Slotless High Speed BLDC Motor Overview
When brushless DC motors became available on the market, they were a great alternative to brush-commutated motors.Brushed DC motors had limited operational lives, were energy inefficient, generated electrical inference, and tended to be noisy, making them ill-suited for some industrial and medical applications.
Because of dramatic reductions in cost and size, BLDC motors have gained broad appeal across various industries. However, really fast motors need to have small diameter rotors to minimize the rotating mass. So, despite the advantages of BLDC motors, manufacturers needed to overcome the speed limitations of small diameter motors.
The result was the creation of the slotless BLDC motor.
Traditional BLDC Motor Construction Custom versus Slotless BLDC Motor Construction
Slotted BLDC Motors
BLDC motors use electronic commutation—magnets, Hall-effect sensors and electronic motor controllers—instead of brushes and commutators. The rotor comprises a steel shaft, with a ring of permanent magnets around the shaft. The amount of torque available increases as the magnet’s flux density increases.
Traditional slotted BLDC motors have stators with a stack of steel laminations that are fused together. The spaces, or slots, in the lamination stack are shaped to allow coils to be wound around them. Manufacturers then wind copper coils into each of the slots to complete the stator assembly, and create an electromagnetic field.
Laminated material near the copper windings complete the magnetic circuit’s return path. Brushless slotted motors are made more powerful through the use of high energy product rare earth magnets.
Slotless BLDC Motors
Instead of winding copper wires through lamination slots, slotless BLDC motor manufacturers wind them into a cylindrical shape and protect them with high-temperature-resistant resin to maintain their shape. This configuration negates the need for a slotted stator lamination stack. This eliminates cogging and reduces vibrations, noise, and eddy current-related damping losses. Since a slotless wound stator takes up less space than a slotted lamination stack, the rotor can have a larger diameter, increasing torque.
The absence of teeth in a slotless motor reduces the winding inductance and decreases the damping for fast motor response.
Higher power is achieved in motors by narrowing the air gap between the stator and the armature. In slotted BLDC motors this gap is inherently wide due to the lamination geometry. In slotless BLDC motors, the only limit to decreasing the air gap is the precision of the manufacturing. Sinotech’s quality custom slotless BLDC motor maximizes the electromagnetic field strength for the greatest power output.
Benefits of Slotless BLDC Motors
- The lack of stator teeth eliminates cogging
- Quieter operation
- Smoother and improved performance thanks to low loss lamination materials
- Reduced damping-related losses
- Reduced inductance for faster dynamic response
- Minimal vibration
- Increased lifespan
- Smoother high-speed operation
- Speed capabilities of up to 100,000+ rpm
- Power-to-weight ratios facilitate the design of lightweight hand tools
- Insulation for temperatures of up to 200°C
- The use of power dense magnets reduces the impact of core losses at high-speed operations
- Beneficial for various applications, including those in the medical, automotive, aerospace and robotics industries
Slotless BLDC Motor Customization
Sinotech’s slotless BLDC motors feature a modular design that makes it simple to customize the motor components to meet performance needs. For example, engineers can integrate spur gearheads into the motors for higher-torque alternatives. You can also add components such as optical encoders, rotor position indicators, and differential line drivers.
When comparing slotted and slotless BLDC motors, it’s important to keep in mind that one is not better than the other. They are simply better for certain applications. When you bring your ideas to Sinotech, our engineers will help you determine which type of BLDC motor is best for your needs. Our specialists then scout the best factories in the Pacific Rim, inspect them to ensure they’re capable of handling your project, and perform audits during production to ensure the quality of your custom design. The processes we developed over the last two decades are designed to reduce costs, minimize risks and deliver the highest quality custom motor components on the market. Contact Sinotech today to learn more.


As an alternative automotive gasoline, natural gas, or methane, doesn’t get quite a few attention. Millions of environmentally pleasant, natural fuel–powered cars cruise the arena’s roads, but they nonetheless account for just a tiny fraction of new automobiles sold. In the element that’s because they require bulky and highly-priced excessive-pressure tanks to keep enough of the fossil gasoline to satisfy drivers’ demands.
Now, researchers have come up with a new cloth that’s capable of saving a massive volume of methane at low strain. If they could determine out the way to make huge quantities of the stuff, the material could spark the development of excessive-potential fuel tanks and propel wider adoption of natural gas–powered motors.
Benefits of NatGas as Transportation Fuel
Natural gasoline has a few determined advantages as a fuel. Abundant underground in oil-rich geological formations, it typically fees less than gas for an equal amount of strength. Per mile of a tour, methane additionally produces approximately one-0.33 much less climate-warming carbon dioxide than fuel and diesel. But natural gasoline also has a huge downside: It’s some distance less dense than liquid fuel, so it takes up ways extra area. One liter of gasoline includes a lot of power as a thousand liters of natural gas at ambient temperature and stress. Fuel suppliers whack that considerable volume down via compressing the gas to approximately 250 times atmospheric strain, or 250 bar. But containing the excessive-stress gas calls for specialized tanks that fee thousands of bucks and nonetheless refill plenty of the trunk of an automobile.
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Shrinking the fuel tank
As an alternative to excessive-pressure tanks, researchers have created a variety of porous, spongelike crystalline substances which could absorb methane at a modest strain after which release it whilst the pressure is decreased. One such family are materials called steel natural frameworks (MOFs), which can be made up of steel atoms connected via natural linkers. One of the exceptional such absorbents became a MOF created by way of researchers in Hong Kong, China, in 1999 and dubbed HKUST-1. It has been proven to shop a hundred and eighty cubic centimeters of gaseous methane according to the cubic centimeter of the absorbent. That’s not terrible, however, it’s nonetheless well short of the target volume-to-extent ratio, or v/v, of 263 set via the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), a quantity equivalent to compressing herbal fuel to 250 bar at 25°C.
Now, the DOE goal is in sight. Researchers led through David Fairen-Jimenez, a chemist on the University of Cambridge within the United Kingdom, have given you a simple manner to make HKUST-1 greater dense and boom its v/v to 259, essentially meeting the DOE goal for the first time. “Everything started with a mistake from one of the Ph.D. Students in the lab,” Fairen-Jimenez says.
The institution, he explains, was attempting one-of-a-kind recipes for converting their HKUST-1, that’s typically a powder of tiny crystalline debris, into something known as a sol-gel, a non-stop community of these particles. Fairen-Jimenez’s scholar, Tian Tian, suspended a batch of HKUST-1 particles in an ethanol-based totally answer and placed the answer in a centrifuge to force out the maximum of the solvent. He then deliberates to put the vials in an oven to dry, but by chance left one vial below the vacuum hood in a single day. That allowed the ethanol to evaporate out slowly, which became out to be the key. The subsequent morning Tian realized he was left with an incredibly dense HKUST-1 material. A few similarly tweaks to the recipe gave them the exceptional methane storage absorbent made thus far, the institution reports today in Nature Materials.
The simple method is “very smart,” says Omar Yaghi, a chemist and MOF expert at the University of California, Berkeley. The new cloth can undertake special shapes, he notes, so gasoline tank producers may be capable of using it to update traditional cylindrical tanks with square ones, which make better use of an automobile’s restricted garage potential. Still, Yaghi says, researchers have a way to move earlier than the stuff could be prepared for the meeting line. “They want to get their [materials] to be lots large.”
Fairen-Jimenez says his team has already succeeded in scaling up production from single gram portions to one hundred grams. He has additionally currently shaped a corporation called Immaterial Labs to commercialize the new MOFs. If they are triumphant it could help deliver herbal fuel automobiles a few new momentum to zip past their gasoline-powered competitors.
Are Solar Powered Cars a Realistic Option?
Solar powered cars may be the wave of the destiny. Or now not.
True sun-powered vehicles are actually electric powered cars powered by using solar panels. The panels produce energy by using converting the solar’s rays into electricity stored in batteries. These batteries then power the car.
The problem is that makers of sun-powered motors haven’t found out how to remedy a few very huge issues…Issues that keep real solar vehicles from being commercially feasible.
In order to harness the electricity of the sun efficiently, sun-powered automobiles have had to be extremely lightweight plus they need to be designed with a view to being as near aerodynamically perfect as possible…And neither of these boundaries makes for an amazing avenue car. After all, do not you need a car that can convey as a minimum five human beings and move 70 mph on the highway? And how approximately air conditioning?
If that is what you need from an automobile, you don’t want a sun-powered automobile…Not but. In the first area, authentic solar-powered vehicles can presently deliver no extra than 2 humans. Now, that might be extremely good if what you need is a sports activities car. But, if you need a sports activities car, you probably need it to move greater than a pinnacle speed of 60 miles in step with the hour.
Granted, ongoing work on solar cells will permit them to come to be lots, an awful lot smaller and the cars they’re used on to end up extra “user-friendly”.
But, in the meantime, simply because genuine sun-powered cars may still be the stuff of desires, sun-powered hybrid automobiles ought to genuinely turn out to be pretty practical.
Indeed, structures that use solar strength to rate a hybrid automobile’s battery p.C. (along with a supplemental sun battery device) surely allow for hybrid vehicles to operate for extended durations in the electric powered (in preference to fuel) mode earlier than wanting to be charged. The use of this sort of sun electricity charging machine could boom gasoline economic system by at least 25%.
By decreasing dependence on recharging the hybrid’s battery by means of walking it on solar strength, as opposed to fuel electricity, the usage of solar electricity makes hybrid automobiles even greater “green” than they already


|Kelime||Tür||Anlam||Eş Anlam||Zıt Anlam||Sık Kullanılan|
|Örnek Cümleler (Veri tabanına kayıtlı toplam 3 örnek cümle bulundu.)|
1 - Fossils of insects have been found that are up to 350 million years old, while the oldest human ancestor appeared roughly 5-10 million years ago.
2 - To prove your ancestry, you have to have some biological specimen of the ancestor like hair, buccal cells, saliva, blood or semen which will be compared with your biological specimen.
3 - The Indo-European language family is considered to be the ancestor of many European and Asiatic languages.


