The federal government and state governments essay
The us government of the United States is continually changing. As soon as the country came to be until today, there have been various eras and concepts which have transpired over the years. The United States authorities and state and local governments have gone through periods to get transition via 1781 to the current day through which their interactions where consistently changing.
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In order to understand the distinct eras of U. S. governmental history, one must first be familiar with history of the relationships between your federal government and state and local governments.
The Constitution in the U. H. establishes a direct link among state government authorities and Our elected representatives. It gives Our elected representatives specific forces like filing war and creating soldires. The U. S. Constitution also pubs states coming from performing serves that would undermine the federal government; some of those acts consist of making treaties, coining funds, and making war. Condition governments may also create/destroy community governments. Government, state, and native governments most interact with one other.
As each level of federal government interacts with the other(s), you will discover clear distinctions in the amounts of interaction that take place. The several levels of federal government in the United States possess something named formal interaction. There are several types of formal conversation: national to convey, state to national, nation equals express (concurrent powers), and condition to local.
The initial form of interaction is nationwide to state. National to state connection gives the government most of the power over the property. The federal government has the power to have an armed service. It ensures a his party form of government; this means that if a state is usually admitted for the union, the federal government controls the way the state is created (in the proper execution of laws). This form of interaction also offers something known as the Supremacy Offer; this makes the Constitution the supreme rules of the property. The power of laws and regulations from top to most affordable is as employs: U. T. Constitution, national law, state constitutions, state laws, and native ordinances.
Around the reverse aspect of nationwide to state connection is express to national interaction. With this form of interaction, the claims determine polls and types of procedures. States are represented in the national govt in the United states senate; they are also showed in the Electoral College. Declares must approve changes that are performed to the U. S. Constitution.
The nationwide government and state governments do not always battle intended for power in national to convey and point out to nationwide interaction. When the national government and point out governments reveal power, it is know as concurrent power. Both the federal government and condition governments have power to taxes, borrow money, establish courts, make/enforce laws, and the power of prestigious domain.
One step down by national and state discussion is state to regional interaction. Point out and local connection is much less complex because national and state connection. This type of interaction involves money. States can create and destroy local governments in the event that they so choose. Each time a state produces or destroys a local govt it also approves or gets rid of power from that local government.
The interaction procedure for the different levels of government will be based upon the idea of federalism. Federalism originates from the idea that you will find two amounts of government that coexist in a nation. The usa has gone through various eras of federalism, which include dual federalism, cooperative federalism, picket-fence federalism, and conflicted federalism. Each level has unique features and is seen in diverse time frames of United States record.
The earliest system of federalism that can be seen in U. S. background is the concept of dual federalism. Dual federalism can be seen from about 1789 to 1932 in U. S. history. Under idea, the state governments have the most power, even though the federal government provides a limited to small amount of power. Express governments have got exclusive rights to “police powers in policy areas. Even though it provides a small to limited amount of power beneath this system, the national government is said to obtain grown; types of this can be seen as the Detrimental War advances and Civil War changes are exceeded. Thenational govt also goes from a passive to positive limiter of the overall economy. The amount of federal grants-in-aid as well grows during this time period period.
While dual federalism made their way out in 1932, the cooperative age of federalism crept in. This period was created in answer to the Great Depression with Outspoken D. Roosevelt’s New Deal. The countrywide government utilized “interstate commerce to put federal controls for the states plus the economy. Our economy is regulated by the federal government through the Commerce Offer and the federal government budget. Intergovernmental grants-in-aid are developed during this time period period. These kind of grants-in-aid allow the federal government to disperse national money to the states pertaining to specific courses, and some strings are attached with the money declares receive; this is used to control the says by saying if they did not the actual guideline the us government had offered with the cash, then the money could be taken away from the declares.
The supportive era runs until 60, when picket-fence federalism supercedes it. Picket-fence federalism brings about the idea of particular grants-in-aid. Powers are well balanced between national, state, and local governments; every level of authorities pulls an equal amount of weight about programs. Cross-cutting sanctions as well emerge from this era. The sanctions said that failure to comply in one program could result in the lower in financing of another program. The federal paperwork grows again with Lyndon B. Johnson’s “Great Society. Local government authorities are able to now bypass the states and receive money directly from the federal government. The Great Court expands national government’s power over the states.
The federal government continued to expand with cooperative federalism until 1981 when Chief executive Reagan got office. Reagan gave birth to the period of federalism called conflicted federalism. This era proceeds up to present day. Reagan started to attack the federal government; he says that the government is definitely the problem and several people doubt it. Reagan wanted to undo what FDR and LBJ had required for previous years. He also known as for obstruct grants and “regulatory relief. He wished the strings that came with grants-in-aidto be cut.
As its government advanced through many changes throughout history, the government of the United States is remains based upon a federal program in which electrical power is divided among nationwide, state, and native governments. The federal program acknowledges the U. S. is a large and varied nation, and by having state and local governments that variety can be symbolized. The government states will always be changing; and as it will change the manner in which it is ruled will vary somewhat with the birth of new tips.
You may also want to consider the following: picket fence federalism
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Eating Healthy Foods = Weight loss when desired
Eating healthy foods is a no-brainer, yet statistics clearly show the increase of obesity resulting in subsequent increases in heart disease, diabetes, strokes and a huge array of cancers. Make no mistake, these are the direct result of years of eating unhealthy foods plus eating more than we can burn up. Americans in particular are well known for the consumption of extra large portions and their population has one of the world’s biggest obesity problems.
What are the unhealthy foods
Unhealthy foods are those that are highly refined package products found in abundance in our supermarkets. They include desserts, pies, ready made meals, buns, cakes, processed cheeses, margarine and butter and many more. Products made with white flour, breakfast sugar coated cereals, soft drinks (excluding diet drinks), corn oil, excessive use of salt, to name a few. Of them all, Sugar is by far the worst. It’s in over 70% of supermarket food items, including very high levels in most soft drinks
Healthy foods can be frozen or fresh vegetables, raw fresh fruit, fish, olive oil, avocado oil, nuts, herbs, spices, filtered water, to name a tiny few. Eating unhealthy food as opposed to wholesome healthy foods, can be largely blamed on parents failing to teach their children by not providing a good healthy diet and allowing so much sugar in their food. However, in fairness to the parents – schools, governments, and food manufacturers have to take much of the blame for the levels of obesity-related diseases in our society today. Schools for failing to control the foods that are eaten in school grounds and for not educating the youngest of the children; Governments for failing to bring in legislation controlling levels of sugar, salt and corn oil in foods; and manufacturers for failing to use healthier alternatives to the ingredients they use.
How to lose weight
As already mentioned, over-eat and you will get fat. Weight affects not only how you look but, all too often, how long you will live and, most importantly, the quality of your life. The way to lose weight is simple – eat less calories/kilos/joules than you burn up in energy. Try eating off a smaller plate than normal and avoid all those bad foods mentioned above; eat lots of greens and colored vegetables, fish, chicken (without skin) and cut back on potatoes; avoid white bread, eat no more than two slices of multi-grain bread per day, eat a minimum of cheese, avoid cream, drink lots of water. Read my book.
How to Cook Healthy Meals in Minutes is only $3.50 from amazon its full of recipes that can be cooked in very quickly, they taste great (my own formulated recipes) the best part is most of these recipes are designed to reduce weight and for the busy working Mum who after a hard days work, still wants to create something tasty and quick for the family. The recipes focus on providing the very best balanced meal for the whole family, whether your dieting or wanting healthy meals for your family, How to Cook Healthy Meals in Minutes is a good choice. Food and what you eat is only one part of any weight lose program, to stay healthy requires some form of exercise, many people of course get this in their normal days work, they burn calories as they go about their day. but for all those office workers lies the problem of consuming too many calories and simply not burning them up. You have several choices, go to the gym, buy some gym equipment for home use, walk or jog for 30 minutes each day or my favorite the 7 minute work out What I like about this program is, most likely like you I simply don’t have the time or the inclination to go to the gym or to be honest I find working on gym equipment to be terribly boring, but the 7 minute workout is right for me, seven minutes of varied high intensity I can put up with, and best of all see on the scales the results of my efforts If you agree or disagree with this article your comment are welcomed.


