The guzheng or gu zheng is a Chinese plucked zither. It has 18 or more strings and movable bridges, and the modern guzheng usually has 21 strings and bridges. The picks (called "DaiMao") used by performers to play guzheng are often made out of the shells of hawksbill turtles.
The guzheng is the ancestor of several Asian zither instruments, such as the Japanese koto, the Korean gayageum, and the Vietnamese đàn tranh. The guzheng should not be confused with the guqin (another ancient Chinese zither with no moveable bridges).
The early types of guzheng emerged during the Warring States period (475 to 221 BCE). It was largely influenced by the se. It became prominent during the Qin period (221 to 206 BCE), and by the Tang Dynasty (618 CE to 907 CE), the guzheng was arguably the most commonly played instrument in China. Musicological studies in the late 20th century indicate that early bamboo tube zithers might be one of the prototypes of the guzheng, koto, gayageum, and the đàn tranh.
The modern zheng is very different from ones made centuries ago, mainly due to natural evolution influenced by local as well as historical environments but also because of the adoption of Western musical styles. Strings were once made from silk but now they are almost always metal-nylon which increased the instrument's capabilities, volume and timbre.
There are many techniques used in the playing of the guzheng, including basic plucking actions (right or both hands) at the right portion and pressing actions at the left portion (by the left hand to produce pitch ornamentations and vibrato) as well as tremolo (right hand). These techniques of playing the guzheng can create sounds that can evoke the sense of a cascading waterfall, thunder, horses' hooves, and even the scenic countryside. Plucking is done mainly by the right hand with four plectra (picks) attached to the fingers. Advanced players may use picks attached to the fingers of both hands. In more traditional performances however, plectra are used solely on the right hand, reflecting its use for melodic purposes and its relative importance in comparison to the left hand which is used solely for purposes of ornamentation. Ancient picks were made of ivory and later also from tortoise shell. Ornamentation includes a tremolo involving the right thumb and index finger rapidly and repeatedly plucking the same note. Another commonly used ornamentation is a wide vibrato, achieved by repeatedly pressing with the left hand on the left side of the bridge. This technique is used liberally in Chinese music, as well as in Korean gayageum music.
The guzheng's pentatonic scale is tuned to Do, Re, Mi, So, and La, but Fa and Ti can also be produced by pressing the strings to the left of the bridges. Well known pieces for the instrument include Yu Zhou Chang Wan (Songs of fishing boats at dusk), Gao Shan Liu Shui (High mountains flowing water), Mei Hua San Nong (Three variations of the Plum Blossom theme) and Han Gong Qiu Yue (Autumn Moon Over the Han Palace).
Two broad playing styles (schools) can be identified as Northern and Southern, although many traditional regional styles still exist. The Northern styles is associated with Henan and Shandon while the Southern style is with the Chaozhou and Hakka regions of eastern Guangdong. Both Gao Shan Liu Shui (High mountains flowing water) and Han Gong Qiu Yue (Han palace autumn moon) are from the Shandong school, while Han ya xi shui (Winter Crows Playing in the Water) and Chu shui lian (Lotus Blossoms Emerging from the Water) are major pieces of the Chaozhou and Hakka repertories respectively.


You do not have to look very far to learn how to be happy. In fact, there are no expensive workshops or courses to take, or books that you need to read. You do not even need to sit in meditation to gain great insights.Well, if you are seeking for happiness, then notice who around you seems to be happy all day? That’s right – kids!
Laughter is a natural thing with kids. If you spend some time playing with them, it is easy to get infected with their happy smiles. While there are moments that kids get upset, you find that you can learn a thing or two from them about forgetting their anger just as quickly. It is also possible that you start to remember a time when you used to be a kid and how life seemed so easy and without worries.
If anything, here are 7 ways that you can learn from kids on how to happy:
- Living in the present
Kids have a wonderful way of living one moment at a time. Their feelings are often based on events as they happen. They are mostly joyful. At times, they may feel negative and this usually happens in a fight over toys or games. However, as soon as they get distracted with something new, they no longer hold on to their negative emotions. Instead, they are happy once again.As adults, we tend to remain angry or upset even way after the event. We are experts in accumulating anger in an internal storehouse. Our minds get stuck a lot in the past. We do not live in the present moment as it is now. It is hard to be happy when we have no present moment awareness.
- Single Focus While Doing Things
When a child is playing a tag, he is playing tag. He is not playing tag and thinking about the picture he will draw later and the block castle he will build tomorrow morning. He is single focused.
As adults, we get stressed because we pile on many things into a single moment. We overwhelm ourselves with our “to do” list. Unfortunately, in trying to multi-task, our mind gets detracted from being present in each task. We end up rushing through time. There is no space for slowing down, let alone breathe. At the very worst, with so many things to do, we end up not accomplishing much.
So, if you find it hard to cope, slow down a little. Be single focused in the things that needs to be done first. After you finish, then move on to the next down your list. You find life more of a breeze, when you can reduce the number of things you need to do at any one point in time.
- Use of Imagination
Kids are always using their imagination, whether they are playing a game or drawing a picture. They love pretend play and are intrigued by stories about magic, dreams and what seems humanly impossible. If you think about it, imagination is the seed of the feeling of joy. When you indulge in your dreams, endorphins are released, giving you a nice warm sensation.
It is funny that how as adults we have forgotten about using our imagination. School has trained us to be more left-brained and analytical. We also become more rigid in the way we do things and our expectations. Then, when events do not happen according to plan, we become very unhappy. We are less open to new possibilities, because we have lost our sense of imagination.
- The future is limitless
To many kids, everything in life is possible. The sky is the limit and they have their whole lives ahead of them. There is no reason for them to feel as if time is working against them.
Well, you can adopt the very same attitude and not be held hostage by time considerations. It is never too late. If there is something you have been waiting to do with your life, then go for it. The last you want would be a life of regret. Joy escapes you when you allow life to become stale.
- Always Joyful
Children are always happy because they find joy in little things. They get excited when they see a butterfly, jump over a puddle or get to go to McDonalds. They do not over analyze situations and do not assume the worst in people or situations. They keep things simple.
To remind yourself about being joyful, keep a gratitude journal. List down the many blessings that you currently enjoy in your life. Additionally, on a regular basis, do something small that makes you happy like reading one chapter of a book you like or taking a walk in the park.
- Inherent Goodness and Trust in Others
Children have an inherent goodness about them. They do not intend to hurt anyone and they do not naturally think that anyone would want to hurt them. With no such ill intent or worries, it is easy to be just happy all day!
Imagine what the world would be like if everyone could play and work nicely together. Adults should learn from kids to put aside their differences and care for each other. Love creates happiness.
- Absolute Faith In Getting Their Wishes Fulfilled
It is amazing how kids can have so much faith that their wishes will be granted. Ever get badgered by your kids until you “cave” in to give them what they want? Believe me; it is not easy to stay firm when you are up against their cheeky smiles.
Another example I can think of is about the wishes of my kids to see the world. They talk about their travel plans all the time. There was never a shred of doubt that their wishes will be granted one day.
Do we hold as much faith in our own dreams? Probably not. We are too encumbered by unnecessary worries. We limit ourselves by our beliefs. If things are not working in our favor, we may even choose to give up half way and ditch our dreams.
In conclusion, to be happy, reconnect with the inner child in you. Be around kids if it helps. If you do not have any, check out your local playground. Better yet, volunteer some time at a Children’s Orphanage. Bring out the imaginative, joyful, and trusting qualities in you. By becoming more child-like, you are well on your way to becoming less of a stress bag.