Lux Best Practices for Fair Use
For a printable version, click here.
The following document was prepared using best practices from Code of Best Practices in Fair Use for Academic and Research Libraries (January, 2012) compiled by the Association of Research Libraries; the American Musicological Society’s (AMS) Best Practices in the Fair Use of Copyrighted Materials in Music Scholarship (March, 2010); and the Visual Resources Association’s (VRA) Statement on the Fair Use of Images for Teaching, Research and Study (March 20, 2012.)
There is a provision in Article I, Section 8 of the United States Constitution that addresses copyright:
“The Congress shall have Power To … promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts, by securing for limited Times to Authors and Inventors the exclusive Right to their respective Writings and Discoveries…”
Copyright law (U.S. Code, Title 17) protects the rights holder and ensures that eventually all works will pass into the public domain. But the law also contains fair use provisions that allow “new research and culture” and promotion of “intellectual exchange.” (ACRL Code of Best Practices)
What is fair use? This fair use provides scholar, artists and others opportunity to use copyrighted material without permission under certain circumstances. “Fair use is a user’s right.” (ACRL Code of Best Practices) Even though there is no certain way to determine whether the use of copyright protected material is in violation of copyright law, there are four factors that are taken into consideration when deciding whether a particular use of copyrighted material can be considered fair use:
- the purpose and character of your use
- the nature of the copyrighted work
- the amount and substantiality of the portion taken, and
- the effect of the use upon the potential market.
These factors can be combined into essentially two questions. Positive answers to these questions generally support the determination of fair use:
The original purpose of a work of music, a film or a work of visual art is aesthetic, either as entertainment or artistic expression; the inclusion of images, music or film as an integral part of scholarly works is “inherently transformative.” (VRA Statement on the Fair Use of Images) This means the work itself need not be modified or revised; the fact that a copyright protected work is recontextualized or repurposed in itself can exhibit transformation.
Example favoring fair use: the blaxploitation film Foxy Brown is used to demonstrate attitudes toward and depictions of black women in the 1970s.
Example opposing fair use: a copyright-protected image is used as cover art for a thesis
Example favoring fair use: the subject of a thesis is a careful analysis of a song. In this context, reproduction of the score of the entire song would constitute fair use, provided the author makes certain “every part of the reproduction is necessary to the analysis.” (AMS Best Practices in the Fair Use)
Example opposing fair use: an entire artist’s book is reproduced in a thesis although the author is discussing only one page.
“Use of quotations, still frames, illustrative excerpts, and the like is common practice in scholarly writing, and is at the heart of fair use.” (ACRL Code of Best Practices)
- Was the work “transformed,” that is, used in a manner different from the original intent?
- Was an appropriate amount of the copyright protected work used to advance the scholarly purpose?
It is in this spirit that contributors are encouraged to deposit their work into Lux in an unredacted form, including copyright protected materials, with these provisos:
- The contributor has acted in good faith in using the copyright protected work (applying the two analytical questions above)
- The contributor has properly attributed the copyright protected material. “Given the educational community’s longstanding traditions of providing citations (where known), especially in print materials, attributions may be one means of demonstrating both the scholarly and educational context in which the images are being used, as well as the good faith of the user.” (VRA Statement on the Fair Use of Images)
American Musicological Society. Best Practices in the Fair Use of Copyrighted Materials in Music
Internet resource: http://www.ams-net.org/AMS_Fair_Use_Statement.pdf ;
Accessed May 11, 2012
Association of Research Libraries. Code of Best Practices in Fair Use for Academic and Research
Libraries (January, 2012)
Internet resource: http://www.arl.org/bm~doc/code-of-best-practices-fair-use.pdf ;
Accessed May 11, 2012
Visual Resources Association. Statement on the Fair Use of Images for Teaching,
Research and Study (March 20, 2012)
Internet resource: http://www.vraweb.org/organization/pdf/VRAFairUseGuidelinesFinal.pdf ;
Accessed May 11, 2012


Paul Deep, B.Sc., M.Sc.
© J Can Dent Assoc 2000; 66:298-9
Screening is a method used for the detection of a disease at a point in its natural history when it is not yet symptomatic. The ability to screen for a particular disease is contingent on the disease having a detectable pre-clinical phase that is long enough to permit its early detection. The logic of screening rests upon the assumption that early detection of disease may allow for interventions that alter its natural course, thereby halting disease progress and preventing the onset of adverse outcomes. In this sense, the aim of screening is generally secondary prevention.
Beyond altering the course of disease, there are additional considerations that must be addressed whenever a screening strategy is proposed. The benefits that may be obtained in terms of improved health must be balanced against a variety of other factors, including cost (e.g. equipment, manpower), ethical issues (e.g. labelling of individuals who screen positive), the efficacy of interventions (e.g. effect on quality of life), and side effects (e.g. does early detection do more harm than good?).
The advantages of implementing generalized screening programs for human diseases are numerous and often self-evident. Beyond the primary benefit of improving the overall health of the population, early detection in the pre-clinical phase followed by preventative measures to arrest disease progress should yield several secondary benefits, including less patient time spent with the health care professional, more time for the health care professional to treat other patients, and cost savings for patients and third-party providers (i.e., governments and insurance companies).
While there are successful examples of screening for medical disorders (e.g., phenylketonuria, breast cancer, cervical cancer), routine screening programs have not been implemented for relatively common oral diseases observed in general dental practice, such as caries, periodontal disease and oral cancer. Early detection would likely reduce the morbidity associated with dental caries and periodontal disease (e.g., pain, halitosis, gingival recession,1 gingival bleeding,1 tooth loss,2 compromised oral function), and the mortality associated with oral cancer. Furthermore, valid methods already exist for the screening of these oral diseases, in accordance with the principles outlined by Wilson and Junger3 in 1968 for the World Health Organization (see sidebar). So what explains the lack of routine screening programs? I would suggest that non-methodological factors are responsible, and propose to briefly examine these factors at two levels: screening at the dental office and screening in the general population.
Screening at the Dental OfficeThe general practitioner should possess both the necessary training and equipment to screen reliably for dental caries, by examination of the teeth (e.g. with a metal explorer) and radiography4; periodontal disease, by radiography4 and standardized tests such as the Community Periodontal Index of Treatment Needs (CPITN)5; and oral cancer, by visual inspection of the oral cavity.6 As such, these tests should be integral components of regular patient check-ups.
One of the main problems with screening at the dental office is limited accessibility: individuals who are at greatest risk for oral diseases, and who require more frequent screening, are often those in lower socio-economic groups. These patients, many of whom are elderly, are less likely to schedule regular visits to the dentist due to financial constraints, a lack of adequate facilities, or indifference towards their oral health.
Screening in the Population
A potential solution to the limited accessibility of screening at the dental office is generalized population-based screening. While it may be argued that the medical basis of large-scale screening programs for dental caries, periodontal disease, and oral cancer is justified, the likelihood of implementing such programs is slim. One reason for this is that the development of diagnostic and therapeutic strategies seems to depend not only on the relative impact of the disease, but also on the social perception of the disease and its victims.
Consider the examples of oral cancer and cervical cancer. When judged on a subjective trait such as physical appearance, the individuals at highest risk for oral cancer (i.e., elderly men who smoke and drink alcohol)7 are not considered as attractive or as valuable to society as those most susceptible to cervical cancer (i.e., young and middle-aged women). This unfortunate reality translates into more funding from both government and private sources for research into cervical cancer than oral cancer, even though oral cancer takes a far greater toll on human life; indeed, in Canada, the incidence of oral cancer is 16 times greater than that of cervical cancer (0.132% and 0.08%, respectively),8 while the mortality rate of oral cancer is 56 times greater than that of cervical cancer (0.112% and 0.002%, respectively).8 It appears that conducting a pelvic examination with Pap smear is a more widely accepted screening procedure than is oral examination, despite the oral cavity being more readily accessible to observation and biopsy. As a result, the majority of patients with oral cancer are diagnosed with advanced disease, rather than at an earlier stage when they are asymptomatic and have a better prognosis.9
There has been much debate over the determination of appropriate intervals between screens. Consider the example of dental caries: given that dental caries affects primarily younger individuals, it follows that screening intervals should increase with age. One study concluded that the optimal interval between examinations was 10 to 12 months for those aged 5 to 9, and close to two years for those aged 10 to 19.10 In the United States, the American Dental Association and the Food and Drug Administration recommend a dental examination every six months. However, 14-year-olds in England who received dental examinations at intervals greater than six months did not display more advanced caries than those who were examined every six months.11 Indeed, increased intervals between caries screening may even be beneficial, especially in areas supplied with fluoridated water, as both patient costs and the risk of iatrogenic interventions would be reduced.
While the results of such studies may serve as useful guidelines, the ultimate decision on whether or not to screen someone (and if so, how often) must be based on clinical judgment, and should be tailored to the individual patient. In this sense, it is the responsibility of the dentist to acquire an accurate history for the identification of risk factors, since high-risk patients should be monitored more stringently than those at low risk.
The morbidity and mortality associated with dental caries, periodontal disease, and oral cancer could be significantly reduced if there were a stronger social and political impetus to screen for common oral diseases. While the goal of large-scale population-based screening may be too ambitious in terms of logistics and manpower, the implementation of smaller, community-based programs, restricted to testing individuals at highest risk, seems feasible. Immediate efforts should focus on fundamentally altering the public perception of oral diseases and their impact, through education campaigns that begin at the level of the general dental practitioner.
Ten Principles of Screening1. The condition sought should pose an important health problem.
2. The natural history of the disease should be well-understood.
3. There should be a recognizable early stage.
4. Treatment of the disease at an early stage should be of more benefit than treatment started at a later stage.
5. There should be a suitable test.
6. The test should be acceptable to the population.
7. There should be adequate facilities for the diagnosis and treatment of abnormalities detected.
8. For diseases of insidious onset, screening should be repeated at intervals determined by the natural history of the disease.
9. The chance of physical or psychological harm to those screened should be less than the chance of benefit.
10. The cost of a screening program should be balanced against the benefit it provides.
Acknowledgments: The author would like to thank Dr. Paul Allison, assistant professor in the faculty of dentistry at McGill University, and Dr. Charles Larson, associate professor in the faculty of medicine at McGill University, for their expert assistance.
Mr. Deep is a third-year student, DDS program, faculty of dentistry, McGill University.
The views expressed are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the opinion or official policies of the Canadian Dental Association.
1. Brown LJ, Brunelle JA, Kingman A. Periodontal status in the United States, 1988-1991: prevalence, extent, and demographic variation. J Dent Res 1996; 75:672-83.
2. Brown LJ, Oliver RC, Löe H. Periodontal diseases in the U.S. in 1981: prevalence, severity, extent, and the role in tooth mortality. J Periodontol 1989; 60:363-70.
3. Wilson JM, Junger CT. Principles and practice of screening for disease. World Health Organization Public Health Paper 34; 1968.
4. Osborne GE, Hemmings KW. A survey of disease changes observed on dental panoramic tomographs taken of patients attending a periodontology clinic. Br Dent J 1992; 173:166-8.
5. Ainamo J, Barmes D, Beagrie G, Cutress T, Martin J, Sardo-Infirri J. Development of the World Health Organization (WHO) community periodontal index of treatment needs (CPITN). Int Dent J 1982; 32:281-91.
6. Warnakulasuriya S, Pindborg JJ. Reliability of oral precancer screening by primary health care workers in Sri Lanka. Community Dent Health 1990; 7:73-9.
7. Rothman K, Keller A. The effect of joint exposure to alcohol and tobacco on risk of cancer of the mouth and pharynx. J Chronic Dis 1972; 25:711-6.
8. National Cancer Institute of Canada. Canadian Cancer Statistics 1996. Canada; 1996.
9. Smart CR. Screening for cancer of the aerodigestive tract. Cancer 1993; 72(3 Suppl):1061-5.
10. Boggs DG, Schork MA. Determination of optimal time lapse for recall of patients in an incremental dental care program. JADA 1975; 90:644-53.
11. Todd JE. Childrens dental health in England and Wales 1973. H. M. Stationary Office, London; 1975.


