In a typical dual-boot setup, a second partition on your computer's hard drive contains a newer version of Windows or a Linux installation. While this can be useful when your applications or devices require different operating systems, it also takes up disk space. You can remove the second operating system without affecting the functionality of the original operating system; however, removing the original operating system could cause your computer to stop working.
Back up any files you want to keep that are associated with the second operating system. Once you delete the operating system, everything saved on that partition will be lost.
Boot to your primary Windows operating system -- the one first installed on the computer.
Click "Search" on the Windows 8 Charms bar, and type "computer management" into the search bar. Select "Computer Management" from the search results. If you are using an earlier version of Windows, click the Start button, type "computer management" into the search field and press "Enter."
Click "Yes" to allow Windows to open the Computer Management window. Click "Disk Management" in the left pane. You may need to click the arrow next to "Storage" to display the option.
Locate the volume containing the second operating system in the upper pane. Typically the volume will have a drive letter such as "D" or "F." Right-click the volume and select "Delete Volume." The volume labeled "C" normally contains your primary operating system; do not attempt to delete this volume.
Click "Yes" to confirm. Windows will delete the volume containing the second operating system; you will lose all files and data stored on that volume.
Delete the disk partition if you want to recover the disk space that was used by the other operating system. Locate the drive that contained the volume in the lower pane. Each partition on the drive is represented by a rectangle. The partition that formerly held the other operated system will be labeled as free space, and will be highlighted in a different color.
Right-click the unused partition and select "Delete Partition." Click "Yes" to confirm.
Right-click your primary partition, the one containing the C drive, and select "Extend Volume." Click "Next," "Next" and then "Finish" without changing any settings to add the free disk space to your primary partition.
Alan Sembera began writing for local newspapers in Texas and Louisiana. His professional career includes stints as a computer tech, information editor and income tax preparer. Sembera now writes full time about business and technology. He holds a Bachelor of Arts in journalism from Texas A&M University.
Christopher Robbins/Photodisc/Getty Images


When we exercise, the volume of air pumped by the lungs can be as much as 16 times higher the amount pumped at rest. Oxygen consumption can increase from 250 ml to 5000 ml per minute and breathing frequency can rise from 12-16 to 40-50 breaths each minute. So it's no surprise that we runners obsess a little over breathing. But is there a "best" way to breathe? And can training your breathing improve performance or reduce injury risk?
"The key objective during exercise is to exchange as much air – oxygen and carbon dioxide – as possible," says Professor Alison McConnell, a respiratory physiologist at Brunel University and author of Breathe Strong, Perform Better. And that means breathing through the mouth. "The mouth offers the path of least resistance," she explains. "The idea that you should try to breathe only through your nostrils, which have a high resistance, during exertion is nonsense." Which presumably makes those little sticking plasters you put across your nose bridge, to open the nostrils more a waste of time? "The scientific literature doesn't support any performance benefit from the use of nasal dilators," she says.
A series of studies from the University of Arizona demonstrates that the more demanding the activity, the more we switch to mouth or, more correctly, nose and mouth (oronasal) breathing, because it feels easier. At rest, 70% of total ventilation (the movement of air into and out of the lungs) was via nasal airways – at 90% of maximal intensity, the contribution had dropped to 27%. "This response is pure physics," says McConnell. "Airflow is greatest via the route of least resistance."
Ventilation is mainly determined by tidal volume (the amount of air in a single breath) – but as exercise intensity increases, the number of breaths taken also rises. And while breathing may be a subconscious, involuntary action, we have conscious control of the muscles that assist with both inhalation and exhalation.
The most important breathing muscle is the diaphragm – a dome-shaped muscle that divides the thoracic (chest) cavity from the abdominal cavity. "When the diaphragm contracts during inhalation, it shortens and flattens, pushing downwards into the abdomen, which bulges outwards - this expands the chest, creating a pressure gradient which allows the lungs to fill," explains McConnell. When people talk about "belly breathing", it's this action of the diaphragm to which they are referring. "The term belly breathing is a misnomer," she adds. "You are not filling the abdomen with air when you belly breathe, you are simply pushing the diaphragm down into the abdomen to expand the lungs."
To see how to use your diaphragm properly, lie on your back with your knees bent. Place your thumbs lightly on the lowest rib on each side, with your fingers spread across your belly, fingertips almost touching. If you are using the diaphragm correctly, as you breathe in you should see your ribs move outwards and apart (your fingertips will move away from each other) - your abdomen will also bulge outwards. If there is little movement, or if the chest rises instead, your breathing is less efficient than it could be.
"Taking frequent, shallow breaths is inefficient, and tends to have a detrimental effect on performance," says McConnell. She suggests two to ensure that you are controlling your breathing. Firstly, learn how to breathe rhythmically during movement (more of that in a moment). And secondly, improve your inspiratory (inhalation) muscle function. McConnell invented a inspiratory muscle training device called POWERbreathe® back in 1990, which she dubbed "dumbbells for your diaphragm".
The theory behind inspiratory muscle training is based on research showing that during hard exercise, these muscles can use 14-18% of the oxygenated blood being pumped out by the heart each minute, shortchanging the working muscles. "In addition to this metabolic demand, the respiratory muscles can trigger a reflex, the metaboreflex, during intense or prolonged exercise that limits blood flow to the exercising muscles," explains McConnell.
A study in the British Journal of Sports Medicine found that four weeks of combined endurance training and inspiratory muscle training improved 5km run performance by 4.3% more than endurance training alone. "Inspiratory muscle training can help in two ways," says McConnell. "Firstly, it reduces your perception of breathing effort, so you don't get so uncomfortable and breathless during exercise. Secondly, it can raise the threshold at which the metaboreflex limits blood flow to your leg muscles."
So what about rhythmic breathing? This is to do with synchronizing or "entraining" your breaths with your movement – in this case, your foot strike.
"At foot strike, there is a tendency for everything to move downwards because of gravity and momentum," says McConnell. "This gives an inspiratory advantage by pulling the diaphragm downwards, helping it to expand the lungs, so an inhalation at this point can capitalise on that.Of course, you can't sync every step with a new inhalation, or you'd be breathing too frequently, so the idea is to take the breath in 'sips' that coincide with the foot strike."
I find that I do this spontaneously when I'm working all-out – such as during track repeats. It almost feels as if the foot strike is driving the breathing rather than the other way around.
While breath-movement entrainment is very strong in quadrupeds such as horses, dogs and antelopes, it is relatively weak in humans. Animals tend to lock into a 1-1 rhythm (one breath phase - an inhalation or exhalation - per foot strike) because the diaphragm is horizontal as opposed to vertical, putting them at a mechanical disadvantage if they don't entrain. In humans, entrainment might be useful but it is by no means essential. That said, most elite athletes do it, so there must be some advantage.
"Getting into a rhythm can minimise the potential conflict of breathing at an inappropriate time – for example, inhaling when the abdominal organs are pushing the diaphragm upwards," believes McConnell.
And could this also help with that most common of runner's afflictions – a stitch? Possibly. McConnell believes that at least some stitches arise as a result of diaphragmatic overload: the diaphragm is trying to perform its role as a breathing muscle and as a core stabiliser, and simply can't cope. "A lack of rhythmicity might irritate the diaphragm by tugging and stretching the connective tissue in this region of the body," she explains. "Training yourself to use the diaphragm more efficiently, combined with rhythmic breathing, could reduce the risk of stitch."
Some researchers have contended that synchronising breathing with stride rate may reduce the oxygen cost of running – improving economy – and while this makes sense intuitively, it hasn't been shown directly. However, it has been found that faster runners, and those with a higher level of fitness, are more likely to entrain than less experienced and less fit runners, so there could be a link between entrainment and economy.
A good drill to try is to take as many foot strikes per phase as you can (in-two-three, four, out, two, three four, for example), to gain control and mastery of your breathing. This is similar to the so-called hypoxic breathing drills many swimmers use.
Budd Coates, a running coach and author of a new book called Running on Air extols the virtues of a specific form of rhythmic breathing, in which you synchronise your exhalations with alternate feet, allegedly reducing injury risk.
As a young athlete, Coates observed that his exhalations always coincided with his left foot landing – and that this was the side of his body that suffered repeated injuries. He developed an asymmetrical breathing rhythm – using a shorter exhalation than inhalation – after reading research that stated impact stress in running was highest when the foot strikes the ground at the start of an exhalation. "This is because when you exhale, your diaphragm and the muscles associated with the diaphragm relax, creating less stability in your core. Less stability at the time of greatest impact makes a perfect storm for injury," he writes.
Coates claims that his rhythmic breathing method enabled him to outrun injury and improve his performance. I've been playing with the technique for a few weeks now, and find the 3-2 pattern (inhale for three footstrikes, exhale for two) achievable and fairly comfortable, but it hasn't made any difference to my ongoing foot niggle as yet. Does McConnell think Coates's theory holds water?
"The underlying principles are sound," says McConnell. "Foot strike presents the biggest challenge to the stabilising muscles, and when you are working hard, the respiratory role of the trunk musculature takes precedence over its stabilising role." But she warns that getting too obsessed with counting and ratios can be counterproductive. "My advice is to aim is to entrain running cadence and footstrike cadence in a way that feels comfortable to you. And bear in mind that this will vary according to speed and terrain." In other words, go with the flow.


