Climate Change 2001: Synthesis Report: Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
The Climate Change 2001 volumes of the Third Assessment Report of the IPCC provide the most comprehensive assessment of climate change since its second report, Climate Change 1995. This Synthesis Report gives a comprehensive summary of the main points of the three separate volumes of the Report: The Scientific Basis; Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability; and Mitigation. This synthesis will be particularly valuable for students and researchers who require a summary of the main issues in climate change, and will form a standard reference for policy decisions in governments and industry the world over for many years to come.
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Summary for Policymakers
Working Group Summaries
The Scientific Basis
Impacts Adaptation and Vulnerability
A Authors and Expert Reviewers
B Glossary of Terms
C Acronyms Abbreviations and Units
D Scientific Technical and SocioEconomic Questions Selected by the Panel
E List of Major IPCC Reports
20th century adaptive capacity aerosols agriculture ancillary benefits Annex anthropogenic areas atmospheric concentrations baseline carbon carbon leakage changes in climate Chapter climate change mitigation climate models climate sensitivity climate system climate variability coastal costs decades decrease developing countries droughts economic ecosystems effects emissions reductions Emissions Scenarios emissions trading energy environmental equity estimates Figure floods fossil fuel future gases global average global mean greenhouse gas emissions high confidence ice sheet impacts of climate implementation increase infrastructure IPCC Kyoto Protocol land loss magnitude medium confidence mitigation policies natural negative observed changes ocean ozone permafrost pollution population potential precipitation production projected radiative forcing range reduce regions response result risk sea level sea-level rise sector social socio-economic species SRES scenarios studies Summary for Policymakers surface temperature sustainable development technologies temperature change terrestrial thermohaline circulation tropical tropical cyclones uncertainties warming WGII TAR Sections WGIII


130 Amendments changed to requests
If a bill received from the House of Representatives, in which the Senate has made amendments, is returned by the House of Representatives with a suggestion that any of the amendments should be made the subject of a request by the Senate in accordance with section 53 of the Constitution, the Senate may forthwith, or on a future day, take the message into consideration in committee; and if any requests for amendments are made, the bill shall be returned to the House of Representatives with a message requesting that House to make the requested amendments.
In dealing with any such requests the same procedure shall be followed as for requests made in the first instance.
After the requests have been disposed of, if the amendments of the Senate have not been agreed to, the procedure with respect to amendments shall be followed.
Adopted: 9 September 1909, J.121, as SO 224B (to take effect 1 October 1909) but renumbered as SO 228 for the 1909 edition
1989 revision: Old SO 233 restructured as three paragraphs and renumbered as SO 130; language modernised and expression streamlined
See SO 129 for the background on this standing order which was adopted at the same time. It was described as being necessary for cases when the Senate had made a mistake by making an amendment rather than a request. Often, however, this is an arguable point and it becomes a matter for negotiation between the Houses, which is what happened in relation to the Sugar Bounty Bill in 1903 when the Senate accepted a suggestion from the House of Representatives that a certain amendment should have been made in the form of a request.
At this point, the Senate has already read the bill a third time. The standing order provides for the Senate to deal with any request it decides to make in the same way as it would have dealt with a request in the first instance. If the amendments have not been agreed to by the House, they are dealt with after the request has been settled, in accordance with SO 129.
Charles Boydell, Clerk of the Senate 1908-17, author of the first reference work on the Senate's powers unders section 53 of the Constitution (Source: Commonwealth Parliamentary Handbook)
Boydell's small booklet on the powers of the Senate, the first of many scholarly writings by senate clerks
Detail from Boydell's booklet on the powers of the Senate


Essays on style
These style tips can help you turn a bland and wordy college essay into an engaging narrative bring your college application to life. The links below provide concise advice on some fundamental elements of academic writing. Writing style what is writing style i started out thinking that writing style is a personal thing and that all writers have their own style but, this way of. My personal learning style tends to lean towards the hands on approach i have always tended to retain more information if i actually do the task that is assigned. Formatting styles often bring students a lot of problems, as in order to follow them in order to make your essay comply with the necessary style.
Academic writing style it is important to note that knowing about the process of essay writing and how to structure an essay is important however, knowing about. Writing an academic essay means fashioning a coherent set of ideas into an argument because essays are essentially linear—they offer one idea at a time—they must. By cormac essay horse mccarthy online pretty essay in mla style no assignments doing a proposal. There are four different types of writing styles: expository, descriptive it is a style of writing that focuses on describing a character, an event.
One of the most popular essay topic among students is essay about life where every student tries to describe his/her life, problems, priorities and outlooks. Style style is the way in which something is written, as opposed to the meaning of what is written in writing, however, the two are very closely linked.
- What this handout is about this handout will help you recognize potential problems in your writing style and learn to correct them what do we mean by style have you.
- We provide excellent essay writing service 24/7 enjoy proficient essay writing and custom writing services provided by professional academic writers.
- A guide about formatting college essays and some style tips for writing excellent college essays.
- Short essay on fashion category: essays, paragraphs and articles on january 22, 2014 by sanjoy roy in crude terms fashion is a style of living.
Essay-writing styles in this section we describe the characteristics of different types of academic essay, and offer examples of those essays, or at least essay. 100% free ap test prep website that offers study material to high school students seeking to prepare for ap exams enterprising students use this website to learn ap.


Definition of aerodyne
: a heavier-than-air aircraft (such as an airplane, helicopter, or glider) — compare aerostat
Origin and Etymology of aerodyne
First Known Use: circa 1906
Learn More about aerodyne
Seen and Heard
What made you want to look up aerodyne? Please tell us where you read or heard it (including the quote, if possible).


Subject: Traffic - especially goods traffic - is constantly
increasing throughout Europe’s road network. Forecasts are very
clear: by 2020, freight transport will have increased by more than
70% in the European Union. The result will not only be gridlock on
the roads, but also damage to the environment, more accidents and
the danger that European business will become less competitive.
Is there a solution ? Yes : the sea. It appears to be an
increasingly credible alternative for transporting goods between
Member States. The European Union is aiming to develop what it
calls "motorways of the sea" all around Europe.
In concrete terms, the idea is to establish high-quality maritime
links between a limited number of selected ports located at
strategic points on Europe's coastline. This will reinforce
economic and territorial cohesion between outlying and insular
areas and the centre of the European union.
All this means starting to think differently….
- Download of the video
- On-line viewing of the video (RealVideo format):


