We documented pervasive spatial misallocations in the housing and land markets in China. We find larger cities with more competitive land markets and strict land supply restrictions have fewer subsidies in housing sales, and consequently a higher housing price compared to its frictionless benchmark. Removing frictions brings welfare gain because more individuals live in larger cities.
China’s Soaring Housing and Land Prices
Since the second half of the twentieth century, the world has witnessed massive urbanization across countries. Many developing economies have transitioned from rural to urban much more rapidly than developed ones. Lucas (2004) provided a theoretical model to study the role of cities as places of transition from a traditional, land-intensive agricultural society to a human-capital-intensive society with sustained growth opportunities. In Lucas’s world, there are only two regions, and migration decisions are made in with perfect foresight. Hsieh and Moretti (2019) studied 220 metropolitan areas in the United States. They found spatial misallocation of labor across US cities because superstar cities like New York and the San Francisco Bay Area have implemented harsh restrictions on the new housing supply.
China is one of those economies undergoing rapid urbanization, however, with distinct institutional settings. The country’s urbanization story is also characterized by a recent spectacular boom in its housing and land markets (Wu, Gyourko, and Deng 2012, Glaeser et al. 2017). Desmet and Rossi-Hansberg (2013) studied a system of Chinese cities by decomposing the determinants of the city size distribution into efficiency, amenities, and frictions. They find that welfare effects from these Chinese cities are many times larger than those in the US. Figure 1 shows the soaring housing and land prices in Chinese markets, especially in tier-1 cities.
A Dynamic Spatial Equilibrium Model
We propose a dynamic spatial equilibrium framework with endogenous rural-urban migration and developer entry. Our model allows us to better understand the severe spatial misallocation in China’s land and housing markets led by various housing and land regulatory policies implemented at the city level, together with labor market frictions caused by the household registration (hukou) system, etc. The model extends the factor misallocation literature (Hsieh and Klenow 2009, Hsieh and Moretti 2019) by incorporating housing and land market frictions to measure misallocation across space (rather than across firms).
Our model provides rich micro-foundations and identifies three potential key drivers that determine housing and land prices: 1) Rural to urban migration stimulated by higher income and faster growth in urban area serves as an extensive margin that drives up housing prices. In addition, the larger urban population also drives up the housing demand at the intensive margin. This mechanism is further corroborated in Figure 2. Larger cities tend to receive a bigger population inflow due to higher wages, and experience faster growth in housing prices. 2) Cities with a sufficient land supply from the local government tend to have lower prices in their land and housing markets. 3) Subsidized housing developers and a less competitive land market may push housing prices away from their levels in the economy without frictions. Finally, the dynamic model takes into account the intertemporal interaction between migration decisions and housing price growth. If migrants anticipate housing prices may grow faster in the future, they may choose to migrate earlier. On the other hand, they may delay their migration if housing prices are expected to fall.
Large Dispersions in Housing and Land Frictions
Housing/land frictions measure gaps between prevailing housing/land prices and their competitive equilibrium counterparts. When they exceed their competitive equilibrium counterparts, we have negative wedges that are equivalent to subsidies; on the contrary, positive wedges can be viewed as taxes. For example, publicly provided housing or housing price control can cause negative housing wedges; strict zoning or less established land auctions can lead to positive land wedges. Thus, housing frictions primarily affect housing developers’ sales revenue, while land frictions mainly affect the marginal product of the land. The model distinguishes housing frictions from land frictions. Despite developers being concerned only with the net effect, housing and land frictions have differential effects on housing/land prices and macroeconomic indicators.
We found pervasive spatial misallocations in the housing and land markets in China. On average, developers are subsidized at 133% of housing sales revenue, yet taxed at 152% of land purchasing cost relative to their competitive benchmarks. We also documented large dispersion in housing frictions: cities at the upper quantile (75%) of the housing frictions distribution are subsidized at about 62% of the housing sales revenue, while those at the lower quantile (25%) are subsidized around 176%. That implies a significant interquartile range of 114 percentage points. The dispersion in the land market frictions is even worse, with the interquartile range of 205 percentage points (i.e., upper quantile cities are taxed at 212% of the land sales, while lower quartile cities are taxed at 7%).
At the city level, housing frictions are found to increase with city size as shown in panel (a) of Figure 3. Housing frictions are closer to zero in tier-1 cities and mostly negative in all the other cities. This suggests that policies that aim at cooling down housing markets do not effectively apply to smaller cities. Housing is still subsidized in either explicitly or implicitly in tier-3 and tier-4 cities. Land frictions were mostly positive in all the cities from 2007 to 2013. Although we do not find any significant relationship between city size and land friction, a positive correlation still implies that land sales in larger cities tend to be taxed less. The residential land market in larger cities is more competitive, with a better-established land auction market and thus closer to that in an economy without frictions. This is further reflected in Figure 4, which uses the average share of the top 20 buyers in the local residential land market to measure local land market concentration and competitiveness. It shows that the share is lower in tier-1 and tier-2 cities than in other cities.
Our estimations also show that while the spatial spread of housing frictions has been persistent, the spread of land frictions dropped by more than half over the years. This is consistent with the pattern in Figure 4: the market share of land developers appears to decline over time. Together these imply that land market reform is a gradual process, and may take longer to complete in smaller cities.
Moving to a frictionless economy, we find when housing developers are no longer subsidized in a format such as pre-sale arrangements or without help from the local government’s unexpected investment in amenities, housing prices increase in most cities. In contrast, housing prices decline in tier-1 cities due to the removal of existing stringent restrictions on developers for the purpose of cooling down the housing market. In the frictionless economy, land is more expensive in all the cities due to stronger market competition and higher housing prices. In terms of price growth, housing prices grow faster than the data in the majority of tier-1 and tier-2 cities. By contrast, land prices grow slower than the data in all tier-1 and tier-2 cities.
We also evaluate the welfare implications when both frictions are removed. We find unequal welfare gain/loss at the city-tier level. While tier-2 and tier-3 cities enjoy welfare gain, tier-1 cities suffer from welfare loss. This suggests that removing large housing subsidies in tier-2 and tier-3 cities tends to drive up housing prices, while housing prices change less dramatically in tier-1 cities since frictions are closer to zero. Together, these trigger more rural migrants to settle in tier-1 cities.
We find pervasive city-level frictions caused by various intervention policies in the housing and land markets implemented by local governments. They not only affect immobile housing and land markets, but also influence resource allocation given the significant proportion that housing takes up in household expenditure. Removing frictions brings welfare gain to urban residents but discourages the urbanization rate. Migrants’ welfare is improved at the cost of that of the incumbent owners.
(Yongheng Deng, Wisconsin School of Business, University of Wisconsin-Madison, United States; Yang Tang, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore; Ping Wang, Department of Economics, Washington University in St. Louis and NBER, United States; Jing Wu, Tsinghua University, China.)References


Basically vaccines work because they mimic actual pathogens (viruses, bacteria, etc - anything that makes us sick). These fake pathogens fool our immune systems into making antibodies, which we can use to fight off the real germs if they ever show up.
Normally when we get sick it takes about two weeks of trial and error for our systems to evolve effective antibodies against the disease. But if we've been immunized so that we've already made those antibodies once, or immune systems remember how to make them again, and we can fight off the disease right away.
All of this works because our bodies can recognize a particular virus and call up the proper antibody to fight it off.
The problem with a virus like HIV is that it keeps changing. If you have HIV virus in your body, and it takes two weeks to come up with an antibody, by the end of that time you'll have hundreds of new HIV variations and the new antibody will not be able to fight them off. Basically your immune system can never catch up with all that rapid change!
Abbie's idea for getting around this seems pretty simple on the surface. Just put lots of variations of fake HIV into a vaccine, so that our systems will learn how to make lots of different HIV antibodies!
But here's the rub: in order to cover all the possible HIV variations in one vaccine, you would need to put in a mind-boggling number of different fake viruses. That number is something like a one with 61 zeros after it! (And that's only one way of counting them - other types of variation are possible too!)
If you were to get a vaccine shot containing just one of each possible variation of fake HIV in it, you would need to use a gallon-sized syringe!
Luckily if you can make an antibody for one type of HIV, your system can quickly come up with antibodies for similar types. That means we don't need ALL the possibilities to go into one vaccine, just a relatively small portion of them.
Abbie is working on how to create a mixture of fake HIV types that might work as a vaccine. She has been testing her methods to make sure that all the different variations she put in actually work to produce different antibodies. She is just about ready to start testing the vaccine on mice to find out if it really provides protection against HIV.
Maybe we'll be able to get her to visit again one day and let us know how that turned out!
Since Abbie's work involves a lot of time spent manipulating DNA (to create and test all those different fake HIVs!), we ended the program with a hands-on activity that lets you actually see your own DNA in a test tube!!
You can do this yourself at home - it's really easy. Here are instructions (thanks to the Science Museum of Minnesota).
And here are photos from our program. We hope to see YOU at the next one!
|Abbie Smith explains how viruses work.|
|Me swishing water vigorously to dislodge cheek cells. This is the first step in our activity, which allowed each participant to extract and view their own DNA!|
|Second step - add soap and mix gently. This bursts open the cells and sets the DNA free.|
|The third step is to add some chilled alcohol. This forces the DNA out of solution.|
|See that cloudy bit dangling beneath the cap? That's a glob of my very own DNA!|
|Show us your DNA! Cheers!|
|Abbie is extracting the DNA from the top of the test tube to put it in a small capsule for safekeeping. It lasts longer if you freeze it.|
Our next program:
The Intrepid White-footed Mouse
How Toxic Waste Affects Animal Populations and Diversity
Dr. Karen McBee, Curator of Vertebrates with the Department of Zoology at Oklahoma State University, will speak about her research into what makes some animal species more resilient than others at the Tar Creek Superfund Site.
See you then!