I recall reading a website quite some time ago about the rules and exceptions of multiplication with regards to teaching children. For instance:
The result of multiplying any number times 9 will have a result where the digits add to 9 (1x9=9, 2x9=18 so on, but breaks at 13). It was something like that -- there was a grid and there were about 8 'rules' and 5 'exceptions' that would let you multiply any integer under 13 by any other integer under 13 -- I think.
What's this technique called? Is it a good idea to teach kids multiplication with this technique?


Trisodium Phosphate (TSP), Technical
Sodium Phosphate Tribasic, Dodecahydrate, Crystal. White, free-flowing, granular or powder.
Formula: Na3PO4.12H2O.1/4 NaOH
Synonyms: Sodium phosphate, tribasic; Sodium orthophosphate; Sodium phosphate; Trisodium orthophosphate; Phosphoric acid, trisodium salt; Sodium phosphate
Uses: Heavy duty cleaner; boiler water compounds; detergent; metal cleaner; textiles; manufacture of paper; laundering; tanning; photographic developers; paint removers; industrial cleaners, power washing.
The major use for trisodium phosphate is in cleaning agents. In combination with surfactants, TSP is an excellent agent for cleaning everything from laundry to concrete driveways. TSP is commonly used after cleaning with mineral spirits in order to remove hydrocarbon residues. TSP may be used with household chlorine bleach in the same solution without hazardous reactions. This mixture is particularly good for removing mildew. TSP is also used as a flux for use in hard soldering joints in medical grade copper plumbing. The flux is applied as a concentrated water solution and dissolves copper oxides at the temperature used in copper brazing. Residues are fully water soluble and can be rinsed out of plumbing before it is put in service. TSP can be used in ceramic production to lower the flow point of glazes. Another use is the cleaning, degreasing and deglossing of walls prior to painting.
Certified to NSF/ANSI Standard by NSF International Max use 41 mg/l.
Assay, Ignited basis: >90%
P2O5: 18.5 - 21.0%
Alkalinity Weight: 18.0 - 20.5%
Loss On Ignition: 45 - 57%
Thru a USS 10 Sieve: 100%
Thru a USS 100 Sieve: < 10%
Visual Appearance: White Granul


When people think of sexually transmitted infections (STIs), herpes (herpes simplex virus – HSV) is usually one of the first things that comes to mind. The fear and shame associated with the infection have turned it into a monster with more power than it deserves. In reality, genital herpes symptoms are typically so mild that an estimated 87% of Americans with the virus don’t even know they’re infected. And that’s a lot of people, considering about 1 in 6 people in the US have genital herpes. There are a lot of herpes myths out there so we are here to clear up the facts.
Let’s start with the basics: is a cold sore really the same thing as a blister on your privates? Well, that depends. Historically, HSV-1 was called “Oral Herpes” usually causing sores on the mouth. HSV-2 was called “Genital Herpes,” predominantly causing sores on the genitals. These two strains are different, but related, viruses. However, more recently, studies show about half of all genital herpes cases are caused by HSV-1. This major increase is likely due to a few factors, one of which is an increase in oral sex practices.
So essentially both viruses, HSV-1 and 2, can cause sores on either the mouth or genitals, but they have different courses and different recommended treatment. Genital HSV-1 is much less likely to cause recurrent outbreaks, with 40% of people never having one. Plus, people who do have delayed outbreaks usually only have one or two over a three year period. On the other hand, people with an initial symptomatic outbreak caused by HSV-2 will have on average four recurrent outbreaks per year. In addition to the more common outbreaks, HSV-2 is also more likely to be transmitted even when there are no active sores.
Because the viruses behave in different ways, they are treated differently. People with HSV-2 are more likely to benefit from suppressive antiretroviral therapy to prevent outbreaks and protect sexual contacts.
Lots of ways – vaginal sex, oral sex, anal sex, and just skin-to-skin contact! You can even get herpes from touching symptom-free skin. Most often, people get genital herpes from genital contact with someone who has the virus. However, increasingly people are getting genital herpes from oral sex.
And because most cases of HSV 1 or 2 don’t show any symptoms, people usually catch the virus from someone who doesn’t have any sores. All it takes is one sexual contact to get herpes so everyone who is sexually active is at risk.
Probably not. Most people with genital herpes have not received a diagnosis and do not know they’re infected. About 87% of people with HSV-2 do not know they’re infected. The main reason for this shocking statistic is that most cases herpes have few or no symptoms. In addition to a lack of symptoms, routine testing for people without herpes symptoms poses challenges of its own.
There are a couple of different ways to test for herpes simplex virus. Navigating them all is a bit complicated which is why herpes testing is often harder to access.
Direct Testing The first type of herpes testing is a direct test for the virus in symptomatic people – meaning people that have active herpes sores. This can be done with a herpes culture, which is a test done on a sample from the actual sore. Cultures are not clinically sensitive, which means that they report a large number of false negatives. A more sensitive way to test lesions is through DNA testing, which can also tell which type of herpes simplex virus is causing the infection.
Serological Testing The second type of testing is called serological testing. This type of test looks for antibodies in the blood which can show up regardless of whether or not there is an active sore. The body can take several weeks to develop antibodies which means that there is a delay between infection and an accurate serological test result. But once the body has the antibodies, it will likely always test positive for the virus. That means there’s no effective way to determine when somebody was infected.
Also, HSV serological tests have a high false positive rate, meaning that they often report an infection when there isn’t one. Due to the stigma surrounding a herpes diagnosis, a false positive herpes test can have intense negative psychological health effects on a patient. Often, this causes more harm than good.
It is because of this delay in antibody development and high false positive rate that the Center for Disease Control does not recommend herpes screening. These clinical recommendations are what make herpes testing more difficult to access for people without symptoms.
Most people with herpes simplex virus either have no symptoms, or have symptoms so mild that their lesions can be easily mistaken for other skin conditions like ingrown hairs. If you do have an outbreak, it is usually a cluster of blisters around the genitals, anus, or mouth that appears about four days after you’ve been exposed to the virus. The little blisters break, leaving uncomfortable sores that take about three weeks to heal.
Once you get herpes in one location, you are protected from being infected by the same strain somewhere else on your body. For example, if someone has HSV-2 on their genitals, they create antibodies that protect them from getting the same infection around their mouth. However, this person can still get HSV-1 at any location on their body.
No, but it is treatable and it’s not dangerous. Once infected with HSV, your body will always carry the virus. That said, there are ways in which you can lower your risk of transmitting the virus or having an outbreak.
For starters, barrier methods such as condoms can be somewhat effective in protecting against transmission if used correctly during every sex act. However, if the condom doesn’t cover the infected area, there will be no protection from transmission. For that reason, and because sometimes condoms slip or break, condoms on average only reduce the likelihood of transmission by about half.
Reducing ones chances of acquiring herpes by 50% is a worthwhile effort, but don’t worry, there are also reinforcements. Antiviral therapy can also reduce the likelihood of HSV-2 transmission by about 50%. By using medication in conjunction with condoms and avoiding sex during an active outbreak, you can significantly lower the chances of passing the virus to a partner.
While herpes can be uncomfortable, it has no other negative health consequences. It cannot lead to infertility and thanks to effective medication, should not complicate childbirth.
Yes! With proper preventative precautions, people with herpes can have healthy and happy sex lives. In people with HSV-2 that do not have active sores, HSV shedding (or passing the virus) only happens 10% of the time. When there is an active outbreak, HSV shedding occurs 20% of the time.
As mentioned above, using condoms and avoiding sex during an active outbreak are two of the most important ways to prevent transmission. Antivirals can reduce the length of outbreaks. Plus, daily suppressive medication can reduce the likelihood of transmitting the virus to a partner.
The point is: herpes does not need to be a scary monster. It is a common, and usually mild, infection that anyone who has sex is at risk of acquiring. That said, if you are having symptoms, be sure to see a clinician and get the care you may need. Click here to learn more about other infections that could be causing some burning down there. Looking for convenient, discreet, at-home STI Testing? Take our simple quiz to find the right test for you.


