“It’s vital that women have not only the services they so desperately need, but that they take a central role in reconstructing their communities," said Leigh Wintz, SIA's executive director.
Philadelphia, PA (PRWEB) January 17, 2010
In the aftermath of the devastating earthquake in Haiti, many people are suffering. But women and girls, inevitably, will be hardest hit. In Haiti, as in many countries, women are the poorest of the poor. They have no safety net and are often most vulnerable to homelessness, hunger and sexual violence. Women also are overwhelmingly responsible for other vulnerable people, including children, the elderly, and the ill and disabled.
Soroptimist International of the Americas (SIA), a volunteer organization for business and professional women working to improve the lives of women and girls in local communities and throughout the world, understands from experience that women are disproportionately impacted in the wake of disasters due to existing gender inequalities.
“There are complex aspects of disasters that don’t apply equally to women and men, including the reconstruction process following disasters,” said Leigh Wintz, SIA’s executive director. “When aid is given to ‘heads of households,’ women-headed families may be ignored. In addition, women need housing, safety, health care, and especially earning opportunities so they are not lured into prostitution or trafficking in order to survive. They also desperately need protection from sexual violence and abuse in the aftermath of a disaster.”
Without money or other resources, displaced women and girls may be compelled to submit to sex in return for safe passage, food, shelter and other resources. Camps for internally displaced or refugee women also offer limited protection from sexual violence.
Soroptimist has tackled the issue of women’s needs in the aftermath of disasters on a few fronts. “Reaching Out to Women When Disaster Strikes,” a Soroptimist white paper, addresses women’s specific vulnerabilities post-disaster due to existing economic, political and cultural conditions that impact them more severely. The white paper is available at http://www.soroptimist.org/whitepapers/wp_disaster.html.
Soroptimist also maintains a Disaster Recovery Fund, a grant program designed to assist women and girls who have been victims of natural disasters or acts of war. Some funds are used to provide immediate assistance, but the majority are used for longer-term recovery projects. Some projects have included 9/11 Disaster Recovery, in which Soroptimist sent $84,000 to four domestic violence agencies in Lower Manhattan following the 2001 terrorist attacks.
In response to the 2004 earthquake and tsunami in Asia, Soroptimist donated $10,000 to the United Nations Population Fund to help meet the urgent health, hygiene and protection needs of women in Indonesia, Sri Lanka and Maldives. Funds were used to provide women with obstetric care and access to basic services including water, sanitation and food, as well as support services following incidences of violence. Soroptimist contributed an additional $102,000 to several projects that helped include women and girls in the planning and implementation of resettlement and reconstruction efforts.
Because Haiti is part of Soroptimist’s European federation, SIA recently made a donation of $10,000 to Soroptimist International of Europe to support immediate disaster relief efforts for women and girls.
“Soroptimist Disaster Recovery Fund monies will be used to support projects to help women and girls in that decimated country to recover,” Wintz said. “It’s vital that women have not only the services they so desperately need, but that they take a central role in reconstructing their communities. As caretakers, women know where families live, which households have sick members or new babies, and best how to reach remote communities. It is also critical to create and strengthen employment opportunities for women so they do not fall prey to prostitution or trafficking.”
In the wake of a disaster, women and girls are especially at risk for prostitution and trafficking in order to survive. Soroptimist believes the issue is global and systemic, and deserves ongoing awareness and action. Cathy Standiford, the president of SIA’s Board of Directors, recently appeared on CNN’s “Issues with Jane Velez-Mitchell: Reality of the Sex Trade in the U.S” and addressed Soroptimist’s work concerning the sex trafficking of women and girls into prostitution. The segment can be viewed at http://www.cnn.com/video/#/video/bestoftv/2010/01/15/jvm.teens.sold.for.sex.cnn?iref=allsearch.
“Raising awareness is really, really important,” she told CNN’s audience. “And our members throughout the United States and the other 18 countries in our organization are raising awareness. We’re also doing some things to try to assist victims: by providing women and vulnerable girls with educational opportunities and economic opportunities so that they’re not as likely to be lured into trafficking.”
Soroptimist urges those concerned about conditions for women and girls in Haiti to lobby relief organizations and national governments to target efforts toward this vulnerable group.
Headquartered in Philadelphia, Pa., Soroptimist offers programs that improve the lives of women and girls through three distinct platforms: economic empowerment, elimination of violence, and gender equality. Its major program, the Soroptimist Women’s Opportunity Awards, provides cash grants for women seeking to improve their lives with the help of additional education and training. Each year, more than $1.5 million is disbursed to deserving women through this award-winning program. Soroptimist, a 501(c)(3) organization that relies on charitable donations to support its programs, also sponsors the Live Your Dream campaign in recognition of the power of women and their dreams. Visit the campaign’s online home at: http://www.LiveYourDreamCampaign.org.
Visit http://www.soroptimist.org/donate/donate.html to make a donation to the Soroptimist Disaster Recovery Fund. Funds earmarked for Haiti will be used for post-disaster efforts to help Haiti’s women and girls in long-term, sustainable ways.
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Sequencing DNA is nothing new, but it’s much harder to sequence the DNA of a single cell. In order to get enough DNA for sequencing, usually thousands or millions of cells are required. Finding out which mutations are in which cells is extremely difficult, making the mutations present in only a few cells, like early cancerous cells, almost impossible to detect.
The scientists published their findings in the journal Science¹. A new technique was reported today, which allows the duplication of DNA so that more than 90% of the genome of a single cell can be sequenced. This method makes it easier to detect minor DNA sequence variations in single cells, and makes it easier to find genetic differences between individual cells. Such differences could help explain why cancer becomes malignant, how reproductive cells emerge and even how individual neurons differ.
To sequence an individual cell, researchers must first make many copies of its DNA using techniques including PCR. The drawback of these techniques is that some portions of the genome are copied much more extensively than others, a problem which is known as amplification bias. As a result of this, most attempts at single-cell sequencing cover 40% to 70% of the genome.
The new technique developed by Sunney Xie, a chemical biologist at Harvard University in Cambridge, Massachusetts, and his colleagues allows the sequencing of 93% of a human cell. Multiple annealing and looping-based amplification cycles, MALBAC, uses DNA from a single cell, isolates it and adds short DNA molecules, called primers. These are complementary to random parts of the DNA, which makes them stick to the strands and act as starting points for DNA replication.
The primers consist of two parts: a sticky eight-nucleotide portion that varies and binds to the DNA, and a common sequence of 27 nucleotides. This stops the DNA from being copied too many times and cuts down on the amplification bias. This is done by making the newly copied strands loop back onto themselves, which presents over-copying.
MALBAC can be used to see how quickly mutations accumulate, and to find variations in gene-copy number and chromosomal abnormalities across a population of cells. It can also help detect variants across more of the genome than other sequencing methods.
Although MALBAC covers the genome more thoroughly than other techniques, it still misses one-third of single-nucleotide variants. Also, the enzyme that copies the DNA is error prone, so the copying process can introduce variants that weren’t present in the cell.
- Zong, C., Lu, S., Chapman, A. R. & Xie, X. S. Science 338, 1622–1626 (2012).


WATER TOWER Brasschaat
The existing water tower stood on the grounds of the manor of Brasschaat and was erected in order to provide the main house and service buildings with running water. The tower was one of the first buildings made in concrete and continued to be in use up until 1937, when four new water towers were built within the commune of Brasschaat and a completely new water supply system was put in. The water company showed no real interest in the tower due to its totally outdated technique and construction methods.
In 1950 the municipality acquired the manor house and the surrounding grounds. The tower became neglected and was left to fall into ruins. Eventually, the council had to decide whether to tear it down or whether to sell it and give it a new purpose.
The simple concrete construction consisted of:
° a cylindrical water reservoir raised by 4 massive concrete pillars to a height of 23 m. the cylinder itself is about 4 m in height.
° square platforms measuring close to 4 x 4 m and placed between the vertical columns.
° an underground filtering basin and reservoir.
The surrounding grounds bordering the woodland and covering about 680 m².
A meandering brook at the foot of the tower which separates the area from the surrounding woodlands


