Read about the history of diabetes and the establishment of the Canadian Diabetes Association.
Egyptian physician Hesy-Ra of the 3rd Dynasty makes the first known mention of diabetes – found on the Ebers Papyrus – and lists remedies to combat the ‘passing of too much urine.'
Diabetes described by Arateus as ‘the melting down of flesh and limbs into urine.'
c 120 CE
Greek physician Aretaeus of Cappodocia gives the first complete medical description of diabetes, which he likens to ‘the melting down of flesh and limbs into urine.
Diabetes first appears in the English language as the Middle English word ‘diabete’.
Swiss physician Phillipus Aureolus Paracelsus – considered the ‘Martin Luther of Medicine’ – identifies diabetes as a serious general disorder.
In his treatise Pharmaceutice rationalis, Professor Thomas Willis of Oxford University describes the ‘wonderfully sweet’ flavour of urine in diabetes mellitus.
English physician Matthew Dobson of Liverpool evaporates two quarts of urine from a patient with diabetes. The resulting residue is granulated and smells and tastes like sugar, conclusively establishing the presence of ‘saccharine materials’ as a diagnosis of diabetes.
Scottish physician John Rollo creates the first medical therapy to treat diabetes. He prescribes an ‘animal diet’ for his patients of ‘plain blood puddings’ and ‘fat and rancid meat’ so to manage the disease with foods their bodies could assimilate.
German medical student Paul Langerhans discovers the islet cells of the pancreas but is unable to explain their function. The find is dubbed the ‘islets of Langerhans.
French physician Apollinaire Bouchardat notices the disappearance of glycosuria in his diabetes patients during food rationing of food under the Siege of Paris in the Franco-Prussian War, and formulates individualized diets to treat the condition.
Scientists Oskar Minkowski and Joseph von Mering of the University of Strasbourg, France demonstrate how removing a dog’s pancreas produces diabetes.
November 14, 1891
Frederick Banting is born on his parents’ farm near Alliston, Ontario, north of Toronto.
February 27, 1899
Charles Best born in West Pembroke, Maine.
American pathologist Eugene Opie of John Hopkins University in Baltimore establishes a connection between the failure of the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas and the occurrence of diabetes.
Prof. John J.R. Macleod writes a monograph on diabetes entitled ‘Diabetes: Its Pathological Physiology.'
Boston pathologist Elliott Joslin compiles 1,000 of his own cases and creates the textbook The Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus. In it he reports that ‘the mortality of patients was approximately 20 per cent lower than for the previous year’, due to ‘the introduction of fasting and the emphasis on regular exercise.’ This book and Joslin’s subsequent research over the next five decades establishes his reputation as one of the world’s leading expert in diabetes.
Dr. Frederick Allen of the Rockefeller Institute in New York publishes his Total Dietary Regulations in the Treatment of Diabetes that introduces a therapy of strict dieting – dubbed the ‘starvation treatment’ –- as a way to manage diabetes.
July 1, 1920
Banting opens his first medical practice in London, Ontario.
October 31, 1920
Banting conceives of the idea of insulin after reading an article in the journal Surgery, Gynecology and Obstetrics by Moses Barron, an American pathologist, titled ‘The Relation of Islets of Langerhans to Diabetes with Special Reference to Cases of Pancreatic Lithiasis.’ He moves to Toronto and over the next year, with the support of Prof.. Macleod of the University of Toronto, and the assistance of Best, a medical student, and Dr. James Collip, continues his research using a variety of different extracts on depancreatized dogs.
Banting’s work leads to the discovery of insulin. On July 30, Dog 410 is the first to receive the extract. On August 4 the extract is called ‘Isletin’ for the first time.
November 14, 1921
Dr. Banting and Charles Best deliver a preliminary report of their research to the Journal Club of the University of Toronto, Department of Physiology.
November 17, 1921
Banting and Best discover that extract from cattle foetal pancreas lowers blood sugar levels of depancreatized dogs, leading them toward plentiful, cheap sources for insulin. Experiments begin to test the long-term effectiveness of insulin treatment.
Dr. James Bertram Collip, a biochemist on sabbatical from the University of Alberta, joins the Banting and Best team to assist in refining the quality of extracts.
December 30, 1921
Banting, Macleod, Best and Collip present the results of their research at a session of the American Physiological Society at Yale University. The paper initially generates little interest. The paper – ‘The Internal Secretion of the Pancreas’ – is published two months later in the prestigious Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine.
Leonard Thompson, 14, a ‘charity patient’ at the Toronto General Hospital, becomes the first person to receive and injection of insulin to treat diabetes. Thompson lives another 13 years before dying of pneumonia at age 27.
May 3, 1922
The word ‘insulin’ is used in public for the first time when Macleod presents the paper ‘The Effect Produced on Diabetes by the Extracts of Pancreas’ to the Association of American Physicians annual meeting in Washington, D.C. The results of the Toronto group’s experiments is hailed as ‘one of the greatest achievements of modern medicine’.
May 30, 1922
Pharmaceutical manufacturer Eli Lilly & Co. of Indianapolis and the University of Toronto enter a deal for the mass production of insulin.
August 16, 1922
Elizabeth Evans Hughes, 13, daughter of U.S. Secretary of State Charles Evans Hughes, arrives in Toronto to be treated by Banting for her diabetes. Weighing only 45 pounds and barely able to walk, Elizabeth responds immediately to the insulin treatment, and goes on to live a productive life. She dies in 1981 at age 73.
October 25, 1923
Banting and Macleod are awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. Banting shares his award with Best, while Macleod shares his with Collip.
Insulin is made commercially available in the United States and Canada.
In a series of research papers, Sir Harold Himsworth of the University College Hospital in London finds that diabetes falls into two types based on ‘insulin insensitivity.’ This discovery later leads to the diabetes classifications of type 1 and type 2.
Hans Christian Hagedorn, founder of Novo Nordisk, discovers that adding protamine to insulin prolongs the duration of action of the medication.
February 21, 1941
At the height of the Second World War, Major Banting is killed in an airplane crash over Newfoundland while on a secret mission to England.
The standard insulin syringe is introduced so to make diabetes management more uniform.
Best co-founds the Diabetic Association of Ontario.
Canadian Diabetes Association is established and Camp Banting, Canada’s first camp for children with diabetes, opens near Ottawa.
Researchers identify type 1 diabetes (insulin dependent) and type 2 diabetes (non-insulin dependent).
First pancreas transplant performed at the University of Minnesota Hospital.
September 14, 1971
Anton Hubert Clemens receives the first patent for a portable blood glucose meter called the Ames Reflectance Meter. Dr. Richard K. Bernstein, an insulin dependent physician with diabetes, uses the meter to monitor his blood glucose at home, and subsequently publishes a report on his experiences.
A group of interested physicians form the Clinical and Scientific Section (C&SS) of the Canadian Diabetes Association.
The Canadian Diabetes Association establishes the Diabetes Educators Section (DES) to represent nurses, dietitians, physicians, social workers and other healthcare professionals.
David Goeddel from pharmaceutical firm Genentech indicated that the first rDNA human insulin was created. Later that year, Genentech and pharmaceutical firm Eli Lilly signed an agreement to commercialize biosynthetic human insulin.
The first biosynthetic human insulin – Humulin – that is identical in chemical structure to human insulin and can be mass produced was approved to market in several countries.
July 7, 1989
Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother kindles the Flame of Hope at Banting House National Historic Site – ‘The Birthplace of Insulin’ – in London, Ontario. As a symbol of hope, the flame will burn until a cure for diabetes is found.
November 5, 1991
As part of the 100th anniversary of Dr. Banting’s birth, a time capsule created by the International Diabetes Federation Youth Representatives is entombed by Governor General Ray Hnatyshyn at Banting House in London, Ontario. The capsule will be opened when a cure for diabetes is found.
The Canadian Diabetes Association’s Clinical Practice Guidelines published in the Canadian Medical Journal.
After 10 years of clinical study, the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT) report is published and clearly demonstrates that intensive therapy delays the onset and progression of long-term complications in individuals with type 1 diabetes.
Canadian Diabetes Association launches its website which quickly becomes a source of diabetes-related information for people all over the world.
75th Anniversary of the discovery of insulin is celebrated around the world.
The United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) scientifically inks the control of glucose levels and blood pressure control to the delay and possible prevention of type 2 diabetes.
The Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Management of Diabetes in Canada is released by the Canadian Diabetes Association, and become a model for other nations health programs.
Scientists conduct the first successful islet transplant at the University of Alberta Hospital. The surgical procedure becomes known as The Edmonton Protocol.
July 7, 1999
Banting House is officially declared a National Historic Site. In a designation ceremony at Dr. Banting’s historic home, Governor General Romeo LeBlanc unveils the Historic Sites and Monuments Board of Canada plaque.
December 15, 2003
Canadian Diabetes Association posts the 2003 Clinical Practice Guidelines on its website as the first searchable, download-capable medical guidelines available online.
December 20, 2006
The United Nations recognizes diabetes as a global threat and designates World Diabetes Day, November 14 – in honour of Frederick Banting’s birthday – as a UN Day to be observed every year starting in 2007.
Sir Frederick Banting and Dr. Charles Best are crowned Maclean's greatest Canadian innovators for the discovery of insulin - an innovation that enables millions of people with diabetes to live healthy lives every day.
October 31, 2010
90th anniversary of Banting's original idea for insulin.