What Language Will They Speak on Mars?
Chinese, on present showing. Never mind that seven men – Russian (4) European (2) and Chinese (1) – are now two months into a 520-day isolation trial in Moscow, simulating a manned mission to Mars. That’s for show. Political willpower will settle the issue.
In 1964 the rocket engineer Wernher von Braun forecast a human visit to Mars by 1984. That might well have happened had the US not cancelled its proposed Orion rocket in 1965 – the year after von Braun made his prediction. The trouble was that Orion would have had nuclear propulsion, not merely by nuclear motors, but by nuclear bombs. So it had to be abandoned in the aftermath of the nuclear test-ban treaty, much to the annoyance of Freeman J. Dyson and other enthusiasts.
Here’s a diagram from my book Spaceships of the Mind (1978) which accompanied the BBC-OECA series with the same title, produced by Dick Gilling of BBC-TV. Assembled in Earth orbit, Orion would have carried about 2000 10-kiloton nuclear fission bombs, released at a rate of one a second to explode close behind a large spaceship. With a pusher plate absorbing the shocks, the spacecraft would quickly reach a speed that would take about 20 astronauts around Mars and back to Earth in just six months.
It may seem daft now but Orion was a recognition, at the very start of the Space Age, that if human beings are ever to become serious about space travel, they’ll have to think nuclear. That’s still the case, although nuclear fusion will be preferable, of course, with ignition as far from the Earth as possible.
When von Braun contributed to the New Scientist’s 1964 series on “The World in 1984” he remained mute about Orion although he glanced the nuclear option. At the time he was director of NASA’s Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama, with the Apollo missions to the Moon at the top of his agenda. Here, for a start, are two early extracts from his article entitled “Exploration to the Farthest Planets”:
Wernher von Braun on technology (1964)
Man may have landed on the surface of Mars by 1984. If not, he will surely have made a close approach for personal observation of the red planet. Likewise, manned ‘fly-bys’ to Venus will have been made.
Lunar landings will have long since passed from the fantastic achievement to routine occurrence. Astronauts will be shuttling back and forth on regular schedules from the earth to a small permanent base of operations on the moon. A part of the activity on the lunar surface may well be the operation of an astronomical observatory, taking advantage of the favourable observation conditions there. …
Saturn V, the largest launch vehicle under development in 1964 in America, will have been able, before 1970, to shove a payload of 100,000 pounds to earth-escape velocity. But for the manned exploration of Mars and the build-up of a sizeable lunar base, a vehicle is needed that will haul ten times as much payload, including men and their life-support equipment. That is why a launch rocket far more powerful than Saturn V is under development in 1984.
While chemical propulsion is still used for the first stage of large launch vehicles, improved engines and new fuels give higher specific impulse – more thrust per pound of fuel. Nuclear heat propulsion is used for upper stages, doubling the size of payloads that can be lifted free of the earth’s gravity. The sustained low thrust and high fuel economy of nuclear-powered electric propulsion systems serves to push unmanned probes to the outermost planets of the solar system.
Instrumented payloads have been landed on some of the nearer planets. There may be one on one of Jupiter’s satellites, and perhaps one on an asteroid, and they are busily sending back data on surface composition, atmospheric environment and the like. Investigations of the comets may have developed into a particularly fascinating chapter of unmanned interplanetary rocketry.
We shall be much nearer to the answer to the mystery of the origin of the solar system. The existence of a low order of life on Mars will probably have been proven, and the significance of the seasonal changes of the Martian canals established.
Manned orbiting space laboratories with closed ecological systems have supported pioneering crews comfortably in space for an uninterrupted stretch of two years. The hazard of particle radiation, in particular that posed by giant solar flares, has been eliminated with efficient new shielding methods. Fuel cells, solar and nuclear systems provide ample power for extended space flights and for surface operations on the moon. Men and women in space keep in constant touch with friends at home through effective communications, even when they are scores of millions of miles away. …
To lead back to my question “What language on Mars?” nothing is more apt than Tom Lehrer’s Wernher von Braun. Recalling his role in Hitler’s V2 terror weapon, the song ends:
You too may be a big hero, / Once you have learned to count backwards to zero. / “In German oder English I know how to count down, / Und I’m learning Chinese,” says Wernher von Braun.
Among recent developments, President Obama has scaled back his predecessor’s plans for manned spaceflight – which still use only chemical rockets, of course. Meanwhile China has overtaken Japan to become the world’s second largest economy, with commentators saying it will surpass the USA by 2025 or so. And as the Beijing Olympics illustrated, China’s present leaders are entirely ready to vie for global superiority by extravagant showmanship. In the 21st Century, the colonization of Mars will be the greatest show off Earth.
The West lost its way in manned spaceflight after the success of the Apollo missions. The Russians did too, and the International Space Station, which has consumed much treasure and some lives, is frankly a bore for the general public.More important than any financial constraints, in my opinion, is the fading of that feeling of the 1960s that a new frontier was opening up for humanity at large – when Apollo really did seem like a giant leap for mankind. We’re back to relying on science fiction like “Star Trek” to keep the dream alive.
Scientists stifle the sense of adventure, I’m sorry to say. I was at a space-science meeting in Florence in 1961, on the day when Yuri Gagarin became the first man to fly in space. The city’s Mayor drove up with crates of bubbly, but he was kept hanging about in the lobby because there was no question of interrupting a session on space plasmas with this merely human news. And just last week Lord (Martin) Rees, President of the Royal Society, declared: “It’s hard to see any particular reason or purpose in going back to the Moon or indeed sending people into space at all.”
The cart parks itself in front of the horse. Space science has been fruitful enough, but it’s always been a passenger on space technology initiated for political and technological purposes and sustained by strongly competitive rivalry between nations and blocs, which becomes cooperative only when convenient.
Although scientists have never understood that, the engineer von Braun certainly did. You may not go along with the way he worded it, but there’s no mistaking his conviction.
Wernher von Braun on motivation (1964)
Instruments continue to be indispensable in the exploration of space. But man has proven himself irreplaceable as an explorer of the moon, and is getting ready to explore the rest of the solar system in person. A man’s brain is still the ultimate in micro-miniaturization in size, weight, memory storage, and complex thinking operations. A large electronics computer might be superior at adding, subtracting, and in doing man’s routine clerical work. But, even in 1984, it remains for the brain of man to correlate unexpected observations, to perceive solutions to novel situations and to take independent action in the light of new data collected by his instruments. It is clear that man himself, and not just instruments, must explore the planets.
Gradually, space exploration has become a kind of standard behind which dynamic men with their courage, fighting instincts and talents have begun to rally for their advancement. Wars, which had somewhat similar ‘rallying’ effects, are no longer feasible between industrialized nations nor are they a suitable yardstick for their strength – now that any military exchange with weapons of mass destruction would mean total annihilation of friend and foe alike.
Just as the Crusades saved Europe much bloodshed by diverting the energies of its fighting men to a far-away objective, so space exploration provides a worthwhile outlet for the pent-up energies of man in the late twentieth century. Until recently, huge defence programmes had provided much of the stimulus for research and development work without which industrial progress comes to a halt. In 1984, the limitless scientific and technological challenges of the space-exploration programme have taken over this vital, invigorating role. The ‘spin-off’ products of the space programme, direct or indirect, are visible everywhere.
More citizens of the world than ever before are taking part in the affairs of government. Well-informed, thinking men will continue to support this intriguing and profitable endeavour of space exploration. How far we go in space – and how fast – will continue to be affected by the measure of public support.
Exploration of the planets, and later of the stars, may not be the one and only peaceful force to pull man and his culture forward. But it is the only one I know (in 1964) in which all men can enjoy both the excitement of conquest and the technological, economic, and spiritual benefits. If mankind in 1984 is freer in thought and spirit, as well as politically and economically freer of the shackles of the environment, I firmly believe it will, in large measure, be thanks to the benefits of space exploration.
The Chinese have let it be known that they’ll send astronauts to the Moon as soon as possible. Unless there’s a big change in the West’s half-hearted attitude to manned spaceflight, China may beat everyone to Mars quite easily. And it might be very rash to shrug and bid them bon voyage (or yī lù shùn fēng).
The opening up of the Solar System to human travel and settlement has often been likened to the maritime explorations that led to European political dominance in the colonial era. It was an opportunity that China missed, simply by the erosion of will that followed the earlier voyages of Admiral Zheng He. Here’s how I summarized the tale in my book Timescale.
Early guns were cumbersome, and the ideal vehicle for them was a sailing ship.
Ambitious Chinese saw that the time was ripe for domination of the world by gun-carrying ships. They pulled their high technology together and built dozens of large sailing junks with multiple masts, steered by sternpost rudders, navigated by magnetic compasses, and armed with guns. In AD 1405 a powerful fleet set off to impress the barbarians, and a succession of expeditions overawed half the known world, gathering treasure from as far away as Mecca and Africa. Had that naval policy persisted, this book would be written in Chinese. Officials and accountants persuaded the emperor after less than thirty years to put a stop to it, and eventually destroyed even the records of the voyages. It was bureaucracy’s most breathtaking accomplishment. …
The essence of the Chinese maritime technology of ship handling, navigation, and gunnery was known in Europe. The Portuguese flotillas that began groping along the African coast were ludicrously small and ill-found, but as events showed, the world could be snatched by diminutive carracks, without grand fleets of the Chinese sort. Like their horsemen ancestors coming off the steppes, Europeans made up in daring, avarice, and mutual rivalry for what they lacked in imperial wealth and sophistication. The breakout of the European navigators can best be dated from 1492, when a westbound Spanish flotilla stumbled upon the Americas, mistaking them for Asia. Portuguese seamen heading the other way reached India by sea in 1498 and China in 1514. The first circumnavigation of the planet was completed by a Spanish ship, Vittoria, in 1522.
So I can’t help wondering if our grandchildren will see an inversion of the events of the 15th Century, with China ruling the sky as Europeans once ruled the sea.
N. Calder, Spaceships of the Mind, BBC Publications,1978
N. Calder (ed): The World in 1984, Penguin, 1985
Lehrer’s full lyrics http://www.lyricsdownload.com/tom-lehrer-wernher-von-braun-lyrics.html
Rees quoted in The Guardian: see http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/2010/jul/26/martin-rees-space
N. Calder, Timescale: An Atlas of the Fourth Dimension, Viking 1983


It had been shown (Coquille, Napoleon and England, 1904) that Andreossy repeatedly warned Napoleon that the British government desired to maintain peace but must be treated with consideration.
de la "Coquille," zoologie, p. 418), and now very generally adopted in English - of one of the most characteristic forms of New Zealand birds, the Apteryx of scientific writers.
"Coquille," ut supra) heard of it; and a few years later J.
A number of small streams, among them the Nehalem, Coquille and Umpqua rivers, cut their way through the Coast Range to reach the ocean.
The Coquille river is navigable for about 37 m., the Yaquina river for 23 m.


Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) contributes a major health burden to society due to its high prevalence and substantial neurocognitive and cardiovascular consequences. Estimates suggest that at least 10% of adults in North America are afflicted with OSA, making it probably the most common respiratory disease in the developed world (Peppard et al. Am J Epidemiol. 2013;177:1006). Nasal CPAP is a highly efficacious therapy that has been shown to improve neurocognitive and cardiovascular outcomes. However, CPAP is not always well tolerated. Alternative therapies, such as oral appliances and upper airway surgery, have highly variable efficacy, and evidence of important clinical benefits are uncertain. Therefore, efforts are ongoing to determine optimal alternative strategies for therapy.
We ultimately believe that a thorough analysis of a sleep recording combined with demographic data and other readily available clinical data (perhaps plasma biomarkers) may yield sufficient information for us to know why OSA is occurring and what interventions might be helpful for an individual patient. Currently, our use of the polysomnogram to derive only an apnea hypopnea index does not take full advantage of the available data. An apnea hypopnea index can be readily obtained from home sleep testing and does not truly provide much insight into why a given individual has OSA, what symptoms are attributable to OSA, and what interventions might be considered for the afflicted individual. By analogy, if the only useful data derived from an ECG were a heart rate, the test would rapidly become obsolete. Along these lines, if the only role for the sleep clinician was to prescribe CPAP to everyone with an AHI greater than 5/h, there would be little need or interest in specialized training. In contrast, we suggest that rich insights regarding pathophysiology and mechanisms should be gathered and may influence clinical management of patients afflicted with OSA. Thus, we encourage more thorough analyses of available data to maximize information gleaned and, ultimately, to optimize clinical outcomes.


