Unearthing Hazardous Substances in ConstructionEnvironmental Training Resource
June 20, 2013 — 1,277 views
The construction industry is responsible for making the United States one of the best-developed nations on the face of the Earth. Construction has seen giant buildings built and great skylines transformed over the centuries. But once in a while, a proposed construction site would have some construction hazardous substance located on the site, where construction was about to begin. How the construction company deals with this episode is an important aspect of the business.
Which Hazardous Substances can be Unearthed?
During construction in certain sites, a number of construction hazardous substances can be unearthed. While the harmless construction waste consists of bricks, wood, and concrete, chemicals can usually be found – causing significant damage to the fertility of the land as well as potentially affecting the people that live or are going to live on the land.
Certain components of regular construction, such as plasterboard, are known to be serious construction hazardous substances as they, when broken down, release a toxic gas known as hydrogen sulfide. Studies have shown that as much as a possible 15% of the materials that go into a building can be hazardous to the livelihood of the individuals that will eventually move in there.
Management Plan for Hazardous Wastes and Materials
Having an effective management plan when construction hazardous substances are found in a construction site is essential. The EPA, or Environmental Protection Agency, will need to be informed of the situation so that they can send their response team, while being ready for any sudden emergencies. Contingency planning is an important part of every aspect of construction, and the possibility of harmful gasses is very high up in the list of construction hazardous substances. As a result, any action must be quick and assured.
There are a number of other issues that can be faced when it comes to any construction hazardous substance. Dealing with lead contaminated soil, black slag, and other potential contaminants will need consultation with knowledgeable geologists and other experts to identify the best course of action.
Identifying exactly what activity was performed on the site before is an effective way of getting down to what could have caused the construction hazardous substance to be found in the first place. Scrap yards, service stations, stock dipping, smelting, and refining are all industries that could have left dangerous residues behind. Investigation into the root cause will, more likely than not, offer you some insight on how to go about ensuring that the problem can be solved.
The Emergency Response Program
The emergency response program to construction hazardous substances will click into action even if there is nothing more than a mere threat of the release of poisonous gases or substances. The emergency response program requires three teams to take action:
- The Environmental Response team – which is a group of EPA experts
- The National Response Team – an inter-agency group that provides knowledge and financial assistance before and during the emergency
- The Regional Response Team – which conducts preparedness activities for the situation
Construction hazardous substances being encountered on construction sites are, unfortunately, a major problem and need to be dealt with the utmost tact and expertise. Simply ignoring the problem could put hundreds of lives at risk, either during the construction work itself or later when people stay or work in the constructed buildings.


Earlier this week I talked a bit about black holes. In particular, one of the properties of a black hole known as the event horizon. The event horizon is the point of no return for matter entering a black hole. Once you cross the event horizon, you can never escape. Not even light can escape a black hole because of the warping of space at the event horizon. Of course this means that the mass of a black hole can only increase. Over time material crosses the event horizon, and in so doing forever adds its mass to that of the black hole.
But that may not be how black holes work. The behavior of a black hole is determined by its intense gravity, and gravity is described by Einstein’s theory of relativity. In Einstein’s theory, gravity is a property of spatial curvature, and it’s curved space that causes matter and light to change direction as if there were a force of gravity. This is why the event horizon is a perfect trap. It’s behavior is built into the fabric of space itself.
But Einstein’s theory is a generalization of Newtonian mechanics. In physics we say it is a “classical” theory. In classical physics objects have positions and motions that exist independent of any measurement made of them. The nature of matter and space are not affected by (passive) observation.
There is, of course, another approach known as quantum theory. In quantum theory the nature of an object is not absolute. They way in which you measure a quantum system can directly affect the outcome. I’ve written a six-part series on quantum theory a while back (it starts here), but very roughly in quantum theory the nature of objects are somewhat fuzzy. For example, if you want to know where a particle is, you can only know approximately where it is, and the more precisely you determine its location the more uncertain you are about where it will be next.
This contradiction between the two models is a large hole in our understanding of the universe. On the one hand, general relativity accurately describes the behavior of “large” things from baseballs to galaxies, but describes a universe of classical objects. On the other hand, quantum theory accurately describes the nature of atoms and molecules by recognizing the inherent “fuzziness” of reality.
Often this contradiction can be overlooked. If you are looking at large massive objects, you can generally ignore quantum theory. If you are looking at atoms and molecules, you can ignore general relativity. But black holes are a bit of both. They are large and massive, but the matter that enters a black hole is trapped in an ever shrinking sphere, and according to general relativity is compressed into a volume smaller than the smallest quantum particle. It is therefore both very massive and very tiny.
Ideally we would like to develop a theory unifying quantum theory and general relativity into a theory of quantum gravity. There are several approaches that have been studied, such as string theory and loop quantum gravity, but we don’t yet have a theory which is both mathematically consistent experimentally validated. But we can look at approximations that draw upon both the gravitational structure of general relativity and the material fuzziness of quantum theory. This leads to some interesting consequences.
One of these consequences is that black holes cannot hold matter forever. Instead, black holes can leak mass in the form of light and particles through a process known as Hawking radiation. While Stephen Hawking’s clever bit of mathematics describing this effect is pretty straightforward, interpreting the mechanism is less clear.
One way of looking at it is that the Heisenberg uncertainty principle (which gives quantum theory its fuzzy behavior) means that virtual quantum particles can briefly appear in the vacuum of space, then then quickly disappear. In the normal, everyday world, these particles average out to zero, so we never notice them. But near the event horizon of a black hole, some of these virtual particles could cross the event horizon before disappearing, which decreases the mass (energy) of the black hole and allows other virtual particles to become “real” and radiate energy away.
Another view is that the inherent fuzziness of quantum particles means you can never be absolutely certain that it is inside the event horizon. Although a particle cannot escape the black hole by crossing the event horizon, it could find itself outside the black hole through a kind of quantum tunneling.
Although Hawking radiation has never been observed, it is generally thought to be a real effect. Of course we can’t be sure until we have a complete theory of quantum gravity. But if Hawking radiation is real, it has implications for the history and future of our universe. The amount of Hawking radiation increases as the mass of a black hole gets smaller. This means that tiny primordial black holes would radiate away and disappear in a burst of energy. Even supermassive black holes would eventually radiate away, and if the universe merely expands forever the last black holes will radiate the last light of the universe.
And it would mean that even from a black hole particles can make a great escape.


The Métis (pronounced “May-tee”) are one of the recognized distinct Aboriginal Peoples in Canada. During the height of the fur trade in the 18th and 19th centuries, many European fur traders married First Nations women. The eventual establishment of Métis communities outside of these cultures and settlements, as well as the intermarriage between Métis men and Métis women, resulted in a new Aboriginal people—the Métis. The Métis people helped to shape the Canada of today, mainly in terms of the expansion of the West.
The Métis are a distinct Aboriginal nation and share a history, culture (song, dance, dress, national symbols, etc.), a unique language (Michif), distinct way of life, and a collective identity. The Métis homeland includes regions scattered across Canada, as well as parts of the northern United States.


VJEP_4.2_Lempert_Vid 1.mp4 (276.97 MB)
Gesturing Across Settler Divides in 'Marumpu Wangka! Kukatja Hand Talk'
mediaposted on 2019-12-31, 09:03 authored by William Lempert
VIDEO 1 - Marumpu Wangka! Kukatja Hand Talk.
Anyone who has ever lived in a remote Aboriginal community understands the importance of hand signs. These are meant not only for the hearing impaired, but are a bedrock of everyday communication. For many generations they have served as an effective means of communicating detailed messages over long distances throughout Aboriginal Australia.
While many visitors quickly learn the standard “what now?” sign, it is easy to miss the dozens of diverse hand signals being subtly exchanged in conversation. As in all languages, some elements are traditional and others are recent innovations.
Over two shoots just outside of the remote community of Wirrimanu (Balgo) in WA's Great Sandy Desert, five women elders from the Kapululangu Women's Law and Culture Centre explain over 40 hand signs and translate them into Kukatja. As you can see, hand signs are not only a way of communicating information, but also serve as full-bodied ways of expressing nuance, humor, and individual personality.
These women hope to help Australians from all over the continent understand a different side of Aboriginal language in remote communities, and welcome you to visit them on their Dreaming Tracks and Women's Law Camps.
SOURCE - HTTPS://VIMEO.COM/132209310. PRODUCED AS A PART OF THE ABC OPEN "MOTHER TONGUE" PROJECT.


Dada, an art movement that became well known in the late 1910s and early 1920s, challengeded traditional notions of art and aesthetics. Dada artists, for example, tossed colored scraps of paper into the air to compose chance-based collages, performed sound poems devoid of semantic value, and modeled a headpiece fashioned of sardine cans. To most art historians, Dada remains a culturally contingent expression of World War I trauma, nihilism, political disillusionment, and an aggressive attack on the moral bankruptcy of Western culture. The author suggests that this negative interpretation originates from art history’s methodological blindness to the importance of play, not only to creative and artistic endeavors, but to human identity itself. Dada is characterized by an effervescent love of improvisation, curiosity, novelty and an unselfconscious exploration of the phenomenal world; it emphatically professed to be “anti-art” and “a state-of-mind.” When considered from the perspective of play research and positive psychology, Dada emerges as an early and visionary milestone in understanding play as a fundamental expression of humanity almost a century before academia would take adult play seriously.
American Journal of Play (print), 2013, Vol 5, Issue 2, p. 239-256


Dr. Aaron Wichman
My research is in the area of social cognition. I am particularly interested in how people respond to uncertainty, specifically as a psychological threat or as a source of information. This area lies at the intersection of affective and cognitive influences on behavior, and has both basic and applied research importance.
Uncertainty poses both affective and meta-cognitive problems for self-regulation, and I want to understand and solve some of these problems. For instance, a common response to temporary uncertainty is intolerance of others and ideological rigidity. However, both enhanced processing and derogation of others can occur following uncertainty inductions. The determinants of these different responses are an important focus of my current work.
- PSYS 100: Introduction to Psychology
- PSYS 350: Social Psychology
- PSYS 499: Prejudice and Stereotyping
- PSYS 552: Advanced Social Psychology
I believe that people live in harmony with their world when they have an accurate understanding of it.
When I teach, I set out to give people tools to understand their worlds. I want them to use these tools to live enlightened lives.
Collaborators and others doing related research
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USGS Geochemical Reference Materials and Certificates
The USGS Geochemical Reference Materials project provides geochemical reference materials for use by scientists in all areas of earth science. The majority of USGS reference materials are based on silicate rocks that were collected from the continential United States and Hawaii and range in composition from basalt to shale. The composition of these reference materials has been determined through rigorous testing procedures by multiple laboratories using a wide variety of analytical techniques. The reference materials are suitable for use in calibration of analytical instrumentation, testing analytical methodologies, and for use as quality control samples. For more information on this program please see our Fact Sheet.
The html versions of the certificates are recommended for viewing and the PDF versions are recommended for printing.
Over 160,000 visitors as of November 2014.