Manuel Fraga: Politician who survived Spain's post-Franco transition to democracy
For more than 60 years, Manuel Fraga was a giant of Spanish politics who started out as a high-profile figure in the second period of Franco's regime and then made an opportunistic transformation in the post-Franco political arena.
Fraga's most dramatic political volte-face followed his spell as Franco's Minister for Tourism and Information in the 1960s, responsible for the dictatorship's propaganda. Such a crucial role defending the regime's actions, including the torture and execution of political opponents, did not prevent Fraga from becoming one of the co-authors of the 1978 Constitution, which enshrined the democratic rule Franco had helped destroy 40 years earlier in the Civil War.
Fraga then co-founded the short-lived Reforma Democratica party (the embryonic form of the Partido Popular that governs Spain today) in 1976, and led the parliamentary opposition to Felipe Gonzalez's Socialist government in the 1980s. Finally he became president of his native region, Galicia, from 1990 to 2005, converting the region into his political fiefdom, or as El Páis referred to it, "his little state".
Born to religious working-class parents in Galicia in 1922, Fraga emigrated briefly to Cuba with his family – he had 11 brothers and sisters – beforereturning to Spain, where he becamea brilliant student. By the age of 26he had a PhD in political law, and after considering the priesthood he chose politics, joining Spain's neo-fascist party, the FET-JONS, entering parliament in 1945.
By 1962, he had become Franco's youngest minister, the fresh face in charge of measures that "proved" the regime was growing more progressive, but which actually helped prolong its political life. The Ley Fraga [Fraga law], his most famous piece of legislation as Minister of Information, was a case in point. It technically eliminated censorship but books, radio and television were actually subject to stricter and more arbitrary judgements of suitability. Newspapers could not openly criticise the regime, and journalists who infringed this law were subjected to far stiffer penalities.
Tourism formed part of Fraga's brief, and in the 1960s it developed into a much-prized motor of the economy, to the point that when an American bomber crashed near the village of Palomares, jettisoning four hydrogen bombs into the sea, Fraga bathed on an adjacent beach to prove there was no danger. In fact areas near Palomares remain so radioactive that they are still sealed off to this day.
Fraga also used his talent for propaganda following the torture (which included being thrown out of a second floor window) and execution on trumped-up charges of the communist Julian Grimau in 1963. When more than 100 intellectuals published an open letter protesting at the heavy-handed repression of a miner's strike, he accused them of "discrediting Spain." Several were sent to mental asylums.
Accidentally shooting Franco's daughter, Carmen Polo, in the posterior at a hunt in 1964 failed to sink Fraga – "people who can't shoot straight shouldn't come" was Franco's laconic comment. However, Fraga was removed from office in 1969, apparently because he understimated the influence of the Opus Dei technocrats inside Franco's regime: if so it was a rare political error.
As Ambassador to the UK in the early 1970s, Fraga cultivated his image as the progressive face of Francoism, holding off-the-record discussions with Spanish exiles and preparing his campaign to become a key figure in the transition towards democracy after Franco's death. However, his first turn in the post-Franco political spotlight, as Minister of Goverment (Minister of the Interior) in 1976 did little good for his credentials. The worst example of his hard-line policies came in March 1976 when riot police tear-gassed a church in Vitoria containing unarmed protesters, then shot them down as they fled. Five were killed.
After losing his ministerial post when Adolfo Suarez gained power, Fraga edged back towards the right. With six other ex-Franco Ministers – the "magnificent seven" – he formed Reforma Democratica in 1976, which quickly mutated into Alianza Popular, the precursor of today's Partido Popular (PP).
Called in to help create Spain's post-Franco constitution, Fraga played two games at the same time. He softened his attitude towards the Communists (whom he needed to help consolidate the constitution) and worked towards a blanket amnesty for political crimes under Franco. "Amnesty means amnesia," he argued: the relatives of the 140,000 victims of Franco's death squads who remain in mass graves on Spanish roadsides might not agree.
Fraga spent much of the 1980s reforming Spain's right and easing its path away from Francoism, a process which eliminated the centrist UCD party and allowed Fraga to become official leader of the opposition throughout the 1980s.
With the PP remodelled, and a new leader, Jose María Aznar, Fraga was kicked upstairs with the honorific title of President Founder. However, his career was far from over. Instead he returned to Galicia, becoming president of the region in 1990. For the next 15 years, by now described as "the great helmsman" by his supporters, Fraga oversaw the modernisation of one of Spain's most backward, isolated provinces. His penchant for suffocating the opposition through an iron grip on the press, however, remained intact.
Only a loss of credibility following the mishandling of the Prestige oil tanker disaster sank Fraga, and in 2005, he lost his overall majority in the Galician parliament. Re-elected to the senate, he continued to operate as a traditional right-winger with reformist ideas.
For the right, Fraga remains a hero: Aznar described him as "a patriot and a father of the Constitution." For the left, however, Fraga's political legacy is more mixed, given that he never stopped defending Franco, comparing him favourably to Napoleon in 2007.
Manuel Fraga, politician: born Villalba, Spain 23 November 1922; married Maria del Carmen Estevez (six children); died Madrid 15 January 2012.
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Delivering a premature infant is a very traumatic experience. When we find out we’re pregnant, we plan our lives around the estimated 40-week “incubation” period. There is almost no way possible to prepare yourself mentally and physically for premature birth.
Women who have experienced premature delivery are faced with many emotions. These women will ultimately experience and have to deal with the grieving process. They may become angry, asking themselves, “Why me?” Before they can accept and come to terms with the fact that most premature births have no known cause, they might blame themselves.
Can Anything Be Done to Prevent Premature Labor?
Ultimately, couples who are thinking about conceiving or trying to conceive are at a greater advantage. Research has indicated that the state of you and your partner’s health at the time of conception can play a role in pregnancy outcome.
If you’re thinking about becoming pregnant, set up an appointment with your doctor. Let your physician know about your plans. Women who are trying to become pregnant should strive to be at their healthiest. This includes eating a well-balanced diet, being at a healthy weight, free from smoking, drinking in excess, and free from recreational drugs. If you do use recreational drugs, this is very important to tell your doctor. Your doctor can assist you in finding the help that you need. Being overweight or underweight is also a risk factor for premature birth.
Women who take prescription drugs should talk with their doctor before attempting to become pregnant. Some medications are not safe to take before becoming pregnant or during pregnancy. Uncontrolled health conditions are also a risk factor in premature birth.
It’s also a good idea to pay a visit to the dentist before you become pregnant. If you’re in need of dental work like fillings or extractions, the best time to get this done is prior to pregnancy. Once you’re pregnant, dental work is limited due to the risks involved. Infection is another risk factor for premature birth.
Along the lines of pre-pregnancy health, many doctors also suggest taking prenatal vitamins, especially those containing iron and folic acid, as much as a year before trying to conceive.
Once you become pregnant, make sure you visit your OB/GYN or Midwife regularly for prenatal care. Each visit is important because not only is the growth and development of your baby being monitored, your health is as well. Certain sexually transmitted diseases are also linked to premature births. Testing for STD’s is a common prenatal screening.
Who Is at Risk for Premature Labor?
Certain women are at higher risk for preterm labor. Women carrying multiples are at an increased risk. Researchers also believe that women who have a history of preterm labor are at a higher risk for reoccurrence.
According to The March of Dimes, African-American women, women younger than 17 and older than 35, and those living in poverty are at a greater risk than other women for preterm labor.
There is still no way to completely ensure you’ll deliver a full term baby. Although couples who plan their pregnancies do have some advantages, it’s never too late to start making healthy choices.
Since premature labor is the leading cause of deaths for infants in America, and so much is still not known about what causes premature labor, if you’re pregnant or planning to become pregnant, talk to your doctor about your risks for premature labor.
It may also be a good idea to familiarize yourself with the signs and symptoms of premature labor so that if you’re ever faced with the possibility, you will be more informed.


Russell, Samuel and Harriet(born: - died: )
In 1841, the Russell family was purchased by philanthropist and abolitionist Gerrit Smith (1797-1874) and given their freedom. Samuel Russell died in 1857 and Harriett in 1886; both were born in Maryland. As a child, Harriet was nursemaid to Ann Carroll Fitzhugh, who lived in New York (Fitzhugh would later become the wife of Gerrit Smith). Prior to being reunited with Fitzhugh, Harriet was a slave in Kentucky, as was Samuel and the five children they had while in Kentucky. Their sixth child was born free in Peterboro, New York. For more see "Born a slave, died free; at least 30 African-Americans buried in Peterboro Cemetery," The Post-Standard (Syracuse, NY), 02/24/05, Madison Edition.


New low virulent strains of African swine fever (ASF) could spread in Ireland undetected, a Canadian pig veterinary expert has warned.
“These low virulent strains, if they were to come to Canada or Ireland, could really hamper our early detection efforts,” pig veterinary expert and veterinary counsellor for the Canadian Pork Council Egan Brockhoff has said.
The comments came during the first session of the Irish Pig Health Society virtual symposium series 2021, which highlighted global perspectives on ASF.
“If we've got low virulent strains, it could take weeks longer, perhaps even more than a month longer, before we notice or find the virus and by then we could have significant spread,” Brockhoff warned.
“We use this term all the time in Canada called ‘masking diseases’, and if ASF is changing, are we going to have more opportunities for people to miss the virus?”
Cause for concern
Researchers from the Harbin Veterinary Research Institute in China identified 22 strains of ASF during an epidemiological survey carried out from June to December 2020.
“There's a lot of discussions now in both China and eastern Europe that this virus is changing. I think this change has given me as much concern as anything recently,” Brockhoff continued.
“We’re talking about a longer course of infection, more asymptomatic pigs and some pigs completely recovering and potentially being carriers of the virus.”
The study found that there are at least four natural variants of the low fatality strain in the field in China.
Brockhoff went on to highlight his concern around the use of unapproved vaccines in the field.
“We’re getting reports of gene-deleted vaccine viruses being used illegally in the field, resulting in chronic infection and increased virus transmissibility.
“Mid-2019 there was already reports then of six to eight vaccines being tested in the field, with no safety and efficacy trials.
“That’s a very similar story to what happened when the PRRS virus [Porcine Respiratory and Reproductive Syndrome] circulated in China in the previous decade.
“There’s no question that [illegal vaccines] resulted in faster spread of the virus, and more variants being moved throughout the country.”
Early diagnosis and culling of infected pigs are the main strategies for prevention and control.