Central African Republic
The Central African Republic, a landlocked country, borders Sudan to the east, the Democratic Republic of the Congo and the Republic of the Congo to the south, Cameroon to the west, and Chad to the north. Its land area is 240,000 sq. mi. The capital is Bangui.
The country is mostly savannas, but includes a Sahelo-Sudanian zone in the north and a southern equatorial forest. Two thirds of the CAR sits in the Ubangi River basin, which flows into the Congo River. This, in turn, flows into Lake Chad.
France named the colony containing the CAR Ubangi-Chari. In 1958, it became a semi-autonomous French Community. On August 13, 1960, it became independent. The CAR was ruled for its first three decades by presidents not democratically chosen. International pressure reinforced local discontent after the Cold War ended.
In 1993, multi-party elections were first held. This occurred due to donors and help from the United Nations Office for Electoral Affairs. The election resulted in Ange-Felix Parasse being brought to power. During his presidency, he lost popularity. In 2003, General Francois Bozize, backed by France, overthrew him. Bozize won election in May 2005. In 2007, workers in the public sector went on strike to protest lack of pay.
Adamawa-Eastern speakers settled in the CAR’s territory between 1,000 BD and 1,000 AD. Bantu speaking people settled in southwestern CAR. Along the Oubangi, Sudanic speaking populations also settled the area.
Most who live in the CAR speak Adamawa-Easter or Bantu languages. A minority speak Sudanic languages.
Until the 19th century, people in the CAR had little contact with Abrahamic religions due to them living beyond Africa’s Sudanic zone. During the early 1800s, Muslim traders began to penetrate the area and developed relationships with local leaders for trade purposes.
This arrival was peaceful. After 1850, well-armed soldiers and slave traders arrived, mostly from Sudan, Cameroon, Chad, Dar al-Kuti, and Nzakara. Much of eastern CAR’s population was “exported” and the area is still sparsely populated.
During the so-called Scramble for Africa in the late 1800s, Europeans arrived in the CAR’s territory. Count Savorgnan de Brazza established the French Congo. The territory’s headquarters, Brazzaville, was named after him. He sought to expand French territorial claims by sending expeditions up the Ubangi River. Germany, Belgium, and the U.K. all competed for the territory.
The French established a Ubangi River post at Bangui in 1889. De Brazza sent additional expeditions up the Sangha River in 1890 and also up the Ubangi basin toward Lake Chad and east toward the Nile. The French wanted to expand the borders of the French Congo to meet other French colonies in West Africa, North Africa, and East Africa.
In 1894, diplomatic agreements between German Cameroon and Belgium’s Congo Free State fixed the French Congo’s borders. In 1899, France was left without a Nile outlet when the French Congo’s border with Sudan was settled.
With the borders established, the French needed to determine how to pay for the colony’s governance. The success of Belgian concessionary companies in the Congo Free State led the French to grant 17 companies concessions in the Ubangi-Shari area in 1899. These companies promised to pay rent in return for the right to exploit the land. European and African agents employed by these companies used brutal tactics to secure forced labor from the locals. The French also forced Central Africans to provide free labor and pay taxes. The companies and the French often found their interests aligned, but they also separated at times.
When abuses by the companies or colonial officials were reported, convictions rarely occurred. When news of these incidents reached France, investigations occurred but little changed in the Ubangi-Shari on the ground.
During the first 10 years of French rule, African states in the region increased raids to obtain slaves. They also increased their sales to companies and the French state. Treaties with the French allowed these kingdoms to obtain more weapons which in turn allowed them to capture more slaves. Much of the eastern modern day CAR was depopulated as a result. Those who could not resist the African slave raiders or the Europeans led miserable lives.
During colonial rule’s second decade from 1910-1920, the brutal methods employed by companies and the government continued. Slave raiding did diminish when local rulers lost their power. An agreement with Germany in 1911 ceded the Sangha and Lobaye basins. This gave France more authority in Morocco. Thus, western Ubangi-Shari came under German rule. During World War I, France, using CAR based troops, retook the territory.
A transitional period occurred during the third decade (1920-1930). Road networks were built, health services were formed, and cash crops were promoted. Protestant missions were also established. Forced labor continued and many Ubangians conscripted to work on the Congo-Ocean Railway died.
Andre Gide, a French writer, published Voyage au Congo in 1925 in which he described conscription’s consequences and exposed atrocities. A rebellion occurred in 1928, the Kongo-Wara, in the western Ubangi-Shari and went on for several years. This was possibly the largest rebellion in Africa but was kept from the French people.
From 1930-1940, coffee, cotton, and tea became cash crops. Mining for diamonds and gold also began. Large companies were given monopolies and went on to fix prices for cotton.
From 1940-1950, the policies and reforms were shaped by World War II. French officers took control of the colony in September 1940.
Ubangi-Shari gained autonomy on December 1, 1958 and took the name the Central African Republic. The president of the Conseil de Gouvernement and founding father, Barthelemy Boganda, died in a 1959 plane accident. The Central African Republic gained its formal independence on August 13, 1960. Two of Boganda’s allies, David Dacko and Abel Goumba, struggled for power. Dacko, backed by the French, took power and arrested Goumba. Dacko established a one party state by 1962.
A coup led by Colonel Jeal-Bedel Bokassa overthrew Dacko on December 31, 1965. Bokassa dissolved the National Assembly and suspended the constitution. In 1972, he declared himself President for life and on December 4, 1976, made himself Emporer Bokassa I of the Central African Empire. His crowning ceremony was lavish and ridiculed by most of the world. France overthrew Bokassa in 1979 and brought Dacko back to power. On September 1, 1981, he was overthrown in a coup by General Andre Kolingba. He ruled with a military junta until 1985. In 1986, he introduced a new constitution which was adopted. His party, the Rassemblement Democratique Centrafricain (RDC), had voluntary membership. Elections were held in 1987 for parliament and for municipalities in 1988. Kolingba’s major opponents, Ange-Felix Parasse and Abel Goumba, were not allowed to participate and boycotted the elections.
After the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1990, pro-democracy movements became active. International pressure, including France, the U.S., Germany, Japan, and the U.N., forced Kolingba to hold free elections in October of 1992. Kolingba used the pretext of irregularities to suspend the election results. He then came under great international pressure to set up a commission to include representative of all political parties.
After 1993 elections, Ange-Felix Patasse led the first voting round. Abel Goumba came in second, David Dacko in third, and Kolingba came in fourth. In the second round, Patasse won a majority at 53 percent over Goumba’s 45.6 percent. Patasse’s party, the Mouvement pour la Liberation de Peuple Centrafricain (MPLC) gained a simple majority in parliament.
The new president, Patasse removed Kolingba from his military post and charged many of his ministers with crimes. He removed other Yakoma from posts, including 200 from the presidential guard.
A new constitution was instituted on January 14, 1995, but it did not have a significant impact on politics. Ethnic tension and mutinies against the government occurred from 1996-1997 due to a lack of confidence. The Bangui Pace Accords were signed in 1997. This allowed for an African military mission. Amadou Toure, Mali’s former president, served as a mediator. He formulated a deal to allow ex-mutineers to participate in the government on April 7, 1997. A U.N. peacekeeping force later replaced the African mission.
Parliamentary elections in 1998 allowed Kolingba’s RDC party to make a comeback, winning 20 of 109 seats. Patasse still won elections in 1999 for a second term as President.
An unsuccessful coup attempt took place on May 28, 2001 when rebels attacked buildings in Banggui. The attacked left the chief of staff for the army, Abel Abrou, and General Francois N’Djadder Bedaya shot. Patasse brought in additional troops and gained the upper hand.
Those loyal to Parasse sought revenge against rebels in the capital. Homes were burned and opponents were murdered. After being suspected of planning another coup, General Francois Bozize fled to Chad with troops loyal to him. In March, 2003, he launched a surprise attack against Patasse while he was out of the country. Despite the support of Libyan and Congolese rebel troops, Patasse was overthrown.
Bozize suspended the constitution again and formed a new cabinet out of the opposition parties. Goumba was named vice-president. A National Transition Council was established to draft a new constitution. Bozize announced he would step down and run for president once the new constitution was in place. Bozize won a fair election to become president in May 2005.
Currently, The current President of the Central African Republic is Faustin-Archange Touadéra, since 30 March 2016.
Humanitarian Aid and Development
The CAR depends heavily on foreign aid and NGOs for services. Foreign presence is an important revenue source for the country. While a large part of the population lives at the subsistence level, the country is self-sufficient in food crops. The tsetse fly hinders livestock production.
Due to violence in 2006, 50,000 in the northwestern CAR were at a starvation risk. U.N. support averted a crisis.
The CAR became the 4th country placed on the U.N. Peacebuilding Commission’s agenda in 2008. The commission was set up in 2005 to help countries just ending conflicts to avoid starting them again.
On January 8, 2008, the U.N. Secretary General, Ban Ki-moon, declared the CAR eligible for assistance from the Peacebuilding Fund in three areas: (1) promotion of good governance, (2) security reform, and (3) community revitalization.
The CAR’s president is Francois Bozize. The new constitution was approved on December 5, 2004 and multi-party elections were held in March of 2005. Bozize won the election after a run off.
In northern parts of the CAR in 2006, violence was reported. This caused refugees to flee and there were battles between rebels and the government. Many refugees fled to Chad. The government was suspected of killing men and boys who remained that were suspected of rebel cooperation.
There are 14 prefectures in the CAR, 2 economic prefectures, and one commune. There are an additional 71 sub-prefectures. The prefectures are Bamingui-Bangoran, Basse-Kotto, Haute-Kotto, Haut-Mbomou, Kemo, Lobaye, Mabere-Kadei, Mbomou, Nana-Mambere,Ombella-M’Poko, Ouaka, Ouham, Ouham-Pende, and Vakaga.
The CAR is land-locked in Africa’s interior. Chad, Sudan, Cameroon, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and the Republic of the Congo are its bordering countries.
The countryside is typical flat savanna, with some rolling plateaus. The elevation is typically 1,640 ft (500 m) above sea level. The Fertit Hills are in the northeast and the southwestern CAR has scattered hills. Yade Massif is a granite plateau in the northwest which sits at 3,750 feet in elevation.
The CAR’s area is 240,519 sq. mi., making it the 42nd largest country in the world. It is slightly smaller than the U.S. state of Texas.
The Congo River’s tributaries formed much of the southern border. The Mbomou River merges with the Uele River in the east to become the Ubangi River. The Sangha River flows in the west and the eastern border is along the Nile watershed.
Approximately 8 percent of the country is covered by forest. The forests are diverse and included species of Ayous, Sapelli, and Sipo. Lumber poaching is commonplace.
The CAR generally has a tropical climate. Hot, dry, and dusty winds are found in the northern areas. This has subjected the area to desertification. River flooding occurs in the country’s remainder.
Growth and sale of food crops like maize, peanuts, millet, sesame, plantain, and cassava dominate the economy. GDP yearly growth rate is over 3 percent. Food crops are more important than exported cash crops. Food crops are exported, despite domestic consumption, in higher numbers than cash crops.
South Korea is the country’s largest import partner. France and Cameroon follow. The CAR’s largest export partner is Japan, followed by Belgium and China.
Food crops are also turned into alcoholic beverages like sorghum beer and liquor. This is a source of considerable income for some. These are often not included in per capita income figures because they are not declared.
The CAR has one of the lowest listed per capita incomes at $300, but this does not take into account unregistered sale of local products. To most Central African’s the informal economy is actually more important.
The CAR’s most important export is diamonds which account for 40-55 percent of exports. It is estimated 30-50 percent of the diamonds that are produced are secretly exported. The CAR’s location away from the coast makes exporting more difficult.
There is the potential for ecotourism in the CAR due to the large population of forest elephants. There is also a rainforest in the southwest, the Dzanga-Sangha National Park. There are other wildlife areas with significant animal populations, but poaching, particularly from neighboring Sudan, has diminished the wildlife population.
The country is part of the Organization for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa (OHADA)
In ease of business, the CAR ranks 180 out of 181 countries. This list analyzes a country’s regulations.
Since independence, the population has quadrupled to 4,797,339. U.N. estimates show 11 percent of the population 15-49 is HIV positive, but only 3 percent of the CAR has antiretroviral therapy available. Nearby countries have 17 percent medicinal coverage.
There are over 80 ethnic groups with their own languages. The Baya are the largest at 33 percent, followed by the Banda at 28 percent, the Sara at 10 percent, the Mandjia at 7 percent, and the Mboum at 7 percent. The Yakoma, Fulani, and others make up the remainder. This includes Europeans at 4 percent.
50 percent of the population is Christian with 35 percent maintaining indigenous religious beliefs. 15 percent practice Islam. Missionary groups include Baptists, Catholics, Lutherans, Grace Brethren, and Jehovah’s Witnesses. Many missionaries have returned to the Central African Republic now that fighting has ended.
Life expectancy was 48.2 for females and 45.1 for males at birth in 2007. Women have about five births each. The CAR’s government spends about $20 per person on healthcare and there were 8 doctors per every 100,000 people.
There is free education in the Central African Republic and it is compulsory from 6-14. Half of adults are illiterate. There is one university, the University of Bangui.