NOAA Helps Experts Review Mississippi River Marshland Restoration Plans
Guided by NOAA scientists, officials from Louisiana and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers are convening the nation’s leading marsh restoration experts on February 23, 2011 to evaluate the merits of opening Mississippi River channels.
In Louisiana, sinking and eroding marshlands have led to increased hurricane damage and offshore dead zones. Coastal communities, economies, and ecosystems suffer as a result, but there is much debate over how to restore these fragile areas. Continued losses are unacceptable for both people and environment, but the cost to restore these marshes is high.
The objectives of this workshop are to review conflicting and controversial science to reach agreement on what is known and determine which critical research questions remain. The agreements will give the Louisiana Coastal Area Science and Technology Program information on how to proceed with their restoration plans.
The coastal wetlands of Louisiana are among America’s most productive and important natural assets in terms of habitat, wildlife diversity, storm protection, port commerce, and oil and natural gas production.
Louisiana coastal wetlands account for 90 percent of the total coastal marsh loss occurring in the United States, according to the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Louisiana’s plan envisions restoration strategies to achieve and sustain a coastal ecosystem that can support and protect the environment, economy, and culture of southern Louisiana.


Links and documents
Listed on the Canadian Register:
Statement of Significance
Description of Historic Place
The Bay Roberts Railway Station is an early twentieth century, two-storey wooden railway building located on land near the former railway in Bay Roberts, NL. The station has a steeply pitched roof, a protruding bay on one facade and an extended porch on the other. The designation is confined to the footprint of the building.
The Bay Roberts Railway Station has been designated because it has aesthetic, historic and cultural values.
The Bay Roberts Railway Station is aesthetically valuable because it stands as an unusual architectural example of railway station construction for the region. The wooden, two-storey station, more appropriately called a combination depot, was built by the Reid Newfoundland Company sometime between 1899 and 1908. It was constructed with living quarters on the second floor and on the first floor were facilities for passengers, baggage freight, and the agent’s office. The architecture of the building is directly related to its function as a railway station: it has a protruding bay overlooking the tracks and an enclosed porch on the opposite facade that gave access to the ticket counter inside. The depot was staffed by an agent who lived with his family on the second floor. The building remains in its original condition with a steeply pitched roof, wooden clapboard and large gable-end windows.
The Bay Roberts Railway Station is historically valuable because of its age. Built between 1899 and 1908 this railway station was constructed when the Harbour Grace Line was changed to include this part of the coast. In 1898 a branch known as the Carbonear Line was constructed from Brigus Junction to Tilton via Brigus, Clarke’s Beach, Bay Roberts and Spaniard’s Bay. The age of the Bay Roberts Railway Station makes it one of the first stations built for the new line.
The Bay Roberts Railway Station is also historically valuable because of its associations with twentieth century development of the town. The construction of the station enabled Bay Roberts to become an important business and commercial centre of Conception Bay North. The town was first founded as a fishing community, and the seal fishery formed the mainstay of the economy in the 19th and 20th centuries. But, the railway opened the way for transport of freight and passengers province-wide, and the community grew based on this.
The Bay Roberts Railway Station is culturally valuable because it represents a time of exceptional growth in the community. The station is symbolic of trade and commerce for the region. It stands today as a rare surviving example of a railway building in a province where the railway no longer exists and related rail buildings have all but vanished from the landscape. Yet, the building holds meaning to the town as a fundamental element that helped shape the face of the coastal community.
Source: Heritage Foundation of Newfoundland and Labrador, Meeting 59, April 27, 2007.
All those original, vernacular features that reflect the architecture of the building, including:
-narrow wooden clapboard;
-steeply pitched gable roof;
-original wooden window material, sizes, openings and their locations; and
-door openings, sizes and locations.
All those original features that reflect the railway function of the building, including:
-large, gable end windows;
-protruding operator’s bay with large windows and shed roof;
-enclosed porch with extended roof; and
Newfoundland and Labrador
Heritage Foundation of Newfoundland and Labrador
Historic Resources Act
Registered Heritage Structure
Theme - Category and Type
- Expressing Intellectual and Cultural Life
- Architecture and Design
Function - Category and Type
- Recreation Centre
- Station or Other Rail Facility
Architect / Designer
Reid Newfoundland Company
Location of Supporting Documentation
Heritage Foundation of Newfoundland and Labrador, 1 Springdale Street, PO Box 5171, St. John's, NL, A1C 5V5
Cross-Reference to Collection


Hawaiian Papaya: GMO Contaminated (2006)
In 1998, the first GMO Papaya was commercially released into Hawaii’s growing environment. Dr. Dennis Gonsalves and Dr. Richard Manshardt created this papaya ringspot virus (PRSV) resistant GMO fruit and were experimenting with its release in PRSV ridden Puna, the main papaya growing area of Hawaii. While the GMO Papaya is resistant to papaya ringspot virus, it brought many more problems than it solved. The GMO Papaya has closed lucrative export and organic markets and always has a low price point. This technology has come with too many strings attached and Hawaii has lost almost half of its papaya farmers.
Another unintended problem is GMO contamination. In 2003, GMO Free Hawaii became very concerned with the gene flow of the GMO Papaya. First, we used the GUS gene test to see how much contamination was on our farms and in our community. After consistently finding 30-50% of the seeds and leaves we tested having some kind of air or seed contamination, we wanted to know more. We put out calls for independent, peer-reviewed academic studies to examine the levels of this GMO Papaya contamination, to no avail. In 2004, GMO Free Hawaii designed a study to look at the extent of GMO contamination around the state.
The methodology of this Pilot Survey included three composite samples of approximately 10,000 seeds from around the islands (Hawaii, Oahu, Kauai) being collected from non-GMO growing locations such as organic and conventional farms, backyard gardens and feral roadsides. Two composite samples each of seeds and leaves from organic farms were collected on Hawaii and Kauai. Three samples of University of Hawaii non-GMO seed varieties were purchased directly. Seeds and leaves were sent to an independent laboratory, Genetic ID, for PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) industry standard testing.
The results indicate massive GMO contamination of papaya seeds on Hawaii Island, of the order of 50%, substantial GMO contamination on Oahu (<5%) and thankfully, only traces of contamination on Kauai (0.0%). Both organic farms tested had no GMO trees unintentionally planted, but sadly, were discovered to have air contamination of the seeds in their fruits (<5% on Hawaii Island and 0.01% on Kauai). Most shocking was the GMO contamination of the University of Hawaii’s non-GMO papaya seed supply (Waimanolo Solo variety) at greater than 0.01% but less than 0.1%.


Locked-in syndrome sufferers see their way to talking Tuesday 22 April 2008 PDF Print Locked-in syndrome (LIS) has recently come to the public attention, courtesy of the film and book ‘The Diving Bell and the Butterfly’ – the story of the French journalist, Jean-Dominique Bauby, who was afflicted with the condition after a massive stroke. Whilst LIS is comparatively rare, one of its major consequences, the inability to communicate effectively, is shared by victims of severe stroke, late stage motor neurone disease, multiple sclerosis, cerebral palsy and extreme spinal trauma. In cases where the patient can neither speak nor write legibly, either due to the effects of the illness or because they have to be ventilated, the inability to converse is a major problem to life quality. Frustration from being unable to express basic needs and depression due to boredom are major barriers to coping with such illnesses. In these cases eye movement becomes the most versatile communication tool but existing ‘eye-tracking’ technologies tend to require lengthy calibration, tire the eyes, require the user to have some aptitude for using computers, and carry significant costs. A South Wales company have produced an alternative device which enables convenient, frequent, mobile and affordable communication, avoiding the need for calibration, and simplifying its operation to suit the most adamant of technophobes. The ‘MegaBee’ is an assisted communication device which uses colour coded blocks to identify letters and numbers. The patient merely looks at a block and blinks, the carer presses corresponding coloured buttons and the text is printed out on a screen. A customised library is also provided to give a shorthand route to frequently used phrases. For example, ‘T1’ could be stored as ‘I am thirsty’. These phrases can be compiled by the carer and uploaded to the ‘MegaBee’ using a wireless link to a computer. The integrated secure wireless link offers extended functionality such as large screen displays, saving text for writing letters, or introducing predictive text or speech synthesis. Motivation to develop the device came from an approach by a Monmouth resident whose daughter had been knocked down by a car on the A40 in May 2005. The impact resulted in multiple injuries including severance of the top vertebra from the skull. This extreme spinal trauma was the cause of the young woman’s locked-in syndromeJ. Her only means of communication is with one eye and one ear. Initial care was provided at Stoke Mandeville Hospital where the prototype device was tested, and valuable feedback received. During this period consultation with market leaders in the UK, Sweden and Germany ensured the product suited the needs of a much wider patient base. The product has found a unique niche in the provision of healthcare in this most specialised of areas. The design company believes this is due to their philosophy of ‘technology for its benefit, not for the sake of it’, producing designs which use technology to simplify tasks and provide easy to use solutions. This press release was distributed by ResponseSource Press Release Wire on behalf of E2L Limited in the following categories: Medical & Pharmaceutical, for more information visit https://pressreleasewire.responsesource.com/about.


