Develop mobile application means know all the different existing platforms (iOS, Android and Windows phone just to name a few) in ordere to know the differences and the commonalities existing between them with the aim to realize cross-platform applications.
Having this kind of skills is important because it allows you to respond in a proper way, with speed and professionalism to needs that go beyond the possibilities that the traditional web can offer.
The creation of a mobile application provides access to a whole range of features provided natively by smartphone and tablet operating systems, having creative solutions with an higher level of engagement.
The types of applications that can be developer are very different and goes from a simple reporting application that contains text and images of events or tourist sites to very complex applications using features such as GPS and accelerometer, allowing you to create more sophisticated products.
The combined set of these features allows you to create solutions that act as support of traditional communication or solutions with innovative purposes.
Through this type of development we can in fact make products with a very high degree of involvement and interaction being able to reach the user through push notifications systems, allowing rapid and short communications to people.


Ehrlichiosis, or also called human monocytic ehrlichiosis (HME), is a disease that can be caused by tick bites. Apart from mosquitoes, fleas are insects that often carry or spread disease to humans. It bites the infected host and transmits it to other hosts.
According to the Cleveland Clinic website, ehrlichiosis is a disease caused by the bite of a flea infected with the Ehrlichia bacteria. The most common carrier ticks are the lone star tick (Amblyomma americanum) and the black legged tick (Ixodes scapularis) which are often found living outdoors, such as forests and tall grass.
Ehrlichiosis usually causes flu-like symptoms, such as fever, muscle aches, and headaches. Even though it is classified as mild, if left untreated, it can lead to a serious condition. How does ehrlichiosis develop in humans and what should be done to prevent it? Check out some of the following facts.
Signs and symptoms of Ehrlichiosis
Individuals with ehrlichiosis may develop symptoms 5-14 days after the bite of an infected tick. The symptoms usually appear suddenly and are characterized by flu-like symptoms and develop into a number of additional symptoms.
Launching from Columbia University Irving Medical Center, more than 70 percent of people with ehrlichiosis will experience fever, chills, severe headaches, and muscle aches. Sometimes, this is also accompanied by additional symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, confusion and a rash in the form of red spots or dots. Rashes are usually more common in children than adults.
Symptoms that don’t get treated immediately can develop into serious complications, even fatal. Moreover, if this occurs in people with weakened immune systems, such as HIV or cancer. Some of these complications include:
- Disseminated intravascular coagulation (rare condition).
- Acute respiratory distress syndrome or respiratory failure.
- Kidney failure (acute kidney injury).
- Internal bleeding (hemorrhaging).
- Heart failure.
How does ehrlichiosis develop in humans?
Ehrlichiosis occurs due to infection with several types of Ehrlichia bacteria that are transmitted by tick bites, including the lone star tick and black-footed tick. The types of bacteria that cause the infection are Ehrlichia chaffeensis, Ehrlichia ewingii, and Ehrlichia muris eauclairensis.
As we know, fleas get energy to survive by sucking blood. It perches and sticks from one host to another to obtain food. The white-tailed deer is a host of the lone star tick and black-footed tick, which are also known as potential reservoirs of Ehrlichia bacteria.
When a tick bites an infectious agent, it becomes infected. When a flea infected with Ehrlicia bites a human, it draws blood and transfers the disease or infection to our bodies. The bacterial infection then attacks the white blood cells and eventually causes a condition called ehrlichiosis.
Not only that, in rare cases, transmission of ehrlichiosis to humans can also occur through blood transfusions, from mother to fetus, organ transplants, or through direct contact with infected animals, the Mayoclinic and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) added. .
Who is most at risk of developing Ehrlichiosis?
Fleas that cause ehrlichiosis are spread in many countries. The lone star tick, which is the main carrier of the bacteria that causes this condition, is common in the south-central, southeastern, and eastern coastal areas of the United States. Meanwhile, black-footed ticks are found in the Upper Midwest, such as Minnesota and Wisconsin.
A person may have a higher risk of developing ehrlichiosis when living or in an area where the tick is spread. In addition, the following factors can also increase the risk. Among them:
- Be outdoors in the warm spring and summer. The likelihood of exposure increases in the early summer months, such as May through July or September to coincide with the adult and nymphal stages of the flea life cycle that allow them to bite humans.
- Activities in forest areas, such as hunting, camping, or climbing.
- Wearing open clothing in areas prone to the spread of ticks so that the skin is easily exposed to ticks.
Cases of ehrlichiosis are very rare, but continue to increase from year to year. In 2000, there were about 200 cases reported, then increased to more than 2,000 cases in 2019.
Ehrlichiosis can be diagnosed through a blood test to determine whether the bacteria that cause this condition are present or not. A physical examination or symptoms are also needed, but cannot be used to make a diagnosis because the symptoms are similar to those of other common conditions.
In addition, information regarding a history of tick bites or exposure to ticks is also important to help make a diagnosis. If a person has ehrlichiosis, the following blood test results may be found:
- Low white blood cell count. Where blood cells are very important for the immune system.
- Low blood platelet cell count. These are blood cells that the body needs to help the blood clotting process.
- There is an increase in liver enzymes, which can indicate abnormalities in liver function.
Treatment and prevention
The most frequently recommended treatment for ehrlichiosis is the administration of the antibiotic doxycycline. It can be used on both children and adults.
This medication is most effective if given as soon as symptoms appear. The doctor may prescribe antibiotics for up to 3 days after the fever and symptoms improve, which is about 5 to 7 days. Usually, with prompt treatment, symptoms improve within the first 24 to 48 hours.
To be aware of ehrlichiosis, here are some ways you can do to prevent it:
- Using insect repellent containing DEET or other effective ingredients to repel fleas.
Wear clothes that cover as much skin as possible when going outside, such as in the woods or tall grass areas.
- Checking for the presence of fleas on the body after being outside the house where there are potentially fleas.
Check pets for ticks frequently, such as dogs. because he can also carry disease-causing fleas.
- Ehrlichiosis is a medical condition caused by tick bites infected with Ehrichia bacteria. Early symptoms are usually mild, but can become more serious if left untreated.
See a doctor if you experience any of the symptoms mentioned above after being exposed to or bitten by a tick for an early check-up. In addition, always be vigilant when traveling or traveling to areas that are common for the spread of ticks carrying ehrlichiosis.
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The chance of a cure is high if the cancer is detected early enough, but early detection is not a given. Researchers from VIB and KU Leuven – together with various European oncology centers, including UZ Leuven – have identified bio-markers that can be incorporated in a new diagnostic test. This should make it possible to detect colorectal cancer in an early stage using a simple blood test.
Max Mazzone (VIB/KU Leuven): “This research demonstrates how important it is to gain a thorough understanding of the role of our immune system in cancer. In this case, this knowledge will hopefully result in a new, more sensitive test to detect colorectal cancer at an early stage, so that more patients can be cured. I hope that we can soon find an industrial partner to help us achieve the following step, which is the development of the test.”
Colorectal cancer: a growing medical problem
In 2012, a total of 1.4 million people worldwide were diagnosed with colorectal cancer, this figure is expected to increase to 2.4 million by 2035. This is a condition that affects a growing number of people each year. Colorectal cancer is very treatable if it is detected at an early stage, with approximately 95 % chance of a cure. If detected at a late stage, the chance of surviving 5 years after diagnosis is less than 10 %. Therefore, it is very important to be able to detect the disease in an early stage. And therein lies the rub.
There are no global screening guidelines, but because early detection is so important, there are a number of national initiatives to screen the population. For example, in Flanders, the population group between the ages of 56 and 74 years is invited to undergo testing via the “immunological Fecal Occult Blood test” (iFOB), which detects blood in the stools. If this test is positive, a colonoscopy needs to be performed to confirm the presence of premalignant polyps or cancer.
Even though the iFOB test is the best test available, sensitivity is suboptimal. In other words the available test doesn’t detect all colon cancers. There is a need for a test that offers greater certainty and that can detect bowel cancer at an early stage and at the same time reaches the whole population. If this can be achieved with a blood test, this might lower the reluctance seen in patients towards the stool test.
Our immune system responds to cancer
If we are affected by cancer, our immune system responds to this and tries to remove the cancer cells from our body. A specific role in this process is assigned to a specific type of white blood cell: the peripheral blood monocyte. From the moment that colorectal cancer cells are present in the body, the peripheral blood monocytes respond to the substances secreted by the cancer cells.
Alexander Hamm (VIB/KU Leuven): “The substances secreted by the cancer cells activate specific genes in the monocytes. Now we have identified these genes, and they can be used to diagnose colorectal cancer through blood collection by using standard techniques.”
Hans Prenen (UZ Leuven): “This new test will probably be more sensitive, because it detects tumor-induced changes directly and not merely blood in the stools. An additional benefit is that this process takes place at a point when the tumor is forming, the earliest stage of tumor development. Since this test is based on how our body reacts to the presence of colorectal cancer cells, it can also be used to detect distant metastasis even after the primary tumor has been removed. This unique potential makes it a valid tool for patient follow-up after the primary tumor has been removed through surgery.”
Set of bio-markers identified
For the identification of the genes involved in this process, Hans Prenen (UZ Leuven) and his colleagues from oncology centers in Brussels, Heidelberg and Rome collected samples from patients. This allowed the researchers led by Max Mazzone (VIB/KU Leuven) to identify 43 relevant genes.
Wouter Van Delm (VIB Nucleomics Core Facility): “As 43 different genes are too many genes to incorporate in a diagnostic test, it was important to find a more limited gene set with the same predictive value. We eventually succeeded in creating a set of 23 genes, but we are still trying to further reduce this number.”
The challenge facing the investigators now is to develop a test using a minimal set of bio-markers. They are looking for an industrial partner for the development of the test.
This research was partly funded by the Fédération Fournier-Majoie pour l’Innovation, FWO, VIB, KU Leuven and Stichting tegen Kanker.
Tumour-Educated Circulating Monocytes are Powerfule Candidate Biomarkers for Diagnosis and Disease Follow-up of Colorectal Cancer; Hamm, Prenen, Van Delm et al., Gut 2015
As this research may raise questions, we want to ask you to list the e-mail address that the VIB has made available for questions in your report or article. Everyone can contact us with questions about this research and other medical research: [email protected].