We explore the origins of infectious disease outbreaks in order to understand where novel pathogens come from and what processes underlie disease emergence events. The identification of nonagricultural reservoirs allows us to explore how pathogens evolve in the wild as opposed to cultivated environments, and identify specific genomic changes associated with adaptation to novel hosts or niches.
Within host evolution
Horizontal gene transfer and homologous recombination represent a source of selectable variation that contribute to rapid evolution in bacterial pathogens. Some mobile elements shuttle genes encoding virulence functions and resistance to antimicrobial compounds used in agricultural areas. We are interested in how mobile elements spread between pathogens infecting the same host and the consequences of coinfection on virulence outcomes.
Host microbe interactions
Bacterial pathogens frequently deploy specialised secretory systems to inject virulence proteins directly into plant cells. Plant hosts in turn have evolved proteins that can detect the activity of pathogen virulence proteins and mount rapid resistance responses. These interactions form the basis of host-pathogen coevolutionary arms races. We explore how these interactions evolve and their impact on host-microbe interactions in both non-agricultural and agricultural contexts.


Sewer infrastructure typically runs under streets, so crews who clean, inspect and rehab sewers are routinely faced with traffic hazards as they do their work. The Federal Highway Administration reports that in 2015, a work zone crash occurred once every 5.4 minutes. Taking extra precautions to make these zones compliant with traffic safety regulations is the best way to minimize risk.
Most important is providing motorists with advance warning of the upcoming work. Alerting drivers to changes in the normal flow of traffic will allow them to better prepare for entering and passing through the work zone safely. Different speed zones require different signage to be effective.
In high and moderate speed zones, multiple signs should be placed so they are not overlooked. At 65 mph, a warning sign should be placed 800 feet from the beginning of the road work, with additional signage even farther from the zone. These signs can notify motorists not only of road work, but other specifics, like a reduction in speed or lane merge, that will affect them. In low-speed areas, it may be more efficient to close off a road entirely because it can decrease work time, reduce the number of personnel required, and protect both sewer inspection workers and drivers.
While providing warning signs for drivers will lower the risk of accidents, there are many other details involved in maintaining a safe and compliant work zone. Envirosight is offering a FREE Traffic Safety poster that illustrates how zone setup looks depending on street size and traffic volume, so your crew can reference the necessary requirements for a safe work zone.


Oldest piece of earth crust reveals how life began
The truth about how the earth prepared itself for life is out. The earth's crust first formed at least 4.4 billion years ago - just 160 million years after the formation of our solar system - and then cooled to become habitable, reveals research.
The answer lies in a 4.4 billion-year-old zircon - the oldest known terrestrial material of any kind - that was extracted from a remote rock in western Australia.
"This confirms our view of how the earth cooled and became habitable. This may also help us understand how other habitable planets would form," said John Valley, a geochemist with University of Wisconsin-Madison in the US.
The study strengthens the theory of a 'cool early earth' where temperatures were low enough for liquid water, oceans and a hydrosphere not long after the planet's crust congealed from a sea of molten rock.
"The study reinforces our conclusion that earth had a hydrosphere before 4.3 billion years ago and possibly life not long after," explained Valley.
Life on earth began at least 3.5 billion years ago because that is the age of the oldest rocks with fossil evidence of life on earth.
The earth was assembled from a lot of heterogeneous material from the solar system.
The early earth experienced intense bombardment by meteors, including a collision with a Mars-sized object about 4.5 billion years ago.
That formed our moon, and melted and homogenised the earth.
To understand the phenomenon, the researchers used a new technique called atom-probe tomography that, in conjunction with secondary ion mass spectrometry, permitted the scientists to accurately establish the age and thermal history of the zircon.
Instead of being randomly distributed in the sample, as predicted, lead atoms in the zircon were clumped together, like 'raisins in a pudding', noted Valley.
The zircon formed 4.4 billion years ago, and at 3.4 billion years, all the lead that existed at that time was concentrated in these hotspots. This means a new page of the thermal history recorded by these tiny zircon time capsules, said the study published in the journal Nature Geoscience.
(Posted on 24-02-2014)
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Published on March 8, 2014
According to O'Malley and Chamot, cognitive strategies operate directly on incoming information, manipulating it in ways that enhance learning. Learners may use any or all of the following cognitive strategies
• Repetition, when imitating others' speech • Resourcing, i.e., having recourse to dictionaries and other materials. • Translation, that is, using their mother tongue as a basis for understanding and/or producing the target language • Note-taking. • Deduction, i.e., conscious application of L2 rules
• Contextualisation, when embedding a word or phrase in a meaningful sequence. • Transfer, that is, using knowledge acquired in the L1 to remember and understand facts and sequences in the L2 • Inferencing, when matching an unfamiliar word against available information (a new word etc). • Question for clarification, when asking the teacher to .explain, etc. There are many more cognitive strategies in the relevant literature. O'Malley and Chamot recognise 16.
According to Wenden , metacognitive knowledge includes all facts learners acquire about their own cognitive processes as they are applied and used to gain knowledge and acquire skills in varied situations. In a sense, metacognitive strategies are skills used for planning, monitoring, and evaluating the learning activity; they are strategies about learning rather than learning strategies themselves.
• Directed attention, when deciding in advance to concentrate on general aspects of a task. • Selective attention, paying attention to specific aspects of a task. • Self-monitoring, i.e., checking one's performance as one speaks. • Self-evaluation, i.e., appraising one's performance in relation to one's own standards. • Self-reinforcement, rewarding oneself for success.
At the planning stage, also known as pre-planning (see Wenden, 1998: 27), learners identify their objectives and determine how they will achieve them. Planning, however, may also go on while a task is being performed. This is called planning-inaction. Here, learners may change their objectives and reconsider the ways in which they will go about achieving them. At the monitoring stage, language learners act as 'participant observers or overseers of their language learning (ibid.), asking themselves, "How am I doing? Am I having difficulties with this task?", and so on. Finally, when learners evaluate, they do so in terms of the outcome of their attempt to use a certain strategy.
According to Wenden, evaluating involves three steps: 1) learners examine the outcome of their attempts to learn. 2) they access the criteria they will use to judge it. 3) they apply it.