Tuesday, January 31, 2006
Floods Good and Bad for Fish
It looks as though floods are bad for fish that migrate from the seas to the rivers. Then again it looks as if floods are good for fish that live in streams year round and can even improve the habitat.
early hatcheries took their eggs from first-arriving fish to ensure their supply, Gregory said, and fish runs began arriving early. The window for returning fish shrank to a couple of months.
"Then the impact of a single flood on the population could be much greater," he said.
In studies of trout that live in streams year-round, the number of juveniles rises dramatically in the year after a flood, he said.


Pakistan has a huge coastline that is home to various marine wildlife. Danyal Gilani, Press Counselor at the Embassy of Pakistan in Paris, on his twitter handle shared a video in which divers at Mubarak Village seashore in Karachi encountered a sighting of a whale. Mubarak Goth or Mubarak Village is a fishing town in Kimari Town in Karachi and situated in District West of Karachi, near Hawksbay which is one of only a handful of scarcely any seashores on the planet where green ocean turtles come to lay eggs. The town has one of the most uncommon reptile species in Pakistan.
It is relevant to take note of that Pakistan has consented to a few global arrangements to ensure its marine condition. Pakistan being at one of the key locations in the Asian Continent has key various aspects economically and environmentally. Diversified culture of marine life has been a part of Pakistan’s Coastline and now the sighting of a whale has been experienced near Karachi.
Until recent times the human ramifications have caused a threat to marine wildlife. The marine animals have seen unsustainable extinction. Until recent times some activists around the globe have started to work for the safety of the marine life. The vast unexplored frontiers of the oceans have made it a mystery ever since we existed. Pakistan is also one of the countries that have access to a sea or an ocean, with that comes the marine wildlife as well.


Petroleum geologists are geoscientists who are typically employed by oil and gas companies, and their work revolves around determining geographical points at/in which to search for natural resources; in the specific field of petroleum geology, the focuses are discovery and production of oil. They generally surmise where to drill for oil by obtaining an idea of the areas beneath the surface, formulating a three-dimensional image measured against time, and preparing subsurface maps and diagrams of stratigraphic data which depict possible oil deposits. They obtain these ideas by studying various elements in the Earth's surface, including the presence of certain rocks and structural features. Although this information is studied using a variety of geophysical methods, the general location is determined using aerial photographs before these processes begin.
Petroleum geologists may also be involved in recommending contracts and releases regarding acquisition, retention, and release of land property. Candidates for this position are expected to have comprehensive knowledge of engineering, stratigraphy, and structural geology.
Petroleum geologists generally work during traditional business hours, although those who are self-employed may work more as consultants, particularly on weekends. Their work requires some communication with others, but primarily their employers for consultations. Their work is both indoors and outdoors, as they may conduct reports and analyze data from an office but also spend extensive time at drilling sites. Some employers may require a master's degree in a geology-related field, and some states require those who work with the public to obtain state-issued licenses.
Petroleum Geologist Tasks
Scope and frame projects, including assigning roles and tasks.
Model and create requirements for reservoirs and their use.
Provide technical input and guidance for exploring, appraising, and developing potential sites.
Integrate many types of data and computations to create simulations, models, and hazard analysis.