Malthus and Climate Change: Betting on a Stable Population
A standard assumption in integrated assessment models of climate change is that population and productivity are growing, but at a decreasing rate. We explore the signifcance of the assumption of population and productivity growth for greenhouse gas abatement. After all, there has been no long run slow down in the growth of productivity over the past few centuries, and the rate of population growth has actually been increasing for the past 19 centuries. Even if either of these growth rates were expected to slow, by how much is subject to great uncertainty. We show computationally that such continued growth greatly increases the severity of climate change. Indeed we nd that climate change is a problem in large part caused by exogenous population and productivity growth. Rapid reductions in growth make climate change a small problem; smaller reductions in growth imply climate change is a very serious problem indeed. Analogously, reductions in the growth rate of population can be effective in controlling climate change.
(This abstract was borrowed from another version of this item.)
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References listed on IDEAS
Please report citation or reference errors to , or , if you are the registered author of the cited work, log in to your RePEc Author Service profile, click on "citations" and make appropriate adjustments.:
- Kolstad, Charles D., 1996. "Learning and Stock Effects in Environmental Regulation: The Case of Greenhouse Gas Emissions," Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, Elsevier, vol. 31(1), pages 1-18, July.
- Charles I. Jones, 1995. "Time Series Tests of Endogenous Growth Models," The Quarterly Journal of Economics, Oxford University Press, vol. 110(2), pages 495-525.
- Weitzman Martin L., 1994.
"On the Environmental Discount Rate,"
Journal of Environmental Economics and Management,
Elsevier, vol. 26(2), pages 200-209, March.
- Weitzman, M.L., 1993. "On the 'Environmental' Discount Rate," Harvard Institute of Economic Research Working Papers 1625, Harvard - Institute of Economic Research.
- Alan Manne & Richard Richels, 1995. "The Greenhouse Debate: Econonmic Efficiency, Burden Sharing and Hedging Strategies," The Energy Journal, International Association for Energy Economics, vol. 0(Number 4), pages 1-38.
- Harberger, Arnold C, 1998. "A Vision of the Growth Process," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 88(1), pages 1-32, March.
- Stephen C Peck & Thomas J. Teisberg, 1992. "CETA: A Model for Carbon Emissions Trajectory Assessment," The Energy Journal, International Association for Energy Economics, vol. 0(Number 1), pages 55-78.
- Harford, Jon D., 1997. "Stock Pollution, Child-Bearing Externalities, and the Social Discount Rate," Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, Elsevier, vol. 33(1), pages 94-105, May.
- Harford, Jon D, 1998. "The Ultimate Externality," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 88(1), pages 260-265, March. Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)
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(Note: A Closer Look At Your Health airs at 6:50 a.m. most Tuesdays on KBOI News Radio 670. This is an edited transcript of the segment from April 19.)
This week is a good time to ponder that question because it’s National Infant Immunization Week, and World Immunization Week is next week. It’s a good time to talk about making sure you and your family are fully protected against infectious diseases.
This week, the focus is on infants. Why infants specifically instead of all children?
While it’s important that all children have received the recommended vaccinations, giving babies the recommended immunizations by the time they are 2 is the best way to protect them from 14 serious childhood diseases, including whooping cough and measles. Parents are encouraged to talk to their child’s doctor to make sure their babies’ immunizations are up-to-date.
Some parents may not trust that vaccines are safe, so they may not immunize their children. What would you say to those parents?
We know that parents want to do what’s best for their children, and if they have concerns about the safety or necessity of a particular vaccine, they should talk to their children’s doctors about that. Generally, vaccines are very safe, and they are monitored continuously to make sure they stay that way.
But there are possible side effects, which are listed on the fact sheet given to us when we vaccinate our kids.
Serious side effects are extremely rare, but vaccines do occasionally cause mild reactions, like an achy arm or a low fever. Those symptoms will usually go away within a few hours or days. Choosing not to immunize your child also is a risk, for your child and for other children who might come into contact with your child.
So it’s important for infants and children to get their immunizations. How about adults?
Adults who are immunized are not only protecting themselves, they’re also protecting the people around them who might be vulnerable to diseases they can carry home. When everyone in a community who can get immunized does get immunized, it increases the level of protection for those who can’t, including people with weakened immune systems or newborn babies who are too young to get vaccinations. Pertussis is great example of this: Babies can’t get their first vaccination until they’re 2 months old. While most adults who get pertussis will recover and might not even know they had it, they can infect babies, who may develop serious complications and even die. If adults are immunized, they are much less likely to carry the infection home. Adults also need immunizations to protect themselves against other diseases, depending on their age and health conditions and whether they work in healthcare or travel abroad.
How do you know which immunizations you or your children need?
There is a lot of information on the Department of Health and Welfare’s website, www.immunizeidaho.com, for both adults and children. But if you have questions, you should talk to your medical provider. The bottom line is that protecting our families and ourselves from infectious, vaccine-preventable diseases is one of the most important things everyone can do to keep their loved ones healthy. Immunizations have had an enormous impact on improving the health of children and adults in the United States. Protect yourself and your family by choosing to immunize. It’s the most powerful defense that is safe, proven and effective.


Salvador Dalí - King, Elliott H; Teixidor, Montse A; Hine, Hank; Jeffett, William - Yale University Press
- Related Categories
- Art and Architecture
Published in association with the High Museum of Art
The Late Work
Edited by Elliott H. King; With contributions by William Jeffett, Montse Aguer Teixidor, and Hank Hine
Salvador Dalí (1904–1989) was one of the most famous and controversial artists of the 20th century. Although he was prolific for more than sixty years—creating 1,200 oil paintings, countless drawings, sculptures, theatre and fashion designs, book illustrations, and numerous writings—the nearly universal current critical judgment is that his work reached its zenith in the early 1930s, when he was affiliated with the Surrealist movement. The forty years of work executed after 1940—the bulk of his oeuvre—is often seen as repetitious, reactionary, and overly commercialized. Such criticisms mainly arose from his 1941 reinvention of himself as a “classicist,” his embrace of Catholicism, and his support for General Franco—postures that distanced him from notions of modernism and the avant-garde.
This handsomely illustrated volume focuses on Dalí’s work after 1940, presenting it as a multifaceted oeuvre that simultaneously drew inspiration from the Old Masters and the contemporary world. Beginning in the late 1930s with the transition from Dalí’s well-known Surrealist canvases to the classicism he announced in 1941, the volume traces the artist’s work in illustration, fashion, and theatre, predating commercial ventures by such celebrity artists as Andy Warhol. Essays evaluate the significance of Dalí’s “nuclear mysticism” of the 1950s, his enduring interest in science, optical effects, and illusionism, his collaborations with photographer Philippe Halsman (and his brief forays into Hollywood to work with Alfred Hitchcock and Walt Disney), and visit the two major repositories of his work—the Dalí Theatre-Museum in Figueres and the Salvador Dalí Museum in St. Petersburg.
Elliott H. King is a lecturer in European modern art at the University of Colorado at Colorado Springs. Montse Aguer Teixidor is Director of the Centre for Dalinian Studies at the Fundació Gala-Salvador Dalí, Figueres. Charles Henri (Hank) Hine is Director and William Jeffett is Chief Curator of Exhibitions at the Salvador Dalí Museum, St. Petersburg, Florida.
High Museum of Art, Atlanta(08/07/10-01/09/11)TITLES IN RELATED CATEGORIES


Submitted by Benjie Magallano on March 8, 2018 - 2:43pm
A 1,260-galloon tank is filled by two pipes in as many as the smaller pipe brings in galloons per minute. How long will it take each pipe to fill the tank if the larger pipe brings in one galloon per minute more than the smaller pipe?
Submitted by Benjie Magallano on March 8, 2018 - 2:34pm
A company has a certain number of machines of equal capacity that produced a total of 180 pieces each working day. If two machines breakdown, the workload of the remaining machines is increased by three pices per day to maintain production. Find the number of machines?


