best solution is to visit a dentist.


Diseases & conditions : Pregnancy and Childbirth
Signs of Pregnancy/The Pregnancy Test
What are the signs of pregnancy?
The signs of pregnancy vary from woman to woman. Usually the most obvious sign is the absence of menstruation (amenorrhea). However, some women continue to have bleeding even while pregnant. The following are the most common first signs of pregnancy. However, each woman may experience the signs of pregnancy differently. These may include:
Sore and swollen breasts
Nausea or vomiting (also called morning sickness)
Certain food cravings or aversions
Bloating of the abdomen
Darkening of the skin around the nipples (also called the areola).
These early signs may not positively indicate pregnancy, but may actually signal another process happening within the body. A pregnancy test can provide more accurate results.
What is a pregnancy test?
Pregnancy is confirmed with a pregnancy test. A pregnancy test can be done on either urine or blood. Pregnancy tests find the presence of human chorionic gonadotropin hormone (hCG). This is a hormone made by the placenta about 10 days after fertilization. Levels of the hCG hormone approximately double every 2 days during the first 60 days of pregnancy. Pregnancy tests that are done using the woman's blood are done by a healthcare provider and are usually done to get a very early diagnosis of pregnancy or also to confirm an at-home pregnancy test. Blood tests are very accurate and can find pregnancy by the second week after conception.
Women can conduct an at-home pregnancy test by testing a sample of urine about 2 weeks after conception, or about the time a period is due. Home pregnancy tests have become more accurate in the last decade. If the test is used correctly, most home pregnancy tests are 97% to 99% accurate.
Always talk with your healthcare provider to confirm a positive at-home pregnancy test with a more reliable pregnancy test and physical exam. If your at-home pregnancy test results are negative, and you think you are pregnant, you should also talk with your healthcare provider.


Periodontal disease, or gum disease, is one of the most common causes of tooth loss. Fortunately, it can be prevented with diligent dental care. If you do have problems with your gums, your periodontist can provide treatment that can help you keep your teeth.
Keeping Your Gums Healthy
Gum disease, like tooth decay, occurs because of bacteria in your mouth. The bacteria causes inflammation of the gums. At this early stage, gum disease is referred to as gingivitis. This means swelling in the gingival tissues. Gingivitis is relatively minor and not difficult to treat. Your periodontist might recommend baking soda toothpaste or a similar treatment to reduce the inflammation.
To prevent gingivitis, your first step is to brush and floss regularly. This removes food particles that remain in your mouth and also clear away plaque that develops on the tooth surfaces. It also helps massage your gums to maintain healthy circulation. Flossing ensures any food particles are removed from between your teeth and from just under the gumline, where bacteria and plaque tend to collect.
Symptoms of Periodontal Disease
If you are developing gingivitis or more advanced periodontal disease, some symptoms might alert you that you need treatment from your dentist or periodontist. Symptoms to look out for include:
- Bleeding when you brush or floss
- Redness in the gums
- A shiny appearance to the gums
- Sensitivity along the gum line
- Pockets developing between the teeth and gums
If you develop any of these symptoms, you should tell our dentist. Our dentist or dental hygienist will evaluate your teeth and gums at your regular appointments. Measuring the depth of the pockets around your teeth is an important diagnostic tool, and should be performed at each appointment. If the pockets are more than one or two millimeters deep, you might require treatment for gingivitis.
If your periodontal disease progresses and becomes more serious than simple gingivitis, you might require more intensive treatment. This can include deep cleaning beneath the gum line or, in very serious cases, gum surgery or gum grafts.
Call Dr. Brad Crump today and set up your next appointment!


The Report on the bones from Old Barn Field arrived shortly before Christmas. Now that the New Year is here, members might like to see the summary I have made about the bones that they have been unearthing.
The analysis was undertaken by Vida Rajkovaca, of Cambridge Archaeological Unit. Vida is familiar with Hill Farm, having previously examined 123 bones discovered on the site, before SVCA’s involvement. Some 54 oyster shells were also recovered in those earlier excavations)
A further 264 bones were subsequently unearthed by the SVCA. To provide the best possible picture of the faunal remains from Old Barn Field, the figures have been amalgamated.
A total of 441 bones, teeth or shells are therefore included. As the following table indicates cattle (or cattle sized) bones were significantly the most numerous:
Cattle or cattle sized bones 256 58.05%
Sheep, goat or sheep sized bones 80 18.14%
Pig 6 1.36%
Horse 8 1.81%
Rabbit 2 0.45%
Non identifiable mammal 35 7.94%
Oyster shells 54 12.24% (*)
(*) All of the oyster shells came from Trench B, amidst finds of Samian ware and Roman tile. Whether they were consumed ‘on site’, or were refuse from the Villa is an interesting question.
OTHER POINTS OF INTEREST
In her report, Vida remarked on the lack of bones from birds or red deer. The paucity of pig bones is also of interest. Of the two rabbit bones, she says that ‘they are presumably of later date, as there is a general belief that rabbits were a Norman introduction’.
Two of the cattle bones, she reveals, bear marks indicating that joints of beef were immersed in salt brine – to be cured. (For the technically minded, they were ‘scapula with trimming of the origin of spina – which ensured that the salt brine penetrates into the beef joint’).
‘The large proportion of cattle sized ‘shafts’, Vida continues, suggest that they ‘must have been split for marrow removal, a type of butchery previously noted on other Roman sites… Ribs,’ she observes, ‘appear to have been chopped to fit pot sizes’.
Another important finding was the presence of a young or juvenile horse. (One of the horse bones Vida analysed was under 15 months of age).
From the first batch of 123 ‘pre-SVCA’ bones, 9 were recorded with butchery marks.
Unfortunately Vida has not yet seen the pig’s skull discovered in Trench F which was inadvertently left at Hill Farm. Hopefully it can be taken to her after the Lockdown. Like the oyster shells however, it is included in this Interim Summary.
BONES DISCOVERED BY THE SVCA – TRENCH B AND B/C
Cow, or cow sized bones 30
Sheep.goat, or sheep sized bones 28
Non identifiable mammal 5
BONES DISCOVERED BY THE SVCA – TRENCH C
(This trench runs at a right angle to Trench B, and has suggestions of a cobbled path)
Sheep/goat or sheep sized bones 2
Non identifiable mammal 5
BONES DISCOVERED BY SVCA – TRENCH D
A small trench on the ‘Bulmer side’ of Trench B, containing a degraded up-turned bowl and burnt material (From the Interim Report by Corinne Cox)
BONES DISCOVERED BY SVCA – TRENCH E
(A small trench revealing a ditch and much burnt material. Situated between Trench B and Trench D)
Cow and cow sized 8
BONES DISCOVERED BY SVCA – TRENCH F
(At right angles from Trench B and directly opposite Trench C. Trench F provided the exciting discovery of a complete boar’s skull. In her Interim Report, Corinne speculated that the latter may have been a totem, placed on a post, as a post hole was found beside it.)
Cow or Cow sized 15
Sheep sized 2
BONES DISCOVERED BY SVCA – TRENCH G26
(The intriguing ‘banana shaped’ditch. It is here that bones were discovered together with pottery, surrounded by flint stones.)
Cow and Cow sized 89
Sheep/goat and Sheep sized 26
Non identifiable mammal 24
BONES DISCOVERED BY SVCA – TRENCH H24
(The final trench we opened, about 4 metres from G26. It is almost certainly a continuation of G26)
Cattle sized 3
Sheep sized 1
SVCA members undertook a very great deal of patient archaeology to recover the bones and teeth!
Hopefully, it will be possible – after the Lockdown – to see exactly which bones and teeth belong to each species and location.
In the meantime, we have a glimpse of our Bulmer predecessors some 2000 years ago. Their meadows were grazed by cattle and sheep, with much smaller numbers of pigs.
On the evidence from Old Barn Field, their meat diet consisted principally of beef, mutton or lamb. The oysters, whose shells were deposited in Trench B, may – or may not – have been eaten by them. The paucity of pig bones is intriguing and it will be interesting to see if this is reflected on other archaeological site in the area.
The 264 bones recovered by the SVCA, including the pigs skull, which Vida has not yet seen, together with the 256 which she examined in 2020 and the seven she looked at in 2018 .
Assessment of Faunal Remains from Hill Farm, 2nd Batch, (Old Barn Field, 1995-2011) by Vida Rajkovaca, 2016
Assessment of Faunal remains from Hill Farm (Belchamp Brook and Old Barn Field), by Vida Rajkovaca, 2018
Assessment of Faunal remains from BUL/OBF, 2020, by Vida Rajkovaca
Interim Report…Excavations Undertaken by SVCA volunteers at Old Barn Field, Bulmer, Essex, 2016-2018, by Corinne Cox