The bones of the forearm are the radius and the ulna. If you hold your arm naturally by your side, the ulna is the bone closer to you and the radius is farther away.
Fractures of the forearm can occur near the wrist at the farthest (distal) end of the bone, in the middle of the forearm, or near the elbow at the top (proximal) end of the bone.
A child's bones are also subject to a unique injury called a growth plate fracture. Growth plates are made of cartilage near the ends of children's bones. They help determine the length and shape of the mature bone.
Fractures of both bones in the forearm.
Fractures in a child's bones begin to heal much more quickly than an adult's bones. If you suspect a fracture, you should obtain prompt medical attention for the child so that the bones can be set for proper healing.
Forearm fractures account for 40% to 50% of all childhood fractures. About three out of four forearm fractures in children involve the wrist-end of the radius.
Children love to run, hop, skip, jump and tumble. But if a child falls onto an outstretched arm, he or she might break one or both of the bones in the forearm.
- Torus fracture. This is also called a "buckle" fracture. The topmost layer of bone on one side of the bone is compressed, causing the other side to bend away from the growth plate. This is a stable fracture and the broken pieces of bone have not separated apart (displaced).
- Metaphyseal fracture. The fracture is across the upper, or lower, portion of the shaft of the bone and does not affect the growth plate.
- Greenstick fracture. The fracture extends through a portion of the bone, causing it to bend on the other side.
- Galeazzi fracture. The injury affects both bones of the forearm. There is usually a displaced fracture in the radius and a dislocation of the ulna at the wrist, where the radius and ulna come together.
- Monteggia fracture. The injury affects both bones of the forearm. There is usually a fracture in the ulna and the top (head) of the radius is dislocated. This is a very severe injury and requires urgent care.
- Growth plate fracture. Also called a physeal fracture, this fracture occurs at or across the growth plate. Usually these fractures affect the growth plate of the radius near the wrist.
In most cases, a broken forearm causes severe pain. Your child's forearm and hand may also feel numb.
This child's forearm fracture has resulted in a bent appearance of the forearm.
(Courtesy of Texas Scottish Rite Hospital for Children)
- Any type of deformity about the elbow, forearm, or wrist
- An inability to rotate or turn the forearm
Your doctor will also test to make sure that the nerves and circulation in your child's hand and fingers have not been affected.
The hand, wrist, arm, and elbow can all be injured during a fall on an outstretched arm. To determine exactly what injuries have occurred, your doctor will probably want to see x-rays of the elbow and wrist, as well as the forearm.
Treatment depends on the type of fracture and the degree of displacement.
Casts support and protect broken bones while they heal.
Some mild fractures, such as buckle fractures, may simply need the support of a splint or cast until they heal. For more severe fractures that have become angled, your doctor may be able to push (manipulate) the bones into proper alignment without surgery, as long as the bones have not broken through the skin.
A stable fracture, such as a buckle fracture, may require 3 to 4 weeks in a cast. A more serious injury, such as a Monteggia fracture-dislocation, may need to be immobilized for 6 to 10 weeks.
Surgery to align the bones and secure them in place may be required if:
- The skin is broken
- The fracture is unstable — the ends of the broken bones will not stay lined up
- Bone segments have been displaced
- The bones cannot be aligned properly through manipulation alone
- The bones have already begun to heal at an angle or in an improper position
After the bones are aligned, the physician may use pins, metal implants, or a cast to hold them in place until they have healed.
When the cast is removed, the wrist joint and elbow joint may be stiff for 2 to 3 weeks. This stiffness will go away without the need for physical therapy.
The forearm bones may temporarily be weaker due to the immobilization in the cast. Children should avoid playground structures, such as monkey bars, for 3 to 4 weeks after the cast is removed, in order to allow the bone to safely regain its normal strength.
If the fracture disrupts the growth plate at the end of the bone, your doctor will probably want to watch it carefully for several years to ensure that growth proceeds normally.


Date: In Press
Pub: Proc. R. Soc. B
Author(s):Vlad Dinca, Evgeny V. Zakharov
, Paul D. N. Hebert
and Roger Vila
DNA barcoding aims to accelerate species identification and discovery, but performance tests have shown marked differences in identification success. As a consequence, there remains a great need for comprehensive studies which objectively test the method in groups with a solid taxonomic framework. This study focuses on the 180 species of butterflies in Romania, accounting for about one third of the European butterfly fauna. This country includes five eco-regions, the highest of any in the European Union, and is a good representative for temperate areas. Morphology and DNA barcodes of more than 1300 specimens were carefully studied and compared. Our results indicate that 90 per cent of the species form barcode clusters allowing their reliable identification. The remaining cases involve nine closely related species pairs, some whose taxonomic status is controversial or that hybridize regularly. Interestingly, DNA barcoding was found to be the most effective identification tool, outperforming external morphology, and being slightly better than male genitalia. Romania is now the first country to have a comprehensive DNA barcode reference database for butterflies. Similar barcoding efforts based on comprehensive sampling of specific geographical regions can act as functional modules that will foster the early application of DNA barcoding while a global system is under development.


Manatees descend from land animals that returned to the sea about 60 million years ago. Their closest relatives are the elephants and hyraxes, with which they share a common ancestor. The link to elephants may be seen in the gray, wrinkled skin covered in sparse, wiry hairs. While their limbs have evolved into flippers, including the rear limbs fusing into a paddle-like tail, the bones inside those flippers have the same structure as the elephants and hyraxes.
Today, only three species of manatees remain. The single other member of the Order Sirenia is the dugong, which lives in Asia. All browse on vegetation underwater. They sink to the bottom and use their front flippers to maneuver forward as they graze. They can reach sizes up to 13 feet long and 1,300 pounds.


$3.5 Million USDA Grant Could Help Florida’s Grapefruit Industry
By Robin Koestoyo
FORT PIERCE, Fla. — Florida’s grapefruit industry, devastated by citrus greening, may find hope in four ½-acre white-mesh screenhouses in a research field in Fort Pierce thanks to a $3.5 million grant from the U.S. Department of Agriculture awarded to the University of Florida.
Studies for the grant will take place inside and outside these structures, where 512 young “Ray Ruby” grapefruit trees are already in production since September 2013.
The project focuses on growing and protecting high-quality fresh grapefruit inside 14-feet-high screenhouses, or “Citrus Under Protective Screen,” also known as CUPS.
Trees have recently been grown in screenhouses to shield the crop from the Asian citrus psyllid, an invasive insect that carries the pathogen that causes huanglongbing, or HLB, commonly known as citrus greening. The pathogen has reduced Florida’s citrus production, including grapefruit and oranges, from 292 million boxes during the 2003 through 2004 production season to fewer than 78 million boxes at the end of the 2016 through 2017 growing season, according to U.S. Department of Agriculture’s Florida citrus statistics.
“The primary purpose of growing citrus under screen is to exclude psyllids and therefore block transmission of CLas, the bacterial agent of HLB disease,” said Arnold Schumann, who is leading the CUPS research as project director. Schumann is a professor of soil and water sciences at the University of Florida Institute of Food and Agricultural Science’s (UF/IFAS) Citrus Research and Education Center (CREC) in Lake Alfred, Florida. The research station is the world’s largest facility dedicated to the study of a single crop — citrus.
Schumann said the protective screen house drastically alters the citrus growing environment, including the microclimate, tree growth rates, and small pests and pathogens not excluded by the screen.
“A major goal of the grant is to develop a sustainable integrated growing system for fresh market citrus, customized for the modified environment in CUPS,” said Schumann. “Research topics include integrated pest and disease management, automated robotic pest scouting, canopy management adapted for CUPS, advanced fertigation, selective light spectrum enhancement, rootstock and scion evaluation, and comprehensive economic analysis.”
The funded project will also support new CUPS research in California, to be located at the Lindcove Research and Education Center of the University of California.
“Growers and buyers share a mutual desire to restore the grapefruit industry that was once a highly profitable export business,” said Rhuanito “Johnny” Soranz Ferrarezi, a citrus horticulture scientist at the UF/IFAS Indian River Research and Education Center (IRREC) in Ft. Pierce. Grapefruit produced in the Indian River District, situated from Micco — just south of Melbourne, Florida — and as far south as Stuart, Florida, is ranked as the world’s highest quality fresh grapefruit product, said Ferrarezi.
Nine scientists and Extension agents will work together to complete the grant objectives. Six collaborators represent Florida; there are two in California and one in Australia.
Philippe Rolshausen, an Extension specialist with the University of California, Riverside, will serve as a project co-director. Rolshausen strives to identify biotic and abiotic factors that limit the productivity of fruit crops. His work is to develop and implement sustainable strategies to improve grapefruit production.
At this time, California exports the highest amount of grapefruit, but citrus greening is now present in that region as well and is increasing rapidly. The California citrus industry is now planning to look at CUPS for HLB management, said Rolshausen.
Another collaborating scientist and extension professional is co-principal investigator Jawwad Qureshi, an entomologist working on pest management at IRREC. Qureshi said CUPS provides a different environment for pests and diseases and the use of biological and chemical methods for their management.
The economics of CUPS is an equally important research topic.
Ariel Singerman, a CREC assistant professor of food and resource economics, will contribute with a cost-benefit analysis for the grant. Singerman’s work will engage UF/IFAS Extension agents Chris Oswalt, a multi-county citrus agent working from Polk and Hillsborough counties, and Stephen Futch, representing CREC, which is situated in the state’s legendary “Florida Ridge” production region.
“Proof of concept studies showed that high yielding trees could be grown under protective screen structures for fresh fruit production by completely excluding the Asian citrus psyllid and therefore the HLB disease,” said Singerman.
Other horticultural methods the scientists will employ with their research include selective canopy management, sensor-based irrigation, suitable varieties, rootstocks to boost yields, and comprehensive economic analysis, the grant documents show. The scientists plan to incorporate each step of the research in screenhouses at the UF facilities and on privately owned citrus production lands, Ferrarezi said.
“The CUPS technology and infrastructure is readily available to growers,” said Ferrarezi. “It can be adopted by specialty growers to revitalize the Florida fresh citrus industry and to prevent the California citrus industry from reaching a similar stage of decline.”
To learn more about the grant award, please contact Robin Koestoyo at 772-577-7366 or email@example.com.
By: Robin Koestoyo, 772-577-7366, firstname.lastname@example.org
The mission of the University of Florida Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences is to develop knowledge relevant to agricultural, human and natural resources and to make that knowledge available to sustain and enhance the quality of human life. With more than a dozen research facilities, 67 county Extension offices, and award-winning students and faculty in the UF College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, UF/IFAS works to bring science-based solutions to the state’s agricultural and natural resources industries, and all Florida residents. Visit the UF/IFAS web site at ifas.ufl.edu and follow us on social media at @UF_IFAS.