An entomologist at New College, Oxford ("New" because its only a few centuries old), discovered beetles infesting the oak beams supporting the roof of the Great Hall. It was fairly urgent that these be replaced before the roof collapsed--but anyone who has looked at the price of oak lately can tell you that this was not something the college budget was prepared for.
Since oak from a commercial supplier was out of the question, someone suggested that the college Forester be sent for. His job was to administer the various scattered tracts of land that had been deeded to the college when it was founded. The trustees hoped he might know of suitable trees on college land.
It turned out that there was indeed a suitable stand of mighty oaks. They had been planted when the college was founded, and down the centuries each Forester had told his successor: "You don't cut those oaks; those are for when the beetles get into the beams in the Main Hall."
Posts: 36029 | From: Admin | Registered: Feb 2000
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New College itself looked into this one. College Oaks
quote:This story regards the replacement of the oak beams in the college dining hall, and is occasionally given as an example of admirable forward planning. In its mythical form the story is often attributed to the anthropologist Gregory Bateson and may be found in a number of places:
* Brand, Stewart How Buildings Learn Viking, 1994 * McDonough, William A Centennial Sermon: Design Ecology Ethics and The Making of Things [snip] When the college archivist was asked about this story she came back with the following information.
In 1859, the JCR [Junior Common Room--basically, the students] told the SCR [Senior Common Room--sort of like faculty] that the roof in Hall needed repairing, which was true. (As an aside, at this time, there were few enough people that Hall contained a grand piano; this can be seen in the Joseph Nash watercolour of the hall illustrating the Introduction to the Treasures pages.)
In 1862, the senior fellow was visiting College estates on `progress', i.e., an annual review of College property, which goes on to this day (performed by the Warden [the head of the College]). Visiting forests in Akeley and Great Horwood, Buckinghamshire (forests which the College had owned since 1441), he had the largest oaks cut down and used to make new beams for the ceiling.
It is not the case that these oaks were kept for the express purpose of replacing the Hall ceiling. It is standard woodland management to grow stands of mixed broadleaf trees e.g., oaks, interplanted with hazel and ash. The hazel and ash are coppiced approximately every 20-25 years to yield poles. The oaks, however, are left to grow on and eventally, after 150 years or more, they yield large pieces for major construction work such as beams, knees etc.
New College, BTW, was founded in 1379, about 200 years after Oxford University came into existence.
Kathy "oaky doaky" B.
-------------------- The plural of "anecdote" is not "data." Posts: 4255 | From: Sacramento, CA | Registered: Feb 2000
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Life has existed on Earth for nearly four billion years, shaped by massive extinction events. In the short span of the last 10,000 years, humans have become important agents in shaping global environmental change. The question this course considers is straightforward: Have humans been modifying the environment in ways that will, in the not distant future, cause another worldwide extinction event? There are no simple, much less uncontested, answers to this question. We will have to consider the ways we have altered habitats and ecosystem processes. We will also consider the economic consequences of disturbed ecosystems and assess contemporary policy responses and solutions. One lecture and one discussion section per week.
Limited to 50 students. Spring semester. Professors Dizard and R. Levin.2017-18: Offered in Spring 2018
(Offered as BIOL 230 and ENST 210.) A study of the relationships of plants and animals (including humans) to each other and to their environment. We'll start by considering the decisions an individual makes in its daily life concerning its use of resources, such as what to eat and where to live, and whether to defend such resources. We'll then move on to populations of individuals, and investigate species population growth, limits to population growth, and why some species are so successful as to become pests whereas others are on the road to extinction. The next level will address communities, and how interactions among populations, such as competition, predation, parasitism, and mutualism, affect the organization and diversity of species within communities. The final stage of the course will focus on ecosystems, and the effects of humans and other organisms on population, community, and global stability. Three hours of lecture per week.
Requisite: BIOL 181 or ENST 120 or equivalent. Not open to first-year students. Limited to 65 students. Fall semester. Professor Temeles.2017-18: Offered in Fall 2017
(Offered as HIST 104 [C] and ENST 220.) This course considers the ways that people in various parts of the world thought about and acted upon nature during the nineteenth century. We look historically at issues that continue to have relevance today, including: invasive species, deforestation, soil-nitrogen availability, water use, desertification, and air pollution. Themes include: the relationship of nineteenth-century colonialism and environmental degradation, gender and environmental change, the racial dimensions of ecological issues, and the spatial aspects of human interactions with nature. We will take at least one field trip. In addition, we will watch three films that approach nineteenth-century environmental issues from different vantage points. Two class meetings per week.
Spring semester. Professor Melillo.2017-18: Not offered
(Offered as PHIL 225 and ENST 228) As our impact on the environment shows itself in increasingly dramatic ways, our interaction with the environment has become an important topic of cultural and political debate. In this course we will discuss various philosophical issues that arise in such debates, including: What obligations, if any, do we have to future generations, to non-human animals, and to entire ecosystems? How should we act when we are uncertain exactly how our actions will affect the environment? How should we go about determining environmental policy? And how should we implement the environmental policies we decide upon? What is the most appropriate image of nature?
Limited to 30 students. Spring semester. Professor Emeritus Kearns.2017-18: Not offered
(Offered as ECON 111E and ENST 230.) A study of the central problem of scarcity and of the ways in which micro and macro economic systems allocate scarce resources among competing ends and apportion goods produced among people. Covers the same material as ECON 111 but with special attention to the relationship between economic activity and environmental problems and to the application of micro and macroeconomic theory tools to analyze environmental issues. A student may not receive credit for both ECON 111 and ECON 111E.
Two 80-minute and one 50-minute lecture/discussion per week. Each section is limited to 30 Amherst College students. Fall semester. Professor Sims.2017-18: Offered in Fall 2017
(Offered as MATH 130E and ENST 240.) This course is an introduction to applied statistical methods useful for the analysis of data from all fields. Brief coverage of data summary and graphical techniques will be followed by elementary probability, sampling distributions, the central limit theorem and statistical inference. Inference procedures include confidence intervals and hypothesis testing for both means and proportions, the chi-square test, simple linear regression, and a brief introduction to analysis of variance (ANOVA). This course covers the same statistical concepts as Math 130, but has an environmental focus through examples. ENST majors are strongly encouraged to take this version of the course, but it is open to all students. Four class hours per week (two will be held in the computer lab). Labs are not interchangeable between sections due to course content.
Limited to 20 students. Fall semester. Professor Wagaman.2017-18: Offered in Fall 2017 and Spring 2018
Contesting values of and struggles over the control of “nature” are at the heart of environmental politics, and differently positioned political, economic, and social interest groups contend for and exert power through the U.S. environmental policy-making process. In this course we will examine the politics of U.S. environmental policies, focusing on how local, regional, and national governmental institutions, non-governmental organizations and interest groups, and some publics (but not all) define environmental problems and actionable solutions. We will examine the relationship between science, policy and politics, and critically evaluate when and how "objective" scientific truths are mobilized for particular agendas--while not for others--and what "citizen science" means with respect to the U.S. environmental policy process. The class will be divided into two parts: Part I will begin with key environmental writings, and move into an overview of the institutions, actors, and concepts that shape our policy process. Part II will use a case study approach to ground our understanding of how multi-scalar interactions, plurality and uneven power relations influence how and why some issues and interests are validated in the policy process, while others are not. Case studies may include: fracking, Keystone XL pipeline, Endangered Species listings and New England cod fishery regulations.
Recommended requisite: ENST 120. Limited to 35 students. Fall semester. Pick Visiting Professor Stewart.2017-18: Not offered
Our global environment as a subject of concern has emerged in recent decades with the rise of scientific and media attention to the ways ecological issues like climate change and biodiversity loss matter in the daily lives of global citizens. But are all “global environmental citizens” equally responsible for and influenced by what are currently considered global environmental challenges? Why is it that some forms of nature are considered global while others are resolutely local? Are international agreements and development and conservation organizations effective at addressing the problems they intend to solve, or do they create new problems that should be accounted for in our understanding of global environmental politics? In this course, we will explore these questions and others by examining various ecological crises – climate change, deforestation, fisheries management, air and water pollution, hazardous waste disposal, among others – from critical perspectives that raise questions about key political issues, including markets, states, science, power, knowledge and social movements. This course is organized into thematic case studies, through which we will examine the production and negotiation of environmental problems by diverse social actors and institutions, including: producers and consumers, members of different socio-economic groups, actors of institutions and social movements, and citizens of diverse polities.
Limited to 35 students. Spring semester. Pick Visiting Assistant Professor Stewart.2017-18: Offered in Spring 2018
The nascent field known as “conservation social science” is emerging among the major conservation organizations, like the World Wildlife Fund and The Nature Conservancy, as they realize the need to move beyond their traditional biological foundations towards the social sciences. Conservation landscapes and species of interest are embedded in complex, and often long-standing, human-environmental relationships that require the retooling of conservation science to better understand and address integrated challenges. This shift towards a “people are the solution” conservation framework requires knowledge about the ecological and social concerns and implications of conservation, which is a well-suited pursuit for interdisciplinary Environmental Studies scholars. This course prepares students to engage with this emerging field by understanding what conservation social science means in the history and trajectory of conservation, and what its foci and approaches should be in the coming years. We begin the class with a historical review of the "greening" of the World Bank and the scaling up of community-based natural resource management (CBNRM) during the 1980s, which brought "the environment" and the "community" together in development and conservation agendas. Moving forward, we review critical social science literatures that examine the social impact of conservation to refine meaningful ways forward for community-centered conservation endeavors. Key themes will include: participation, traditional ecological knowledge, ecological baselines, sustainable yields and sustainability.
Requisite: ENST 120. Limited to 35 students. Fall semester. Pick Visiting Professor Stewart.2017-18: Not offered
What we know and how we know about "the environment" is influenced by cultural, political, historical and social contexts. Why are some knowledges about the environment perceived to be more accurate, objective and true than others? How might our collective understandings of environmental change shift if multiple forms of knowledge--"western" scientific, indigenous, etc.--were mobilized in the production, dissemination and application of environmental knowledge? These questions are both academic and policy-oriented and sit at the interface of political ecology and science studies scholarship on nature/society and conservation and development practice: environmental management contestations and outcomes are shaped by what counts as valid knowledge. In this seminar we will examine how attention to the politics of knowledge potentially shifts the current formations of environmental studies and policy–in theory and practice--towards more integrated and democratized engagements with social and environmental change. This course is anchored in the field of political ecology, which is a sub-field of geography that is concerned with the complex power dynamics of knowing and making claims on "the environment." Our readings and discussions will examine critical perspectives on nature/society boundaries; the role of "western" scientific knowledge in the politics of conservation and development; and meaningful ways to integrate "western" scientific and indigenous environmental knowledges in environmental studies.
Requisite: ENST 120; recommended requisite: ENST 250. Limited to 35 students. Spring semester. Pick Visiting Professor Stewart.2017-18: Not offered
(Offered as HIST 402 [c] and ENST 401.) Wine is as old as Western civilization. Its consumption is deeply wedded to leading religious and secular traditions around the world. Its production has transformed landscapes, ecosystems, and economies. In this course we examine how wine has shaped the history of Europe, North Africa, and the Americas. Through readings, scientific study, historical research, and class discussion, students will learn about such issues as: the environmental impact of wine; the politics of taste and class; the organization of labor; the impact of imperialism and global trade; the late nineteenth-century phylloxera outbreak that almost destroyed the European wine industry; and the emergence of claims about terroir (the notion that each wine, like each culture, is uniquely tied to a place) and how such claims are tied to regional and national identity. Through class discussion, focused research and writing workshops, and close mentoring, each student will learn about wine while designing and executing an independent research project. We will also get our hands dirty with soil sampling, learn the basics of sediment analysis in the laboratory, and have a go at fermentation. Two meetings per week.
This is a research seminar open to juniors and seniors. Priority given to history and environmental studies majors. History majors may take this course either as a research seminar or in place of HIST 301 “Writing the Past.”
Limited to 20 students. Spring semester. Professors López and Martini.2017-18: Not offered
The dependence of many countries on marine organisms for food has resulted in severe population declines in cod, bluefin tuna, swordfish, and abalone, as well as numerous other marine organisms. In this seminar we will examine the biological, sociological, political, and economic impacts of the global depletion of fisheries. Questions addressed will include: What is the scope of extinctions or potential extinctions due to over-harvesting? How have overfished species responded to harvest pressures? How are fisheries managed, and are some approaches to harvesting better than others? How do fisheries extinctions affect the societies and economies of various countries and marine ecosystems? How do cultural traditions of fishermen influence attempts to manage fisheries? Does aquaculture offer a sustainable alternative to overfishing? What is aquaculture’s impact on marine ecology? Three class hours per week.
Requisites: ENST 120 or BIOL 230/ENST 210 or consent of instructors. Not open to first-year students. Limited to 20 students. Omitted 2013-14. Professors Temeles and Dizard.2017-18: Not offered
Environmentalists are divided between those who believe there must be a fundamental change in our values and our devotion to the market and those who believe our values and the market offer the best hope for achieving sound environmental policy. If we are to achieve sustainable management of natural resources, is it necessary that we first transform ourselves and the basis of our social organization or do we already possess the tools to accomplish the task, in which case fundamental transformations might actually make things worse?
In this course, we will join this debate and closely examine the claims and counterclaims made for each position. We will examine specific issues, ranging from reducing greenhouse gases to regulating genetically modified crops, in hopes of working our way toward an assessment of policy choices.
Students will be expected to select an environmental issue (not necessarily one on which our course readings will focus) on which they will write a term paper that comes to grips with our options and that will suggest, albeit tentatively, which option(s) seem most promising.
Limited to 25 students. Not open to first-year students. Spring semester. Professor Dizard and Senior Lecturer Delaney.
2017-18: Not offered
Independent reading course.
Fall and spring semesters. The Department.2017-18: Offered in Fall 2017 and Spring 2018
The Senior Seminar is intended to bring together majors with different course backgrounds and to facilitate original independent student research on an environmental topic. In the early weeks of the seminar, discussion will be focused on several compelling texts (e.g., Rachel Carson’s Silent Spring or Alan Weisman’s The World Without Us) which will be considered from a variety of disciplinary perspectives by members of the Environmental Studies faculty. These discussions are intended to help students initiate an independent research project which may be expanded into an honors project in the second semester. For students not electing an honors project, the seminar will offer an opportunity to integrate what they have learned in their environmental studies courses. The substance of the seminar will vary from year to year, reflecting the interests of the faculty who will be convening and participating in the seminar.
Open to seniors. Fall semester. Professors Martini and Sims.2017-18: Offered in Fall 2017
Spring semester. The Department.2017-18: Offered in Spring 2018