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Optical storage is the storage of data on an optically readable medium. Data is recorded by making marks in a pattern that can be read back with the aid of light, usually a beam of laser light precisely focused on a spinning optical disc. An older example of optical storage that does not require the use of computers, is microform. There are other means of optically storing data and new methods are in development. An optical disc drive is a device in a computer that can read CD-ROMs or other optical discs, such as DVDs and Blu-ray discs. Optical storage differs from other data storage techniques that make use of other technologies such as magnetism, such as floppy disks and hard disks, or semiconductors, such as flash memory and RAM.
Optical storage can range from a single drive reading a single CD-ROM to multiple drives reading multiple discs such as an optical jukebox. Single CDs (compact discs) can hold around 700 MB (megabytes) and optical jukeboxes can hold much more. Single-layer DVDs can hold 4.7 GB, while dual-layered can hold 8.5 GB. This can be doubled to 9.4 GB and 17 GB by making the DVDs double sided, with readable surfaces on both sides of the disc. HD DVDs were able to store 15 GB with a single-layer and 30 GB with a dual-layer. Blu-ray discs, which won the HDTV optical format war by defeating HD DVDs, can hold 25 GB for single-layer and 50 GB for dual-layer.
It is estimated that in the year 2007, optical storage represents 27% of the world's technological capacity to store information.
- Data storage device - the broader topic of all devices that store data
- Optical jukebox
- Optical disc drive
- Optical tape - more capacity than magnetic tape but not as cost effective
- Magneto-optical drive - combines optical and magnetic technologies to store data
- Laser turntable - a device that optically reads mechanical data storage media
- Holographic Data Storage Systems - potential new optical storage technology
- 3D optical data storage - potential new optical storage technology
- Optical Storage Technology Association - industry trade association
- "The World’s Technological Capacity to Store, Communicate, and Compute Information" especially Supporting online material, Martin Hilbert and Priscila López (2011), Science (journal), 332(6025), 60-65
|This computer-storage-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.|


Medical matters on safari
Speak to your doctor before you travel. Get accurate and current advice on inoculation requirements and any recently recognised medical precautions that may be necessary.
Common medical concerns on safari include the following:
- Malaria: caused by a mosquito borne parasite, malaria is endemic in all of our main safari areas. East, southern and Central Africa. From experience we’ve found the worst time of year for malaria generally during the wet season. The incidence of malaria diminishes as the season gets drier and cooler but there is still a risk even at the end of the dry season before the new rains. The best precautions are physical barriers in the early evenings and at night (long trousers and sleeves, 30% plus deet-based repellents, mosquito nets). You need to watch for the symptoms for several weeks after your return home – it’s important to get treatment very quickly if you’ve contracted malaria. If you develop flu-like symptoms then get a quick and simple blood test without any delay to be on the safe side.
- Diarrhoea: a common problem when travelling in Africa. We’ve seen advice recommending that even salads should be washed in bottled mineral water?! That’s extreme, the reality is that food preparation and presentation in some of the remotest camps is as good as you’ll get in some of the best hotels in Europe and North America. Just be sensible about what you eat and drink, and bring suitable medication in case.
- Sunburn: The African sun even during our southern winter from May to July is fierce. Aside from the long term risks of skin cancer, a bad sunburn could spoil a safari. The greatest risk of serious sunburn is on canoe and walking safaris or when you’re trekking at altitude (Mt Kenya or Kilimanjaro). There’s no need to get extreme with precautions unless you’re particularly sensitive to the sun. Be sure to bring a hat, long sleeves, strong sun barrier that suits your skin type and sunglasses. On canoe safaris a towel or “kikoi” covering the legs is essential.
Medical services on the ground
Even the remotest camps are reasonably well geared to handle minor mishaps in terms of first aid practitioners, trauma kits etc. In the event of a serious accident, Johannesburg in South Africa is the only real option for immediate high care evacuation in Southern Africa. In East Africa a well established air evacuation service is available from Nairobi.
Ensure that you have adequate medical insurance – as a rule the remoter and less developed the destination, the more expensive the evacuation.
Some valuable sources for medical guidance
Fit for Travel: An excellent UK-based source of travel health information (used by our own doctor friends)
Centres for Disease Control and Prevention: Destination updates, reference materials, current news, special needs travel info, travelling with children, excellent checklist, hotline numbers in the USA
WHO – International Travel and Health: the directing and coordinating authority for health within the United Nations system with links to national travel and health websites.
US State Department: medical information for Americans travelling abroad, includes a very valuable listing of addresses of Med-Evac and Travel Insurance companies plus additional regional tips etc.


Autism disorders have range of symptoms, severity
Tahlequah Daily Press - 4/5/2018
April 05--Monday marked a day of activities and education concerning an array of disorders about which misunderstanding is common, though many people are aware of them.
April 2 was World Autism Awareness Day, intended to focus on the spectrum and those who deal with autism.
Today, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders uses "autism spectrum disorders" as a general term encompassing autism, Rett syndrome, Asperger syndrome, childhood disintegrative disorder and "pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified."
Dr. John Fell, who practices at Northeastern Health System'sTahlequah Medical Group, is the father of six. His son Conner, 12, is autistic.
"His mother noticed at a very young age that he wasn't interacting socially very well," Fell said. "She took him to three or four specialists before someone diagnosed him. There is a whole spectrum. He was non-verbal until he was 5-1/2. I began to wonder if he would ever speak."
Fell said raising an autistic son requires some understanding of the challenges the child faces.
"He reacts to his environment differently than most people," Fell said. "He is prone to having 'flutters' and getting upset by something happening publicly. We may be out as a family and he starts to get upset. People look at us, waiting for us to do something about him. They don't understand that disciplining him won't do any good. Sometimes you can get him focused on something else, and he has improved a lot between the ages of 8 and 12. He now communicates verbally."
ASD commonly manifests as severe and often incapacitating difficulties with social development and communication, and repetitive behavior. As babies, autistic children smile less and respond less frequently when hearing their names. Toddlers make less eye contact and fewer gestures, and preschool children have severe problems functioning in social situations.
Repetitive behavior that can include rigid rules when performing tasks, arranging toys in a specific order, and repeating movements like head rolling or hand flapping, can be an indicator of autism.
However, a couple of odd behaviors or delayed development of communication skills do not result in diagnoses of ASD. Problems with social interaction must span many circumstances and be supported by observation of the child and parental interview. Diagnosis often occurs around ages 2-3, but in some cases, it happens between 14 and 24 months.
Early symptoms of autism include no gesturing or babbling by 12 months, and no single-word speech by 16 months.
It is usually between 18 and 24 months that parents notice behavior that is possibly autistic.
The causes of autism are not well-understood, though research suggests most cases have a genetic basis, and that interference with synaptic function may occur. Studies also indicate that factors linked to autism affect the fetus within the first two months of a pregnancy.
Among environmental variables, a 2014 study suggested air pollution containing heavy metals could increase the risk of autism. Other environmental elements have been attached to ASD, but without objective study -- most notoriously, the measles-mumps-rubella vaccine. Further studies attempting to duplicate those findings of a British doctor instead showed no connection between autism and MMR, and the link is considered fully debunked by an overwhelming majority in the medical profession.
The challenge of educating autistic children often correlates with the severity of the disorder. Medications are sometimes used to help children with ASD to function in school and public settings. Prescriptions vary with the needs of the patient.
"Autism disorders have a very wide range," said Dr. Jason Mutz, pharmacist for the Reasor's in Tahlequah. "Some children are almost 100 percent functional and other cases are more severe, so it is different and individualized for everybody. Some are aggressive, in which case they may be prescribed psychiatric medications to help them keep calm. Some have difficulty focusing, and may be prescribed ADHD meds. Some may take anti-depressants, or selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors that can help with anxiety."
There is little clinical data on autistic adults. There is no cure for any ASD, but in many cases, outward symptoms seem to diminish in severity with age. Improvement sometimes even reaches the threshold of the ASD diagnosis being withdrawn. But due to the dearth of study, the frequency is unknown.
However, most with ASD face many challenges as they become adults. Anecdotally, autistic adults have reported difficulty making new friends and finding employment, and independent living is rare for those with severe symptoms.
There are challenges with an autistic kid, but Conner also brings immense joy for the Fells.
"You never go a moment without laughing, even if you want to cry," said mother Kira Fell. "This is a blessing. I sometimes get cross looks for saying this, but my kid is weird. That's all he is. He is happy, healthy and he will live a long life. He likes who he is."
Dr. Fell said he was excited when Conner began reading.
"Then we discovered he is really extraordinary with dates and numbers," Fell said. "You can ask him when something happened in our family, he can tell you what day and year it happened. In the future, he can instantly tell you what day of the week a date falls on. He has this recall of dates. He memorized all the moves of his favorite dance on YouTube. We went to Special Olympics this weekend. He finished last, but that's because he was so excited to be there, he was running sideways waving his hands in the air."
(c)2018 the Tahlequah Daily Press (Tahlequah, Okla.)
Visit the Tahlequah Daily Press (Tahlequah, Okla.) at www.tahlequahdailypress.com
Distributed by Tribune Content Agency, LLC.