Common names: umbrella lilies; sambreeltjies (Afr.)
Hessea, with its delicate, umbrella-like clusters of star-shaped autumn flowers, is designed to delight.
All Hessea species are small, deciduous and bulbous, reaching 50-250mm high when flowering. Mostly small, the bulbs have many, compactly layered tunics of a thick felt-like texture.
At maturity, the plants are two-leaved. Arranged opposite each other, the leaves are more or less erect to spreading and narrowly strap-shaped to linear. In most species the foliage is smooth, although Hessea incana and H. pilosula are minutely pilose. Surrounding the base of the green leaves is a bladeless, usually colourless sheath (a cataphyll) which most frequently remains below ground. Hessea breviflora is unusual, however, in having the cataphyll extended above ground as an attractive maroon-coloured sheath.
Hessea flowers are typically star-shaped and pale to deep pink, rarely white or pale yellow. Most are plain-coloured but three particularly attractive species ( H. cinnamomea, H. monticola and H. undosa ) have contrasting reddish colouring in the flower centre. The flowers are typically arranged on rigid pedicels that radiate outwards from the top of a short, naked scape (the main stem of the inflorescence). The overall effect is of a neat, small, open umbrella with the pedicels resembling the spokes and the closely set pink blooms providing the cover. Each flower has a short or rarely long, nectar-containing tube and six outspread to slightly recurved tepals. Hessea cinnamomea, H. monticola and H. undosa are unusual in having crisped tepals that give the flowers an appealing 'crinkly' look.
The six stamens have distinctive features in three of the species. Their filaments have inwardly curved appendages in Hessea mathewsii and H. pulcherrima , whereas in H. stenosiphon the three outer filaments are very short and the three inner filaments are long and somewhat club-shaped.
The ovary, which is inferior as in all Amaryllidaceae, has up to four ovules in each of its three chambers. The style is slender, ending in a shortly three-branched stigma.
The thin-walled capsules, formed after flowering, hold a few fleshy, reddish brown, egg-shaped seeds in which a large, green embryo is formed.
The basic chromosome number for Hessea is x = 11.
According to the current Red List of South African plants (Raimondo et al . 2009), five of the 14 species of Hessea face threats to their future survival. Of greatest concern is H. mathewsii, a Critically Endangered species which is likely to become extinct in the near future if current threats on the Cape's West Coast continue to prevail. As with the other four Red Listed species, the greatest threat facing the plants is habitat loss, due mainly to the unabated housing and agricultural developments in the Western Cape Province.
Distribution and habitat
All 14 species of Hessea are restricted to the winter and autumn rainfall regions of southern Africa. Based on available records, Hessea shows no marked centre of species richness within the distribution area. The most favoured habitats are seasonally moist sites provided by washes, depressions and areas receiving the run-off from rocks.
Derivation of name and historical aspects
The name Hessea commemorates Christian Heinrich Friedrich Hesse (1772Ã¢e"1837), a Lutheran minister who came to Cape Town from Hanover and grew succulents in his garden. He was appreciated for the hospitality he extended to numerous naturalists and travellers, one being Burchell to whom he gave an assortment of seeds, mostly of bulbous plants.
Although Hessea is closely related to the important horticultural genus Nerine, it has not gained the same favour due to its small size and short-lived inflorescences.
Hessea plants remain dormant over the dry summer season. Their flowers appear in autumn shortly after the first autumn showers and are a delight to see when little else is in bloom. In the fynbos species H. cinnamomea and H. monticola , flowering depends on wildfires to produce rarely seen, massed floral displays. The flowers attract various bees and short-tongued flies, mainly in search of nectar.
Flowering is brief and the inflorescences soon dry out, break loose from the bulbs and blow away, tumbling across the veld and dispersing their seeds en route. The seeds germinate almost immediately and give rise to robust seedlings which soon thrive during the wet winter months.
The species below reflect some of the variation within Hessea.
Because Hessea plants are not suited to general garden use the bulbs and seeds are difficult to obtain, other than at a few specialist bulb nurseries. Bulbs are best displayed as groups in pots filled with well-drained soil. It is vital to keep the bulbs dry during the dormant summer period.
Hessea breviflora Herb.—Plants up to 200 mm high; bulb extended into a stout neck. Leaves 2(3), often emerging at flowering, 4–16 mm wide, shiny green, flushed with red basally, surrounded by a prominent brownish red sheath.
Flowers 10–55, star-shaped, 7–15 mm long, pale to deep pink, sometimes scented, stamens slightly shorter to longer than the tepals, spreading, fused into a 1.0–4.5 mm long filament tube. April–May.
Sandy pockets between rocks on lower slopes. Namaqualand, Olifants River valley to Hopefield.
Hessea cinnamomea (L'Hér.) Durand & Schinz—Plants up to 150 mm high; bulb extended into a slender neck. Leaves (1)2, dry or emerging at flowering, 1.0–2.5 mm wide, dark shiny green.
Flowers 5–27, star-shaped, spreading to one side, widely funnel-shaped, 10–14 mm long, glistening white to pink with a wine-red centre, scented of spice, tepals crisped, stamens shorter than the tepals, filament tube up to 0.5 mm long. May–June, after fire.
Peaty soils. Lowlands of the south-western Cape.
Hessea monticola Snijman—Plants up to 250 mm high; bulb with a long neck. Leaves usually 2, dry at flowering, 1.5–3.0 mm wide.
Flowers usually 10–30, star-shaped, white to pink with deep pink stripes leading down the throat, unpleasantly scented, tepals 10–25 mm long, with crisped edges, stamens shorter than the tepals, the filaments fused into a 1 mm long tube. March–May, usually after fire.
Rocky slopes or elevated, seasonally wet valleys. Piketberg and Cederberg to Houhoek Mountains.
Hessea stenosiphon (Snijman) D. & U.Müll.-Doblies—Plants up to 200 mm high; bulb extended into a slender neck. Leaves 2 or rarely 3, dry at flowering, 1.0–3.5 mm wide.
Flowers 3–14, with a long, slender, greenish to reddish tube, 8–12 mm long, tepals narrow and recurved, 6–8 mm long, pale lemon, inner filaments appearing jointed, longer than outer filaments. April–May.
Seasonally moist rock crevices and soil pockets on granite domes. Kamiesberg Mountains.
Hessea undosa Snijman—Plants up to 230 mm high; bulb with a slender neck. Leaves 2, dry at flowering, 1–2 mm wide.
Flowers 7–20, star-shaped, glistening pale to deep pink, with a reddish centre, scentless, tepals 6.5–8.0 mm long, with crisped edges, as long as the spreading stamens, the filaments fused into a basal tube up to 1 mm long. June–July.
Seasonally waterlogged sandstone rock pockets. Mountains near Vanrhynsdorp.
- Gunn, M. & Codd, L.E. 1981. Botanical exploration of southern Africa . Balkema, Cape Town.
- Du Plessis, N. & Duncan, G. 1989. Bulbous plants of southern Africa . Tafelberg, Cape Town.
- Jackson, W.P.U. 1987. Origins and meanings of names of South African plant genera 1. Pteridophyta, Gymnosperms and monocotyledonous Angiosperms . University of Cape Town, Rondebosch.
- Manning, J., Goldblatt, P. & Snijman, D. 2002. The Color Encyclopedia of Cape Bulbs. Timber Press, Portland.
- Raimondo, D., Von Staden, L., Foden, W., Victor, J.E., Helme, N.A., Turner, R.C., Kamundi, D.A. & Manyama P.A. (eds) 2009. Red List of South African plants. Strelitzia 25. South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria.
- Snijman, D.A. 1994. Systematics of Hessea , Strumaria and Carpolyza (Amaryllideae: Amaryllidaceae). Contributions from the Bolus Herbarium 16: 1Ã¢e"162.
Images: Copyright Colin Paterson-Jones
Plant Type: Bulb