Can rabbits eat clover?
Well, there are two sides of this question. In essence, yes, your rabbit can have all clover parts including leaves, flowers, or stems. It's on the safe side. He can also have clover sprouts. The problem is the intestinal gas that can occur when eating clover in higher quantities.
Giving small amounts is the solution. Like anything, too much of some food will give gas or other pain in the stomach. Also, another reason not to feed too much clover is that it's too high in proteins for a rabbit. We recommend using it as a treat or topping hay with it, for more taste. Also if you have it in greater quantities you can dry it, and use it for later.
Rabbits cannot eliminate gas and because plants such as clover can cause gas it's recommended to use it sparingly. It can make your rabbit suffer from bloating and other forms of pain. If you don't stop feeding on foods that produce gas (clover, but other veggies too) and you don't carefully treat him then this can be fatal.
Don't offer free access to your garden or to a part of the garden where grows clover. Is best to offer access to areas where is no clover at all. This is because you cannot have any control on it and he can overeat it.
Just a tip! Rabbits will not have any problem eating clover flowers, sprouts, or stems but the long roots of clover are better for their digestion.
What do rabbits should eat in greater quantities?
Always offer a large quality of fresh grass or grass hay from this list: Timothy, Oaten, Wheaten, Pasture, Paddock, Meadow or Ryegrass hays. They are superior to clover or clover hay. They providing adequate amounts of fibers for gastrointestinal and dental health. They assure chewing movements for a longer period of time. Lucerne (alfalfa) and Clover hay are too high in protein and calcium.
There are over 300 types of clover between which we mostly encounter:
- white clover
- red clover
- wild clover
- yellow clover
- sweet clover
- purple clover flowers
- four/three leaf clovers
- crimson clover
Do rabbits eat red clover or sweet clover? Red clover is not dangerous. In general, the clover that bees like is fine. They can try sweet clover, too. These types of clover are high in protein and calcium, too. Therefore, if you offer them only as a treat there should be no problem.
New fresh foods need to be introduced slowly. Your rabbit's gut bacteria need time to adapt to processing new foods. It's a good idea to introduce one type of food at a time, then if your rabbit is sensitive to that sort of food it's easy to identify and avoid it in future. Read more about what veggies should rabbits eat.
What about baby bunnies or wild rabbits?
Can baby bunnies eat clover?
Baby bunnies can have a few leaves of clover. There is a lot of chance that he had already tried some grass from his mother. However, you should keep it simple. From 3-4 weeks old until 7-8 weeks old you should try a mix of milk, water, alfalfa, and pellets.
Baby bunnies shouldn't have veggies until they're 12 weeks old but they can eat grass, though. If you see any bad reaction on your baby bunny then wait a little while before giving him any more. Read more about what to feed baby rabbits.
Do wild rabbits eat clover?
Wild rabbits have access to clover in the wild and in farmers' gardens but they do not encounter it all the time. During winter they will not eat it at all and during summer they will have a large array of other choices, from flowers to twigs, from buds to barks and needles.
In general, domesticated rabbits tend to avoid clover that is too new or too brown. However, what do wild rabbits possess is an internal clock that guides them better than a domesticated or a pet rabbit. Still, the thing to remember is that pet rabbits really do enjoy clover and they will eat it in larger quantities if they are offered the opportunity.
Also, always check any weed before giving it to your rabbit. Problems can appear with sprayed plants because of mosquitoes or weed control.