A team of scientists from India and the United Kingdom claims to have found extraterrestrial microbial life in the earth's stratosphere, but others in the astrobiology community have their doubts. The team presented its findings on Sunday at the 46th annual meeting of the International Society for Optical Engineering (SPIE) in San Diego, Calif.
"There is now unambiguous evidence for the presence of clumps of living cells in air samples from as high as 41 kilometers, well above the local tropopause, above which no air from lower down would normally be transported," said investigator Chandra Wickramasinghe of Cardiff University. The tropopause separates the tropospherethe layer of the atmosphere closest to the earth's surfacefrom the stratosphere. Wickramasinghe maintains that the cells have rained in from space.
But, says Max Bernstein, a space scientist associated with the SETI Institute and NASA Ames Research Center, "it would strain one's credulity less to believe that terrestrial organisms had somehow been transported upwards than to assume that extraterrestrial organisms are falling inward." Although Bernstein doesn't rule out the possibility that the findings are valid, he says that "one is reminded of Carl Sagan's caution that remarkable claims require remarkable evidence."
Wickramasinghe and colleagues based their conclusions on air samples gathered in the stratosphere using a balloon from the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO). To test if the air contained living cells, they used fluorescent cyanine dye, which only living cells absorb through their membranes. The results suggested they had discovered living cells. "We have argued for more than two decades that terrestrial life was brought down to earth by comets," Wickramasinghe says, "and that cometary material containing microorganisms must still be reaching us in large quantities."
But not all scientists subscribe as completely to the panspermia theory that life descended from really on highin space. "He [Wickramasinghe] has been a strong advocate of this most extreme version of panspermia for a while," Bernstein adds, "and I think that since the claim comes from him, it is regarded with perhaps a little more skepticism than if it came from someone who was a little more critical of the theory."


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FACTS AND MYTHS ABOUT SPAYING AND NEUTERING
There are two sides to just about everything, including the subject of spaying and neutering pets. However, unless you already are, or are planning to become a careful, conscientious, and knowledgeable breeder of purebred animals, spaying and neutering your pet is an excellent idea. There are already too many unwanted and homeless animals in the world so why add to the problem by producing more? It's time to put to rest some age-old myths, and replace them with facts.
MYTH: "My pets will be happier and healthier if left intact."
FACT: Actually, their happiness depends much more on you and the time you spend with them than on whether or not they are sexually intact. As for health, spayed and neutered animals run less risk of infection from breeding with unhealthy street dogs and bitches; won't have false pregnancies; are free of the physical stress of having a litter at too young or too old an age; and are not subject to testicular, uterine, or breast cancer. In addition, they will not be prone to injuries sustained from fighting. A few statistics:
Spayed and neutered pets live 30% longer than intact animals.
Female dogs have a 700% increase in breast cancer rates after only 5 heats!
Males dogs not neutered have a 25-30% chance of getting prostate or testicular cancer!
MYTH: "My female should have at least one litter before she is spayed."
FACT: No, the sooner your female is spayed, the better. Not only do younger animals better tolerate the surgery, but the sooner she is spayed, the sooner, you'll be able to prevent unwanted litters, and quicker the health benefits will begin.
MYTH: "Neutering may negatively change my male's personality."
FACT: Neutering may affect the male's personality, but if so, in a positive way. Male's often display more affection for their owners after neutering, as they turn their attention to things other than wandering and fighting with other males. A male cat's offensive urine odors cease after neutering. Leg lifting and spraying also often cease. Neutered pets are always better behaved!
MYTH: "My female's emotional state will be harmed if she doesn't experience the first heat cycle."
FACT: A heat cycle has absolutely no effect on the female's emotional health. Proper attention from you and normal maturing in the right environment work together to ensure an emotionally sound pet. Also, females that never have a heat almost never have breast cancers!
MYTH: "I can keep my male from roaming and my in-season female away from males without putting them through surgery."
FACT: GOOD LUCK. Males and females alike become obsessed with mating when the female is in season. They can be very determined, and will persist in all sorts of ways to get together, even over and through fences. In addition, every female needs to go outdoors to relieve herself some time. It isn't realistic to think you can protect her every moment. Established breeders build expensive, specially designed kennels for housing bitches in season in order to avoid unwanted pregnancies. Even then, accidents can happen; so don't lull yourself into a false sense of security by thinking you can control strong animal instincts. You can't!
MYTH: "My pet will get fat after spaying or neutering."
FACT: Only if you let it. Proper weight control depends more on you than on the changes in your pet's metabolism. The only source of food and proper exercise is the person providing them - YOU!
Check with us about the proper age to spay or neuter your animal. We usually advise 6 months of age. When properly timed, these simple procedures will hardly affect your pet. They can be performed quickly and safely to ensure continued good health for your pet and to prevent population growth of unwanted animals.


The music program at the Lower School encourages children to find the musician within themselves. Students become knowledgeable about beat, rhythm, and notation through activities such as clapping, tapping, and stepping. They are given opportunities to respond to changes in tempo, dynamics, pitch, and melodic themes through movement. Good vocal habits are developed through singing folk and composed songs, rounds, and singing games. Students learn from a variety of musical styles, including those from folk and ethnic cultures as well as those composed music from Western traditions. They sharpen their listening and analytical skills through creative movement and dance, illustration, written description, discussion, and dramatization.
Percussion instruments are used at all levels for accompaniment and for reinforcement of the concepts of beat and rhythm. All students learn to play the soprano recorder in Grade 4 and have the opportunity to choose the alto recorder or barred instruments in Grade 5. In ensemble experiences, students gain self-discipline, concentration, and appreciation for the process that carries them from first rehearsal to polished performance. Ensembles include chorus and orchestra for students in Grades 3 through 6. The young children also share songs in weekly and special assemblies.
Performing arts courses at the Lower School are taught by instructors who are practicing artists in their individual disciplines.