Oldalszám: 234 oldal
Formátum: e-könyv, B/5
Témakör: Műszaki tudomány
Sorozat: Természettudományos képzés a műszaki és informatikai felsőoktatásban
POD ár: 5500 Ft
This is an introductory textbook to probability theory and statistics with the usual material taught at most universities.
Its special feature, however, is that it contains interactive simulation files. These files are important, because the real life meaning of most of the notions of probability theory and statistics can be experienced only if we make a large number of experiments, not only once, but several times, and not only under a given set of conditions, but under modified conditions, as well.
The simulation files included in this textbook make it possible that the reader could see the results of many experiments, and could repeat them several times, and he or she could modify the parameters of the problem, as well.
Since the simulation files are written in Excel, students themselves can easily construct similar simulation files. Their activity will increase their confidence and interest in the subject.
The book consists of five parts:
1. Probability of events
2. Discrete distributions
3. Continuous distributions in one-dimension
4. Two-dimensional continuous distributions
The author is devoted to write an exercise-book soon, which will - hopefully - help the students to learn not only the probabilistic and statistic notions but the necessary Excel tricks to construct simulation files according to their own needs.


The bald face of cancer
Men who go bald from the front are more likely to get prostate cancer, according to new research.
Aging, a family history of prostate cancer and being of African ancestry also increase a man’s chances of developing prostate cancer.
This is according to Dr Chantal Babb, who was presenting data from the National Cancer Registry at the Cancer Association of SA (CANSA) Research in Action conference in Stellenbosch this week.
Prostate cancer is particularly aggressive in South African men and also has a high mortality rate, according to the University of Pretoria’s Professor Riana Bornman.
Archbishop Desmond Tutu has been living with prostate cancer for many years, while former president Nelson Mandela was diagnosed with it in 2001. The average age at which men get the cancer is 68.
Prostate cancer is the most common cancer among South African men, with one in 26 men likely to get it in their lifetime. Researchers also say that it is on the increase.
Meanwhile, Vanessa Hayes, a professor of genetics at the University of Sydney, says 52 percent of prostate cancers are inherited although no specific genes have been identified as markers for this cancer unlike with breast cancer.
Men whose fathers or brothers have had prostate cancer have an increased risk for the disease, as do those whose mothers had ovarian cancer. – Health-e News
This story was also published on Health24.


The usefulness of a cup is its emptiness. Be prepared to accept new knowledge and not be hindered or biased by old knowledge.
Question: What is Jeet Kune Do?
Answer: The art of Jeet Kune Do is not a style of martial arts but rather a system of attributes and training methods developed by Bruce Lee.
At our kung fu school we don’t teach jeet kune do, because JKD was specific to Bruce Lee. Someone who truly understands Jeet Kune Do knows that Jeet Kune Do is not a style but a way of thinking. Instead we like to say we teach JKD Concepts
Bruce Lee’s “Way”
Bruce Lee developed his personal way of fighting which he labeled as Jeet Kune Do or “the way of intercepting fist” He believed that fighting using particular styles of martial arts would limit what the fighter could do in the fight. Thus styles were limitations to the practitioner of martial arts. Bruce lee believed that every individual must develop their own unique style of fighting based on what works for them.
The growth of the individual as a fighter and martial arts practitioner is at the heart of Jeet Kune Do. The Jeet Kune Do student will not try to imitate Bruce Lee or even attempt to follow in his path. Rather the Jeet Kune Do student strives to find their own path of self discovery and self learning to develop their personal Jeet Kune Do.
The Jeet Kune Do student is free to adopt all or none of Bruce Lee’s teachings. If they were to discard all of what Bruce Lee originally taught, they would still be practicing Jeet Kune Do.
Some of the concepts involved in Jeet Kune Do are:
- Using no way as way. – Don’t have preconceived notions about anything. This statement is embedded in the Jeet Kune Do logo. It was also used by Bruce Lee often to describe JKD
- The art of Jeet Kune Do is simply to simplify
- If people say Jeet Kune Do is different from “this” or from “that,” then let the name of Jeet Kune Do be wiped out, for that is what it is, just a name. Please don’t fuss over it. – Don’t get hung up on labels and parameters. JKD is alive and therefore always changing; don’t try to box it in.
- Simultaneous parrying and striking
- Empty your mind. Be formless, shapeless like water. Now you put water into a cup, it becomes the cup. You put water into a bottle, it becomes the bottle. You put it into a teapot, it becomes the teapot. Now, water can flow, or it can crash! Be water, my friend.
- From form to formless and from finite to infinite. – Don’t be confined by limitations and forms. By not having specific form all forms can be included.
- To reach me, you must move to me. Your attack offers me an opportunity to intercept you.
Jeet Kune Do seeks to free the student of restriction or “ways”. One of the main tenets of Bruce Lee’s art is “To have no way as way”. this was one of Bruce Lee’s most famous quotes. in fact student of Jeet Kune do are EXPECTED to modify and change the techniques they learn and experiment with what works for them.
Actual training in the art of Jeet Kune Do, includes the learning of many different styles. However in order to keep the styles from becoming just a collection of different techniques, the Jeet Kune do practitioner learns concepts rather than a set pattern.


The ability to facilitate communication related to gang phenomenon within or between systems, whenever it is in any way difficult or non-existent, being assumed either as a response to conflict situations or as a tool for meeting people, groups or communities, facilitator of the dialogue and preventive of situations of escalation of the conflict (adapted from: Freire&Caetano, 2014; University of Guelph, 2010; Lawmentor)
* Proficiency Level – the level of competency proficiency one must command to successfully perform job functions in a gang related context
Understands mediation as a relevant and effective tool for crisis situation mitigation, generated by gang related contexts;
Provides effective support, under supervision, to actors involved in a crisis situation by reducing risks, further damage/victimization and conflict management, in a gang context;
Uses strategies for effectively resolving conflicts, within gang contexts;
Creates an environment where conflict is resolved appropriately by adapting own professional practice to specific needs of gang afflicted communities;
Intervenes in/on social situations of significant multiculturality, in order to achieve the recognition of the others and their collective identities, in a gang context.
Seeks experts in youth / gang mediation in order to develop new and more effective practices;
Finds points of agreement and make those in conflict agree, on a fair result, taking in consideration all the relevant characteristics of gang contexts, juvenile delinquency, street violence phenomenon;
Uses available networks to improve mediation in an afflicted gang community;
Designs innovative practices for effectively resolve conflicts within gang contexts.
SAMPLES OF KNOWLEDGE AND SKILLS


So What if You Couldn’t Solve it Earlier – You can Now!
I am often invited to speak in public about “A Philosophy of Fitness: A practical guide to get fitter and stay motivated”. During that talk I always ask “How many types of nutrients are there in food?”. Although most school children below the age of 10 can answer this, almost no adult can. Shockingly, most children above the age of 10 have also forgotten. The fact that this is taught at an early age indicates its importance to our lifelong health. After all, we don’t teach this to our children because it is useless! Why we forget such things is a topic I will discuss in a future blog. Today, let me talk to you about viewing food through that functional lens – its nutrients.
Let us first understand these nutrient groups, how best to remember them and, most importantly, ways to develop a healthy relationship with them.
In human history, our evolution to urban or rural living is very recent. We have evolved, but are still predominantly like earliest man – hunting and gathering food primarily for energy to be able to hunt again. So, let us think of food as being first about fuel. Of the 6 nutrient types from food, the first 3 can provide us this fuel – carbohydrates, fat and protein. Protein tends to be more difficult to source (a deer is difficult to catch) and also the most expensive to buy – a steak (protein) is more expensive than fries (carbohydrates deep fried in fat!). In general, therefore, it’s best to think of proteins as being used for the primary function of tissue building rather than for fuel. These 3 energy providing nutrients are also easier to “see” physically. So when you see a hamburger – it’s literally carbohydrates on either side of a lump of protein grilled in fat.
Small is Superb
The next 2 nutrient groups are less obvious to see and are thought of as being micronutrients. Minerals (and various salts) and vitamins (have you ever actually seen a vitamin walking around or hanging on a tree and been able to identify it as such?). The various minerals and vitamins are needed in tiny quantities (almost always less than 10g) but they are nevertheless important – required to enable the various chemical reactions in your body. In fact, vita in the word vitamin means life in Latin. The 6th nutrient group is water – without which there would be no life, not even on Mars!
Committing to Memory
Given that as adults we forget this simple list of 6, what is a simple way to remember it forever? Picture your breakfast being a plate of eggs with toast, and a glass of orange juice. Easy to picture, right? All the 6 nutrient types are represented in that breakfast – the macronutrients (protein in the eggs, carbohydrates in the bread, fat in the butter), the micronutrients (vitamins in the orange, salt on your eggs) and water (in the juice). Easy to remember now? Promise yourself that you will use this visual image and never forget again? Good, so what’s next?
Add, Subtract, Substitute – it isn’t Algebra
From this point there are 3 paths you can look down – Removal, Addition and Replacement. If you remove the juice – “bye bye vitamins with water”. If you remove the eggs – “farewell dear protein” – and so on. Remembering that there are many types of each nutrient (e.g. Oranges are high in Vitamin-C but do not contain Vitamin-D naturally) you could add other foods to “balance the meal”. If I want to remove some unhealthy fat from this breakfast, I could have the toast without butter (remembering that the fat in the egg yolk actually carries a higher percentage of most of the nutrients of an egg than the white does!). If I wanted my carbohydrates to be of even higher quality, I would replace the toast with a banana (my current favourite breakfast switch).
Play with the Puzzle
To engage with your food you can think of each of your meals as being a little jigsaw puzzle with 6 pieces to put together a complete and balanced picture. Each piece has flexibility and you have the power to create each of the pieces to put together that meal’s jigsaw puzzle.
Remember also that each of the nutrient types is of no less or more importance than the others. Too much of any one type can cause problems, as can being deficient in another. Even the master of evil, fat, is extremely important for the healthy functioning of our body.
There Exists More Detail
We haven’t touched upon the quantities of each nutrient type that we should ensure we consume in a typical day on a regular basis. We have not delved into the details of what the healthiest sources of each might be. And we have not talked about when one might want to consume a little bit more or a little bit less of any one of them. Today was mostly about you simply remembering what the main nutrient groups are.
We know that being mindful of anything creates a tendency for us to perform better at it. If you approach each and every meal with the idea of this jigsaw puzzle, you will begin to create a mindset where you think more actively about the nutritional properties of the food you eat. I have emphasized the importance of increasing mindfulness through repeated effort. Perhaps at your first attempt all you do is identify some of the nutrient groups. In time, you will be able to identify different types of nutrients within each food item and speak a lot more about their benefits. One step at a time – the power of miniscule change!
Wimbledon Champion as Smart as a Day Labourer
The specific nutritional qualities that are present in any food, even the humble banana that both the poor day labourer in India and the millionaire Wimbledon champion enjoy, can be easily checked even on your smartphone. Perhaps the day labourer eats his banana without much thought. But does he complete the jigsaw puzzle at every meal? More importantly, do you want to think like a Wimbledon champion? You can – just start at your next meal!!
Dr Purnendu Nath spends his waking hours focusing on helping individuals and organizations reach their goals, to make the world a better place. He speaks, writes and advises on topics such as finance, investment management, discipline, education, self-improvement, exercise, nutrition, health and fitness, leadership and parenting.