Striped bass, Morone saxatilis (Walbaum), is an anadromous species naturally occurring along the US Atlantic coast, which historically supported valuable commercial and recreational fisheries. In response to a near order-of-magnitude decline in landings, the Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission enacted a management plan in 1981 protecting fish until they could spawn at least once. By 1989, recruitment increased in natal rivers and regulations were relaxed, permitting limited fisheries by 1990. By 1995, the stock was declared fully recovered. Since the recovery, concern has increased over the health of the stocks. In the 1990s, fish in poor physical condition with dermal lesions became common in Chesapeake Bay. Pathogens of most concern in cultures from fish include the genus Mycobacterium. Coincident with declines in fish health were changes in diets, declines of preferred prey, and reduced growth and condition. Theories were suggested linking declines in condition to reductions in forage base or pathogens. Diets have changed since the 1950s and while many Chesapeake fish are infected with mycobacteria, it is still not known how or if these factors are linked. The highest priorities for research were considered to be: linking numerous local and regional studies to provide a coast-wide perspective; continuation of investigations linking population health to the prey-base; determination of the cause-effect of mycobacteria infections; and formulation of management options.
Additional publication details
US Atlantic coast striped bass: Issues with a recovered population


Diisononyl phthalate (DINP) is used to soften or “plasticize” vinyl. DINP is a general purpose plasticizer used in a multitude of vinyl products that demand flexibility, durability and specific functionality. While DINP’s primary function is as a softener, it is also used in sealants, paints and lubricants. The benefits of DINP in vinyl are evident in products manufactured by the automobile, wire and cable, roofing and flooring industries.
On December 20, 2013, the California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment (OEHHA) added DINP to California’s Proposition 65 list as “known to the State to cause cancer.”
Q: What exactly is California Proposition 65?
A: Proposition 65 (Prop 65) is the original name for the initiative that became California’s Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act of 1986. This law was enacted directly by California’s voters when it appeared as an initiative on an election ballot. The law is administered by OEHHA, which is a part of the California Environmental Protection Agency (Cal/EPA).
Q: What does Prop 65 require?
A: Under Prop 65, the Governor of California must issue an annual list of substances “known to the State” to cause cancer, birth defects or reproductive harm. Currently, there are almost 900 substances on this list, including additives or ingredients in food and many common household products, naturally occurring substances, ethyl alcohol in alcoholic beverages, aspirin, and many prescription drugs.
Prop 65 requires anyone doing business in California to label a product if human exposure to a listed substance in the product is expected to be at a level above the established “safe harbor” level for that substance.
Q: What is a “safe harbor” level for a substance?
A: For substances that are listed as causing cancer, the “safe harbor” level is called a “no significant risk level” (NSRL). An NSRL is defined as the level of exposure that would result in not more than one excess case of cancer in 100,000 individuals exposed to the substance over a 70-year lifetime. In other words, a person exposed to the substance at the “no significant risk level” for 70 years would not have more than a “one in 100,000” chance of developing cancer as a result of that exposure. A business has a “safe harbor” from Prop 65 warning requirements if exposure to a substance occurs at or below the NSRL.
Q: Does DINP meet the requirements for listing?
A: Prop 65 provides specific scientific criteria to determine if a substance is “known to the State” to cause cancer or reproductive toxicity. In December 2013, a committee of scientific experts appointed by the Governor and known as the Carcinogen Identification Committee (CIC) reviewed the scientific evidence on DINP and comments from the public. Based on that review, the CIC recommended that OEHHA list DINP. The High Phthalates Panel of the American Chemistry Council believes the weight-of-evidence is that, while high doses of DINP cause tumors in rodents, the specific tumor types are widely known to be not relevant to human cancer hazard assessment. On June 9, 2014, ACC filed a lawsuit against OEHHA challenging the listing of DINP as a chemical known to cause cancer pursuant to Prop 65.
Q: Would DINP be banned by a Prop 65 listing?
A: No. As stated by OEHHA, Prop 65 “does not ban or restrict the use of any given chemical.” It is not a restriction on use; it is primarily a labeling requirement that applies in certain instances. Prop 65 is a California law and this listing does not affect other U.S. states or regulations in other countries.
Q: Does a Prop 65 listing mean that DINP is unsafe?
A: No. A Prop 65 listing is not a safety determination. Indeed, according to OEHHA, the purpose of Prop 65 is to notify consumers that they may be exposed to a listed substance, but a Prop 65 product warning label does not mean that a product is in “violation of any product-safety standards.”
As noted above, the State may develop a No Significant Risk Level (NSRL) that would be a “safe harbor” level establishing the level of exposure that would result in not more than one excess case of cancer in 100,000 individuals exposed to the substance over a 70-year lifetime.
Q: Will products containing DINP need to be labeled in California?
A: If exposure is below the calculated NSRL, Prop 65 warning labels will not be required for these products.
The American Chemistry Council High Phthalates Panel plans to develop a resource to assist in estimating potential exposures to DINP from vinyl consumer products.
Q: When will the warning requirement for DINP be in effect?
A: DINP was added to the list of chemicals known to the State of California to cause cancer on December 20, 2013. The warning requirement becomes effective a year from that date, December 20, 2014.
Q: What have other regulatory agencies said about DINP?
A: DINP has been thoroughly studied and reviewed by a number of government scientific agencies and regulatory bodies in the United States and Europe, including:
- European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) (2013)
- National Industrial Chemicals Notification and Assessment Scheme (NICNAS) of the Australian Government Department of Health and Ageing (2012)
- National Toxicology Program's Center for the Evaluation of Risks to Human Reproduction (2003)
- European Chemicals Bureau (2003)
- Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) (the Chronic Hazard Advisory Panel on DINP in 2001 and the CPSC staff in 2002)
- EU’s Regulation on Registration, Evaluation, Authorization and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH)
The conclusions of these agencies have been essentially the same: DINP does not pose a risk to human health at typical exposure levels.
» To view and save the information above as a shareable PDF, click here.
OEHHA Prop 65 website: http://www.oehha.org/prop65.html


Learning By Making Mistakes
So often we view failure as something to be avoided. It can be humbling, embarrassing, and even costly, but the question to be asked is, in our efforts to avoid mistakes, have we missed out on valuable opportunities for growth? Author, speaker and leadership expert John Maxwell recounts an interesting illustration in his book "Attitude 101". Experimenting with his system of grading, a ceramics teacher decided that one half of the classroom would be graded on sheer quantity of items produced. At the close of the semester, fifty pounds of pots would earn this group of students a perfect score, with a decrease in grade for fewer and fewer produced. Students from the other half of the classroom would be scored based on the quality of projects completed. In this scenario, students needed only to produce one perfect pot during the semester to receive an "A".
The results were astounding. The pot with the least imperfections was actually produced by the group of students being graded strictly on quantity. Maxwell explains that, because the 'quantity' group was "busily churning out piles of work", they were able to learn from their mistakes. The 'quality' group, on the other hand, spent so much time theorizing at the expense of practical hands-on application.
In Maxwell's opinion, "the process of achievement comes through repeated failures and the constant struggle to climb to a higher level."


Mae'r cynnwys hwn ar gael yn Saesneg yn unig.
In 2017-18, a record number of people (1,575 in total) in the UK donated their organs after death, resulting in more than 5,000 life-saving or life-improving transplants. These figures, released by NHS Blood and Transplant, show numbers of deceased donors continue to rise in the UK. The 2017-18 figure was an 11% increase on the previous year, and a near 20% increase in donor numbers since 2013-14.
These numbers are encouraging. More than 50,000 people are alive in the UK today following organ transplant. Yet 457 people still died in 2016-17 waiting for a transplant and more than 6,000 patients remain on the transplant waiting list.
England, Scotland and Northern Ireland operate an opt-in system of consent for organ donation. Willing donors provide consent by actively signing up to the organ donor register. Wales, however, has had an opt-out system since December 2015 (which England and Scotland are also expected to implement). All adults in Wales are now presumed to be consenting organ donors unless they explicitly register to opt out of donation, although people can still choose to opt in (known as express consent).
Even given these policy differences, family refusal remains one of the biggest barriers to donation. Under each country’s laws, following the death of a loved one, consent must first be obtained from the family before any organ can be taken for transplant (even in Wales), regardless of the wishes of the deceased. While consent is granted in around two-thirds of cases, this rises to over 90% when the deceased was a registered donor.
Donation and location
At the time of writing, more than one-third of the UK’s population (24.9m people) have signed up to the NHS organ donor register, making clear their willingness to donate their organs after death. But recent figures show that levels of registration differ across areas of the UK. The number of registered donors is lower in England (35% of the population) than Wales (38%), Northern Ireland (40%) and Scotland (44%).
Between health authorities in England, higher numbers of donors are found in the South (42%), compared to the North (34%), Midlands and East (34%) and London (29%). Similar disparities also exist among Welsh local authorities. Whether these figures point to a geography of potential donors is currently unclear, but these numbers surely warrant further investigation – especially given the strong relationship between registered donor status and familial consent for donation.
Research from the US has already identified local differences that correspond to different levels of registered organ donors. In one study, areas characterised by higher income were found to have greater numbers of registered donors, for example. Until recently, however, research linking location factors with organ donation rates had not been conducted in the UK.
In our recently published analysis of local patterns in registered organ donors, we found notable difference in rates of sign-up to the organ donor register across Welsh communities in the five years before Wales switched to an opt-out system. Among those aged 16-70, we found levels of new sign-up over this period ranged from as little as 6% of residents in some communities to as much as 24% in others. Higher rates of new sign-up during this period were generally found in and around major urban areas in the south east and north east of Wales, while lower rates were shown in south Wales valley communities.
Exploring the local geography of registered donors will undoubtedly raise questions about whether these differences are caused by variations in people or place – and rightly so. But having a better understanding of the potential geography of registered donors could be of considerable benefit to all the UK nations – especially to those local policymakers and practitioners working within them.
For now, rates of organ donation in the UK are still someway behind high performing countries such as Spain, which had 46.9 donors per million people in 2017, compared to 23 donors per million in the UK. Figures for 2017-18 also show the number of people registering a decision to opt-out of organ donation in the UK has increased to more than 500,000.
Tracking local trends can provide important information that will help identify areas where fewer people are opting in to organ donation, or, in the future (or now in Wales), areas where more people are opting out. Information that could play a vital role in helping specific groups and communities learn about the importance of organ donation, and ultimately help save lives.