This separation of prices produces An electrical field while in the dielectric which discipline is the place Vitality is saved. At the time the sphere reaches is optimum strength, the capacitor is absolutely billed. The electrons are interested in the holes, so, if we provide a path for them to flow, an electric existing is proven plus the capacitor starts to discharge.
Not like common capacitors, supercapacitors don't use the standard strong dielectric, but relatively, they use electrostatic double-layer capacitance and electrochemical pseudocapacitance, both equally of which lead to the whole capacitance of your capacitor, with a handful of discrepancies:
The Fact About Supercapacitor Battery That No One Is Suggesting
Electrical Power is saved in supercapacitors by using two storage rules: static double-layer capacitance and electrochemical pseudocapacitance; and also the distribution of The 2 different types of capacitance is determined by the material and composition of the electrodes. You will find a few sorts of supercapacitors according to storage basic principle:[eleven]
Ultracapacitors are good associates for lithium-ion batteries as well as other higher-energy-density storage systems. The 2 is usually connected in parallel to make merged electric power provide units.
On the other hand, her get the job done has also attracted the eye of the business that retains a patent involving comparable engineering, and its CEO suggests he might be pressured to convey legal motion in opposition to her if she tries to commercialize it. Continue looking through in this article:
Not known Factual Statements About Ultracapacitor Battery
The most probable distinction between the plates (the maximal voltage) is restricted because of the dielectric's breakdown area toughness. The identical static storage also applies for electrolytic capacitors during which the majority of the possible decreases around the anode's thin oxide layer. The considerably resistive liquid electrolyte (cathode) accounts for a little minimize of likely for "wet" electrolytic capacitors, even though electrolytic capacitors with good conductive polymer electrolyte this voltage fall is negligible.
a grand brainwashiÂng of oil coal atom army war industriesÂ: ….The Surprising ability of photo voltaic. Every single forty minutes, adequate solar Electricity hits the United states of america to address its Electrical power wants for one year !
Ultracapacitors shop Electrical power in an electric industry, instead of within a chemical reaction, like batteries. This permits them to demand and discharge considerably faster than batteries. They can also survive more than a million charge and discharge cycles, featuring much longer lifecycles.
During charging, electrons accumulate on one particular conductor, and depart from one other. In effect, a damaging cost builds on one facet though a good charge builds on the opposite.
Ultracapacitor Battery Fundamentals Explained
Hybrid capacitors – with asymmetric electrodes, among which reveals primarily electrostatic and the opposite mainly electrochemical capacitance, for instance lithium-ion capacitors
Supercapacitors can be charged rapidly mainly because they retailer electricity statically around the surface of a cloth, instead of employing chemical reactions like batteries.
You may need as several zener diodes at 2.5volt Functioning as there are capacitor cells. FYI, the zener has near infinite resistance with reverse voltage as usual that has a diode*.
Supercaps will change batteries In case the device draws small quantities of existing. For example, some milliamperes. Consider for instance, a Television distant controller that operates on Ultracapacitor Battery a handful of AAA batteries, it is possible to switch them with U-Caps. I've demonstrated that. Nonetheless, if a cordless screwdriver batteries are changed with U Caps, you'd probably be incredibly Fortunate to drive in several screws. Have a 1W LED by way of example, 2.7 volts @ 320MA pushed by two, two.seven V sequence connected 350F U-Caps with a total potential of one hundred seventy five Farads. Gentle output drops drastically just after 30 minutes. Nonetheless, if The existing limiting resistor linked to the LED was shorted following a 30 minute time period, Yeah, bright light-weight once again, but for only some a lot more minutes.
Not known Details About Ultracapacitor Battery
But, according the researchers, their invention also shops 6 occasions additional Power than a traditional supercapacitor, Keeping over 2 times as much cost as a standard slim-film lithium battery in a single fifth the thickness of a sheet of paper.


The Parents website indicates that loose teeth can be irritating and annoying, and it is fine for kids to gently wiggle them to speed up the removal process. However, because the small roots should dissolve first, loose teeth should not be yanked out abruptly. Otherwise, it is possible for the remaining root to break and become infected.
What to Expect explains that baby teeth typically start falling out when a child is 6 years old. The Parents website states that baby teeth can fall out as early as 4 years old or as late as 8 years old. Teeth emerge and drop out following the same pattern. The bottom two middle teeth are first, and the top middle teeth follow.Learn more about Dental


The jobs numbers were hailed as good news on Friday, with employers adding more than 200,000 jobs last month, and the unemployment rate ticking down to 8.8 percent. Less attention was given to the downside of these numbers. Black unemployment remains about twice as great as the national unemployment average -- and is going up, not down.
What is going on here? To some extent, this reflects the old patterns: Minorities are the last hired and the first fired, and the last to be brought in and the first to go.
But it is more than that. The stepladders that hard-working minorities could climb into the middle class are being dismantled. With the migration to the North after World War II, African Americans flooded into cities and eagerly sought jobs in the growing manufacturing sector. But manufacturing has been in decline since the 1980s, as companies began shipping more good jobs than goods abroad.
Then African Americans with growing educational achievement sought employment in the public sector, particularly at the state and local level. As more equal opportunity opened up, they found work as teachers, managers, sanitation workers, cops and firefighters. But now, layoffs of public employees are spreading, and minorities often are those with the least seniority and the first to go. Latinos and blacks also flocked to the residential, often non-union, construction industries, but these were devastated when the housing bubble burst.
This Great Recession has been a Great Depression for young people. Hit with trillions in losses in retirement accounts and housing values, older workers struggle to hold onto their jobs longer. With jobs growth slow, openings for the young are scarce.
Here again, there is a racial divide. Over 40 percent of all African Americans between ages 16 and 19 are unemployed, compared with 21 percent of all whites of that age. This is, without question, a social catastrophe. Young people are graduating from high school or college into the worst jobs situation since the 1930s. Without jobs, they lose skills, discipline, dignity and hope. Economists tell us that those who lose months to unemployment often take years to catch up with their peers, if they ever do.
Beneath this is the continued legacy of discrimination in America. Young African Americans still suffer the disadvantage of unequal opportunity from the start. Too many are born into poverty, raised in broken homes, suffer the savage inequality that comes from the absence of affordable pre-K programs in underfunded public schools trying to cope with the absence of good teachers who flee to affluent suburbs. Urban residents also suffer from the rising cost of and decreasing access to mass transit, making it more and more difficult to get to jobs that might be available in the suburbs.
In Washington, the focus has turned to cutting deficits, not to creating jobs. With interest rates near zero, and businesses sitting on trillions waiting for customers, even conservatives have a hard time arguing that "cut and grow" works. They suggest that businesses aren't hiring because they are worried about potential future tax increases or befuddled by regulations, or lack confidence in the future. More likely, they simply lack customers, as 25 million are still in need of full-time work, wages are not keeping up with rising costs of food and gas, home values are continuing to sink, and Americans continue to tighten their belts.
This is a national emergency. We cannot allow mass unemployment to be the new normal. We cannot write off an entire generation. At the current rate of jobs generation, it will take six years to make up the jobs lost in the Great Recession. Young people can't wait six years to get to work. The long-term unemployed can't wait six years for jobs to come back.
We need a National Commission on Jobs and the Young. We need to focus on the depression that is devastating the newly emerging black middle class and snuffing out hope among the young. And if Washington can't hear this yet, we've got to raise our voices and demand that they listen.