Heating, interior tunnels, air circulation, humidity control
When someone is intending to grow in a plastic covered greenhouse over winter, the first order of business is to put a double layer of plastic with air between.
This cushion of air acts as insulation and will reduce heat loss by about 30%. A secondary benefit from this cushion of air is that it reduces condensation in the greenhouse dramatically.
Even if you are not going to heat the greenhouse, it makes sense to put the extra layer of cover with air between since it will provide a significant extra margin for cold.
The small fan which puts the air between the layers is made to work against pressure. It can not “over fill” the cavity.
When installing the second layer of plastic, it is not pulled tight. This allows the second layer to puff up to about 10 cm which is the optimum space.
It is the dead air space that creates the insulation value. If the air is moving, you will not have optimum efficiency. This is the reason it is important to be vigilant about patching any holes in the plastic when they occur.
Especially if your intention is to grow without heating, you could benefit from installing and using small interior tunnels. These tunnels would only be covered during severe weather. Since the air volume is small, even the heat from a few light bulbs will make a difference.
Interior air circulation is even more important in the winter time than it is in summer. In the winter time when things are more likely to be closed up, the probability of stagnant air is high.
It is important to monitor the humidity level in your greenhouse as well. Getting rid of excess humidity will cost you some heat, but you are creating a healthier environment for your plants.
If you are using a forced ventilation system for either humidity or heat control in the winter, it is important to have the thermostat close to the incoming air so that things will shut down quickly if the incoming air is extremely cold.
Any heating system which is used in a greenhouse should have a stainless steel heat exchanger and burner. The standard aluminized units simply will not stand up long term in the moist environment of a greenhouse.
We hope you have found value in this series of posts, helping you prepare for your new growing adventure! Reminder that the deadline is May 31st for Fall Delivery. We look forward to working with you for your projects!


ILLINOIS STATE ARCHIVES
Early Chicago, 1833–1871
A Selection of Documents from the Illinois State Archives
REQUEST FOR THE SALE OF BRICK AND IRON FROM BURNED PUBLIC BUILDINGS
October 23, 1871
On Saturday night, October 7, 1871, a fire broke out in the West Division between Canal and Clinton streets and north of Van Buren Street. It was put out hours later but over $1,000,000 in damage had been done to wooden shacks, lumberyards, and factories. The firefighting had exhausted the fire department and ruined much of its equipment. The next night at 9:30 p.m., a new fire erupted in the West Division on DeKoven Street and swept toward the river through narrow streets and alleys. By midnight it had leaped the river at Adams Street and by 2:30 a.m. Monday morning it had reached the courthouse. It was soon across the State Street Bridge and went on to consume the Northwestern Railroad yards, the McCormick Reaper Works, grain elevators, lumberyards, and residences beyond. The Water Works were gutted and the North Division decimated. In all 250 people were killed and 17,450 buildings were destroyed. About a third of the population, 98,000 people, were left homeless and $196,000,000 in property was destroyed.
Points to Consider
How did the city respond to the Great Fire of 1871?
What was the damage in lives and property?
Why was the fire so devastating?
What caused the fire?


You already know the basics of internet security, right?
You know to keep your antivirus program and patches up to date, to be careful where you go on the Internet, and to exercise online street-smarts to resist being tricked into visiting a phishing site or downloading a Trojan horse.
But when you've got the basics covered, but you still don't feel secure, what can you do? Here are a few advanced security tips to help you thwart some of today's most common attacks.
Remember, however, that security is all about trade-offs. With most of these tips, what you gain in security, you lose in convenience. But hey, it's your computer. Be as paranoid as you want to be.
JavaScipt attacks are everywhere. If you use Facebook, you may have seen one of the latest. Lately, scammers have set up illegitimate Facebook pages offering things like a free $500 gift card if you cut and paste some code into your browser's address bar.
By blocking scripting everywhere and then using NoScript to build a whitelist of trusted sites, you can derail most of the so-called Web drive-by attacks that currently plague the Internet.
NoScript also comes with a cross-site scripting blocker. Cross-site scripting has been around for a while, but these days bad guys are using it more frequently than ever to seize control of online accounts on sites such as Facebook and YouTube.
Unfortunately, neither Internet Explorer nor Safari has a NoScript equivalent, but IE users can adjust their Internet Zones security settings to require prompts before scripting. And IE 8 includes new cross-site scripting protection to ward off some attacks.
The downside of all these defensive tactics is inconvenience. With scripting disabled in your browser, many animations, movies, and dynamic Web pages simply won't work--and many users get frustrated by the never-ending cycle of opening a Web page, seeing that it doesn't work properly, and then choosing to allow scripting on that page.
Back Out of Rogue Antivirus Offers
Far too many people have had this experience recently: You're surfing the Web on a totally legitimate site when a scary-looking warning message pops up suddenly. It tells you that your computer is infected. You try to get rid of it, but more windows keep popping up, urging you to scan your computer.
If you do this, the scan invariably finds security problems and offers to sell you software that will take care of the problem. This is rogue antivirus software. The only thing the software does is put money into the pockets of criminals.
Rogue antivirus programs have emerged as one of the most annoying security problems of the past few years. To the victim, the pop-ups can seem like an infection themselves. Every time you try to close a warning window, another one appears.
Here's what you do:
First off, never buy the software. It simply doesn't work, and often it will trash your system. Either press Alt-F4 to close your browser directly or press Ctrl-Alt-Delete to open your system's task manager and shut the browser down from there. Closing the browser generally puts an end to the pop-up problem.
Another way to steer clear of rogue antivirus attacks is to be careful when reading up on a hot news story. The bad guys follow Google Trends and Twitter's Trending topics, and they can quickly promote one of their malicious Web pages to the top of Google search results.
Google tries to control this activity, but when a breaking news story is involved, the evil doers are often one step ahead. "Cut down on the risk of being affected by only reading news sources you trust, or--at the very least--search Google News for news services you haven't seen before," says Sunbelt's Boyd.
Next: Use Less-Popular Apps; Verify That Your Programs Are Up-to-Date
Don't Depend on Microsoft Word or Adobe Reader
They're extremely popular programs, but Microsoft Office and Adobe Reader are not the strongest applications from a security perspective--especially when it comes to opening files that you think are probably okay but aren't sure about.
Most bad guys subscribe to a big-tent theory of troublemaking. When they plan an attack, they usually aim at the most widely used software programs, which is one reason why Windows gets hit so much more often than Linux or Mac operating systems.
One way to stay a step ahead of them is to use less-popular apps that crooks target relatively infrequently. Many security experts open their PDF files in alternative readers such as Foxit Reader or PDF Studio. Similarly, ou can check .doc and .ppt files in OpenOffice. The downside is that, in a nonstandard application, files may not look exactly as they should. This drawback might make such apps unsuitable for daily use, depending on your needs, but even so you should consider using them to open dubious documents in.
Use a Service Like Gmail or VirusTotal to Check Documents That You Do Open
Why do security experts use alternative PDF and .doc readers?
They've warned us for years not to open attachments that come from untrusted sources. Strange .exe files are a sure sign of trouble, but hackers have also found ways to break into computers by tricking users into opening maliciously encoded documents. The vast majority of these attacks take advantage of known flaws in older programs; but in addition, new attacks--called zero-day attacks--periodically pop up, exploiting flaws that software makers haven't yet patched.
By now you know to find an alternative document reader, but if that doesn't work for you, consider adopting other methods to double-check documents and avoid viruses.
One approach is to let Google do the checking for you. Forward attachments to a Gmail address, and Google's filters will scan it for malware. Then, you can convert the document and read in Google Docs to see whether it's legit.
Another tip is to submit files to Virustotal. This free scanning service runs your file through 41 antivirus scanning engines. If any of the programs identifies it as malicious, Virustotal will let you know
Know What Programs You Use, and Verify That They're Up to Date
The old version of RealPlayer you downloaded a few years ago may be nothing more than a security hole today. If you don't use a program, consider uninstalling from your PC.
To trim unwanted apps, visit the Windows Install/Uninstall section of the Control Panel. As a rule of thumb, if you're not using a program, lose it.
From a security perspective, every program--especially a widely used app--is just another path that hackers can use to break into your system. A useful security tool is the Secunia Online Software Inspector, which scans your PC for out-of-date software.
But don't stop there. On this helpful Mozilla page, you can check to see whether your various browser plug-ins--for Chrome, Firefox, IE, and Opera--need updates.
It's also a good idea to check your Facebook applications to make sure that you don't have the Facebook equivalent of software bloat. While logged in, click Account, Application Settings, and see what apps you have installed. If you don't use one, delete it.
Sharpen Your Password Game
People have to remember too many passwords on the Internet. Everyone knows this, but most of us get around the problem by using the same username and password over and over.
Hackers know this as well, and they're happy to use it against you. Often they steal a person's password and user name, perhaps via a phishing attack, and then try that combination on other popular services--Facebook, Gmail, PayPal, Yahoo--to see if it works there, too.
Luckily free and simple password management tools, such as KeePass Password Safe, are available to keep track of your passwords for you. They are a bit more work--you may tire of constantly jumping between a password manager and your browser every time you want to log into a Website, but remember that security always involves trade-offs.
If you use the Firefox browser, you can try the KeeFox plug-in, which integrates KeePass's password management with your browser. (Products like these "keep people on the good practice of having secure and separate passwords for everything, but keeps them from having to memorize them," says Wesley McGrew, a security researcher with McGrew Security.
Robert McMillan covers security issues for the IDG News Service.