There are times when most of us miss the red flags in a relationship. We get stuck with unhealthy patterns and tend to normalize them until it gets to an unbearable point where we try to break free. One such negative relationship trait is codependency. It is a pattern where one partner controls, dominates, and maintains the relationship, while the other depends on them.
The concept first emerged in the 1940s and was associated with families with a history of substance abuse (1). However, later it expanded to include any such dysfunctional relationship. Keep reading to understand what a codependent relationship is, how to identify one, and what you can do to overcome the codependency.
In This Article
What Is A Codependent Relationship?
Codependency describes a dysfunctional relationship in which one partner is overly needy and depends on the other, who, in turn, needs to feel needed. In such a relationship, the codependent partner may have physical, emotional, and financial needs and plan their life around the dominant partner.
The concept of codependency was associated with the Alcoholic Anonymous’ communities in the USA during the 1940s. It was used for partners who indulge in substance abuse, and their lives were entwined with their partners or enablers (could be the spouse or any other family member). Later, during the 1980s, the term was used for other relationship models that may or may not involve substance abuse (1).
In a codependent relationship, the boundaries are not clearly defined, and often, the partners stick together for their personal gains. The reasons may include the stigma or shame of walking out of the relationship, financial investments, and kids (if there are any).
Codependency should not be confused with dependency in a relationship. Dependency is not as harmful as codependency.
Codependence Vs. Dependence: What Is The Difference?
Unlike codependent relationships, dependence is when both the partners consider themselves equal and rely on each other to maintain a healthy relationship. Here is a comparison of traits that differ in both relationships:
1. Value For Each Other
Dependence: Both partners depend on each other for love and support.
Codependence: One partner feels used and may even find joy in making extreme sacrifices. The other partner is satisfied getting everything without making any effort.
Dependence: Both partners keep the relationship on equal ground and prioritize each other’s preferences.
Codependence: The codependent partner has no identity, values, personality, or interests outside their codependent relationship.
Dependence: Both partners find ways to communicate and express their feelings, needs, wants, and emotions. They prefer to resolve conflicts through effective communication and listen to each other.
Codependence: There is no flow of proper communication between the partners as both do not recognize and prioritize their feelings. As long as their needs are met, both are fine.
Initially, it may be tough to recognize the traits of codependency. For example, you may feel like your partner is just clingy. However, it is much more than just clinginess. Here are a few signs to help you identify if you are in a codependent relationship.
Signs Of A Codependent Relationship
1. They Constantly Try To Please
Codependent partners find happiness and satisfaction in keeping their partners happy. They feel like they do not have any other choice than to please their partner. Therefore, they ignore their wants and needs and direct all their energies to keep their partners happy.
For instance, if a person is stuck in a relationship for their kids and is dependent on the other for financial aid, they will do whatever it takes to keep their partner happy.
2. Have Poor Self-Esteem
Both the partners in a codependent relationship lack self-esteem. One partner is completely dependent on the other, while the other needs them to have a sense of purpose. The dependent person (the enabler) tends to stick around even when they know the partner is hurtful and disrespectful and the relationship is not working.
3. You Are Anxious Of Being Left Behind
In a codependent relationship, you may always have an overwhelming sense of emptiness and desolation. Even if the partner leaves for a few hours, you are constantly worried that they might not return. You try to convince yourself that it is because you worry for them, while the truth is knowing the whereabouts of your partner makes you feel better.
4. You Try To “Fix” Your Partner
The enabler in a codependent relationship treats their partner (the dependent) as a project. They believe that they need to “fix” their behavior or improve something in them. As a result, they end up controlling them and guiding their partner’s activities.
5. You Cover Your Partner’s Wrongdoings
Your partner always ends up on the wrong side, and you always rescue them. If this the scenario, you are stuck in a codependent relationship. For instance, you always pay the parking fines for your partner or cover their issues related to substance abuse or anything that breaks the law.
In several situations, the dependent may also end up covering their partner’s habit of domestic violence.
6. Always Avoid Arguments
If your partner is unhappy with something and starts arguing, do you always keep quiet to avoid escalating the issue? Do you avoid defending yourself? Are you afraid that raising your voice may anger your partner, and they may abandon you? If yes, you are stuck in a codependent relationship.
7. Concerned About Others’ Opinion
In a codependent relationship, a partner may feel obliged to stay stuck in a relationship. There might be pressure from the family or friends and relatives. If you constantly feel the societal pressure and worry about what others might think if you walk out, you are stuck in a codependent relationship. You may even feel unworthy and blame yourself for the unhappy situation.
8. There Are No Boundaries
People in a codependent relationship share an intense and volatile bond with their partners. They are unable to differentiate their feelings and needs from their partner’s feelings and needs. This often leads to anxiety, frustration, and confusion.
9. You Are Unsure About Your Feelings
Have you ever had a difficult time answering a simple “how are you”? Do you find yourself rummaging your thoughts to find the appropriate expression? Does your state of well-being depend on how your partner is doing on that day? If yes, it is a sign of a codependent relationship. Codependent partners often substitute their feelings with their partner’s feelings.
10. Partners May Resort To Abuse
Emotional, physical, financial, or sexual – codependent relationships often involve different types of abuse. The dependent partner often tries to exploit their partner (enabler), who will not protest as they get the attention they want, even if it is negative.
If you are stuck in a codependent relationship, you might wonder where it came from. People do not develop such tendencies overnight. It often begins in childhood and stems from a dysfunctional past.
Codependency is a multidimensional psychosocial problem. It is interlinked with issues like a lack of a clear sense of self, relational, emotional, and occupational imbalances, parental abandonment, and control issues during childhood (1). An investigation found that individuals with high codependency tendencies reported having family issues, parental mental health problems, and personal psychological issues like compulsivity (2). Let’s understand the causes in detail.
The Causes Behind Codependency: How It Starts
Children often pick behavioral traits from their parents, and their childhood experiences shape their habits. Here are a few reasons that may be linked to codependency tendencies:
Overprotective Or Underprotective Parents
A child develops healthy relationships depending on their relationship with the parents and other family members.
- Overprotective parents try to shield their children from everything. As a result, the child does not develop the confidence to be independent and is scared of trying new things.
- Overprotective parenting stops the child from learning basic life skills. For instance, if the parents keep coddling their kids, they may never learn simple things like washing clothes, cooking, or taking care of themselves. This may make their life tough later when they move out or stay in a college dorm.
- Underprotective parents do not provide a healthy support system during the developmental stages. As a result, the child feels alone and unsafe. When they grow up, they can become resistant to support or guidance from others.
- Children who grow up in households with substance abuse issues may also develop codependent tendencies later in life. The parent-child relationship is reversed, and the child becomes the primary caregiver. As a result, they grow up neglecting their needs and prioritizing others.
Children who grow up in dysfunctional family settings may often seek emotional fulfillment in keeping others satisfied. Codependent tendencies developed during childhood may manifest themselves in different ways once the child becomes an adult. These include:
- Blurred Sense Of Boundaries: They may give in easily. As a result, it is easier for others to manipulate them. They may also emotionally shut people out. There is no in-between.
- Develop Trust Issues: They may always question people’s motives and have difficulty bonding. This may lead to loneliness during adulthood.
- Become Self-Critical: Codependent people can be self-critical and always feel like they are unworthy of everything.
- Control Issues: Children who grow up in overprotective families may develop control issues. They tend to cling to things (or persons) they can control. This may eventually strain the relationship.
Understanding codependency is the first step to overcoming it. If you relate to any of the signs discussed above, here are a few ways to overcome codependency.
Tips To Overcome Codependency
1. Acknowledge It
Admitting the issue is the first step to resolution. Once you acknowledge the imbalances in your relationship, you realize that your actions are causing the power imbalance. You understand that you cannot control others’ thoughts, actions, and emotions.
2. Consider Your Needs
Overcoming codependency is all about rebalancing your life. Instead of prioritizing your partner’s needs, consider your own and prioritize them. This does not mean you have to neglect their needs or stop caring for them. It implies that taking care of yourself is as much crucial as caring for others. If you do not do it, you may end up feeling drained, frustrated, and resentful.
3. Start Communicating
Do not let yourself being controlled and mistreated. Instead, be assertive and voice your feelings. Stand up for yourself and let your partner know your dissatisfaction over how they treat you. Learn to say no and take ownership of your actions and choices. This will make you feel empowered.
4. Set Boundaries
Boundaries in a relationship allow you to be yourself, have your feelings, make your decisions. They are a form of self-care where you value your emotions and needs. They keep you from overextending yourself and be responsible for others feeling. Boundaries are crucial for your emotional and physical safety.
5. Redeem Your Self-Esteem
Find out the positives in you and feed on them. Develop your sense of self. In a codependent relationship, redeeming your self-esteem is shifting the focus to yourself. This may lead to much-needed self-discovery. Find out what you love to do, your favorite movies, activities, cuisines, and try them. Ask your partner to join you in this quest. If possible, consult a therapist to help you in this journey.
6. Do Not Be Afraid Of Change
The toughest part in your journey of overcoming codependency is to overcome the fear of changing your partner’s perception of you. You may feel that your loved ones may not like you, and you will disappoint your partner.
Do not worry. If your partner loves you, they will be happy to see you grow and heal. However, you have to be patient as it is not easy to let go of your older habits overnight. Take baby steps and focus on improving one aspect at a time.
7. Go For Counseling
Consulting a therapist can help you change the old patterns in your relationship. They can help you rediscover your worth and boost your self-esteem. You can visit a therapist with your partner. Couple counseling can help develop new relationship dynamics.
8. Check Out Peer Support Groups
You heal faster when you learn from people who have been there and realize that you are not alone. You can learn from their experiences and share your concerns with them. They act as your support system, and you will also find solace in like-minded people who understand and empathize with your problem.
Codependency can hurt. A codependent person often does not want to risk their super-caring image by complaining or saying “it hurts.” While codependency can strain the relationship, there are a few positive attributes to it.
The Positive Aspects Of Codependency
1. They Are Generous
Codependent people are extremely generous and giving. They cannot see anyone suffer and can go to any lengths to keep you happy and care for you. This trait is beneficial for anyone who needs constant support.
2. They Are Perceptive
Since codependent people have had a difficult childhood, they learn to develop a coping mechanism to stay safe from neglect and abuse. As a result, they can easily read people’s emotions and behavior. They can sense when you are upset or tensed.
3. They Will Stick With You
A codependent person will not leave your side at the slightest hint of trouble. Instead, they will support you and help you overcome it. They feel it a necessity to rescue you.
Although there are a few positive aspects of codependency, this cannot negate the pain and trauma it brings.
Codependency is a never-ending circle where one person depends on the other while the other needs to feel needed. Such relationships focus on the inequity of power and are an addiction. Like any other addiction issue, this can be emotionally destructive. Self-awareness is the first step to break the cycle and be kind to yourself. Also, do not forget to reach out and seek help.
Articles on StyleCraze are backed by verified information from peer-reviewed and academic research papers, reputed organizations, research institutions, and medical associations to ensure accuracy and relevance. Read our editorial policy to learn more.
- The Lived Experience of Codependency: an Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis
- Codependency: An Empirical Study from a Systemic Perspective