A weekly news sheet prepared by a Gardens' volunteer.
Numbers in square brackets [ ] refer to garden bed Sections. Plants in flower are in bold type.
16 April 2010
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View the variety of flowers, mostly labelled, along Banks Walk, then take the road edging the far side of the Rainforest where this walk commences. Wattle, Acacia fauntleroyi [Section 128] is a slim upright open shrub with a woolly trunk, needle like leaves and with a scattering of yellow flower balls. Mountain Correa, Correa lawrenceana var. glandulifera [Section 125] edging the Rainforest, is a dense tall shrub with cream tubular flowers, some attached to the broad trunk, others amid the dark green foliage with branches above the road. It is interesting to view such a large correa. Grevillea ‘Goldfever’ [Section 124] has apricot coloured terminal flowers over this small dense spreading shrub. Acronychia littoralis [Sections 114,104] are small trees seen edging the Rainforest. They have dark shiny leaves surrounding small clusters of small petalled flowers and also clusters of ovoid cream fruits. This morning there are many butterflies coloured white, black and green fluttering about the flowers.
Edging the upper corner of the Brittlegum lawn, Banksia spinulosa var. spinulosa [Section 109] is a shrub of medium size laden with cream ribbed with red styles cylindrical flower spikes. Further back, Hibiscus pedunculatus [Section 109] continues to bear its pink flowers while, edging the Rainforest, Hibiscus divaricatus [Section 114] shows off its large yellow flower. From here looking upwards, if you are lucky, in the Rainforest there are clusters of orange fruits which followed the clusters of white flowers. They are of the Koda, Ehretia acuminata [Section 114]… (This morning the Rainforest echoes with the happy voices of a group of ‘Day-care’ littlies.)
The triangular garden seems to be occupied by the dying flowers of kangaroo paws but leaves space for Chrysocephalum apiculatum [Section 17] bright with yellow and orange button size flowers amid the greyish foliage. Chamelaucium ‘Cascade Brook’ [Section 17] is a shrub of medium size laden with tiny buds and few dark centred pink flowers. In the opposite corner, which is being cleared, Crowea ‘Festival’ [Section 123] a shrub clad with deep pink star shaped flowers and Eucryphia wilkiei [Section 123] with cream cup shaped flowers.
The path to the right passes groups of self seeding yellow straw daisies, Xerochrysum sp. Then a small zig-zag path to the left between sections 123 and 120, passing Correa ‘Cane’s Hybrid’ [Section 2] a low spreading shrub prominent with pale pink-lime tubular flowers. Continue upwards towards a sheltered seat, a ‘forest’ of long-planted banksias which include Banksia integrifolia subsp. integrifolia [Section 37] a large dense shrub with dark green silver backed leaves and lemon flower spikes. Banksia spinulosa var. spinulosa [Section 37] with flower spikes a colour of gold. Opposite are few emu bushes including Eremophila oldfieldii subsp. angustifolia [Section 121] an open shrub with cherry red tubular flowers and prominent light green calyces. Eremophila glabra [Section 121] is a smaller dense shrub with bright yellow tubular flowers.
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Further along this path Banksia media [Section 36] is a low spreading shrub with quite compact mustard coloured flower spikes. Returning to the stairs beside the seats where Banksia marginata [Section 36], the only local growing banksia, has a profusion of smaller lemon and ageing brownish flower spikes. Opposite a poor specimen of Banksia oblongifolia [Section 37] displays, on its bare trunk, its small immature green flower spikes. Surrounding its base is a group of these tiny flower spikes. At the top of the stairs is Hakea drupacea [Section 36] an open many branched plant with long needle-like leaves and small balls of lacy cream flowers. Follow the path to the left where Hakea francisiana [Section 36], a tall shrub with bare trunk but high up, a dense canopy of long narrow leaves and conspicuous deep pink spike-like flowers.
No more room, more flowers … all so enjoyable … Barbara Daly.


Alpha Thalassemia in Children
Alpha thalassemia is an inherited
blood disorder. This means it is passed down through the parent’s genes. It may cause
anemia in their children. Anemia is low numbers of red blood cells or low hemoglobin
level. Hemoglobin is a part of red blood cells. It carries oxygen to organs, tissues,
and cells. Alpha thalassemia affects the production of hemoglobin.
There are different types of thalassemia. The severity of anemia depends on the type
the child has.
Alpha thalassemia is caused by defects in the genes that control hemoglobin production.
There are 3 types:
Alpha thalassemia major (Hb Bart
This is a very serious form that develops before birth. It causes hydrops
fetalis. This is a condition in which the body has too much fluid and other serious
problems. Most affected babies are stillborn. Or they die soon after birth. The
mother can also have serious, life-threatening complications.
Hemoglobin H disease (HbH
Hemoglobin H disease causes anemia that ranges from mild to
severe. The symptoms most often start in childhood. Affected people are at increased
risk for having a child with alpha thalassemia major.
Alpha thalassemia carrier.There are 2 types of carriers:
carrier can have the trait.
This means they have mild symptoms but can
pass the gene on to children.
carrier may be silent.
This means they don't have symptoms, but can
still pass the gene to their child.
Alpha thalassemia is passed from
parents to children. The way it is inherited varies and is complex. If both parents
the gene defect, each of their children has a risk of having alpha thalassemia major.
They are also at risk for having hemoglobin H disease, and of being a carrier.
The gene defect that causes alpha thalassemia is more common in people from these
- Mediterranean countries
- North Africa
- Middle East
- Central Asia
Sometimes children have few or no
symptoms. Symptoms of alpha thalassemia are from anemia. They range from mild to severe
- Pale or yellow skin
- Feeling tired
- Low appetite
- Dark urine
- Enlarged spleen, liver, or heart
- Bone problems
- Slowed growth and delayed puberty
The healthcare provider will ask
about your child’s symptoms and health history. They will give your child a physical
exam. Your child may also have tests, such as:
blood count (CBC).
This test checks the red and white blood cells,
blood clotting cells (platelets), and sometimes, young red blood cells. It includes
hemoglobin and hematocrit and more details about the red blood cells.
A small sample of blood is checked under a microscope to see if
they look abnormal.
This test measures the types and amount of hemoglobin.
These tests look for gene defects. DNA testing can find carriers.
Treatment will depend on your
child’s symptoms, age, and general health. It will also depend on how severe the
Treatment also depends on the type
of alpha thalassemia:
Alpha thalassemia major. There
is no effective treatment for this type.
Alpha thalassemia trait. Most
children with this type don’t need treatment.
Hemoglobin H disease. Most
children with this type don’t need treatment, but treatment may include:
- A referral to a hematologist, an expert in blood
- Daily doses of folic acid, a vitamin vital to hemoglobin
- Blood transfusions, if hemoglobin levels drop
- Surgical removal of the spleen (rarely done)
Possible complications also depend
on the type of alpha thalassemia.
- Most babies with alpha thalassemia major are stillborn or die soon after birth.
- Children with hemoglobin H disease may have delayed growth and development.
Complications from the treatment of hemoglobin H disease may occur. For example,
- A child has an increased risk of infection if he or she has spleen removed.
- Iron overload may occur from frequent blood transfusions.
Your child should have their blood
checked regularly. Talk with your child's provider about how often it should be
Your child should also be checked
if they have a fever. Fevers can cause a drop in hemoglobin.
Talk with the healthcare provider about having genetic counseling.
When to Call a Healthcare Provider
Call your child's healthcare
provider if your child has:
- Symptoms of anemia such as pale skin or tiredness
- Alpha thalassemia is an
inherited blood disorder. It causes anemia.
- It’s caused by changes in the genes that control the production of hemoglobin.
- The types are alpha thalassemia major, hemoglobin H disease, and 2 forms of alpha
- Treatment depends on the type of alpha thalassemia. Many children don’t need treatment.
Tips to help you get the most from a visit to your child’s healthcare provider:
- Know the reason for the visit and what you want to happen.
- Before your visit, write down questions you want answered.
- At the visit, write down the name of a new diagnosis, and any new medicines, treatments,
or tests. Also write down any new instructions your provider gives you for your child.
- Know why a new medicine or treatment is prescribed and how it will help your child.
Also know what the side effects are.
- Ask if your child’s condition can be treated in other ways.
- Know why a test or procedure is recommended and what the results could mean.
- Know what to expect if your child does not take the medicine or have the test or procedure.
- If your child has a follow-up appointment, write down the date, time, and purpose
for that visit.
- Know how you can contact your child’s provider after office hours. This is important
if your child becomes ill and you have questions or need advice.