Wikimedia disambiguation page
A derivative is something created from a Primary source, and can mean different things.
- Derivative (linguistics), a word that is made from a more basic word
- Derivative (chemistry), a substance that has similar properties to the original. However, one or more components of the original are replaced
- Derivative (finance), or derivative security
- Derivative (mathematics), a central idea of calculus
- Derivative works made from an existing work of art
| This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Derivative.
If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.


- (transitive) To overcome in battle or contest.
- (transitive) To reduce, to nothing, the strength of.
- He finds himself naturally to dread a superior Being that can defeat all his designs, and disappoint all his hopes.
- A. W. Ward
- In one instance he defeated his own purpose.
- (transitive) To nullify
- The escheators […] defeated the right heir of his succession.
to overcome in battle or contest
defeat (plural defeats)
- The act of defeating or being defeated.
2012 May 13, Alistair Magowan, “Sunderland 0-1 Man Utd”, in BBC Sport:
- Two defeats in five games coming into this contest, and a draw with Everton, ultimately cost Sir Alex Ferguson's side in what became the most extraordinary finale to the league championship since Arsenal beat Liverpool at Anfield in 1989.
the act of defeating or being defeated


Before cutting into fabrics, interfacings or linings it is imperative that the lengthwise and crosswise grains are perpendicular to each other. This ensures a garment that will hang and drape without pulling or riding up on the body when fitted and sewn properly. Fabric grains can sometimes become distorted during the manufacturing process or if they are improperly wound on a bolt or tube. This can result in a crooked piece of yardage once it has been cut from the bolt. To rectify this, make a small horizontal slit through the selvage starting about 1/2” from the top of the fabric. Gently pull one of the threads that will be revealed in the slit and continue pulling across the entire width.
If the fabric is very crooked and the pulled thread runs out and off the end of the yardage before reaching the other selvage, make another slit below the first one and start again. Repeat this process at the bottom of the yardage so both ends are “thread perfect.” The closer and tighter the weave, the more the thread may break. If this occurs and it’s difficult to see the end of the broken thread, use a magnifier and pick out an inch or so of the thread with a needle or sharp pin and continue pulling, then cut along the drawn thread to straighten.
On some difficult fabrics where the thread keeps breaking, make a slightly larger cut in the selvage and slowly rip the fabric along the crossgrain taking care not to accidentally cause a tear or pulls on the lengthwise grain. If the fabric is loosely woven, the thread will often pull out very cleanly leaving a “channel” where the thread once was. Cut inside this “channel” to straighten. On woven plaids, cut along one of the crosswise yarns at the top and bottom of the yardage. Serge or ziz zag along each crosswise end to prevent raveling. Use an L-square or grid to line up the selvages and crossgrains. If they are not at right angles to each other, gently pull opposite ends of the true bias grain to help realign the threads. A sewing buddy is helpful when straightening larger yardages. Using a steam iron and pressing with an up and down motion…not ironing…will often help set the threads in place.
To straighten knits, locate and baste along a lengthwise “rib” at the center of the yardage. Locate and baste or pin along a crosswise yarn known as a “course” at the top and bottom of the yardage. Cut along this yarn. Fold the yardage in half along the basted “rib” to align the selvages and crossgrains. On both woven and knit fabrics, basting across the selvages as well as the top and bottom crossgrains often helps realign the yarns during pre-shrinking. Knits can be straightened or “blocked” by dampening and pinning into position until dry.
When purchasing patterned fabrics that have been printed, always check to be sure the design has been printed on-grain. Unlike woven patterns, it is nearly impossible to straighten printed yardage without distorting the image. However, if the design is printed satisfactorily on the lengthwise grain, you can often cut along the crosswise design with little or no distortion of the finished project. This is known as making the fabric “piece perfect” as opposed to “thread perfect.”
Next month, we will explain various methods of pre-shrinking and testing for color-fastness.


As mentioned in an earlier piece, many Americans are beginning to experience meat supply shortages in their local grocery stores and marketplaces, due to workers in processing facilities falling ill with COVID-19. This leaves consumers with a choice: Either to weather the impending inconsistencies of the meat supply chain or to make changes to their diet altogether. While we won’t explicitly advocate for any one type of diet, some studies have shown that plant-based diets tend to be healthier due to their nutritional diversity.
With the meat supply chain taking a hit, would it be such a bad thing if you ate less meat? If your answer to the previous question is yes then we may be able to help, as a variety of plants and vegetables can be sources of protein as well. To assist you on this journey, we have put together a list of five plants and vegetables to keep an eye out for.
Like many other varieties of beans, black beans are touted by some as being nutritionally rich, serving as a concentrated source of fiber, folate, magnesium, iron, and protein. As far as the protein content of black beans, the USDA says that they are incredibly rich, with a half-cup accounting for up to 5 grams of protein. The other great thing about black beans is that they are easy to store. As mentioned in another piece, beans are usually best purchased in canned form, as that tends to circumvent the amount of time spent soaking them while cooking. As a result, beans are one of the easiest foods to stockpile. (via Everyday Health)
In a similar fashion to beans, Green Peas are also a rich plant-based source of protein, with approximately 9 grams of it per cooked cup. It should also be mentioned that Green Peas are rich in other nutrients as well, accounting for more than 25% of your daily fiber, thiamine, folate, manganese, as well as vitamins A, C & K per serving. (via HealthLine)
Much like its cruciferous counterparts, broccoli is widely known for its host of culinary applications and nutritional benefits. When it comes to the popular vegetable’s protein content, around 1 cup of it can provide up to 2.6 grams of protein. On top of its high protein content, broccoli is also a great source of manganese, folate, and vitamins C & K. (via Medical News Today)
With 30% of its calories accounting for protein, spinach has a 1:1 ratio of cups to grams of protein content, making it a great addition to a salad. For those that make salads a regular fixture in their meal plans, a spinach-based salad can include up to 1.5 grams of protein per serving—not including other vegetables. Additionally, spinach has a high number of carotenoids, vitamin C, vitamin K, and folic acid, making it a great source for nutrients. (via iFoodReal).
Along with being a reliable source of folate, iron, magnesium, zinc, and vitamins C & K, alfalfa sprouts are also rich in protein, with it accounting for a whopping 42% of its calories. Additionally, studies have shown that alfalfa sprouts may be connected to lowering cholesterol levels, as well as decreasing inflammation. (via Medical News Today)
In closing, these are just five of the many different plant-based foods that you can find to supplement or replace, your meat-based options for protein. Honorary mentions include Asparagus, Collard Greens, Brussel Sprouts, Cauliflower, Green Peas, Quinoa, and of course, Nuts! For more information on protein-rich plants and vegetables, we invite you to check out this nifty list on HealthLine.