People today are more and more concerned about their health and the rate at which they’re aging. Many eat a diet they consider healthy, follow some sort of exercise routine, and even take vitamin supplements in an attempt to improve or maintain their health. Unfortunately, most do not realize that the very things they’re doing to be healthy and look good are actually hurting their health and accelerating the aging process. We’ve been told lies for years about the proper ways to eat, exercise, and live in order to stay vital, and yet we’re sicker and fatter than ever. Take back your health by focusing on decreasing inflammation, which is at the root of all modern disease. If you’re following any of these common practices, you’re promoting inflammation and paving the way for premature aging and, worse yet, chronic disease.
Do you think that your morning bowl of shredded wheat topped with sliced banana is doing you any favors? Think again. If you want to age faster than anybody in your neighborhood, all you need to do is raise your blood sugar (glucose) by eating plenty of grains, including whole “healthy” grains. You may not think you’re eating much sugar, but most sugar is consumed in the form of grains. Many so-called healthy grain products, like packaged granola bars and oatmeal, contain added sugar which further compounds the issue. A major key to anti-aging lies in hormone regulation. When we eat grains our body quickly turns them into sugar, which spikes our glucose and negatively affects the hormones involved in aging. The three hormones most affected by grain intake are insulin, glucagon, and leptin. To illustrate, someone who is diabetic has high levels of blood glucose. Raised glucose causes dysregulation of these three hormones which in turn causes diabetics to age rapidly from the inside out, leading to premature aging and other diseases. But many Americans, not just diabetics, have elevated glucose due to a steady diet of grains, fruits, and processed sugary foods. When sugar and proteins meet at the cellular level the process of glycation occurs. In a chemical reaction called A.G.E.S. (Advanced Glycation End Products), glucose combines with the skin protein collagen and the degeneration and aging process occurs in the form of wrinkles, age spots, and eventual disease. It’s a very appropriate acronym. Glycation slowly eats away at the body like rust on a car bumper, and contributes to oxidative stress, inflammation and makes you look older than you are. If this isn’t enough, most grains in America today are genetically modified which causes the denaturing of proteins and carbohydrates to the point that the body no longer recognizes them as foods. Eating GMO grains triggers an inflammatory reaction by our immune system and, therefore, an ideal environment for illness to arise and premature aging to occur. I recommend following my Cellular Healing Diet, a true anti-aging way of eating that eliminates grains and sugar to decrease cellular inflammation, regulate hormones and detoxify the body.
Americans fear of fat since the low-fat craze began in the 1980s has had grave consequences. Low-fat, high carbohydrate diets raise triglycerides 1, lower good (HDL) cholesterol 2, actually increase risk of cardiovascular disease 3, and leave you constantly hungry and not looking your best. Low-fat diets also tend to be full of processed diet “foods,” which are not real foods at all but concoctions of sugar, preservatives and chemicals crafted by scientists in a laboratory. Low-fat diets are devoid of the life-giving foods necessary for ideal health and slowed aging, including high-quality animal protein, eggs (with yolks), nuts, oils, and full-fat dairy products. Eating fat actually helps your body burn fat more efficiently. But before you race off to down a plate of fries, understand that there are two kinds of fats: good fats (or “God” fats) and bad fats (link to toxic foods). Common fats found in the form of vegetable oils (i.e. canola and soybean oils) are bad fats, and increase inflammation and contribute to disease and accelerated aging. But the good news is that good fats work to counteract the damage of bad fats and other toxic foods by healing our bodies from the cellular level. Good fats are found in grass-fed animal protein, full-fat cultured dairy and healthy oils such as virgin coconut oil and raw olive oil. Saturated fats and cholesterol have the worst reputation of all the fats, but are absolutely essential in regulating hormones, decreasing inflammation, stabilizing the cell membrane, and preventing disease. Without a doubt, our bodies require good fat for good health. I’m encouraged to observe that Americans are increasingly incorporating fat into their diets again. The recent cover of TIME magazine declaring “Eat Butter” 4 was a step in the right direction. Cutting out grains and sugar and increasing the amount of good fat in your diet are ways to decrease underlying inflammation and, as a result, slow down aging.
Excessive cardio is actually useless for weight-loss 5 and can make you age at a faster rate. The idea that you must spend hours running or on the elliptical machine to achieve optimal fitness is entirely outdated and inaccurate. Excessive cardio actually promotes inflammation in the body 6 and can even cause long-term heart damage 7, thereby doing more harm than good. This is because the body recognizes exercise as a stressor and increases the production of the hormone cortisol, known as the “stress hormone.” Although cortisol production is a normal response to exercise, chronic elevation of the hormone due to excessive cardio leads to oxidative stress and inflammation which eventually causes premature aging and disease. It’s simply too much of a good thing. Of course you should not stop exercising. Most Americans do not get nearly enough physical activity on a regular basis to maintain good health, and it’s crucial to keeping that youthful glow. Just start exercising the smarter way. I recommend burst training, also called High Intensity Interval Training (HIIT), which has been proven to be the most effective exercise to slow down the effects of aging 8 and is also excellent for fat burning 9. Burst training is done in short, intense “bursts” and works by pushing the hormones for weight loss and anti-aging in the right direction by raising human growth hormone 10 and testosterone levels. Human growth hormone is truly our “fountain of youth” and burst training is the most effective exercise to increase it. Rest between workouts is crucial, so burst training should be done every other day or every two days to enjoy the benefits. Burst training in conjunction with weight-lifting are an unbeatable combination to get you into top shape. Considering our jam-packed schedules today, burst training is the ideal way to reap the benefits of exercise
Eating food continually throughout the day has become the norm. Many people eat without realizing the amount of food they’re mindlessly consuming at their desk or in front of the TV. Over-consumption of food, especially processed junk food, contributes to obesity and may also encourage insulin resistance 11, a strong predictor of diabetes 12.
When food consumption is restricted, as in the practice of fasting, human growth hormone is increased 13 and inflammation is decreased. This in turn slows the rate at which cells age. We even observe fasting in nature, when animals fast during times of food scarcity to survive and continue to reproduce. A recent study suggested 14 fasting for three consecutive days actually “flips a switch” to ignite regeneration of the immune system. Dr. Valter Longo, Professor of Gerontology and the Biological Sciences at the University of California, stated “There is no evidence at all that fasting would be dangerous while there is strong evidence that it is beneficial.” Another study suggests fasting may even help as a tool in cancer prevention 15. Fasting is an ancient method for healing and I’ve observed its power with many of my patients. It heals a damaged gut, brings nutrition to a depleted body, boosts fat burning 16, and the decrease in inflammation promotes anti-aging.
What’s more, the benefits are not limited to fasting for many days at a time. Intermittent fasting involves timing your meals so that you eat within a particular window of time each day, which allows you to restrict caloric intake between 500 and 800 calories each day. For example, you could choose to eat between the hours of 12PM and 8PM each day and fast for the remaining 16 hours. This simply requires skipping breakfast. Another approach is fasting for one or two days per week on liquid only. I suggest fasting on cultured whey water to reap the benefits of fasting while ingesting probiotic bacteria to restore the gut. Fasting is truly the quickest way to reboot your system, activate the body’s natural healing capacity, and keep you looking and feeling young. I practice intermittent fasting on a daily basis and feel better than ever.
My recommendations to help slow down the aging process:
Increase your dietary antioxidant intake in the form of low-glycemic berries, raw organic nuts and even moderate amounts of high quality coffee.
Relax. Stress has hugely detrimental effects on the body and markedly speeds up the rate of aging. Try daily prayer, walks in nature, deep breathing, a hobby, and spending time with your loved ones.
Do not believe your DNA is your destiny. Cutting edge research on genetics and aging have shown that we are not completely at the mercy of our genes, and a healthy or unhealthy lifestyle has a massive impact on whether diseases of our genetic weakness are expressed.
A breakthrough skin gel that encourages cell reproduction in conjunction with the body’s natural ability to keep your skin healthy. I’m seeing amazing results with my patients and I use it myself. For an informational video on the science behind it, please click here.
This is a superior supplement formulated to contain molecular signals shown to stabilize and protect normal cellular function and provides all the nutrients necessary to carry out cellular rebuilding and protection. It supports health and longevity using nature’s most powerful anti-oxidants, and is one of the components in the Anti-Aging program.
This comprehensive package came out of my own battle, searching for answers to my debilitating health challenges. I did not set out to research anti-aging, but in a quest to regain my health I realized that the very things that got me well were also the things that research shows can turn back the genetic clock. The program addresses the reasons most Americans age prematurely and equips you with the tools to live longer and more fully, while looking years younger. Along with proper diet and exercise, this program will boost your body’s innate ability to heal and renew.


This is a sequel to Richard Viladesau's well-received study, The Beauty of the Cross: The Passion of Christ in Theology and the Arts from the Catacombs to the Eve of the Renaissance
. It continues his project of presenting theological history by using art as both an independent religious or theological "text" and as a means of understanding the cultural context for academic theology. Viladesau argues that art and symbolism function as alternative strands of theological expression sometimes parallel to, sometimes interwoven with, and sometimes in tension with formal theological reflection on the meaning of crucifixion and its role in salvation history.
This book examines the two great revolutionary movements that gave birth to the modern West: the Renaissance and the Protestant Reformation. This period was eventful for both theology and art, and thus particularly fruitful for Viladesau's project.
Using individual works of art, over sixty of which are reproduced in this book, to epitomize particular artistic and theological models, he explores the contours of each paradigm through the works of representative theologians as well as liturgical, poetic, artistic, and musical sources. To name a few examples, the theologies of Savonarola, Luther, Calvin, and the Council of Trent, are examined in correlation to the new situation of art in the era of Fra Angelico, Leonardo, Michelangelo, Durer, Cranach, and the Mannerists.
In this book, Viladesau continues to deepen our understanding of the foremost symbol of Christianity.


What's old is new (and better) again thanks to 3D printing techniques under the employ of Airbus. Seen above are two parts. The simpler one was created using conventional manufacturing techniques. And by conventional I mean, of course, soon-to-be obsolete.
OBsolete, and replaced by 3D printing, which Airbus has apparently perfected to the point that it is using 3D-printed parts to help fly the massive A380.
But 3D printing is nothing new, right? Well, yes, if we're talking plastic or resin parts that don't require the kinds of heavy stresses one might associate with, I dunno, keeping hundreds of tons of metals flying through the air. I don't know about you, but on my next flight I'd probably be that guy screaming down the aisle right before takeoff if I somehow learned vital system components were made of resin. They wouldn't be, of course, but bear with me here.
What they would be made of is something like the metal engine hinges seen above. The part would be durable, long-lasting and not prone to snapping off at 35,000 feet—all characteristics that were, until today, not associated with 3D-printed parts.
But that dynamic's been turned on its head by the folks at Airbus. Using an special additive layer manufacturing machine (aka the aforementioned 3D printer), they are able to create "intricate forms out of high-grade metal," reports the MIT Technology Review, which to me and you means "oh by the way, Airbus has actually already installed these 3D-printed parts on their massive Airbus A380 airliners.
And since this is a computer-assisted 3D printing press we're talking about, it would be remiss to not mention that they are stronger, lighter and more superior than anything we humans could create by hand or with our now outdated, traditional manufacturing processes:
The printers use software that works out where the parts need to bear loads and places material just in those areas, halving the weight of the complete part without sacrificing strength. That saves energy, metal, and money. The complex, curving forms that result couldn't be cast in a mold or carved out of a larger block even with the most advanced computer-controlled tools, but they can be printed in a succession of layers tens of micrometers thick.
So the planes essentially fly themselves, and now they build themselves in a way that's stronger and more efficient than any human hand. At least the peanuts are still real. [MIT Technology Review]


Two research groups have discovered that rare forms of a gene involved in lipid formation might reduce the risk of some heart attacks in people who inherit one of those rare forms.
The gene is nicknamed APOC3 for the protein it encodes, apolipoprotein C3. That protein acts as a building block for a number of cell components, including triglycerides.
Triglycerides help regulate blood sugar and occur in skin oils. High blood levels of triglycerides, however, might increase the risk of heart disease and heart attacks in some unknown way.
Now, we learn that people who inherit one copy of any of four rare, non-functioning forms of the APOC3 gene have a 40 percent reduction in triglyceride levels and heart attacks. Details recently were published in the New England Journal of Medicine.
Some news reports of the discovery envisioned a new class of drugs that might mimic the effects of rare APOC3 gene forms. One in five Americans might lower their risk of heart attacks with such drugs.
Then again, maybe not. The four forms of the APOC3 gene that might reduce heart attacks occur in low frequency in people. Among 10,000 adults with normal triglycerides and no heart disease reviewed in one study, 50 would have one copy of any of the rare forms (based on 76,583 cases).
By comparison, among 10,000 people with high triglycerides or symptoms of heart disease, 33 would have one of the gene forms (based on 33,889 cases). No case reviewed inherited two copies of a rare form.
Carriers of a rare APOC3 gene form had lower triglycerides and risk of heart disease. Still, this is a subtle difference between heart disease and control groups. Why is the frequency of apparently good forms of the gene so low in healthy people? An evolutionary perspective might answer this and help focus the search for new heart drugs based on this recent discovery.
Few gene forms kill or sterilize an organism in which they occur in all circumstances. Natural selection removes those forms from populations at the rate they appear through random mutations, inevitably a rare event.
Rather, some genes can both benefit and harm their carriers. Molecular geneticists are beginning to understand why.
Many genes encode proteins that function in multiple ways. Some of those functions might occur during fetal development, after birth and in adults. Natural selection will favor a gene form that increases fetal survival even if it reduces adult survival.
We expect selection to delay the adult impact of such gene forms. The BRCA genes associated with some breast cancers might fit this model. The rare APOC3 gene forms might favor adult longevity at the expense of some as of yet unknown function earlier in life that they perform relatively poorly. In this case, we expect low frequencies of such gene forms — as observed.
A new class of heart drugs might, indeed, lie within the discovery of the beneficial effects of these rare forms of the APOC3 gene. An understanding of the evolutionary forces acting on the APOC3 gene will speed the discovery of such drugs.
Steve Rissing is a biology professor at Ohio State University.