3 Worksheet Picture to Coloring Page Children – Use these free worksheets to understand letters, sounds, words, reading, writing, numbers, colors, shapes and other preschool and kindergarten skills. All worksheets are pdf documents for easy printing.
coloring sheets for kids photo awesome free easy coloring pages for kids of coloring sheets for kids via yonjamedia.com
Options abound with our kindergarten worksheets, which establish the building blocks for developmental math, writing, and reading skills through activities that range from simple addition and sight words to vowel sounds and consonant blends.
With neat themes like circus math and color by number butterflies and dinosaurs, our kindergarten worksheets are as entertaining since they are educational, meaning your little learner will soon be begging you to do extra work when she gets home from school.
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Whether your youngster requires a little math boost or is interested in learning more about the solar system, our free worksheets and printable activities cover all of the educational bases.
Each worksheet was developed by a professional educator, so you realize your child will learn critical age-appropriate facts and concepts. Best of all, many worksheets across many different subjects feature vibrant colors, cute characters, and interesting story prompts, so kids get excited about their learning adventure.


Ruud (1954) published the first detailed report on several Antarctic fish species in the family Channichthyidae, including the Mackerel Icefish (Champsocephalus gunnari), that have nearly colorless blood as a consequence of a total lack of hemoglobin (many icefish species, including the Mackerel Icefish, also do not produce the related myoglobin proteins in their muscles [Grove et al. 2004] and, like many related Antarctic fishes, carry compounds in their blood that prevents it from freezing [Cheng and Detrich 2007; di Prisco et al. 2007]). This lack of hemoglobin results in an oxygen-carrying capacity in icefishes that is less than 10% of that seen in closely related red-blooded species. However, the problem of obtaining sufficient oxygen is at least somewhat reduced because the solubility of gases is inversely proportional to temperature, making oxygen content in Antarctic waters extremely high. Nearly all icefishes live only in the cold-stable and oxygen-rich environment of the Southern Ocean. The Mackerel Icefish is one of the few icefishes with a low-Antarctic range of distribution, nearly all the others being confined to high Antarctic latitudes (Kock and Everson 2003). It is a prominent member of the coastal fish fauna of the Seasonal Pack-Ice Zone and the islands north of it (Kock and Everson 1997). Mackerel Icefish are generally found above 300 m in depth and have never been found below 700 m (Kock and Everson 2003 and references therein).
A range of anatomical and physiological features of icefishes appear to be adaptations associated with the lack of hemoglobin. Notably, modifications of the cardiovascular system of icefishes help compensate for the absence of oxygen-binding hemoglobin. Denser vascularization supplying tissues with especially high oxygen demand, such as retinal tissue, has been shown in some icefishes, including the Mackerel Icefish. More generally, icefishes possess large capillaries and have blood volumes that are two to four times larger than those of red-blooded fishes. Hearts are larger in icefishes than in red-blooded fishes of similar size, resulting in mass-specific cardiac outputs that are several times greater than those of red-blooded species. As a consequence of these features, icefishes are able to circulate large blood volumes at relatively high flow rates. This is achieved at low arterial blood pressures due to decreased systemic resistance to flow. The combination of high-throughput cardiovascular systems, waters of high oxygen content, and relatively low absolute metabolic rates enables icefish to deliver sufficient oxygen to their tissues. (Kock 2005 and references therein; Wujcik et al. 2007 and references therein; Garofalo et al. 2009)
Mackerel Icefish are active bentho-pelagic fish which migrate up and down the water column in a daily cycle (Kock and Everson 2003 and references therein). In contrast to many Antarctic fishes, when Mackerel Icefish form dense aggregations, they often stay in the water column 20 to 30 m or even farther above the bottom during the day (Kock and Jones 2005). Mackerel Icefish mature at three to four years of age (Kock 2005) and may exceed 60 inches in length and live to 15 years. Sexually mature males have a significantly higher first dorsal fin than do females (Kock and Jones 2005 and references therein). Mackerel Icefish were targeted by commercial fisheries in the 1970s and 1980s and most stocks had been overexploited by the beginning of the 1990s (Kock 2005).
Main et al. (2009) studied the stomach contents of more than 2000 Mackerel Icefish individuals. They found that diet varied significantly between year and age classes. In general, the diet was dominated by Antarctic Krill (Euphausia superba) and by the amphipod Themisto gaudichaudii. Smaller (younger) individuals tended to include in their diets a higher proportion of T. gaudichaudii and smaller euphausiids (such as Thyanoessa sp.) and fewer Antarctic Krill.
Kock and Everson (2003) review what is known about the ecology of this species. Kock et al. (2007) review the history of the Mackerel Icefish fishery.
No one has provided updates yet.


Your genes could impact the quality of your marriage: Specific genes relevant to how partners provide and receive support from each other -- ScienceDaily
"However, what emerged as most relevant to overall marital quality for both partners was genotypic variation among husbands at a specific location on OXTR. Husbands with a particular genotype, which other researchers associated with signs of social deficits, were less satisfied with the support they were provided. Being less satisfied with the support they got from their wives was also associated with being less satisfied with their marriage.
The researchers hope their findings provide the foundation for replication and additional study of OXTR as an enduring determinant of marital functioning, as well as encourage research more broadly evaluating the role of genetic factors in interpersonal processes important to overall marital quality.
"Genes matter when it comes to the quality of marriage, because genes are relevant to who we are as individuals, and characteristics of the individual can impact the marriage," said Mattson. "Our findings were the first to describe a set of genetic and behavioral mechanisms for one possible route of the genetic influence on marriage. In addition, we added to the increasing awareness that the expression of genotypic variation differs greatly depending on context."


Methadone is a (synthetic
opiate) narcotic that when administered once a day, orally, in adequate doses,
can usually suppress a heroin addict's craving and withdrawal for 24 hours.
Patients are as physically dependent on methadone as they were to heroin or
other opiates, such as Oxycotin or Vicodin. Ironically, methadone used to control
narcotic addiction is frequently encountered on the illicit market and has been
associated with a number of overdose deaths. Tolerance and addiction to methadone
is a dangerous threat, as methadone Withdrawal results from the cessation
of use. Many former heroin users have claimed that the horrors of heroin addiction
withdrawal were far less painful and difficult than Methadone Withdrawal.
Many people go from being
addicted to heroin to being addicted to methadone, and continue with this "treatment"
for years, fearing the withdrawal that will occur when they stop. Methadone
does not have to be the way of life for former heroin addicts. Gradual cessation
followed by a drug-free program of rehabilitation may be the answer for many
symptoms include but are not limited to:
- tearing of eyes
- runny nose
- excessive perspiration
- dilated pupils
- abdominal cramps
- body aches
After several days of stabilizing
a patient with methadone, the amount can be gradually decreased. The rate at which
it is decreased is dependent on the reaction of the individual . . . keeping
Methadone Withdrawal symptoms at a tolerable level is the goal.