IT’S QUIZ TIME!
Omega 3 oils are part of a large group of oils and fats called essential fatty acids (EFA). They are necessary for human health as your body can’t make them, hence the ‘essential’ in the name. You have to get them through food. Most folks identify these as “fish oil” or “flax seeds/oil”. But there is so much more to know which could relate to irritability, impulse control, moods, inflammation, heart disease, diabetes…right, just about anything that can go wrong with your body. This will be a series of quick and fun quizzes to get you up to speed on information that could make or break your life.
See how you do on this multiple choice quiz:
1) ______ % of people in North America are deficient in omega 3 fatty acids
2) Major sources of omega 3 fatty acids are:
a) cold water fatty fish, such as salmon, pacific herring and halibut, other seafood including algae and krill, some plants and nut oils.
b) sunflower seeds, oranges and pineapples
c) green peppers, spinach, tilapia and shrimp
d) chicken, duck, liver pate and turkey
3) Our ancestors ate oils that came mostly from seeds like corn, sunflower, cottonseed, and safflower.
__ True __ False
ANSWER KEY TO QUIZ
1) ... d) 99%
Holy mackerel (by the way, they’re high in omega-3’s), the North American diet is a bit out of balance. The conclusion to this statistic is EVERYONE needs to be supplementing their diet one way or another with omega-3 fatty acids.
2) ... a) Omega 3 fatty acids can be found in fatty fish, such as salmon, pacific herring, halibut, other seafood including algae and krill, some plants (flax), omega 3 fortified eggs, and nut oils.
The American Heart Association recommends eating fish high in omega 3’s (see above and also: mackerel, lake trout, herring, sardines, and salmon) at least 2 times a week. Plants that are high in omega 3’s are flax seeds, dark leafy greens, walnuts and pumpkin seeds.
3) ... False
Your great, great, great grandparents used animal fats (lard) and fish oils for fat. Seed oils didn’t exist. The animals these came from were grass fed and the fish fed on seaweed. Grass-fed animals and seaweed fed fish have 3 – 19 times the omega 3 fats within their meat/flesh than grain fed animals and fish.
IN SUMMARY, our current diet is radically different from what it was for hundreds of thousands of years. Most populations evolved on the water’s edge, eating lots of marine animals whose fat was loaded with omega 3’s. This is part of the reason our health is deteriorating at the current rate. Omega 3 oils require a certain balance in the body with the other ‘essential fatty acids’ called omega 6 oils. Stay tuned for the next blog on how omega 3’s impact your genetics, cholesterol levels and arthritis.


Volunteers Wanted for 1999 Harbor Seal Monitoring Program
Contact: Dawn Adams, 415-663-8522 x228
Point Reyes National Seashore has the highest concentration of breeding harbor seals on the California mainland. Park staff have been conducting a long-term monitoring study of the seals since 1976 to assess the health of the population, to identify sources of disturbances, and to protect and preserve these exceptional colonies. During the 1998 El Niño event, we saw large reductions in the number of harbor seal pups born at Point Reyes and we are anxious to see if declines continue this year. The National Park Service would like your help to monitor the population during the “pupping” season.
We would like you to commit to 10 surveys during the season, which is from mid-March through mid-July. We estimate that you will be spending about 8 hours on each survey. This includes the time it takes to drive to and from the Park. Access to colony sites requires hiking 3-6 miles per day. Surveys can be done on weekends or weekdays.
Training begins Thursday February 4th to give you an overview of the natural history of harbor seals. Then we will hike out to the various locations on the following weekends on February 13th, February 27th, March 13th and March 27th for field orientation.
Did You Know?
A 1° F increase in average temperature seen in California over the last 100 years has led to Sierra snow melting 2 to 4 weeks earlier and flowers blooming 1 to 2 weeks earlier. Temperatures are predicted to increase another 1° to 2° F in the next 25 years. More...


Cell therapy (also called cellular therapy or cytotherapy) is therapy in which cellular material is injected into a patient, this generally means intact, living cells. For example, T cells capable of fighting cancer cells via cell-mediated immunity may be injected in the course of immunotherapy.
The success of a cell therapy clinical trial rests on the ability to deliver a viable, potent product. This positive end-result is directly attributable to the strategy in place and the supporting processes. A reliable cell therapy logistics strategy is imperative to ensuring your biopharmaceutical products, therapeutic materials and patient biological samples remain viable from the point of manufacture to the final clinical site delivery.
What are the risks of stem cell therapy?
- You can find information about risks of stem cell therapy at www.va.gov
- Do you know where you can buy ivermectin tablets online without prescription?
- Manufacturing Cell Therapies: The Paradigm Shift in Health Care of This Century – www.nam.edu
Cell Therapies Video
Development of new cell therapies therefore places high demands on the hospital organization, as well as on employee expertise in drug development. To further complicate the situation, the current regulatory framework is not fully adapted to cell therapies; for example, ambiguity exists as to whether or not cells should be classified as drugs.


- Contested territories
- Claimed by Jamaica, Nicaragua, The United States of America
- Administered by Colombia
- Area 100 km²
This small uninhabited reef in the western Caribbean Sea was first shown on Dutch maps dating back to 1634. After very little recognition it was rediscovered by English pirate John Glover in 1660. The reef is administered by Colombia, but a number of other states —Jamaica, Nicaragua and the US—claim sovereignty over it. On the 19th November 2012, with regards to the Nicaraguan claim the International Court of Justice ruled unanimously, that the Republic of Colombia has sovereignty over both the Bajo Nuevo and the Serranilla bank of the reef. The U.S. administers the bank as an unorganized, unincorporated United States territory.


Resources for schools
Having a variety of resources in your toolkit for teaching music is always important, as well as refreshing the creativity of teaching and learning music.
Please let us know of any top tips for resources by emailing us on email@example.com.
Music Making and Covid19 Information
- Performing arts – Working safely during coronavirus (COVID-19) – Guidance – GOV.UK (www.gov.uk)
(Section 2.4 – Non-professional performing arts)
Digital Resources for Schools
Surrey Music Hub is able to offer a variety of digital curriculum resources to help support your classroom practice. This includes subsidised and funded licenses for Surrey Schools.
Award winning scheme of work and digital resources aimed at Primary Schools. Free trial available.
Sparkyard partner with Surrey Music Hub for Surrey school discount
Sparkyard is a singing and curriculum resource that can be used to support schools to deliver the expectations of the revised National Plan for Music Education and put singing at the heart of your school. Through this partnership we are able to offer Surrey schools an exclusive 30% discount on Sparkyard subscriptions.
Out of the Ark believes that singing changes children’s lives, and has a profound impact on learning and wellbeing. Sparkyard is a subscription service from Out of the Ark, which gives primary school teachers nearly 1000 songs, and countless resources to allow those songs to be used in every part of a school’s life: in curriculum lessons to support learning, in assemblies to develop community, in classrooms and playgrounds to enhance wellbeing, and much more. It also features an innovative, flexible, skills-based primary music curriculum designed to enable every primary teacher to feel confident teaching music – whatever their experience level.
Sparkyard has recently been named as the “Outstanding Music Education Resource” at the 2023 Music and Drama Education Awards.
Sparkyard Features: Sparkyard is an intuitive, easy-to-use subscription service jam-packed with songs, assemblies, resources, a flexible music curriculum and much more. It all starts with a song!
Sparkyard is from Out of the Ark – a leading publisher of songs in Primary and Early Years settings. Putting singing at the heart of your school day.
A Sparkyard subscription gives you access to a variety of resources including:
Ideas and activities that support wellbeing, PSHE and social cohesion
· A library of over 1000 songs and a bank of resources for all curriculum subjects
· Inspirational values-based and topic-based assemblies
· BSL and Makaton signing videos
· A comprehensive, flexible Music Curriculum
Find out more by trying a 30-day free trial
Learn more about Sparkyard, what it includes and how it could work in your school. You can also sign up for a 30-day free trial without obligation to purchase.
Exclusive 30% discount
Through the partnership between Surrey Arts and Out of the Ark, primary schools in Surrey are able to access a 30% discount on a subscription to Sparkyard.
Surrey schools can access this exclusive 30% discount on a yearly subscription of Sparkyard by using the discount code: SURREY30 at checkout when you purchase your license, or by contacting Surrey Arts Schools Team at firstname.lastname@example.org
You can purchase your license from the BUY NOW button on www.sparkyard.com, or from the manage account area within Sparkyard itself (if you are already on a free-trial.)
Focus On Sound: Music First
A digital curriculum platform aimed at secondary schools. Currently used by over 500,000 users worldwide. Surrey Music Hub is able to offer a limited number of funded licenses for Surrey Schools for 2019-20. These would be free to schools for the year. (We can also offer current users an extended license instead). To find out more and apply for a license please contact email@example.com
The Music First Classroom is the only comprehensive learning management system (LMS) for Key Stage 3-5 music education. It combines a learning management platform with engaging content and powerful integrated software to help you monitor your students’ progress, make lesson plans, and create assignments. Each subscription to the MusicFirst Classroom includes access to an expansive library of lessons, assessments, content, and complete courses, curated by experienced music educators. Choose from popular packages:
- Secondary General Music
- GCSE & A Level
- Music Theory
- Or customise your own.
Focus On Sound Instruments First
Instruments First is a new junior product launched in August 2017. The program is aimed at 8 to 12 year-olds and covers the basics of music, as well as instruments and music theory. It can also be used by even younger students. It is full of questions and pop-up answers, as well as suggestions for activities. Students can use it on their own or teachers can use the special class display mode to show it to whole classes. It can even be used by non-specialist teachers – answers to all the questions are always available immediately.
Surrey Music Hub is able to offer a limited number of funded licenses for Surrey Schools for 2019-20. These would be free to schools for the year). To find out more and apply for a license please contact firstname.lastname@example.org
Singing Playgrounds – Start Your Journey
Surrey Arts is bringing the award-winning project “Singing Playgrounds” to Surrey primary schools through a new online resource created by Ex Cathedra Education. Includes a series of interactive teaching films, demonstrations, 30 KS1 and KS2 lesson plans, and instrumental backing tracks.
Schools enrolling on the pilot programme will receive one year’s access to the online resource at a discounted rate of £50 (half off the usual £100/year). Your one-year subscription will start from the beginning of the Autumn 2021 term. Click here to register your school with the special Surrey Arts discounted rate.
Connecting the Dots
BBC Ten Pieces: Get Creative with Classical Music. Bringing together schools and BBC musicians for free uniquie musical encounters.
Elephants in the Custard – London Philharmonic Orchestra’s new musical film for children aged 5 – 7
A free 25-minute musical film for Key Stage 1 children (age 5-7) based on the book Elephants in the Custard
Using a play on the ‘elephant in the room’ metaphor, the story explores how it feels to have a worry, and the importance of making time to talk to each other. The film is presented by animator Rachel Leach, interspersed with music performed by a brass quintet from the LPO, and includes a brand new song for to sing along with and lots of other fun ways to join in, plus extra resources for teachers to use in class. The storyline also gives a good starting point for families and teachers to start talking to children about wellbeing, anxiety and mental health.
Express Yourself – London Philharmonic Orchestra’s new film series exploring emotions in music, for KS2 children and families
For centuries, composers have used the orchestra to explore their innermost feelings or to reflect the world around them. After a year of heightened emotions, the London Philharmonic Orchestra presents Express Yourself, a series of three short films of contrasting musical moods, to channel feelings both positive and more difficult. Aimed at children aged 7–11 and presented by award-winning musician and broadcaster YolanDa Brown, the series explores music to express feelings of joy, anger, sadness, playfulness and more. Each film comes with free written resources for teachers, offering ways for children to explore the music and emotions further.
ConductIT is a MOOC created as a collaboration between University of Stavanger, the Royal Northern College of Music, the University of Aveiro and The Open University as part of an ERASMUS+ project. It is a short course is designed as a free-standing introduction to the art of conducting. You do not need to have conducted any kind of ensemble to be able to complete the course, although you will have to be familiar with music notation in order to engage fully with the technical and analytical aspects of the course.
Some more we recommend
- TES (Times Educational Resource) music resources
- Musical Futures
- Sing Up
- ABRSM 100 pieces (Free classical music resources)
- BBC 10 pieces (Free videos, lesson plans, arrangements etc)
- Frameworks for Primary and Secondary
- GCSE reform
Schemes of work
- Musical Contexts
- and fantastic interactive online resource from partner Charanga Music
- Sounds Of Intent
- Free system for uploading and sharing / commenting
- Free storage and sharing of audio
Other Music Organisations
Workshop and other providers
- Beat Goes On
- Go Kid Music: https://www.gokidmusic.com/
- English Folk Dance & Song Society EFDSS https://www.efdss.org/
- Len Tyler Music School https://www.theschoolmusicalscompany.com/
Surrey Performing Arts Library
For access to over 6000 music/vocal sets visit the Surrey Performing Arts Library
A short video from the mighty Marylebone School, which has always had a formidable reputation for its music and arts provision, explaining precisely why it is the arts are so crucial to them, to all young people, and why they keep creativity at the heart of their school at all times:


Inside all things, if you look hard enough, you’ll find a unique code. It might be a genetic code. It might be the traces of carbon-14 in tiny plant spores embedded in the rocks at the bottom of an ancient lake. The layered patterns of sediment that tell you this could only be the Grand Canyon, for no other place on Earth has this precise pattern. Or the tips of your own fingers. Like zebra stripes and leopard spots, our fingerprints are indistinguishable from a distance but unique up close. There’s something elegant and utterly beautiful in all this.
Fingerprints, of whatever kind, help us find out things that are true. Fingerprints help us identify who committed a crime. Fingerprints can become keys that open doors to secure places, protecting those spaces from harm or wrong-doing. DNA fingerprints help us know who really fathered a child, or where our ancestors lived. Fingerprints help us know things we couldn’t otherwise know. Fingerprints are hard to erase without deformation. Fingerprints keep us honest.
But that’s not all. As long as we have fingerprints, we know we’re alive. Whether DNA, carbon-14, or the tips of our fingers, fingerprints are very high-level expressions of order, and rocket scientists will tell you that order is intimately connected to life.
Here’s what they mean by order: fingerprints carry information that can only be in one place. This is the epitome of order. Fingerprints tell you what to count on, so that nothing is unexpected and everything is predictable. It’s the way mom wanted your room to be: everything in its own place. The opposite of order is randomness. In a random world, there are no patterns, nothing you can recognize, and nothing you can count on. Everything is new, everywhere you turn. Memory ceases to be useful in a random world, and we’re all Leonard Shelby.
Stepping down from fingerprints, there are many other forms of order, which can occur in multiple places – making them a little more random than fingerprints, but somewhat orderly, nonetheless. For example: the behavior of electrons along copper wires or in magnets. Wallpaper. Or the herd-like behavior of people, who at the social level are every bit as predictable as they are “unique” at the individual level.
This is where individuality and order begin to clash, because they’re not supposed to be related to each other. Fingerprints = individuality. Fingerprints = order. Therefore, individuality = order. How can that be? Individuality is the opposite of order, right? Back to Leonard Shelby: in complete randomness, everything and everyone is different but totally lifeless. Recognition is meaningless, knowledge is impossible, and therefore individuality is impossible. What we call “individuality” must be a symptom of order, for without order nothing could exist. Individuality, as an experience, must be somewhere between the expression of complete uniqueness (a fingerprint seen up close) and a kind of order that says “this is a pattern” (fingerprints seen from a distance). People are like wallpaper.
The trouble is that order is everywhere on the decline, and this has life-threatening possibilities. Orderly things are signs that the universe hasn’t exhausted the energy that makes non-randomness (e.g. life or fingerprints) possible. Orderly things are not always “alive” by our definition, but they make life possible if we can tap their energy. Atoms, for example, are orderly things that contain a lot of energy. Try splitting one (but don’t do it at home). Order = energy. And energy = life. Without energy there would be no life. Living things are, by definition, orderly and full of energy, but they get their energy by consuming it from somewhere. The laws of rocket science tell us that this is a losing game: energy can only ever be spent and never really recovered or recreated. This is what the rocket scientists call entropy.
So here’s the paradox: life stands in contrast to entropy. Life takes and spends energy, and spending energy only increases the entropy of the world. Life is the struggle against entropy, but no matter how you cut it, the truth about life is that living can only contribute to entropy. To live is the act of dimming the possibility of life in the future. It’s an awful, yet beautiful, burden to live with.
The beauty of uniqueness – of the self, of being alive, captured in the fingerprint as the epitome of order and therefore the fullest expression of living being – is itself an act of destruction. Preserved, it is not life. Moving and living, it only contributes to our mutual undoing, but it is all we really have. As Keats reminded us:
Beauty is truth, truth beauty,—that is all
Ye know on earth, and all ye need to know.