Suidas is confusing the two Artemisias, but he may be right in attributing the poem to about 480 B.C.
"Hesiod, The Homeric Hymns, and Homerica" by Homer and Hesiod
The name of this lady admiral was Artemisia.
"Xerxes" by Jacob Abbott
Wormwood is the product of many species of Artemisia, a family consisting of 180 species, of which we have four in England.
"The plant-lore and garden-craft of Shakespeare" by Henry Nicholson Ellacombe
From the tomb erected to Mausolus, by his wife Artemisia, at Halicarnassus, 379 B.C.
"Architecture" by Thomas Roger Smith
Artemisia 2 North Temperate Regions.
"Island Life" by Alfred Russel Wallace
I only mention it because he, too, in his way, fell in love with Artemisia and for a time neglected his familiar preoccupations.
"Captain Macedoine's Daughter" by William McFee
Cousin Artemisia stood back and looked at me as if she would read every thought in my whole soul.
"The American Country Girl" by Martha Foote Crow
The surface was hard and gravelly, and covered with wild sage or artemisia.
"Narrative of the March of Co. A, Engineers from Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, to Fort Bridger, Utah, and Return" by William P. Seville
The Artemisia was a festival celebrated in her honour at Delphi.
"The New Gresham Encyclopedia. Vol. 1 Part 2" by Various
There are statues of Mausolus and Artemisia in the British Museum.
"Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 2, Slice 6" by Various
Such is life, lovely Artemisia!
"Monsieur Cherami" by Charles Paul de Kock
Artemisia, his daughter and disciple, followed her father into that island; but she passed her best years in Italy.
"The History of Painting in Italy, Vol. 1 (of 6)" by Luigi Antonio Lanzi
Both man and horse refuse the artemisia as food; and so, too, the less fastidious mule.
"Odd People" by Mayne Reid
Artemisia did make herself her loved one's shrine, by drinking his ashes.
"Harper's New Monthly Magazine, v. 3, number 18" by Various
Artemisia Gentileschi, daughter of Orazio Gentileschi, lived 1590-1642.
"The Browning Cyclopædia" by Edward Berdoe
In Melissa's old-fashioned garden Artemisia, with two little slave girls to help her, was at work over a hedge of roses.
"The Golden Hope" by Robert H. Fuller
In the early 5th century Halicarnassus was under the sway of Artemisia, who made herself famous at the battle of Salamis.
"Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 12, Slice 7" by Various
Artemisia, erected a splendid tomb about 350 B.C.
"Chambers's Twentieth Century Dictionary (part 2 of 4: E-M)" by Various
At the time of his birth Halicarnassus was under the rule of a queen Artemisia (q.v.).
"Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 13, Slice 4" by Various
BISCUIT BASIN and SAPPHIRE POOL are places of much interest, also JEWEL GEYSER, ARTEMISIA GEYSER, etc.
"With God in the Yellowstone" by Alma White


Sometimes, strange stuff forms in the skies.
Like this squadron of fluffy alien saucers over Puerto Natales, Chile.
The following pictures feature eerie, saucer-shaped puffs that seem to hang over the sky like UFOs.
Technically called “lenticular clouds,” the weird phenomenon seen over Puerto Natales has a simple explanation. And these so-called “UFO clouds” are nothing to fear.
Here’s how those UFO clouds form:
A lenticular cloud is a lens-shaped cloud that normally develops on the downwind side of a mountain or mountain range.
This occurs when stable, moist air flows over a mountain, creating a series of oscillating waves. If the temperature at the crest of the wave equals the dew point temperature, condensation occurs in a lens formation.
As the air falls down the trough of the wave, where the temperature and dew point temperature are not equal, evaporation occurs. Thus, a wave cloud, or a series of lenticular clouds, is capable of forming.
These special clouds are called stratocumulus standing lenticularis, because of their height and shape. Lenticular is a Latin word that means lens-like, another reference to their shape.
Lenticular clouds are often mistaken for UFOs because of the saucer-like shape. What do you think these strange clouds look like?


From Smart to Senseless: The Global Impact of Ten Years of Smartphones
by Elizabeth Jardim
February 26, 2017
Since 2007, more than 7 billion smartphones have been produced. And while smartphones have changed the world in many positive ways, the manufacturing of these gadgets is having devastating impacts on our planet.
Smartphones have undeniably changed our lives and the world in a very short amount of time. In 2007, almost no one owned a smartphone. In 2017, they are seemingly everywhere. Globally, among people aged 18-35, nearly 2 in every 3 people own a smartphone.
In just 10 years, more than 7 billion smartphones have been produced.
But as smartphones have spread across the world, the rapid churn of devices that is fueling record profits across the technology sector is also causing an ever-widening impact on the planet and the countries where these devices are manufactured.
Despite tremendous innovation in the functionality of the phones themselves, product design and supply chain decisions continue to suffer from the same not-so-smart linear manufacturing model and short-term profit-driven perspective that have plagued the IT sector for years:
- Miners in remote landscapes conduct the life-threatening work of extracting precious metals for these devices; often fueling armed conflict in countries like the Democratic Republic of Congo and leaving the land destroyed;
- Workers in electronics factories are unknowingly exposed to hazardous chemicals that damage their health;
- Increasing device complexity means greater amounts of energy is required to produce each phone, which in turns increases demand for coal and other forms of dirty energy in China and other parts of Asia;
- Insufficient of product take-back and reuse of materials further contributes to a rapidly growing e-waste stream.
All this for a gadget that the average consumer in the United States uses for just over two years.
And sadly, the problems with smartphones do not end when a consumer is ready to repair or upgrade their phone.
Major smartphone manufacturers are increasingly making product design decisions that take away an individual’s ability to replace the battery or add more memory. As a result, all the resources, energy, and human effort expended to make each phone are wasted, if the phone is damaged, needs a new battery, or the user outgrows the storage capacity. This greatly reduces the lifespan of the product and drives demand for new products and maximum profit.
In this report we quantify the resource and energy impacts of a decade of smartphone production. Findings include:
- 7.1 billion smartphones have been produced since 2007.
- More than 60 different elements are commonly used in the manufacturing of smartphones. While the amount of each element in a single device may seem small, the combined impacts of mining and processing these precious materials for 7 billion devices is significant.
- Since 2007, roughly 968 TWh has been used to manufacture smartphones, which is nearly the same as one year’s power supply for India (973 TWh in 2014).
- Only two (Fairphone and LG G5) of 13 models reviewed had easily replaceable batteries. This means consumers are forced to replace their whole devices when the battery life starts to dwindle.
- In 2014 alone, e-waste from small IT products like smartphones was estimated to be 3 million metric tons. Less than an estimated 16 percent of global e-waste is recycled.
- At end-of-life, current design makes disassembly difficult, including the use of proprietary screws and glued in batteries; therefore, smartphones are often shredded and sent for smelting when “recycled.” Given the small amounts of a wide diversity of materials and substances in small devices, smelting is inefficient, or ineffective, at recovering many of the materials.
We are calling for a new business model, in which smartphone manufacturers take into account the impacts their popular devices are having on our planet, and the desire of consumers to slow down the rate of phones they go through in a decade.
Manufacturers should measure their innovation not by fewer millimeters and more megapixels, but by designing devices to last, by making them easily repairable and upgradeable, and using components and materials that can safely be reused again and again to make new phones.