Twentieth Century Pictures
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Twentieth Century Pictures was an independent Hollywood motion picture production company created in 1933 by Joseph Schenck (the former president of United Artists) and Darryl F. Zanuck from Warner Bros.. Financial backing came from Schenck's younger brother Nicholas Schenck, president of Loew's, the theater chain that owned Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM), and from Louis B. Mayer of MGM, who wanted a position for his son-in-law, William Goetz. The company product was distributed by United Artists (UA), and leased space at Samuel Goldwyn Studios.
|Fate||Merged with Fox Film Corporation|
|Successor||20th Century Fox|
Joseph Schenck |
Darryl F. Zanuck
|Defunct||May 31, 1935|
Fox Entertainment Group|
(21st Century Fox)
Schenck was President of Twentieth Century, while Zanuck was named Production Chief and Goetz and Raymond Griffith served as vice-presidents. Their initial stars under contract were George Arliss, Constance Bennett, and Loretta Young; however the Goetz connection meant that talent could be borrowed from MGM. The company was successful from the very beginning; out of their first 18 films, only one, Born to Be Bad, was not a financial success. Their 1934 production, The House of Rothschild was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Picture. In 1935, they produced the classic film Les Misérables, from Victor Hugo's novel, which was also nominated for Best Picture.
In the winter of 1934, Zanuck began to negotiate with the UA board to acquire stock of the company and become a board member, but became outraged by UA's co-founder Mary Pickford's refusal to reward Twentieth Century with the company's stock, fearing it would have diluted the value of holdings by another UA stockholder and co-founder, D.W. Griffith. Schenck, who had been a UA stockholder for over ten years, resigned from United Artists in protest of the shoddy treatment of Twentieth Century, and Zanuck; thus began discussions with other distributors, which led to talks with the bankrupt Fox Studios of the Fox Film Corporation in the early spring of 1935. Fox Film had begun in the silent era in 1915 under founder William Fox.
Twentieth Century Pictures of 1933, merged with Fox Studios in 1935 to form 20th Century-Fox (the hyphen was dropped a half century later in 1985 under Australian Rupert Murdoch). For many years, 20th Century Fox claimed to have been founded in 1915. For instance, it marked 1945 as its 30th anniversary. However, in recent years it has now claimed the 1935 merger as its founding date.
- Solomon, Aubrey (January 2002). Twentieth Century-Fox: A Corporate and Financial History. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 19–20. ISBN 978-0-8108-4244-1.
- Gussow, Mel (1971). Darryl F. Zanuck: "Don't Say Yes Until I Finish Talking". Da Capo. p. 60.
- Is Fox really 75 this year? Somewhere, the fantastic Mr. (William) Fox begs to differ. New York Post, 2010-02-10.
|This article about an American film distributor or production company is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.|


Assessee pays tax in the assessment year on income earned in previous year. Due to this rule the tax collection is delayed till the completion of the previous year. Even sometimes people conceal their income and the tax is not paid at all. In order to overcome these problems, government started to deduct some amount of tax from the amount which is receivable by the assessee. The amount of tax so deducted is called as "Tax Deducted At Source" or TDS in India.
In some cases, the assessee is required to make a payment of advance tax. Such taxes paid in advance are called prepaid taxes.
Tax deduction is mainly done to reduce ones taxable income. In a way tax deductions can reduce the taxable income and thus provide tax relief.
Tax deducted in this manner needs to be deposited in the Government treasury and assigned to the Central Government, within a stipulated time period. Indian Government is adhering to the policy of TDS to broaden its tax bracket in the country. Income gained through several sources falls under the tax deduction at source or TDS scheme. Some of such income that is subjected to ‘Tax Deduction at Source’ is as follows:


The University of California - Berkeley announced precovery observations of supernova SN 2014J last week. This is the supernova in the M82 galaxy that college students discovered in late January. The press release and accompanying arXiv preprint describes how astrophysicists at the Lick Observatory combined data from "a Japanese amateur" with archived observations to estimate when the supernova's first light appeared.
That amateur is Koichi Itagaki, the most prolific supernova hunter in Japan with over 80 discoveries to his name. The CEO of his family's snack food company, Itagaki-san searches for supernovae from his personal observatory in the forested mountains outside Yamagata City. Itagaki-san describes how chance led him into amateur astronomy and the search for comets and then supernovae in an interview with Mitsubishi Motor's Starry Sky Project.
When I went on to junior high school, my father said I could get either a telescope or a microscope. I couldn’t make up my mind about which I wanted, so I stuck out my finger, gave it an eenie meenie miney mo, and ‘it’ turned out to be the telescope.
His prolific production of high-quality supernovae observations makes Itagaki-san a frequent collaborator in professional research. A quick search on the Astrophysical Data System finds 271 articles listing Itagaki-san as a co-author. Observations Itagaki-san made of two stellar explosions in 2004 and 2006, for example, turned out to be a double explosion of the same star. The team led by Queen's University Belfast that studied this first-ever event listed Itagaki-san as a co-author in the arXiv preprint and the published Nature paper.
His latest contribution to professional research is important because SN 2014J is a Type 1a supernova. These are relatively rare supernovae that occur in a galaxy once every hundred years. They are rare because they start as stars like our Sun that don't explode at the end of their lives. When the Sun's core consumes its hydrogen and helium fuel gravity will collapse the carbon and oxygen-rich core into a dense white dwarf star. Fusion reactions stop leaving the white dwarf -- the dying ember of the once-burning star -- to cool and fade over billions of years. Sometimes, though, a white dwarf gets a last burst of life. If it is part of a closely-orbiting binary system, the white dwarf will rip material away from its companion star. The accreting plasma from the companion increases the white dwarfs mass and compresses the core. At a critical point that pressure becomes strong enough to trigger an uncontrolled carbon-carbon fusion reaction that blasts the star our of existence. For a few weeks the star outshines its host galaxy.
Type 1a supernovae are so similar that astronomers can measure the distance to one of these supernova based on the brightness of the explosion. Research into the evolution of galaxies, the distribution dark matter, dark energy, and the expansion of the Universe all start with galactic maps based on supernova measurements. That makes the brief stellar outbursts a subject of intense study by astronomers around the world. Several sky surveys such as the intermediate Palomar Transient Factory, the Lick Observatory Supernova Search, and the newly-launched Gaia space telescope scan the skies every night searching for changes in stellar brightness that could be a supernova. Software algorithms processes the data and broadcasts alerts when it detects a new supernova. The world's professional observatories then turn their telescopes to collect data on the exploding star.
But no algorithm is perfect. Clouds and moonlight can ruin the quality of observations. In the case of the Lick Observatory Supernova Search, the M82 galaxy is so close and bright that the algorithm couldn't recognize SN 2014J among all of the other stars in the galaxy. Fortunately SN 2014J may be the closest Type 1a supernova to occur in decades making it easy for amateur astronomers around the world to see through their telescopes. The credit for discovering the supernova went to students at University College London who were learning how to use the university's observatory on January 21. The Lick astronomers searched their archives and found normal images of M82 recorded on Jan 14.365* followed by images with the supernova on Jan 16.381 -- a two-day span during which the supernova's light first appeared. Itagaki-san's observations on Jan 14.559 and 15.571 narrowed that to a single day. His observations let the Lick team calculate the time of the supernova's first light -- only twenty hours before amateur astronomer Itagaki made his observations.
*In this format days start at noon with fractions representing hours, minutes, and seconds. Jan 14.365 would be January 14 ~20:45 while Jan 14.559 would be January 15 ~01:25.


1. Nurses have a history of serving others. How is service in nursing related to the influence of faith-based organizations throughout nursing history? How does the concept of service used in nursing today differ from service of the past? How is it the same?
2. Share your experiences with healthcare information systems in your clinical setting. What are the pros and cons of patient care? If you are not currently working, think about your experiences as a consumer of healthcare services, keeping in mind that they are all around us regardless of where we obtain our own healthcare.
3. Your Aunt Mary is elderly and lives alone. She just returned from a visit with her primary care physician. She noticed today that Dr. Alice did not bring a chart into the exam room. Instead, she had a little computer. Aunt Mary is upset. She does not understand this new technology as it relates to her healthcare. What key concepts about EHRs would you include in an informal teaching plan for Aunt Mary?