A vuvuzela horn is a long plastic horn, commonly used as a noisemaker at sporting events, particularly in South Africa. It is also known as a “lepatata” in some African cultures. The vuvuzela produces a loud and distinctive sound that can be heard from a considerable distance away.
Who invented the vuvuzela?
The origins of the vuvuzela are uncertain, but it is believed to have originated in South Africa in the early 2000s. It has been used by fans at football matches in South Africa for many years and gained global attention during the 2010 FIFA World Cup.
When was the vuvuzela invented?
The exact year of the vuvuzela’s invention is not known, but it is believed to have been around since the early 2000s.
What are vuvuzelas made out of?
Vuvuzelas are usually made of plastic and can be manufactured in different sizes and colors. They are lightweight and durable, making them easy to carry around and play.
What are vuvuzelas used for?
Vuvuzelas are commonly used as a noisemaker at sporting events, particularly football matches. They are used to create a loud and festive atmosphere in the stadium and to show support for the team. They are also used in other cultural events in some African countries.
How does a vuvuzela work?
The vuvuzela works by blowing air through the narrow opening at one end of the horn. The air vibrates inside the horn, producing the loud and distinctive sound that is associated with the vuvuzela.
How to make a vuvuzela?
To make a vuvuzela, you will need a long plastic pipe, preferably with a narrow opening at one end. You can decorate the pipe with stickers or paint to give it a personalized touch. You will then need to blow air through the narrow opening at one end of the pipe to create the distinctive sound of the vuvuzela.
Why was the vuvuzela banned?
The vuvuzela was banned in some sporting events due to the excessive noise levels that it produced, which could be a distraction to players and fans. Some people also found the sound of the vuvuzela to be irritating and unpleasant.
Are vuvuzelas loud?
Yes, vuvuzelas are very loud and can produce a sound level of up to 127 decibels, which is equivalent to the sound of a loud rock concert. The excessive noise levels produced by vuvuzelas have been a subject of controversy in some sporting events, leading to their ban in some cases.


http://news.yahoo.com/s/space/20090310/sc_space/phoenixmarslanderfoundliquidwatersomescientiststhink Phoenix Mars Lander Found Liquid Water, Some Scientists Think Andrea Thompson Senior Writer SPACE.com andrea Thompson senior Writer space.com – Tue Mar 10, 12:00 pm ET NASA scoops up Twitter award for Mars 'tweets' AFP/NASA/File – This illustration provided by NASA/JPL shows an artist's conception of the Phoenix Mars Lander on … During its more than five-month stint on Mars last year, NASA's Phoenix Mars Lander found evidence that liquid water existed at the spacecraft's landing site, some Phoenix team members say. Water is key to all forms of life as we know it and the discovery of liquid water would suggest a greater opportunity for biology on the red planet. The new but controversial conclusion comes from observations of a set of "little globules" attached to struts on the lander's legs that were photographed by Phoenix's robotic arm camera over the course of the mission, as first reported at Spaceflight Now. These globs were seen to apparently move and grow between snapshots, and 22 members of the Phoenix team, including principal investigator Peter Smith of the University of Arizona in Tucson, think that this behavior combined with other Phoenix findings indicates that these blobs might have been liquid water that was splashed up onto the spacecraft as it landed. The paper making the case for liquid water will be presented on March 23 at the Lunar and Planetary Science Conference in Houston. But not all of Phoenix's team members agree with the paper's interpretation of the globs. "It's a bit controversial," Smith told SPACE.com. But "obviously they came from somewhere **— they weren't there when we launched," he added. Phoenix touched down at its landing site in the Martian arctic on May 25, 2008. The stationary lander's mission was to search for signs of potential habitability on the red planet, namely, signs that water ice just below the surface was once liquid. On July 31, 2008, Phoenix confirmed that the hard material it encountered underneath the clumpy surface dirt was indeed water ice. Analyses of dirt done in the lander's onboard instruments also indicated that this ice was likely once liquid and had interacted with the Martian regolith, or dirt, at a period of time in Mars' history when its climate was warmer. But finding liquid water on the present surface of Mars, which sees temperatures between -20 and -80 degrees Celsius (-4 and -112 degrees Fahrenheight) even in the summer, is a whole different ball game. It was expected that any water ice exposed to the atmosphere would immediately sublimate, or turn to vapor. The Phoenix team saw signs of this when they exposed underground ice in the trenches dug by the spacecraft. The new report's main author, Phoenix team member Nilton Renno, proposes that perchlorate salts, discovered in the Martian dirt by Phoenix's wet chemistry lab, were concentrated enough in a patch at the spacecraft's landing site that they could lower the freezing point of the water ice, causing it to melt into a salty brine (this is the same phenomenon that causes sidewalk salt to melt down snow and ice in the winter). Nilton and his co-authors think the brine could have been splashed up onto the lander leg when Phoenix touched down. Of course, Phoenix didn't get any samples of this material and any investigation of the blobs relies on the images taken by Phoenix and knowledge of how perchlorate behaves. "There's a matter of belief at some level," Smith said. Smith cautions that the case isn't solved for sure. As Phoenix descended to the surface, its thrusters created a high-pressure, high-temperature environment and blasted ammonia which could have affected the surface below it. There could also be other constituents in the dirt that could affect its chemistry, he said. But the case for liquid water is compelling, Smith said. Though he added, "I can't say I agree with every statement in the paper." Michael Hecht, the lead scientist for the instrument that discovered perchlorate, thinks that while the idea of this splash of liquid brine isn't physically impossible, it is "far less likely than simpler explanations," he told SPACE.com. The imaging of the globules is low resolution, which Smith also pointed out, and some of the apparent changes seen in them could be attributed to changing shadows, Hecht said. And while perchlorate is an excellent sponge, sucking up water if the surrounding air is warm and dry enough, the temperatures required of the lander mentioned in the paper are too warm and "you would not get liquid droplets of perchlorate brine," Hecht explained. A more likely explanation, Hecht contends, is that water vapor released by the ground ice stuck to the legs. The legs would likely be relatively cold compared to the ground during the day, Hecht explained. When sunlight fell on the patches of ice exposed at the landing site, some of that water would sublimate. As that water vapor traveled up through the air, it might encounter cold patches of dirt stuck on the lander legs from the landing and stick. And "once there's ice there, [other water vapor molecules will] go to the places where there's ice," eventually forming the blobs seen in the photos, Hecht said. There are circumstances where perchlorate could create liquid brine on Mars though, Hecht said. During periods when Mars might have just a few degrees warmer, perhclorate rinds could melt water ice. Another paper being presented at the Lunar and Planetary Science Conference posits that perchlorates could seep down beneath Mars' polar ice caps, forming a lubricating sludge that lets the ice caps flow. But these situations are different than the briny blobs described by Renno. Hecht acknowledges that he could be wrong and the globs on Phoenix could be liquid brine, but "I just don't think it's the likely explanation," he said. "It's just plain old frost, nothing more." Hecht thinks that the true nature of these blobs will be hashed out over time by the Phoenix team and by reviewers of Renno's paper. (Hecht and Renno, as well as other Phoenix team members, have corresponded at great length over the topic.) "It hasn't been in front of the jury yet," Hecht said. Editor's Note: The image showing the globules was added at 11:30 a.m. E.T.


If you’ve ever designed a customized t-shirt or talked to an art student, you’ve probably heard of screen printing. Most of us have the general fuzzy idea that it has something to do with paint and maybe silk somewhere. But what exactly is involved in the screen printing process?
If you’ve ever wanted to learn how screen printing works, read on to learn more about the process.
The Screen Part
As you may have guessed from the name, screen printing involves, well, a screen. When the technique was first invented, this screen was made of silk. If you’ve heard the technique called silk screening, that’s why; these days, screens are made of polyester.
The screen creates a fine mesh that paint can pass through, but only in certain areas. When you start making the screen for a print job, you create a negative of your image on the screen and block off some of the holes in the mesh. This creates a sort of stencil in the shape of your design.
Making the Colors
Once your screen stencil is ready to go, it’s time to bust out the paints. If you get your screen printing done in a professional shop, they will spend a lot of time making sure the colors exactly match those on your design. This will involve a lot of mixing and testing the paint on the specific material and color you’re getting printed.
If your design has more than one color, the process will use more than one stencil and paint layer. For example, if you have a Venn diagram that has blue and yellow circles overlapping to make green, the first screen will print only the first circle in blue. The second screen will print the full second circle in yellow, creating both the yellow circle and the green portion in the middle.
Printing and Drying
Once all the paint and screens are ready, it’s time to begin the printing process! Each piece to be printed gets lined up and then has a screen placed on top of it. The paint for that layer gets pushed through the screen with a scraper, landing on the t-shirt in the specific pattern the stencil allows.
When the painting process is done and all the layers have been applied, the pieces get dried to cure the paint. If you’re doing this at home, it may mean sending your piece for a tumble in the dryer. But at larger commercial factories, they have special drying rollers they put pieces through to set the paint.
Get the Best Screen Printing
Screen printing is a great way to produce custom t-shirts, bags, or any other fabric material, especially if you want a bunch of the same product. It’s a fascinating way of creating patterns, and the process is mesmerizing to watch. If you haven’t, we recommend you check out some YouTube videos that show the screen printing process.
If you’d like to get screen-printed goods, reach out to us at Palmetto Blended. We are a well-renowned name in printing services and will get you products that are sure to thrill. Contact us today to get started on your next project.Liquid error (sections/article-template.liquid line 69): Could not find asset snippets/relatedblogs.liquid