Episode 12: Día de Mercado
Shopping for food, tener.
Game: Go Fish
Use my free printable La comida Food Game Cards to play Go Fish and practice tener + food terms.
Put students in groups of 3-6. Shuffle the cards and deal 5-7 cards per player. Players set any pairs down as their first matches. Set the rest in the middle as the “Go Fish/Ve a Pescar” pile. The students take turns asking one another for specific cards. If one has a picture of el pan, she asks another student ¿Tienes el pan? The student gives the card to her or says, No, no tengo el pan. ¡Pesca! She must then draw a card from the pile in the middle. When a student gets a match, he or she gets to go again. Whoever has the most matches at the end of the game wins.
Bonus: if your students are farther along and are familiar with direct object pronouns, this is a great way to practice! When asked ¿Tienes el pan?, the answer can be, Sí, lo tengo. / No, no lo tengo.
Extra Video (la comida and el mercado):
Link to practice activities from this video:
The entire packet is for sale here, and makes for great homework, over-the-summer review, or in-class viewing to keep the series interactive for everyone. Activity sheets for Episodes 1-5 are available for free, so you can get a good idea of what is in it. I’d appreciate some feedback love if you enjoyed it!
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Protected areas of the Arctic countries
The Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna (CAFF) is a working group of the Arctic Council, tasked with monitoring and reporting on the state and trends of ecosystems in the Arctic.
To prepare a benchmark and inventory, the Protected Areas Monitoring Scheme Background Paper was prepared, examining the current status in the Arctic countries: USA (Alaska), Canada, Greenland (Denmark), Iceland, Faeroe Islands (Denmark), Norway, Sweden, Finland and Russia.
Nordpil was commissioned to handle the spatial database that had been assembled by national partners in the CAFF network, and to prepare a set of maps for the report. The maps, prepared using ESRI ArcGIS and Adobe Illustrator, highlight the current network of national, state and territorial parks, national monuments, wildlife sanctuaries, protected bird areas (Ramsar Convention), UNESCO World Heritage sites, and other protected areas.
- The circumpolar protected areas map has been added to the portfolio collection.
- The full report: CAFF Monitoring Series Report No.5 - Circumpolar Protected Areas Monitoring Arctic Protected Areas Monitoring Scheme Background Paper is available on the Arctic Portal.
- Please refer to the Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna (CAFF) website for more information about Arctic Council conservation efforts.


Have you ever wondered how many excuses you make in a day? Excuses have been an inevitable part of human lives since time immemorial. Children make excuses when they haven't finished their homework, latecomers at office have unbelievable stories to tell their frowning bosses. Adults make excuses to themselves to cover up for unhealthy habits they have built up over the years, especially to avoid the wrath of their spouses and kids. Most of us are creative enough to cook up hundreds of excuses when needed, but instead, we should identify the reasons for such explanations and learn how to overcome them, instead of lying. These excuses are, in many cases, nothing but how we justify not pursuing what we want in life.
We all know that admitting our actions and confessing to our mistakes or stupidity is hard. Very few people tend to admit their mistakes or foolishness as it is easier to make an excuse. According to a famous saying by Alexander Pope, “An excuse is worse than a lie, for an excuse is a lie, guarded”. To motivate you, here are some famous excuses quotes for you to read and use where necessary.


We had so many readers interested in the Monkey-Faced orchid picture we posted, I thought I would pass along some quick information about them and about orchids in general.
Besides being just about the cutest, funniest flora we’ve found, Monkey-Faced Orchids, or Grinning Monkey orchids live in the south-eastern Ecuadorian and Peruvian cloud forests at around 1000-2000 meters. Their scientific name is Dracula Simia-Dracula referring to the strange characteristic of the two long sepals, reminiscent of a certain Transylvanian count.
Up in the cloud forests, these orchids can flower at any time-it’s not season specific and its’ scent resembles a very ripe orange. Some have tried to cultivate them but these beauties remain very rare. They like cool locales and partial shade and require a LOT of care and patience. I’ve challenged my nature photographer father to find and get some images in the wild from his many trips to Ecuador!
There are a lot of orchids that resemble natures creatures-including a bee, a bird’s head, a white egret and even a flying duck! (see photo)
To be a bit more practical, I thought I would pass along some of my tips for caring for your more common variety of orchid. We often use an orchid named Phalaenopsis because of their beauty and ease of care.
Here are some quick tips for your Phalaenopsis:
1) Give them moderately bright light, but not direct sun
2) Water them about every 7-10 days. Make sure there is a drainage hole in the bottom of the plant container and put the orchid in the sink. Let lukewarm water run through the plant.
3) Use a saucer for under the orchid.
Just a rule of thumb: orchid roots don’t like to be wet. If in doubt, water too little!


CSF cell count
CSF (cerebrospinal fluid) is a clear fluid that circulates in the space surrounding the spinal cord and brain. A CSF cell count is a test to measure the number of red and white blood cells that are in CSF.
Reviewed By: Daniel Kantor, MD, Kantor Neurology, Coconut Creek, FL and immediate past president of the Florida Society of Neurology (FSN). Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Isla Ogilvie, PhD, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team.


In this lesson you will look at different types of inflation and terms associated with this economic concept. You may have heard relatives talk about the good old days when a dollar would buy something. What happened to that dollar? Why won't it buy as much as it did last month or last year? What happened is inflation. In this lesson you will examine various causes and theories of inflation as well as who is responsible for tracking it.
You will use a PowerPoint presentation to learn about the different types of inflation and how they affect your ability to buy goods and services. Also, you will learn about terms associated with inflation, groups affected by inflation, and who tracks changes in the prices of what we buy.
Use the Causes of Inflation Slide Show presentation as your guide guide for making your way through this lesson on the various causes of inflation.
To complete Study Guide #2 you will need to visit these Web sites:
- Part #1: What Goods and Services Does the CPI Cover?
- Part #2: Theory 1: Demand-Pull Inflation - is Inflation Demanding?
- Part #3: Theory 2: Cost-Push Inflation - Is Inflation Pushy?
- Part #4: Theory 3: Quantity Theory of Money - In Theory What Quantity Would You Like?
Inflation has remained in check for much of the past three decades. As a result, prices of goods and services have remained relatively steady. However, we must be on the lookout for factors that can lead to periods of high inflation. Prices of goods and services will rise. The rise may be caused by demand exceeding supply, or because the cost of making goods and services rises and that cost gets passed on to the consumer, or because there is too much money in the economy. Whatever the reason, or combination of reasons, we can expect some inflation in our economy.
Write an essay, comparing and contrasting the causes of inflation. In planning your essay, use the Web sites you used to complete your study guides.


BANOO PARPIA: Hi, my name is Banoo Parpia and I am senior research associate in the division of nutritional sciences here at Cornell University. I'm also chief coordinator of a large comprehensive international study on diet and disease known as the Cornell China-Oxford Project on Diet and Disease. And I'm here today to tell you about the study, describe the study, and talk about the findings and discuss some of the implications for our own dietary and lifestyle choices.
Most of us have been to Chinese restaurants and think we know what a typical Chinese meal is, but is this how the Chinese eat in rural China? What about the health of an average Chinese person compared to an average person in the US? Are they at the same risk for some of these diseases, like cancer and heart disease, as we are in this country? And what about the overall link between the foods that we eat and our health?
The answers to all these questions is provided by the China Project, which is a large comprehensive international study on this specific question. The study definitively characterizes the nutritional status of the rural Chinese population as well as provides us the definitive picture of the disease profile of this nation. It also broadly addresses the larger picture of diet-disease relationships and the implications for some of our own choices.
The study has received wide media coverage and a great deal of press over the years. In fact, when it first started, the New York Times referred to it as the grand prix of epidemiology in their headlines and referred to it as the most comprehensive study of its kind that had been ever done. The study has also generated over 50 peer reviewed publications in the scientific literature, as well as been covered in the popular magazines and the popular press.
In order to more fully understand the results of the study and the dietary recommendations that are emanating from this study, we need to have an overview or an understanding of the project and touch on its organizational history, the study design, look at the series of surveys that were done, the types of data collected, and examine the overall research question and hypotheses. Once we do this, we then set the context in which we can more fully understand what the findings are and look at the implications for our own dietary and lifestyle choices.
The study was initiated in 1983 and the first phase of the study is published in a monograph entitled "Diet Lifestyle and Mortality in China, A Study of the Characteristics of 65 Chinese Counties." It's co-authored by four of the principal investigators of the study, Dr. Chen Junshi, who is at the Chinese Academy of Preventive Medicine in Beijing, professor Colin Campbell, who is a Jacob Gould Schurman Professor of nutritional biochemistry here at Cornell University, Dr. Lee Jun Yao at the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences in Beijing, and Sir Richard Peto, who is the lead epidemiologist and statistician on the study at the University of Oxford in the UK.
These four individuals, the four principal investigators, were then joined by an international team of researchers and scientists. Including myself here at Cornell, Dr. Gillian Borum in the UK, and professors Wang Gong Hao, Feng Zhu Lin, Wang Guang Yao and other distinguished colleagues in Beijing in China.
Now that was the first phase of the study, this publication, this monograph that we see the title page here. The second phase of the study was a 1989 follow-up study and this is available on the internet and in an upcoming joint publication, which is a joint publication between the WHO and the World Bank. And this is in press, currently in press.
This 1989 phase of the project was designed as a follow-up to the '83 initial study, and it was primarily to document secular change. And it is based on a much more expanded, improved, and more robust study design.
Now let me say a few words about the history of the study, because that is a fascinating aspect, as well, of this study. The study was initiated in 1980 when Dr. Chen was visiting Dr. Campbell's lab here at Cornell. And they conceived the small study on the relationship between selenium and cancer.
It was at a time when there was very little interaction between China and the US, and it was also at a time when there was this idea of the link between nutrition and cancer was just beginning to gain some credibility. At the time of this discussion, Dr. Chen and Campbell became aware of this large effort in China to map disease occurrence and it was Dr. Lee Jin Yao that was doing this in China.
So they invited him to join the study and we had Richard Peto also visiting Cornell at the time, and the interactions and discussions between these four individuals then led to the design of the study and into this large series of surveys that it encompasses today.
The involvement of Taiwan in 1989 was something of a breakthrough, as well, because it was it a collaboration under the auspices of the Ministries of Health at a time when tensions, political tensions were high between Taiwan and China, and there wasn't very much interaction between the two countries. So this was an unprecedented and significant event.
So together, these two studies, the 1983 study and the 1989 follow-up study, as well as a 1993 small reliability study, then provide this vast data resource that has contributed to and will continue to contribute to our understanding of diet and disease relationships and links.
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This study room provides a general overview and introduction to the Cornell-China-Oxford project. The project is a large and comprehensive epidemiologic study designed to explore and investigate the relationship between diet and disease.
In addition to the general descriptive findings of the study, the implications of this body of research evidence for prevention of chronic diseases such as heart disease and cancer are discussed.
This video is part 1 of 8 in the The China Project: Studying the Link Between Diet and Disease series.