Within this write-up, we’ve clarified Medle Wordle and pointed out onpar gps and what’s medle.
Maybe you have performed Wordle? Are you currently comfortable with the guidelines and rules of Wordle? If so, you must understand that each day, players receive a puzzle to resolve together with six attempts.
What’s the medle Wordle?
Are you aware how wide varieties can be found in Wordle? For instance, Gordl is perfect for hockey players, Chessle is connected with chess, Worldle asks to guess a rustic name, Lewdle for swearing, etc.
Lately, a brand new Wordle variety continues to be gaining recognition. A brand new medical word game, Meddle, is attracting doctors. It just uses medical words. There’s no such factor as medle Wordle. Rather, it’s Meddle, with double D. A parent-boy duo from Adelaide has produced and designed the sport for this sort of profession. The sport works like its counterparts but includes six letters and 7 guesses.
Is Medle a thing?
Because the game began to get recognition, it had been believed that could raise the players’ mental well-being. Additionally, creators wished the sport happens to be an entertaining distraction for individuals employed in the health and medical industry.
Mistakingly, people began to look for Medle rather of Meddle. This, consequently, raises the issue: Will the word medle mean something? Because it could seem in almost any Wordle, you play.
Medle describes mix meddle to mingle. As the word meddle means interfering in something that isn’t one’s concern, a number of its synonyms are butt in, intervene, poke, obtrude, etc. Medle Definition can help you add yet another word for your vocab list and may well be a great assist in decoding the next word guessing puzzle.
Options that come with Meddle Wordle
Meddle Wordle is built to only use medical words and doesn’t include medical abbreviations or brands.
For individuals employed in the health care industry, farmville may help them add a little bit of fun for their hectic working lifestyle. The sport continues to be not broadly popular, but when its player base increases, it can be a great game.
Medle Wordle seems to become a fun game for any cause. Playing the sport might be a great supply of fun in addition to test the understanding of players. Doctors who’re exhausted and stressed can do this game.
Summing up, we are able to state that the Meddle word guessing game might be a good solution for individuals who work lengthy shifts within the healthcare industry. It might also aid them grow their well-being and recall and revise their existing understanding base. The sport might be a good distraction. Click the link and learn more


Messing with mitochondrial motility, even if the organelles functioned perfectly, was sufficient to cause neurological disease in mice, according to a paper in the August 18 Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences online. The work, from the laboratory of Janet Shaw at the University of Utah School of Medicine in Salt Lake City, neatly separates movement of mitochondria from two of their main functions—respiration and calcium buffering. Mice lacking a crucial mitochondrial transport factor are healthy at birth, but rapidly develop an apparent upper motor neuron disorder, and die within a month. The animals develop symptoms reminiscent of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, hereditary spastic paraplegia, and dystonia.
Novel Mouse Model
Mitochondria rely on kinesin and dynein motors to get around, particularly along motor neurons’ lengthy axons. Mitochondrial Rho (Miro) GTPases are among several cellular factors that attach the organelle to these motors, and act as a sort of brake to arrest the cellular powerhouse where they are most needed, for example close to synapses. To examine the relationship between mitochondrial motions and mammalian disease, first author Tammy Nguyen engineered mice with a floxed Miro1 sequence, which she could then delete by introducing the enzyme Cre. First, she made mice that lost Miro1 during the embryo stage. The animals were fine in utero, but upon birth failed to take a single breath.
The authors investigated the nerve circuits required for that first gasp and found the knockouts were missing crucial elements, including motor neurons in a cranial structure called the nucleus ambiguus. They also had a dearth of the spinal cord motor neurons that control the diaphragm muscle, and the phrenic nerve, which runs from the cord to the diaphragm, had fewer branches than it did in wild-type mice (see image below). The authors surmised that their Miro1 knockouts died because of motor neuron defects.
To analyze Miro1’s importance in a living model, Nguyen deleted the gene specifically in neurons of the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, and spinal cord. These animals looked just like their control littermates for the first two weeks of life, but then they started clasping their hind paws together, a well-known sign of neurological problems. Over the next few weeks they stopped gaining weight, their spines hunched, their tails stiffened, and they moved spastically. By about 35 days of age, they died.
The authors noted these symptoms resembled upper motor neuron disease, and examined the animals’ spinal cords for markers of neuropathology. They noticed aggregates in the knockout mouse tissues that were reminiscent of Bunina bodies, poorly characterized inclusions commonly observed in the spinal cords of people who died of ALS. However, Bunina bodies are found inside cells, while the aggregates in the Miro1 knockout mice appeared to be extracellular. They might be the remains of dead neurons, the authors suggest.
Do the mice model any particular human disease? At this point, the researchers are uncertain. Because their problems started so early, Shaw initially thought the mice mimicked hereditary spastic paraplegia, a developmental condition. However, she thinks she may be able to extend the animals’ lifespan by placing their food within easier reach, in which case they might model ALS. Some of her colleagues have suggested that the symptoms more closely resemble dystonia. “There is still a lot of characterization to do,” Shaw said. “We need to know more about what is going on in the mouse so we can better relate it to the human condition.”
Serge Przedborski of Columbia University in New York, who was not involved in the study, said it was difficult to determine whether the mice correspond to any human disease. For one, he noted, the animals are only missing Miro1 in certain neurons. He prefers germline models in which all cells share the same genetic defect, such as the mutant superoxide dismutase 1 mice that mimic human ALS. In these mice as well as in people who have the same disease gene, all cells carry the mutation but only motor neurons degenerate.
Przedborski added that spasticity in rodents results from different neurological pathways than it does in people, so the symptoms could be species-specific. Similarly, he said, it is difficult to interpret the Bunina-like bodies because they are not intracellular as in people with ALS.
To understand Miro1’s role better, the authors are planning a new mouse model with Cre controlled by an inducible promoter. With that system, they can remove Miro1 selectively in older animals and potentially create a degenerative condition like ALS. In addition, they are screening people with inherited neurological diseases of unknown genetic origin, looking for Miro1 mutations.
Regardless of whether they mimic any specific human disease, the mice allowed Nguyen and Shaw to probe how mitochondrial mobility relates to neuron health. Numerous studies have linked defective mitochondria to neurodegeneration (see Jun 2014 news story, news story), but the mitochondria usually exhibit problems both in respiration and localization. However, loss of Miro1 apparently affected only transport, not function.
The mitochondria from the Miro1-negative neurons behaved normally in several assays. In primary cortical neuron cultures, the mitochondrial membrane potential was normal. Nguyen also isolated embryonic fibroblasts from the original knockout mice, lacking Miro1 in every cell, and measured rates of oxygen consumption. Oxygen uptake was also typical in that mitochondria do not need Miro1 for respiration.
Mitochondria also prevent calcium toxicity by buffering the cation, and Miro1 contains several calcium-binding motifs. However, the Miro1-negative fibroblasts managed calcium levels properly.
The only defect Nguyen found was in mitochondrial motion. Though the organelles lacking Miro 1 were able to travel, they exhibited specific defects. In the spinal cord axons of the knockout mice, Nguyen observed fewer than normal mitochondria, indicating improper distribution of the organelles. Using a microscope, she observed that the mitochondria of Miro1-negative cells stalled more often. Specifically, their overall retrograde speed was one-fourth of normal, though their anterograde motion was fine.
“This is the first demonstration that you can cause neurological disease simply by preventing mitochondria from moving to the right place, even if they are functioning,” Shaw concluded. She suggested this model might be useful to test drugs that redistribute the organelle properly. Such medications might see widespread use, Shaw speculated, since many neurological conditions, including Alzheimer’s, appear to involve defective mitochondrial distribution (see Feb 2010 news story, Jul 2009 news story, Apr 2009 news story).—Amber Dance.
- Mitochondrial Mutation Linked to Syndrome With ALS-FTD Features
- No MAM: ALS Protein Breaks Mitochondria-Endoplasmic Reticulum Bond
- Abnormal Mitochondrial Dynamics—Early Event in AD, PD?
- Mitochondrial Break-up: Alzheimer’s Alters Fusion, Fission
- NO Kidding? Mitochondria Fission Protein Linked to Neurodegeneration
- Kopeikina KJ, Carlson GA, Pitstick R, Ludvigson AE, Peters A, Luebke JI, Koffie RM, Frosch MP, Hyman BT, Spires-Jones TL. Tau accumulation causes mitochondrial distribution deficits in neurons in a mouse model of tauopathy and in human Alzheimer's disease brain. Am J Pathol. 2011 Oct;179(4):2071-82. PubMed.
- Wang X, Su B, Fujioka H, Zhu X. Dynamin-like protein 1 reduction underlies mitochondrial morphology and distribution abnormalities in fibroblasts from sporadic Alzheimer's disease patients. Am J Pathol. 2008 Aug;173(2):470-82. PubMed.
- Sotelo-Silveira JR, Lepanto P, Elizondo V, Horjales S, Palacios F, Martinez-Palma L, Marin M, Beckman JS, Barbeito L. Axonal mitochondrial clusters containing mutant SOD1 in transgenic models of ALS. Antioxid Redox Signal. 2009 Jul;11(7):1535-45. PubMed.
- Esteves AR, Gozes I, Cardoso SM. The rescue of microtubule-dependent traffic recovers mitochondrial function in Parkinson's disease. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2014 Jan;1842(1):7-21. Epub 2013 Oct 11 PubMed.
- Gan X, Huang S, Wu L, Wang Y, Hu G, Li G, Zhang H, Yu H, Swerdlow RH, Chen JX, Yan SS. Inhibition of ERK-DLP1 signaling and mitochondrial division alleviates mitochondrial dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease cybrid cell. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2014 Feb;1842(2):220-31. Epub 2013 Nov 16 PubMed.
- Bonda DJ, Wang X, Perry G, Smith MA, Zhu X. Mitochondrial dynamics in Alzheimer's disease: opportunities for future treatment strategies. Drugs Aging. 2010 Mar 1;27(3):181-92. PubMed.
- Studies Suggest Mitochondria Changes Precede Aging, Alzheimer’s
- Energy Crisis: ATP Deficiency Dooms Motor Neurons in Computer Model
- Parkinsonism-linked Protein Binds Parkin and Pink1, Drives Mitophagy
- Protein Destroying Muscle, Bone, Nerves Parks on Mitochondria
- Could Too Much Tau Be a Stretch for Mitochondria?
- Sluggish Mitochondria Not Causing Withered ALS Axons After All?
- Nguyen TT, Oh SS, Weaver D, Lewandowska A, Maxfield D, Schuler MH, Smith NK, Macfarlane J, Saunders G, Palmer CA, Debattisti V, Koshiba T, Pulst S, Feldman EL, Hajnóczky G, Shaw JM. Loss of Miro1-directed mitochondrial movement results in a novel murine model for neuron disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2014 Aug 18; PubMed.