Scottish Blackface sheep, account for about a third of the UK’s sheep population. They are a tough and adaptable breed and well suited to bare landscapes and harsh conditions. It comes as no surprise then, that these mammals are native to the barren, rocky isles of the Hebrides.
Traditionally, Harris Tweed would have been made solely from the wool of this malleable breed; however, (due to today’s demand for softer and thinner fabrics) Blackface wool makes-up for only a small percentage of the total yarn produced. The rest of the yarn comes from wool of crossbreeds and Cheviot sheep from the Scottish Borders. These sheep are not as exposed to such harsh weather conditions and so their wool is much softer and longer in length.
It is this special mix of wool types that provides the correct ingredients for the distinctive fabric that is…Harris Tweed.


What is the fastest searching algorithm?
Binary search is faster than linear search except for small arrays. However, the array must be sorted first to be able to apply binary search. There are specialized data structures designed for fast searching, such as hash tables, that can be searched more efficiently than binary search.
What is tree and its types?
A tree is a representation of the non-linear data structure. A tree can be shown using different user-defined or primitive types of data. We can use arrays, and classes connected lists or other kinds of data structures to implement the tree. It is a group of interrelated nodes.
Which searching technique is best?
If you’re only doing a few searches, then a basic linear search is about the best you can do. If you’re going to search very often, it’s usually better to sort, then use a binary search (or, if the distribution of the contents if fairly predictable, an interpolation search).
What is Tree explain?
A tree is a nonlinear data structure, compared to arrays, linked lists, stacks and queues which are linear data structures. A tree can be empty with no nodes or a tree is a structure consisting of one node called the root and zero or one or more subtrees.
What is tree diagram in English?
The tree diagram is a newer method for diagramming sentences that is most commonly used by linguists and other academic professionals. In a tree diagram, a sentence is divided into two parts: a subject and a predicate. They are made up of noun phrases or verb phrases.
What is a linked list in programming?
In computer science, a linked list is a linear collection of data elements whose order is not given by their physical placement in memory. Instead, each element points to the next. It is a data structure consisting of a collection of nodes which together represent a sequence.
What is the fastest algorithm?
What are the advantages of data structure?
- Data structures allow information storage on hard disks.
- provides means for management of large dataset such as databases or internet indexing services.
- Are necessary for design of efficient algorithms.
- allows safe storage of information on a computer.
- allows the data use and processing on a software system.
Why do we use searching?
The searching algorithms are used to search or find one or more than one element from a dataset. These type of algorithms are used to find elements from a specific data structures. Searching may be sequential or not. If the data in the dataset are random, then we need to use sequential searching.
What are the goals of data structure?
Question: What are the goals of data structure? Answer: 1) Focus on tradeoffs, and reinforce the concept that there are costs and benefits associated with every data structure or algorithm. This is done by describing, for each data structure, the amount of space and time required for typical operations.
What is a basic algorithm?
Algorithm is a step-by-step procedure, which defines a set of instructions to be executed in a certain order to get the desired output. Algorithms are generally created independent of underlying languages, i.e. an algorithm can be implemented in more than one programming language.
What are the types of searching?
Searching Algorithms :
- Linear Search.
- Binary Search.
- Jump Search.
- Interpolation Search.
- Exponential Search.
- Sublist Search (Search a linked list in another list)
- Fibonacci Search.
- The Ubiquitous Binary Search.
Which is the best searching algorithm?
Algorithm complexity and Big O notation
|Algorithm||Best case||Worst case|
|Merge sort||O(N log N)||O(N log N)|
|Binary search||O(1)||O(log N)|
What is data structure example?
Data Structure can be defined as the group of data elements which provides an efficient way of storing and organising data in the computer so that it can be used efficiently. Some examples of Data Structures are arrays, Linked List, Stack, Queue, etc.
What do you mean by searching?
Searching is the process of finding a given value position in a list of values. It decides whether a search key is present in the data or not. It is the algorithmic process of finding a particular item in a collection of items.
What is the definition of tree diagram in math?
What Is a Tree Diagram in Mathematics? A tree diagram is a tool in the fields of general mathematics, probability, and statistics that helps calculate the number of possible outcomes of an event or problem, and to cite those potential outcomes in an organized way.
Why is searching needed?
Searching is one of the computer science algorithms. To read this information proficiently, we need very efficient searching algorithms. There are certain ways of organizing data that improves the searching process. That means If we keep the data in proper order it is easy to search the required elements.
What is the difference between a stack and an array?
A stack is a linear data structure in which elements can be inserted and deleted only from one side of the list, called the top….Difference between Stack and Array Data Structures:
|Stack can contain elements of different data type.||Array contains elements of same data type.|
How is data structure used in real life?
To implement printer spooler so that jobs can be printed in the order of their arrival. To implement back functionality in the internet browser. To store the possible moves in a chess game. To store a set of ﬁxed key words which are referenced very frequently.
What is data structure and explain?
In computer science, a data structure is a data organization, management, and storage format that enables efficient access and modification. More precisely, a data structure is a collection of data values, the relationships among them, and the functions or operations that can be applied to the data.


E-cigarettes could be "no better" than smoking regular cigarettes and may even cause cancer, scientists have warned.
According to a new study, the vapour from the electronic devices was shown to damage or even kill human cells during lab tests.
The research comes as UK public health officials and Prime Minister David Cameron backed the use of e-cigarettes to help people quit smoking.
An estimated 2.6 million people in the UK use e-cigarettes. They are to be licensed and regulated as an aid to quit smoking from 2016.
But Dr Jessica Wang-Rodriguez, co-author of the latest study, said: "Based on the evidence to date I believe they are no better than smoking regular cigarettes."
The scientists treated cells in Petri dishes with vapour from a nicotine-based e-cigarette and a nicotine-free variety and found that the cells which had been exposed to the vapour were more likely to become damaged or die than those that had not.
Those containing nicotine were also said to be more harmful than those that did not, although the authors said it may not be as a result of the addictive substance.
Dr Wang-Rodriguez, chief of pathology at the San Diego branch of the US Department of Veteran Affairs, added: "There have been many studies showing that nicotine can damage cells. But we found that other variables can do damage as well. It's not that the nicotine is completely innocent in the mix, but it looks like the amount of nicotine that the cells are exposed to by e-cigarettes is not sufficient by itself to cause these changes.
"There must be other components in the e-cigarettes that are doing this damage. So we may be identifying other carcinogenic components that are previously undescribed.
"For now, we were able to at least identify that e-cigarettes on the whole have something to do with increased cell death."
But the results seen in the lab tests would not necessarily be exactly the same in a living person, she said, as the amount of vapour used was "similar to someone smoking for hours on end".
The US researchers, who published their findings in the Oral Oncology journal, concluded: "Our study strongly suggests that electronic cigarettes are not as safe as their marketing makes them appear to the public.
"Vapourised e-cig liquids induce increased DNA strand breaks and cell death.
"Further research is needed to definitively determine the long-term effects of e-cig usage, as well as whether the DNA damage shown in our study as a result of e-cig exposure will lead to mutations that ultimately result in cancer."
This month, Mr Cameron told the Commons he believed e-cigarettes were a "very legitimate" way of improving health following a report from Public Health England which said vaping was 95% less harmful than smoking.
But experts criticised the claim and said the study was based on poor quality evidence, with some links to the tobacco industry.