several thousand Japanese war prisoners were sent to Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan for forced labor.
Japanese army had never participated in demolition of Soviet cities and villages (it had only fought in the environs of Lake Hasan), but the Japanese POWs were involved as labor force at construction sites throughout Uzbekistan. 20, Yakassarai Street in Tashkent is an address mentioned in all reference books on Central Asia published in Japan. This is a museum dedicated to the presence of Japanese POWs in Uzbekistan in the wake of World War II.
Both in Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan, Japanese laborers were involved in major post-war construction projects. In Uzbekistan, they built the Navoi Theater and Mukini Theater, the textile factory, the telegraph station, building of the Ministry of Culture in Tashkent, and factories in Chirchik. In Kazakhstan, the Japanese who lived in barracks behind Panfilov street in Almaty, built the airport, Turksib house with original towers, the building of the Academy of Sciences, and posh “dachas” for NKVD and MVD workers.
“Studying archives for data on Japanese POWs, I noticed that they have their backs to cameras on most photos,” founder of the museum Jalil Sultanov said. “Officially, all these objects including the dam across the Syrdarja and others were constructed by local personnel and the Japanese were not supposed to be there.”
I was a bit surprised that commenter on the blog did not know Japanese POWs in Russia.
Maybe they don't know Japanese POWs in China?
On 5 April, Moscow told Tokyo it was breaking their Neutrality Pact(page 344)...........................
the Russians secretly transferred tens of thousands of Japanese POWs to the CCP. These troops played a major role in turning the ragtag Communist army into formidable battle machine, and were crucial in training Red forces to use the Japanese arms on which they chiefly depended, as well as for servicing and repairing these weapons. It was Japanese, too, who founded the CCP air force, with Japanese pilots serving as flight instructions, Thousands of well-trained Japanese medical staff brought the Red wounded a new level of professional and much-welcomed treatment. Some Japanese even took part in combat operation.page 363
According to Besumiya p202, 550,000 Japanese POW by Russia and 40,000 Japanese POWs by China were detained and forced to work in violation of Potsdam Declaration Russia and China themselves declared("Japanese army would be completely disarmed and allowed to return home
") and against Hague convention.("Article 20 After the conclusion of peace, the repatriation of prisoners of war shall take place as speedily as possible.")
And the story of those detained is not always about corporation.
Yeltsin apologized to Japan for that(---I did not know) but China has never expressed the apology.
Some claim that some of Japanese POW in China has gone through sever brainwashing.
Any examination of Soviet intevention must also come to grips with its horrific cost in deaths noncombatants. The Soviets captured about 2.7 million Japanese nationals. The dead and permanently missing among this group, only one third of whome were members of the armed forces, numberered at least 347.000 and perahaps as many as 376,000. page 356 "DOWNFALL" Richard B. Frank
For servicemen in all theaters, repatriation was often delayed by local Allied authorities who chose to use their prisoners for specific postwar purposes. Until the closing months of 1946, the United States retained almost seventy thousand surrendered Japanese as laborers to help phase out wartime facilities in the Philippines, Okinawa, the Pacific Ocean are, and Hawaii. The British, in charge of the repatriation of approximately three-quarters of a million Japanese from south and southeast Asia, made no bones about their intention to ho on to a large number for projects in areas where the European powers, having ousted the Japanese aggressors, were intent ton reasserting their own colonial authority. In mid-1946, they were announced that they would retain 113,500 POWs for local work until some time in 1947. Of this number, 13,500 POWs were later turned over to the Dutch, engaged in reimposing their rule over the former Netherlands East Indies. The last of the Japanese detained by the British in Malaya and Burma were not repatriated until October 1947.
The total number of Japanese who surrendered to Chinese forces and were forced to work or fight either side in the Chinese civil war is unknown. More than a year after surrender, it was reported that some sixty-eight thousand Japanese taken prisoner in Manchuria were still being employed by Chinese forces, mostly on the communist side. The Kuomintang(Nationalist) government, for its part, delayed the repatriation of over fifty thousand Japanese with useful technical skills for much of 1946. As late as April 1949, on the eve of the communist victory, more than sixty thousand Japanese were still believed held in communist-controlled areas.(page 51)
The Chinese Communists subjected around one thousand Japanese prisoners to intensive "reeducation" during and after the war and brought forty-five to trial for was crimes eleven years after Japan's defeat.(page 449)
By far the most extensive, protracted an abusive treatment of surrendered forces cam at the hands of Soviets.....Japanese authority estimated that between 1,6 and 1,7 million Japanese fell into Soviet hands, and it soon became clear that many were being used to help offset the great manpower losses the Soviet Union had experienced. in the was as well as through the Stalinist purges......In the spring of 1949, ...the USSR announced that only ninety-five thousand prisoners remained.....According to American and Japanese calculations, the actual number should have been around four hundred thousand. Suddenly, more than three hundred thousand Japanese were unaccounted for. Over four decades later, the Soviet Union finally released the names of some forty-six thousand Japanese known to be buried in Siberia. The overall numbers never jibed.(page 52)Embracing Defeat
I am not sure if all the historians agree with the views that Japanese POWs were brainwashed but here are some references.
no specific term emerged until the methodologies of these earlier movements were systematized during the early decades of the People's Republic of China for use in their struggles against internal class enemies and foreign invaders. Until that time, descriptions were limited to concrete descriptions of specific techniques.
The term xǐ năo (洗脑, the Chinese term literally translated as "to wash the brain") was first applied to methodologies of coercive persuasion used in the "reconstruction" (改造 gǎi zào) of the so-called feudal (封建 fēng jiàn) thought patterns of Chinese citizens raised under prerevolutionary regimes. wiki
A small nameplate beside the high, burnished metal gates announces the building inside as "Guangzhou City Law School". But this grimy industrial area on the outskirts of China's great southern commercial metropolis is an unlikely place for an academic institution.
No students are visible. The only signs of life are the black official cars and police vans that come and go through the forbidding gates. Nearby, across the Pearl River, is a grim set of barracks, called Chatou, behind high walls and watchtowers.
According to one woman who has been inside, the school is a front for a state gulag, where police re-educate followers of Falun Dafa...
"It is a brainwashing centre - one of many in China, almost one in every district," says Tang Yiwen, a slight and soft-spoken 37-year-old interpreter who was grabbed off the street by police in February and taken to the Guangzhou institution. "It is said to be one of the most brutal."
Sydney Morning Herald: Inside China's Brainwashing Gulag
(Hamish McDonald 10/20/2004 4:16)
see also Britain’s “Operation Nipoffby Ampontan.
illustraions of Pow camp