Understanding Audit Mode
Applies To: Windows 7, Windows Server 2008 R2
This content applies to Windows 7. For Windows 8 content, see Windows Deployment with the Windows ADK.
When Windows boots, the computer can start in one of the following two modes:
Windows Welcome. Windows Welcome, also named “out-of-box experience” (OOBE), is the first user experience. Windows Welcome prompts end users to customize their Windows installation. End users create user accounts, read and accept the Microsoft® Software License Terms, and select their language and time zones. By default, immediately after installation, Windows® starts Windows Welcome.
The oobeSystem configuration pass runs immediately before Windows Welcome starts. For more information about this configuration pass, see oobeSystem Configuration Pass.
Audit mode. Audit mode is used to add customizations to Windows images. When you use audit mode, the system does not have to apply settings in Windows Welcome. OEMs and corporations should use audit mode to complete their manual customizations before shipping a computer to an end user.
In audit mode, the system processes settings in an unattended answer file in the auditSystem and auditUser configuration passes. For more information about these configuration passes, see auditSystem Configuration Pass and auditUser Configuration Pass.
In audit mode, you can:
Bypass Windows Welcome. You can access the desktop as quickly as possible. You do not have to configure default settings such as a user account, location, and time zone.
Install applications, add device drivers, and run scripts. You can connect to a network and access additional installation files and scripts. You can also install additional language packs and device drivers.
Configure Windows. You can make sure that the Windows image that you customize does not have configurations that you will have to remove.
Test the validity of a Windows installation. Before you send the system to end users, you can perform tests on the system without creating a user account. Then you can prepare the system to start in Windows Welcome on the next boot.
Add more customizations to a reference image. This reduces the number of images that you have to manage. For example, you can create a single reference image that contains the basic customizations that you want to apply to all Windows images. You can then boot the reference image to audit mode and make more changes that are specific to the computer. These changes can be customer-requested applications or specific device drivers.
In default installations of Windows, the built-in administrator account is disabled. However, when you boot to audit mode, the built-in administrator account is enabled automatically so that you can log on to the computer.
In the auditSystem configuration pass, the built-in administrator account is enabled. However, after you log on to the system, the built-in administrator account is disabled during the auditUser configuration pass. This enables you to use audit mode with administrator privileges, but the next time that the computer shuts down, the built-in administrator account will continue to be disabled. For more information, see Enable and Disable the Built-in Administrator Account.
- If you are in audit mode and a password-protected screen saver starts, you cannot log back on to the system. The built-in administrator account that was used to log on to audit mode is immediately disabled after logon.
To disable the screensaver, either change the power plan through Windows Control Panel, or configure and deploy a custom plan. For more information, see Configure Power Plans.
- Settings in an unattended answer file from the oobeSystem configuration pass do not appear in audit mode. However, depending on the configuration of the system, scripts that are configured in the oobeSystem configuration pass may run. For more information, see Modify an Image to Boot to Audit Mode.


