Expansive Soil and Expansive Clay
The hidden force behind basement and foundation problems
What is an "Expansive Soil"?
Cracked foundations, floors and basement walls are typical types of damage done by swelling soils. Damage to the upper floors of the building can occur when motion in the structure is significant.
Expansive soils will also shrink when they dry out. This shrinkage can remove support from buildings or other structures and result in damaging subsidence. Fissures in the soil can also develop. These fissures can facilitate the deep penetration of water when moist conditions or runoff occurs. This produces a cycle of shrinkage and swelling that places repetitive stress on structures.
How Many Buildings are at Risk?
Even though expansive soils cause enormous amounts of damage most people have never heard of them. This is because their damage is done slowly and can not be attributed to a specific event. The damage done by expansive soils is then attributed to poor construction practices or a misconception that all buildings experience this type of damage as they age.
Expandable, Shrink-Swell, Heavable Soils?
Expansive Soils Map
How to Interpret the Map
All construction projects should include a soil analysis to identify the types of soil present and determine their expansive properties. Local occurrences of expansive soils can be found in all of the soil categories shown on this map.
Why Do These Soils Expand?
Changes in Moisture Content Trigger Damage
The Bottom Line
- Testing to identify any problems
- Design to minimize moisture content changes and insulate from soil volume changes
- Build in a way that will not change the conditions of the soil
- Maintain a constant moisture environment after construction


Gilt-bronze Buddha statue recovered in South Korea
A Buddha statue, presumed to date back to the ninth century, has been found in Korea in what archeologists say may be an important new discovery to understanding ancient Buddhist art.
The gilt bronze statue, measuring over 50 centimeters in height, was discovered at a temple site in Yangyang, Gangwon Province, where a stone pagoda and other Buddhist relics had earlier been uncovered.
“According to experts who were called upon to check the new discovery at the excavation site this afternoon, the relic seems to be the largest of such kind from the Unified Silla period (668―935) and hold high value both artistically and historically,” an official at the Cultural Heritage Administration was quoted as saying by the Yonhap news agency.
Preserved in relatively good condition compared to other statues from the period, the statue will have to be examined by researchers in the coming months, but experts predicted it could become a national treasure.
By Lee Sun-young, The Korea Herald


Old Testament Essays
versão On-line ISSN 2312-3621
versão impressa ISSN 1010-9919
DEYSEL, L. C. F.. King lists and genealogies in the Hebrew Bible and in Southern Africa. Old testam. essays [online]. 2009, vol.22, n.3, pp.564-579. ISSN 2312-3621.
King lists and genealogies are used in this article as a point of reference from which to consider similarities between the histori-ographical perspectives of early Israel and traditional Africa, with special reference to the Lemba people of Southern Africa. Several Lemba king lists / clan lists and genealogies are examined, and compared with similar texts from the Hebrew Bible. Interesting findings include the unusual brevity of the Lemba genealogies in comparison with both Ancient Near Eastern and other African genealogies, and a cultural paradigm occurring both in Genesis and in Lemba texts, where the heir to a father's leadership is not his oldest son but rather the son of the pre-eminent wife.


Italian Prisoners of WarPrint Page
Memorial cairn and monument to Italian Prisoners of War (POW's) who died in P.O.W. camps .
The Italiam Prisoners of War took no part in the Cowra breakout and willingly worked in the area.
During World War Two at Britain's request , Australia agreed to take 18,000 Italian prisoners of war and the Cowra Camp (one of 28 in Australia) featured prominently by housing 2,000 of these at any one time. The overall numbers that went through Cowra may never be known but it is estimated at 4,000.
The Italians arrived in 1943 and onward and were housed in compounds A and C with approximately 1000 in each. It soon became apparent that many of these Italians were easy going and just wanted to work hard and see their time out. A number of them were trusted individuals who were able to drive vehicles and work on farms or do labouring work away from the camp. Many were allocated and stayed on surrounding farms.
|Address:||Sakura Avenue & Farm Road, Cowra, 2794|
|GPS Coordinates:||Lat: -33.811621|
Note: GPS Coordinates are approximate.
|Actual Event STart Date:||03-September-1939|
|Actual Event End Date:||15-August-1945|
LEST WE FORGET
CAMPI DI PRIGONIA
TUTTI LE GUERRE
TUTTI LE NAZIONI
(And Donated By Cowra Shire Council)
This monument has been erected
by the Italian community in Australia
to the memory of the Italian Prisoners
of War who died in P.O.W. camps
and to those of all nations who have
fallen in times of war
LEST WE FORGET