Kanitz, Hans Theodor Friedrich Karl Graf von, born 17-11-1893 in Podangen, East Prussia, son of Hans Wilhelm Alexander von Kanitz-Podangen, Graf,
in a noble family
, entered the Army Service on 24-03-1913, age 19, as a Fahnenjunker in the 13th
Cuirassier Regiment. He was in the fields of the first war and ended as an Oberleutnant and Ordinance Officer with the General Command of the East Prussian Volunteer Corps
. At the start of World War II he as an Oberstleutnant was the director of Unterofficers Courses at the Army Gas Protection School
in Celle until 26-10-1939, promoted to Oberst on 01-04-1939. Appointed to Commander of Army Gas Protection School, Celle, until 18-11-1944 and landed in the Führer Reserve
to 18-11-1944 and released of the Army service, age 51. The Führer Reserve
(“Officers Reserve”) was set up in 1939 as a pool of temporarily unoccupied high military officers waiting for new assignments in the German Armed Forces during World War II. The various military branches and army groups each had their own pool which they could use as they saw fit. The officers were required to remain at their assigned stations and be available to their superiors, but could not exercise any command function, which was equivalent to a temporary retirement while retaining their previous income. Especially in the second half of the war, more and more politically problematic, troublesome, or militarily incompetent officers were assigned to the Führer Reserve. Especially in the second half of the war, more and more politically problematic, troublesome, or militarily incompetent officers were assigned to the Führer Reserve.
Graf Hans von Kanitz was married with Karoline Prinzessin zur Lippe
Death and burial ground of Kanitz, Hans Theodor Friedrich Karl Graf von.
Retiring in in Bückeburg, Kanitz died at the age of 74, on 25-08-1968 and is buried on the Stadtfriedhof of Bückeburg. Albert Speer
was arrested by the British in his castle headquarter in Bückeburg, while shaving
. Close by the graves of the Generalmajor der Infanterie, Kommandeur Fortress Bergen, Norway
, Carl André,
and Generalleutnant der Artillerie, Kommandeur 464th Infanterie Division
, Otto Heidkämper
Cemetery location of Kanitz, Hans Theodor Friedrich Karl Graf von.