The “Invisible Face Mask”, Seoul City Government
The impact of public health concerns and disease on our built environment is not new. For one, the introduction in Europe of sewage systems prompted by cholera outbreaks, in the nineteenth century drove the roads above them to become straighter and wider. As with the current pandemic, there were also a number of efforts to reduce overcrowding.
A “COVID-Proof” City?
In the “Information Age”, news that a “COVID-proof” smart city is being planned in Xiong’an, China, has garnered considerable interest around the world. The title of the design, by Spanish firm Guallart Architects is Self Sufficient City, and the zone will include greenhouses for growing food as well as terraces for drone deliveries to residents. All buildings will be made out of sustainable CLT and have sloping roofs fitted with solar panels. There will be co-working spaces and workshops with 3D printers and rapid prototyping machines so that, in the event of future supply chain disruption, replacement parts can be created. The logic underpinning the plans is evidently that of sustainability and the circular economy – specific design philosophies which are by no means new. The pandemic has perhaps fast-tracked these priorities. Aside from the glitzy headline of a “COVID-proof smart city”, teams of architects, engineers, designers, urban planners and more have been re-imagining a built environment that’s resilient and safer. So looking beyond social isolation, what key themes are emerging for buildings in 2020?
“The pandemic reinforces what we already always thought architecture should be about - providing inspirational space that is safe, but also crucially, healthy for those that use it… I would hope that there will certainly be a better response to the idea of buildings being better serviced in terms of their ventilation and air quality.”
As with previous epidemics, the air we breathe is now a cause for concern. With much of the world spending the vast majority of their time inside, some architects are promoting a partial return to outdoor living, to reduce the risk of COVID-spread. In Silicon Valley, outdoor terraces – previously a nice but often neglected perk for workers – are being converted into fully-functioning sections of the office. So-called “Pandemic resistant” offices at a Turkish university are designed to be partially open-air, and New York City has just made the Open Restaurants Programme (allowing restaurants to extend seating outside) permanent.
For colder climates (or smaller budgets!), there is room for improvement in terms of indoor spaces. The International Wellbeing Institute – responsible for the WELL Health-Safety rating system for buildings – has a strong focus on air quality. WELL sets minimum indoor ventilation rates, encourages natural air flow, UV germicidal irradiation and even certain humidity levels. This assessment system pre-dates the pandemic its popularity is now increasing.
Moreover, flexible approaches to spatial design including more modular and de-constructable buildings are gaining traction. From quick-build hospital and health centres to innovative new community schools
in uncertain times, it’s easy to see the attraction of creating flexible designs to suit changing needs.
A great example of this is the winner of the Seoul City Architectural Ideas Competition. This large public plaza called “The Invisible Facemask”, consists of small, individual spaces surrounded by vegetation which can be transformed into larger plazas.
Discover the latest trends in Architecture with our dynamic Architecture Walking Tours, or take a broader look at city builders and London’s most interesting areas with an Insider London Regeneration Walking Tour.


backwards beyond the original source: a river erodes headwards
[hed-waw-terz, -wot-erz] /ˈhɛdˌwɔ tərz, -ˌwɒt ərz/ plural noun 1. Sometimes, headwater. the upper tributaries of a river. /ˈhɛdˌwɔːtəz/ plural noun 1. the tributary streams of a river in the area in which it rises; headstreams n. 1530s; see head (n.) + water (n.).
[hed-wey] /ˈhɛdˌweɪ/ noun 1. forward movement; progress in a forward direction: The ship’s headway was slowed by the storm. 2. progress in general: headway in a career. 3. rate of progress: a slight headway against concerted opposition. 4. the time interval or distance between two vehicles, as automobiles, ships, or railroad or subway cars, traveling […]
[hed-wair] /ˈhɛdˌwɛər/ noun 1. coverings for the head, especially hats.
[hed-wind] /ˈhɛdˌwɪnd/ noun 1. a opposed to the course of a moving object, especially an aircraft or other vehicle (opposed to ). /ˈhɛdˌwɪnd/ noun 1. a wind blowing directly against the course of an aircraft or ship Compare tailwind headwind or head wind (hěd’wĭnd’) A wind blowing directly against the course of a moving object, […]


E. Cobham Brewer 18101897. Dictionary of Phrase and Fable. 1898.
George (St.) (g soft).
Gibbon, in his Decline and Fall, ii. 323, asserts that the patron saint of England was George of Cappadocia, the turbulent Arian Bishop of Alexandria, torn to pieces by the populace in 360, and revered as a saint by the opponents of Athanasius; but this assertion has been fully disproved by the Jesuit Papebroch, Milner, and others.
That St. George is a veritable cháracter is beyond all reasonable doubt, and there seems no reason to deny that he was born in Armorica, and was beheaded in Diocletians persecution by order of Datianus, April 23rd, 303. St. Jerome (331420) mentions him in one of his martyrologies; in the next century there were many churches to his honour. St. Gregory (540604) has in his Sacramentary a Preface for St. Georges Day; and the Venerable Bede (672735), in his martyrology, says, At last St. George truly finished his martyrdom by decapitation, although the gests of his passion are numbered among the apocryphal writings.
In regard to his connection with England, Ashmole, in his History of the Order of the Garter, says that King Arthur, in the sixth century, placed the picture of St. George on his banners; and Selden tells us he was patron saint of England in the Saxon times. It is quite certain that the Council of Oxford in 1222 commanded his festival to be observed in England as a holiday of lesser rank; and on the establishment of the Order of the Garter by Edward III. St. George was adopted as the patron saint.
The dragon slain by St. George is simply a common allegory to express the triumph of the Christian hero over evil, which John the Divine beheld under the image of a dragon. Similarly, St. Michael, St. Margaret, St. Silvester, and St. Martha are all depicted as slaying dragons; the Saviour and the Virgin as treading them under their feet; and St. John the Evangelist as charming a winged dragon from a poisoned chalice given him to drink. Even John Bunyan avails himself of the same figure, when he makes Christian encounter Apollyon and prevail against him.
George (St.), the Red Cross Knight (in Spensers Faërie Queene, bk. i.), represents Piety. He starts with Una (Truth) in his adventures, and is driven into Wandering Wood, where he encounters Error, and passes the night with Una in Hypocrisys cell. Being visited by a false vision, the knight abandons Una, and goes with Duessa (False-faith) to the palace of Pride. He leaves this palace clandestinely, but being overtaken by Duessa is persuaded to drink of an enchanted fountain, when he becomes paralysed, and is taken captive by Orgoglio. Una informs Arthur of the sad event, and the prince goes to the rescue. He slays Orgoglio, and the Red Cross Knight, being set free, is taken by Una to the house of Holiness to be healed. On leaving Holiness, both Una and the knight journey towards Eden. As they draw near, the dragon porter flies at the knight, and St. George has to do battle with it for three whole days before he succeeds in slaying it. The dragon being slain, the two enter Eden, and the Red Cross Knight is united to Una in marriage.
St. George and the Dragon. According to the ballad given in Percys Reliques, St. George was the son of Lord Albert of Coventry. His mother died in giving him birth, and the new-born babe was stolen away by the weird lady of the woods, who brought him up to deeds of arms. His body had three marks; a dragon on the breast, a garter round one of the legs, and a blood-red cross on the arm. When he grew to manhood he first fought against the Saracens, and then went to Sylen, a city of Libya, where was a stagnant lake infested by a huge dragon, whose poisonous breath had many a city slain, and whose hide no spear nor sword could pierce. Every day a virgin was sacrificed to it, and at length it came to the lot of Sabra, the kings daughter, to become its victim. She was tied to the stake and left to be devoured, when St. George came up, and vowed to take her cause in hand. On came the dragon, and St. George, thrusting his lance into its mouth, killed it on the spot. The king of Morocco and the king of Egypt, unwilling that Sabra should marry a Christian, sent St. George to Persia, and directed the sophy to kill him. He was accordingly thrust into a dungeon, but making good his escape, carried off Sabra to England, where she became his wife, and they lived happily at Coventry together till their death.
A very similar tale is told of Hesionê, daughter of Laomdon. (See HESIONE, SEA MONSTERS.)
St. George he was for England, St. Denis was for France. This refers to the war-cries of the two nationsthat of England was St. George! that of France, Montjoye St. Denis!
Our ancient word of courage, fair St. George,
Inspire us with the spleen of fiery dragons.
Shakespeare: Richard III., v. 3.
When St. George goes on horseback St. Yves goes on foot. In times of war lawyers have nothing to do. St. George is the patron of soldiers, and St. Ives of lawyers.
St. Georges Arm. The Hellespont is so called by the Catholic Church in honour of St. George, the patron saint of England. (Papebroch: Actes des Saints.)
St. Georges Channel. An arm of the Atlantic, separating Ireland from Great Britain; so called in honour of St. George, referred to above.
St. Georges Cross. Redon a white field.
St. Georges Day (April 23rd). A day of deception and oppression. It was the day when new leases and contracts used to be made.