A new partnership between Wolfram Research and the Raspberry Pi Foundation bundles the Wolfram Language and Mathematica with the Raspbian OS included on every Raspberry Pi. The Raspberry Pi—a credit-card sized, $25 Linux ARM computer that was originally conceived as a means to inspire a new generation of programmers—recently shipped its two millionth unit. This is the next step in Wolfram’s large-scale plan to apply sophisticated computation everywhere, in a universally accessible way.
The Wolfram Language on Raspberry Pi provides a unique knowledge-based programming environment for STEM education and general computing, and is a striking demonstration of the capability of running the Wolfram Language on an embedded computer anywhere. Users can easily connect to devices that do things in the world—analyzing and uploading sensor data, controlling an autonomous system, analyzing and routing traffic, and millions of other embedded applications.
Speaking today at the business and technology leader forum D2: The Future of Data and Devices in Boston, Massachusetts, Wolfram Research Founder and CEO Stephen Wolfram said, “In effect, this is a technology preview: it’s an early, unfinished glimpse of the Wolfram Language. Quite soon it is going to start showing up in lots of places, notably on the web and in the cloud.”
Earlier in the day, at the education-focused Computer-Based Math™ Education Summit (CBM) at UNICEF headquarters in New York, Conrad Wolfram, Managing Director of Wolfram Research Europe, and Eben Upton, a Founder and Trustee of the Raspberry Pi Foundation, highlighted the STEM education aspects of the pilot release.
“So pleased we can associate the power of Mathematica‘s math with the coding excitement of the Raspberry Pi,” said Conrad Wolfram. “Coding is central to modern math as much as math is often needed to code. Both are central to our fundamental reform of math education—CBM—and today’s announcement puts all the elements together with a secret ingredient: fun.”
Added Upton, “Since we launched in 2012, we have come to realize that there is a broader opportunity to engage young people in all aspects of STEM education, from physics and biology to geography, and to use programming itself as a tool to develop the kinds of problem-solving skills that children need to deal with the world around them. We’re great fans of the work that Wolfram Research has been doing in promoting CBM as a new paradigm in mathematics education, and are excited to be able to offer every Raspberry Pi user the chance to get hands-on experience with the Wolfram Language.”
The Wolfram Language–Raspberry Pi integration includes a new Device API to connect to serial devices, the on-board GPIO, and the RaspiCam digital camera. A Remote Development Kit for use on any desktop installation of Mathematica can also be downloaded from the Wolfram website.
“I’m very excited to see what kinds of things people invent with the Wolfram Language on the Raspberry Pi—and I look forward to reading about some of them in the Wolfram+Raspberry Pi section on Wolfram Community and other places,” wrote Stephen Wolfram in a post on his personal blog.
About the Raspberry Pi Foundation
The Raspberry Pi Foundation is a UK-registered charity organization founded in 2009, which aims to serve as a catalyst for making cheap, accessible, programmable computers available everywhere—including developing countries that can’t afford the power and hardware needed to run a traditional desktop PC. Since the launch of the first Raspberry Pi in 2011, the organization has sold over two million devices.
About Computer-Based Math™
Founded by Conrad Wolfram in 2011, Computer-Based Math™ (CBM) aims to build a completely new math curriculum with computer-based computation at its heart—alongside a campaign to refocus math education away from historical hand-calculating techniques and toward relevant and conceptually interesting topics. Find out how you can get involved with the global CBM initiative:
Wolfram is the company where computation meets knowledge. For over 25 years, the organization has pursued a long-term vision to develop the science, technology, and tools to make computation an ever-more-potent force in today’s and tomorrow’s world. The company is the developer of Mathematica, the world’s most powerful integrated computation system, and Wolfram|Alpha, the widely used and continually growing computational knowledge engine. Wolfram is also the creator of the Computable Document Format (CDF), an interactive, computation-based knowledge container that is the core technology behind the 9000+ examples in the Wolfram Demonstrations Project and digital content offerings by all major STEM publishers. For more information, visit the company website:


Automobile insurance from Massachusetts companies is based on the principle of no fault. What this means is that if you are involved with other vehicles in a car accident, regardless who is at fault, each insurance company pays for damages experienced by their insured. There is no need to go to court, no tangle over who is right and who is wrong, or any other difficulties associated with the distribution of funds to those who need them.
What happens if this principle is applied to life? What if instead of spending time assigning blame or fault with all the resentment and anger that that can produce, no fault were placed upon anyone? If that were to be the case it could mean that any resentment or anger I might feel from a perceived injury, whether physical, emotional or psychological could be seen in a different light.
Think about it. If a cat scratches me, is it the cat’s fault, or is it simply the nature of a cat to scratch? If a small child breaks my precious piece of china or even pulls the dog’s tail, whom can I blame? Children are often careless and break things. Especially when they are very young, they may not recognize that dogs don’t like to have their tails pulled. Is the child at fault for how he or she acts, or is the child simply acting the way children do?
In my life there have been many people who metaphorically speaking stepped on my toes because of who they were. They didn’t do it on purpose. They were just being themselves. Can I blame them for being themselves? Do I resent them for their actions, or do I simply recognize that it’s not their fault that they are inclined to be forgetful, careless, ill informed or whatever else caused the problem?
I may do a disservice if I place blame on another instead of recognizing that he or she only acts as she or he is capable of acting at the time. The same is true of myself. I can take responsibility for my action; I can try to do better next time; yet I do not need to fault myself. It is my firm belief that at any given time people do only what they are capable of doing and that there is no need to assign fault. Blaming causes resentment and anger as well as tends to prolong the original difficulty.
I might gently call attention or discuss what was said or done, yet only if it seems important. It’s not my job to judge the actions of another. Perhaps this is why statues and other images of Justice are usually blindfolded. She holds scales symbolizing fairness. Perhaps she sees with the eyes of the heart rather than her physical ones. To be fair I need to take into consideration all the factors in a situation and not only my perceptions. When I can accept that there really is no fault, that it simply is the way it is, then compassion and forgiveness will guide my response.


We know that both genetics and environment have an effect on human development. We have genetic tendencies, but we are also influenced by factors such as the environment and parenting style. Choose a factor—such as IQ, autism, ADHD, or addiction to drugs or alcohol—that is influenced by both nature and nurture. Then discuss your beliefs on how much each of those sides influences your chosen factor.
Back up your viewpoint with a least one example of current research or an expert opinion. Your short paper should demonstrate an understanding of the topic, as evidenced by discussing the required critical elements, sharing your opinion, and applying current research.
Analyze the topic, integrate text and reference material into the short paper, and apply course concepts into your discussion.
Demonstrate your critical thinking ability by giving your thoughts and opinions on the topic, and explain why you hold those beliefs.
Specifically, the following critical elements must be addressed:
Nature versus nurture for a chosen factor
Application of current research
Critical analysis Guidelines for Submission: Use at least one reference in addition to the course textbook. It must be from a reliable source, such as a journal or a professional association or university site.
Follow these formatting guidelines: one to two double-spaced pages, 12-point Times New Roman font, one-inch margins, and references in APA format at the end of the paper.
MUST BE ORIGINAL WORK


About 850 tadpoles were released into two streams in the Santa Monica Mountains.
The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service will analyze certain pesticides on their impact on wildlife in the United States
Alaskan wood frogs can freeze and thaw due to sugar buildup in their bodies.
The giant salamander is listed as near threatened by the IUCN.
Study says frogs that survive exposure to chytrid build resistance to the fungus.
Not all frogs can jump as far as the "The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County."
The California red-legged frog is now the official state amphibian of California.
The varying color patterns of dyeing dart frogs affect how potential predators see the frogs.
Man catches and releases American bullfrog back into his private pond.
Decades of strife prevented herpetological expeditions in the Mekong region until the late 1990s, the WWF says in their report, "Mysterious Mekong."
Footballer admits in interview with BBC's Michael Palin that he doesn't like frogs.
This little treefrog was found in a bunch of kale.
They are named dancing frogs due to the male's leg kicking during breeding season.
Australian angler Angus James was about to release the jungle perch when he noticed a live green treefrog in its mouth.
The amphibians have been devastated by pollution, pesticides and the chytrid fungus.
Scientists use midwife toad skin mucus to develop a defense against the chytrid fungus.
NASA rocket launch sends frog flying into the air.
The Coqui frog has become established on the Big Island of Hawaii.
Streambed salamander discovered in Arkansas' Lake Catherine State Park
Study shows frog Mortality rates ranging from 100 percent after just one hour to 40 percent over 7 days.
The California red-legged frog may become the official amphibian of California.
Gracixalus lumarius, a new frog species hails from the Vietnamese highlands.
Study noticed an 8 percent decline in salamander size from 1980 to 2012.
50-year-old Oahu resident charged with smuggling poison dart frogs.
A single Tandayapa Andean toad was first discovered in 1970 and rediscovered in 2012.
Grand opening celebration will include a frogging expedition in Strawberry Canyon.
Celebrate this most interesting herp.
Stanley Park Ecology Society members spot rare albino Ensatina Salamander.
The new marsupial frog, Gastrotheca dysprosita hails from the Cerro Barro Negro mountain in Peru.
Frog docents will warn hikers not to trample frog breeding grounds in Marin County, Calif.
Salado and Georgetown salamanders of Texas get Endangered Species Act Protections
Manú National Park in Peru is home to 287 species of reptiles and amphibians.
Scientists document the first acoustical and statistical analysis of the frog calls of Nasikabatrachus sahyadrensis
Beelzebufo may have been a voracious little dinosaur eater, or not.
There are just three populations of the northern cricket frog in New York.
When túngara frogs call out to find a mate, bats sense it.
The Adventure Aquarium in Camden, NJ opens a frog exhibit featuring more than 20 frog species.
California red-legged frogs haven't been seen in Santa Monica Mountains in more than 40 years.
Scientists move 40 Litoria lorica to new location four kilometers from only known area in which the frogs can be found.
Pesticide is found in 75 percent of stream water and 40 percent of all groundwater tested in a study.
Australia's Department of Environment and Conservation and the University of Western Australia develop iPhone app that enables you to tell the difference.
Fence will deter ATVs and other vehicles from traversing a pond that destroyed thousands of spotted salamander eggs in March.
Animals have been decimated by livestock grazing, habitat destruction, invasive species, and disease.
Hyla japonica, normally green in color is bright blue.
Amphibian looks like an earthworm and its young feeds on the mother's skin.
Reptile breeder Dean Boshoff captured video of Breviceps macrops while camping in country's Northern Cape.
Tunnels constructed in 2011 help some 100 plus endangered Ambystoma californiense get to their breeding pond.
Wildlife and Fisheries Commission also proposes permit system for taking or killing Eastern Diamondback rattler and two species of pine snake.
4th annual RAAD event showcased herpetology collections as well as reptile and amphibian organizations.
The Puerto Rican lowland coquí is one of the smallest treefrogs in the world.
U.S.G.S. biologists discover 19 new adult Rana muscosa frogs among 71 frogs and hundreds of tadpoles in a Mojave River pool of water.
"The Amphibians and Reptiles of Michigan" published by Wayne State University Press.
J.liv bacteria may help to protect amphibians from chytrid.
Fish and Wildlife Service says development could contribute to the demise of these species.
Public outreach demonstration enables Girl Scouts to interact with Live animals and museum specimens.
Blood drawn from mountain yellow-legged frogs confirms cause of death.
Lack of plan further imperils Ambystoma californiense, conservation group says.
Herpetologists find a single Cardioglossa cyaneospila in Burundi rainforest.
The population or Rana sevosa is estimated at around 100 adult frogs.
Mayor Ed Lee opposes the transfer and may veto the legislation.
Aussie Sunset Frogs Released From Perth Zoo in Hopes of Establishing a Population Outside Their Range
Perth Zoo-raised and hatched frogs released onto private property.
Park is home to golf course, California red-legged frog and San Francisco garter snake.
Exhibit features two of the rarest of salamanders
The zooplankton eats the zoospore stage of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis
The radiated tortoise (Geochelone radiata) could become extinct within the next 20 years.