Sharing and Accessing Biodiversity Data Globally
Clicking on the Online Mapping link from the CBIF portal sends the user to a page with three links. The first link allows a user without specialized GIS knowledge to use the global index via WMS as just described. The second link leads to the Generic Point Mapper. With this tool, anyone can generate a dynamic map with typical functionality such as zooming and re-centering. Users can access this tool to build such maps for their own Web sites. The third link lets programmers and developers who do have specialized GIS knowledge add GBIF species occurrence layers to other online GIS applications and access the actual WMS that underlies the Map GBIF Occurrence Data service.
Similar mapping services are provided by other sites, but these sites do not currently use data from the GBIF central data portal. Berkeley mapper works against those DiGIR providers that belong to the MaNIS and HerpNet networks. Centro de Referência em Informação Ambiental (CRIA) in Campinas, Brazil, offers a wide suite of geographic and other data quality checking services for the Brazilian data providers in the SpeciesLink network.
Becoming a GBIF Data Provider
It is important to understand that GBIF is not just a secretariat based in Copenhagen or just a data portal. GBIF is all the institutions, corporations, and individuals whose countries or organizations have signed the Memorandum of Understanding that mandates GBIF. In so doing, they have expressed their willingness to openly share biodiversity data, in the spirit of important initiatives, such as the Conservation Commons, that highlight the importance of open sharing of data for societal and scientific benefit.
The GBIF data sharing agreement upholds the principles of sharing biodiversity data openly for common benefit. It is only through the combined efforts of the owners of this data can some of the most burning environmental questions be answered and new scientific discoveries made. Sharing data is a scientific responsibility of all taxonomists, observer networks, and environmental surveys.
Becoming a GBIF data provider is easy and, in many cases, will not take more than a few hours. It includes a few steps that are explained on the GBIF Web site (www.gbif.org/DataProviders/HowTo). The technical tasks consist of downloading and configuring the BioCASE- or DiGIR-based data provider software. There are three integrated packages for Windows and Linux that install in minutes and are supported through a central help desk and documentation. These packages have been put together from open source components. GBIF naturally provides these packages as well as central Web services and registry for free enabling and facilitating open sharing by data holders.
Future Steps and Conclusions
GBIF will soon add a few more data types, going beyond primary data. There will be data provider tools for names and checklists. Species home pages that include digital images are mushrooming on the Internet. Linking to these will add value to shared primary data. Images can be shared by BioCASE/ABCD providers, but extending that capability to all data providers is an important extension to the Darwin Core currently under development. Interfaces for accessing GBIF portals and data providers directly from GIS software tools will also soon be available. The new TAPIR provider will have an Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) Web Feature Service (WFS). These interfaces can be registered in the UDDI registry as additional alternate bindings.
Recently, GBIF experimented with slicing its global index by country. For instance, a slice of all data from Madagascar was used for a geographic demonstration put together by Conservation International. GBIF is in the process of installing mirror sites for its central data portal in Germany, Korea, and the United States. There will probably also be specialized service providers that use these mirror sites' interfaces. The experience of the CBIF WMS site has been so positive that other similar services can now be encouraged and standard mechanisms for building such value-adding services will have to be established. The data quality assurance services of CRIA and SpeciesLink are examples of what can be achieved. Under an agreement between CRIA and GBIF, some of these services are also being modified for the GBIF data portal.
In closing, it should be emphasized that the GBIF data portal does not intend to be all things for all users. The open interfaces of the GBIF UDDI registry mean that anyone can build portals that access GBIF registered data providers. Some specialized communities have already taken advantage of this such as the Lifemapper project that made use of this open availability. For more information, contact
Deputy Director for Informatics
Peterson, A. T. 2001. "Predicting Species' Geographic Distributions Based on Ecological Niche Modeling." Condor, 103:599-605.
Peterson, A. T., M. A. Ortega-Huerta, J. Bartley, V. Sanchez-Cordero, J. Soberon, R. H. Buddemeier, and D. R. B. Stockwell. 2002. "Future Projections for Mexican Faunas Under Global Climate Change Scenarios." Nature, 416:626-629.
Soberón, J., and A. T. Peterson. 2004. "Biodiversity Informatics: Managing and Applying Primary Biodiversity Data." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B, 359:689-698.
Guy Baillargeon, Derek Munro, and Françoise Guilbault of the Canadian Biodiversity Information Facility built the dynamic Web mapping service and contributed text to this article. Johan Duflost, Patricia Mergen, and Frédéric Wautelet of the Belgian Biodiversity Information Facility built the Belgian mapping service. Donald Hobern, Meredith Lane, and Larry Speers of the GBIF Secretariat contributed text, reviewed this article, and improved the language. Thanks to them all.
About the Author
Hannu Saarenmaa has served as the deputy director for informatics of the GBIF since August 2002. He is responsible for the overall strategy, planning, budget, and integration of the informatics aspects of GBIF. Prior to his work at GBIF, he was the project manager for information technology at the European Environment Agency (EEA) where he was instrumental in developing the overall information infrastructure for EEA and the European Environment Information and Observation Network (EIONET), a network that connects environment ministries and agencies in all European Union and accession countries. Between 1978 and 1994, Saarenmaa held various research positions at the Finnish Forest Research Institute. He received a doctorate in applied zoology from the University of Helsinki. The majority of his approximately 190 publications have dealt with the intersection of information technology and ecological sciences. An avid lepidopterologist since 1966, his collection database today includes more than 40,000 records and 300,000 observed specimens.
Reference Web Resources


First Habitable Planet Close To Being Confirmed By Scientists
Dean Praetorius First Posted: 05/17/11 10:17 AM ET Updated: 05/17/11 04:48 PM ET
Scientists may be just steps from discovering the first habitable planet beyond our own.
Gliese 581d, a planet orbiting the red-dwarf star Gliese, may be the first real candidate for human expansion. That is, if it didn't take 3,000 lifetimes to get there, according to Science Daily.
581d is the third candidate for becoming the first hospitable exoplanet from the Gliese system, but the previous two candidates have both been ruled out. Gliese 581e was ruled too cold, and 581g turned out to be entirely nonexistent.
In order to determine that this planet was actually a viable candidate, the scientists behind the new report used a new computer model, which uses methods similar to those used to measure Earth's own climate, to analyze the atmosphere of 581d.
From Fast Company:
There are no days on Gliese 581d; one side is perpetually light and one side is perpetually dark. People thought this would mean that the night side would be perpetually frozen. But a new study by the Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique at the Institute Pierre Simon Laplace found that because of the local star's red light that penetrates deep into the heavy carbon atmosphere, the planet regulates heat quite well. Downside: It will always be a sort of red-hued dusk. And gravity is twice as strong, meaning it won't be too pleasant to walk around. But at least we'll be able to live there. The problem, as with most things in space, is the distance. At 20 light years away, it would take 300,000 years to get there.
But maybe we should be trying to get there a lot faster.
A new study (completely unrelated to the Gliese 581d report) has determined that at our current pace of using resources we're going to need two Earths by 2030. While Gliese 581d seems a bit far as a candidate, the Living Planet Report isn't actually suggesting we search out another planet, but is instead emphasizing how quickly we're depleting Earth's resources and highlighting the urgent need to change our course.
Story continues below
But with over 2 billion potential alien earths out there, there has to be at least one backup for Earth, right?http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/05/110516080124.htm