George Wells Beadle (1903-1989)
Keywords: one gene-one enzyme
George Wells Beadle studied corn, fruit flies, and funguses in the US during the twentieth century. These studies helped Beadle earn the 1958 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. Beadle shared the prize with Edward Tatum for their discovery that genes help regulate chemical processes in and between cells. This finding, initially termed the one gene-one enzyme hypothesis, helped scientists develop new techniques to study genes and DNA as molecules, not just as units of heredity between generations of organisms. By inducing mutations in organisms while they were in different embryonic stages, Beadle's work on Drosophila and Neurospora led to the analysis of the cell cycle and embryonic development processes.
Beadle was born on 22 October 1903 in Wahoo, Nebraska, to Hattie Hendee Albro Beadle and Chauncey Elmer Beadle. At the age of four, Beadle's mother died. He, his brother, and sister were separated and raised by different housekeepers. Growing up on his father's forty-acre farm, Beadle often worked as a gardener and beekeeper. He attended Wahoo High School, and his father expected him to take over the farm once he finished school. However, upon encouragement from his science teacher Bess MacDonald, Beadle attended the University of Nebraska College of Agriculture in Lincoln, Nebraska, in 1922. He received his BS degree in Biology in 1926 and obtained his Master's degree in 1927.
Influenced by Franklin D. Keim, whom Beadle worked with for his master's degree, Beadle studied genetics and entered graduate school at Cornell University in Ithaca, New York, in 1927. There as a PhD student, Beadle studied the ecology and genetics of maize. He married Marion Hill, a botany graduate student at Cornell, in 1928. Their son David was born in 1931, the same year Beadle graduated from Cornell with a PhD for his work on traits in Zea mays that didn't follow the laws of inheritance proposed by Gregor Mendel in Austria in 1865. Beadle worked with the guidance of professors Rollins A. Emerson and L.W. Sharp. Also in 1931, Beadle received a US National Research Council Fellowship to do postdoctoral work at the California Institute of Technology (Caltech) in Pasadena, California.
At Caltech, Beadle focused on the implications of crossing over, or the exchange of genetic material between paired chromosomes within a cell such that the resulting chromosomes have genetic material from each of the original paired chromosomes. Through the examination of X chromosomes in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, Beadle demonstrated how the paired chromosomes cross over while also showing the absence of chromatid interference, or when any two nonsister chromatids cross over and affect the chance of those chromatids being involved in other crossovers during the same meiosis. Beadle used triploids, or organisms with three homologous sets of chromosomes, to introduce markers into crossed over sex chromosomes.
In 1934, Boris Ephrussi at the University of Paris in Paris, France, traveled to Caltech to study Drosophila genetics. Ephrussi and Beadle collaborated to study how genes caused the traits and phenotypes of organisms to develop. By utilizing Beadle's expertise in genetics and Ephrussi's ability in the techniques of transplanting tissues, the two explored the influences of the cells that surrounded embryos as the embryos developed.
In 1935, Beadle and Ephrussi went to Paris to work in Ephrussi's laboratory at the Institut de Biologie Physico-chimique (The Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology) in Paris, France. The pair developed a technique to transplant discs from one Drosophila larva to another, which they reported in "A Technique of Transplantation for Drosophila," published in 1936. At the end of the paper, they developed a hypothesis to account for the differences in eye colors that they observed among their fruit flies. Beadle and Ephrussi suggested that development of traits and phenotypes in organisms could be attributed to an independent series of gene-controlled chemical reactions.
When he returned from Paris in 1936, Beadle worked as an assistant professor at Harvard University in Cambridge, Massachusetts. He left Harvard the following year and became professor of biology at Stanford University in Palo Alto, California. From 1937 to 1939, Beadle worked with Alfred Henry Sturtevant on the textbook An Introduction to Genetics.
After he abandoned Drosophila as an organism in which to study how genes controlled metabolic reactions, due to the complexity of Drosophila traits, which were difficult to analyze biochemically, in 1940 Beadle turned to the Neurospora crassa, a type of fungus called red bread mold. In collaboration with biochemist Edward Tatum, who was a professor of biochemistry at Stanford University, Beadle devised a method to induce mutations through x-ray treatment in Neurospora crassa spores to see if the cells could then grow in a minimal culture medium that contained limited nutrients. Beadle and Tatum's experimental results, published in 1941, showed that mutations to single genes affected specific chemical reactions, and that mutant strains differed from normal strains of Neurospora crassa only in the ability to produce a specific metabolite. From those results Beadle and Tatum argued that each mutation of a gene affected the ability of a specific enzyme, which are produced in cells from genes, to function as a catalyst for a chemical reaction. This theory came to be called the one gene–one enzyme hypothesis. Over time, this theory, coupled with the discovery that genes were composed of DNA, and that proteins were made up of polypeptides, evolved into the one gene-one polypeptide theory.
Beadle returned to Caltech in 1946 and accepted a position as chair of the biology department. During his time there, he continued to publish scientific papers, but he focused on building the department. The intellectuals he recruited, among them Norman Horowitz, Herschel Mitchell, Max Delbruck, and Renato Dulbecco, would eventually earn five Nobel Prizes. Beadle traveled to England as a visiting professor for Oxford in 1958, where he stayed until 1959. While there, he, along with Ed Tatum and Joshua Lederberg, received the 1958 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for showing that genes regulated chemical reactions.
In the years following the award, Beadle focused on public service and public communication of genetics. In 1961, Beadle served as the president of the University of Chicago in Chicago, Illinois, a position he held until 1968. He retired at the age of sixty-five, but he continued to live in Chicago with his second wife, Muriel Barnett, a writer, whom he married following his divorce with Marion in 1953. When he was eighty, Beadle was diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease. He died six years later on 9 June 1989 in Pomona, California.
- Beadle, George Wells "Genétical and cytological studies of Mendelian asynapsis in Zea mays."Memoirs of the Cornell Agricultural Experiment Station (1930): 129 http://chla.library.cornell.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=chla;idno=7251474_8569_002 (Accessed March 10, 2014).
- Beadle, George Wells. "A possible influence of the spindle fibre on crossing-over in Drosophila." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 18 (1932): 160–165. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1076180/pdf/pnas01730-0028.pdf (Accessed March 10, 2014).
- Beadle, George Wells, and Edward Lawrie Tatum. "Genetic Control of Biochemical Reactions in Neurospora." National Academy of Sciences 27 (1941): 499–505. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1078370/pdf/pnas01634-0009.pdf (Accessed March 10, 2014).
- Ephrussi, Boris, and George Wells Beadle. "A Technique of Transplantation for Drosophila." The American Naturalist 70 (1936): 218–25.
- Ephrussi, Boris, and George Wells Beadle. "The Differentiation of Eye Pigments in Drosophila as Studied by Transplantation." Genetics 21 (1936): 225–47.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1208671/pdf/225.pdf (Accessed March 10, 2014).
- "George Beadle - Biographical". Nobelprize.org. Nobel Media AB 2013. Web. 5 Jul 2013. http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1958/beadle-bio.html (Accessed July 4, 2013).
- Horowitz, Norman H. "George Wells Beadle." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 27 (1990): 27–42.
- Mendel, Gregor Johann. "Versuche über Pflanzen-Hybriden" [Experiments Concerning Plant Hybrids]." Verhandlungen des naturforschenden Vereines in Brünn [Proceedings of the Natural History Society of Brünn] IV (1865): 3–47. Reprinted in Fundamenta Genetica, ed. Jaroslav Kříženecký, 15–56. Prague: Czech Academy of Sciences, 1966. http://www.mendelweb.org/Mendel.html (Accessed March 10, 2014)
- Sturtevant, Alfred Henry, and George Wells Beadle. "The relations of inversions in the X chromosome of Drosophila melanogaster to crossing over and disjunction." Genetics 21: 554–604. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1208722/pdf/554.pdf (Accessed March 10, 2014).
- Sturtevant, Alfred Henry, and George Wells Beadle. An Introduction to Genetics. Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders Company, 1939.
- Waters, C. Kenneth. "What was Classical Genetics?" Studies in History and Philosophy of Science 35 (2004): 783–809.


“Biochar is not the miracle cure-for-all that some advocates claim. However, we still consider it a critical technology to be researched for poor countries.”
Authors: Jakke Mäkelä, Kalle Pietilä, and Viv Collins. [Originally published in www.project-troglodyte.org
The production of biochar is being advertised as one of the most important low-cost high-impact technologies. See, for example, Open Source Ecology. The premise is relatively simple: biomaterial such as wood (or, ideally, wood waste) is heated in a kiln which does not let in oxygen.
The wood then breaks down into three components, with ratios depending on the temperature: charcoal, oils, and volatile gases. The gases can be fed into the heater, meaning that the process can keep itself running once it has been started. The oils can be used as clean fuel sources. Overall, the process can thus enable far more energy production than is needed to run it.
Most of the carbon is thus sequestered into the charcoal, with little carbon dioxide emitted. The CO2 that was taken up by the plants is thus fixed in the charcoal, which can for example be buried, never releasing the CO2 into the atmosphere. This can thus be a low-tech solution for carbon sequestration.
The “bio” part of the term comes from the possibility of combining the charcoal with nitrogen-based fertilizers, resulting in a very effective yet stable fertilizer. The theory is that the charcoal binds the fertilizer, preventing it from being leached too quickly by rain. This benefit has so far not been proven adequately, but at worst the charcoal should be a neutral element in the soil even if it does not give additional benefit.
We are doubtful of some of the most wide-eyed claims being made about it, and there are very strong skeptics of the process, especially at larger scales (see e.g. Climate Justice Now). The downsides are fairly obvious: the charcoal production will release particulate pollutants as well as possibly other toxins, unless it is done very efficiently. Also, at extremely large volumes the process would stop making ecological sense, as large plantations would have to be grown just for this purpose. At some size scale, the process would become ecologically completely counterproductive.
However, at smaller size scales the technology could have local health benefits, by providing a cleaner-burning fuel. The burning of unclean wood products in poorly designed kilns produces high indoor pollution levels and can be a health risk (FAO; this article however considers better stove design to be the key, and remains neutral about any relative health benefits given by charcoal). Others (World Bank) consider that moving to cleaner and inexpensive charcoal would have clear health benefits.
Biochar is not the miracle cure-for-all that some advocates claim. However, we still consider it a critical technology to be researched for poor countries. Whatever the actual value of the technology is, it would be pointless to allow spurious IPR to slow the progress.
Figure 1. Basics of biochar. Source: http://www.biochar-international.org/technology
The EFA article above describes a combination of a kiln that carbonizes agricultural waste into biochar, and an energy efficient briquetting machine that makes charcoal briquettes that can burn in ordinary stoves. Some of the biochar is used to make fertilizer and some to make briquettes.
For more on biochar, see International Biochar Initiative. The current state of the art is described in the IBI production web page. The size scales can vary by a huge amount, from industrial-scale installations producing 1 ton per hour to small installations producing 500 kg a day or less.
The technology is described in the IBI technology web pages. The most critical general comment is this: “But biochar technology is more than just the equipment needed to produce biochar. Biochar technology necessarily includes entire integrated systems that can contain various components that may or may not be part of any particular system.”
This is something to worry about. From the humanitarian IPR point of view, there is one crucial question: could spurious IPR be used to block development of large-scale biochar burning? In particular, could it block development of such technologies aimed at developing countries?
The IBI technology page mentions five specific goals for future R&D:
- Continuous feed pyrolyzers to improve energy efficiency and reduce pollution emissions associated with batch kilns.
- Exothermic operation without air infiltration to improve energy efficiency and biochar yields.
- Recovery of co-products to reduce pollution emissions and improve process economics.
- Control of operating conditions to improve biochar properties and allow changes in co-product yields.
- Feedstock flexibility allowing both woody and herbaceous biomass (like crop residues or grasses) to be converted to biochar.
It is #4 that we should be most worried about. There should be easy work-arounds and multiple technologies for the other areas (in which patents can be found just by searching for “biochar”). It is in practice not possible to block the development of new kiln types because alternative designs can always be used. A single troll patent for #4 could, however, stop the whole system. We will be analyzing this area in future postings.