Good judgments enhance the image and perception associated with the justice delivery process and increases public confidence in the judiciary. Litigant public at all times look forward to just, fair and quality justice. A well written to the point judgment based on comprehensive analysis of facts and law is not only an indication of the intellectual strength of a judge but also is a sign of a worthy judicial system. It is therefore indispensable that judges acquire the skill to write good judgements.
In the midst of swelling litigation, backlog and insufficient research facilities’ writing a good quality judgment is an ongoing challenge. Art of writing a judgment depends on the knowledge, proficiency, and aptitude of the judge. Judicial officers, seldom have the occasion to reflect on their approaches to writing judgments. Their experience prior to appointment often does not train them how to write judgements. As a rule, many blindly pursue the usual method followed by their forerunners, their assumptions about what must go in a judgment. Judges spend most of their time reading judgements written by others. Some of it good, some barely readable and a few to a certain extent of poor quality. We can list their merits and faults. What is the most important component of good judgment writing? To my mind, it is clarity. If your ideas are clear then you will be able to express them clearly. Unclear judgements are likely to be long-winded, indistinct, pretentious, and boring. Clear thinking is the key to clear writing.
Purpose: A judicial opinion is above all addressed to the parties in whose favour, or against whom, the judge is pronouncing judgment .The central purpose of a speaking judgement is to make clear the judges’ own view. It explains the decision to the parties concerned. The next purpose, though not any less important than the first one, is to make available reasons for an appellate court to consider. A careful judge makes certain that the decision presents a sufficient description of the reasons for use by the appellate court.
Structure: Judgment should be a self-contained document from which it should appear as to what the facts of the case were and what was the controversy, which was tried to be settled by the Court and in what manner. Basic structure of a judgment should be such that a reader while reading it without difficulty understands the facts delineated in the judgement. Further, a reader must be able to know effortlessly, the reasons given in it in reaching a just, and indeed one might say, often-inevitable conclusion. “Simple, brief and clear is best.” Judgement must contain everything that needs to be said as to why a decision was reached and nothing more. The Practice of writing lengthy judgment is not appreciated.
About style: There is no approval in this system for divergence in approach according to the writer’s taste or for embellishment. The style of judges in the common law systems is that of masterful advocates, who with the aid of their masterly reasoning reach those reasoned, often-inevitable conclusions. A plainly spoken judgment reveals the subject matter and the exposition of legal reasoning. For many readers you have only a few seconds to capture their attention, so it is best to put the most important message first. Be positive and avoid “pompous” language. Use the active voice rather than the passive .The active more often than not is direct and forceful than the passive. “I shall always remember my first day as a judicial officer”. This is much better than “My first day, as a judicial officer will always be remembered by me”. The latter sentence is less direct, less bold, and less concise. Write to “express, not to impress”. Avoid complex sentences that may be grammatically correct but difficult to understand. Try to use legal expressions wherever possible. Do not use terminology, which may be unfamiliar–and irritating. Use simple verbs and keep them as close as possible to the subject to which they refer.
Malapropism: Unless one is sure about the meaning of a word, never use it. Use of an out of place word erroneously for one sounding similar may result in comic effect. It is called malapropism after Mrs. Malaprop, a character in Sheridan’s The Rivals (1775), who had a habit of using polysyllabic words incorrectly. These are some characteristic examples in the following passage from the opening Act:
“Then, sir, she should have a supercilious knowledge in accounts;- and as she grew up, I would have her instructed in geometry, that she might know something of the contagious countries…and like-wise that she might reprehend the true meaning of what she is saying. This, Sir Anthony, is what I would have a woman know; – and I don’t think there is a superstitious article in it”.
Dogberry, the Watch in Shakespeare’s Much Ado about Nothing was addicted to malapropism. Malapropisms are a feature of everyday life as this illustration shows: “He rides the motor bike and she sits on the pavilion”. Judgments are no exception to this habit.
Facts: A judgement is the result of an application of the law to the facts. The judge collects the facts from both sides in a fair trial. At the beginning of the judgement, there must be a summary of the case as presented by the parties. In a civil case, parties describe the facts in their pleadings and in criminal cases; it is narrated in the final report of the police or the complaint filed by the complainant. The narration of the facts in the judgement need not be boring. What makes a judgement absorbing is the wide range of facts that are brought before the court to resolve. There is no reason why we cannot narrate facts in a simple but interesting way. See the lucid manner in which Justice Chandrachud (as his lordship then was) described the otherwise dull facts relating to fishing operations common in Cochin back waters in LonanKutty Vs Thommen and others, “This 22-year old litigation concerns the right of two adjacent owners to catch prawns on their respective lands. Survey No. 673 of Kadamkudi, District Ernakulam, measuring about 11 acres originally belonged to the Cochin Government but by diverse transfers the title thereto is now vested in the appellant, Lonankutty. The land is bounded on the West and South by a river. A portion of the land on the North-East can be put to agricultural use for a part of the year but the land, by and large, is water-logged and can profitably be used for prawn-fishing. In order to make fishing feasible, the appellant has constructed a bund on the western side of the land for arresting the flow of the river water. The contrivance is calculated to permit collection of water on the land, almost to the point of submerging it. The prawns enter the land with the high tide, they breed and multiply on the land, and the water while receding leaves the prawns behind. The appellant then catches them, presumably under a licence from the Government of Kerala.
Survey Nos. 672, 677, 655/4, and 670, which sprawl on all sides of survey
No. 673 belong to the respondents: Thomman and his mother Annam. We are concerned with the prescriptive rights claimed by them in respect of survey No.
672, which is situated towards the northeast of survey No. 673. Survey No. 672 is almost landlocked and between it and the river on the south stands the vast expanse of survey No. 673 belonging to the appellant. Prawns have an export value and catching them is so much more profitable than growing food-crops.
But the respondent’s land being land-locked, they have no direct access to the river on the west or the south. They cannot therefore do any fishing operations because, for prawn-fishing it is necessary that the river-water must enter their land, and collect on it so that after the prawns have bred, the water can be released back to the river. For achieving this result, respondents constructed a bund with sluice-gates on the border between their land and
survey No.673. Their case is that they have a prescriptive easement to take water from the appellant’s land and to divert it back through the same land, both for fishing and agriculture. The appellant has grave objection to permitting the respondents to engage thus in prawn fishing because along with the water which would pass from his land (survey No. 673) to the respondents’ land (survey No. 672), prawns also would pass. And when the water would be
released back from survey No.672 through the sluice gates, survey no. 673 would get flooded, carrying back the prawns left on his land, to the river on the south. This is the genesis of the dispute between the parties.”
The facts recounted in the pleadings must be briefly narrated in the judgement. Judgement need not spell out all the facts contained in the pleading: material facts alone need be stated. Facts must be narrated in a chronological order. A careful analysis of the pleadings will reveal what facts are not in dispute and what facts have to be determined.
Framing issues in civil cases: Under Order 14 of the Code of Civil Procedure, issues arise when the other party denies material propositions of fact and law averred by one party. “Issue” means a point in question at the conclusion of the pleadings between the parties in an action.It is important for the decision maker to resolve each of the facts in issue. Order 14 rule (3) of the Code of Civil Procedure enables the court to take into account replies to the interrogatories, the documents produced by the parties besides pleadings. Under Order 14, rule (2) court is, subject to the provisions of sub rule (2) bound to answer all issues, which is intended to avoid piece meal trial and protracted litigation.Issues must find a place in the judgement after the narration of facts.
Special Features of Judgements in criminal cases: A judgment under section 354 of the Criminal Procedure Code should contain the points for determination, the decision, and the reasons for the decision. The particular offence, the relevant section of the Indian Penal Code or other law under which an accused is punished and the quantum of punishment should be mentioned. Separate sentence must be passed by the court for each proved offence. In case of acquittal, the judgment must mention the offence of which the accused is acquitted. Under no circumstances, would a Court be justified in recording a finding against an accused person in respect of facts that do not form the subject matter of the charge. Keeping in view the social object of preventing social victimization or ostracisms of the victim of a sexual offence for which S. 228-A has been enacted, it would be appropriate that in the judgments, be it of High Court or lower Court, the name of the victim should not be indicated. The Judge should refrain from complementing the investigating officers in every case merely because there has been a conviction. If the officers have done their duty, there is no reason why such complement should be repeated. A judgment, which is not in accordance with the mandatory requirements as laid down in, S.354 has to be set aside.
Preparation: It is helpful, before you deliver the judgment to write down each of the points in the judgment in summary form so that you can arrange the judgment in a lucid and coherent way.
Reasons for the Decision: Judgment as per section 2(9) of the Code of Civil procedure means the statement given by the judge on the grounds of decree or order. What is required is a reasoned judgement and not reasons for the judgement. Every party has a right to receive a judgement, which shows the reasons. A judgement without a reason would make it impossible to file a well-founded appeal against the judgement. Therefore, the right to appeal includes the right to know the reasons of a judgement. It is not a sufficient reasoning just to use the phrase: “having seen all facts and the law the court decides…” In judicial proceedings, there cannot be arbitrary orders. A Judge cannot merely say “suit dismissed” or “suit decreed”. The whole process of reasoning has to be set out for deciding the case one way or the other. Reasons must be given in a coherent sequence. Even in uncontested cases, court has to write reasoned judgements. Whether it is a case which is contested by the defendants by filing a written statement or a case which proceeds ex-parte and is ultimately decided as an ex-parte case, or is a case in which the written statement is not filed and the case is decided under Order 8 Rule 10 C.P.C., the Court has to write judgment which must be in conformity with the provisions of the Code or at least set out the reasoning by which the controversy is resolved. Even if the definition were not indicated in Order 20, Rule 1(2) C.P.C., the judgment would still mean the process of reasoning by which a Judge decides a case in favour of one party and against the other. The function of a judicial trial is to hear and decide a matter in contest between the parties in open Court in the presence of parties according to the rules of evidence and the procedure prescribed for the investigation of the dispute. The conclusion of the Court ought to be supported by reasons duly recorded. This requirement transcends all technical rules of procedure.
Decretal Part: This part of the judgement formulates the decision the judge has made. It informs the parties exactly about what the court orders them to do and how the decision shall be executed. The given order must be enforceable; this means it has to be very precise, naming exactly the parties, their duties, the deadlines, the amounts of money, the interest rates to be paid, etc. It must be clear for the executing court or the enforcement agents without any further discussion what obligations the parties have to fulfill according to the decision. Any vague formulation of an execution order could cause the parties to start a new dispute about the execution and the contents of the decision. Under Order 48
Rule 3 of the C.P.C, forms given in the appendices shall be used for the purposes mentioned therein. Under order 48 R3 of the CPC forms given in the appendices, with such variation as the circumstances of each may require, shall be used for the purposes mentioned. Remember that an appeal can be filed with the last portion of the judgement, when decree copy is not ready. For instance in the case of a simple money decree the last portion of the judgment should be as follows:
“It is ordered and decreed that the defendant do pay the plaintiff the sum of Rs… with interest thereon @ … per annum from … to the realisation of the said sum and do also pay costs of the suit” (See Appendix-D Form No.2).
It should not be as follows, as it would contravene the provisions contained in order 48
“the plaintiff is allowed to recover an amount of … with interest @ … from…day to the date of realisation with costs”.
Likewise, there are forms in the matter of mortgage decrees and other type of decrees in appendix-D. As far as possible the decretal portion of the judgment, should be in consonance with the forms mentioned in appendix-D.
Criticism, necessity to exercise restraint: Judgement is the outcome of cool deliberations and the screening of the material by the informed mind of the Judge that leads to determination of the lis. Bear in mind that tone and attitude are contagious. If the cushion is lost and the Courtroom is allowed to vibrate with the heat generated outside it, the adjudicatory process suffers and the search for truth is stifled. Maintain judicial decorum at all times .Even where criticism is justified; it must be in language of utmost restraint, keeping in view at all times that the person making the comment is also fallible. Even when there is justification for criticism, the words should be dignified and restrained. Unbalanced language is out of place in a judicial adjudication. The Supreme Court disapproved the practice of passing adverse remarks against the presiding Judge of the lower Court as it damages the judicial system as a whole.
Author: – B.G. Harindranath District Judge


Complex Analysis/Complex Functions/Analytic Functions/Proof
Namely if the function is analytic its real and imaginary parts must have the partial derivative of all orders the function is analytic it must satifiy the Cauchy Riemann equation.
A holomorphic function is harmonic, provided it is of class C2
Let the function f = u+iv be holomorphic and of class C2.
By the Cauchy-Riemann equations, we have:
Which proves that u is harmonic. Similar reasoning proves the same result for v, and thus f is harmonic.


Leeches are found in lakes, ponds, swamps, marshes and moist soil in habitats around the world. Most leech species exist in shallow water that is slow-moving, but certain species can also be found in the ocean.
Leeches that live in habitats that experience freezing temperatures bury themselves in the mud and remain dormant until the weather becomes warmer. They are often found under rocks and leaves, or at the bottom of shallow lakes and streams. Leeches feed on the blood of mammals, fish, frogs and turtles. When a leech feeds on its host, it releases an enzyme that numbs the feeding area so the host does not feel pain. The enzyme also possesses anti-coagulant properties that allow for free blood flow. Once the leech removes itself from its host, the host's blood continues to flow until the enzyme wears off.