Right now, protecting yourself from scams is more important than ever.
Since the start of the COVID-19 crisis, fraudsters have been very active, stealing millions of dollars from Americans at a time when many are already experiencing significant financial distress.
But there are steps you can take to avoid becoming a victim of fraud. Here are a few of the scams you may encounter during COVID-19, and some tips on how to avoid them.
- Treatment and Testing Scams
Currently, there are no proven treatments and no vaccine for COVID-19. But that doesn't stop charlatans from promoting "miracle" cures and inaccurate methods of testing for or preventing COVID-19.
Some scammers push products that are expensive and ineffective, or even harmful to your health. Others may offer COVID-19 test kits or face masks to try to get you to give up sensitive information.
To avoid these scams, follow guidance from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and local officials regarding COVID-19 testing and treatment.
- Relief Check Scams
In response to COVID-19, Congress enacted a law that provides stimulus money to most Americans. Scammers are working overtime to try to get these checks into their hands and away from the people who need them.
Some fraudsters are making calls or sending emails and text messages in which they pretend to be from the IRS. As part of these IRS scams, they may wrongly claim you have to pay a fee to get your stimulus payment. Or they may tell you the government sent you more money than it was supposed to, and demand you repay it.
Do not respond to these IRS scams. The government will not call, text, or email you asking for sensitive information related to your stimulus payment.
Visit irs.gov/coronavirus to check the status of your payment.
- Charity Scams
Many people are in need of financial assistance due to COVID-19. And many others are stepping up to help them.
But some people take advantage of others’ desire to help by creating fraudulent stories of need, or fake charities. Others claim to raise money for a legitimate charity, but then pocket the funds.
To ensure your donations are used wisely, limit them to people or organizations you know and trust.
If you're unsure if a charity is legitimate, the Federal Trade Commission suggests searching online for the charity's name and the words "scam" or "fraud," and looking up reviews at sites like Charity Navigator or GuideStar.
In addition, the FTC advises never to donate in cash, by gift card, or by wiring money.
- Phishing Scams
Criminals use phishing scams to trick people into providing sensitive information, like Social Security numbers or online banking passwords. In response to COVID-19, some phishing scammers are posing as government contact tracers.
But no legitimate business or government official will ever ask you to provide a Social Security number or password over email or via text.
Read emails and texts carefully, don’t respond to a sender you don’t know, and never click on a link or reply to a message that seems suspicious.
- Robocall Scams
Robocalls consist of prerecorded messages, frequently read in a robotic voice. Though not all robocalls are phone scams, many of them are.
Recently, there have been reports of scammers using robocalls to offer free COVID-19 test kits, fake cures, work-from-home opportunities, debt consolidation offers, and student loan repayment plans.
These offers are fraudulent. Never provide sensitive information in response to a robocall.
Knowledge Is Power
The better informed you are, the better you’ll be able to protect yourself from fraud. Watch for scam alerts from trusted sources like the Federal Trade Commission, the Federal Communications Commission, and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
Visit Dover Federal Credit Union's Security Center for information that can help you keep your money safe.
We Take Your Security Seriously
At Dover Federal, we’re committed to providing safe credit union online banking and a secure mobile app, and we take extra steps to ensure the security of our branches and ATMs.
If you think your account or card may have been compromised, speak with our team right away.
If you have questions about banking or our financial services, or if you are experiencing financial hardship due to the COVID-19 pandemic, please visit our online resource center or connect with our team. We’re here to help.


Despite all the recent attention that the destruction of tropical forests
has given to the uncharted diversity of life on our planet, taxonomy, the
science of naming and classifying organisms, seems destined to remain the
poor relative of the more glamorous research areas. And as many taxonomists
are only too well aware, their task is not reduced by the time and effort
needed to apply for a (usually) small amount of research money knowing that
even their modest requests are likely to fall upon stony ground.
In universities throughout Britain and elsewhere, the word is to go
and find alternative financial support; to get backing from industry and
the like. But apart from a few drugs companies which may have an interest
in tropical floras, or perhaps some of the growing ranks of biological control
industries, taxonomy seems to be of little relevance to, say, the steel
industry when it comes to naming, for example, the myriads of tropical insects.
How then might we persuade industry to finance some of our research?
Perhaps it is not so much industry but industrialists that we taxonomists
should be courting for sponsorship. Why? Because many people the world over
have a deep desire for immortality, want to leave some mark on the planet
by which they will be remembered for time to come. What better way, then,
than to have one’s name preserved indelibly in the form of a dedicated new
genus or species of flower, butterfly, fish or bird. Such names will not
only be preserved: they will also have the chance of being cited time and
time again in the sceintific literature.
A sliding scale of charges would seem appropriate, from a few hundred
pounds for an attractive, personalised new wasp or beetle, to a few thousands
for a new butterfly and perhaps much, much more for the relatively rarer
and more desirable new species of orchid, bird or small furry animal. There’s
certainly no imminent shortage of new organisms to describe, and without
wanting to advertise, some rather attractive names might emerge to boot,
for example Ici ici or Esso esso.
Is this legal? Do the rules of nomenclature permit it? The answer is
yes. Of course a few unscrupulous taxonomists might be tempted to invent
a new species or to publish as new something already described. These problems
are not insoluble, though. Indeed, with thorough refereeing or manuscripts
and perhaps insurance cover, the sponsorship of taxonomy might lead to even
higher standards. After all, to have a sponsored species sunk into synonymy
would be bad for future business.
One can even envisage agencies forming that would collect orders, advise
on what sort of organism would go well with the corporate image and then
commission a taxonomist working on an appropriate group. Some groups clearly
have more instant appeal than others, but I’m sure that even the smallest
wasp or beatle would be able to find an appreciative dedicatee if it was
a present from a loved one. Soon even pop stars might be clamouring for
this service, a bee for Sting or an angelfish for Madonna!
Even taxonomists who cringe at the idea of commercialisation should
be able to put this new system to good use by donating their sponsorship
income to conservation groups or some other worthy charity. Why shouldn’t
we explore all avenues in order to try and help our chosen science obtain
the funding we know it deserves? Then it’s up to us to ensure that our standards
and those of our peers remain high.
Dr Donald Quicke workes in the Department of Animal and Plant Sciences
at the University of Sheffield.