The Meso Foundation — Mesothelioma Applied Research Foundation — recently announced it had added an additional $500,000 to put toward researching mesothelioma, bringing the total investment to about $7.6 million.
Our mesothelioma lawyers have reported recently about several efforts that are being made to increase the amount of funding and research done to try to not only find a cure for mesothelioma, but learn how to better detect it and stop it from developing.
Exposure to asbestos is the leading cause of mesothelioma. And while it is no longer actively used in insulation and other products, as it was throughout the 20th Century, it is still contained in many buildings throughout the country.
There is a constant wave of veterans and older adults who were exposed to asbestos when it was being used throughout the middle of the century. Vermiculite tainted with asbestos was being churned out of mines and shipped to manufacturing plants nationwide, causing many people to be exposed without knowledge of the effects.
As the years went on and people became ill with mesothelioma — a form of cancer that is incurable — researchers began looking at what was happening. They found that asbestos was the cause. Many businesses were warned, but did nothing. So, their employees were left to work in this environment without knowing the effects.
While asbestos has now been effectively banned from use in the United States and many other countries, there are still many older buildings, even some that have been renovated in recent years, that still contain asbestos.
This opens up different types of health hazards. For one, if a person lives or works in a building containing asbestos, it’s possible that the mineral can flake off and get into the ventilation system and lead to exposure that way. If workers are called in to renovate a building or clear out known asbestos, done improperly, it could lead to workers and the public being exposed.
That’s why there are specially trained workers who can remove asbestos from buildings to ensure it is done correctly. Even a small amount of asbestos exposure can lead to a diagnosis of mesothelioma one day.
But the Meso Foundation wants to know more about this incurable form of cancer. After 46 applicants attempted to prove that they should get the money to find a cure or at least more treatment options, five were chosen.
All projects were reviewed and ranked by members of the foundation’s board. Projects will look at the molecular characteristics of mesothelioma tumors to see how defective genes impact malignant cells. Another project will look at how the body’s proteins respond to chemotherapy cell death.
It is everyone’s hope that this research continues and researchers and scientists may one day be able to know more about the cancer so that it may be detected and cured in its earlier stages. This will prevent patients from having to hear the bad news of a diagnosis decades after exposure.
The Ferraro Law Firm provides comprehensive legal services, including mesothelioma legal help. Call (888) 554-2030 for a free and confidential consultation. Offices in Miami, Washington, D.C., and New York City.


Can eating specific foods or taking B vitamins improve your learning abilities? Here’s some information and sources we found for you. This is a frequent question. Keep in mind that walking, yoga, tai chi, etc, getting enough sleep and reducing stress can also help both your mind and body.
Throughout the years we have told people to watch those carbs during lunch so they are not too sleepy during class. We walk around outside of the classroom during breaks and drink coffee and tea to stay alert. Some choose hot chocolate. Paying attention to various foods such as some of these mentioned below may also be a great idea to boost your cognitive thinking and learning stamina, besides your health. Some people like to take B6 and B12. Blood flow to the brain means oxygen to the brain, which means improved brain function.
The Huffington Post recently updated an article on the healthiest goods and it quotes various resources (updated on 2/23/15 – I put their sources in brackets). I put the information pertinent to learning - some of the effects are over time; however drinking water to avoid dehydration can have immediate affects, for example.1. Water:
Dehydration can cause brain tissue shrinkage. Drink plenty of water for short-term memory, focus, and cognitive thinking (Psychology Today)
provide a good source of choline which boosts memory (Shape)
improve blood flow to your brain (Shape)
and olive oil
also provide improved blood flow due to monounsaturated fats (WebMD)
is rich in lutein and prevents your cognitive decline over time (Tuft); Harvard's study showed all cruciferous vegetables do
improves mental acuity (See Truth about Food – a UK source)
7. Fatty acid fish
– sardines and salmon - contain DHA and rich Omega 3 which boosts brain power. DHA according to NIH’s quoted research may show that some foods may expand your brain (see comment below)
A diet high in blueberries, strawberries and other berries decrease memory declines and decline in focus (TIME’s Alice Park)
promote blood flow which allows for efficient delivery of oxygen to the brain (See Huffington Post Healthiest Food list). Eaten regularly improves memory and learning (My Health News Daily)
See - See Huffington Post Healthiest Food list
Another good source for information is the NIH:Avoid too much saturated fats
There even seems to be a direct relationship to food and brain size. This articles talks about the importance of DHA and Omega 3. Foods rich in saturated fat reduce cognitive processing. NIH article.
Some research says that the amino acid, Taurine, may even help to increase brain cells, even for people over 50 and that it increases cognitive thinking. We understand there are a number of supplements now available for cognitive thinking. So if you think you're may need help here it may be a good idea to seek some professional assistance.


Can milk make you fat? You can overdo it, for sure. Don’t expect to be able to drink a gallon of milk every day without gaining some extra fat. But if you’re only drinking a few servings a day, milk will help you avoid getting fat.
Why do we gain fat?
The process of storing fat means you’re eating more energy than you’re burning off. (One of the best ways to prevent fat gain is exercising, check out our free bodyweight workout here.)
So, let’s say, you’re at energy balance (calorie maintenance), which means you’re not gaining any weight.
Then you begin adding in a glass of milk with each meal. You’d now be consuming more energy than normal, and you’d expect your body to store those extra calories as fat.
But instead, we find something unusual happening.
Milk is designed to get you more muscular, strong and healthy—not overly fat
If you think about the goal for human breastmilk to a baby or cow’s milk for a calf, the goal isn’t to get them bigger by getting them fatter. The goal is to give them everything they need to become bigger through growth while keeping them healthy.
Building bigger muscles, building stronger bones to support those muscles, having good nutritional value to stay healthy during the process, etc.
And that’s what we find the research showing.
In 2012, researchers reviewed 14 studies and found that dairy, like milk, won’t cause people’s weight to change. If someone wants to get lighter or heavier, they’d need to get into a calorie deficit or surplus intentionally.
But what researchers found was that while those drinking milk didn’t have the number on the weight scale change much, having dairy changed their body composition.
Those drinking milk got *less fat* and built more lean mass.
The average person lost 0.72 kg (1.5 lb) of fat and gained 0.58 kg (1.3 lb) of lean mass. They also lost 2cm on their waist circumference because they burnt off some fat.
So while they didn’t lose a lot of weight, they became more muscular and leaner, with a flatter stomach.
And in 2019, researchers studied over 12,000 people, and they found that drinking as little as one serving of milk made your body build more lean mass. Not only that, but you’d get a better ratio of subcutaneous to visceral fat. That means you’d not only be stronger, but you’d get more “good” fat and less of the bad kind around your organs.
Why does milk build muscle and help to keep people lean?
There are a few ways milk does this:
- Milk has high levels of protein per serving. One glass of milk is nearly 9 grams of protein. Protein helps to build muscle and is very difficult for our body chemically convert it into energy or fat—so excess protein often gets burnt off as body heat.
- Milk is the top scoring protein in terms of quality. Milk also contains whey and casein—two of the top muscle-building supplements for building muscle. Milk is the top quality protein, meaning it’s the easiest protein to digest to build muscle, and it contains all the essential amino acids our body’s need.
- Milk contains fat-burning compounds in the fat. Inside the fat of the milk, there are around 400 different fatty acids. One of these is fatty acids is called CLA—conjugated linoleic acid. CLA is a compound that helps to fight off cancer, diabetes, obesity, and fatty plaques from forming in the arteries (heart disease). It helps to prevent too much fat gain and helps to burn fat. (paper)
- Milk contains dietary cholesterol and saturated fats that will help your body to build lean mass. These compounds, consumed in a moderate amount, will help your body work properly. (study, study)
- Milk is incredibly satisfying, so it can make overeating with other foods less likely. When milk makes you full and satisfied, you’re less likely to go hunting through the cupboards for more food. Part of this is because milk is so high in protein, which can reduce cravings. But researchers think there may be something unique about the structure of milk protein that makes it especially satisfying.
Should you drink skim milk to reduce calories?
I suspected that drinking skim milk would help people stay lean because it contains less calories, and you’d get a higher protein ratio overall. For one cup, skim milk has around 70 calories less than whole milk.
However, the research proved the opposite was true (again.)
- In this review on high-fat dairy, researchers found that having full-fat dairy was associated with a lower risk of becoming obese.
- In this study, people who ate butter and cream, and drank whole-fat milk, had less of a belly.
- In this study of close to 20,000 women over nine years, the women who consistently had whole fat milk and cheese had an inverted relationship with weight gain. Meaning that the women having whole fat milk and cheese didn’t get fatter over the nine years. But those who had no milk or they had the low-fat milk didn’t get those same benefits.
- In these two studies (study, study), having full-fat milk was associated with having a lower risk of metabolic syndrome.
- In this 2016 study, those who had dairy fat had less risk of getting diabetes.
What’s going on here?
Perhaps there is a reason for those 400 fatty acids to be there in the milk? When we play with the milk, and we remove all the fats as we do with skim milk, we’re affecting the way the milk works.
Overall, drinking whole-fat milk will not only help to maintain a healthy body weight, but it should also make you stronger at the same time. Not to mention, you’d get dozens of other health benefits. (See all the health benefits in our super-guide on milk.)
Organic milk could help even more with staying lean
Organic milk is when cows are raised on the pasture a certain amount of time of the year (among some other things.) The USDA requires the cows to eat from pasture a minimum of 120 days.
In this study, researchers found:
“The output of vitamins in milk was within farm positively correlated to supply of vitamins from roughage.”
That means, to put the vitamins and fatty acids in her milk, the cow needs to be eating properly.
In a 1999 study, researchers studied cows fed a variety of diets like the differences when cows ate corn silage, alfalfa hay, and going out to pasture.
Researchers found that the cows that ate 100% of their diet from the pasture had 500% higher levels of CLA compared to eating a conventional diet. That was 22mg of CLA per gram of milk compared to just 3.9mg per gram of milk.
Earlier we mentioned how CLA not only helps to prevent fat gain and tells our body to burn fat, but that it can protect us from cancer, diabetes, obesity, and fatty plaques from forming in the arteries causing heart disease.
And in this study, it found that organic milk had 62% more omega-3s than conventional milk.
Organic milk isn’t 100% grass-fed, but it’s a start. If you have access to (and can afford) grass-fed or organic milk, you may want to give it a try for maximizing the benefits milk can provide.
- A review of 14 studies found that milk doesn’t make people’s weight change, but it does help body composition. Most people gained a bit of lean mass and burnt a bit of fat.
- One study found that milk helped to build muscle mass, and fix the ratio of subcutaneous fat (good fat) to visceral fat (bad fat.)
- Has high levels of protein per serving
- Is the top-scoring protein in terms of quality
- Contains fat-burning compounds like CLA in the fat.
- Contains dietary cholesterol and saturated fat for optimal hormone production
- Is very satisfying and could reduce overeating
- Whole fat milk, paradoxically, is better than skim milk
- Whole milk is associated with a lower chance of becoming obese or getting diabetes
- People who ate butter, cream, and full-fat dairy had less of a belly
- Whole fat milk was inversely correlated with weight gain for women over 9 years
- Whole fat also helps to build more muscle than skim milk
- Organic and pasture-raised cows have more of the top compounds in the fat of their milk, like CLA and omega-3s.
- 100% pasture-raised cows had 500% higher levels of CLA compared to their normal diets.
If you want to learn more about how milk:
- Affects your health like cardiovascular disease and cancer
- Helps you to build muscle and burn fat
- The differences between organic and conventional milk
- What the story is between A1 and A2 milk
- How homogenization and filtering affects milk