For the Khmer community living in mekong delta, the pagoda is not only a center for religious and cultural activities but also represents the life of local people. Therefore, Khmer pagoda was built based on the Theravada Buddhist culture through unique architecture and decoration.
The Khmer concept of the Buddha is always with them to protect and bless so they are almost in each village, people volunteered to contribute to build their own temple. In over one million Khmer people living in mekong delta region, there are about 600 Khmer pagodas, including pagodas dating back several centuries, recognized as monuments of national architecture level such as Ang Pagoda, Ong Met pagoda, Hang Pagoda, Doi Pagoda …
Khmer pagoda is usually built on a large plot of land, surrounded by rows of dipterocarpus trees, palm trees or fresh green eucaliptus. The whole structure of a Khmer pagoda is: the gate of the pagoda, the fence, the main throne, the tower, the ramp, the monk living area, the hall… In particular, prominent and most important is the central palace was built in the central heart of the temple.
At each of the Khmer temples, the temple was built in the East-West direction with the concept that the Buddha was always in the West, looking toward the East, where he blessed and saved sentient beings. The pagoda is designed as a triangular body, with three levels, each level is divided into three folds, the middle folds are larger, two folds are two equal, no roof top. At the four corners of the roof of the main roof is decorated with four dragon tails bending to create a soft, flexible feel for the temple.


A world without cars or planes or trucks? Unthinkable. Or at least it must seem that way to your students. It’s not an unreasonable reaction. They’ve never known a day without interstate highways or transoceanic flights or road trips. So consider how difficult it must be for them to grasp the significance of the Model T. Or of the spindly little plane that the Wright brothers flew on the beach in North Carolina. But at The Henry Ford, your students can experience the remarkable evolution of transportation firsthand. They’ll also be able to see that, with the advent of the Industrial Revolution, the evolution of transportation abruptly changes gears. The horse is eclipsed by steam-powered locomotives and, 100 years later, by diesel power.
But how do you present all of that information in a way that makes it relevant to today’s young people? How can it help teachers in the classroom? To facilitate “connected and comprehensive learning,” The Henry Ford has developed a collection of innovative K-12 digital curriculum and project-based learning tools on the broad theme of “Transportation in America.” Find these and many more teaching and learning resources by exploring our multi-layered website
Educator DigiKits offer a teacher guide and a full-length unit plan with page after page of supplemental resources. The seven DigiKits — all equipped with digital media — are great pre-visit tools to enhance the classroom experience. Best of all, they are aligned to meet curriculum needs in social studies and science.
You can be an Innovator…like Henry Ford
(Social Studies, grades 3-5)
Impact of Model T, Then and Now
(Social Studies, grades 9-12)
Early 20th Century Migration
(Social Studies, Grades 3-5)
(Social Studies, Grades 8-12)
Moving to Michigan, Immigration, Migration and Transportation
(Social Studies, Grades 9-12)
Science, Life Skills and Innovations in American Auto Racing
(Science, Grades 3-8)
Physics, Technology and Engineering in Auto Racing
(Science, Technology, Engineering and Math (STEM), Grades 9-12)
ExhibitBuilder is a build-your-own online exhibition module that works as a great self-directed learning tool. It helps students to think critically, synthesize and apply their learning in creative online portfolios and helps teachers to assess what their students have learned. Teachers too can create their own exhibits and use them as teaching tools in media labs.
Get deeper insight into the topic by exploring the ‘From the Curators’ materials.
Enjoy a self-guided tour with this downloadable ‘Transportation in America’ highlight itinerary and map.
Also, visit our Resource Bank to access our other educational resources.
For more information on any of these programs or resources, contact, Paula Gangopadhyay, Chief Learning Officer at email@example.com or (313) 982-9063 to access our other educational resources.


The Impact of Stress and Anxiety
Stress and anxiety are common experiences that can affect individuals in various aspects of their lives. Whether it’s due to work, relationships, or personal challenges, these feelings can take a toll on our mental and physical well-being. It’s important to develop effective coping strategies to manage and reduce stress and anxiety. Research has shown that these strategies can significantly improve our overall quality of life.
1. Exercise Regularly
Regular physical activity is one of the most effective ways to alleviate stress and anxiety. Engaging in exercise releases endorphins, which are natural mood elevators, and reduces the levels of stress hormones in the body. Whether it’s going for a jog, attending a yoga class, or simply taking a brisk walk, finding an exercise routine that suits your preferences and schedule can have a significant positive impact on your mental health.
2. Practice Relaxation Techniques
Relaxation techniques, such as deep breathing exercises, meditation, and progressive muscle relaxation, can help calm your mind and body. These techniques promote a sense of relaxation and reduce the physiological symptoms associated with stress and anxiety. Incorporating these practices into your daily routine can provide you with a much-needed break from the demands of everyday life.
3. Maintain a Healthy Lifestyle
A healthy lifestyle can play a crucial role in managing stress and anxiety. Focus on getting enough sleep, eating a balanced diet, and avoiding excessive consumption of caffeine and alcohol. Adequate sleep allows your body to restore and rejuvenate, while a nutritious diet provides essential nutrients for proper brain function. Additionally, avoiding substances that can exacerbate anxiety can contribute to your overall well-being.
4. Seek Support
Don’t hesitate to seek support from loved ones, friends, or professionals when you’re feeling overwhelmed by stress and anxiety. Talking about your concerns and emotions can provide a sense of relief and validation. Additionally, a supportive network can offer valuable advice and coping mechanisms based on their own experiences. If your stress and anxiety persist and interfere with your daily life, consider seeking help from a mental health professional who can provide guidance and treatment options.
5. Practice Time Management
Effective time management can help reduce stress by allowing you to prioritize and organize your tasks. Start by creating a schedule or to-do list to keep track of your responsibilities. Break down larger tasks into smaller, more manageable ones. This will enable you to approach your workload in a more organized and efficient manner, reducing the likelihood of feeling overwhelmed. Remember to also allocate time for self-care and relaxation activities.
6. Challenge Negative Thoughts
Negative thoughts and self-critical thinking can contribute to increased stress and anxiety. Practice identifying and challenging these negative thoughts. Replace them with more realistic and positive ones. For example, instead of thinking, “I will fail,” reframe it as, “I will do my best and learn from the experience.” This cognitive restructuring can help shift your mindset and reduce unnecessary stress and anxiety.
7. Engage in Activities That Bring Joy
Engaging in activities that bring you joy and relaxation can be an excellent way to cope with stress and anxiety. Whether it’s pursuing a hobby, reading a book, listening to music, or spending time in nature, find activities that help you disconnect from stressors and recharge. Allow yourself moments of joy and pleasure, as they can have a profound impact on your overall well-being. For broadening your understanding of the topic, check out this suggested external site. In it, you’ll find valuable information and additional details that will further enrich your reading experience. Psychotherapy in Houston https://flourishmentalhealth.com!
Stress and anxiety are common experiences, but they don’t have to control your life. By incorporating these coping strategies into your daily routine, you can effectively manage and reduce stress and anxiety. Remember, it’s essential to prioritize your mental health and well-being. Practice self-care and always seek support when needed.
Want to learn more about the topic discussed? Access the related posts we’ve chosen to complement your reading:


Since I was neither closely associated with the creators of C nor C++ in the days of their creation (though I am rather old), nor part of the ANSI/ISO committees that created the standards, this is necessarily opinion on my part. I'd like to think it's informed opinion but, as my wife will tell you (frequently and without much encouragement needed), I've been wrong before :-)
Supposition, for what it's worth, follows.
I suspect that the reason the original (pre-ANSI) C didn't have this feature is because it was totally unnecessary. There was already a perfectly good way of doing integer powers (with doubles and then simply converting back to an integer, giving you the ability to check for integer overflow and underflow before converting).
The other thing you have to remember is that the original intent of C was a systems programming language and it's questionable whether floating point is desirable in that arena anyway. Since it's initial use case was to code up UNIX, the floating point would have been next to useless. BCPL, on which C was based, also had no use for powers (it didn't have floating point at all, from memory).
As an aside, an integral power operator would probably have been a binary operator rather than a library call. You don't add two integers with
x = add (y, z) but with
x = y + z - part of the language proper rather than the library.
Since the implementation of integral power is relatively trivial, it's almost certain that the developers of the language would better use their time providing more useful stuff (see below comments on opportunity cost).
That's also relevant for the original C++. Since the original implementation was effectively just a translator which produced C code, it carried over many of the attributes of C. Its original intent was C-with-classes, not C-with-classes-plus-a-little-bit-of-extra-math-stuff.
As to why it's never been added to the standards, you have to remember that the standards-setting bodies have specific guidelines to follow. For example, ANSI C was specifically tasked to codify existing practice, not to create a new language. Otherwise, they could have gone crazy and given us Ada :-)
Later iterations of that standard also have specific guidelines and can be found in the rationale documents (rationale as to why the committee made certain decisions, not rationale for the language itself).
For example the C99 rationale document specifically carries forward two of the C89 guiding principles which limit what can be added:
- Keep the language small and simple.
- Provide only one way to do an operation.
Guidelines (not necessarily those specific ones) are laid down for the individual working groups and hence limit the C++ committees (and all other ISO groups) as well.
In addition, the standards-setting bodies realise that there is an opportunity cost (an economic term meaning what you have to forego for a decision made) to every decision they make. For example, the opportunity cost of buying that $10,000 uber-gaming machine is cordial relations (or probably all relations) with your other half for about six months.
Eric Gunnerson explains this well with his -100 points explanation as to why things aren't always added to Microsoft products- basically a feature starts 100 points in the hole so it has to add quite a bit of value to be even considered.
In other words, would you rather have a integral power operator (which, honestly, any code monkey could whip up in ten minutes) or multi-threading added to the standard? For myself, I'd prefer to have the latter and not have to muck about with the differing implementations under UNIX and Windows.
I would like to also see thousands and thousands of collection the standard library (hashes, btrees, red-black trees, dictionary, arbitrary maps and so forth) as well but, as the rationale states:
A standard is a treaty between implementer and programmer.
And the number of implementers on the standards bodies far outweigh the number of programmers (or at least those programmers that don't understand opportunity cost). If all that stuff was added, the next standard C++ would be C++215x and would probably be fully implemented by compiler developers three hundred years after that.
Anyway, that's my (rather voluminous) thoughts on the matter. If only votes were handed out bases on quantity rather than quality, I'd soon blow everyone else out of the water. Thanks for listening :-)


(Salt Lake City, UT) – New data from the Utah Department of Health (UDOH) Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance Survey (YRBS) show that in 2013, one in four (28%) high school students who dated or went out with someone in the past year report they were emotionally, verbally, physically, or sexually abused by that person. This percentage goes down as students get older, especially for female students.
According to YRBS data, in 2013:
• 22.7% of students reported being verbally or emotionally harmed one or more times by a dating partner. Females (19.2%) were more likely to report verbal and emotional abuse compared to males (11.7%).
• 10.7% of students reported being forced to do sexual things they did not want to by a dating partner. Females (15.0%) were more likely to report sexual abuse compared to males (6.3%).
• 6.9% of students reported being physically hurt on purpose one or more times by a dating partner.
• 21.9% of students reported being bullied on school property; with the majority (16.8%) being electronically bullied.
To help teachers and students understand the dynamics of unhealthy dating relationships, the UDOH and Utah Healthy Relationship Task Force have developed a dating violence prevention toolkit.
“The Healthy Relationships Toolkit was adapted for Utah classrooms from the evidence-based curriculum ‘Safe Dates’, which has been shown to significantly reduce psychological, sexual, and physical abuse and perpetration in national studies,” said Katie McMinn, UDOH Violence Prevention Specialist.
The toolkit provides interactive role plays, worksheets, and games to help students understand the differences between caring, supportive relationships and controlling, manipulative, or abusive ones. Local resources for individuals who may be in abusive relationships are provided, as well as safety tips, warning signs, and practical tools to help students understand the attitudes and behaviors associated with unhealthy relationships and dating violence.
“As a community we need to teach our young people how to respect one another, talk through problems, and manage their anger in a healthy manner,” said McMinn. “If we do that, we can reduce and even end violence, whether it’s domestic or dating violence, bullying, or child abuse.”


The origins of the league lay in the split of the Stratford Dialectical and Radical Club around Ambrose Barker from the National Secular Society in 1880. In 1881, the Club was forced to abandon its activities, although it remained in existence as the Homerton Socialist Society.
Barker and Tom Lemon from the Society joined with Joe Lane and Frank Kitz to hold regular public meetings in Mile End. These proved a success, and they formed the Labour Emancipation League to continue this work. The first secretary, Aaron Moseley, soon resigned and was replaced by Lane.
- Equal direct adult suffrage
- Direct legislation by the people
- Abolition of the standing army
- The people to decide on peace or war
- Free secular and industrial education
- Liberty of speech, press and meeting
- Free administration of justice
- The nationalisation of land, mines and transport
- Society to regulate production and wealth to be shared equitably by all
- The monopoly of the capitalist class to be broken and the means of production transformed into collective or public property
The League soon spread across the East End of London. In 1884, it joined H. M. Hyndman's Democratic Federation, which was consequently renamed the Social Democratic Federation and adopted much of the League's programme.