Underage Drinking Statistics
Many more young people use alcohol than tobacco or illegal drugs. In 2014, about 3 million 12- to 17-year-olds (or 11.5 percent of this age group) reported using alcohol during the past month.1
As young people grow older, the chance that they will use alcohol grows. About 10 percent of 12-year-olds report that they have tried alcohol; by age 18, nearly 70 percent say they have had at least one drink.2
Young people seldom drink alone. In fact, nearly 80 percent of those drinking underage in 2013 were with two or more people the last time they drank.1 The National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism has found that alcohol use by a friend makes it very likely that a young person already is using alcohol or might start drinking.3
Alcohol use by young people often occurs in a home setting. In 2013, 52 percent of 12- to 20-year- olds who drank reported that they last drank in someone else’s home, and 34 percent reported that the drinking occurred in their own home.1
Teens drink less often than adults. But when teens do drink, they drink more than adults. On average, young people have about five drinks on a single occasion.2 This dangerous behavior is called binge drinking. It increases the risk of serious problems and even death.
Alcohol use by young people often is made possible by adults. After all, teens can’t legally purchase alcohol on their own.
1 Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality. (2015). Behavioral health trends in the United States: Results from the 2014 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (3.33MB). (HHS Publication No. SMA 15-4927, NSDUH Series H-50). Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration.
2 Office of the Surgeon General. (2007). The Surgeon General's call to action to prevent and reduce underage drinking: A guide for families (PDF 900KB). Rockville, MD: U.S. Department
3 National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. (2015). Alcohol screening and brief intervention for youth: A practitioner’s guide. (NIH Publication No. 11-7805). Rockville, MD: National Institutes of Health.


What is glaucoma?
Glaucoma is a serious eye disease that can lead to permanent damage to the optic nerve and result in permanent blindness. Glaucoma often starts with unnoticeable blind spots, then tunnel vision, and finally blindness. There is a known relationship between diabetes and open-angle glaucoma (the most common type of glaucoma). Early detection of glaucoma is vital if a surgeon is to successfully treat the condition. Most optometrists check for glaucoma during regular eye exams.
What is NVISION’s approach to treating glaucoma?
If an NVISION doctor is suspicious of glaucoma in the screening process, a referral is made to a glaucoma specialist for baseline testing. Once the baseline testing is completed, and depending on if treatment is initiated by the glaucoma specialist, it is still all right to have LASIK.


Revista de Saúde Pública
On-line version ISSN 1518-8787
Print version ISSN 0034-8910
VILLENA, Rita S.; BORGES, Denise G. and CURY, Jaime A.. Evaluation of fluoride content of bottled drinking waters in Brazil. Rev. Saúde Pública [online]. 1996, vol.30, n.6, pp.512-518. ISSN 1518-8787. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0034-89101996000600004.
The utilization of a systemic fluoride method must be controlled in terms of risks and benefits. The reason for this is that while a small dose will not be effective in preventing dental caries, a larger dose may cause dental fluorosis. Therefore the knowledge of the fluoride concentration found in the bottled mineral waters sold throughout the Brazilian market the consumption of which has increased lately, is of great concern. The objective of the study was the analysis of the concentration of fluoride found in the bottled mineral waters. A hundred and four brands coming from different regions of Brazil were analysed using an Orion 96-09 ion specific electrode and an Orion EA 940 ionanalyser, previously calibrated with standard fluoride solutions. Different concentrations of fluoride ranging from 0.0 to 4.4 were found. It was discovered that specific bottled waters contained: 1) Significant concentrations of fluoride not reported by the producer; 2) Fluoride concentrations of no preventive effect, although the producer had advertised the water as a Fluoridated Mineral Water; 3) Fluoride concentrations high enough to cause dental fluorosis, although the producer did not alert the consumer to this fact. It is to be concluded, therefore, that a sanitary regulatory system for the control of the level of fluoride in the bottled mineral waters marketed is necessary. Such reputation should be formulated in terms of benefits as well as in terms of risks.
Keywords : Fluoridation; Mineral waters [analysis]; Dental caries [prevention and control].


Chennai, originally known as Madras Patnam, was located in the province of Tondaimandalam, an area lying between Pennar river of Nellore and the Pennar river of Cuddalore. The capital of the province was Kancheepuram. Tondaimandalam was ruled in the 2nd century A.D. by Tondaiman Ilam Tiraiyan, who was a representative of the Chola family at Kanchipuram. It is believed that Ilam Tiraiyan must have subdued Kurumbas, the original inhabitants of the region and established his rule over Tondaimandalam.
Subsequent to Ilam Tiraiyan, the region seemed to have been ruled by the Chola Prince Ilam Killi.The Chola occupation of Tondaimandalam was put to an end by the Andhra Satavahana incursions from the north under their King Pulumayi II. They appointed chieftains to look after the Kancheepuram region. Bappaswami, who is considered as the first Pallava to rule from Kancheepuram, was himself a chieftain (of the tract round) at Kancheepuram under the Satavahana empire in the beginning of the 3rd century A.D., The Pallavas who had so far been merely viceroys, became independent rulers of Kancheepuram and its surrounding areas.
Pallavas held sway over this region from the beginning of the 3rd century A.D.to the closing years of the 9th century except for the interval of some decades when the region was under Kalabharas. Pallavas were defeated by the Chola under Aditya-I by about 879 A.D. and the region was brought under Chola rule.Pandyas under Jatavarman Sundara Pandya rose to power and the region was brought under Pandya rule by putting an end to Chola supremacy in 1264 A.D.Pandya's rule over this region lasted a little over half a century followed by Bahmini kingdom with the extension of Delhi Sultanate under Khilji dynasty especially under the rule of Alauddin Khilji, a pioneer of all revenue works. During 1361, Kumara Kampana II, the son of Vijayanagar King, Bukka I conquered and established Vijayanagar rule in Tondaimandalam.
The Vijayanagar rulers appointed chieftain known as Nayaks who ruled over the different regions of the province almost independently.Damarla Venkatapathy Nayak, an influential chieftain under Venkata III, who was in-charge of the area of present Chennai city, gave the grant of a piece of land lying between the river Cooum almost at the point it enters the sea and another river known as Egmore river to the English in 1639. On this piece of waste land was founded the Fort St. George exactly for business considerations. In honour of Chennappa Nayak, father of Venkatapathy Nayak, who controlled the entire coastal country from Pulicat in the north to the Portuguese settlement of Santhome, the settlement which had grown up around Fort St. George was named after Chennapatanam.
The older area called the Madraspatnam lay to the north of it. Later on, the intervening space between the older northern site of Madraspatnam came to be quickly built over with houses of the new settlers (as the two expanded) and that the two villages became virtually one town. While the official centre of the settlement was designated Fort St. George, the British applied the name Madras Patnam to the combined town. Golkonda forces under General Mir Jumla conquered Madras in 1646 and brought Chennai and its immediate surroundings under his control. On the fall of Golkonda in 1687, the region came under the rule of the Mughal Emperors of Delhi.
Firmans were issued by the Mughal Emperor granting the rights of English company in Chennai. In the later part of the seventeenth century, Chennai steadily progressed during the period of Agency and under many Governors. During the regime of Governor Elihi Yale (1687-92),the most important event was the formation of the institution of a mayor and Corporation for the city of Chennai. In 1693, a perwanna was received from the local Nawab granting the towns Tondiarpet, Purasawalkam and Egmore to the company. Thomas Pitt became the Governor of Chennai in 1698 and governed for eleven years. This period witnessed remarkable development of trade and increase in wealth.
The important events during this period were the blockade of Chennai by Daud Khan and its repulsion and the acquisition of additional suburban villages by the English. Thiruvottiyur, Vysarpadi, Kathivakkam, Nungambakkam and Satangadu were made as a free gift to the English in 1708. In 1735, Chintadripet was taken over and in 1742 Vepery, Perambur and Periamet were presented to the British. Nicholas Morse was the Governor from 1744 to 1746. The most important event during his time was the outbreak of war between England and France and the consequent struggle for supremacy between the French and the English in South India. Chennai was captured by the French in 1744 but consequent on the treaty of peace of Aix-La-Chapelle, Chennai was restored to the English in 1749.
George Pigot was the Governor for the period from 1755 to 1763. The period is remarkable for the fact that the Company form a trading corporation, owning isolated towns, forts and factories, became a ruling power controlling vast territories. Charles Bourchier became Governor in 1767. During his period Hyder Ali who usurped the Sovereignty of Mysore joined hands with the Nizam and began an offensive on Chennai. In 1761, a treaty was signed between Hyder Ali and the Company for an alliance and mutual restitution of the conquests. The Governance of the Carnatic became the responsibility of the Chennai Government which could not maintain a large army without the revenue of Nawabs. In 1763,the English got the district of Chengalpattu known as Chennai Jagir for the maintenance of the army.Lord Macartney took charge of the Chennai Government in 1781.
During his period, Chennai was turned into an important Naval base. Major General Medows became Governor in 1790. The position of the English was made secure in South India. the elimination of other foreign power and settlement of the limits of native territory gave stability and paved the way for an era of commercial development. In 1792, in a new treaty Mohammed Ali handed over the entire management of the Carnatic to the English and accepted in return a pension. Another important event of this period was the outbreak of Mysore war. Tippu was killed in 1799 and the whole of Carnatic ceded to the British.
Thus the supremacy of the English in South India was established. The present day territorial limits of the city existed in the shape of scattered villages for centuries before the advent of the British. In the process of growth, many villages got agglomerated into a single unit. The shape and extent of the city which existed during 1939-40 was reached even during the opening years of 19th century. The period in between 1803 to 1827 represents consolidation and development of institutions.
Sir Edward Elliot was the important Governor of Chennai during this period. He appointed a Judicial Commission with Munro as its President in 1814. Several reforms in the administrative system were made by the Commission. Sir Thomas Munro became the Governor in 1820 and continued till 1827. He tried his best to improve literacy. He initiated English education in Chennai and established a body called Board of Public Instructions to improve and direct public education. Important improvement made to Chennai city during the first half of the 19th century was the progress made in the establishment of institutions for professional and technical education.
School of Industrial Art was started in 1850, Civil Engineering College in 1834 and Madras Medical College in 1835,etc. The Madras University was started in September 1857. The Chennai High Court was created in June 1862. The Railway Company in Chennai was formed in July 1845. the first construction work began on 9th June 1853 and in 1858,South Indian Railway was formed having Chennai as the Railway Headquarters. Lord Hobart who was the Governor from 1872 to 1875 initiated Chennai Harbour project. The Congress party came to life during the period 1881-90. The Indian National Congress held its session in 1887 at Chennai.
The First Governor of Chennai in the 20th century was Lord Ampthill (1901-06). Sir Arthur Law-by was the Governor from 1906-1911 and Lord Pentland from 1912-19. The important Landmarks during this period were the establishment of Chennai Electric Supply Corporation in 1906 and opening of Indian Bank in 1907. During 1934 and 1936 for a short period, two Indians Sir M.D. Usman Sahib and Sir K. Venkatareddy Naidu acted as Governors of Chennai. In 1937, the Ministry of Shri C. Rajagopalachari came into power for two years. The influence of the Governors on the administration considerably diminished. The British departed on 15th August 1947 but Chennai remained as a standing monument of what the British have done to India.