From the perspective of filtering network traffic, the role of routers is very similar to that of switches and bridges.
。 But unlike switches that work in the network data link layer and physically divide network segments, routers logically divide the whole network using special software protocols. For example, a router supporting IP protocol can divide the network into several sub-network segments. Only network traffic pointing to a special IP address can pass through the router. For each received packet, the router recalculates its check value and writes it to a new physical address. Therefore, using routers to forward and filter data is often slower than switching machines that only look at the physical addresses of data packets. However, for those complex networks, the use of routers can improve the overall efficiency of the network. Another obvious advantage of routers is that they can automatically filter network broadcasts. Generally speaking, the whole installation process of adding routers to the network is much more complicated than that of Plug and Play switches.
Some routers only support a single protocol, but most routers can support the transmission of multiple protocols, that is, multi-protocol routers. Since each protocol has its own rules, the performance of a router will be degraded if the algorithm of multiple protocols is to be implemented in one router. The main task of a router is to find an optimal transmission path for each data frame passing through the router and transmit the data to the destination site effectively. Thus, the strategy of choosing the best path, namely routing algorithm, is the key of router. In order to accomplish this task, Routing Table (Routing Table) is stored in routers for routing. The path table contains the logo information of the subnet, the number of routers on the network and the name of the next router. The path table can be fixed by the system administrator.
Static routing table: The fixed routing table set by the system administrator beforehand is called static routing table.
Dynamic routing table: Dynamic routing table is a routing table that routers automatically adjust according to the operation of the network system.
Router is a multi-port device, which can connect different transmission rates and run in various environments of LAN and WAN, and can also use different protocols. Router belongs to the third layer of O S I model - network layer. Guiding data transmission from one network segment to another can also guide data transmission from one network to another.
First, network interconnection: Routers support a variety of LAN and WAN interfaces, mainly for interconnecting LAN and WAN, to achieve communication between different networks;
Second, data processing: providing functions including packet filtering, packet forwarding, priority, multiplexing, encryption, compression and firewall;
Thirdly, network management: routers provide functions including router configuration management, performance management, fault-tolerant management and traffic control.
The so-called "routing" refers to the actions and actions of transferring data from one place to another. Router is the machine that performs such actions. Its English name is Router. It is a network device connecting multiple networks or segments. It can "flip" the data information between different networks or segments. Translated to enable them to "read" each others data, thus forming a larger network.
In order to complete the work of routing, Routing Table, which is the data related to various transmission paths, is stored in routers for routing selection. The routing table contains the information of the subnet logo, the number of routers on the network and the name of the next router. Routing tables can be fixed by system administrators, dynamically modified by the system, automatically adjusted by routers, or controlled by hosts. There are two concepts about address names in routers: static routing table and dynamic routing table. The fixed routing table set by the system administrator is called static routing table. It is usually pre-set according to the configuration of the network when the system is installed. It will not change with the change of the future network structure. Dynamic routing table is a routing table that routers automatically adjust according to the operation of the network system. Router automatically learns and memorizes the operation of the network according to the functions provided by Routing Protocol, and automatically calculates the best path of data transmission when needed.


Psychogenic movement is an unwanted muscle movement such as a spasm or tremor that is caused by an underlying psychological condition. Psychogenic movement can involve any part of the body and resemble the same muscle movements that occur with a biological condition or structural abnormality. Most psychogenic movement is involuntary—done without being consciously initiated by the individual. Psychogenic movement may develop as part of a conversion disorder (in which a psychological event causes physical symptoms with no known medical cause). It also may result from a somatoform disorder (characterized predominantly by multi-system symptoms that are associated with distress and/or dysfunction), factitious disorder (an illness that simulates symptoms for psychological reasons), or malingering (not characterized as a psychiatric disorder but where illness is pretended as a way to achieve a secondary goal such as the acquisition of drugs or disability benefits). Unlike movement disorders caused by biological or structural conditions, psychogenic movement disorders commonly develop suddenly, progress rapidly to maximum severity, may increase in intensity, and come and go with complete or partial remissions. The movement may be less when the person is distracted, and the severity of symptoms varies among individuals. The course of the psychological condition may be short-lived or lead to chronic disability.
Psychogenic movement is uncommon before the age of 10 years. In children, the dominant limb is most often affected, while adults most frequently see movement in the nondominant limb.
Psychogenic movement disorders include:
Psychogenic tremor (also called functional tremor) can appear as any form of tremor movement. Characteristics may vary but generally include sudden onset and remission, increased incidence with stress, change in tremor direction and/or body part affected, and greatly decreased or disappearing tremor activity when the person is being distracted. Many individuals with psychogenic tremor have a conversion disorder.
Psychogenic dystonia involves involuntary muscle contractions that cause slow, repetitive movements or abnormal postures that are often severely painful. Onset may be abrupt or appear as part of a recurring attack. Psychogenic dystonia typically involves fixed postures, particularly from the start, whereas dystonia caused by a muscle or structural abnormality tends to involve more mobility and be action induced.
Psychogenic myoclonus refers to sudden, involuntary muscle contractions (twitches) or jerking of a muscle or group of muscles that are caused by a psychological condition. Myoclonic jerks may occur alone or in sequence, in a pattern or without pattern. Increased startle or startle-like movements are frequent. Psychogenic myoclonus may occur spontaneously or be generated by an action or reflex. The twitching cannot be controlled by the person experiencing it.
Psychogenic parkinsonism involves rigid movements that are extremely slow and often associated with a great sense of effort and rapid onset of severe fatigue. Individuals with psychogenic parkinsonism may also have tremor. Symptoms are usually seen on both sides of the body.
Psychogenic gait disturbances feature unusual patterns of stance and gait. Individuals may stagger or veer from side to side when walking and appear to be losing their balance, but only rarely fall. Sudden knee buckling without falling is common.
No single test can confirm psychogenic movement, which can prove difficult to diagnose. Physicians must rule out co-existing conditions and other recognizable movement disorders. There may be fluctuations during a neurological exam—particularly an increase of movement following attention and suggestion (an external influence on the will of the patient), and a decrease when the person is distracted. Electromyography (EMG) may be used to measure bursts of electrical activity from the brain and/or spinal cord to a peripheral nerve root (found in the arms and legs) that controls muscles during contraction and at rest. Electroencephalography (EEG) can correlate the movement and detect any changes in electrical activity patterns produced by the brain. Physicians also look for marked improvement in symptoms following psychotherapy, use of a placebo (a medicine with no specific pharmacological benefit for the disorder being treated but given to see if it produces psychological or physical benefits), or suggestion. A multi-therapy approach to treating psychogenic movement includes psychotherapy, placebo, or suggestion; antidepressants for symptoms related to depression or anxiety; cognitive-behavioral therapy to identify and alter thoughts and feelings that may be causing the psychological illness; physical therapy; and rehabilitative and occupational therapy to improve performance of activities of daily living. An experimental treatment is transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), which can alter electrical activity in the brain’s cortex (the region that controls movement) and may reduce movement frequency.
The severity of psychogenic movement symptoms and prognosis varies among individuals. Prognosis is considered poor when the movement disorder continues for many years. Outcome appears to be better in younger people with a shorter duration of symptoms than in older persons with more chronic symptoms. Also, people with few and mild symptoms that have an acute onset tend to have a more favorable outcome, particularly if the duration of symptoms is relatively short and is preceded by a stressful or traumatic event. Some individuals may continue to experience symptoms over time and develop new symptoms related to other parts of their body.
Scientists at the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke are studying how the mind and the brain work to cause movement symptoms in people who have no known underlying neurological or medical disorder. Researchers are investigating risk factors and neurobiological markers of psychogenic movement disorders (also called functional or stress-related movement disorders). A number of biological and psychosocial factors may act together to bring on uncontrollable movements such as twitching, jerking, twisting or weakness of certain body parts. The study examines several genetic markers which are involved in stress and emotional disorders. It also assesses cortisol levels and heart rate variability as a measure of stress and autonomic nervous system functioning, and detailed psychological measures. Highly advanced brain imaging will detect changes in structures of the brain and the strength of fiber connections between certain brain areas. Findings in individuals with psychogenic movement disorders will be compared to those of healthy volunteers. Functional magnetic imaging (fMRI) can detect altered blood flow that may reflect changes in activity between brain cells and is being investigated in indiiduals with psychogenic movements. Other researchers are exploring the role of biofeedback in lessening or stopping movement symptoms, and how different types of psychotherapy may help individuals who have somatoform disorders. Another study is evaluating the effects in functional status in individuals with psychogenic gait disorder after three weeks of cognitive and behavioral rehabilitation. Follow-up studies after 1 and 12 months will evaluate if any improvement is still present. Information from the National Library of Medicine’s MedlinePlus Movement Disorders