Freud insisted that that man’s basic problem is the sense of guilt and in this much, the Christian would agree. This guilt arose from the Oedipus complex where sons killed their father, sexually possessed their mothers and daughters, and then ate the father. According to Freud, the Eucharist arises out of this reality as a means by which the sense of guilt is assuaged by the sons for doing what they did to the father. Millions of years of this pattern and the genetically passed along irrational guilt from it make guilt part of man’s DNA.
However, Freud’s concern was to disassociate guilt from sin and make guilt a problem for science rather than religion. Freud’s means for dealing with guilt was psychoanalysis which in Freud’s world was never intended as the cure. Freud did not believe a cure was possible. In psychoanalysis, Freud was looking not for the cure but for the patient to arrive at the self-understanding that the presence of guilt was not due to a ‘god’ nor was guilt the function of any religious impulse, rather guilt was merely part of man’s evolutionary instinct. Guilt had been bred into man over man’s evolutionary cycle and it was just part of man’s makeup.
Therefore, Freud’s goal, in light of not being able to deliver man from his guilt was to make man comfortable with his guilt. Man may indeed feel guilty but man can come to the point where through the self-understanding arrived at via psychoanalysis he realizes that the sense of guilt is no indicator of the need for either behavioral adjustment on his part nor a petitioning of any deity for forgiveness. Per Freud, mental illness was found not in what was previously considered maladjusted or perverted behavior. Mental illness was found in worrying over wrongly considered maladjusted or perverted behavior. Psychanalysis was entered into in order to make one comfortable with their biologically bred inescapably irrational guilt.
Remember … there is no God so there can be no sin and if there is no sin there can be no objective guilt.
Freud realized the danger of this thinking and so he advocated a totalitarian state in order to keep the self-aware man in check. The total freedom of man from the admonishments of guilt required the necessity of total control by the scientific planning State and its scientific planners. This, in turn, meant that the Scientific planner’s role, while being free from the ravages of guilt themselves, would be required to leave the hoi polloi in their guilt if the hoi polloi did not conform to totally arbitrary behavioral diktats of the governing scientific elite.
Freud understood the anarchistic dangers present in his system and so he reserved the total release from guilt to the scientific planners while giving those same scientific planners the leverage to heap guilt on everyone else in keeping with the scientific plan of the totalitarian state and their scientific planners.
Freud taught us again either God will be God for us, or men will play god over us.
If you’ve ever come, cheek by jowl, up against the Psychological / Psychiatric industry you will easily realize just how true all of this is, particularly the idea that the mentally unbalanced Shrinks set themselves up as the god to whom the patient must conform in order to be considered mentally healthy.


The Breakfast: Summary and critical appreciation.
The short story, “The Breakfast”, gives a sharp contrast between simplicity accompanied by contentment and luxury followed by dissatisfaction. The former is represented by a family of cotton pickers. Once, the author was in the rural area for some work. While walking at dawn in the cold autumn, he comes across a family of cotton pickers. They live in a tent. The head of the family is an old man. His son has a dutiful wife and a kid. They are poor cotton-pickers without any savings or pomp of life to boast about.
But unlike urban folk they do not seem to complain. They “have twelve days work” so far. They are thankful to God: “God Almighty its good. We have been eating good for twelve days”. The writer is impressed by their hospitality when they invite him to have a humble breakfast with them. These poor people believe in sharing each other’s lot. They ask the author if he needs a job. They bear their poverty with patience. However this attitude is not found in this life of greed and materialism.
The gratitude and the patience of the family convince us of their nobility which is associated with a life of simplicity. The author conveys an important message that happiness is not necessarily linked to wealth and material gains. The story teller seems to idealise the life of simplicity led by those simple villagers that were thankful to God while the man of city has gone so much materialised that he does not seem to be satisfied despite the heaps on heaps of favours by God Almighty.


Between the Rue du Roi-de-Sicile and the Hôtel de Lamoignon, from no. 12 to no. 22 Rue Pavée, spread the hôtel of Henri-Jacques Nompar de Caumont, duke of La Force. Completed around 1559 and embellished at the beginning of Louis XV's reign by the Pâris brothers financiers, the Hôtel de La Force was bought in 1754 by the War Ministry and transformed in 1780 into a detention facility divided into two prisons: the Grande Force, and the Petite Force, destined for women and contiguous with the Hôtel de Lamoignon. The Princesse de Lamballe was massacred there on 3 September 1792 along with a hundred other people.
The two prisons of La Force were demolished in 1845, and the only remaining part is a section of wall adjoining the City of Paris Historical Library.


Distinctively visual essay – shoe horn sonata & the send off in john misto's play 'the shoe-horn sonata' (1996) and the poem 'the send-off' written by. Demonstrate understanding of how distinctive voices or the distinctively visual are demonstrate understanding of meanings shaped through distinctive voices or the distinctively visual □ organise, develop and express your ideas using language appropriate to audience (c) drama – john misto, the shoe-horn sonata. Get access to shoe horn sonata distinctively visual essay essays only from anti essays listed results 1 - 30 get studying today and get the grades you. Year 12 standard english nsw hsc | see more ideas about aunt, cake smash pictures and chinese language. How does the text communicate experiences through language and the distinctively visual starting with your set text, the play 'the shoe-horn sonata' explore the ways the images we see and/or visualise in texts are created by composers you will also study related texts that explore the distinctively visual through. Explore wayne waynus's board distinctively visual on pinterest | see more ideas about words, best quotes and black.
Demonstrate understanding of how distinctive voices or the distinctively visual are created in texts □ demonstrate understanding of question 2 — elective 2: distinctively visual (20 marks) distinctive images offer a variety of perspectives john misto, the shoe-horn sonata • poetry – douglas stewart, selected poems. Take the guesswork out of english and master those essays. Experiences suffered by women and children in wwii japanese pow camps are reflected in john misto's play, the shoe-horn sonata this is shown through a wide range of distinctively visual techniques such as stage directions, language, lighting, music and sound effects that are designed to put the audience in his.
Distinctively visual: the shoe horn sonata (band 6 essay 19/20) 3 pages distinctively visual: the shoe horn sonata (band 6 essay 19/20) this student studied: hsc - year 12 - english (standard) distinctively visual: the shoe horn sonata essay is easily adaptable to any hsc question band 6 essay used in both in. 2017, distinctively visual essay (in a dry season + the pioneer) docx (n/a) 2015, 14/15 the shoe horn sonata speech docx (n/a) 2015, australian poet komninos summary (all 6 prescribed poems) & orms-distinctive voices pdf (n/a) 2015, detailed distinctively visual shoe horn sonata and.
Need help understanding hsc standard english module a don't sweat, we've got a step-by-step breakdown of elective 1: distinctively visual right here written: texts designed to be in the written and read form, such as a poem, short story or essay spoken: texts the shoe-horn sonata by john misto poetry. Explore tanya davies's board teaching 'the shoe-horn sonata' - mod a: distinctively visual on pinterest | see more shoe horn sonata paradise road essay outline road sonata shoe paradise essays horn, abortion should be legal essay outline documentation essays about having cellphones in school essay on. Shoe-horn sonata the notion of the distinctively visual can be seen as a process of connecting an image with an idea, the distinctive quality of the visual lies in its capacity to elicit a powerful response and plant it within the reader's mind, in order to cultivate as the themes, characters and plot of the material begins to.