Protesters calling for an end to police brutality and a beginning to better race relations in America have filled the streets in New York, Washington and other U.S. cities recently, angry over several incidents in which young black men died in confrontations with white police officers, and no prosecution taken against the accused police.
The cases, stretching from Ferguson, Missouri, to Cleveland, Ohio, to Staten Island, N.Y., have public officials scrambling to balance the rights of demonstrators to take to the streets and the demands of public safety, as some protests turn violent. They also are focusing world attention on the power of local police in America.
Under our system of government, authority to enact laws to preserve and protect public safety, health and welfare is granted to the states. Under this grant, police have three primary functions: maintain public order, enforce state and local laws, and render public service, such patrolling the community and responding to emergencies. The federal government’s lawmaking authority is limited to specific grants of power found in the Constitution. Ours is a system of government checks and balances, and unless constitutional questions arise in a local police action, the check on police power is found in the local and state courts, not Washington.
When in the course of an officer’s duties he or she has cause to think that a serious law has been broken, the officer can handcuff and arrest the person, who will be held pending an impartial court hearing on the arrest. If the person in question is believed to be an immediate danger to the officer or the people around them, local laws in most jurisdictions allow the use of deadly force.
A significant number of killings by police in such confrontations, however, including the deaths of people who are unarmed such as in the Ferguson and Staten Island incidents, have raised questions across the country about excessive use of force. That grand juries reviewing the incidents found no wrongdoing by local police has also angered many Americans, upset that the legal system may be broken.
This is where the federal government may come in, with its own check on local police power. The U.S. Justice Department may take action if it believes local police crossed the line in the exercise of their duties, violating a person’s constitutional rights even while he or she may have been breaking local law. Such investigations may be launched in the Ferguson and other cases.
The ways that police enforce the laws intended to protect us all have critical implications for our democracy and the quality of life in the United States.


Although there is an endless amount of stereotypes, one that hits close to home for me is the stereotype that is put on the American farmer and rancher. Very few people in the United States realize just how large of a role farmers and ranchers play in their everyday life. So, when some people say "Those dumb farmers don't even know what they're doing," "Ranchers don't even care about their animals," or "It doesn't take anyone or anything special to be a farmer," I think those people need to think twice about what exactly they are saying. If it wasn't for our farmers and ranchers, we would be starving, unclothed, low on fuel, and millions of acres of land wouldn't be cared for in such an environmentally friendly manner.
Our farmers plant, nurture, and harvest all of the crops that provide us with our daily nutrition including all of the small grains that are made into pasta, bread, flour, and even beer. Along with farmers, our nation's ranchers provide us with various meats and the highest quality beef in the world, along with important by-products including fats and acids that go into everything from our tires to paints; the pharmaceuticals that will help treat everything from diabetes to blood disorders to life-threatening burns; the leather for our furniture, clothing, and sporting goods; and the list goes on.
As far as being known as "dumb farmers," it's obvious that science and technology have played a huge role in developing these products that help humanity. In an article published on "The Ohio State Extension" website entitled "Avoid the Common Stereotyping of Farmers," I found a list of skills that today's successful American farmer must possess, and having grown up on a farm, I find it to be completely true. "A farmer must possess skills in the following professions: welding,
accounting, farm law, politician, wildlife officer, veterinarian,
construction, finance, animal husbandry, corporate executive,
marketing, entomologist, plant pathologist, good neighbor, plumber,
electrician, research scientist and an eternal optimist, just to
mention a few." (clark.osu.edu)
Another stereotype that I have heard is about how ranchers don't care about their animals. People should really think about that statement for a second. Ranchers work every day come rain or shine to keep their animals healthy, growing, and in the best possible condition. Ranchers make their yearly salary off from their animals, so they are going to do everything in their power to keep those animals healthy. Today, a full-grown beef cow is worth close to $1,700. A rancher's investment in their livestock is long-term, one where they anticipate raising a calf every year, for ten or more years, from that cow. The only way they can make a living is by taking the best care of that livestock because first, it's the right thing to do, and second, it's their responsibility as a steward of the land and their livestock. (Nancy Jo Bateman, Executive Director of the North Dakota Beef Commission)
It's self-evident that in today's world, farmers and ranchers are some of the most well-educated, business-minded, environmentally astute, scientifically grounded men and women you will ever rely on DAILY to supply you with FOOD, FIBER, and FUEL!


A team of international scientists, including Hans Thewissen, an anatomist and paleontologist at the Northeastern Ohio Universities College of Medicine (NEOUCOM), has discovered that the inner ear of whales evolved much more quickly than expected, allowing the animals to become fully aquatic early in their evolution. The team’s research, funded by the National Science Foundation (NSF), shows that the semicircular canals, the organ responsible for balance and located in the inner ear, was adapted to aquatic life approximately 45 million years ago. The discovery will be published in the May 9 issue of the journal Nature.
Cetaceans (whales, dolphins and porpoises) have unique semicircular canals that allow them to be highly acrobatic swimmers without becoming dizzy. By investigating this organ in ancient fossils, the researchers found that early whales acquired this special trait quickly and early on in their evolution. This was a defining event that likely resulted in their total independence of life on land.
“The early evolutionary development of small semicircular canals by cetaceans opened an entirely new mammalian niche for habitation and contributed to the broad diversity of marine living habits that we see in whales today,” said Rich Lane, director of NSF’s paleontology program, which funded the research. “The evolutionary acquisition of such specialized organs or abilities (like the brain and upright walking habit of man) provide mechanisms by which highly evolved organisms dominate in certain environments.”
The semicircular canals sense head movements and this vital information is used to coordinate the body during locomotion. This happens subconsciously, and humans only become aware of an organ of balance when things go wrong, such as during sea sickness, drunkenness and wild roller coaster rides.
The researchers found that in living cetaceans the semicircular canals are much smaller than in any other mammal of the same body size. In fact, the semicircular canals of the huge blue whale are smaller than those of humans. In general, cetaceans are more acrobatic than similarly sized land animals (imagine an elephant making the jumps of a similar-sized whale). This could be the result of the small canals, because the small size makes the canals less sensitive, preventing the animal from becoming dizzy (i.e. experiencing vertigo).
Between 40 and 50 million years ago, early cetaceans evolved from land mammals into swimmers. Over the last decade many new whale fossils have been found which show how this dramatic change happened. Skeletons of the transitional species (“whales with limbs”) demonstrate that they were adept, otter-like swimmers.
Just last year, Thewissen’s discovery of two early whale ancestors showed that the earliest whales were mainly land animals, and resolved a controversy over the relationships of whales, showing that they are most closely related to modern even-toed ungulates (such as pigs, hippos, camels, deer, and sheep) than to an extinct group of meat-eating mammals.
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(Medical Xpress)—Ballet dancers are exposed to a high risk of injury compared to other adolescent athletes, a study shows.
Ballet dancers' bone health is under investigation in an attempt to understand the long associated risk of bone stress injury—responsible for shattering the careers of many talented performers.
Scientists have discovered differences in the brain structure of ballet dancers that may help them avoid feeling dizzy when they perform pirouettes.
Expert ballet dancers seem to glide effortlessly across the stage, but learning the steps is both physically and mentally demanding. New research suggests that dance marking—loosely practicing a routine by "going through ...


Locke and the frontiers of common sense
A good portrait of Locke would require an elaborate background. His is not a figure to stand statuesquely in a void: the pose might not seem grand enough for bronze or marble. Rather he should be painted in the manner of the Dutch masters, in a sunny interior, scrupulously furnished with all the implements of domestic comfort and philosophic enquiry: the Holy Bible open majestically before him, and beside it that other revelation—the terrestrial globe. His hand might be pointing to a microscope set for examining the internal constitution of a beetle: but for the moment his eye should be seen wandering through the open window, to admire the blessings of thrift and liberty manifest in the people so worthily busy in the market-place, wrong as many a monkish notion might be that still troubled their poor heads. From them his enlarged thoughts would easily pass to the stout carved ships in the river beyond, intrepidly setting sail for the Indies, or for savage America. Yes, he too had travelled, and not only in thought. He knew how many strange nations and false religions lodged in this round earth, itself but a speck in the universe. There were few ingenious authors that he had not perused, or philosophical instruments that he had not, as far as possible, examined and tested; and no man better than he could understand and prize the recent discoveries of “the incomparable Mr Newton”. Nevertheless, a certain uneasiness in that spare frame, a certain knitting of the brows in that aquiline countenance, would suggest that in the midst of their earnest eloquence the philosopher’s thoughts might sometimes come to a stand. Indeed, the visible scene did not exhaust the complexity of his problem; for there was also what he called “the scene of ideas”, immaterial and private, but often more crowded and pressing than the public scene. Locke was the father of modern psychology, and the birth of this airy monster, this half-natural changeling, was not altogether easy or fortunate.
I wish my erudition allowed me to fill in this picture as the subject deserves, and to trace home the sources of Locke’s opinions, and their immense influence. Unfortunately, I can consider him—what is hardly fair—only as a pure philosopher: for had Locke’s mind been more profound, it might have been less influential. He was in sympathy with the coming age, and was able to guide it: an age that confided in easy, eloquent reasoning, and proposed to be saved, in this world and the next, with as little philosophy and as little religion as possible. Locke played in the eighteenth century very much the part that fell to Kant in the nineteenth. When quarrelled with, no less than when embraced, his opinions became a point of departure for universal developments. The more we look into the matter,


Racism Free Essay Example
Racism is a problem that still goes on even after the speech Martin Luther King gave about everyone being equal.
It doesn’t matter what color your skin is or where you come from because we are all human. Nobody deserves to be seen as a minority because in reality nobody is perfect.All people are different from another but that doesn’t mean it’s a bad thing to be different. Being different from someone else doesn’t make you any less than that other person because you are still human like everyone else around you. Racism is just another way that people disrespect people without even knowing it. Everyone should be proud for where they come from they shouldn’t feel less because were all human and we are all different in some way.