Table of Contents
In today’s world, almost every person is very busy with their respective work schedule. Therefore, people hardly get time for entertainment. Video game plays a vital role for people to boost their mental health. Along with this, it’s also very useful for getting a job, as they will be more creative as well as skilful. For example, if a person wants to be a chef, he or she can use video game as a part of training. In present days, many genres of video games are available in the market. Also, there are many training institutes which train people for the virtual world. Some of the researchers have argued and claimed that playing video games can make a person’s brain smarter. According to Dr Bavelier, (2012) people who love to play the action games, such as shooting games, wrestling games, racing games, tend to be sharper as well as faster. It is the reason why the people play action games can focus on a particular job very well as it acts as a kind of training. People also tend to do different kinds of job at the same time. Video games definitely programme people in so many ways. For example, they can help people with dyslexia. Many studies show that if the people who are suffering from dyslexia tend to play video games, it can improve their vision. On the other hand, some of the studies have also surprisingly claimed that video games are also producing better surgeons (Prot, McDonald, Anderson, and Gentile, 2012). The specialists who have played video games more than three hours per week have made almost 50% less errors during their practice procedure compared to the surgeons who have not played at all. The following discussion part will revolve around the benefits and drawbacks of playing video games regarding mental health and education.
Video games have both negative as well as positive impact on human brain, although there are more positive sides than negative sides of playing video games. The negative sides can be reduced if necessary roles are played. For example, it should be the duty of the parents to look what type of games their children are playing. Parents can make a routine for their children which will contain certain time of playing video games. Parents can also involve themselves with children while playing video games. As children will be more interested and enthusiastic about playing video games with their parents which will further result in providing guidance to them by their parents. Furthermore, parents can also take their children to the parks and make then involved in some of the physical activities. As a result, children will feel more connected with their parents. Hence, they will be less inclined playing the video games all day long. Schools can also be a vital source of teaching about the positive and negative sides of playing the video games. Teachers can teach the children about the ways of building a better social life. Additionally, the government and media also play a very important role. For example, they can advertise by different ways about the demerits of playing video games. This will result into less violence and crime. People can never blame video games solely for the crimes and the violence which is taking place. As there are millions of people across the globe playing the video games but still they are not involved with any of the crimes. Video games are the source of joy and entertainment for everyone.
We can do it today.
It has been always heard from the parents to switch off the video game, when their child is playing. Parents or the adults always consider playing video games as the wastage of time and creativity. But video games are no longer limited to the old and traditional game where a ball used to bounce from left to right of a computer screen. Nowadays video games have come up with amazing graphics, and several of genres. Whether an individual is regular gamer or occasional gamer playing video games can keep a person entertained for a very long time. According to the game researcher Jane McGonigal, at present more than half a billion of people plays video games worldwide
Good mental health balance is an absolute necessity for a human being throughout their life. Satisfactory mental health balance can be achieved when a person is happy from inside and accepts their life in their own way. Studies have showed that gaming can have positive effect on the mental health of a person if it is played in a right manner. According to the Seligman’s positive psychology model, an individual’s good mental health depends on the five elements. Such as positive emotion, engagement, meaning and purpose, relationships and accomplishment it is generally known as (PERMA). Playing video games can help in building the positive emotions of a person. A study was conducted on the effects of playing video games on the mental health of individuals. And the following data is exposed as a result. It is observed that the gamers who have played for an average of 6 hours per week exhibited better mental health than the non gamers. Males were found playing video games as the medium for regulating the emotions, forgetting the problems, relaxation, and feeling less lonely. Despite of the positive effects, some extent of negative impacts have been encountered. For example, the people who had played video games for a longer period of time possessed aggressive behaviours. While on the other hand it has been witnessed that the people who involved themselves in the gaming for seven to ten hours per week had more social skills, better relaxation and also had better way of coping up with some of the situations.
Playing video games is not only the mechanism for building relationships but also it is the gateway towards killing the loneliness. Based on the data collected from more than 3000 players aged under 18 years revealed that playing video games is better than having friendships in person to person. Experts also stated that individuals played video games to fill the missing gaps from the reality. It has been also revealed that players who connected with the online multiplayer gaming community had better level of understanding with other peoples. Video games have been a great influence on cognitive as well as in perceptual processes. In recent times many health institutes have been adding video games as the stress reduction and mood improvement therapy. These institutes also claim that video games can be the part of healthy lifestyle, but it needs to be played moderately. Video games are also the source of fighting the anxiety and depression. For example, playing angry birds can boost up one’s mood which will in return make them feel relaxed. Many teenagers have confessed that playing games also motivated them when they actually felt very much low in life. Developers have been making video games to treat the mental and health problems. For example, a game developing company is coming up with a role playing game which is aimed at promoting positive affirmations through the interactions that the players will have during the game (Primack, Carroll, McNamara, Klem, King, Rich, Chan, and Nayak, 2012). They are also claiming that the gamers will also see a drop in the negative thoughts after playing the video game (Greitemeyer, Traut-Mattausch, and Osswald, 2012).
Research dated back in the year 1980 has showed that playing video games irrespective of genres at a moderate amount can improve the self esteem of a gamer. Video games can absorb the attention of children. It has the capacity to engage children to learn something. By observing the children’s parents get an idea that they love this way of learning. Some of the evidence suggests that children who have started their school life with relatively poor skills have gathered many essential skills after playing the video games (Greitemeyer, and Osswald, 2011). From more than 20 years researchers have been using the videogames as the medium of researching upon the individuals. There are several reasons why playing video games can be good for education. Video games can be used as setting the goals of children with providing feedback and maintaining the records of their behavioural change. It can be used to examine the characteristics of the individuals such as the self esteem, self concept, and individual differences (Fischer, Greitemeyer, Kastenmüller, Vogrincic, and Sauer, 2011). Video games can be used to increase the language skills of a person. Playing video games can facilitate in discussing and sharing, and also having a discussion on a topic which contains visual aids with the others. Basic maths skills are also enhanced as the children learn to collaborate with the score counters on videogames. Then it is the reading skills of the children which is boosted up by the character dialogue on the screen such as play, quit, stop, go, load, move ahead, etcetera. Furthermore, video games provide a platform where children can interact with each other while playing with each other. It can be observed that in a school, there are always a lot of children who share the same passion of playing the video games. Nowadays, video games are been developed for imparting skills for the special need children (Valadez, and Ferguson, 2012). These types of children can be treated for their impulsive and attention difficulties. It has been noticed that after playing video games the conditions of these children have improved a lot (Saleem, Anderson, and Gentile, 2012).
with any paper
The study has critically evaluated the benefits of playing video games. Video games share many similarities with the traditional games. Additionally, they also provide the same benefits. Video games are also very socially interactive. It has been also observed that players are also increasingly gaming online with friends, family and strangers (Greitemeyer, and Mügge, 2014). Nowadays People’s are investing a large amount of time playing video games because they are encountering positive changes in them. After studying the benefits of playing video games in different sectors it can be concluded that they have lot of potential for promoting the well being, including the prevention and also the treatment of mental health problems which rising in the youth. Furthermore, there are few video games which are been developed for aiding the minds of the people. As it is observed that children are very much addictive towards playing video games, therefore, a team of psychologists, game designers should work towards in developing innovative approaches for improving the mental health of the individuals (Granic, Lobel, and Engels, 2014).
- Fischer, P., Greitemeyer, T., Kastenmüller, A., Vogrincic, C. and Sauer, A., 2011. The effects of risk-glorifying media exposure on risk-positive cognitions, emotions, and behaviors: a meta-analytic review. Psychological bulletin, 137(3), p.367.
- Granic, I., Lobel, A. and Engels, R.C., 2014. The benefits of playing video games. American Psychologist, 69(1), p.66.
- Greitemeyer, T. and Mügge, D.O., 2014. Video games do affect social outcomes a meta-analytic review of the effects of violent and prosocial video game play. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, p.0146167213520459.
- Greitemeyer, T. and Osswald, S., 2011. Playing prosocial video games increases the accessibility of prosocial thoughts. The Journal of social psychology, 151(2), pp.121-128.
- Greitemeyer, T., Traut-Mattausch, E. and Osswald, S., 2012. How to ameliorate negative effects of violent video games on cooperation: Play it cooperatively in a team. Computers in Human Behavior, 28(4), pp.1465-1470.
- Primack, B.A., Carroll, M.V., McNamara, M., Klem, M.L., King, B., Rich, M., Chan, C.W. and Nayak, S., 2012. Role of video games in improving health-related outcomes: a systematic review. American journal of preventive medicine, 42(6), pp.630-638.
- Prot, S., McDonald, K.A., Anderson, C.A. and Gentile, D.A., 2012. Video Games:: Good, Bad, or Other?. Pediatric Clinics of North America, 59(3), pp.647-658.
- Saleem, M., Anderson, C.A. and Gentile, D.A., 2012. Effects of prosocial, neutral, and violent video games on college students’ affect. Aggressive Behavior, 38(4), pp.263-271.
- Valadez, J.J. and Ferguson, C.J., 2012. Just a game after all: Violent video game exposure and time spent playing effects on hostile feelings, depression, and visuospatial cognition. Computers in Human Behavior, 28(2), pp.608-616.


Western Australia was explored by Spanish, Portuguese, Dutch, French, and British sailors before 1800. In 1826, a band of British soldiers and convicts attempted a settlement at King George Sound, the site of Albany. This colony was abandoned three years later. In 1829, Perth and nearby Fremantle were founded. Between 1850 and 1868, nearly 10,000 convicts were sent into the colony. Western Australia received partial representative government in 1870. Settlement increased after the discovery of gold in 1885.
Western Australia became self-governing in 1890, and it became a state in the Common wealth of Australia in 1901. In 1933, people opposed to statehood voted to secede, but this move was rejected by the British Parliament. Following World War II, immigration helped lead to agricultural expansion. Discovery and development of vast mineral resources and oil reserves in the 1960's and 1970's brought the greatest growth in nearly a century.
In 1983, Brian Burke of the Australian Labor Party took charge of the state's government. Scandal rocked his government when it was accused of improper business dealings with a merchant bank.
In 1993, the Liberal Party's Richard Court, son of former Premier Sir Charles Court, regained control of the government. In 1994, Western Australia challenged a federal law allowing Aborigines to claim title to certain government-owned lands. The state lost its case in Australia's High Court the following year. In 2001, the Labor Party returned to power.


If you need to find articles on a particular topic and you don't know which articles exist, use an article search engine to identify the articles. (See the Search Strategy page for more on this skill.) Multidisciplinary databases (e.g. Academic Search Premiere and the PSU Library front page search link to articles on a wide variety of topics. However, these databases may not be as focused as one of the subject databases whose coverage is directed at a particular discipline (i.e. business, or political science or sociology, etc.) Once you've identified articles you are interested in, click the icon next to the article citation to navigate to the article full text.
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Author Norman Mailer was born to a Jewish family and raised in Brooklyn, NY. He entered Harvard University at age 16. Mailer wrote 12 novels over a 59-year span and twice won the Pulitzer Prize. In 1948, while continuing his studies at the University of Paris, Mailer published his first novel, The Naked and the Dead, based on his military service in World War II. In 1998, the Modern Library ranked The Naked and the Dead, as 51st on its list of the 100 best English-language novels of the 20th century.