Yellow leaf blotch, caused by a bacterium tentatively identified as a Pseudomonas sp., was reported on pearl millet, maize, sorghum, johnsongrass, wheat, and unidentified grasses in Cameroon, Ghana, Niger, Nigeria, and Senegal (Zummo 1976). Lesions can develop in the seedling stage and are cream yellow to light beige and distinct, with a tendency for streaks to follow the veins. Lesions in pearl millet usually form at leaf tips. Young infected plants can be stunted.
Some differences in symptoms exist between this and other diseases caused by Pseudomonas spp., suggesting it may be a different pathogen. The lack of bacterial exudate associated with the lesions is generally not characteristic of bacterial diseases. In addition, the genus of the bacterium was not positively identified. Additional studies on the etiology of this disease are required.
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The material on this page is in the public domain.
Original posting: June 5, 1999.


Tomb of Sher Shah Suri शेर शाह सुरी मक़बरा
The Tomb of Sher Shah Suri is in the Sasaram town of Bihar state, India . The tomb was built in the memory of “Emperor Sher Shah Suri” , a “Pathan from Bihar” who defeated the “Mughal Empire”and founded the “Suri Empire” in northern India. He died in an accidental gunpowder explosion in the fort of Kalinjar on 10th 13 May 1545 AD.
Type Indo-Islamic Architecture
August 16, 1545
His tomb is an example of Indo-Islamic Architecture and it was designed by the famous architect “Mir Muhammad Aliwal Khan” and built between 1540 and 1545.
This Red Sandstone mausoleum (122 ft high), which stands in the middle of an artificial lake, which is nearly square, is known as the second “Taj Mahal” of India.
The tomb stands at the centre of the lake on a square stone plinth with domed kiosks, Chhatrish at each of its corners, further there are stone banks and stepped moorings on all sides of the plinth, which is connected to the mainland through a wide stone bridge. The main tomb is built on octagonal plan, topped by a dome, 22-metre in span and surrounded ornamental domed kiosks which were once covered in coloured glazed tile work.
The tomb was built during the lifetime of Sher Shah as well as the reign of his son “Islam Shah”.
An inscription dates its completion in August 16, 1545, three months after the death of Sher Shah.
I have compiled this articles from “Wikipedia”with modifications along with my click of the Tomb during a visit to Sasaram long back in 2013.
I am really thankful to Almighty for my postings in some of the remotest parts in India which later on proved to be the most virgin & unexplored subject to ponder upon.
I would dedicate this Blog to all Street Photography lovers as well as Monument lovers across the Globe.


E‐cigarettes are presented as an alternative to combustible cigarettes, but a study shows that these products are associated with higher risk of myocardial infarction.
Published research has shown that risks of myocardial infarction (MI) are significantly higher among young smokers when compared with those who have never smoked. E-cigarettes have been promoted as a less dangerous way to self‐administer nicotine than conventional cigarettes, and studies suggest people with heart disease are using e‐cigarettes as a smoking cessation aid. “E-cigarettes are promoted as a safe alternative to combustible cigarettes even though they deliver an aerosol of ultrafine particles, acrolein, nicotine, and other elements that are toxic to the cardiovascular system,” says Stanton A. Glantz, PhD. “In fact, they have negative effects on the cardiovascular system, often occurring within minutes.”
Few epidemiological studies have evaluated clinical outcomes for those who use e‐cigarettes, representing a significant research need. Recently, studies using data from the National Health Interview Survey and the Behavioral Risk Factors Surveillance Survey found cross‐sectional associations between e‐cigarette use and having had an MI among daily e‐cigarette users, even after controlling for combustible cigarette smoking and other risk factors.
Further Analyzing the Relationship
For a study published in the Journal of the American Heart Association, Dr. Glantz and colleagues used the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) data set to assess the association between e‐cigarette use and having had an MI. PATH is a nationally representative population‐based cohort study that collects data on use of tobacco products, health outcomes, risk perception, and attitudes. “We used these data to assess the risks that e-cigarette smoking confers to MI at the population level,” Dr. Glantz says.
According to the results, every day and some day e‐cigarette smoking was independently associated with a higher likelihood of having had an MI, and a significant dose‐response relationship was observed (Table). “In practical terms, this means that in patients who use e-cigarettes and continue to smoke—so-called dual use—the risk is higher than just continuing to smoke,” explains Dr. Glantz. “Never smokers using e-cigarettes daily are at increased odds of having had an MI by a factor of 2.25. Daily smoking alone increases the odds by a factor of 2.95. Being a dual user, which is the most common way these products are used, increases the odds ratio by a factor of 6.64 compared with a never smoker of combustible cigarettes who also never used e‐cigarettes.”
There were two key findings of the analysis to emphasize, according to Dr. Glantz. “First, the MI risks associated with e-cigarettes are substantial and approach those of smoking combustible cigarettes,” he says. “Second, the risks of e-cigarettes and combustible cigarettes are independent of each other. This means dual use of these products is doing more damage than simply continuing to smoke combustible cigarettes. This finding is especially important considering that most e-cigarette users are dual users with combustible cigarettes.”
Identifying Important Implications
The study confirms findings from previous research that e‐cigarette use is an independent risk factor for having had an MI after controlling for combustible cigarette smoking and demographic and clinical risk factors. Importantly, dual use of e‐cigarettes and combustible cigarettes resulted in higher risks of MI than using either product alone and switching from combustible cigarettes to e‐cigarettes did not yield any benefits in terms of reduced MI risk.
“Our findings demonstrate that physicians should not be recommending e-cigarettes to their patients,” says Dr. Glantz. “They should not be promoted or prescribed as a less risky alternative to regular cigarettes. Physicians need to collaborate with patients who use e-cigarettes to stop smoking, just as they would with conventional cigarettes. As we learn about e-cigarettes, it’s clear we’re seeing that these products are more dangerous than what was previously believed.”
Glantz SA, Bhatta DN. Electronic cigarette use and myocardial infarction among adults in the US population assessment of tobacco and health. Dharma N. J Am Heart Assoc. 2019;8:e012317. Available at: https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/JAHA.119.012317.
Alzahrani T, Pena I, Temesgen N, Glantz SA. Association between electronic cigarette use and myocardial infarction. Am J Prev Med. 2018;55:455-461.
Gaalema DE, Pericot‐Valverde I, Bunn JY, et al. Tobacco use in cardiac patients: perceptions, use, and changes after a recent myocardial infarction among US adults in the PATH study (2013–2015). Prev Med. 2018;117:76-82.