Deleting files and folders from Windows Explorer is not secure. This will delete only the file’s name so that you will no longer see it in Windows Explorer. To destroy files and folders beyond recovery you must overwrite the file/folder several times with specific patterns before the actual erase. east-tec InvisibleSecrets provides an integrated Shredder (DoD 5220.22-M compliant) for this operation.
Browsing the Net is fun and useful but it leaves traces on your computer and others can see what you used the Internet for. The Internet Traces are the information left on your computer while you browse the Internet: internet cache, cookies, recently typed URLs, Internet Explorer History.
- Internet Cache – represents a collection of files stored on your hard-disk so that you browse faster.
- Internet Cookies – a cookie is a message given to a Web browser by a Web server. The browser stores the message in a text file. The message is then sent back to the server each time the browser requests a page from the server. The main purpose of cookies is to identify users and possibly prepare customized Web pages for them. Unfortunately this destroys your anonymity. Cookies can tell a hacker what sites you visit regularly.
- Recently Typed URLs – the web browser keeps a list of recently typed URLs, so when you start writing an URL already existing in this list, the browser recognises it and you can choose to auto complete it.
- Internet Explorer History – Internet Explorer keeps a history of the visited web sites.
- Most Recently Used Documents / Applications
All of these traces can tell any unexperienced intruder that you visited certain “sensitive” websites. Deleting them is a solution, but an experienced hacker is able to recover them. So they need to be deleted in a secure way. east-tec InvisibleSecrets can help you accomplish this – read how you can Destroy Internet Traces.


A new 'designer carbon' invented by Stanford scientists significantly improved the power delivery rate of this supercapacitor.
"We have developed a 'designer carbon' that is both versatile and controllable," said Zhenan Bao, the senior author of the study and a professor of chemical engineering at Stanford. "Our study shows that this material has exceptional energy-storage capacity, enabling unprecedented performance in lithium-sulfur batteries and supercapacitors."
According to Bao, the new designer carbon represents a dramatic improvement over conventional activated carbon, an inexpensive material widely used in products ranging from water filters and air deodorizers to energy-storage devices.
"A lot of cheap activated carbon is made from coconut shells," Bao said. "To activate the carbon, manufacturers burn the coconut at high temperatures and then chemically treat it."
The activation process creates nanosized holes, or pores, that increase the surface area of the carbon, allowing it to catalyze more chemical reactions and store more electrical charges.
But activated carbon has serious drawbacks, Bao said. For example, there is little interconnectivity between the pores, which limits their ability to transport electricity.
"With activated carbon, there's no way to control pore connectivity," Bao said. "Also, lots of impurities from the coconut shells and other raw starting materials get carried into the carbon. As a refrigerator deodorant, conventional activated carbon is fine, but it doesn't provide high enough performance for electronic devices and energy-storage applications."
Instead of using coconut shells, Bao and her colleagues developed a new way to synthesize high-quality carbon using inexpensive - and uncontaminated - chemicals and polymers.
The process begins with conducting hydrogel, a water-based polymer with a spongy texture similar to soft contact lenses.
"Hydrogel polymers form an interconnected, three-dimensional framework that's ideal for conducting electricity," Bao said. "This framework also contains organic molecules and functional atoms, such as nitrogen, which allow us to tune the electronic properties of the carbon."
For the study, the Stanford team used a mild carbonization and activation process to convert the polymer organic frameworks into nanometer-thick sheets of carbon.
"The carbon sheets form a 3-D network that has good pore connectivity and high electronic conductivity," said graduate student John To, a co-lead author of the study. "We also added potassium hydroxide to chemically activate the carbon sheets and increase their surface area."
The result: designer carbon that can be fine-tuned for a variety of applications.
"We call it designer carbon because we can control its chemical composition, pore size and surface area simply by changing the type of polymers and organic linkers we use, or by adjusting the amount of heat we apply during the fabrication process," To said.
For example, raising the processing temperature from 750 degrees Fahrenheit (400 degrees Celsius) to 1,650 F (900 C) resulted in a 10-fold increase in pore volume.
Subsequent processing produced carbon material with a record-high surface area of 4,073 square meters per gram - the equivalent of three American football fields packed into an ounce of carbon. The maximum surface area achieved with conventional activated carbon is about 3,000 square meters per gram.
"High surface area is essential for many applications, including electrocatalysis, storing energy and capturing carbon dioxide emissions from factories and power plants," Bao said.
To see how the new material performed in real-world conditions, the Stanford team fabricated carbon-coated electrodes and installed them in lithium-sulfur batteries and supercapacitors.
"Supercapacitors are energy-storage devices widely used in transportation and electronics because of their ultra-fast charging and discharging capability," said postdoctoral scholar Zheng Chen, a co-lead author. "For supercapacitors, the ideal carbon material has a high surface area for storing electrical charges, high conductivity for transporting electrons and a suitable pore architecture that allows for the rapid movement of ions from the electrolyte solution to the carbon surface."
In the experiment, a current was applied to supercapacitors equipped with designer-carbon electrodes.
The results were dramatic. Electrical conductivity improved threefold compared to supercapacitor electrodes made of conventional activated carbon.
"We also found that our designer carbon improved the rate of power delivery and the stability of the electrodes," Bao added.
Tests were also conducted on lithium-sulfur batteries, a promising technology with a serious flaw: When lithium and sulfur react, they produce molecules of lithium polysulfide, which can leak from the electrode into the electrolyte and cause the battery to fail.
The Stanford team discovered that electrodes made with designer carbon can trap those pesky polysulfides and improve the battery's performance.
"We can easily design electrodes with very small pores that allow lithium ions to diffuse through the carbon but prevent the polysulfides from leaching out," Bao said. "Our designer carbon is simple to make, relatively cheap and meets all of the critical requirements for high-performance electrodes."


Mount Desert Island
Mount Desert Island (dĭzûrtˈ) [key], c.100 sq mi (260 sq km), largest island off the coast of Maine; separated from the mainland by Frenchman Bay, Mt. Desert Narrows, and Western Bay. The island's rugged topography is a result of glacial action. It is almost equally divided into east and west halves by Somes Sound. A chain of rounded granite peaks dominates the island, culminating in Cadillac Mt. (1,532 ft/467 m high). The peaks were named Monts Deserts, meaning "wilderness mountains," by the French explorer Samuel de Champlain, who landed on the island in 1604. The first French Jesuit mission and colony in America was established there in 1613; the first permanent English settlement began in 1762. The island developed as a fishing and lumbering center, and by the end of the 19th cent. it had become a famous resort area. A forest fire in 1947 damaged much of the eastern half of the island. The main towns are Bar Harbor, whose downtown and coastline homes were spared by the fire; Southwest Harbor, which manufactures yachts; Northeast Harbor; and Bass Harbor, a fishing community. The major part of the island is in Acadia National Park.
More on Mount Desert Island from Fact Monster:
See more Encyclopedia articles on: U.S. Physical Geography