The 3D Mudejar World Heritage project is a cross-disciplinary initiative that proposes two complementary actions aimed at revaluing Mudejar heritage. On the one hand, several buildings were registered in a digital inventory and virtual reconstructions were created using a combination of 3D scanners, photogrammetry and drone filming. These include the collegiate church of Santa Maria in Calatayud, the church of Santa Tecla in Cervera de la Cañada and the church of La Virgen in Tobed, all of which have been declared UNESCO World Heritage sites, in addition to a previous project undertaken by the research team on the church of San Félix in Torralba, with subsequent work on the preliminary phase of work on the church of Santas Justa y Rufina. On the other, the materials were designed to bring data collection and analysis techniques and technology into educational settings in the Territorio Mudéjar towns. The first of these actions was scientific in nature, enabling the virtual reconstruction of these buildings and thus having a strong impact on the scientific community. The second, of a participatory nature, prompted value creation by pertaining to a brand image, Territorio Mudéjar, which has a significant impact on the inhabitants of these towns.
The virtual 3D building survey consists in capturing the actual geometry of a constructed building using the latest point cloud technology in order to replicate buildings with enough precision to provide information that is at least virtual about them in the event of any eventuality. A three-dimensional survey makes it possible to keep a highly precise copy of the current condition of a building so that it can be replicated; this aids in upkeep because geometric information, for example, can be used to simulate structures, moisture, etc. It is also useful in understanding the building and sharing knowledge about it, as an inventory with the three-dimensional models can be created and placed in 3D databases so that the building can be viewed and studied anywhere in the world. With a 3D printer, scale models can even be made.
The second action in this project entails initiatives for raising awareness among the inhabitants of the Territorio Mudéjar towns about the fact that they possess emblematic assets of universal value. The best way to create opinion and brand image – in this case, the Territorio Mudéjar brand – is through schools, given that the youth population is the most open to learning and the most sensitive to the digital world. Therefore, with a view to revaluing Mudejar art, didactic exhibitions and educational workshops at schools were proposed, in which teachers, AMPA and researchers take part, using the project-based learning method.
LINE OF RESEARCH: (1) New Perspectives on Mudejar Art
- Luis Agustín Hernández, an architect with a PhD in Mechanical Engineering and professor at the School of Engineering and Architecture of the University of Zaragoza.
- Miguel Sancho Mir, an architect with a PhD in Architectural Graphic Expression and professor at the School of Engineering and Architecture of the University of Zaragoza.
- Beatriz Martin Domínguez, architect and professor at the Polytechnic School of Engineering in La Almunia, University of Zaragoza.


Southern Utah News Articles
Hantavirus infection in Kane County
The Southwest Utah Public Health Department (SWUPHD) has confirmed a case of Hantavirus infection in Kane County. Hantavirus incidences are rare in the five-county region, with the last case being reported four years ago in Iron County. The virus is found in the droppings, urine, and saliva of rodents, usually deer mice.
“This time of year, a lot of people start spring cleaning in places where rodent droppings are found; such as sheds, barns and cabins,” says Dr. David Blodgett, SWUPHD Health Officer. “If Hantavirus is present, it can be inhaled and cause respiratory illness within a few weeks.”
Hantavirus infection, called Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome, starts with flu-like symptoms followed by difficulty breathing and can be life-threatening. Treatment includes intensive hospital care to deal with the respiratory distress. Hantavirus is not known to spread person-to-person.
Hantavirus infection can be prevented by avoiding contact with rodents, including nests and droppings.
•Seal openings in structures and set mousetraps.
•Allow an infested area to air out for at least 30 minutes before cleaning.
•Clean droppings by spraying with disinfectant (one part bleach to ten parts water works well), then wipe up with disposable paper towels.
•Wear gloves while cleaning or when handling nests or dead mice.
For more information, visit the Centers for Disease Control website at www.cdc.gov/hantavirus.


The entire semiconductor industry food chain is under intense cost pressure.
The entire semiconductor industry food chain is under intense cost pressure. From the exploding complexity of design and verification to the intricacies of advanced processes and the mask set, an increasing toll is being levied on every new technology generation. The consumer markets that support and provide a return on investment for semiconductor companies are not only fickle, but also have their own price pressures. A market that today is large enough to be worthwhile may shrink to almost nothing in less than a year.
Take Wi-Fi 802.11. The market grew extremely quickly, with many companies fighting for a space, but margins came down faster than expected, making it nearly impossible to make a profit.
The semiconductor industry has learned to cope with the cost and instability of its markets through a combination of design reuse and system-on-chip (SoC) methodologies. Since a chip is now comprised of blocks or subsystems, designers can amortize the cost of design and verification of each block across multiple applications. As a result, the number of reused intellectual-property (IP) blocks in each chip has risen dramatically. Designers are now designing chips by assembling such parts as microcontrollers, digital signal processors, graphics decoders and encoders, and tens or even hundreds of related memory blocks.
Reuse and SoC methodologies have driven down design costs, which would be almost 100 times larger were it not for large-scale block reuse. But these methodologies come with a price in terms of area. Using IP blocks implies an inherently suboptimal physical design; utilization decreases and die size increases.
Impact on margins
Moore's Law dictates that any new process technology, though initially more expensive, soon becomes cheaper than its predecessor. But the suboptimal designs resulting from the increased number of IP blocks tend to cancel out some of the cost benefit. With lower utilization and increased die size, the raw dice per wafer is reduced; yield falls; and the cost rises. In fact, most IC cost models have a higher-than-quadratic relationship to die size. So, the cost of larger dice is dramatically affecting margins.
Unfortunately, the price pressure resulting from the consumer market orientation of most applications is affecting the cost of design and manufacturing. A new set of issues faces the semiconductor industry as it seeks to navigate among the contradictory constraints of IP-block reuse: either lower the design cost through IP reuse and risk a significant margin hit in production costs, or fully optimize for each application, producing smaller chips at an almost unbearable design cost.
A way to reconcile these pressures is emerging. It is based on new methodologies and tools that let designers effectively use massive IP with very high utilization, and to shrink die size at the same time. The semiconductor companies that understand the constraints and seek out these solutions will boost their margins and will again find a way to make money by designing ICs.
Jacques Benkoski is president and chief executive officer of Monterey Design Systems (Mountain View, Calif.).