Analysis of Landscape and Topographical Features Associated with Deer-Vehicle Collisions in Kansas City, MO
Caby, Michael D.
MetadataShow full item record
As urban sprawl increases, it reduces the amount of natural habitat available for deer species resulting in costly deer-vehicle collisions (DVCs). Pulling insight from previous research, I developed a model to identify locations of frequent DVCs using only remotely sensed data from Kansas City, Mo. I then tested the model in a novel environment, St. Louis, Mo. I used Geographical Information System (GIS) software to analyze and measure landscape features surrounding “hotspots” of DVCs and compare them to control areas with no DVCs. The features that were significantly different were tested using logistic regression to isolate those with the most predictive capability. The two models developed using these features were approximately 65% and 81% successful in identifying hotspots in Kansas City and St. Louis, but misidentified 25% and 56% of the controls. The error is too great to apply these models in future road planning, but they did show a link between DVCs and forests, streams and parks as did the previous research.


The above seismogram shows several days of three-component (cyan=vertical, yellow=north-south, magenta=east-west) earth motion. The signals are from a Guralp three-component. digital, borehole seismometer, model CMG1-TDB. The seismometer is at 840 meters depth in the borehole, which puts it about 500 feet into the Cambro-Ordivician Arbucke dolomite. Earth tides, like ocean tides, are caused by the gravitational attraction of the sun and moon on the rotating earth. The ocean tides are similar, but they vary from place to place according to the shape of the shorline. What we commonly call "TIDE" is the DIFFERENCE between the ocean tides and the earth tides seen at shorelines. The slow undulating curves, with a maximum about each 12 hours, 20 minutes are the solid earth tides. Earthquakes (some of which may be labelled) are so compressed on this seismogram that they show a single spike, or for the larger quakes, a spike tapering off for minutes or houra.
TWENTY-THREE DAYS FILTERED EARTH TIDES The above seismogram has been decimated and filtered as if it had been sampled only once each thousand seconds. Only the solid earth tides show; earthquakes are eliminated by this filtering. Notice: 1. Each component (vertical, north-south, and east-west ground motion) is different. 2. Each component is asymmetrical. The east-west is more like a series of Ms (MMMMMM) than it is like a sine wave. The vertical is similar but alternate peaks of the Ms are high and low. The north-south is nearest to symmetrical. 3. The shape and amplitude of the tides varies throughout the month, as the relative position of moon and sun changes. The highest tides are called "spring" tides. Spring is taken from a German word, and has nothing to do with the season of the year. Spring tides tend to occur at new and full moon. At new and full moon, the gravitation of sun and moon are in the same direction. The tide raising force of these two bodies adds, even at new moon, when the sun and moon are on opposite sides of the earth. Neap tides occur at quarter moon, when the sun and moon are at right angles with respect to the earth. 4. The time span between any two peaks or any two troughs is 12 hours and twenty minutes throughout the lunar month.
The above seismogram shows three dimensional motion of the earth due to tides near Leonard Oklahoma over a 25 hour period. The period is on July 12 and 13, 2003. This interval was cut from the 23 day seismogram previously shown. This 25 hour interval is near full moon. Instead of a seismogram showing motion in one direction as time advances, the above seismogram shows the position of the borehole seismometer. This type of seismogram is also called a "particle motion plot". The seismogram above can be turned to give two-dimensional motion looking in different directions, as shown below.
WHY ARE THERE TIDES IN A NORTH-SOUTH DIRECTION? It may appear that as the moon revolves around the earth and the earth rotates, the only differences would be east-west. However, even though they are smaller, there ARE north-south tides. If the earth's and moon's path were all in the same plane, and that plane passed through the sun, there might not be a north- south tide. However the moon's orbit is inclined somewhere between 18.5 degrees and 28.5 degrees to the earth' equator. This means that at times the moon will be have a northward force and sometimes a southward force on the earth. The moon's distance from the earth varies throughout the lunar month. Everything about the moon and sun which varies (direction of the moon, elevation of the moon above or below earth's equator, distance of the moon from the earth, distance from sun to earth, etc. etc.), creates a different COMPONENT of the tidal force. Three hundered components have been calculated by Doodsan. Usually at least the largest thirty or so must be considered to calculate a realistic tidal curve by computer. WHAT IS ACTUALLY RECORDED? The borehole seismometer detects earth VELOCITY, not displacement or position. When the vertical seismogram is at the top, that represents the fastest change in position, not the highest level. The vertical change in position at Leonard is about 30 centimeters during each six hours and ten minutes. We do not notice this because the change is very slow and spread over a very large area. The vertical recordings probably represent most importantly, the variation of gravity as the rising and falling earth tides carry the seismometer farther, then closer to the earth's center. The actual highest position of the earths surface is represented by the zero crossing of the trace as it moves downward. The actual velocity of motion probably adds something to the vertical trace. The horizontal traces (north-south and east-west) probably represent tilt (under one arc second), and perhaps some sideways motion. WHY THE EARTH TIDES ARE BEST RECORDED AT 100 OR MORE METERS BELOW THE SURFACE Near the surface, a seismometer can not usually detect earth tides, because they are overwhealmed by temperature drifts inside the seismometer case. At the depth of 840 meters (2755 feet), the Guralp CMG1-TBD seismometer is at a constant internal temperature of 51.2 degrees celsius (124.2 degrees fahrenheit). Measurements in a nearby borehole suggest that the rock temperature at 850 meters is about 42.8 degrees celsius (109 degrees fahrenheit). In the top of the seismometer case, a small computer, and the analog electronics in the seismometer modules, constantly use 119 milliamps of 12 VDC power. The heat produced by this power dissipation raises the 42 degrees celsius in the surrounding rock to 51 degrees celsius inside the seismometer. In the link below, note that the gravimeter recording vertical earth tides near Pecney, Czech Republic, has extremely precise electronic temperature control, which allows it to operate in a near surface vault. See last 48 hours vertical earth tide detected at Pecny by the Czech Technical University See a 48 hour tide record made by gravimeter in Tulsa, Oklahoma in 1939.
EARTHQUAKE CATALOG INDEX HOME SEISMOGRAM INDEX


Researchers at Weill Cornell Medical College claim that substances which are naturally produced by the human body may perhaps one day help in preventing paralysis following a spinal cord injury.
The Weill Cornell team is of the opinion that long-lasting nerve damage could possibly be avoided by increasing levels of a compound that converts to nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+). Apparently, NAD+ is the active form of vitamin B3. Moreover, the compound may potentially be managed instantly after spinal cord injury.
“Boosting NAD+ after injury may prevent permanent nerve death. Our study is aimed at synthesizing a molecule that, when given soon after injury may augment the body’s production of NAD+ and rescue these cells before they are stressed beyond recovery,” explains Dr. Samie Jaffrey, associate professor of pharmacology at Weill Cornell Medical College.
The compound, called nicotinamide riboside (NR) is known to be a natural NAD+ precursor found in foods like milk. NR in addition to other NR derivatives seems to have already been proven to guard against cell death, axonal degeneration in cultured cells as well as in models of spinal cord injury.
In the year 2007, the researchers reported results of laboratory experiments finding that NR could be able to raise NAD+ concentrations as high as 270 percent when compared with untreated control cells. No other identified agent appears to have been shown to achieve these types of an increase in cells.
NAD+ is known to play a crucial role in human cells by means of activating proteins called sirtuins that assist the cells to survive under stress. Sirtuins could be activated by compounds like resveratrol, seen in large concentrations in the skin of grapes used to make red wine. Furthermore, sirtuins supposedly have been revealed to possess anti-aging and healing properties.
The researchers believe that rapidly increasing the NAD+ levels may help in activating the sirtuin levels in the cells and prevent cell death. This is particularly significant because when cells and tissues suffer from extreme trauma, NAD+ levels seem to fall quickly.
During this research, the Weill Cornell team will perhaps carry out a lab study to examine how NR compounds can increase NAD+ levels in cells that are stressed. These cells appear to be so stressed that they will die within three to four hours and instead survive as a result of treatment.
“We hope to show that a natural compound that can be produced cheaply and efficiently could be the key to preventing permanent injury. We also believe that the compound would be perfectly safe to use in humans, since it is a vitamin that has not been shown to have negative effects on the body when artificially elevated,” says Dr. Anthony Sauve, associate professor of pharmacology at Weill Cornell Medical College.
In a different study, Dr. Brett Langley from the Burke Rehabilitation Center in Westchester, N.Y. will investigate the compounds in mice with spinal injuries, with the anticipation of observing physical recovery and improvement in behavioral testing. Burke Rehabilitation Center in Westchester, N.Y. is known to be a hospital affiliated with Weill Cornell Medical College.
Dr. Sauve is believed to have patented and established a method to produce compounds that regulate NAD+. Additionally, he seems to specialize in making an array of NAD derivatives to determine which one best augments NAD+ levels in neurons. Dr Jaffrey said that if this research is successful in animal testing, they hope to examine the compound clinically.