Vitamins And Minerals Advice Made Easy To Understandhttps://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/chicago-high-school-students-win-extreme-gym-makeover-from-optimum-nutrition-and-bodybuildingcoms-lift-life-foundation-300721252.html is made up of various things. A big part of your body's makeup is vitamins and minerals. The key to knowing this is to understand that you must keep your body stocked with these things. The article you are about to read has some great advice and information on how to improve your body with vitamins.
Have you been having trouble with your vision recently or simply are concerned with maintaining the health of your eyes? Try taking vitamins such as Omega-3, C, E, and Zink. Not only do these help promote good eye care, they also aid in other aspects of maintaining a healthy lifestyle.
Never ignore the product warnings on vitamin levels. Vitamin and supplements can have serious side effects when taken with prescription and over the counter medicines. Ginseng can be very dangerous if you have high blood pressure or take heart medications. Lycopene can be deadly if you have a tomato allergy. Always read the warning labels or ask your pharmacist or doctor before taking any vitamins or supplements.
The two easy ways to get vitamin D are drinking milk and getting outside in the sun. If you don't go in the sun much or don't drink much milk, think about a vitamin D supplement. Vitamin D is important for your bones and it keeps them strong.
Some people believe they are able to get all the nutrients their body needs just by eating a healthy diet. This really is a good place to start, but it would be impossible to eat enough to get all the vitamins and minerals your body needs because most foods have been over-processed.
Thiamine, or vitamin B1, deficiency can cause neurological and psychiatric symptoms. These symptoms can include weight loss, weakness, irregular heart rate and psychosis. A vitamin B complex can ensure you receive the vitamin B1 you need, or you can eat pork, brown rice, liver, oatmeal, leafy vegetables, eggs and potatoes.
If you are in menopause, then you shouldn't take prenatal vitamins. People think that these supplements help with the growth of nail and hair. While this is safe in general, they often have more iron than a post menopausal woman needs.
Try making sure you get enough calcium in your diet. It can help you maintain and build strong teeth and bones. It also boosts muscle function. You can find it in foods and beverages, such as broccoli, orange juice, tofu, dairy products, and spinach. If you cannot get enough calcium through food, there are also calcium supplements.
Although all vitamins and minerals are important, some are even more important for growing children. When planning your child's diet, make sure they are getting enough vitamins A, C and D, as well as the B vitamins. Calcium and iron are also very important for your growing children's bodies.
If you are a smoker, you should avoid taking any supplements that contain carotene. There have been numerous studies done that show carotene can increase the risk of lung cancer. Since cigarettes can add to this risk, it would be best if you avoided taking carotene if you are planning to continue smoking.
If you are having a struggle with the daily grind in life such as working multiple jobs and your household routine, you need to take more vitamins. When we are unable to allow our body time to unwind, we need more vitamins and minerals to keep it healthy and able to recover from a hectic schedule.
Always tell your doctor if you are taking vitamin or mineral supplements when you are prescribed medication. Some prescribed drugs interact with certain vitamins, which can lessen or increase the effectiveness of the drug. This can have negative consequences on your body if you do not inform your doctor of supplements you are taking beforehand.
Not everyone absorbs vitamin B12 the same way, so you must be tested yearly to ensure you are getting what you need. For example, some people absorb B12 from supplements easily, while others don't and will need an injection instead. B12 is important for heart health, so ensure your levels are good!
When taking vitamin supplements, always read the label to determine the amount of the vitamin included in each capsule or tablet.The best choice will usually be an amount that is close to the standard recommended daily dose. Carefully consider the potential risk of high dose vitamins to the potential benefits before you buy.
After you go shopping, make sure to store your fresh fruits and vegetables in the fridge. Keeping your produce cold helps the food retain important vitamins, minerals and enzymes. Purchase fresh produce often and eat it daily to get the most from these foods. The more nutrients you get from your food, the less you need from supplements.
Add the "sunshine vitamin" to your diet. Vitamin D is called the "sunshine vitamin" because it comes from sunlight. Since many avoid the sun because of cancer and health risks, they end up with vitamin D deficiencies. However, it's essential for absorbing and using calcium to maintain bone health. So, you should try getting at least 10 and 15 minutes of sun a day.
If you have a wheat intolerance, which supplement you buy becomes more important. Some pills include wheat, so you must check the label before you purchase anything. There are many non-wheat options for people like you, so you won't be denied the supplement you need just because of your medical condition.
You have to remember that taking vitamins is great, but it doesn't replace a healthy diet. You may not eat right all of the time, but a focus on eating fresh foods as often as possible is key to good health. There is no point in taking supplements if you don't have a good diet.
Add the "sunshine vitamin" to your diet. https://www.hindustantimes.com/fitness/workplace-wellness-programmes-benefit-healthy-employees-more-than-others/story-ASrofMvLJdSM4DAW4VL7rI.html is called the "sunshine vitamin" because it comes from sunlight. Since many avoid the sun because of cancer and health risks, they end up with vitamin D deficiencies. However, it's essential for absorbing and using calcium to maintain bone health. So, you should try getting at least 10 and 15 minutes of sun a day.
Eating "superberries" like blueberries can boost the effects of your healthy diet. Blueberries are known as "superberries" because they contain large amounts of antioxidants. These can fight off free radicals and help your body stay healthy. They may also protect you from cancer. You can also find ample amounts of antioxidants in other berries like raspberries and blackberries.
Keeping your body in shape and healthy is key to living a long life, and it begins by knowing the right vitamins and minerals to take. You should be educated on this subject now that you read solid strategies about this topic. Remember what you learned and apply it to your own life to always live a healthy lifestyle.


Things To Know
If you're coming to Canada for a meeting or convention, this is the place to find all the practical resources, tools, information and tips you'll need to make your trip a memorable one. For example, find out more on:
- Clearing customs
- Exchanging currency
- Reserving a rental car
- Finding the most scenic or speedy ways to travel.
Measurements & Voltage
Voltage & Electricity
Canadian appliances operate on 110 volts (60Hz), which is identical to the US voltage. A universal adaptor is required for overseas electrical devices.
Main wall sockets (or power outlets) and plugs for 110 volts are two parallel flat blades. If those sockets are different from the ones used in your country you will need a socket converter.
Metric System of Measurement
Canada formally adopted the metric system in 1970. Metric units (e.g., centimeters, meters, kilometers, liters) replace the traditional imperial units common in the US (e.g., inches, feet, yards, miles, quarts).
- gram is the unit of weight
- meter is the unit of length
- liter is the unit of volume
- Celsius is the unit of temperature - expressed as degree Celsius (Symbol: ˚C)
Use this handy metric-imperial converter to convert miles to meters, gallons to liters, pounds to grams, Fahrenheit to Celsius and more.


The human papilloma virus (HPV) is a double-stranded DNA virus that infects the epithelial cells of skin and mucosa. The moist epithelial surfaces (squamous cells) include all areas covered by skin and/or mucosa such as the mouth interior, throat, tongue, tonsils, vagina, cervix, vulva, penis (the urethra – the opening), and anus. Transmission of the virus occurs when these areas come into contact with a virus, allowing it to transfer between epithelial cells. While it is established now that sexual contacts, both conventional and oral, are means of transferring the HPV virus through direct skin to skin contact, it is still poorly understood what other transfer pathways may exist. It is highly unlikely that the virus can live for long on inanimate objects outside of a cell.
The leading cause of oropharyngeal cancer is from HPV, a very small number of oral cavity cancers also occur from HPV. The HPV family contains almost 200 strains, and it is one of the most common viruses in the United States. It is important to understand that of all these, only nine are associated with cancers. Of the nine that are high risk, only one is strongly associated with oropharyngeal cancer, HPV16. A handful or more are associated with benign growths (warts) and the vast majority we have no evidence, other than they exist, that they harm us in any way.
The CDC says that up to 80% of Americans will have HPV infections in their lifetime and 99% will clear these infections without consequence, or even knowing that they had the infection, as it produces no symptoms they will notice. The body’s immune system is usually able to get rid of an HPV infection and many infections come and go without causing any problems, or an individual even knowing they were infected. The information provided is not meant to scare you. Oropharyngeal cancers while increasing rapidly in incidence, are still a very small risk in our world. It is meant to educate you about the risk factors and signs and symptoms of oral and oropharyngeal cancer. An informed individual will be able to self-discover something which is going wrong and bring it to the attention of a medical or dental professional for the earliest possible diagnosis of a problem.
Early discovery has many positive impacts when you consider cancer; potentially longer life spans, and reduction of treatment related morbidity, which significantly improves post cancer treatment quality of life.


Everyone knew some things about the war in Afghanistan and its impact on the world politics in general. This was in the aftermath of the September 11 attacks and the policies and practices of the then Bush administration towards Afghanistan left a lasting impression on the world. While stories of the trials and tribulations and heroism of the American military are there for the world to see, the impact of the war on the lives of normal Afghan people and also the Taliban factions opposing the American rule has not been chronicled so far.
Anand Gopal in his book ‘No Good Men Among the Living: America, the Taliban and the War Through Afghan Eyes’ brings about a whole new dimension to this war by telling the stories of three people caught in the conflict: a civilian woman, a Taliban fighter and a US commander. Public opinions regarding the war and its outcomes have been divided. While it is true that the general administration under US rule in Afghanistan improved, and schools and roads were built, the manner in which these changes were brought about actually did more bad than good for the Afghans.
The author tells us how the Taliban was ousted from the entire country (except for a few pockets) by using the famous American dictum of ‘either you were with us or against us.’ The American forces had two things which the Taliban did not have: money and modern weaponry, and it was actually the first which hurt the Taliban more. Almost immediately, the top faction of the Taliban either turned up as informers for the Americans in return for amnesty and huge sums of money. The Taliban commander interviewed by the author recalls seeing for the first time the amount of firepower the Americans carried and what it did to the morals of his group. Neither did it help that most of the Taliban top brass were simple village preachers with no knowledge of advanced weapons.
The civilian population was not saved either. The author documents how innocent farmers would be picked up for questioning and then shipped to Guantanamo on some trumped up charges and then released a few months later for lack of evidence only to be arrested again and subjected to the same treatment. The author devotes a significant amount of space and time in his book to talk about the contractors or local warlords who made millions when US government subcontracted work to them which included supplying fuel for their vehicles and turning informers.
But probably the highlight of this book is the story of a civilian woman who rose through the confines of the traditional Afghan system after her husband was murdered and went on to become a senator for her province in the Afghan assembly. The story of Heena is really worth feeling proud of.
While the author started with the old Afghan proverb, I would like to end with it: ‘There are no good men among the living, and no bad ones among the dead.’ This is the book that one must read to have a comprehensive understanding of the affair from the point of view of those who ‘lost’ in the war (I quote lost in inverted commas as in a war, ultimately everyone loses).