The Bible and Science [Podcast]
by Henry M. Morris III, D.Min.
Is the Bible trustworthy? Are scientific theories 100% factual? How can Christians resolve the origins debate? ICR’s CEO Dr. Henry Morris III offers clarity and insight for questions about the origin of the universe, the accuracy of Scripture, and the role of faith in every human heart.
The Apostle Paul warned Timothy about pseudoscience and “false knowledge.” Today, many twist the meaning of Scripture to promote their interpretation of scientific data. What is the root of this issue? And how should Christians handle apparent conflicts between the Bible and science?
The Bible’s message requires absolute accuracy of every word of its written text. Jesus referenced the eternal nature of His Word. Even the letters themselves—the “jots” and “tittles”—are under God’s authority. What is the consistent message of Scripture? Can we be certain the Bible is without error?
The scientific world strives to exclude God from its thinking, and faith is not subject to the scientific method. So, how do we reconcile faith and science?
Conservative Christians speak of inerrancy and inspiration, while liberal theologians prefer dynamic equivalence. But what does Jesus teach? How much authority do the Bible’s words really have?
Theories on the origin of the universe abound, but all seem to fit into one of two categories. Either you believe “in the beginning God created” or you must believe the Ph.D. who says he or she knows better. How can we separate fact from fantasy? Can anyone truly know how the universe began?
For more radio programs, click here.


Explain the process of strategy mapping and how it relates to
performance management and establishing value propositions.
Use the Glacier Inn or Hazard Action Zone case study.
Armitage, H., Scholey, C., (2006). Using strategy maps to drive performance. Society of Mgt. Accountants of Canada. Retrieved from: http://www.cimaglobal.com/Documents/ImportedDocuments/Tech_MAG_Strategy_Mapping_March07.pdf
Murby, L., Gould, S., (2005). Effective Performance Management with the Balanced Scorecard: Technical Report. Chartered Institute of Management Accountants. Retrieved from: http://www.cimaglobal.com/Documents/ImportedDocuments/Tech_rept_Effective_Performance_Mgt_with_Balanced_Scd_July_2005.pdf
4 to 5 pages.
In today's competitive environment, it is essential for all the companies to make effective strategies to achieve competitive advantage and to make positive market position. Through developing and establishing strategies, companies can manage their position in the market. In this, strategic mapping plays a crucial role for managers to presents strategies in a systematic format. Strategic mapping refers to a structured process that helps the managers to presents strategies in a graphical and illustrative format. Through this, managers enable to communicate strategies to the stakeholders of the company effectively (Becker, Huselid & Beatty, 2009).
In these guidelines discusses the strategic mapping process and its relationship with the performance management with the help of Glacier Inn hotel case study. In this also discusses the contribution of strategic mapping in establishing value propositions for the companies.
Process of Strategic Mapping
The process of strategic mapping includes five major stapes to develop and implement the strategies in the organization. The detailed description of these five steps is as follow:
Access the Business Situation and Develop Objectives:
In the first step of strategic mapping process, the managers of Glacier Inn should access the current situation of business. In this, managers can gather information about stakeholders and examine the history, environment, industry and issues associated with the organization. In order to gather information, managers can use different tools and techniques such as history map, context map, industry structure map, strategy hierarchy, business model map and challenge map etc. After gathering information about business, manager should develop the objectives that are required to achieve in the future. These objectives should be economic and specific (Armitage & Scholey, 2006).
Choose the value Proposition:
In the next step, Glacier Inn should need to select the value propositions for the business in order to provide extraordinary levels of distinctive values to the selected customers in the market. In this, company can select three value propositions such as operational excellence, product leadership and customer intimacy. Through the selection of ...
The expert explains the process of strategy mapping and how it relates to performance management and establishing value propositions. The competitive environment is found.


The Contribution of Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviours to the Growth and Development of Children and Adolescents
The obesity epidemic is a global trend and is of particular concern in children. Recent reports have highlighted the severity of obesity in children by suggesting: “today’s generation of children will be the first for over a century for whom life expectancy falls.” This review assesses the evidence that identifies the important role of physical activity in the growth, development and physical health of young people, owing to its numerous physical and psychological health benefits. Key issues, such as “does a sedentary lifestyle automatically lead to obesity” and “are levels of physical activity in today’s children less than physical activity levels in children from previous generations?”, are also discussed.
Today’s environment enforces an inactive lifestyle that is likely to contribute to a positive energy balance and childhood obesity. Whether a child or adolescent, the evidence is conclusive that physical activity is conducive to a healthy lifestyle and prevention of disease. Habitual physical activity established during the early years may provide the greatest likelihood of impact on mortality and longevity. It is evident that environmental factors need to change if physical activity strategies are to have a significant impact on increasing habitual physical activity levels in children and adolescents. There is also a need for more evidence-based physical activity guidelines for children of all ages. Efforts should be concentrated on facilitating an active lifestyle for children in an attempt to put a stop to the increasing prevalence of obese children.


|§ 13-4281||Animal seizure; notification; forfeiture; bond; hearing; exceptions|
Terms Used In Arizona Laws > Title 13 > Chapter 38 > Article 33
- Evidence: Information presented in testimony or in documents that is used to persuade the fact finder (judge or jury) to decide the case for one side or the other.
- including: means not limited to and is not a term of exclusion. See Arizona Laws 1-215
- Magistrate: means an officer having power to issue a warrant for the arrest of a person charged with a public offense and includes the chief justice and justices of the supreme court, judges of the superior court, judges of the court of appeals, justices of the peace and judges of a municipal court. See Arizona Laws 1-215
- Peace officer: means any person vested by law with a duty to maintain public order and make arrests and includes a constable. See Arizona Laws 3-1703
- Person: means a human being and, as the context requires, an enterprise, a public or private corporation, an unincorporated association, a partnership, a firm, a society, a government, a governmental authority or an individual or entity capable of holding a legal or beneficial interest in property. See Arizona Laws 3-1703
- Property: means anything of value, tangible or intangible. See Arizona Laws 3-1703