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Pontifical Audiences are the receptions given by the pope to cardinals, sovereigns, princes, ambassadors, and other persons, ecclesiastical or lay, having business with or interest in the Holy See . Such audiences form an important part of the pope's daily duties. Bishops of every rite in communion with the Holy See, and from every nation, come to Rome, not only to venerate the tombs of the Apostles, but also to consult the supreme pastor of the Church. The master of the chamber ( Maestro di Camera ), whose office corresponds to that of grand chamberlain in royal courts, is the personage to whom all requests for an audience with the pope are made, even those which the ambassadors and other members of the Diplomatic Corps present through the cardinal secretary of state. He is one of the four Palatine Prelates who are in frequent relations with the pope, and his office is regarded as leading to the cardinalate. The pope receives every day the cardinal prefect of one or other of the sacred congregations. At these audiences decrees are signed or counsel given by the pope, and hence, by their very nature, they are of no slight importance to the practical work of the Church. Prelates connected with other institutions either in Rome or abroad, generals and procurators of religious orders, are also received at regular intervals and on stated days. The days and hours of regular audiences are specified on a printed form which is distributed to all cardinals and persons whose duty and privilege it is to have such audience. This printed form is changed every six months, as the hours of audience vary according to the season. Audiences to sovereigns or princes travelling under their own names and titles are invested with special ceremonies. When the pope was a temporal ruler the master of the chamber, notified beforehand by the secretary of state of the proximate arrival in Rome of a sovereign, went, accompanied by the secretary of ceremonial, several miles beyond the city gates to meet him. Returning to Rome, he notified the pope of the event, and visited the sovereign to acquaint him with the day and hour of the pontifical audience. Sovereigns of the highest rank, being considered as equal to the pope, sit near him during audience, under the same baldachin or canopy. The attendance of guards and chamberlains and court officials is always doubled when such audiences are given. In the ordinary audiences given to priests and lay persons the general practice is that they present a letter of recommendation from the bishop of their diocese, which is presented to the rector of the national college in Rome of the country from which they come. The rector procures from the master of the chamber the necessary card of admission. Amongst the instructions printed on this card are those regulating the dress to be worn on such occasion: for priests the cassock with a large black mantle ( ferraiolone ), such as Roman secular priests wear; for lay men, evening dress with white cravat; for ladies, a black dress with black lace veil on the head. On these occasions it is forbidden to present to the pope for his signature written requests for indulgences, faculties, privileges, or the like. Since the election of Pope Pius X there has been some concession in the matter of dress for the laity in public audience; apparently, in order that every "man of good-- will", non-- Catholic as well as Catholic, who desires to see the pope may have his wish fulfilled. This has increased the number of persons received in audience, but it has lessened occasions for the pope's utterances on various aspects of the tendencies of the time, which distinguished the audiences of Leo XIII and of the latter years of Pius IX, and which were statements that awakened profound interest.
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The Parliament Buildings were built between 1859 and 1866 (not including the Library and the Tower). One year after they were finished, Confederation occurred and the buildings were immediately selected to house the government for the newly created Dominion of Canada.
The main building of the government buildings is called Centre Block and it is instantly recognizable with its trademark Peace Tower. Visitors can watch the House of Commons and the Senate from the visitor galleries, and free tours are also available. A tour to the top of the Peace Tower rewards you with a great view all over Ottawa. Canada’s war dead are honoured inside the Memorial Chamber.
The Library of Parliament Building – the only part of the original Centre Block that survived the desastrous fire of 1916 – is currently undergoing restoration work to bring it back to its former glory.
The historic East Block has not changed much since the days of Confederation. The offices of Canada’s first prime minister, Sir John A. Macdonald, have been restored and are available to visit on a public tour.
The West Block is not accessible to the public as it houses the offices of the members of parliament.
“Women are persons”
The Peace Tower is Ottawa’s trademark and its name is a commemoration of Canada’s commitment to peace. The Memorial Chamber is located on the third floor of the Tower, and it honours Canadians who have died in armed conflicts since Confederation. The Peace Tower also holds an observation area and the Carillon which contains 53 bells weighing anywhere from less than 5 kg to more than 10 tons.
Detail of stone carvings on the East Block
The Centre Block was affected by a large fire in 1916. Canada began rebuilding it while still fighting in the First World War. The new structure, designed in the Modern Gothic Revival style by John Pearson and Jean Omer Marchand, was completed by 1922. The Peace Tower was finished later in 1927.
The Peace Tower peaks through
In the summer Parliament Hill offers up a unique ceremony: every day at 10 am the Changing of the Guard takes place, and this year the ceremony will be held every day from June 24 to August 26 of 2006.
Parliament Hill with its big open square lends itself naturally as a meeting and entertainment venue. The Canada Day celebrations are held here and they include free concerts, spectacular fireworks, a flight demonstration by the Snowbirds (Canada’s precision aerobatic team), and you’ll only have to put up with short speeches by Canadian politicians.
View west from Parliament Hill
Another event coming up for 2006 is a free sound and light show called “Canada: the Spirit of a Country”, which will be performed on a daily basis after dark between July 5 and September 10, 2006. Images will be projected onto the Parliament Buildings. Obviously Parliament Hill is not just a boring place for politicians, it is an entertainment venue and meeting place for people from Ottawa, for folks from the rest of the country and for international tourists alike.
After my discovery of the Parliament Buildings I walked further west to have a look at the Supreme Court of Canada and the other surrounding buildings. What really fascinated me where the huge plumes of steam that come out of the smokestacks, I don’t recall seeing the same types of formations in Toronto. One person explained to me that the air in Ottawa is calmer as compared to Toronto where we always have wind blowing in from the lake which actually would disperse these clouds of smoke. An interesting sight….
The Supreme Court of Canada
This crisp morning walk was the perfect introduction to Ottawa and a good way to burn off calories from last night’s carlory-rich evening at Fat Tuesday’s. After a rather hearty breakfast at the Lord Elgin Hotel, we set off to begin our day of skating on the Rideau Canal Skateway, the main reason we had come to Ottawa.


Access the best of New Zealand's literacy resources in the form of the New Zealand School Journal, Connected, Junior Journal and the School Journal Story Library.
Journal Surf lets you easily search through a range of quality literacy resources to support your teaching programme.
We also provide a growing collection of news articles and curriculum resources, and aim to become your number one search engine for all your literacy needs.
Task Purpose: To understand how it feels when a friend moves away. To build strategies that help people to cope with their feelings when someone important moves away.
Curriculum Learning Goal: Understand that when people move to other places this creates changes for the people moving and those left behind.(Social Sciences) Identify ways of maintaining and enhancing relationships between individuals. (Health)
Literacy Learning Goal: Read and locate clues in the text and draw on background knowledge to make inferences about how a character is feeling. Identify, select and note down key information from a specific text.
Task Purpose: To find out how early voyagers explored new areas. To investigate the use and importance of navigation through the ages. To find out what impact navigation has had on migration to new lands.
Curriculum Learning Goal: Understand how exploration and innovation paved the way for others to settle in newly discovered places. (Social Sciences) Understand how technological development expands human possibilities. (Technology)
Literacy Learning Goal: Analyse and synthesize information to identify similarities and differences related to the curriculum goal. Make and organise notes to achieve the curriculum goal.
Task Purpose: Understand why people become refugees and identify some of the challenges refugees may face. Identify how New Zealanders can help refugees feel welcomed into New Zealand society.
Curriculum Learning Goal: Understand that when people face danger and violence in their home country they may seek safety in another country. Understand that being a refugee creates many challenges for them. Know that refugees have feelings, hopes and needs. (Social Sciences)
Literacy Learning Goal: Use clues in the text and draw on background experience to make inferences about what is unsaid but suggested in the text. Discuss ideas clearly with a focus on the main points of the discussion. Justify ideas using evidence and challenge the ideas of others where they don’t appear to be supported by evidence.
Task Purpose: Understand the challenges faced by new New Zealanders. Understand the value of cultural diversity in society.
Curriculum Learning Goal: To understand the challenges that new migrants encounter when they arrive in New Zealand and how they overcome them.
Literacy Learning Goal: Plan and develop content that is designed for a specific purpose and audience. Select and organise relevant information to inform the reader.
Task Purpose: To find out how scientists use evidence to understand and explain the movement of people. To explore how scientists use evidence to help them work out how early Polynesians migrated to New Zealand.
Curriculum Learning Goal: To learn about clues that early Polynesian people left behind that tell us how they lived and where they came from. (Social Sciences) Identify ways in which scientists provide evidence to support their ideas. Appreciate that science is a way of explaining the world. (Science)
Literacy Learning Goal: Use evidence to support ideas. Locate, evaluate and organise information that meets the curriculum goals.
Task Purpose: Understand what it is like to live in a new country and identify some of the changes people may need to make to settle in.
Curriculum Learning Goal: Understand that while cultural practices may differ from one country to another, there are also practices that are the same. (Social Sciences)
Literacy Learning Goal: Use words and phrases that clearly tell the reader about the writer’s ideas. Structure ideas using a cinquain framework. Read and revise writing to better meet the purpose for the writing. Organise and sequence information.
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PhD. in Mathematics
Norm was 4th at the 2004 USA Weightlifting Nationals! He still trains and competes occasionally, despite his busy schedule.
Let’s use determinants to solve a system. We have this system here; 9x minus 6y equals 18, 6x minus 4y equals 24.
The first step is just to recall Cramer’s Rule. We have on the bottom, the determinant of the coefficient matrix, 9 -6, 6 -4. And in the numerator, you want the same determinant, only, in place of the x coefficients, you want these numbers; 18 and 24. So I’ll put the y coefficients there, and I’ll put down the numbers 18 and 24 right here, in the x position. Let’s calculate the denominator first.
We’re going to have 9 times -4, -36, minus 6 times -6, minus -36 plus 36. We see that we actually have a problem here. We have 18 -6, 24 -4 on top and we’ve got zero on the bottom. So we can’t solve this system using Crammer’s rule. I want to figure out what the problem is here.
What does that mean, that you can’t solve this system? What does it mean that the denominator is zero? What does it mean that the determinant of the coefficient matrix is zero? Let’s take a look at the graphs. These two lines are parallel.
Now when you’re solving a system, you’re looking for the intersection of two lines. And if they’re parallel they never intersect. So it makes sense that Cramer’s Rule or any method that you use isn’t going to find a solution. But in this case, when you have two lines that are parallel, the determinant of their coefficient matrix, 9 -6, 6 -4, that determinant is zero. That will always happen when you have two parallel lines.