Published on November 10th, 2011 | by Chris Keenan2
Could the Kitchen of the Future Run on Kitchen Waste Alone?
Ideas are where all innovation begins. The environment is not only becoming a big part of the public dialogue, it is also fueling research, education, and business. The green job sector is amongst the fastest growing in a fairly unstable and stagnant economy.
The green market is the fastest-growing retail market. A great deal of funding is going towards environmental research, and educational opportunities in the green field are becoming ever more common. The so-called Average Joe can close his solar-powered garage door and drive to work in a hybrid or electric vehicle. But some people want to see sustainability, and resource use efficiency, go a bit further.
Today’s society has often been called a “throwaway society.” Whereas we used to have products that were designed to last, and could be repaired, we now live in a society where there are tons of one-time-use products, and it is often cheaper to buy something new than it is to fix it.
This is termed a “cradle-to-grave” mentality, whereby we ignore the whole “grave” part. Products are built with a purpose in mind, and when they become obsolete, we throw them away. Where “away” actually is does not cross the minds of most people. Most often “away” is a landfill, often already at capacity. These landfills, ironically, are often full of materials that can provide energy or be recycled.
Let’s take the kitchen for example. Most of the “waste” in our kitchen could actually be used to create energy and nourish food at a later time. Essentially, waste is food. In a theoretical design, Phillips Design has created what they term a Microbial Kitchen. This is a kitchen that runs on its own waste.
The kitchen is outfitted with a bacterially driven “digestive” system, whereby methane gas is created from food scraps in a natural, biological process. What isn’t used for the creation of gas (to be used to power kitchen appliances such as a range stove), is composted to create rich fertilizer for food crops. The kitchen is also outfitted with a kitchen garden and an interesting alternative to refrigeration.
While this is still mostly conceptual, it is a great way to look at a normally wasteful area of our life — cooking and eating. This “cradle-to-cradle” mentality to the design of the kitchen ensures that anything that can be recycled or used in some way is utilized.
This type of kitchen shows how maximizing the use of readily available energy can also reduce our waste, which often ends up in a landfill. Waste being food is a great concept in sustainability, and it is wonderful to see it getting more play in the actual research and development market.
image credit: original_Mikz on Flickr


The image above shows not a building but just a foundation, and in fact it's only a modern reconstruction of the foundation. However, the reconstructed foundation is of a pueblo in western Kansas and thus presents an interesting story. The reason it's only a ruin is interesting too.|
In 1664, a band of Taos Indians who were fleeing from Spanish rule in the Southwest came northeast into Kansas and settled along Ladder Creek, one of the tributaries of the Smoky Hill River. They built at least one pueblo here, the northernmost pueblo in North America. They built a stone structure that they covered with adobe inside and out, as seen in the artist's reconstruction below. A lack of windows and doors, combined with apparent holes for ladders suggests that the dwellers came and went through openings in the roof. They also built a system of irrigation canals to tap nearby springs.
The Taos band stayed in the peublo(es) for about twenty years before returning to the Southwest. A group of Picurie Indians took up residence in 1701 and stayed for a couple of years. Juan Urribarri (a.k.a. Jean Iturbi), famous for leading the French explorer La Salle into the 1687 ambush in which the latter died, opened a trading post on the site in 1717. The last known reference to the site dates from 1727, and the pueblo quickly degraded. Its collapse was so complete that the ruins were only discovered in the 1890s by farmer Herbert Steele after he had lived near them a few years. The ruins were excavated soon thereafter by a team from the University of Kansas. In 1970, a re-excavation found little and put together the reconstruction seen here. The reconstruction is based largely on information from the 1899 excavation.|
So why did a group of pueblo-builders settle here? The answers are largely visible in the images above and just below: Ladder Creek has cut a valley into the very flat plain of western Kansas. It thereby provides access to water, some protection from wind, and access to layers of building stone.
With that said, one might ask why the pueblo fell apart so quickly, and why so little survived that even the foundation had to be reconstructed to provide the present sight for tourists. The answer is in the "stone": it's not really stone at all. It's calcrete, a mass of calcium carbonate precipitated from soil water or groundwater into soil and shallow sediment. "Caliche" might be another another named used, but the sandy and massive nature of the material exposed along Ladder Creek probably makes "calcrete" a better name. The "stone" of the hillside appears layered like limestone, but the layers are featureless and massive (see image below), and they're not as hard as limestone. |
Thin sections of the material further reveal its non-limestone-like nature. The "rock" consists of sand and silt grains (the white to gray spots in the image below) surrounded by fine-grained calcium carbonate (the brown background). Note how dark brown calcium carbonate forms rings around some sand grains to make concretions or has formed nodules on its own - such textures are typical of caliche. Also note the black patches, which are holes and promote distintegration of the entire mass.|
As a building material, the calcrete here is much softer than almost any limestone or calcite-cemented sandstone. Its softness almost certainly contributed to the collapse of the pueblo by the time farmers arrived in the late 1800s, and to the disintegration of the foundations. It was the first stone the Taos found in Kansas, and it was conveniently at hand by the desirable wetlands of Ladder Creek, but its failure across a few decades illustrates why caliche or calcrete is almost never used as a building stone when any other material is available. |
Today, El Cuartelejo is in the Lake Scott State Park and Wildlife Area northwest of Scott City, Kansas. You can go on a virtual field trip to see more about the calcrete there.
Acknowledgements: The information above is largely from the Park's brochure; the artist's reconstruction is from a plaque at the site, where it is presented with no attribution.
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John Milton (1608-1674) was born in London. He is best known for his poems Paradise Lost (1667) and Paradise Regained (1671). He graduated from Christ's College, Cambridge in 1629. He was increasingly uneasy about the high church influence of the Established Church and described himself as 'church-outed' by the bishops.
During a European tour he met Hugo Grotius and Galileo. In 1639 he returned to England and began to work on more poetry. He also took in private pupils, his Of Education (1644) reflected his experiences and his ideas.
He married Mary Powell in 1642 - they were separated for three years but reconciled in 1645 and had four children.
In 1649 he was appointed Secretary for Foreign Tongues to the Council of State. His first wife died in 1652 and later married Katherine Woodcock in 1656. Katherine died in 1658 and he then married Elizabeth Minshull in 1663.
He died in London from heart failure.


A just-intonation tuning discovered in 1972 and published in 1978 by Heinz Bohlen, and discovered independently and published in 1984 by John Robinson Pierce, in which the 3/1 ratio (the pythagorean "perfect-12th", i.e., perfect-5th plus octave) is divided into 13 unequal steps. The equal-tempered version was published in 1978 by Kees van Prooijen.
The equivalence-interval of the Bohlen-Pierce scale is called the tritave.
The tonalsoft.com website is almost entirely the work of one person: me, Joe Monzo. Please reward me for my knowledge and effort by choosing your preferred level of financial support. Thank you.


How is Hearing Loss Measured?
Hearing loss is measured by a professional during a comprehensive hearing evaluation. During a comprehensive hearing evaluation, the ability to hear speech and frequency-specific tones as a function of the loudness required to hear them is assessed. In other words, hearing is essentially measured as "loudness versus pitch." Results are plotted on an audiogram. Loudness is plotted on the y-axis with softest sounds closest to the top and loudest sounds at the bottom. Frequency is plotted on the x-axis with low pitch sounds farthest to the left, increasing in frequency as you move along the axis to the right. Hearing loss (HL) is measured in decibels (dB) and is described in general categories:
Degree of Hearing loss Audiometric Thresholds
- Normal hearing (0 to 25 dB HL)
- Mild hearing loss (26 to 40 dB HL)
- Moderate hearing loss (41 to 70 dB HL)
- Severe hearing loss (71 to 90 dB HL)
- Profound hearing loss (greater than 91 dB HL)


Life is a roller coaster ride, be it an adult or a child. There can be many ups and downs and a lot of bumpy roads to cross, but what’s important is that we must learn a lesson from every experience. The bumps on our road may scare us initially, as we are unsure of what’s coming. These are circumstances when we need to open up to another person.
For kids, a lot of things that they may choose to do may be new to them. They are maybe not aware of how to go about it, sometimes they are not sure how it might turn out. They are young and hence everything is rather new to them. Being confused, shy, and uncertain is natural. They may make mistakes in the process but it's important that they are shown the right direction too.
This why opening up becomes essential. Owing to their young age, kids are unaware of the world and the different kinds of people in their surroundings. The world is one big place lurking with a lot of different kinds of people. There are people who may misguide kids, teach them false methods, or even cause harm to our kids. As our children are young, it becomes our responsibility to protect them and guide them as necessary.
As parents, we must manage to have our kids describe their day to day events and learn to analyze potential mistakes that our kids may commit. As the saying goes, “throw away the bad experience, but save the lesson”, yes, it is important to let our children learn from their experiences but it is important that they are on the right path.
It is necessary to have a conversation daily with our kids to understand what has been happening throughout the day and who they are in company with.
A few practices that we can follow have been mentioned:
Talk to kids about school every day
Make it a habit to ask kids what they did at school during the day, how are all their friends, and whether they are enjoying school. Make note of if they are happy and excited about going to school or rather gloomy and sad while talking about school. The key is to have this conversation daily with kids as it gives them a sense of love and concern from their parents.
Make it a routine no matter how busy you are with work.
Keep in touch with your kid’s friends and their parents
Talk to other parents and ask them about how their kids are doing at school and whether they know of anything is happening at school. Maintain contact with other fellow parents as they can be a helping hand in informing you of any mishaps at school.
Attend parent-teacher meetings and other events at school
PTAs are conducted to help parents understand their child’s progress at school. Make sure to attend these meetings as it helps in staying informed about your child. Get acquainted with the teacher and enquire of any unusual events at school with your kid.
Stay calm and listen with an open mind
After staying informed, the second-best thing is to keep an open mind when talking to our kids. Understand and most importantly remember, kids are young, and it’s natural to make mistakes.
Support your children and make sure they know that your there for them. This can help reinforce their trust in you and can make them open up a lot more.
Remember, getting kids to open up, doesn’t constantly require that we constantly keeping prying down their necks. We need to give them their space, they must be given the freedom and most essentially, they should be given a chance to make their own decisions.
This applies to slightly older kids as they are in a constant endeavor in discovering themselves and a feeling that they are already grown up and don’t need their parent’s help anymore. This might instill a sense of fear in you, as parents, but that’s natural.
Let your kids know that you trust them, you will always be there for them, and will always guide them to take the right decision. Believe in your kids and be their support system in helping them grow up to become good citizens of tomorrow.
Note: Please send your thoughts/suggestion or concern/complaints to [email protected]