In C and related programming languages,
long double refers to a floating-point data type that is often more precise than double-precision though the language standard only requires it to be at least as precise as
double. As with C's other floating-point types, it may not necessarily map to an IEEE format.
long doublein C
long double type was present in the original 1989 C standard, but support was improved by the 1999 revision of the C standard, or C99, which extended the standard library to include functions operating on
long double such as
Long double constants are floating-point constants suffixed with "L" or "l" (lower-case L), e.g., 0.333333333333333333L. Without a suffix, the evaluation depends on FLT_EVAL_METHOD.
On the x86 architecture, most C compilers implement
long double as the 80-bit extended precision type supported by x86 hardware (sometimes stored as 12 or 16 bytes to maintain data structure alignment), as specified in the C99 / C11 standards (IEC 60559 floating-point arithmetic (Annex F)). An exception is Microsoft Visual C++ for x86, which makes
long double a synonym for
double. The Intel C++ compiler on Microsoft Windows supports extended precision, but requires the
/Qlong‑double switch for
long double to correspond to the hardware's extended precision format.
Compilers may also use
long double for the IEEE 754 quadruple-precision binary floating-point format (binary128). This is the case on HP-UX,Solaris/SPARC, and 64-bit ARM (AArch64) machines. Most implementations are in software, but some processors have hardware support.
On some PowerPC and SPARCv9 machines,
long double is implemented as a double-double arithmetic, where a
long double value is regarded as the exact sum of two double-precision values, giving at least a 106-bit precision; with such a format, the
long double type does not conform to the IEEE floating-point standard. Otherwise,
long double is simply a synonym for
double (double precision), e.g. on 32-bit ARM.
With the GNU C Compiler,
long double is 80-bit extended precision on x86 processors regardless of the physical storage used for the type (which can be either 96 or 128 bits), On some other architectures,
long double can be double-double (e.g. on PowerPC) or 128-bit quadruple precision (e.g. on SPARC). As of gcc 4.3, a quadruple precision is also supported on x86, but as the nonstandard type
__float128 rather than
Although the x86 architecture, and specifically the x87 floating-point instructions on x86, supports 80-bit extended-precision operations, it is possible to configure the processor to automatically round operations to double (or even single) precision. Conversely, in extended-precision mode, extended precision may be used for intermediate compiler-generated calculations even when the final results are stored at a lower precision (i.e. FLT_EVAL_METHOD == 2). With gcc on Linux, 80-bit extended precision is the default; on several BSD operating systems (FreeBSD and OpenBSD), double-precision mode is the default, and
long double operations are effectively reduced to double precision. (NetBSD 7.0 and later, however, defaults to 80-bit extended precision ). However, it is possible to override this within an individual program via the FLDCW "floating-point load control-word" instruction. On x86_64 the BSDs default to 80-bit extended precision. Microsoft Windows with Visual C++ also sets the processor in double-precision mode by default, but this can again be overridden within an individual program (e.g. by the
_controlfp_s function in Visual C++). The Intel C++ Compiler for x86, on the other hand, enables extended-precision mode by default. On IA-32 OS X,
long double is 80-bit extended precision.
In CORBA (from specification of 3.0, which uses "ANSI/IEEE Standard 754-1985" as its reference), "the long double data type represents an IEEE double-extended floating-point number, which has an exponent of at least 15 bits in length and a signed fraction of at least 64 bits", with GIOP/IIOP CDR, whose floating-point types "exactly follow the IEEE standard formats for floating point numbers", marshalling this as what seems to be IEEE 754-2008 binary128 a.k.a. quadruple precision without using that name.


Recent visitors to the Science Museum may have spied the updated ‘Planet Science’ display in our Exploring Space gallery. Space Curator Doug Millard explores the story behind ‘Planet Science’ below.
It’s hard to believe that we didn’t know what the surface of Mars looked like until 1964. That was the year NASA’s Mariner 4 spacecraft flew past the planet and returned the first images. And for many it was a big disappointment; no rivers or oceans; no vegetation; no indications of life at all – just a seemingly barren, crater-strewn terrain looking much like our Moon.
Today the red planet has been visited by a flotilla of spacecraft flying past, orbiting or even landing, and most returning ever-improving imagery. The Science Museum’s new ‘Planet Science’ display projects just one of these scenes: a glorious whole-world rendition of Mars showing ice caps, the Valles Marineris canyon – ten times the size of Earth’s Grand Canyon – and other surface features. The image is projected onto a white globe suspended in the Exploring Space gallery. The image itself rotates presenting the impression of a mini-Mars floating in space.
We do not stay at Mars but move on to other worlds: Jupiter confronts us in all its clouded majesty; the largest planet in the solar system – composed almost entirely of hydrogen and helium. We can watch the coloured cloud bands swirling their ways around the vast planet. Then onto one of Jupiter’s moons: Io, otherwise known as the cosmic pizza because of its yellow and red blotches … which in reality are sulphurous effusions and eruptions on this volcanically active world.
The final destination looks a little like Earth with blue oceans, continents and white clouds but is an imagined planet way beyond the solar system. We are now discovering thousands of these ‘exoplanets’ but we have yet to see one in any detail – they are just too far away even for the most powerful of telescopes. But someday soon more sophisticated and efficient tools and instruments will enable scientists to peer ever more deeply out into space and towards these still murky and mysterious worlds. And one day these observations may tell us whether we are alone or just one of many life forms strewn through our galaxy.
The Planet Science display is courtesy of Science On a Sphere® from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)


Today is World Press Freedom Day. The UN General Assembly passed a resolution designating this day as such in 1993.
Its main purpose is to stress the importance of freedom of the press and protection of journalists. These are fundamental conditions for any country that wants to develop democratic politics, initiate political reform and promote prosperity.
Article 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights states: “Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression; this right includes freedom to hold opinions without interference and to seek, receive and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers.”
BASIC HUMAN RIGHT
Thus, press freedom is a basic human right. Building an independent and autonomous media environment and protecting freedom of opinion and expression are both symbols of an advanced and modern country.
Today, through its tight monitoring and control of newspapers, television, radio stations and even the Internet, China has comprehensive restrictions on its people and prevents them freely circulating ideas relating to human rights, democracy and freedom.
It also minimizes their opportunities to express their own opinions.
Now, with the 2008 Beijing Olympics, China is attempting to improve its image in the areas of human rights and press freedom.
On the one hand, Beijing promised the international community that it would ensure freedom of the press and agreed to loosen restrictions on travel for foreign journalists.
On the other, it has been expanding the monitoring and control of media outlets and journalists, and has strengthened the suppression and persecution of political dissidents and human rights activists.
In March, China attracted considerable international attention by cracking down on peaceful demonstrations by Tibetans.
The result was violent persecution.
Then, using regional stability as an excuse, China expelled foreign journalists from Tibet in an attempt to block news about the government’s suppression of the local population.
Official Chinese media outlets then distorted the facts and defamed Tibetan people while covering up how soldiers and police arrested, imprisoned and killed local residents.
The authorities will now wait until the situation stabilizes before choosing a more appropriate time to reopen Tibet to Western journalists so that they can spread the message at home and abroad that Tibet is calm.
But if its crackdown was reasonable, legitimate and legal, then why did it have to expel foreign journalists in the first place?
Such a pointed blockade of news and banishment of foreign journalists highlights the nature of the Chinese government, which openly deprives the press of its freedoms so that it can maintain control of media content.
The bloody crackdown in Tibet and the corresponding crackdown on press freedom in the run-up to the Beijing Olympics have deepened the international community’s impression of China as an authoritarian regime opposed to democracy and human rights.
This behavior violates the Olympic ideal of promoting peace and respect for human rights through sports.
Chen Lung-chu is the chairman of the Taiwan New Century Foundation.
Translated by Eddy Chang


The British Heart Foundation provides information on how to check for atrial fibrillation.
An anticoagulant is a medicine that stops blood from clotting. Warfarin is the main oral anticoagulant used in the UK. It is used in Atrial Fibrillation, but also for pulmonary embolism (a blood clot in the lungs) and deep vein thrombosis (blood clots in the veins of the legs).
A normal heart rate should be between 60 and 100 beats a minute when you're resting, and is regular. The main difference between a normal rhythm and atrial fibrillation is that you are unable to predict when the next heart beat will come along, as heart rate is irregular.
This may lead to a number of problems, including dizziness and shortness of breath. You may also be aware of a fast and irregular heartbeat (palpitations) and feel very tired.
How is it treated? Includes videos on the ECG test and ablation


Better Days Reading Club – Week Two: Utah Women Had the Right to Vote Long Before Others, Then Had It Taken Away
March 31, 2020
Welcome to week two of the Better Days Reading Club! We hope you enjoyed the wonderful article from Dr. Tetrault last week, as well as our discussion guide. If you missed it, they’re linked the sources below. This week we’re getting into Utah’s voting history specifically, and it’s something you won’t want to miss.
This week for the Better Days Reading Club, we’re reading this article from the Washington Post by our own historical director, Katherine Kitterman. This article gives a wonderful overview of Utah’s suffrage history, and Kitterman does an especially careful job of showing how that history is impossible to separate from the story of polygamy. These elements are integral to the story of female suffrage and eventual disenfranchisement within the Utah territory. In her article, Kitterman also explains how women once again received the right to vote as they joined the union in 1896.
However, the most insightful part of this article may be the acknowledgment that suffrage did not expand evenly to everyone, nor did it expand permanently. Voting rights were taken away from women in Utah, and even after they regained those rights, Native Americans and some women of color were still denied citizenship and suffrage. As Kitterman observed, working for suffrage always has many setbacks, and progress has always been slow; yet people always keep working. Those are the people we will continue to talk about in the next few weeks.
Some questions you can consider:
- What is the relationship between polygamy and Utah women’s voting rights?
- How can we celebrate steps forward for suffrage while remembering and honoring those who were not included?
- Why are there so many historical examples of rights being extended to a group of people and then later taken away?
Download a printable PDF here to have a hard copy of our summary and discussion questions. Make sure to comment here on our website, as well as on our Instagram page! We will be coming out with new content every Monday for the Better Days Reading Club, so we would love to get everyone involved. Have a great week!
Many thanks to Emma Summers for developing the materials for the Better Days Reading Club! Emma is an education student from St. Augustine, Florida. She loves to teach in big lecture halls just as much as she does groups of 2-3 students. Social studies is her passion, as well as chocolate chip cookies and Sunday naps.
Check out last week’s content here.