In the 2019-2020 flu season, nearly 56 million cases of influenza were reported, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. In many of those cases, the virus was accompanied by muscle and joint aches.
“Muscle pain is never enjoyable, and can cause alarm in patients,” says Thomas Donaldson, MD, chair of orthopaedics at Loma Linda University Health. “They can be especially frustrating for people who already experience issues with joint or bone health,” he says.
When a body is infected with a virus, the immune system works to fight the infection. Donaldson says this fight could lead you to feel muscle inflammation and weakness — called myositis — or joint and muscle pain — called myalgia. Pain manifested in the joints is called arthralgia is also a commonly associated with a fever.
What’s causing the pain?
When infected by a virus, the body mounts an immune response, sending antibodies to seek out attack the virus, blocking it from spreading further. “The pain you feel in your joints when you have the flu is due to the body’s immune response, not the actual flu,” Donaldson says. Once the antibodies have bonded with influenza, the body produces a type of protein to kill the virus. This protein is what causes the symptoms, Donaldson says.
Additionally, white blood cells produce cytokines — which are small proteins used for cell signaling — which causes inflammation in muscles and joints. “Inflammation can cause pain that feels similar to mild arthritis,” Donaldson says.
When should you seek help?
Fortunately, the aches and pains are temporary. Once the body fights the infection, the pain should subside. If symptoms are ongoing or severely worsening, there may be a more significant underlying issue, Donaldson says.
"Influenza cannot be treated with antibiotics, but prolonged viral symptoms can turn into a bacterial bronchitis and or pneumonia," he says. "A cough producing mucas that is not clear or white may require more aggressive treatment involving antibiotics."
While it’s common for joints to feel stiff or sore, Donaldson says you should be able to move them fully. “Even if it’s uncomfortable, you should still have full mobility of your joints,” he says. “If you lose movement or your joints are red or swollen, consider seeking medical attention.”
To learn more about what you can do to protect yourself and your family during the flu season, visit our flu page at lluh.org/flu. Loma Linda University Health Primary Care and Urgent Care locations are available for in-person or virtual visits. Appointments can be made quickly and easily online at MyChart or by calling 909-303-9939.


From 1910 to 1940, a million immigrants seeking a better life in the U.S., most of them Chinese, were processed on Angel Island, a tiny dot of land in the San Francisco Bay, roughly 45 minutes from San Francisco. In 1970, the Angel Island Immigration Station was scheduled for demolition, but a California state park ranger named Alexander Weiss made a remarkable discovery: hand-carved fragments of Chinese poetry hiding under layers of graffiti and plaster in the walls of the derelict barracks. This find stopped the wrecking ball and began a decades-long campaign to turn the site into a museum memorializing one of the darker periods in American immigration. (See 10 things to do in San Francisco.)
After 1970, the ramshackle buildings were open to the public on a limited basis until the site was closed in 2005 for extensive refurbishments. On Feb. 15, the station will finally reopen its first phase to the public. Visitors can sit at a simulated interrogation table and take tours of cramped barracks that were segregated by race. New arrivals were detained for anywhere between two weeks and two years before being admitted into the U.S., or sent home. The Chinese encountered particular difficulty. As a consequence of the Chinese Exclusion Act, which severely curtailed Chinese immigration for more than six decades, Chinese detainees endured aggressive and lengthy questioning, intense suspicion and outright racism. Though most were eventually admitted into the country, the wait was tortuous, driving some to take their own lives.
The welcome was much warmer at Angel Island's East Coast counterpart, the fabled Ellis Island, where European immigrants were processed within hours. "Whenever people talk about American immigration, they talk about Ellis Island," says exhibit designer Daniel Quan, whose own father passed through Angel Island in 1926. "The country has not celebrated immigration on an equal basis for everyone."
Visitors to Angel Island will be able to see some of the 200 Chinese poems that were painstakingly carved into the wooden walls, and listen to Cantonese and English recordings of the fraught verses. "Don't say that everything within is Western-style," wrote one detainee. "Even if it is built of jade, it has turned into a cage." Added another: "Imprisoned in the wooden building day after day/ My freedom is withheld; how can I bear to talk about it?/ I look to see who is happy but they only sit quietly."
They're not so quiet anymore. In this preserved space, the walls speak out for hundreds of thousands of Chinese, landing in what they thought of as a haven of opportunity only to meet with indifference, condescension and incarceration.
Guided tours cost $7. For more information, visit www.aiisf.org.


Influenza season is always a dreaded time, and everyone is anxious to protect themselves and their families from catching the flu. But every year new influenza strains crop up, and some of them spread like wildfire. So it is essential that patients be as educated as possible about the nature of influenza and the proactive measures they can take to guard against catching the flu or spreading it to others.
One of the challenges for health care providers when it comes to influenza education, however, is that many people already feel as though they know everything about it. The flu is so common and has been around for so long, that patients may have a tendency to tune you out when you start talking about it, thinking that there is nothing new to know.
To combat this tendency and better educate patients about the flu, it helps to conduct a year-round informational campaign. Instead of just reminding patients about influenza once or twice a year when flu season rolls around, for example, or talking to them about it when they come to you because they have already contracted it, make it an ongoing conversation. That way your advice will always be in the front of their minds as a gentle and constant reminder.
Free Resources for Flu Education
Another great way to make influenza education more relevant and vivid is to take advantage of information provided by organization such as the Centers for Disease Control (CDC).
This organization’s expertise is presenting the material in an eye-catching and consumer-friendly way. You can order or download and distribute from the CDC, for example, all kinds of free flyers, booklets, fact sheets, and posters and use those to bolster your year-round patient education initiatives. You’ll also find them in Spanish, which can been a huge help to patients who may be more comfortable with that language.
Be sure to use newsletters, social media connectivity, and other opportunities to dialog with your patients as a way to keep them informed and share with them website links, statistics, and preventative tips. They’ll appreciate your concern and effort and by keeping the issue front and center you’ll be more successful at encouraging them to take the right steps and make the healthy choices regarding influenza prevention and care.Influenza Prevention