Understanding by Design
This multi-day training for all educators focuses on using backwards design for lesson/unit development including the integration of technology to improve student achievement. This training will work within your state standards to help teachers determine learning goals as well as create effective assessments and learning activities.
Outlines and Objectives:
- Model strong technology integration pedagogy
- Focus on lesson/unit development
- Create a hands-on environment for teachers to learn.
- Share lesson resources
Sample Agenda Topics:
All workshops are customizable. Sample agenda topics include but are not limited to
- Introduction to UbD (Understanding by Design)
- Explore “backward planning” curriculum design process
- Unit design template
- Design standards and rubrics
- Lesson Development


Ready for another installment of complicated color combinations? (Ooh, the English teacher in me loves that alliteration…) Since previously we unpacked “What Does Purple and Green Make?” I decided to experiment with another green mash-up to attempt to answer: What do orange and green make? Through hands-on experiments, I’ll show you the THREE possible answers. Let’s go!
Green Plus Orange Equals…
On to the first two color mixing experiments! For the illustration above, I drew stripes of different shades of green alternating with orange using the “Marker” inking brush on my Procreate iPad art app, then used the “Liquify” tool to twirl them to the right, varying the size of the swirl for the marbling effect. For the drawing below, I made criss-crossing lines of orange and green to layer the colors for one form of mixing, then used the “Smudge” tool set to “Wet Acrylic” to further blend and desaturate the combination.
As you can see from both resulting pictures, asking, “What color do green and orange make?” actually has three possible answers. First, the hues produce brown. Second, they make a dusty brown-green often called “Olive.” (Mmm… now I’m hungry for olives.) Finally, you can see that if you used dark enough shades of the two ingredient colors, you actually could produce black. Note how our answer to, “What Does Red and Green Make?” is similar, but more clearly in the brown or black range.
Why Are There Multiple Answers?
Why do orange and green yield brown OR olive, OR black? Let’s turn to the mathematical science of color mixing, illustrated by my handy-dandy drawing, below. If you separate out the components of green and orange into the primary colors that created them, you’ll see they become red, blue, yellow, and another yellow.
Remember the magical thing about primary colors? You can use them to make any other color — it just depends on the ratios, which in turn would depend on the shades of green and orange you pick! As you can see from my chart below, the two colors we’re examining today are made up of similar component colors to our query, “What do yellow and purple make?” — but while the former skews towards olive green, the latter is more in the brownish, dusty mauve family, all due to the ratios of incoming primary colors.
What Do Orange and Green Make?
There you have it: Orange and green makes brown, due to the component colors containing all three primary colors, but it can often result in an olive color (dull brownish-green), or even black, if the shades and ratios are right. Overall, I’d say this investigation was slightly less complicated than our jaunt into “What Does Orange and Blue Make?” but still left me surprised!
What about you? What are your thoughts on our inquiry into the question, “What do orange and green make?” Do share!
The author and artist, Lillie Marshall, is a National Board Certified Teacher of English who has been a public school educator since 2003, and an experienced Reiki practitioner since 2018. All art on this site is original and hand-drawn by Lillie. She launched DrawingsOf.com Educational Cartoons in 2020, building upon the success of her other two sites, AroundTheWorldL.com (established 2009) and TeachingTraveling.com (founded 2010). Subscribe to Lillie’s monthly newsletter, and follow @WorldLillie on social media to stay connected!


Ap biology virtual transpiration lab
Pearson, as an active contributor to the biology learning community, is pleased to provide free access to the Classic edition of The Biology Place to all educators and their students.The purpose of the activities is to help you review material you have already studied in class or have read in your text. Some of the material will extend your knowledge beyond your classwork or textbook reading. At the end of each activity, you can assess your progress through a Self-Quiz.To begin, click on an activity bioloby B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z. These differences account for water movement from cell to cell and over long distances in the plant.
Gravity, pressure, and solute concentration all contribute to water potential, and water always moves from an area of high water potential to an area of low water potential. It is instead lost through transpiration, the evaporation of waterthrough the leaf surface and stomata, and through guttation, ap biology virtual transpiration lab is the lossof water from the vascular tissues in the margins of leaves.There are three levels of transport in plants: uptake and release of waterand solutes by individual cells, short distance cell to cell virtjal at tissueand organ levels, and long distance transport of sap by xylem and phloem at thewhole plant level.
The transport of water is controlled by water potential.Water will always cirtual from an area of high water potential to an area with lowwater potential. This water potential is affected by pressure, gravity, andsolute concentration.Water moves into the plant through osmosis and creates a hydrostatic rootpressure that forces the water upwardAP Biology LabsThe AP college board lists 13 labs for its recommended curriculum, summarized in the publication, AP Biology Investigative Labs. However, teachers are not limited to only using their versions of the lab.
AP biology teachers submit ap biology virtual transpiration lab curriculum for review and approval and must include laboratory exercises that align with their core ideas. Some of the recommended labs may be too expensive or too time consuming for your class. Listed below are some alternatives that may be acceptable as part of your overall transoiration curriculum.Big IdeaRecommended Lab(AP Biology)Possible Biolkgy drives the diversity and unity of life. From highest to lowest, the amount of transpiration due to the environments will be light, fan, room, dark, and mist conditions.
To collect the data, each plant was measured daily using the same scale and recorded in a table, which was then shared with the class. After three days, all plants were recorded to have lost mass, with the fan and light conditions having lost the most mass, and the dark and misted conditions having lost the least amount of mass. The room condition was used as a constant and remained to be in ap biology virtual transpiration lab middle holt geometry homework help terms of transpiration and mass lost of all the different conditions.
Paul Andersen starts by defining tr.


Globally, 85 per cent of the world’s young people live in developing countries, and an ever-increasing number of them are growing up in cities. It is estimated that by 2030, as many as 60% of all urban dwellers will be under the age of 18. All over the world, young people are finding it increasingly difficult to break into the labour market. Youth make up 25% of the global working age population, but account for 43.7% of the unemployed.
This means that almost every other jobless person in the world is between the ages of 15 and 24. The exclusion from the economic, political, and social life of their countries breeds disillusionment, hopelessness, and upheaval. Research has found links between youth unemployment and social exclusion, and suggests that this may lead to political and social instability, and possibly to violence.
Action is required to achieve economic prosperity for, and the inclusion of, the youth. Although evidence shows that governments and cities are making efforts to tackle youth poverty and their lack of engagement in governance, resources to undertake such interventions are very limited. UN-Habitat recognizes the potential of the youth as a major force for creating a better urban future.
|Learn about the Urban Youth
|Learn about the UN-Habitat
Urban Youth Fund


FDA Warns Bauer’s Candies Might Contain Hepatitis A
The FDA has released a public health alert that some Bauer's Candies purchased after November 14, 2018 may contain Hepatitis A.
The specific type of candy, according to the FDA, is "Bauer’s Candies Modjeskas, an individually wrapped marshmallow candy dipped in chocolate or caramel". The warning is due to a worker testing positive Hepatitis A at the facility in which they were made.
Here is the statement released by the FDA:
The FDA is alerting consumers to possible hepatitis A contamination of Bauer’s Candies Modjeskas, an individually wrapped marshmallow candy dipped in chocolate or caramel. We are advising consumers not to eat and to throw away any Bauer’s Candies Chocolate or Caramel Modjeskas, purchased after November 14, 2018 because a worker in the facility tested positive for hepatitis A.
These products are available at retail locations and can also be purchased through QVC and BauersCandy.com. We are currently working with Bauer’s Candies, located in Kentucky, on a voluntary recall of affected products. This posting will be updated with recall and retail information as it becomes available.
At this time, the FDA and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) are not aware of any cases of hepatitis A related to consumption of these candies. Hepatitis A can have a long incubation period and can have serious health consequences for some people, especially those with other health problems. Although the risk of hepatitis A transmission from the candy is low, FDA recommends that consumers who ate candies purchased after November 14, 2018 and have not been vaccinated for hepatitis A consult with their healthcare professional to determine whether post exposure prophylaxis (PEP) is indicated. PEP may be recommended for unvaccinated people who have been exposed to hepatitis A virus (HAV) in the last 2 weeks; those with evidence of previous hepatitis A vaccination do not require PEP.
Hepatitis A is a contagious liver disease that results from infection with HAV. When symptoms occur, they can range in severity from a mild illness lasting a few weeks to a severe illness lasting several months. Hepatitis A is usually spread when a person ingests fecal matter — even in microscopic amounts — from an infected person; this can happen when an infected person prepares food without appropriate hand hygiene, even before that person shows symptoms of illness.
People infected with HAV may not have symptoms until 15 to 50 days after exposure. Symptoms may include fever, headache, fatigue, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, yellowing of the skin or eyes (known as jaundice), dark urine, and pale stool. Young children may not show symptoms of HAV infection.
The FDA is recommending that anyone who ate Bauer’s Candies Chocolate or Caramel Modjeskas purchased after November 14, 2018, consult with their healthcare provider to determine whether PEP is indicated. Consumers and retailers should throw away and not consume any chocolate or caramel Modjeskas purchased after November 14, 2018.