How To Start A Healthy Diet
Every day, people pledge to start eating healthy and to lose weight. However, this pledge becomes very difficult to maintain for some as they slowly go back to their old eating habits. Living a healthy life should be everyone’s aim. A healthy lifestyle prevents illnesses such as lowering the risk of becoming obese or diabetic and prevents the chance of having a severe heart condition. It also proves to make people happier. Follow these few and simple rules to have a successful healthy diet:
• Eat fewer calories and avoid liquid calories like the plague.
• Eat more fruits and vegetables.
• Forget about junk food.
• Eat only unprocessed foods.
• Increase your water intake.
The beginning of a new diet or exercise regime is the hardest part. In those first few days, you will crave for the food you have decided to cut out of your diet. The cravings become stronger and it seems like everywhere you turn, that food you are craving is staring at you. In these moments, you need to remain steadfast for your own good.
Start slow, remain focused, and you will start seeing and feeling the results of your perseverance. To ease the transition from unhealthy eating to healthy eating, try to make a realistic plan instead of making a drastic change. Herein are a few tips to start and maintain a healthy diet:
1. Eat good fats
Cutting out fats entirely from your diet will not help you lose weight or stay healthy. It will, instead, cause harm to your body. Of the four types of fats - saturated, mono-saturated, trans fat, and polyunsaturated fat - you only need to avoid ingesting trans-fat. The other three are important for your good health.
2. Keep a stock of healthy foods at home
Instead of junk food, stock your refrigerator with healthy snacks such as nuts, sprouts, and wheat cookies. You can also serve your guests these healthy snacks. If you can’t seem to find any healthy snacks to buy, there are many recipes on the internet from almost anything.
Put your time in making alternative healthy food for your diet. Throw out the food you have healthy alternatives for. Get rid of all the soft drinks and commit to water and healthy drinks made at home.
3. Never skip breakfast
Have your breakfast like a king and dinner like a slave. Breakfast is the most important meal of your day and you should have the healthiest meal. It will help you to remain energized all day, thereby lessening your calorie intake over the course of the day.
4. Eat a handful of snacks
As the day progresses, you might have urges to eat. To avoid making bad food choices, always plan ahead by having snacks to eat. This is not junk, donuts or such, but fruits and nuts. Eat in small amounts and don’t ever binge.
5. Avoid processed food
Fresh fruits and vegetables provide the essential vitamins, minerals, and fibre your body needs. They have a lot of antioxidants and are also known to slow the aging process. Read the label’s ingredients of the food you buy. Generally, most foods are processed, but avoid things such as canned fruit and vegetables and the convenience foods such as precooked and frozen food. Look to cutting down on your sugar and starch intake.
Staying healthy and losing weight come with many challenges. The most difficult part for many will be maintaining and sticking to the healthy diet. There are no exceptions and no cheat days. If you follow all the above-mentioned pointers, you will see favourable results.
Being healthy feels great. Right?
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Keurig is a popular name in the java world. This handy coffee maker can be used to instantly brew cups of dark roasted deliciousness. The techy-sounding name suggests something intimidating with a sophisticated operation interface. However, that’s not the case. Keurig is simply a push-button coffee maker. So, if you’ve just purchased one to replace your old coffee maker that won’t turn on, read on to see how does a Keurig work.
What is a K-Cup & How Does it Work?
Keurig not only wants to make brewing coffee easier for every coffeeholic, they also want to save us the trouble of measuring how much coffee is needed for a single cup.
Thus, the K-cup. A K-cup is a small plastic pod that offers a ready-to-use individual coffee serving. These cups are created by grounding coffee beans and placing them in filter paper. The coffee-coated filter paper is then inserted into small plastic pods that are sealed with moisture-proof foils.
Now get this; k-cups are available in various blends, flavors, and roasts. But the way to use them is pretty much the same.
First, you place a k-cup inside a Keurig. After this, a needle from the Keurig punctures a hole in the top and bottom of the K-cup.
Finally, the Keurig forces hot water through the fresh and aromatic coffee grounds. Thus, brewing a single serving fresh cup of coffee.
How Does a Keurig Work? Let’s Find Out.
The Keurig is bigger than an average coffee brewer and has a reservoir of water with twice the capacity of a coffee pot. So, if you’re an avid coffee drinker, you’re in for a treat.
And since the reservoir heats water and gets it ready for brewing once activated, you can connect it to your main water line. This way, your Keurig never runs out of water.
The first step to making a coffee with your Keurig is to connect it to a power source and turn it on to heat the water. After this, carefully place a K-cup into the Keurig lid and secure it there.
Following this, select the size of coffee you want from the two options available on your Keurig system. The smaller and stronger size fills ½ of a coffee cup and the larger diluted size can fill a standard mug.
Once you’ve chosen your desired size, hot pressurized water is pushed through the Keurig and the K-cup at a temperature of 192 degrees. Finally, you’ll have an aromatic coffee pouring from the dispenser into your cup.
Pros and Cons of Keurig
Weighing the pros of Keurig against its cons is important in determining whether it’s worth the investment or not.
- Makes quality coffee in a few minutes
- Easier to clean and maintain
- Give coffee lovers different options
- Very durable.
- Incessant spending on k-cups.
- Coffee exposure to plastic chemicals.
I hope this guide has given you an insight into how Keurig brewers work. Though investing in the machine can be a hit to your budget, it will save you a lot of money in the long run. In addition to that, you will never have to drink stale coffee again.


The Bodega Marine Laboratory was founded in 1960 by UC Berkeley and acquired by UC Davis in 1983. It is a multidisciplinary research institution capable of hosting visiting aquaculture researchers year round. Numerous indoor and outdoor aquaculture facilities are utilized for crustacean, molluscan and fishery aquaculture, as well as barren urchin ranching and sterile algal culture. Abalone and native oyster aquaculture are current focal points.
In collaboration with industry partners, BML develops SOP’s for native and non-native oyster culture, producing “spat” for commercial and restorative out-planting of underutilized oyster species. The abalone aquaculture project includes efforts to save an endangered species.
In coordination with NOAA Fisheries, California Sea Grant and the California Department of Fish and Wildlife, BML houses an abalone captive breeding program. The White Abalone Restoration Consortium (WARC), consisting of 10 agencies, collaborate to spawn and raise captive bred abalone for out-planting. Culturing viable abalone larvae requires year-round brood stock conditioning, feeding, induced spawning, and rearing of juvenile abalone. The successful white abalone captive breeding program increased larval production from dozens of white abalone in 2012 to thousands in 2014. The first out-planting of 3,200 captive bred white abalone occurred during November 2019 in southern California.
Aquaculture Facility History and Services
- Fully functional bivalve hatchery and larval rearing services
- Downweller systems for spat settlement services
- Upweller systems for spat grow out systems and services
- Sterile algae culture facilities and services
In the mid 1990’s BML aquaculture staff began working in support of BML’s novel experimental shellfish hatchery. This hatchery was developed for Dr. Dennis Hedgecock who was studying Genetics and hybrid vigor in pacific oysters. Algae culture techniques and facilities were also developed at this time.
- 2002 - The ARG team began developing techniques to culture and settle native oysters. Native oysters were successfully settled on various substrates at specified densities. Graduate researchers working under professors at BML used the settled oysters for research on predation and ocean acidification. The early success of these oyster hatchery techniques has led to continued, on-going research.
- 2009 - ARG began working with Sea Grant to culture experimental lines of pacific oysters for the shellfish industry. This was a first step into current industry partnerships.
- 2013 - During Sea Grant Scallop aquaculture research (with Paul Olin), ARG worked to develop techniques for diploid rock scallop culture using local wild broodstock as well as broodstock supplied by industry partners. Diploid culture was successful based on serotonin induced gamete collection and successful fertilization. Diploid seed quantities were limited, but long term seed survival was very good.
- 2017-Present - Over the past 5 years, ARG has developed new oyster hatchery practices and protocols with various oyster species. Early success with seed production and outplant survivorship has led to ongoing partnerships.