Sintering in the Powder Metallurgy Process
Sintering is a heat treatment applied to a powder compact in order to impart strength and integrity. The temperature used for sintering is below the melting point of the major constituent of the Powder Metallurgy material. After compaction, neighbouring powder particles are held together by cold welds, which give the compact sufficient green
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Fundamentals of Growing Dahlias The American Dahlia Society
Put the tuber in a hole several inches deep with the eye (fig 5) on the tuber facing up. The eye is the point on the shoulder, or crown, of the tuber from which the plant grows. If you are planting a number of dahlias in the same location, they should be separated by about 2 feet to give each plant room to grow.
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Sinter Machine - an overview ScienceDirect Topics
Apr 02, 2011· The conventional process for smelting lead involves roasting a mixture of lead sulfide concentrate and flux on a sinter machine, followed by blast furnace smelting. Environmental and energy considerations have prompted studies of a more direct route, a so-called direct smelting process.
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RMHS Manual 2.1
Feb 22, 2016· So effectively, there are three ways of transferring sinter from the Sinter Plant to the BF stock house Direct, Semi-direct and Indirect. 90. From Sinter Plant Sinter is taken up at the exit of Sinter Plant by conveyor SC 1. Thereafter the sinter travels to the junction house SJ
Pyrometallurgy - an overview ScienceDirect Topics
Base Metals Operations process by-products from the PMO, including Lead blast furnace, lead refinery, and special metals plant; Offgas emission control system is installed at the IsaSmelt furnace. Recovering both base metals, precious metals and special metals such as Sb, Bi, Sn, Se, Te, In [10,31,32] Full-scale trial at Umicores smelter
Sintering Plant Cooling Drum For Sale
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Chandrahas Khute (1800+) - AVP, Sinter, Pellet and FAD
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12.6 Primary Lead Smelting
The processing of lead concentrate into metallurgical lead involves 3 major steps: sintering, reduction, and refining. A diagram of a typical facility, with particle and gaseous emission sources indicated, is shown in Figure 12.6-1. 220.127.116.11 Sintering - The primary purpose of the sinter machine is the reduction of sulfur content of the feed
Sinter Plant Operation
Table of ContentsProcess Control of Sintering PlantOxide Use in SinteringEnergy Savings of the Sintering Process The sintering process for the preparation of raw materials to be fed to the Imperial Smelting Furnace (I.S.F.) is rather diversified in its characteristics. In comparison to the other preparation process for zinc extraction, i.e., fluidized bed roasting, the sintering process
Appendix A.2 Emission factors for particles from
lead casting 0.44 ore mixing and pelletizing 1.13 reverberatory furnace leakage 1.50 silver retort building 0.90 sinter crushing, screening, discharge 0.75 sinter machine leakage 0.34 sinter transfer to dump 0.10 slag cooling 0.24 zinc fuming furnace vents 2.30 ore crushing 1.00 sintering (updraft) 106.50 secondary copper smelting cupola
Multi-objective Optimization of Integrated Iron Ore
Mar 20, 2020· The steps involved in the iron ore sintering process is shown in Fig. 1.Various raw materials used in sintering viz. iron ore fines, fluxes, solid fuel and steel plant reverts are blended in a specific proportion as per the desired chemical composition of sinter and stockpiled in an open yard.
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US4372782A - Recovery of lead and silver from minerals and
Residues containing lead as lead sulphate and silver in the form of native silver or silver chloride, sulfide or sulphate, as well as silver complexes with other metals, and resulting from the roasting and leaching of sulfide concentrates containing lead, zinc, copper, and silver are treated to produce a high grade lead and silver product containing lead predominantly as calcium plumbate in a
Sinter Machine - an overview ScienceDirect Topics
Apr 02, 2011· A.E. Morris, M. Wadsley, in Encyclopedia of Materials: Science and Technology, 2001 4.1 Smelting of Lead. The conventional process for smelting lead involves roasting a mixture of lead sulfide concentrate and flux on a sinter machine, followed by blast furnace smelting.Environmental and energy considerations have prompted studies of a more direct route, a so-called direct smelting process.
Case Study: Filtering Lead/Sulfur in Sinter Furnace using
Nov 08, 2019· The sinter furnace is working with galena, a lead/sulfur compound, which releases significant amounts of SOx during the sinter process. Most of this goes to an acid plant, but significant amounts leak into the baghouse system, creating a chemically aggressive environment. Various compounds in the feed stocks to the sinter furnace create lead
Iron processing Britannica
Iron processing, use of a smelting process to turn the ore into a form from which products can be fashioned.Included in this article also is a discussion of the mining of iron and of its preparation for smelting. Iron (Fe) is a relatively dense metal with a silvery white appearance and distinctive magnetic properties. It constitutes 5 percent by weight of the Earths crust, and it is the
(PDF) Lead Extraction : Sinter Plant-Blast Furnace
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Sinter plant ESP dust 8 Sinter plant air borne dust 0.3 BF slag 375 B F sludge 5 Flue dust 15 B F gas 1900 L D slag 180 L D sludge 12 L D slopping , 5 L D quarry 2.5 Ladle quarry 3.5 L D gas 75 Sec. steelmaking slag l0 Mill scale 20 Characteristics The wastes are characterised by their physical, chemical and high temperature
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Oct 12, 2015· It can be reused in sintering plants or, if the metal content is sufficient, may be sold as a raw material elsewhere8 . The remaining liquid leaves the process as waste treatment plant sludge6-7 . As the waste results in a small portion of pollution produced by steelmaking, pollution prevention and process modification opportunities are not a
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SP (SINTER PLANT) BF (BLAST FURNACE) SMS (STEEL MELTING PLANT) ROLLING MILLS RS & RS (ROLL SHOP & REPAIR SHOP) TPP (TERMAL POWER PLANT) RMHP (RAW MATERIAL HANDLING PLANT): VSP annually requires quality materials like iron ore, fluxes, coking & non coking coals etc for the production of 3 MT of steel using 12-13 MT of raw materials.
Zinc and Lead - Glencore
The CEZinc Refinery in Salaberry-de-Valleyfield, Quebec is the second largest zinc refinery in North America. CEZinc has been an important part of the community since 1963 and employs 574 people. Glencore manages the facility and has a 25% ownership in the plant through a
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Zinc processing - The zinc-lead blast furnace Britannica
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(PDF) Behavior of As and Sb in Hoboken Lead Sinter
Products have included high- and low-lime plant sinter, return sinter and products of their degradation. The main lead carriers are the oxides, minor ones being a sulphate and a silicate.
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Sinter Plant Atibir Industries Company Limited Steel
Sinter plant: 2*30 sq.m with production capacity of 0.3 MTPA. Sinter plants agglomerate iron ore fines (dust) with other fine materials at high temperature, to create a product that can be used in a blast furnace. The final product, a sinter, is a small, irregular nodule of
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Sinter Plant Building would prove to be the most tricky to accurately characterize. Flows from the Sinter Machine and the Sinter Plant Combination Trail experience great variations of temperature especially during periods of transition from Sinter thoughput to Sinter machine non operation making the establishment of a flow rate based upon an
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More than a century and a half after the first rugby club in Asia was established in the city, Yokohama is keen to promote the role it played in growing the sport in Japan while welcoming fans from around the world as one of the host cities for the 2019 World Cup.
Now a heaving metropolis indistinguishable from greater Tokyo, Yokohama was once a small fishing village about 30 kilometers west of the Japanese capital.
(An undated photo of the Yokohama Country and Athletic Club rugby team)
[Photo courtesy of Yokohama Country and Athletic Club]
Despite this humble history, the city played an integral role in the introduction of foreign sports to Japan when it was forced to open its port to the world in 1859 under pressure from western trading powers such as the United States, Britain and France.
British merchants who arrived mainly via China introduced cricket, tennis and "football", later called rugby, after the feudal Tokugawa shogunate allowed them to establish a settlement in the area following the opening of the port.
In 1868, Scottish merchant James Pender Mollison founded the Yokohama Cricket Club. That year, the Meiji Restoration occurred in Japan, considered as an epoch-setting power reversion from Tokugawa to the emperor.
Other sports clubs were established, including the Yokohama Amateur Athletic Club in 1873 and the Yokohama Baseball Club in 1875. The clubs merged with YCC in 1884 and YCC changed its name to the Yokohama Country and Athletic Club (YC&AC) in 1912, according to research by Englishman Mike Galbraith, the club's historian.
(An illustration of a rugby match in Yokohama depicted in the Graphic magazine in 1874)
[Photo courtesy of Yokohama Country and Athletic Club]
Rugby in Japan was initially believed to have been introduced to Japan in 1899 when English lecturer Edward Bramwell Clarke and his friend Ginnosuke Tanaka, a Cambridge graduate, taught the sport to students at Keio University and oversaw the first match between Keio and the Yokohama-based foreign club in 1901. But the history was later revised.
After traveling in India and many Asian countries for years, Galbraith arrived in Tokyo in 1973 and soon joined the rugby club.
Now 71, Galbraith began researching the sport's history in Japan while organizing a tour to watch the first Rugby World Cup in Australia and New Zealand in 1987.
In 2009, Galbraith found documentary evidence that showed the establishment of the first football club in Yokohama as early as 1866.
An article dated Jan. 26, 1866, titled "Yokohama Foot Ball Club" from the then Yokohama-based Japan Times, describes a meeting held to organize the club and elect five members to its committee, including Lord Walter Talbot Kerr, an officer of the Royal Navy stationed in Yokohama at the time.
Until the rugby football union was formed in Britain in 1871 and adopted unified rules, football was the word used for rugby. Yokohama Football Club was consolidated with Yokohama Cricket Club in 1884 with the other two sports clubs, Galbraith said.
"The football club set up in Yokohama was one of the oldest rugby teams outside Britain," he added.
He also pointed out that the presence of about 1,500 British troops in Yokohama in the 1860s played a crucial role. The troops were stationed in the area in the wake of the 1862 Namamugi Incident, an episode that is considered as pivotal in the process Japan underwent in opening up to the outside world.
In the fabled Namamugi Incident, British merchant Charles Richardson, who was visiting Japan from Shanghai, was attacked and mortally wounded by a cadre of sword-wielding samurai who took umbrage at Richardson and his fellow travelers for refusing to dismount from their horses when they came across a highly-ranked samurai and his entourage on a road in Namamugi village.
The young British officers were sent to Yokohama from 1864 to protect the foreign community in the port city, many of whom had been educated at Rugby School, where the sport was born in 1823 with rules similar to those now used, according to Galbraith's research.
"They should have had enough time to play the sport in their idle time in a mild winter climate in Yokohama," Galbraith said.
In 2015, the World Rugby Museum in Twickenham, England, recognized Galbraith's claim that the founding of Yokohama Foot Ball Club in January 1866 makes it the oldest in Asia.
"Yokohama played a unique role in the development of rugby in Japan. Regarding the final match (of the 2019 World Cup) here, it is good for Yokohama, but I feel Yokohama somehow lost its sports history," said Galbraith.
The International Stadium Yokohama, better known as Nissan Stadium, will host seven World Cup matches this fall featuring many of the world's best teams, including former World Cup winners South Africa, New Zealand and England. It will also hold the final on Nov. 2.
(A rugby match at the Yokohama Country and Athletic Club in Yokohama on March 21, 2019.)
"Every major sport started in Yokohama. The city government should do more to promote and leverage its sports history. I hope the world will begin to understand the history of rugby in Japan," said Galbraith.
The rugby football union of Kanagawa Prefecture, which covers Yokohama, is now preparing to build a memorial to honor the legacy of the sport in the city.
The memorial is expected to open to the public at a park in the city's famous Chinatown in late July, 100 days before the curtain-closer.
"I am impressed that the birthplace of rugby in Japan will host the final match of the first RWC in Asia. The history of rugby in this city is connected to the current big event," said Makoto Tsunoda, secretary general of the prefecture's rugby football union.
YC&AC, inheriting a legacy from Yokohama Foot Ball Club, has now around 700 members from 38 countries.
The club has taken pride in contributing to the Japanese rugby community for over 150 years, providing opportunities for foreign residents to play the game and Japanese players to size themselves up against visiting foreign teams.
Sadao Hosogai, who became the first Japanese chairman of the YC&AC last May, said, "I am expecting the history of our club may draw much more attention toward the final match of the RWC in Yokohama."
More on Rugby World Cup 2019:


Paper, 183 pp., $22.95
This guide to gardening is keyed to the Florida climate, one that will keep dedicated gardeners busy all year long. After providing the fundamentals on plant culture for the region, author Lynette Walther turns to some of the challenges, such as weeds, insects, and diseases, as well as the extreme conditions that must be considered. The book is filled with ideas. Walther's theme is to encourage those with little time to seek respite in the garden through thoughtful planning as well as selecting appropriate plants.
— Marilyn K. Alaimo, garden writer and volunteer, Chicago Botanic Garden


You've planted, you've pruned, you've fertilized and fretted. Your trees are finally flowering and ready to produce fruit. But you're not the only one with eyes on your cherries, apples and pears. Bird damage can severely limit your harvest and leave you with mutilated, inedible fruit. To protect your trees, take steps to protect your fruit early in the growing season. Use a variety of deterrents to scare off the widest variety of birds and keep bolder species from growing accustomed to your tactics.
Share. This is the easiest method, requiring little more than an expansive attitude. Unfortunately, birds may take advantage and wipe out your entire harvest without the least bit of gratitude.
Offer an alternative. Mulberries are very attractive to birds, and they may favor it over your other trees. Tough and attractive, mulberries start to fruit at a young age. There are several varieties available for use in all parts of the U.S. Mulberries range in size from 30 to 75 feet.
Scare them with shiny things. Strung through tree branches, Mylar ribbon twists in the breeze and reflects light, startling birds. Hanging aluminum pie pans and balloons with holographic "eyes" have the same effect. These devices must be moved regularly or birds will begin to ignore them.
Use noisemakers and distress call recordings. Commercial fruit growers employ propane-powered cannons to create loud, explosive sounds. Inappropriate in all but the most remote gardens, similar results are possible with portable radios, motion-activated recordings of barking dogs and wind chimes.
Consider an electronic distress call device. Mimicking the cries of an injured bird, it encourages birds of the same species to stay away. Hawks and other raptors are attracted to these sounds, eager for an easy meal. These circling predators are an excellent deterrent.
Cover the trees. Bird netting can be draped over trees and secured to the trunk. Use a 5/8-inch weave and be sure to check it daily because birds can and do get caught in the mesh.