According to Biblical law,
the brother of a deceased childless man is required to marry his brother's widow.
The levirate marriage is referred to in Hebrew, as yibbum.
When the levir (yavam) does not wish to marry the childless widow (yevamah),
the ceremony of halizah (Heb. lit. removing the shoe) must take place.
This ceremony releases the woman from the levirate tie (zikkat ha-yibbum)
and she is free to marry someone else.
for the tractate Yevamot, from a title page of the Hebrew-Latin Mishna.
Illustrated by Mich. Richey, Amsterdam, 1700-04. The tractate deals with
levirate marriage, and the engraving shows the widow holding the "halizah
shoe" which she has removed from her brother-in-law's foot.
(Jewish National and University Library, Jerusalem)
In the Talmud, the scope
of yibbum is confined to paternal brothers and to cases in which there
is no child of either sex, including an illegitimate child.
Halizah, pulling off the shoe and handing it over, symbolizes an act
of transfer or renunciation, is described in the Book of Ruth: "To make
any transaction valid
the ancient custom in Israel was that one party
would take off his sandal and give it to the other; this was how exchanges were
attested to in Israel."
The purpose of levirate
marriage was to obviate what was regarded as a great calamity
the danger that a man's family line might become extinct and his property passed
on to heirs who were not his descendants. Though the duty of marrying a brother's
childless widow was not enforced, the refusal to do so was considered disgraceful
in ancient times; the act of halizah was a public demonstration of communal
discredit vis-a-vis the yavam who had refused to "carry on the name of
the dead man in Israel."
With the abolition of polygamy,
levirate marriage has disappeared, and halizah is still the accepted
custom in many traditionally observant Jewish communities. The halitzah
shoe, made from the skin of a clean animal, consists of two pieces sown together
with leather threads; it is usually the property of the community.
Table of Contents


Have you ever been curious about the relationship between critical thinking and ethics? In this essay you will explore what critical thinking is and the steps to it. What the Ethical Lens Inventory is and how ethics influences our decision-making and how it’s applied in our daily life.
In General Psychology one of the definitions of critical thinking is “Critical thinking examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions.” Critical thinking is used several times throughout the day in our lives. It helps us with our decision-making ability. There are six steps in the critical-thinking process: remembering, understanding, applying, analyzing, evaluating, and creating. These six levels of thinking fall into three major categories, which include: checking your attitude, checking for logic, and checking the evidence. We have to remember when using our critical thinking skills to separate our opinion from facts to obtain accurate information.
After taking the Ethical Inventory Lens Assessment, I learned that my preferred lens is Rights – Responsibly and Results lens; which means, “I balance my reason and intuition skills to determine how to complete duties while achieving the best for each individual.” Additionally, I discovered my Blind Spot is “being satisfied with too little good. I can fail to be accountable to those who are depending upon me when I exercise free will. Once I satisfy my own needs, I can become complacent, leaving problems unresolved and others to fend for themselves.”
My personal ethics relates to critical thinking by using the process of critical thinking and knowing our morals (right from wrong). We apply it when having to make decisions in our daily life. With our professional and societal responsibilities we use our ethics (our morals, beliefs, knowing right from wrong) on a daily basis. For example, while were driving to work we use ethics by following the rules and not getting a ticket. Another example, while at work and if you handle money or just conversing words with a costumer we use ethical and critical thinking. We have learned moral and ethical skills not to take the money for our personal benefit. We talk to costumers and stranger’s through-out the day with respect. At a very young age, we are taught the difference between right and wrong. That has been one moral rule that has grown with us through various situations through-out our life.
In conclusion, we learned about the relationship between critical thinking and ethics. How ethics (our morals) weight our decisions when using critical thinking. Ethics and critical thinking will guide an individual on their decision making if they are true to themselves.
“Petress, Ken. “CRITICAL THINKING: AN EXTENDED DEFINITION.” Education 124.3 (2004): 461-6. ProQuest. Web. 1 Dec. 2014.”