The aim of this project was to use the Finite Element Method (FEM) to design and manufacture the soundboard of a nylon-string guitar from sandwich-structured composites, with reference to an existing wooden soundboard, and to evaluate the accuracy of the numerical models of the wooden soundboard, the brace-less composite top plate and the braced composite soundboard by means of experimental modal analysis.
The modal behaviour of the existing wooden soundboard was studied through experimental modal analysis and numerical simulation. Using FEM, the e↵ects of varying certain physical, geometric and elastic properties of the materials used in the soundboard were determined on its natural frequencies under free and hinged Boundary Conditions (BCs). The composite soundboard that was determined to have natural frequencies relatively similar to those of the wooden soundboard under hinged BCs, and could be built from commercially available materials was constructed. To verify the results predicted numerically, experimental modal analyses were performed on the brace-less composite top plate and the braced composite soundboard under free BCs.
The experimental natural frequencies and mode-shapes of the constructed brace-less top plate were found to match those predicted by the simulation in the frequency range below 200 [Hz], while slightly diverging in the higher frequency range. The experimental results for the braced composite soundboard were also found to be relatively similar to the numerically predicted values, with most mode-shapes matching, and some di↵erences in the mode-frequencies, mostly in the low and mid-frequency ranges. Overall, a reasonable agreement was achieved between the numerical and the experimental results
Music Technology Area, Department of Music Research
Schulich School of Music
Finite Element Design and Manufacturing of a Nylon-String Guitar


London, Apr 8 (ANI): "Binge tanning" and excessive sunbed use have made melanoma, the deadliest form of skin cancer, the most common disease for women in their 20s, cautioned a charity.
A survey of 4,000 people carried out last year has revealed that 340 women in their 20s are annually diagnosed with malignant melanoma, indicating a rate of almost one a day.
The above figure is almost double the number found to have breast cancer in the same age bracket.
The survey also found that one in three women has used a sunbed at some point, and a big 80 percent of them first used one before the age of 35 years.
"Spending time on sunbeds is just as dangerous as staying out too long in sun," Sky News quoted Caroline Cerny, campaign manager for Cancer Research UK's SunSmart campaign, as saying.
"Sunbeds don't offer a safe way to tan. The intensity of UV rays in some sunbeds can be more than 10 times stronger than the midday sun.
"Excessive exposure to UV damages the DNA in skin cells which increases the risk of skin cancer and makes skin age faster.
"But, importantly, if people take care not to burn in the sun and don't use sunbeds, the majority of malignant melanoma could be prevented," she added. (ANI)


HAVE YOU NOTICED HOW ANXIOUS AND STRESSED ADOLESCENTS ARE THESE DAYS?
It seems like negative thinking, overwhelm, and even depression plagues many of our young people.
This can be very worrisome and frustrating for parents, teachers, and guidance counselors. It often leaves them feeling helpless about what to do and confused about what is wrong.
PAY ATTENTION TO THE FLAGS: ANXIETY AND NEGATIVITY ARE SIGNS OF IMBALANCE
There are many important reasons why young people are experiencing low moods and high stress. Anxiety and depression often feed each other because hopelessness leads to overwhelm, and worry creates more powerlessness.
These heavy feelings drive unhealthy coping methods like anger, withdrawing, self-harm, drug & alcohol use, procrastinating, acting out, or pretending like everything is okay while they collapse inside.
Even if the teens in your life aren’t suffering from mood issues, you may notice a lot of “negative thinking”. They might have a “ho-hum” belief that life is out of their control and “just happens” to them. Or they may “negatively forecast” about what will go wrong in the future and see the “down side” of everything. This way of thinking usually becomes habitual and automatic, and needs to be re-wired now before it becomes a way of life.
WHAT CAN WE DO TO HELP YOUNG PEOPLE DE-STRESS AND FEEL POSITIVE
1) MODEL POSITIVITY: You’ve heard the expression “Be the change you wish to see in the world”. If you would like to see more positive, powerful thinking in your teen, begin to embody this yourself. Check your own negative thinking and anxiety: do you worry, negatively project into the future, hold yourself or others back because of fear, lack confidence, or feel powerless in life? Our young people are mirroring what they have learned from us…so get conscious of what you say and how you behave and SHOW them how to be more positive.
2) UNSCHEDULE: We often set up our lives in a way that creates stress- over-scheduling and having too much to do makes it impossible to feel calm and centered. Young people are learning that being overwhelmed is a normal way to function. Being out of balance is bad for all of us- and a child’s anxiety let’s adults know it’s time to make changes. Even though you can’t eliminate everything in your schedule, make a commitment to dial back your commitments. Consider making one night a week “family night” where you don’t have anything on the schedule except going for a bike ride or having dinner together.
3) CONSCIOUSLY CONNECT: If your family scatters to their electronic corners when you are together, it’s time to unplug for a purpose. Will they object? Yup. Will you? Probably, but that’s okay. Teens are not going to ask you to connect with them and probably don’t think they need it. But time together translates into a feeling of support and love. Although we all need down time, but the intense amount of technology in our lives causes overstimulation and disconnect. Plus, social media and negative news have many downsides. Help your child (and yourself) by carving out “technology-free” time. Talk, take a walk, ride bikes, play a game, garden, eat without being in front of the TV, volunteer as a family, and did I mention TALK yet?
4) GET INTO NATURE: There’s a reason why you actually feel better when you take a walk, especially if it’s in nature. First, those natural anti-depressants get kicking. Second, the chi of trees is so high that they literally will take the toxins from us and return clean energy to our beings. If you want to feel better when stressed, go take a walk- in nature preferably. Do this with your teens to show them how exercise and nature are a daily part of maintaining a positive mood.
5) ASK HOW YOU CAN HELP… AND ACTUALLY LISTEN: This might seems strange, but if you want to know how to help someone, ASK! Communicating is underused as a way to solve problems. But it’s not just asking that helps- it’s HOW we ask and HOW we listen. So try this: ask your teen “How would you like me to help you during this time? How can I support you?” Then LISTEN to the answer, without defensiveness or needing to control their path. Just listen. Your presence means more than your solutions. And always validate by saying “I am so sorry that happened to you. ” Ask them if they would like your help to solve the problem or just want a listening ear. If they are ready for counseling, we can teach them the skills and tools for a lifetime of happiness.
Kids need to learn how powerful they are. We can teach them the practical tools and skills to consciously manifest their lives. Have them start by making affirmations like “I am strong and can handle anything” or “Life flows easily”. Making Vision Boards is a fun way to help them become powerful creators. Deep breathing and meditation are instant fixes for anxiety.


The International School for Holocaust Studies
A Yellow Star of David Button, Which the Bulgarian Jews were Forced to Wear in 1941 with the Onset of the German Occupation
Yad Vashem Artifacts Collection
Gift of Sonia Koperwaser Shem-Tov
By Yael Weinstock Mashbaum
Sonia Koperwaser was the oldest child born to Aaron and Simcha in 1930. Her younger sister Milka was born a year later. The family lived in Sofia, Bulgaria. In 1941, when Sonia was ten and a half, the Germans invaded Bulgaria. A curfew was imposed on the Jews, permitting them to leave their homes for only two hours each day. In addition, every Jew was ordered to sew a yellow star button on his/her lapel.
Yellow stars were distributed to the Jews in Bulgaria by the KEV, the "Commissariat for Jewish Questions,” and the KEV also saw to it that it was worn by all Jews. However, it encountered some unexpected difficulties in carrying out its tasks. First, privileged and converted Jews were exempt from wearing these stars, which were the smallest Jewish stars produced for this purpose in Europe. Second, factories were not manufacturing the stars as quickly as the Germans wanted (by November 1942, only 20% of stars had been produced). Third, some Jews created their own stars, inset with pictures of the king and queen of Bulgaria. These initiatives portrayed the solidarity of the Bulgarian people with their Jewish neighbors. They also reflect the fact that Bulgaria’s king demanded a softening of restrictions against its Jews, for which the Jews were obviously grateful.
Instead of sewing the button onto her clothes, Sonia's uncle pinned the button. One day Sonia was caught by a policeman who beat her for wearing a pin with the yellow star rather than sewing the entire Star of David on her clothing with yellow thread.
In 1943, the Jews of Sofia were deported to the periferal areas of Bulgaria, leaving behind their possessions and their homes. Sonia's family moved to the city of Pazardzhik and from there continued onto Kyustendil. At first the family slept in a school building in Kyustendil and later managed to rent a room in the house of a local family. Sonia's family remained there until September 1944, then the Russians entered Bulgaria and those who had been deported could return to their homes.
At the end of the war when the Koperwaser family returned to Sofia, Sonia met a man named Chaim Shem-Tov. They wanted to immigrate to Israel and decided to get married on the morning of their trip in order to ease their permits for immigration (aliyah). They boarded the ship “Pan-York” and sailed to the land of Israel. When they reached the shores, Sonia and Chaim were arrested by British soldiers, along with the other immigrants on the ship, and were sent to Cyprus. They were in Camp Number 70 in Cyprus for about a year and a half when their first child, Lily, was born. When Lily was year and a half years old, the family finally immigrated to Israel.
Sonia never forgot her story from World War II and kept the Jewish star with her throughout her life. This item, which signified humiliation during a difficult period in her life, was nevertheless something that she found worthy of saving and later donating to Yad Vashem, for others to learn about a piece of her story and the Jews of Bulgaria.