Syrah is one of the most popular grape varieties in the world. Its wines are typically full-bodied and powerful, with peppery and fruity flavors. Although we all know why we love this grape, the question remains: how did Syrah gain the prominence it currently holds in the international wine scene?
In Australia, Syrah is referred to as Shiraz. This has spurred several myths about its origin. Shiraz is a 4,000+ year-old city in Iran that is known for its wine. Indeed, the world’s oldest sample of wine, dating from a staggering 7,000 years ago, was discovered in clay pots near Shiraz.
The most common myth suggests that the Phocaeans brought Syrah from Shiraz to their colony in Marseille on the southeastern coast of France. From there, it gained popularity and began to move north, to the Rhone region of France. (The myth does not explain how the grape mysteriously disappeared from Marseille shortly afterwards!) Another variation on this myth attributes the grape’s origin to a French knight named Gaspard de Stérimberg, who participated in the crusades in the 1200s. He traveled to Persia (modern day Iran) and returned with the grape in tow. This also seems unlikely, as the crusaders certainly did not travel all the way to Persia!
DNA testing by Dr. Carole Meredith, a geneticist who heads the Department of Viticulture and Enology at UC Davis revealed the truth about this beloved grape. It is a cross between two little-known varieties: Dureza and Mondeuse blanche. Dureza is grown exclusively in the Rhone region of France. Although it has been used historically because of its heartiness and high yields, Dureza has fallen out of favor in recent years. By 1988 only a single hectare (2.47 acres) of the grape was left growing. That’s as if the only Syrah on the planet was what we have on the Walla Faces Estate Vineyard! Dureza is also not on the list of allowed wines by the French AOC. Mondeuse blanche is similarly rare. A mere five hectares (12 acres) are left, all in the Savoy region of France.
Because of the parent grape varieties are both from a very small region in southeastern France, we can conclude that Syrah originated there as well, probably in northern Rhone. The exact time of the cross is not clear. Historical documents by the Roman naturalist Pliny the Elder suggest, however, that the cross may have occurred around 20 AD.
Although Syrah is clearly a very old variety, it wasn’t until the 1700s that it began really making a splash. In northeastern Rhone, there was a hill topped with a hermitage (a chapel) built by Gaspard de Stérimberg, the knight of legend. Hermitage wines, red blends made up primarily of Syrah grapes, were consumed worldwide. (They were a favorite of Thomas Jefferson!)
Syrah was brought to Australia by a Scotsman named James Busby in 1831, who collected a wide variety of grapes for the land down under. As a result, he has been dubbed “the father of Australian viticulture”. By the 1860s, Syrah was one of the most popular Australian varietals. Syrah first came to America in the 1970s. It was planted in California by wine-enthusiasts who called themselves the “Rhone rangers”. It finally made its way to Washington state in 1986– almost two thousand years after the grape was first crossed in France.
Syrah is also frequently grown in Switzerland, Chile, Argentina, and South Africa.
Syrah has even gone on to spawn its own offspring! An accidental cross-pollination between Peloursin and Syrah yielded Petite Sirah in a small vineyard in Tullins, France in the mid-1860s.
Now, Syrah has become one of the most popular grapes for wine production. At a staggering 142,600 hectares (352,000 acres) worldwide, it is the seventh most grown grape variety.


We have all had that moment at office or school where we just have to rest our eyes. Everyone is so busy that they get tired quickly even when they are free they are on their phones or laptops and not giving themselves the proper rest they need.
Wake your body up
You can buy Byron bay coffee; this will wake you up and keep you alert. They have quality Arabic coffee beans from the best coffee growing regions in the world. They blend their coffee to enhance the flavor.
When you feel tired you can also go to the toilet and wash your face with cold water, you can pinch your forearm which is a very sensitive area, or you just get blood flowing through your body so that more oxygen will flow to the brain and keep you up by walking around or doing a few jumping jacks and pushups.
Many people get up and rush out of their homes without eating breakfast. This is very bad because breakfast is the most important meal of the day and it also your first meal of the day so you should try and have breakfast. When you eat breakfast you should eat foods that are rich in energy and are health for you. Buy gluten free muesli, this is a cereal that has oats, nuts, dried fruits and seeds. It is enjoyed in many ways by adding yogurt or hot and cold water or with juice. When you do not eat your three meals properly then people get hungry and tired. They also end up snacking on unhealthy foods which is bad for you.
This will boost your activity level whether you are in school if you’re at work. Exercise will make you healthier and will keep your brain more alert; more oxygen gets pumped to the brain because of increased blood floor when you do active things. Exercise does not mean you have to do rigorous activities; you can go for a walk or a light run if you want. Just being outdoors and getting the smell of fresh air might boost your activity levels.
Many people get tired because they work without taking breaks. Some people work in a long stretch to finish their work faster however if small breaks were taken in-between then the work would have been done faster and more efficiently. During these breaks make sure your mind is completely off work and make sure you relax. Also it is essential for you to get enough sleep, so don’t work when you should be sleeping.


I remember being in school and the teacher calling this out to us in the lunchroom or class. It meant (hooray!) it was time to get outside and get all our wiggles out. Recess means a break from having to sit in one place, use our brains intensely and not having to listen closely to a teacher. It meant fun, movement and a sort of freedom from the monotony of the school day. What we didn't know at the time was that our brains and bodies needed a reset button. Recess was not a reward, but rather a reserved time just like art, math or lunch. In our current test-driven educational environment, not only is recess in jeopardy, but it's value has been called into question. Recess is not a privilege for kids who are well behaved or get good grades. Research has shown it to be essential to your child's development.
Recess in recent years has been limited and even cancelled. Schools are feeling stress to improve kids' grades and test scores and the more time spent in the classroom, in their opinion, the better. Leading educators have been calling this into question more and more in recent years, citing many studies that say that by doing so, we are putting the health of kids at risk.
Research has yet to prove that removing recess with raise test scores, but the following benefits have been proven for kids. Kids who have recess:
- Are less fidgety and more on task
- Have improved memory and more focused attention
- Develop more brain connections
- Learn negotiation skills
- Exercise leadership, teach games, take turns, and learn to resolve conflicts
The American Academy of Pediatrics put out a policy statement in 2013 advocating for the "Crucial Role of Recess" in the development of children. It is required reading for parents and educators alike. The paper discusses the cognitive, physical and social benefits of recess in great detail. In addition, it states that the removal of recess should NEVER be used as punishment.
What can you as a parent do? The excellent website Peaceful Playgrounds provides handouts, guides and presentations which are easy to download and offer lots of other resources too. Together, we can take back recess!


People of my generation – and I’m over 50 years old as I’m writing this – first learned about CGI – computer-simulated images – in the form of ‘ray-tracing’. What my contemporaries are slow to find out is that meanwhile, an important additional form of CGI has come into existence, which is referred to as ‘raster-based rendering’.
Ray-tracing has as advantage over raster-based rendering, better optical accuracy, which leads to photo-realism. Ray-tracing therefore still gets used a lot, especially in Hollywood-originated CGI for Movies, etc.. But ray-tracing still has a big drawback, which is, that it’s slow to compute. Typically, ray-tracing cannot be done in real-time, needs to be performed on a farm of computers, and typically, an hour of CPU-time may be needed, to render a sequence which might play for 10 seconds.
But, in order for consumers to be able to play 3D games, the CGI needs to be in real-time, for which reason the other type of rendering was invented in the 1990s, and this form of rendering is carried out by the graphics hardware, in real-time.
What this dichotomy has led to, is model- and scene-editors such as “Blender”, which allow complex editing of 3D content, often with the purpose that the content eventually be rendered by arbitrary, external methods, that include software-based, ray tracing. But such editing applications still themselves possess an Editing Preview window / rectangle, in which their power-users can see the technical details of what they’re editing, in real-time. And those editing preview windows are then hardware-rendered, using raster-based methods, instead of the final result being rendered using raster-based methods.
Well up until Debian / Jessie, there existed a package which could be installed, which was named ‘libgl1-mesa-swx11′. What this package did, was to present the API of some very low version of OpenGL – lower than OpenGL 2 – but to render this graphics content on the CPU, instead of on the GPU. This package was meant to be installed on platforms, that did not have a significant GPU.
This was often all that some Linux-users needed because the Editing Preview of certain editors, such as Blender, did not really require a very high version of OpenGL to be fully functional. Therefore, Blender would run just fine, based on the software-emulation which this package provided.
However, as of Debian / Stretch, this package is no longer in the repositories because the assumption is even made by the Linux world these days, that all PCs and Laptops possess a GPU, which can hardware-render a scene, at least up to a certain OpenGL version, such as maybe up to OpenGL 2…


What is politics ?A Question A Day
The word “politics” comes from the Greek word “polis”, which means “city”. Politics therefore means life of the city, of the community. So that means all the decisions that organize the life of a country, a region or town.
Ok, but is politics useful?
For lots of things! We don’t realise it but politics is everywhere: it decides laws, taxes, salaries, working hours… but also what you learn at school, school holidays… school dinners! Politics also lets countries live together in harmony. For example, it decides how they can trade together and exchange know-how. In democracies, politics is decided by men and women elected by citizens, such as the President, members of Parliament or Congress and mayors. They govern according to their opinions and projects. Sometimes they ask a question directly to the citizens where the answer has to be yes or no; it’s called a referendum. Elected officials can’t just do what they want; they have to respect the constitution, a text that defines the basic political rules of the country. And if the citizens don’t like elected officials’ policies, they don’t get… re-elected.
Nom de l'auteur : Jacques Azam
Producteur : Milan Presse, France Télévisions
Année de copyright : 2018
Publié le 27/08/18
Modifié le 15/03/23