What is Montessori Education?
Montessori is a method of education that is based on self-directed activity, hands-on learning and collaborative play. In Montessori classrooms children make creative choices in their learning, while the classroom and the teacher offer age-appropriate activities to guide the process. Children work in groups and individually to discover and explore knowledge of the world and to develop their maximum potential.
Montessori classrooms are beautifully crafted environments designed to meet the needs of children in a specific age range. Dr. Maria Montessori discovered that experiential learning in this type of classroom led to a deeper understanding of language, mathematics, science, music, social interactions and much more. Most Montessori classrooms are secular in nature, although the Montessori educational method can be integrated successfully into a faith-based program.
Every material in a Montessori classroom supports an aspect of child development, creating a match between the child’s natural interests and the available activities. Children can learn through their own experience and at their own pace. They can respond at any moment to the natural curiosities that exist in all humans and build a solid foundation for life-long learning.
The Association Montessori Internationale (AMI) was established by Maria Montessori in 1929 to protect the integrity of her work and to support high standards for both teacher training and schools. Today, AMI continues to uphold Maria Montessori’s vision while collaborating with contemporary research in neuroscience and child development. Montessori Northwest is proud to be an official teacher training center of AMI. Why choose AMI?
Montessori environments support the learning of children from birth to middle school:
for children aged birth to three years
- provide a safe, engaging and nurturing environment for the child
- promote trust in themselves and their world
- develop confidence in their emerging abilities
- develop gross motor coordination, fine motor skills, and language skills
- offer opportunities to gain independence in daily tasks
Primary (also called the Casa or Children’s House)
for children aged three to six years
- foster the growth of functional independence, task persistence and self-regulation
- promote social development through respectful, clear communication and safe, natural consequences
- contain a large variety of materials for the refinement of sensory perception and the development of literacy and mathematical understanding
- offer opportunities for imaginative exploration leading to confident, creative self-expression
for children aged six to twelve years (Lower Elementary, ages six to nine; Upper Elementary, ages nine to twelve)
- offer opportunities for collaborative intellectual exploration in which the child’s interests are supported and guided
- support the development of self-confidence, imagination, intellectual independence and self-efficacy
- foster an understanding of the child’s role in their community, in their culture and in the natural world
Adolescence (also called Erdkinder or Farm Schools)
for adolescents aged twelve to fifteen years
- ideally a working farm in which adolescents engage in all aspects of farm administration and economic interdependence, but also include non-farm environments in urban settings
- assist the young adult in the understanding of oneself in wider and wider frames of reference
- provide a context for practical application of academics
- emphasize the development of self-expression, true self-reliance, and agility in interpersonal relationships.
- Dr. Montessori died before the educational approach to this level was completed. Consequently, there is currently no AMI teacher training program for this level. However, many Montessori adolescent learning environments exist, with Montessori professionals working towards standards for this level.
Above all, Montessori classrooms at all levels nurture each child’s individual strengths and interests. Montessori education encourages children to explore their world, and to understand and respect the life forms, systems and forces of which it consists.


Schedules Of Reinforcement
Posted on July 10 2019
In this article, we will examine common types of reinforcement schedules and how their application affects parenting.
What Are Schedules Of Reinforcement In Psychology
Operant conditioning is the procedure of learning to increase or decrease a voluntary behavior using reinforcement or punishment. Schedules of reinforcement are the rules that control the timing and frequency of reinforcement delivery to make a target behavior more likely to happen, continue or strengthen.
Reinforcement schedules are contingency schedules. The reinforcers are only given when target behavior has occurred, and therefore, the reinforcement is contingent on the desired behavior.
Continuous schedules apply reinforcement after each response while intermittent schedules apply reinforcement after some, but not all, responses.
Continuous schedules present the reinforcement after every performance of the desired behavior. This reinforcement schedule is the quickest in teaching a new behavior.
Continuous reinforcement schedule is often used in animal training. A dog is rewarded with treats every time it does a trick correctly.
It also works well with very young children, e.g. potty training. A toddler is rewarded with candy every time he uses the potty successfully.
Intermittent reinforcement schedule (Partial schedule)
Intermittent schedules reward some desired behavior, but not all of it.
After a new behavior is learned using a continuous schedule, an intermittent schedule is often applied to strengthen it because behavior reinforced by intermittent schedules is more resistant to extinction.
Many different types of intermittent schedules are possible, but the four types of intermittent schedules commonly used in psychology are based on the time elapsed (interval) or the number of responses made (ratio).
The four types of intermittent schedules of reinforcement are:
- Fixed interval schedule (FI)
- Fixed ratio schedule (FR)
- Variable interval schedule (VI)
- Variable ratio schedule (VR)
Fixed interval schedule (FI)
A fixed interval schedule delivers reinforcements when a set amount of time has elapsed since the previous reinforcement. This schedule usually generates a scalloped or break-run behavior pattern, in which the subject pauses after every reinforcement and then delivers the behavior at a faster rate as the next reinforcement approaches1.
Students whose grades depend entirely on the final exam performance don’t study much at the beginning of the semester, but they cram when it’s almost exam time.
Here, studying is the targeted behavior and the grades are reinforcement given after the final exam at the end of the semester.
Variable interval schedule (VI)
A variable interval schedule delivers the reinforcer after a variable amount of time has elapsed since the previous reinforcement. This schedule usually generates a steady rate of performance.
Students whose grades depend on the performance of pop quizzes throughout the semester study regularly instead of cramming at the end.
Variable interval schedules are more effective than fixed interval schedules in teaching behavior that needs to be performed at a steady rate2.
Fixed ratio schedule
Fixed ratio schedule delivers reinforcement after a specific number of responses are made. This schedule produces a high rate of response until a reinforcer is received, which is then followed by a pause in behavior.
A toy maker produces toys and the store only buys toys in batches of 5. When the maker produces toys at a high rate, he makes more money.
Variable ratio schedule
Variable ratio schedule delivers reinforcement after a variable number of responses are made. This schedule produces a high and steady response rate.
Gambling, such as a slot machine, rewards unpredictably. Each winning requires a different number of lever pulls. Gamblers keep pulling the lever in hopes of winning and become addictive.
Extinction is a special type of reinforcement schedule, in which the reinforcement is discontinued leading to a progressive decline of the previously reinforced response. How fast complete extinction happens depends on the reinforcement schedule used in learning the behavior. Among the 4 types of reinforcement schedules, Variable Ratio Schedule (VR) is the most resistant to extinction whereas Fixed Interval Schedule (FI) is the least.
Schedules of reinforcement and parenting
Parents use various reinforcement schedules to teach children new behavior, strengthen the desired behavior or try to stop undesired behavior.
A continuous schedule is often the best in teaching a new behavior. Once the response has been learned, an intermittent schedule can be used to strengthen the new behavior.
Let’s go back to the potty-training example. When parents first introduce the concept of potty training, they give the toddler candy whenever she uses the potty successfully. That is a continuous schedule. After the child has been using the potty consistently for a few days, the parents would transition to only reward the behavior intermittently using variable schedules.
Reinforcement and parenting
In daily life, parents sometimes unknowingly reinforce undesired behavior3. Because such reinforcement is unintended, it is often delivered inconsistently. The inconsistency serves as a variable reinforcement schedule, leading to a “learned” behavior that is hard to stop even when the parents stop applying the reinforcement.
When a toddler throws a tantrum in the store, parents usually refuse to give in. But once in a while, when they’re tired or in a hurry, they decide to buy the candy, thinking they will do it just that one time. From the child’s perspective, such concession is a reinforcer that encourages tantrum throwing. Because the reinforcement (candy buying) is delivered at a variable schedule, the toddler ends up throwing fit regularly for the next give-in. This is one reason why consistency is important in parenting.
- 1.Dews PB. Studies on responding under fixed-interval schedules of reinforcement: II. The scalloped pattern of the cumulative record. J Exp Anal Behav. January 1978:67-75. doi:10.1901/jeab.1978.29-67
- 2.Schoenfeld W, Cumming W, Hearst E. ON THE CLASSIFICATION OF REINFORCEMENT SCHEDULES. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1956;42(8):563-570. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16589906.


June 01, 2021 2 min read
Recently, countries are imposing mandatory action to cut down on the amount of chemicals used in food production in a move to protect the environment from irreversible damage.
However, it is not just large-scale agriculture that can be damaging, but also in our own gardens. The use of synthetic-chemical based garden products can damage your plot and have wide reaching repercussions on the environment.
The impact of fossil fuels on the warming climate is well documented. They’re used in the large-scale production of synthetic fertilisers. These synthetic fertilisers contain a large amount of nitrogen, which is considerably more potent than carbon dioxide. Its use can impact not just the climate, but can reduce wildlife diversity, damage plant health and negatively change the PH balance of the soil.
All of this culminates in a huge loss of wildlife and biodiversity both on land and in our waterways.
These are just some of the ways in which the overuse of synthetic-chemical based garden solutions can negatively impact our environment.
At the Magic Molecule Co., we use biostimulants in our unique formulations, reducing the need for fertilisers that contain an excess of nitrogen. Instead, our products are packed full of naturally occurring compounds that support your garden.
With regular use, our biostimulants:
More of us than ever are investing time into our green spaces, and the Magic Molecule Co. helps you make an environmentally conscious choice that still has amazing results – particularly useful for those of us who are not so naturally green fingered.