What do Private Detectives and Investigators Do?
Whether it is a personal matter or criminal offense, having proper information can help to resolve certain issues. As a private detective or investigator it would be your job to not only collect, but to also analyze and report information about specific cases.
Private Detective and Investigator Skills and Abilities
Being that you will most likely work freelance, customer service and management skills are essential. You also need strong written and verbal communication skills so that you may properly interact with your clients. An eye for detail will definitely assist you in your endeavors, as well as strong organization skills. Critical thinking, reasoning and problem solving abilities are also essential in helping you to decipher clues and pieces of evidence.
Private Detective and Investigator Duties
One of the main duties of a private detective or investigator is collecting information. This can be accomplished in a number of different ways, including:
- Tracking down leads
- Taking photographs
If you collect evidence from an outside source you will need to verify it. Once the facts are verified it is your responsibility to document the information and findings. Depending upon the situation, some further investigation or reasoning may be required before closing the case. If you are connected with a governmental or law enforcement agency you may have to assist with catching criminals, as well as testify in or give statements for court. Upon completing cases you will want to keep good record of them, should you or another investigator need to revisit them later.
Private Detective and Investigator Tools and Technology
A detective or investigator’s tools are critical items to performing many required duties. Some of the most common tools that you can expect to utilize are:
- Digital cameras and camcorders
- Evidence collection kits
- ComputersAlong with the tools to collect evidence you will also need certain technologies to aid in evaluating, storing and sharing said evidence. You can expect to use:
- Data entry and retrieval software
- Photo imaging software
- Internet browser
- Email These and other tools and technologies can assist in speeding up the assessment process, therefore making the investigative process more time efficient.
Education and Training for Private Detectives and Investigators
There is no formal education requirement, though most individuals have at least a high school diploma. In fact, many private detectives and investigators have a bachelor’s degree or some college. Forensic Science, Criminal Justice or some other form of law study may be good degrees to consider. Some may also find social sciences, such as psychology or sociology, to be beneficial for understanding and tracking criminals and crime scenes. In light of the fact that you will most likely be running your own firm at some point, some business classes could be useful.
Private Detective and Investigator Salary
There are a few different factors that contribute to determining a private detective or investigator’s salary. A few key contributors include
- Firm or independent
- Full- or part-time
Considering these factors it is understandable how the salary can range drastically. In 2014, detectives and investigators made between $27,000 and $85,600, with a median salary of $44,600.
Private Detective and Investigator Jobs by Geography
The areas with the highest number of opportunities for private detectives and investigators are California and New York, though there are quite a few investigative jobs available in other states. It is also projected that more positions will become available over the next few years. Considering that it is a common freelance position, you can always develop your own position in your area.


A small European insectivore (Erinaceus Europæus), and other allied species of Asia and Africa, having the hair on the upper part of its body mixed with prickles or spines. It is able to roll itself into a ball so as to present the spines outwardly in every direction. It is nocturnal in its habits, feeding chiefly upon insects.
- Any of several small insectivorous mammals of the family Erinaceidae of Europe, Africa, and Asia, having the back covered with dense erectile spines and characteristically rolling into a ball for protection.
- Any of several spiny animals, such as the porcupine, that are similar to the hedgehog.
- A well fortified military position.
- An antisubmarine weapon consisting of several rows of mortar-like dischargers positioned to fire in a circular pattern ahead of a ship.
- An obstacle used against tanks and landing craft, consisting of three crossed iron bars welded or bolted together.


Previous Challenge Entry (Level 3 - Advanced)
Topic: Employment (01/26/12)
TITLE: Whose Captives They Were
By Amy Michelle Wiley
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For a moment the silence stretched between them, thickening, hardening. Then Aliya spoke. “Where is my supper?”
Touthe snapped upright. How dare she speak like that? Who was she to… Touthe swallowed. “I’ll fetch it.” She’d rather die than add the “my lady” that was expected at the end of every utterance.
It trailed between them, unspoken, as she left the room. In the kitchen she stared at the fire pit. How could she be expected to bend over the hot flames, know when the meat was cooked to the right temperature, choose the right spices, any of it? She lifted a piece of wood. The rough sides bit into her hand.
Anger welled in her toward the men of her village. How could they be so weak? So stupid as to let the Israelites conquer them? To force a lady such as herself to perform work such as this?
She flung the kindling to the floor. It crashed against the wall, sending a basket of food flying.
Aliya appeared in the doorway. “What is the meaning of this?”
“I will not do it. I will not cook or clean or serve my own slave.” She spat the words. Spat, like she wished she could spit right into this woman’s face.
“Former slave.” The Hebrew woman’s face twitched, almost as though she dared smirk. “And you will. I am the mistress now.” She turned to leave, then hesitated. “There are worse possible fates, you know.” Her voice seemed almost gentle. Almost sympathetic.
She left the room.
Touthe sunk to the floor. Her body trembled, with rage and with fear. To her great consternation, tears insisted on overflowing, dripping down her cheeks to make muddy puddles on the floor. The floor wouldn’t be muddy if she were still in charge.
How would she do this? How could she do this?
Something brushed her arm. She jerked.
Aliya bent nearby, picking up the spilled basket. She turned to Touthe. “Come, I will show you how to cook. You will learn so you may do it yourself.”
What? Touthe dashed away her tears. “Why would you do that?” She expected the answer to be something about wanting unburned food, not accepting badly-done work.
“My God is one to be feared and obeyed. He will not tolerate those who do not follow Him.” Aliya held out a hand, offering to help Touthe to her feet. “Yet He is also a God of mercy and love, eager to embrace those who turn to Him. He is a God of forgiveness, willing to put past transgressions behind Him, giving a second chance. I wish to be like Him.”
Touthe stared at that hand, rough and work-stained. One she herself had slapped innumerable times.
“Will you learn from me?” Aliya pressed.
Touthe took a breath and grasped her hand. As she stood to her feet, she looked into the Hebrew’s eyes and nodded.
“Yes, my lady.”
...the house of Israel shall possess them in the land of the LORD for servants and handmaids: and they shall take them captives, whose captives they were; and they shall rule over their oppressors. ~ Isaiah 14:2 KJV
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Bird pepper can hardly be called a wildflower in the same way most others are, but its small white blooms and bright red fruit lend color to a wildflower planting. This species prefers sunny locations and well-drained soils. In frost-free areas, it forms a woody stem and can reach a mature height of 6 feet. The plants photographed above are in my nursery and still in pots as I decide what to do with them. The foliage is similar to other peppers - deep green in color and lanceolate in shape. Each leaf is about 1 inch long and 1/2 inch wide.
Flowering can occur throughout the year in frost-free locations. The white flowers are about 1/4 inch wide and dangle downwards. Pollinated blooms give rise to small green fruit that ripen to bright red. Each is tiny - never much more than 1/4 inch long, but extremely pungent. It is said to be at least 10 times the pungency of a typical jalapeno, for example.
The vast majority of bird species have no real sense of smell/taste and an eye for the red of ripe fruit. Because of this, fruit-eating birds like mockingbirds and catbirds relish the fruit of bird pepper, but it is avoided by mammals such as squirrels.
Bird pepper is something of a conversation piece and therefore is offered regularly by a number of native plant nurseries. In a landscape, it is a good bird plant and the tiny pungent peppers are a good addition to all kinds of dishes where its small size and flavor are an important attribute. Bird pepper reseeds well, but I find it best to save a few dried peppers to sow just in case my mature plants die over winter.


Large Shapes Worksheets for Kindergarten
– present an appealing way for kindergarten children to learn and reinforce basic concepts. Since children learn best by doing and since children get bored quickly, giving them well-designed, illustrated worksheets to complete helps it be easier and more fun for them to learn. Completing a worksheet also gives children a great sense of fulfillment.
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Kindergarten Worksheets Linear Equations Grade Worksheets from Large Shapes Worksheets for Kindergarten , source: gaffw.com
How to make use of worksheets for best effect:
- Give children worksheets appropriate to their level. Give a simple worksheet for a concept immediately after you teach that concept.
- The worksheets should require a young child to believe merely a little. If a kid finds any activity too hard, give him a simpler one. It is very important that the little one doesn’t get frustrated. Remember that different children have greatly varying quantities of comprehension and pace of learning.
- It will help if the worksheets are well-illustrated. Usage of cartoon characters will make it more interesting for a child. Encapsulating common situations encountered at home, school, in the market place etc and using common objects proven to children will make the worksheets more relevant.
- Try to supplement each worksheet with a real-life activity. As an example following a worksheet on counting, you can ask the little one to pick out 3 biscuits and 2 carrots from many.
- Remember, a young child is learning many new things at once. A young child with this age posseses an amazing capacity to understand many new things fast. He can also forget them equally fast. Doing many interesting worksheets with cartoons etc will be fun for him and would help continually reinforce what’s learnt.
shape tracing from Large Shapes Worksheets for Kindergarten , source: pinterest.de
Give positive feedback and encourage a child. His finer motor skills are simply developing. Do not expect or try for perfection. Don’t give any writing exercise too soon i.e until he’s fully more comfortable with holding a pencil. Spend sufficient time and continually reinforce the educational in day-to-day situations. Most importantly, it should be fun for the teacher and the taught!
Other Collections of Large Shapes Worksheets for Kindergarten