Herbal medicines are gathering popularity in this particular modern day. As opposed to selecting man made prescription drugs and present day treatment options, people are starting to discover the key benefits of checking out herbal medicines as being an inexpensive method to combat typical health problems, and also a means of healing main kinds like cancer and diabetic issues.
Concept Of Herbal Medicine
The concept of herbal medicine is frequently getting misinterpreted. Numerous believed that these option medicines are made up of organic elements from animals and plants. This is true, nonetheless, but deficient. In truth, herbal medicines also incorporate curing approaches made use of by person like acupressure and Chinese medicine.
Also, different types of kratom capsules online deal with particular regions in your body, and cure for diverse health issues. For instance, acupuncture is usually employed to discharge endorphins and help someone relax, although acupressure can reduce muscle pains and aches. Asian and Japanese experts considered that those two approaches can manage the power circulation in your body; thus, speeding up the process of recovery.
Remedy Created From 100 % Natural Ingredients
It is true that herbal medicines that could be ingested are made of 100% 100 % natural ingredients from animals and plants. These elements undergo all-natural procedure to enhance their curative characteristics.
Foliage and seeds are the most common components of herbal medicines from vegetation, along with roots and stems. These substances must be cleaned carefully with flowing water to protect yourself from viruses from getting into your whole body. They can be quickly boiled when fresh, or dehydrated by natural means to use afterwards. Popular cases for this are herbal tea, medical concoctions, and herbal tonics. The seed products, however, has to be sun-dried up and cracked before taking it in.
Acupressure and Homeopathy
Acupressure and traditional Chinese medicine are popular choice remedy that is certainly within the group of herbal medicine. China cultures assume that our body is actually a group of meridians that serves as pathways to the distribution of “excellent electricity” all throughout your body. If these meridians are unblocked, they are able to supply quick-therapeutic benefits, and sustaining correct health in the human body. Blocked meridians can quit the energy circulation and lead to medical problems and health problems.
Acupressure and homeopathy are two diverse methods that could assist the flow of electricity during the entire body by using these meridian factors. Traditional Chinese medicine uses needles in certain meridian factors, when acupressure utilizes individual hands and wrists and ft. to apply adequate strain in these a number of areas to enhance healing. Modern day therapy are used together with these methods to market curing by improving the affected individual chill out and look after proper physique equilibrium.


Due: Monday, 3/14 @ 7:30 a.m. (Late blogs NOT accepted!)
Write the truest sentence you know."
On page 29, Wiesel writes his true sentence when he comments that his life has been changed by "eight simple, short words." These eight simple, short words are spoken by a SS guard when he says, "men to left, women to the right."
In a well written paragraph of no less than two hundred words (Grammar and Mechanics - 2 point), answer/comment on the following:
~Explain how the characterization of Elie has changed. First explain how Elie was characterized in the first chapter before the arrival of the Nazi's in Sighet then explain how the characterization of Elie change through chapter 3. (4 points)
~Based on the changes you discussed, why do you think the phrase "men to left, women to the right" is considered Wiesel's true sentence? Why/How is it so impactful? (4 points)
~Lastly, give an example of another true sentence that has perhaps changed your life, the life of others, or has impacted history. (2 points)


For starters, there is no record of a Rabbi Amnon living in Germany in any other medieval literature. His name is not a typical Ashkenaz name (it is Italian), and the gruesome punishment of dismemberment was also not used in Germany in that time period.
Secondly, fragments of the UT have shown up in the Cairo Geniza to material that dates to the late 700s. That is some 300 years earlier than the martyrdom story purportedly took place!
Third, the piyyut contains a variety of notable similarities to a Christian poem called the “Hymn of Romanus upon Christ’s Reappearance,” which was written by a Jew who converted to Christianity in either the 500 or 700s. It shares a number of themes, motifs, and word patterns with this Christian hymn including trembling angels, God taking account of the souls of people, the blasts of the horn, books being opened, etc.
Fourth, the UT contains a variety of characteristics that can be identified with an earlier time period. The UT is a piyyut, and a piyyut is a very particular literary genre typified as a highly stylized poetic prayer. Piyyutim were not the standardized pieces of liturgy found in the classic rabbinic berakha framework; instead, they were designed to be additions inserted into berachot to enrich them.
The bit about how our poem seems to have been borrowed from a Catholic devotion is most interesting. Here, via the Shechter Institute, are some of the alleged parallels
|the angels shudder, fear and trembling sieze them||everything trembles|
|you open the book of records;|
you call to mind all things long forgotten
|the books are opened, the hidden things are made public|
|the angels shudder,|
they say it is the day of judgment
|the angels are dragged before the throne|
they cry: glory to Thee, most just judge!
|the great trumpet is sounded||upon the sound of the trumpet|
|they are not pure before thee||nobody is pure before thee|
|as the shepherd musters his flock, so do You|
cause to pass, number every living soul
|like a shepherd he will save|
|but repentance, prayer and tzedakah avert the severe decree.||Therefore, penitence and prayer will save you.|
The Catholic poem is from the 7th century (probably) and was written by a Jewish convert to Catholicism, raising the appealing possibility that Unetaneh Tokef dates to that period and was brought by the apostate into Christendom.
Another fun fact to know and tell: Unetanek tokef quotes Rosh Hashana 1:2 when it says all of man kind pass before God like כבני מרון, a phrase usually ranslated as "members of the flock." I've seen it suggested in many places that the word is actually kivinumeron, a Greek loan word meaning cohort of soldiers.
Search for more information about how little we really know at4torah.com


Heat Pumps for Household Hot Water
These are, as the name suggests, pumps that are used to move heat from one source to another and in the case of residential use are best utilised to provide hot water for home heating although they can help ‘top up’ your hot water supply and would be best suited to HVAC use (Heating, Ventilation & Air Conditioning).
Heat Pumps generally deliver hot water at a lower temperature than typical household systems such as Gas or Electricity which is why they are better used to provide home heating, than direct hot water.
Whilst there will be an element of “free energy” the pumps themselves use electricity to operate, but if you run them from solar panels then this will reduce the amount of power they consume from your mains supply.
The main types of design available are Air Source Heat Pumps (ASHP) & Ground Source Heat Pumps (GSHP) and can qualify for payments from the Renewable Heat Incentive (RHI).
- Hot Water For Home Heating
- Income From The Renewable Heat Incentive
- Reduce Home Energy Bills
- Low Maintenance Requirements
Air Source Heat Pumps.
ASHP’s are fitted outside the house and are about the size of a standard external air conditioning unit, working by absorbing heat into a refrigerant fluid from the surrounding atmosphere.
The fluid (volatile & compressible) is then compressed which makes it hotter and run through a heat exchanger where it de-compresses, releases its heat and is subsequently recirculated to collect more heat in a continuous cycle.
- Amazingly, ASHP’s can collect heat from the atmosphere even at temperatures as low as -15 degrees Celsius.
There are 2 further distinctions in this category and that is in the way the ASHP function, one type is known as Air-to-Air and is best suited to household heating systems that circulate hot air into the home by use of vents. This method does not produce hot water for use in the home.
The other is known as Air-to-Water and can provide hot water but is best used for home heating that uses circulating water, such as underfloor heating or wall mounted radiators.
Ground Source Heat Pumps
The temperature below ground is surprisingly constant and GSHP’s take advantage of this much in the same way as an ASHP takes heat from the atmosphere by compressing, circulating & expanding a volatile refrigerant fluid within the system.
This is a much larger installation than ASHP’s as fitting them entails laying a series of pipes approximately 2 metres underground (ground loop) on your property and therefore you should have enough room to suit the size of the loop needed, in simple terms the bigger the loop, the more heat can be absorbed (100 metre deep vertical bore holes can be used as an alternative where space is at a premium). This method can produce hot water for use in the home.
Energy Efficiency Benefits
Whilst it is possible to get payments from the Renewable Heat Incentive for using Heat Pumps as they are Micro Combined Heat & Power (Micro-CHP) improvements, to get the most out of them your house should also be as energy efficient as possible, simple steps such as double glazing, water tank insulation, cavity wall insulation & loft insulation can help a lot.
You should also get a full appraisal of your existing heating installation to ensure it is operating properly and that it is compatible with working alongside a heat pump.
This type of home improvement should be installed by a qualified professional and in order to receive the RHI it must also be installed by an MCS (Microgeneration Certification Scheme) certified contractor or company. - see more about contractor certification at our FAQ's


How can I, as a non-scientist, teach my children good science?
Many Christian parents worry about that question when it comes to helping their children know the truth about science and creation, especially once their kids enter high school. “Parents often feel intimidated by what their child is learning because they have not been exposed to that information themselves,” says Elizabeth Mitchell, a typical homeschooling mother for eleven years.
What many parents do not realize is that resources are available to help them teach a biblical view of science. Resources such as AnswersinGenesis.org, ICR.org, ChristianAnswers.net, and other creationist websites provide answers to thousands of questions students may have.
Parents who are nervous about tackling science need not be. In addition to lots of resources from all these websites, many different science curricula are available as a supplement if not the main curriculum. Some parents learn science along with their children, as they analyze and correct the false claims in secular materials.
“The challenges to the biblical faith are greater in high school than in the earlier grades,” Mitchell says, “so it becomes even more important that children receive instruction from a biblical perspective.”
In Deuteronomy 6:6–7, God told the Israelites that “these words which I command you today shall be in your heart. You shall teach them diligently to your children.” Today, God has provided parents the resources necessary to give children and teens a solid foundation in science, whether they are in government schools, private schools, or home schools. Parents are responsible to boldly use those resources to raise their children with a biblical worldview.