Tire balance vs. alignment — what’s the difference?
There are several misconceptions concerning tire balancing vs. alignment, and people easily confuse tire alignment with tire balancing. Although tire alignment and balancing serve the same purpose of contributing to a smoother ride, they are pretty different.
It is important to note that wheel alignment and wheel balancing are essential for any car’s smooth operation. Choosing one over the other when there are apparent signs of alignment and balancing can lead to severe problems. Let’s look at the differences between tire alignment and balancing, and how to know when your vehicle needs them.
What is the difference between tire balance and tire alignment?
Often confused as the same thing, tire balancing is different from tire alignment.
Tire balancing, also referred to as wheel balancing, is a procedure used to correct the uneven weight distribution in a vehicle’s wheels. The distortion of a vehicle’s balance due to unbalanced tires can lead to problems for the car.
On the other hand, tire alignment or wheel alignment is done to adjust the wheel angles so that they are parallel to each other. Tire alignment prevents vehicles from swerving to the right or left when driving.
Why is my tire misaligned?
You may wonder why your vehicle keeps getting misaligned and swerves to the right or left while driving on a straight road. There are several reasons why this happens to your car, and they include;
Poor tire pressure
Drivers that have experienced a flat tire would easily understand how poor tire pressure can significantly affect the directional movement of a vehicle. When a tire has insufficient pressure, it causes the car to move to the part with low pressure.
Poor tire pressure occurs when your front tires are flat or lack the required pressure. It is vital to note that driving around with poor or low-pressure tires can prove disastrous for both the vehicle and the driver. Giving your tires the required pressure can help avert unwanted mishaps.
Worn out parts
When your vehicle has worn-out parts, especially with the suspension and steering components, it can cause the wheels to be misaligned. A vehicle’s suspension plays a significant role in wheel alignment, and when the suspension gets worn out, this can cause the tires or wheels to get misaligned.
Also, worn-out ball joints that help connect the steering knuckles to the control arms can significantly affect a vehicle’s alignment. Replacing worn-out parts, especially the suspension and steering components, helps correct tire or wheel misalignment.
Heavy and constant impact on curbs
Your driving mode can also cause tire or wheel misalignment. When a driver is not careful enough and hits a curb while driving, it causes the tie rod arm responsible for maintaining the alignment in the front wheel to become bent, which can instantly cause the tire or wheels to be misaligned.
Driving at safe speeds can help mitigate the damage to the rods when you hit a curb. However, it is advisable to avoid frequent contact with curbs.
Driving through bad roads
Roads infested with potholes and large rocks are very unsafe for vehicles. The impact of driving through potholes or rocky terrain can easily cause the tire or wheels to become misaligned. In cases where drivers can’t avoid bad roads, it’s advisable to drive at safe speeds to reduce the effect of the impact.
When replacing worn-out tires with spares or new ones, the suspension system can get misaligned, and this can cause the new tires to misbehave. The new tires can wear rapidly if the suspension system is faulty.
Although this is very rare and unlikely to occur, your tires or wheel can also get misaligned when changing the tires with a spare or a new tire. The wheel alignment of the previous tires might not match that of the new or spare tires. It will be a great thing to do to have your tires or wheels aligned again after fitting new or spare tires.
How do tires become unbalanced?
Similar to tire misalignment, tires can also become unbalanced for some reasons, including;
- Low tire pressure
- Worn out tires
- Driving around with a flat tire
- Loss of wheel weight
- Broken steel belt inside the tires
Some of these reasons occur naturally, while others result from driver negligence or driving manners. Driving with a flat tire doesn’t only cause the tires to be imbalanced; they also cause severe damage to the wheels, which can significantly affect the vehicle’s suspension system.
What are the signs that my tires need balancing?
You may find it challenging to know when your tires need to be balanced, especially with a first-time or inexperienced driver. There are, however, signs that indicate your tires are out of balance. Some signs that your vehicle gives off when it needs to be balanced are;
Unusual noises when driving
A standard signal from your vehicle when it is out of balance is the unusual noises you may hear while driving. The noises you hear get louder as you accelerate, which is dangerous to the driver if they continue going with the rackets.
A more noticeable and common sign that your tires are out of balance is when your vehicle vibrates. You feel the vibrations more as the vehicle’s speed increases, which can be very uncomfortable for the driver.
The vibrations are conceived to result from misaligned wheels but sometimes result from unbalanced tires. To check for which, let go of the steering, and if the vehicle maintains its straight course, the vibrations are of an unbalanced tire.
Constant loss of tire pressure
You may experience that some of your tires lose pressure occasionally while others are unaffected. The constant pressure loss in some tires could signal that they are out of balance. It is vital to have your tire pressure checked regularly to avoid cases of unbalancing.
Wobbly feel when driving.
When your tires are out of balance, they wobble when the vehicle is in motion. The wobbly feel gets experienced even more as the car picks up speed. At this point, you should note that your tires need to be balanced. Driving with wobbly tires can prove uncomfortable and pose several risks to the driver.
What are the signs that my tires are misaligned?
Like with unbalanced tires, your vehicle also shows signs that the tires are misaligned. Common signs that your car needs alignment are;
Vibrating steering wheel
When your steering wheel vibrates, it indicates that your vehicle is misaligned. When this gets noted, it is essential that you take your car to the mechanic for realignment, as driving around with a vibrating steering wheel can cause dangerous problems.
The most obvious sign that your vehicle needs alignment or has lost alignment is that it swerves to the left or right when driving. When you constantly steer in the opposite direction to keep your vehicle straight, your tires are misaligned. Vehicle swerving is a severe indicator and should not get ignored.
Uneven tire wear
When your tires are misaligned, it can cause the tires to wear unevenly. It cannot be easy to spot the unevenness of the tires due to misalignment if the driver is not observable. Regularly inspecting your vehicle is a great way to spot an uneven tire and quickly attend to the situation to avoid unwanted mishaps. Uneven tires can significantly affect a vehicle’s fuel economy.
Off-center steering wheel
An easy indicator that your car is misaligned is when you notice that the steering wheel is positioned at an odd angle when the wheels are straight. Usually, the steering wheel should parallel the vehicle emblem or logo. When you notice that your steering wheel is off-center, it is time to have your tires realigned.
How often should I have my tires balanced and aligned?
The answer to how often one should have tires balanced and aligned is dependent on different factors. These factors include the quality of the tires, the nature of the roads driven on, how often you drive, and your driving mode.
When considering how often tires should be balanced and aligned, drivers must consider these factors. The quality of the tires affects the rate at which you have them aligned or balanced. More importantly, the driver’s mode of driving is essential, and an aggressive driver would have to balance and align the tires more often.
However, when one notices any of the signs listed, it is advisable to carry out tire alignment and balancing.
Tire balancing and alignment are very vital for the smooth operation of any vehicle, and choosing one over the other can cause adverse results, especially when both need attention. They aim to solve different problems, although they work together for the vehicle’s good.
In conclusion, regularly inspecting your vehicle is a great way to spot if it needs balancing end alignment.
Is a tire balance the same as an alignment?
No, tire balance is completely different from alignment. Tire balance involves correcting the uneven weight distribution in the wheels while tire alignment is carried out to adjust a car’s suspension.
Which is better, wheel alignment or wheel balancing?
Wheel alignment and wheel balancing are both important for the smooth operation of the car.
Do I need to balance and align new tires?
Although it isn’t essential to have new tires balanced or aligned, it is a good idea to have them balanced and aligned.
Should I balance my tires before an alignment?
The decision to have your tires balanced before an alignment depends on you, and it does not have any adverse effect if you have your tires balanced after or before an alignment.
Does tire balance affect alignment?
Tire balance does not necessarily affect alignment; however, carrying out an alignment after tire balancing is excellent as it leaves no room for error.