Psychologists employ empirical methods to infer causal and correlational relationships between psychosocial variables.In addition, or in opposition, to employing empirical and deductive methods, some—especially clinical and counseling psychologists—at times rely upon symbolic interpretation and other inductive techniques.
Psychologists of diverse orientations also consider the unconscious mind.
The women's movement in the sixties broadened the definition of emotional trauma to include physically and sexually abused women and children.
Now, because of the discoveries made in the nineties - known as the decade of the brain - psychological trauma has further broadened its definition.
It is an academic discipline and a social science which seeks to understand individuals and groups by establishing general principles and researching specific cases.
In this field, a professional practitioner or researcher is called a psychologist and can be classified as a social, behavioral, or cognitive scientist.


Also called sea vegetables or seaweed, sea greens are a new superfood landing on the wellness scene. And they may be a boon to your heart, your gut, and more.
If you keep tabs on the latest food trends, you’ve probably noticed an uptick in the popularity of sea greens. These days, you can pick up dried seaweed snacks at your local grocery store, snag a sea vegetable salad at certain restaurants, or try a sea greens powder in your daily fruit smoothie. And although sea greens, sea vegetables, and seaweed may each sound like unique foods, the terms are often used interchangeably. “Sea greens, sea vegetables, and seaweed are all terms that typically refer to a variety of edible plants that grow in the ocean or other bodies of water,” says Kayley Myers, RDN, who practices in in Springfield, Missouri.
Some common examples of sea greens include:
Culinary seaweed may be a relatively new idea for many Westerners, but greens from the sea have long been a staple in East Asian diets. According to a BBC News story, coastal-dwelling people have eaten these plants since prehistoric times — and for good reason. They’re packed with antioxidants, vitamins, fiber, and omega-3 fatty acids. “Their mainstream popularity is most likely due to their versatility in use, the health benefits they offer, and the environmental impacts supporting sea greens has,” says Kelsey Kunik, RDN, of Saginaw, Michigan, the founder of Graciously Nourished and a nutrition adviser for Fin vs. Fin.
Here are seven reasons why you might want to include sea greens in your diet.
1. Sea Greens May Support Heart Health
Fatty fish tend to hog the credit for their high levels of heart-healthy omega-3 fatty acids — but when it comes to these nutrients, salmon and tuna aren’t the only fish in the sea (so to speak). “Sea greens are one of the few plant sources of omega-3 fatty acids,” says Kunik.
A study published in the September 2019 Phycologia found that the majority of fats in seaweed are omega-3s, and other research, published in the International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health in May 2021, notes that some red and brown seaweed varieties might provide omega-3s for dietary supplements. Higher omega-3 levels could support heart health by lowering triglycerides and reducing resting blood pressure, among other mechanisms, scientific evidence shows.
Still, more studies are needed to determine exactly how effective sea greens might be for achieving these effects. “Because of the small amount of sea greens we usually eat at one time, it’s not likely to be a significant source in the diet,” says Kunik. “It’s easier to get more sea greens in the diet when we eat them in dried form. One tablespoon of dried spirulina has .146 gram (g) of polyunsaturated fatty acids, an omega-3 fatty acid, per the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA).
2. Sea Greens May Improve Digestive Health
It’s well established that adequate fiber supports healthy digestion, feeding healthy bacteria in the microbiome and regulating bowel movements. The fiber in seaweed can help you reach your daily target. Ounce for ounce, seaweed is a higher source of fiber than many fruits and vegetables. According to a previous study, microalgae (yet another name for sea greens) is made up of 25–75 percent fiber by dry weight.
Even if you eat only small amounts of seaweed, it could still make a difference to digestive health. One study published in the International Journal of Biological Macromolecules in June 2018 found that sugars called sulfated polysaccharides in some brown seaweed positively altered the composition of gut microbiota. They also increased short-chain fatty acid production, which could have an anti-inflammatory effect in the gut, per research.
3. Sea Greens Could Promote Thyroid Health
If an underactive thyroid is a concern for you, you may want to consider using sea greens in your soups, salads, or smoothies. “Adequate intake of iodine is essential to produce thyroid hormones, and kelp, nori, arame, sea palm, and dulse are all sources of iodine,” as Myers and research note.
That said, Myers cautions it’s possible to overdo it on iodine from sea greens. “It’s important to note that more iodine isn’t always better,” she says. “Excess iodine intake can negatively impact thyroid health and lead to issues like hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, and goiter.” If you know your thyroid hormone levels are outside the normal range, talk to your doctor or a registered dietitian about the quantity of sea greens you can incorporate into your diet.
4. Sea Greens Could Fight Seasonal and Food Allergies
Future medications for the dreaded runny nose and watery eyes of springtime might include substances from sea greens. “There is some evidence that spirulina may help people with seasonal allergies,” says Myers. She points to a previous study published in the Journal of Medicinal Food, in which people with allergic rhinitis received a spirulina-based dietary supplement for 12 weeks. (Allergic rhinitis is another name for seasonal allergies that affect the nasal passages.) Afterward, they had reduced levels of interleukin-4, the cytokines involved in the development of seasonal allergies. In theory, this could mean that consuming sea greens — especially in supplement form — could reduce the severity of symptoms of seasonal allergies. Still, more studies are needed before firm conclusions can be drawn about how eating sea greens in their whole form might affect springtime hay fever.
Meanwhile, some animal research suggests seaweed may influence food allergies as well. In one study, researchers fed polysaccharides from a red seaweed known as G. lemaneiformis to a group of shellfish-allergic mice. Compared to a control group, the mice who received the seaweed extract ended up having reduced allergy symptoms. Research on the effects of sea greens on human food allergies is lacking, however, so it’s impossible to know for certain whether the same results hold true for people.
5. Sea Greens Could Help Manage Diabetes
According to a previous review, sea greens might be a tool in the treatment of type 2 diabetes because of their high levels of antioxidants, fiber, and unsaturated fatty acids. The review found that bioactive compounds in seaweed were effective at reducing inflammation and inhibiting enzymes that raise blood sugar after a meal. Though the research didn’t make clear how much seaweed would be necessary to achieve these effects, the results may pave the way for future studies that explore this potential link — and for people with diabetes, it certainly can’t hurt to incorporate sea greens into meals and snacks. Per the USDA, 1 cup of raw seaweed contains 33 calories, 2.8 g of protein, 0.4 g of fat, and 6.3 g of carbohydrates, making it a low-carb, diabetes-friendly food.
6. Sea Greens Help Detoxify the Body of Heavy Metals
There’s plenty of misinformation out there surrounding “detox” regimens, but it can sometimes be beneficial to cleanse the body of harmful substances. There’s some evidence that sea greens could do just that — when it comes to clearing the body of heavy metals, that is.
One review in a 2020 issue of the Journal of Environmental Pathology, Toxicology, and Oncology found that spirulina consumption alleviated the effects of arsenic, cadmium, mercury, and lead. And in one April 2019 Antioxidants study, 90 days of supplementing chlorella and another seaweed named Fucus spiralis helped decrease heavy metal levels in patients with long-term dental titanium implants.
“For people who are routinely exposed to heavy metals, providing a way to safely remove these from the body could improve various health outcomes, including improved bone health and reduced risk of certain autoimmune diseases,” says Kunik.
7. Sea Greens Are a Weight Loss–Friendly Food
On a weight loss diet, sea greens can be a convenient go-to food. At under 5 calories per 2 tablespoon serving, options like raw wakame, kelp, and spirulina certainly qualify as low-calorie, as USDA data attest. And because fiber makes up about 75 percent of their dry weight, they can be especially satiating. According to the Mayo Clinic, higher-fiber foods tend to be more filling than lower-fiber ones, keeping you satisfied longer.
The antioxidants in seaweed could also pave the way for weight loss. In a large study published in the June 2017 Obesity and that was conducted for eight years, people who had higher levels of inflammation were more likely to have higher weight gain and new-onset overweight or obesity. Adding sea greens to your diet could help quell the inflammation associated with these weight issues.
Are you looking to try sea greens for weight loss? You can experiment with them either dried or fresh. “If you are able to find fresh sea greens, add them to salads, soups, and ramen,” Kunik recommends. Or incorporate them into sushi or miso soup, suggests Myers. “You can also eat sea vegetables as part of a salad or sprinkled as a salty topping over your favorite dishes,” she says. When it comes to these versatile greens, there are as many varieties as there are ways to eat them.
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