What's Out There?
Honoring Native Land
The greater Augusta Mountains and surrounding region have been traditional cultural landscapes for the Nuumu and Newe people for countless generations. [Check back for more content Coming Soon.]
Of historical significance is a stage coach stop marked by a lonely stone cabin and corral. This area now functions as a popular camp site. Learn more about the Conservation History of the Cain Mountain history in the Additional Resources Tab on the liftoff this page. (More Info Coming Soon)
The Middle Triassic deposits in the Augusta Mountains have yielded one of the North America’s richest and most diverse faunas of marine reptiles. These beds feature an excellent state of preservation of the fossil material. Wilderness designation helps protect these valuable resources and allow for continued scientific research, study, and excavation of these unique marine reptile skeletons. In 2011 the skeleton of a rare, 246M year-old pregnant ichthyosaur was discovery and successfully excavated in 2014. .
The Cain Mountain Wilderness features a Great Basin sagebrush ecosystem with juniper-pinyon woodland and small amount of riparian vegetation in the larger drainages. Phacelia olaberrima (smooth phacelia) was listed as "sensitive plant" by the Nevada Native Plant Society on January 19, 1983. It can be found in the southern section of the Wilderness.


According to the 2010 United States Census, the population of Windsor is around 26,801 people with a density of about 3,675 people per square mile. The population was split into 8,970 households and 6,708 families.
Of the households, 43,1% had children under the age of 18 living with them. 59.6% were opposite-sex married couples, 6.1% were unmarried opposite-sex couples, and .8% were same-sex couples. 10.1% had a single female head-of-household while 5.1% had a single male head-of-household. 19.4% of the households were individuals and 9.4% were individuals 65 years old or older. The average household size in 2010 was 2.98 and the average family size was 3.40.
28% of the population was made up of people under the age of 18, 8.3% were between 18 and 24, 25.5% were between 25 and 44, 27.2% were between the ages of 45 and 64, and 10.9% were 65 years of age or older. The median age in Windsor was 37 years old.
The racial profile of the city was as follows: 73.9% white residents, 31.8% Hispanic or Latino residents, 3% Asian residents, 2.2% Native American residents, .8% black residents, and .2% Pacific Islander residents. 15.1% of Windsor residents considered themselves as an “other race,” and 4.7% identified as two or more races.


Qualitative and quantitative research methods produce different types of data that are reported in the results section of a research article. Briefly describe the differences in these data types. Is one type more scientific than the other? Why or why not?
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FEDERAL PROGRAM MONITORING
Why do we monitor?
- Building Relationships - We're in this together.
The Department of Public Instruction’s main objective is to raise student achievement for North Carolina’s public school children. Through cooperative assessment of the federal programs between the State and the local education agencies (LEAs), the quality of services to students will be strengthened and improved.
- Technical Assistance - We're here to help.
State monitoring team members provide technical assistance during the review visit and beyond. It is not the State's intent to tell the LEA how to run its title programs, but rather to answer questions, facilitate dialogue, and exchange ideas and information for program improvement while, at the same time, meeting all federal requirements.
- Compliance - It's the law.
Monitoring federal programs helps ensure that all children have a fair, equal, and significant opportunity to obtain a high-quality education. Compliance monitoring is intended to be a collaborative partnership between the State and LEAs and public charter schools to ensure compliance with the Elementary and Secondary Education Act.


How to Test Smoke Detector Batteries
You rely on your smoke detector to protect your home and your family in the event of fire. Some smoke detectors operate on household electrical current with backup batteries, while others are powered solely on either 9-volt or AA batteries. Smoke detector manufacturers suggest testing the devices once a week to ensure they are operational. When your smoke detector fails to sound a test alarm, removing and testing the battery will make sure only the battery failed and not the detector. Whether your detector uses a 9-volt, 9-volt lithium or AA batteries, you can test them all.
Press and hold the test button on your smoke detector until the alarm sounds. This indicates a good battery.
Remove the battery from the battery compartment if your smoke detector uses the battery only as a backup. Turn off the circuit breaker supplying power to the smoke detector. Press the test button on the detector to ensure the alarm does not sound. Reinstall the battery and press the test button. If the alarm sounds, the battery is still good.
Remove the 9-volt battery from the detector. Set an analog multimeter dial to dc current. Choose a dc range on the dial higher than the 9 volts. Depending on your multimeter, this range could be 10 or 12. Touch the red needle to the battery’s positive post and the black needle to the negative post. Read the current indicated by the multimeter needle along the V-ma scale. The needle should indicate a reading of 4.8 to 9.6 volts if it is still good.
Test AA batteries installed in your smoke detector a bit differently. Remove the batteries from the unit. Insert the battery into a double-A battery tester. The tester indicates if the battery is low on power or if it is full.
- BRK: A Quick Homeowner's Guide to Understanding Your Smoke Alarms
- U.S. Fire Administration: Learn About Smoke Alarms
- The Family Handyman: How to Use a Multimeter
- Duracell: 9V Alkaline-Manganese Dioxide Battery
- Sperry Instrument: Operating Instructions Model SP-5A 13 Range Analog Multimeter
- First Alert: User’s Manual Smoke Alarm With 10-Year Non-Replaceable Lithium Powercell
- A smoke alarm with a 10-year power cell will chirp when the power cell begins to fail. These power cells are not batteries and cannot be replaced. Manufacturers advise replacing the entire unit once the chirping begins.
Cecilia Harsch has been writing professionally since 2009. She writes mainly home improvement, health and travel articles for various online publications. She has several years of experience in the home-improvement industry, focusing on gardening, and a background in group exercise instruction. Harsch received her Certified Nurses Assistant license in 2004. She attended Tarrant County College and studied English composition.


Posted by Adina at Arbor Teas on November 10, 2010
In this edition of our guide to the proper pronunciation of Chinese tea terms, we give you another fundamental tea term: "black tea"!
Meaning: Just like the Chinese term for "green tea", by adding another character before “chá” we arrive at the Chinese term for “black tea”! Although the literal meaning of this term is actually “red tea”, it refers to what English speakers call "black tea", and should not be confused with rooibos, which is often mistakenly referred to as "red tea".
Pronunciation: This term is pronounced “hongchá." Since many of us have the affliction of a Mid-Western accent, we should take extra care on this first part “hong.” The vowel should be pronounced as though we were saying the word “hoe”, then closing it off with the -ng. The tonality for this term is actually just a repetition of the rising tone twice. The “hong” part should sound like a question, as should the “cha” part.
Now you've got the Chinese pronunciation of three essential tea terms under your belt! Stay tuned for our next installment, "pu-erh tea".


Ever thought of the different shapes and sizes of USB ports and connectors? These are actually the types of USB in which each have their own purpose for effective use and of course, easier user-recognition.
Known as your standard-A, a USB Type-A is the first original design for a USB port that has a flat and rectangular shape. It is mainly used to connect and control other USB devices such as saving data on external storage devices and using a mouse and keyboard. Usually with port connections, you’ll have the male and female part and in this case, we have your A-male connector and A-female connector. A-male connector is the end part of a typical USB connector/cable and A-female connector is the USB port which the A-male connector/cable goes into.
A USB Type-A is mostly intended for host devices (desktop computers, laptops, game consoles, media players and so on). A type-A connector will also be always compatible with a Type-A port even if the device and the host uses different USB versions like your USB 3.0 and USB 2.0 port and vice versa. However, USB 2.0 hosts may use the USB 3.0 port, but it can’t use the features of the USB 3.0 like having a faster transfer rate.
Some devices that use Type-A connectors are mouse, keyboard, or network adapter, and even thumb drives (USB flash drive). You should also note, Type-A plugs and connectors come in different sizes: Mini Type-A, Micro Type-A, and Standard Type-A.
Most commonly seen at the other end of a standard USB Type-A cable and it is usually plugged onto different peripheral devices (a printer, phones, external hard drives and so on). Same as with your Type-A, the ends are called B- male while the port on the peripheral device where you plug the connector is called the B-female.
Since most of the peripheral devices vary in shapes and sizes, they have different labels like your Standard-B, Mini-B USB, Micro-B USB, Micro-USB 3.0, and Standard-B USB 3.0.
USB Type-A vs USB Type-B
What’s the difference between a USB Type-A and USB type-B? Aside from their pin configurations, they also have different shapes and sizes. These shapes are designed to comply with different peripherals with different sizes. Take a smart phone for example – most of the phones used these days are capable of re-charging through the use of cable connectors, but to be effective, a small Male-connector should be used to fit the standard thinness of a phone.
The main difference is that a Type-A USB is generally designed to connect as host to other USB devices and a Type-B USB is generally there to control peripheral devices. As a sample, you can go through how your desktop computer is connected with your printer. The one that’s connected to your computer would be the Type-A which would be the host, while the other end that’s connected to your printer would be the Type-B which controls the printer. It would also mean that a cable/connector doesn’t have to be connected with its own kind (Type-A USB on both ends) but it can be interchanged (Type-A on one end and Type-B on the other).
|USB A||USB B|
|Flat and rectangular in shape||Flat, rectangular, and square in shape|
|Used for host devices||Used for control devices|
|Different sizes (Standard, Mini, Micro)||Different sizes (Standard, Mini, Micro, Standard 3.0, Micro 3.0)|


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