The evolution of the telephone is undoubtedly remarkable, but is it helping or hurting humans? The world became increasingly reliant as navigation, social media, gaming apps, and other modifications and enhancements intensified the capability of the cell phone. These devices feel like an extra limb, one we simply cannot leave the house without now. Yet, there is hope for our youth. Stephen Dalby, the founder of Gabb Wireless, observed his phone habits and felt inclined to find a less addiction-prone device for his own children.
Dalby researched products already on the market for children’s cell phones, and after much disappointment, he began innovating. His intention to confine screen time and Internet access was at the forefront of his invention. Back to simpler times-- these modifications would benefit the youth in a multitude of ways.
Consider the physical and mental toll screen time causes. Nielsen Company reported a link to obesity, eyestrain, and neck strain. Another study concluded a high risk of depression and anxiety, which lead to “significant academic, psychological, and cognitive impairment.” The risks of providing a child with a multi-purpose cell phone outweigh the benefits tenfold and kids actually enjoy the device.
“I like Gabb because I’m not even tempted to waste time on my phone,” Kelana Humphrey said.
The world is on a downward spiral to accidentally morph humans into cyborgs- considering we can barely function without cybernetic components-like a smartphone. Luckily, Dalby is the hero that finally took a firm stance on protecting our youth. Gabb Wireless provides children with a new future, one where they can think outside the box (in their hand); be smart without a smartphone. Not to mention, with this invention, the young are less likely to miss out on all life has to offer. Their heads will be up and observing without a lens.
Dalby’s invention will allow children to have an independent perspective, rather than having information or even false information clouding their minds. This safe phone looks like a classic smartphone but eliminates the app store, social media, games, and the Internet. This device is available at an affordable price of $49.99 and an additional $19.99 per month for unlimited calls and texts. Additional features include voice memo recording, camera, and even music, but the best part is the battery lasts up to three days—simplicity at its finest.
The best inventions tend to solve problems, and Gabb Wireless’ safe phone for children is one for the books.
Presented by T1
Photography by: Gabb Wireless


PowerMyLearning Connect makes it easy to implement the Next Generation Science Standards in your classroom. With hundreds of videos, games, assessments, and interactive simulations students can investigate the world of science and develop their STEM skills in our dynamic learning laboratory. Using the NGSS library search tools, teachers can search by grade, topic, Discipline Core Idea (DCI), and Performance Expectation (PE) to find relevant, engaging activities, Checkpoint assessments, and playlists vetted by team of expert educators.
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Some species of animals provide directed dispersal of plant seeds by transporting them nonrandomly to microsites where their chances of producing healthy seedlings are enhanced. We investigated whether this mutualistic interaction occurs between granivorous rodents and Jeffrey pine (Pinus Jeffreyi) in the eastern Sierra Nevada by comparing the effectiveness of random abiotic seed dispersal with the dispersal performed by four species of rodents: deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus), yellow-pine and long-eared chipmunks (Tamias amoenus and T. quadrimaculatus), and golden-mantled ground squirrels (Spermophilus lateralis). We conducted two caching studies using radio-labeled seeds, the first with individual animals in field enclosures and the second with a community of rodents in open forest. We used artificial caches to compare the fates of seeds placed at the range of microsites and depths used by animals with the fates of seeds dispersed abiotically. Finally, we examined the distribution and survival of naturally establishing seedlings over an eight-year period. Several lines of evidence suggested that this community of rodents provided directed dispersal. Animals preferred to cache seeds in microsites that were favorable for emergence or survival of seedlings and avoided caching in microsites in which seedlings fared worst. Seeds buried at depths typical of animal caches (5-25 mm) produced at least five times more seedlings than did seeds on the forest floor. The four species of rodents differed in the quality of dispersal they provided. Small, shallow caches made by deer mice most resembled seeds dispersed by abiotic processes, whereas many of the large caches made by ground squirrels were buried too deeply for successful emergence of seedlings. Chipmunks made the greatest number of caches within the range of depths and microsites favorable for establishment of pine seedlings. Directed dispersal is an important element of the population dynamics of Jeffrey pine, a dominant tree species in the eastern Sierra Nevada. Quantifying the occurrence and dynamics of directed dispersal in this and other cases will contribute to better understanding of mutualistic coevolution of plants and animals and to more effective management of ecosystems in which directed dispersal is a keystone process. ?? 2009 by the Ecological society of America.
Additional Publication Details
Forest rodents provide directed dispersal of Jeffrey pine seeds


Amniotic fluid, contained within the amniotic sac, is very important to a developing baby. This fluid, which surrounds the unborn baby in the womb, acts as a cushion, protecting the baby from injury. It also keeps his or her temperature stable, and is needed to develop healthy bones and lungs. In the womb, the baby is constantly inhaling and exhaling the fluid—this is normal and healthy.
During labor, the baby’s body releases chemicals to help the lungs push out the fluid. The pressure of the birth canal on a baby’s chest also releases fluid. After birth, the baby’s cough, as well as air filling his or her lungs, should expel the remaining amniotic fluid.
However, sometimes the fluid does not leave the lungs as quickly and completely as it should. This excess fluid in the lungs can make it difficult for the baby’s lungs to function properly. This condition is known as transitory tachypnea of the newborn.
This condition typically causes a fast breathing rate (tachypnea) for the infant. While the symptoms may be distressing, they are typically not life-threatening. In fact, symptoms are transitory (short-lived), usually disappearing within one to three days after birth.
Other names for transitory tachypnea include:
- wet lungs-newborns
- retained fetal lung fluid
- transient RDS
- prolonged transition
The exact cause of transitory tachypnea in newborns is not always known. The condition may be caused by the inability of the newborn’s lungs to expel or to absorb amniotic fluid during and following delivery.
Babies born by cesarean section (C-section) are more likely to develop this condition. A C-section does not allow the fluid to be squeezed out of the baby’s lungs, which commonly occurs in the birth canal during vaginal delivery.
Other factors that may contribute to the development of transitory tachypnea include:
- being born before 38-weeks gestation
- being born to a mother who has diabetes
- rapid vaginal delivery
- delayed cord clamping
Male babies and those born of a larger birth weight are also more likely to develop this condition.
The symptoms of transitory tachypnea will be different for each newborn. Common symptoms of this condition include:
- rapid breathing (over 60 breaths per minute)
- labored breathing, including grunting and moaning
- nostril flaring
- bluish skin (cyanosis)
- appearance of the chest sinking under the ribcage with each breath (retractions)
The symptoms of transitory tachypnea can be associated with other medical conditions for the newborn. This may make it difficult for your doctor to diagnose this condition. In order to diagnose transitory tachypnea, your doctor will review your pregnancy, labor, and complications. Your doctor will also examine your baby. Tests may also be needed to confirm diagnosis. These tests include:
- complete blood count (CBC) and blood culture—to see if your baby has an infection, such as pneumonia
- blood gas determination—to check your baby’s blood oxygen levels
- chest X-rays—to study the lungs for causes of respiratory distress
- pulse-oximetry monitoring—an oxygen sensor is attached to your baby’s foot, allowing the doctor to monitor lung function
If there are no other causes for your baby’s symptoms, your doctor may make a diagnosis of transitory tachypnea of the newborn.
There will be some cases where symptoms that look like this disease resolve in a day or two. For this reason, your doctor may want to wait one or two days after birth to make a firm diagnosis.
If your baby has symptoms of transitory tachypnea, he or she will be given supplemental oxygen to keep blood oxygen levels stable. This oxygen will typically be delivered through a tube that is placed around your baby’s head and in his or her nose (nasal cannula). Most babies will respond to treatment within 12 to 24 hours. During this time period, the amount of supplemental oxygen needed by your baby should decrease.
Newborns with breathing difficulties may not feed properly. If this occurs, your doctor will also provide fluids and nutrients to your baby intravenously (through his or her vein). Because transitory tachypnea can be difficult to distinguish from an infection, your doctor may also prescribe antibiotics. If test results show there is no infection, these antibiotics will be stopped.
In rare cases, breathing difficulties may make it necessary to use a ventilator. A ventilator is a machine that can help the baby breathe until he or she is able to breathe independently.
The symptoms of transitory tachypnea typically resolve within one to three days following birth. In some cases, symptoms may last up to a week. Once the symptoms resolve, newborns do not usually have any additional health problems or need special follow-up care.
There is no way to definitively prevent transitory tachypnea. However, you can increase your chances of giving birth to a healthy baby by:
- eating a healthy diet during pregnancy, which includes lots of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains
- seeing your doctor regularly for prenatal checkups
- quitting smoking
- not consuming alcohol or drugs that are not prescribed by your doctor


Questions to Ask Your Diary
Below are questions to ask of your diary as you read it to deepen your understanding and
analysis of it. The list of questions is not exhaustive but will get your detective juices
flowing. The more you read your diary and think about these questions, the more you will
enjoy the process.
How was it made?
What time of day was it written?
Was it for general use, family viewing or strictly private?
What does it suggest about the author?
Who was the author? Were several people writing in it and if so, why?
Why was the author writing a diary?
What do I observe about the content and writing style in the entries? How does it appear on the page? Is there a formula for entries?
Is the author literate?
What kinds of things does he or she record – and not record? What is described in detail and why? Does the author stop to express opinion or editorialize and if so when and why?
Do I observe elements of the author’s personality: depression, sudden emotional outbursts, romanticizing, fastidiousness etc.?
How it was used?
What purpose did entries serve: memory aid, financial ledger, emotional release, handwriting practise or some combination of these or other purposes?
Who was the intended audience and how does this affect the content?
What does it mean?
Am I encountering words that have a meaning unfamiliar to me? Be aware that the literal meaning of words can change over time. For example, in the 19th century “gay” meant to be happy, to “make love” meant to flirt or declare one’s affections. The meaning of abbreviations can also be challenging.
Do I encounter dialect? People might say it “commence to snow” and “we were avisiting”.
Is there an overall story to your diary? Is the diary a general/grand narrative of life/community life and if so what is its message?
Do I see submerged narratives present that create a fleeting image of a particular underlying story line that appears here and there?
Do I observe narrative weight? Is a particular topic or person mentioned more or given more detail or written up with different words so as to show that the topic or person is being given greater weight/importance than others?
Why are some entries missing? How do I read silence? Was the person too busy to write or was there “nothing doing”.
Can I tease meaning from the diary by counting, mapping or otherwise using the dry details in new ways beyond simply reading them?
How reliable and useful is it?
How did the museum acquire this diary?
Is this the original diary or a transcription?
How accurate and detailed is it?
How regular and complete is the record? Are some days not filled out? Are pages or words missing or illegible? Are abbreviations incomprehensible? Are prices and amounts given sometimes and not others?
Is the author situated in such a way concerning age, gender, space, social class etc. to be able to accurately record the events which he/she observes?
What is the perspective and bias of the author? Do they express opinions on certain events?
Does the author convey his or her meaning clearly or are entries so terse as to be of little value?
Has everything been recorded? What is left out and what is emphasized?
Did the author have any reason to exaggerate or otherwise alter the evidence?
Does corroborating evidence exist in other sources?
Are birth, death and marriage recorded for future generations to consult?
Can the diary years be linked to surviving census, assessment and historical maps, or other primary sources?