Synergism and estrangement
By Skip Clement
How did we become a nation estranged from the gift of everything worthy of respect? Who convinced us that we’re so important that we have the right to make landscapes treeless, empty oceans, shoot and kill birds and animals only for the mere dockside or bar boast before disposal, or mount a stuffed skin mount on a den wall instead of a reproduction mount – to disregard conservation?
Witnessing the five varieties of anadromous salmons visiting Alaska from May through November has been mind-altering for over six decades. Like watching whole salmons or parts thereof disappear 24-7 into the surrounding forest, transported by armies of birds, bears, foxes, coyotes, rodents, wolves, and insects.
Researchers discovered that these were essential exchanges that had been taking place for thousands of years. Trees depend on salmon, and salmon depend on trees. A transaction in which innumerable plants and animals benefit from the incredible nutrient exchange inherent in every part of the process.
For example, an adult chum salmon returning to spawn contains an average of 130 grams of nitrogen, 20 grams of phosphorus, and more than 20,000 kilojoules of energy in the form of protein and fat; a 250-meter reach of salmon stream in southeast Alaska receives more than 80 kilograms of nitrogen and 11 kilograms of phosphorous in the form of chum salmon tissue in just over one month. — Anne Post / Alaska Fish and Game
If salmon were to disappear in Alaska, it would be culturally horrific for marine, freshwater, and land animals. Not only are salmon crucial to the Alaskan ecosystem, but they are also crucial to the Alaskan economy. — Trenton Schipper / Cook Inlet Aquaculture Association
Wild salmon and trees have a mutually beneficial relationship
By John Whitfield / Nature.com / October 2001
Trees depend on salmon and salmon depend on trees, say US researchers. Fish corpses fertilize riverside vegetation and the woody debris improves salmon breeding success.
This suggests that forest and salmon management should be integrated. What’s more, other threats to salmon populations, such as pollution or overfishing, may affect forests.
Salmon populations are declining in the Atlantic and the Pacific. In the past century salmon numbers in California, Oregon and Washington, for example, have fallen by about 90%. The geographical scale of the trends has led researchers to assume that the cause lies in the sea, and is perhaps related to climate.
“But numbers are now so low that factors within individual rivers are starting to play a part – they can be the straw that breaks the camel’s back,” comments Stewart Welton of the Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, in Dorset, UK.
“Unfortunately, bank maintenance is a long-term solution, and managers are often looking for a short-term solution.” — Stewart Welton, Dorset, UK
Riverside vegetation gets just under a quarter of its nitrogen – the nutrient that most commonly limits plant growth – from salmon, Robert Naiman, of the University of Washington, Seattle and his student James Helfield have found.
Naiman and Helfield have been studying pacific salmon (Onchorhyncus spp.) in Alaskan rivers. They exploited chemical differences between the nitrogen in marine and freshwater environments to trace the origin of nutrients in forests bordering the streams.
Bank on it
Migrating salmon are a conveyor belt for nutrients. Pacific salmon move nitrogen and phosphorus upstream from the Pacific Ocean to the Kadashan and Indian rivers in southeast Alaska. Here the fish spawn, die, and release their nitrogen. Young fish travel downstream, fatten in the sea, and repeat the process when they are mature enough to reproduce.
Trees on the banks of salmon-stocked rivers grow more than three times faster than their counterparts alongside a salmon-free river, say the Seattle researchers.
Side-by-side with salmon, Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis), for example, take 86 years, rather than their usual 300 to reach 50 cm thick. One might even infer past salmon populations from the nitrogen in tree rings, Naiman believes.
Salmon, in turn, need big trees. They clean and shade the water, helping eggs to survive. And strong currents cannot shift their heavy debris, leaving small fish somewhere to hide.
Studies of fish-eating animals had shown that salmon transport marine nitrogen upstream, says freshwater ecologist Alan Hildrew, of Queen Mary and Westfield College, London, UK. Its effect on trees is another piece of the picture.
But, he adds, from a study of only two rivers it is difficult to know whether nutrients from salmon make the land around the river more fertile, or whether more fertile rivers attract salmon. “There might be some intrinsic difference between sites that have salmon and sites that don’t,” he points out.


Flashcards in Hip Deck (3)
The patient is positioned in supine on the plinth. The therapist stands on the side of the leg to be tested. The affected limb is placed in adduction and a compression force is applied and maintained through the femur through a range of 70-140 degrees of hip flexion. The test is repeated in abduction. A positive test is a reproduction of the patient's worst pain that they came with into the clinic.
The test is considered positive if the patient has any pain. The test is also positive if the therapist can feel any crepitus or if there is a leathery end feeling or if there’s a loss in ROM.
The test is considered negative if you can go from flexion-adduction to flexion-abduction in an arch, a normal ROM and with a normal end-feeling.
This test works by scouring the femoral acetabular joint for pathology. The compression of the femur, through the various ranges, stresses the bone, labrum, cartilage, ligaments, etc. While this test has been labeled as the "hip clearing test," due to the low diagnostic accuracy, it should not necessarily be used as such. Consider the results of the rest of your exam when trying to determine the pathology.
A positive Hip Quadrant test is an indication that there might be arthritis, an osteochondral defect, avascular necrosis, joint capsule tightness and/or an acetabular labrum defect. This test also detects if the patients hip can move through the full range of motion.
Th hip quadrant test does not give us any significantly useful information. Due to the wide range of structures that can be stressed, its results should be interpreted with caution. No validity or reliability studies could be located for its diagnostic validity.
Minimal data is available on the significance of the Hip Quadrant alone. However, the American College of Rheumatology provide an alternative method for the diagnosis of hip OA.
There are 2 cluster diagnoses which are:
Pain in the hip
<115 degrees of hip flexion
< 15 degrees of hip IR
Pain with hip IR
> 60 minutes of AM stiffness
> 50 years old
If at least 4 of 5 variables were present, the positive LR was equal to 24.3 (95% confidence interval: 4.4-142.1), increasing the probability of hip OA to 91%.
what can the FABER test detect?
The following findings of a positive FABER test may help to guide your clinical diagnosis;
Sarcoiliac Joint Pain on external hip rotation
Sacroiliac Joint Dysfunction
Groin Pain on external hip rotation
Iliopsoas Strain or Iliopsoas Bursitis
Intraarticular Hip Disorder
Hip Impingement (femoral acetabular impingement)
Hip Labral Tear
Hip loose bodies
Hip chondral lesion
Posterior Hip Pain on external hip rotation
Posterior Hip Impingement


Gout is a complex disorder. It is more prevalent among men, and afflicts women more commonly after menopause. Gout most commonly affects the big toe joint.
Signs and symptoms of gout are generally acute. They can come on suddenly without warning. Many patients experience them at night.
- Severe pain in the joints
- Pain that goes away gradually
- Itchy and peeling skin at a later point
- Redness and inflammation
- Red/purplish skin
- Elevated temperature
- Decreased flexibility
- May appear as nodules in the elbows, hands or ears
- No symptoms
A diagnosis of gout requires blood work and and an x-ray that needs to be ordered by your doctor. Medications to treat and prevent further flares may be prescribed by your doctor. At Clarke Ventresca Foot & Orhtoic Centres we will work with you to best accommodate and palliate the affected foot joint.


Direct Variation - Algebra IIn this video, you will learn about direct variation. Direct variation is the relationship between two variables that is consistent. In most examples of direct variation, you will be given the values of the two variables, and asked to find the value of one of the variables, when the other variable equals a quantity. In order to find that value, you must use the formula for direct variation. The formula is y=kx, in which y and x are the two variables, and k is the constant of variation. The constant of variation is the ratio of variation between the two variables that is constant for all values. To find the constant of variation, substitute the values given for x and y into the formula. Once you have the constant of variation, substitute into the formula with the third given value to find its varying value. Thanks for watching this video, and please subscribe for weekly videos!


The Clip sampler is useful when users want to exactly preserve flux or to significantly undersample the data. Basically you can think of it as overlaying the new coordinate pixel grid on top of the old pixel grid and integrating over the new pixel boundaries assuming flux is uniformly distributed within each of the old pixels.
An area where the Clip sampler can have problems is in very low resolution surveys when a single input image covers the entire sky. E.g., suppose we have a survey (say, HEAO1A) whose input data is a single Cartesian image centered at 0,0. A user wants to generate an output image centered at 180,0. If the output image has 1 degree pixels, then the corners of its central pixel would be at the coordinates
179.5,-0.5 180.5,-0.5 180.5,0.5 and 179.5,0.5
While these are close together on the sphere, they will probably get projected to opposite sides of the input image — two on the far right and two to the far left.
The old version of the clipping sampler doesn’t handle this case properly. It sees a pixel that contains almost all of the equator.
A similar problem occurs when the input image is not convex. E.g., in the COBE maps the input image covers a sideways T in the projection plane. When we sample this image, the output pixel corners may project to a quadrilateral that contains area that’s outside of the valid region of the projection.
An updated version of the Clip sampler included with version 2.6 of SkyView begins to address these. Each input pixel that is included in the output will be checked to ensure that it is a valid pixel. Pixels that wrap around should also be handled for all of low resolution surveys that we have. Basically we assume that the user doesn’t want pixels greater than 240 degrees on a side and treat pixels that seem to be so large specially.
There are issues with the topology of the new TOAST and TEA projections that could cause problems if input surveys were stored in these projections, but since we have no such surveys, this is a moot point for the moment.
The new version of the sampler will also ignore any pixel in which one of the corners of the output image has coordinates that include a NaN. For example, if the output image is a large scale Sine projection, then one might see NaN data values at the edge of the circular valid region of the projection. This will now be 0.
We’ll probably include both the old and new Clip samplers in the initial releases of V2.6, but only the new sampler is likely to be available through the web page.


Many people believe oils can make you gain weight.
Is Olive Oil Healthy?
People care about their health, and try to avoid eating oily food.
Limit your intake of oil in your diet.
Olive Oil's Essential Healthy Components
Monounsaturated oils (MUFAS), may lower cholesterol and reduce the risk of developing heart disease.
Olive Oil may be substituted for saturated fats in order to offer additional health benefits.
A study published in The Journal of Nutrition found that Olive Oil polyphenols reduce LDL plasma levels, which could lower cardiovascular risk.
Olive Oil For Digestive Disorders
The use of castor oil to treat constipation is effective.
Olive Oil can also be used to treat occasional constipation.
Olive Oil for Weight Loss
Olive Oil can also aid in weight loss.
Olive Oil is an important part in a healthy diet. It contains 119 calories per tablespoon, and has 14 grams of fat.
Olive Oil can be used for cooking.
Olive Oil Dosage
Drugs.com states Olive oil can safely be used up to 2.7 teaspoons.
- For constipation, 30 mL (about two tablespoons)
- It is an excellent way to lower your blood pressure. Aim to consume 30-40g daily, or 2 1/2-3 teaspoons.
- Are you high in cholesterol? 23g (just a little more than 2 teaspoons) to replace any other fats in your daily meals.
- 54g (or 4 tablespoons) is the daily recommended intake for heart disease prevention and management.
Olive oil can be added to smoothies and morning juices even if it doesn't suit your palate.
Olive Oil Side Effects & Interactions
Olive Oil should be limited in quantity according to WebMD.
Side effects may include:
- Low blood sugar in diabetics
Olive Oil may interact with anti-diabetes and antihypertensive drugs.
Olive Oil should be used with moderation
A tablespoon of olive oil per day can reduce your chance of getting heart disease.
Before you begin a daily routine with olive oil or to treat any medical condition, it is a good idea.