This is an authoritative guide to understanding and helping a teenager with anorexia nervosa or bulimia nervosa. It is designed for parents of teens who have recently been diagnosed with an eating disorder, or who are at risk of developing one, and for other adults, such as teachers and guidance counselors, who are regularly in contact with at-risk adolescents. The book combines the latest scientific expertise available–including the newest treatments and most up-to-date research findings on eating disorders–with the practical wisdom of parents who have raised teenagers with anorexia or bulimia.
In clear and accessible language, Dr. B. Timothy Walsh and V. L. Cameron explain exactly what eating disorders are and describe their characteristics, as well as signs and symptoms. They outline the right way to go about getting a diagnosis if you suspect your child may have an eating disorder, about when and where to get treatment, and about how to navigate the healthcare system. There is also advice on how to handle everyday life–both at home and at school–once your child is diagnosed, and on how to communicate with your teen. Complete with red flags to look out for and warnings on the dangers of doing nothing, this book will help parents and other adults face and deal effectively with adolescent eating disorders before they become life-threatening.
- Patrick Jamieson, PhD
- B. Timothy Walsh, MD
- V. L. Cameron


Livehealth online, often known as telemedicine, is using modern technology to offer healthcare professional services remotely. You can use it to provide a variety of professional services, from consultations and diagnoses to remedies and comply with-up treatment. There are lots of potential advantages of virtual medical care, which includes increased use of care, increased affected individual benefits, and minimize fees.
The Huge Benefits:
●One of many advantages of virtual medical care is it will help to boost entry to treatment. This is particularly essential in rural and far off places, where by individuals could possibly have issues going to see a medical professional or consultant. Virtual medical care could also be used to offer comply with-up maintain sufferers who have been dismissed from your hospital.
●An additional benefit of virtual medical care is that it will help to improve individual results. It is because individuals can obtain prompt and accurate diagnoses and treatment method. Moreover, virtual medical care will help you to boost connection between people along with their doctors.
●Lastly, virtual medical care will help decrease costs. This is because it removes the necessity for traveling and place of work sessions. Additionally, virtual medical care can help to improve the efficiency in the medical care system.
Virtual medical care is actually a developing trend from the healthcare market. It has the possibility to improve entry to care, affected individual results, minimizing fees. In case you are considering using virtual medical care, make sure to explore it along with your doctor to see if it is right for you.
All round, there are lots of good things about virtual medical care. It is actually convenient, could save time and expense, and will be just competitive with in-person attention. In case you are contemplating utilizing virtual medical care, be sure to seek information and locate an established provider. With all the proper supplier, you can acquire great-high quality medical treatment from the convenience of your property.


Living in ski county, I hear every year about skiers and snowboarders that have sustained head injuries from crashing into trees, pylons, rocks, each other, etc.. There’s always a risk of head injury, and a smart person wears a helmet no matter what they are doing.
Of course, regardless of if you are wearing a helmet or not, if you crash, you run the risk of a head injury, and should be checked out for a concussion. Researchers at Northeastern University are working on a “Smart Helmet” that measures the acceleration and impact, and then reports any potential injury based on the force of the impact. This can help rescuers or even your friends help you in case of a crash.
The helmet is still in prototype, but hopefully will reach the market in some form, it really does have the chance to save lives.


Are you looking for cheaper and quality animal feed? Imagine a crop that can double its biomass within 2-3 days, requires minimal input costs, and is in high demand among farmers. This post will educate you on Azolla farming in kenya.
Azolla is also known as mosquito fern, duckweed fern, fairy moss, or water fern. It is an aquatic fern that is rich in nutrients and can be used as a feed supplement for livestock giving you more yields and profits. It is is a branched, free-floating aquatic fern with a rapid growth rate.
The Azolla plant has 3 varieties or species that you can grow in Kenya. These are, Azolla Nilotica, Azolla Imbricata and the Azolla Pinatta. The most common variety that is grown in Kenya is Azolla Pinatta.
For centuries, Azolla plant is used as a natural fertilizer and livestock feed. It is commonly found in freshwater environments such as ponds, lakes, and rivers.
Facts about Azolla
- Azolla is a fast-growing aquatic plant that can double its biomass within 2-3 days under ideal conditions.
- Azolla contains 25-30% protein, which is higher than most other conventional animal feed sources such as maize, wheat, and soybean.
- Azolla is rich in essential amino acids, vitamins, and minerals, making it a complete feed for livestock.
Uses of Azolla
Azolla farming has gained high popularity among Kenyan farmers due to its many benefits for farmers and the environment. Azolla has fast growth rate, high nutrient content, and low production cost. In addition, it is rich in nitrogen. Due to these benefits, it has been known to increase crop yields when used as a natural fertilizer. Additionally, Azolla can be used as a cheap, protein-rich feed for livestock such as poultry, goats and cattle.
Azolla farming is also a sustainable and eco-friendly practice. Azolla fixes nitrogen from the air and converts it into a form that can be easily absorbed by plants. This makes it an excellent organic fertilizer that can improve soil fertility and reduce the need for chemical fertilizers. Furthermore, Azolla is a non-toxic and non-invasive plant that does not pose any harm to the environment.
Benefits of Azolla farming
Why should you consider growing Azolla? Below is a summary of top benefits of Azolla farming that you can get;
- Low production cost: Azolla farming requires minimal input costs. The only significant cost involved is the initial setup cost of the pond or tank, which is relatively low
- High yields: Azolla can double its biomass within 2-3 days under ideal conditions. You can harvest the crop every 5-7 days, providing a continuous supply of feed for your livestock.
- High market demand: The demand for Azolla seed and plants is increasing in Kenya. It is high among organic farmers who are looking for cheap organic livestock feed and organic fertilizers.
- Multiple uses: Azolla can also be used as a natural fertilizer, a biofuel, and a source of bioactive compounds for the pharmaceutical industry.
- Mosquito control; Azolla restricts the mosquito breeding process. It prevents the survival of larvae and hinders laying of eggs on surface.
- Weed control; Azolla is a perfect companion plant for organic paddy rice farmers. It works by nitrogen fixation, blocking sunlight and works as mulch that prevents waterloss and hinders weed growth.
Where to grow Azolla in Kenya
Are you wondering if your place is fit for azolla farming? You can grow azolla in ponds, ditches or wetlands. You are good to go if you have a source of stagnant or slow moving water. Best ecological conditions for growing azolla are;
- Access to fresh water
- Soils with pH of 3.5-10. The Optimum growth is observed at pH 4.3-7.
- Temperature ranges of between 20-30°c.
- An area with full or partial shade, with about 25-50% access to sunlight daily.
- A supply of composted manure.
- Available space, for the purposes of holding manure.
How to grow Azolla in Kenya
As shown above, Azolla farming gives you an opportunity to improve your farm’s profits and yields. Below we give you six steps of how to start and manage an Azolla farm: these include location selection, pond making and harvesting.
- Choose the right location: Azolla farming requires a location that receives plenty of sunlight and has access to a reliable source of water. The ideal pH range for Azolla growth is between 6.5-7.5.
- Set up the pond or tank: The pond or tank should be constructed using a UV-resistant material such as high-density polyethylene (HDPE). The pond should be at least 50 cm deep and have a surface area of at least 10 sq meters. The pond should also have a drainage system to prevent waterlogging.
- Prepare the Azolla culture: 500g of Azolla culture is required per square meter of the pond. The Azolla culture can be obtained from a reputable supplier or by collecting it from a natural source. The culture should be kept in a small container with enough water to cover the plants. The container should be placed in a shaded area for 2-3 days to allow the plants to acclimatize to the new environment.
- Introduce the Azolla to the pond: Once the culture has acclimatized, it can be introduced to the pond or tank. The culture should be spread evenly across the surface of the water. The initial density should be around 100-200 grams per square meter.
Maintaining Azolla Pond
To be sucessful, its good to Maintain the right conditions. Azolla requires the right conditions to grow and thrive. The ideal temperature range for Azolla growth is between 20-30 degrees Celsius. The pH should be maintained between 6.5-7.5, and the water should be changed every 7-10 days. • Remove any litter or aquatic weeds seen in the pond regularly.
Harvest and sell the Azolla: Start harvesting after 2-3weeks. Plastic sieves can be used for harvesting. Azolla can be harvested every 5-7 days. Harvested Azolla is to be washed thoroughly to remove dirt and the smell of cow dung before feeding them to animals. The harvested Azolla should be dried in the sun for 1-2 days to reduce its moisture content. The dried Azolla can be sold to livestock farmers or used as a natural fertilizer. The price of a kilogram of Azolla goes for Ksh 1000.
Azolla farming in Kenya is an easy way to improve your yields and profits. You can use Azolla as an organic fertilizer and a livestock feed. Other benefits include reduced costs, increased crop yields, and improved animal health. By following the guidelines and tips outlined in this article, farmers can successfully start and manage an Azolla farm for maximum profitability and sustainability.