Joint Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs, Defence
India's Transition from a Closed to an Open Economy
A moment comes, which comes but rarely in history, when we step out from the old to the new, when an age ends, and when the soul of a nation, long suppressed, finds utterance.
1.1 These are the words of Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, the first Prime Minister of India, in his speech marking the Independence of India on 14 August 1947. These words still hold true today as India moves onto the global scene and is making its presence felt as an emerging economic power.
History Since Independence
1.2 When India achieved its independence in 1947, it was 'the beginning - not the end - of a period of nation-building'.1 India was determined to definitively break away from the imperialist influences of its former coloniser, the United Kingdom.
1.3 Prime Minister Nehru, 'armed with socialist faith in an interventionist state and an aristocratic disdain for consumerism, tried to transform India into a giant of heavy industry'.2 India embarked on a program, combining a non-aligned movement and a socialist, centrally planned economy. This program was seen as a compromise between the extremes of capitalism and communism, combining the better elements of the West's democratic framework with the economic planning of China and the USSR. The resulting doctrine was broadly regarded as 'economic socialism'.3
Non-Aligned Movement (NAM)
1.4 During the Cold War, the globe was separated into two main trading blocs or superpowers. The non-aligned movement (NAM) was supported by nations not willing to commit wholly to one power or the other. India sought to identify a 'third way' in which to pursue relations with the rest of the world.4 An Asian-African Conference (representatives from 29 Asian and African countries) at Bandung, Indonesia, in April 1955 eventually led to the First NAM Summit in Belgrade in 1961. The majority of countries involved in the NAM shared a desire to escape colonial domination.
1.5 India was a co-founder of the NAM and has played an influential role since then. Involvement with the NAM was a recognition that India needed good relations with as many nations as possible. Relationships solely with either East or West did not serve India's national interest. With the establishment of the NAM, India did not have to face the ideological battles with the West, as presented by the threat of Americanisation of culture, nor did it have to rely solely on the economic stability of the USSR, which was becoming increasingly isolated from the West during the Cold War period.
1.6 Nehru's strategy to keep India non-aligned helped accelerate economic development, as India received substantial aid from both sides during the Cold War; the USSR and Eastern Europe contributed almost as much in capital goods and technical assistance as did the United States, Great Britain and West Germany.
Centrally Planned Economy
1.7 Under economic socialism, India (like China and the USSR) identified industrialisation as the key to economic growth. The implementation of socialist-styled five year plans and the centralisation of industry began. India's first Five Year Plan began in 1951; the eighth ran from 1992-1997.5 The early five year plans followed policies of promoting import substitution, extensive state ownership of production and complex controls and regulations governing the private sector.6 The Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (DFAT) commented that:
The size of the Indian economy, and the philosophical underpinnings of the industrial policy that there was a significant role for State intervention in ensuring a fair distribution of wealth, meant that the process was government-driven and controlled.7
1.8 Despite the regulatory constraints on local business, a negligible level of foreign investment and lack of international competition, India managed to sustain a growth rate of 4 percent per annum from 1960 to 1990. This may have been due largely to industrialisation policies and the 'green revolution'.8 The fundamental premise was that:
... growth should be accompanied by social justice and this should be achieved in a way that made India self-sufficient... . [Eventually] imports were severely controlled and were subject in many cases to quantitative restrictions, and in all cases to very high tariffs, which, at their peak, had reached a maximum level of 350%.9
1.9 Between 1951 and 1993, India's share of world trade plunged from 2.4 to 0.5 percent owing to Nehru's reliance on central planning as an economic policy.10 This highly regulated, over-bureaucratised system severely inhibited competition, innovation, efficiency and economic growth. Trade policies were designed to protect local industries from external competition through high subsidies and tariffs.
1.10 As well as decreasing levels of trade participation with countries other than the USSR, India had become increasingly reliant on the USSR for technological and capital inputs. Moreover, according to DFAT:
... investment in social infrastructure (particularly education) suffered partly as a result of India's need, as ostensibly a non-aligned state with hostile neighbours, to spend a considerable proportion of its revenues on defence equipment.11
Crisis for the Indian Economy
1.11 Heavier reliance by India on the economic health of the USSR meant that its demise was disastrous for India. India had already begun the slow process of implementing structural reform before the dismantling of the East European socialist economies.12 The reform process had resulted from the recognition that policies since Independence had become outmoded and the internal economy needed intensive restructuring and a massive injection of capital. The bankruptcy of the USSR, combined with other international economic and political crises such as the Gulf Oil Shock and the increasing reliance of India on foreign borrowings resulted in a major short term balance of payments crisis in 1990-1991.13
Balance of Payments Crisis
1.12 India was forced to confront the severity of its economic problems when, at one stage in 1991, it was left with enough currency reserves to cover around two weeks of imports (around $1 billion). Inflation soared to 17 percent per annum. Industrial production was falling and overall economic growth had declined to 0.9 percent.14
1.13 The 1991 balance of payments crisis led to India's 'plunge into structural reforms'.15 Structural adjustment programs and loans were arranged through the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank. The Indian Government was forced to review its trade policies to allow more foreign investment and reduce trade restrictions so that India's economy could be restored to its former level. Import tariffs underwent significant reductions and import/export licensing system procedures were simplified. The opening up of capital markets to include more foreign participation has allowed Australia's entrance into otherwise untapped markets.
Managing Change from a Closed to an Open Economy
1.14 The Indian economy has responded vigorously to a program of stabilisation and reform measures started in 1992.16 The Indian Government took drastic action including devaluation, the imposition of higher interest rates, fiscal and monetary restraint and import compression.17 In succeeding budgets long term measures were introduced which removed the protection for Indian industry and commerce from international competition. The reforms that were introduced are addressed in Chapter 3 of the report.
1.15 An indication of the success of these reforms is given by the change in India's current account deficit. In 1991 it had risen to 3.3 percent of Gross Domestic Product (GDP); by 1993 it had fallen to 1.8 percent, and by 1995 to 0.6 percent. The Committee heard from Professor Mayer that it was also important to realise that economic reforms occur gradually; they are 'not always as speedy as outsiders would wish and that is not unexpected'.18 Professor Mayer stated that the trade and tariff frameworks that were set up to protect the Indian economy have begun to be wound back, but that the process is occurring 'layer by layer, strand by strand; it is not a big bang sort of thing'.19 The Committee understands that the number of tariff bands is high, some 22 ranging from 0 to 260 percent.
1.16 From 1991 until it was voted out of power in May 1996, Prime Minister Narasimha Rao's Congress Government developed and implemented a strategy which aimed to transform India's economy from an inward-looking and protectionist one, to one fully integrated in the world trading system.20 The process continued under subsequent Prime Ministers Gowda and Gujral and there were concerns that the recent election of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) to power in India would threaten the reform process. This does not appear to be the case. The present Government's approach to economic liberalisation is discussed in Chapter 3.
Increasing Middle Class
1.17 The growth in India's economy has fostered the emergence of a sizeable middle class. The Australia South Asia Research Centre (ASARC), Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies at the Australian National University (ANU) points out that much of the market potential in India lies in its consumer market, which is seen to have immense potential. Although the size and growth are debated, it is accepted that India's middle class will determine the consumer potential for India. At this stage of Indian development, the middle class is predominantly rural and it is argued that this market potential has scarcely been tapped.21 ASARC suggests that although consumption of some trade items has increased rapidly, a large gap exists between actual and potential consumption:
Statistics reveal a high level of aspiration, a fast changing pattern of consumption, and a higher level of penetration at these lower income levels than would be expected. India is currently in the throes of a boom for consumer products. It is leading to the emergence of new values in consumption and in new aspirations.22
1.18 Although it is widely recognised that the market is substantial and growing, DFAT suggests it is probably only the upper middle class (of approximately 30 million people) that could be regarded as affluent enough to 'fuel growth and demand for imports'.23 The nature and extent of the Indian middle class as a potential market are discussed in Chapter 3.
The Role of States
1.19 There are different political parties in power across the 26 states in India, with a wide range of differing economic priorities.24 At the state level, economic liberalisation has meant the freeing up of the states from central control over heavy and medium industry. The South Asia Research Unit (SARU) suggests that prior to major economic reforms being implemented, the Central Government 'had the power to approve of domestic and foreign economic investment decisions as to the location of heavy and medium industry'. SARU states that with this power, the Central Government could bolster the economies of some of the more backward states, and in practice, used 'pork barrelling' to buy political support at the state level.25
1.20 Under the new economic policies of liberalisation, states now have more control and responsibility for economic planning and have been seeking foreign investment independently. While liberalisation has removed a significant number of trade barriers, it has also meant that states are becoming increasingly competitive for development and investment opportunities. SARU points to a case study of West Bengal to demonstrate that 'the process of economic liberalisation needs to be understood in the context of centre/state relations and politics at the state level'.26 It has also been suggested that the rise of regional political parties has reinforced the tendency for State Governments to lead liberalisation reforms.27 The Committee understands that where economic liberalisation has produced the most inequality and hardship, (usually in the economically backward states), incidences of sectoral violence, division and conflict have increased.28
1.21 Despite numerous risks resulting from increased competition between states, it has been put to the Committee that such competition will ensure that the process of reform is sustained. States are aware that their continued development will depend upon their success in attracting investment. It is this state-level force for reform that should ensure the continuation of policies of economic liberalisation.29 Professor Mayer suggests that Indian states' mounting budget deficits and increasing interest payments have led to a greater reliance on borrowing funds, in turn adding to the burden of interest repayments.
1.22 It was suggested by Kinhill that the liberalisation process has affected different states very differently.30 It appears that some liberalisation policies have not filtered so far into existing systems as to make businesses fully effective.31 The Committee understands that many Indian states remain unknown quantities in terms of their business orientations and investment profiles, and the potential for foreign investment opportunities. The Far Eastern Economic Review notes that since 1991, the states to attract the most investment are Maharashtra, Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh.32 A recent Goldman Sachs study on structural reform in Indian notes that:
The pace and extent of reform are directly proportional to the responsiveness of the bureaucracy and the degree to which the state's regulatory and political environment are seen as investor-friendly.33
1.23 The liberalisation of otherwise restricted areas of India's global economy is largely motivated by the country's new policy of 'globalisation'34 which aims to upgrade technology and infrastructure to enable India to increase its competitiveness to that of world standards. Sandy Gordon's article, which examines global and economic reform in India, suggests that globalisation has shaped a new, more pragmatic and expansive Indian foreign policy and highlights a new determination on India's part to successfully 'play... in the global game'.35
1.24 It should be realised however, that India has not 'cut itself adrift from its past, magically, ... and has fully embraced a Western capitalistic view of the world'.36 The Indian Ocean Centre (IOC) stated that the arms trade between India and Russia is still 'alive and well'.37 Further, the Committee accepts that:
... economic diplomacy is still being integrated into India's foreign policy and old relationships are hard to re-orientate. This can be seen in India's continuing commitment to the NAM, and in the 1993 signing of a new Treaty of Peace and Friendship with Russia.38
1.25 The breakup of the USSR and the rise of economic liberalisation within India has changed its trading pattern dramatically. Less dramatic but still significant is India's trade with Indian Ocean countries. As ASARC suggests, 'much groundwork has recently been laid for the encouragement of linkages through the creation of regional cooperative processes'.39 Improvements in regional bilateral and multilateral trade have been partly due to India's commitment to a 'Look East' policy, embarked on by the Rao Government.
1.26 While this Chapter has outlined India's transition from a closed to an open economy, issues such as regional linkages will be discussed in Chapter 8. The Committee understands that:
The 'new' India is rapidly shedding its old image of an autarchic, self-reliant, closed economy, largely independent of the world economy. In expanding its economic engagement internationally, India is emerging with prospects of becoming one of the world's economic superpowers early in the 21st century.40
DFAT Submission, p. S 721.
Thakur, R. 'India in the World: Neither Rich, Powerful nor Principled' in Foreign Affairs
v.76 (4), July 1997, p. 15.
DFAT Submission, op. cit.
ANZ Banking Group Submission, p. S 798.
DFAT Submission, p. S 721.
IOC Submission, p. S 224.
10. India's Economy at the Midnight Hour: Australia's India Strategy
, report of the East Asia Analytical Unit, Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, Commonwealth of Australia, 1994, p. 10.
DFAT Submission, pp. S 721-22.
Previous bouts of reform did not change the essential orientation of the economy. From 1985, Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi reduced trade entry barriers in some sectors, recognised that most public sector enterprises were unprofitable and acknowledged that the 'license raj' system of controls was stifling economic development.
DFAT Submission, p. S 734.
Exhibit No. 74.
Mayer Submission, p. S 369.
ASARC Submission, p. S 119.
SARU Submission, p. S 481.
Mayer Transcript, p. 419.
DFAT Submission, p. S 734.
ASARC Submission, p. S 123.
DFAT Submission, p. S 724.
For instance the BJP is the ruling party in Gujarat, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh & New Delhi; Shiv Sena/BJP is in power in Maharashtra; the Telugu Desam Party is in power in Andhra Pradesh; the Congress Party is in power in Goa, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa, Naga & Mizoram, and the Communist Party of India is in power in West Bengal.
SARU Submission, p. S 485.
ibid. p. S 491.
27. Far Eastern Economic Review
, 'Investment - Rajasthan Inc.' by Henry Sender, 9 April 1998, p. 58.
SARU Transcript, pp. 489-490. For examples of discussion of states competing for investment, see SARU Submission, pp. S 486-491; Austrade Transcript, pp. 264-265. See also SARU Transcript, pp.483-484.
See Mayer Submission, pp. S 370-372. See also SARU Transcript, p. 484.
Kinhill Transcript, pp. 410-412.
See also West Transcript, p. 53, which mentions varying degrees of State Government bureaucracies' commitment to economic liberalisation and reforms.
32. Far Eastern Economic Review
, 9 April 1998, op. cit. Maharashtra
is the most industrialised state in the Union and accounts for 23 percent of the country's total industrial output. Gujarat
has emerged as one of the leading industrialised states in India with a highly diversified industrial base. Tamil Nadu
is one of the most industrialised states of the Indian Union and is well connected with the rest of the country by rail, road and air. Karnataka
is one of the most highly industrialised states and is very investor friendly. Andhra Pradesh
is the granary of southern India, has a diversified industrial sector and the Telugu Desam Party is committed to carrying forward the economic reforms and extending all possible assistance to promote private investment.
The term 'globalisation' is defined as the trend for trade, finance and industry to assume a global (as distinct from a regional or national) dimension.
Gordon, S. 'Globalisation and Economic Reform in India', in Australian Journal of International Affairs
v. 51, no. 1, 1997, p. 75. Sandy Gordon was formerly with the Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University.
IOC Transcript, p. 491.
ibid. p. 492.
DFAT Submission, p. S 770.
ASARC Submission, p. S 101.
ibid. p. S 113.
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