- freely available
The Role of Advanced Sensing in Smart Cities
AbstractIn a world where resources are scarce and urban areas consume the vast majority of these resources, it is vital to make cities greener and more sustainable. Advanced systems to improve and automate processes within a city will play a leading role in smart cities. From smart design of buildings, which capture rain water for later use, to intelligent control systems, which can monitor infrastructures autonomously, the possible improvements enabled by sensing technologies are immense. Ubiquitous sensing poses numerous challenges, which are of a technological or social nature. This paper presents an overview of the state of the art with regards to sensing in smart cities. Topics include sensing applications in smart cities, sensing platforms and technical challenges associated with these technologies. In an effort to provide a holistic view of how sensing technologies play a role in smart cities, a range of applications and technical challenges associated with these applications are discussed. As some of these applications and technologies belong to different disciplines, the material presented in this paper attempts to bridge these to provide a broad overview, which can be of help to researchers and developers in understanding how advanced sensing can play a role in smart cities.
Share & Cite This Article
Hancke, G.P.; Silva, B.C.; Hancke, Jr., G.P. The Role of Advanced Sensing in Smart Cities. Sensors 2013, 13, 393-425.View more citation formats
Hancke GP, Silva BC, Hancke, Jr. GP. The Role of Advanced Sensing in Smart Cities. Sensors. 2013; 13(1):393-425.Chicago/Turabian Style
Hancke, Gerhard P.; Silva, Bruno C.; Hancke, Jr., Gerhard P. 2013. "The Role of Advanced Sensing in Smart Cities." Sensors 13, no. 1: 393-425.
Notes: Multiple requests from the same IP address are counted as one view.


Discover the history of the Roman Empire, how Rome became Caput Mundi and what happened that caused its decline
Augusto, Caesar's young nephew inherited this heavy legacy, after 17 years of civil war he was able to re-establish peace within the empire. He re-introduced the republic which in reality had absolute power. During his 41 year reign (27 BC - 14 AD), Augusto created the foundations for a government for the whole of the empire. This was the start of the era of the Roman empire and today his government is seen as the beginning of the golden age of the history of Rome.
Augusto conquered the people of the Alps, secured the frontiers, established peace between the provinces and sanctioned necessary administrative reform. Large- scale construction projects within the empires territory, which divided Rome into 14 departments and launched ample political construction that brought new beauty to the city and served to glorify the new prince and his family.
Also the introduction of a programme of religious reform to re-establish antique cults and the restoration of temples. Under Augusto's government saw the blooming of the arts, literature and sciences. The birth of a new symbolic language that drowns it's origins in classical Greek arts and distances away from Hellenic influence.
After his death, Augustus was deified by the senate which resulted in the cult of imperialism which united Italy and it's provinces with the empire. With loyalty to the dynasty in order to guarantee peace within the empire. During the following two centuries, Augusto's successors continued the expansion of the Roman Empire, and its history saw the strengthening of the empire, that already contained vast parts of Europe, North Africa, and Asia. Rome became the ‘caput mundi'. Trade and the taxes that arrive from all provinces bring with them great wealth, very much welcomed from the emperors.
Most of the antique construction still visible today emerges from the first two centuries, the era of grand urban projects. Namely: Nero's Domus Aurea, the coliseum and the imperial palace constructed by Flavi on the palatine, the forum and it's markets by Traiano , Adriano's pantheon, Villa Adriana in Tivoli, Settimio Severo's arch in the forum, and the great spa by Caracalla and Diocleziano.
Another great enterprise to be mentioned in the long history of Rome was that of the construction of the city walls, 18 km long to protect the city that has already exceeded it's antique confines, making it necessary for a more secure fortress, known as the Aureliane from the name of their constructer half way through the 3rd Century AD.
The period of splendour of the empire is something of the past. The 3rd century is characterised by economic crisis, uproar, and military defeats of every type. Emperor Diocleziano (284-337) tried to tackle these problems with a programme of renewal of the imperial institutions and decentralization of the administration.
The division of power put into action by Diocleziano (tetrarchia) only lasted a few years. In 312 Costantino (324-337) defeated Massenzio in the battle of Milvio bridge and instilled himself as absolute ruler. In 330 he transferred his residence from Rome to Constantinople leading to the beginning of the decline of universal antique empire.


I recently attended a nutrition seminar on sleep and learned how important quality sleep is for our bodies and our brains. We need 7-8 hours of sleep every night - the average American only gets 6.3 hours. The presenter emphasized that although there are many important things going on while we are sleeping, the major purpose of sleep is to restore brain energy reserves that are depleted during our waking state. Interesting to note that while our brain is only 2% of our body weight it uses 20% of our total energy!
Here’s the part I want you to really pay attention to: When it comes to energy reserves, the brain is different from the body. Body cells can use carbohydrates, fats and protein for energy. However, neurons, the nerve cells that make up your brain, can only use carbohydrates. Yep... read that one again:
Your brain can only use carbohydrates for energy.
Here’s just a little biochemistry 101 for you. When you eat carbohydrates they are broken down into glucose to use for energy…your brain is happy. When you limit your carbohydrates, your brain says, 'hey I still need glucose but there isn’t any coming from carbs so I will break down her muscle mass' (fancy name for this process is Gluconeogenesis). You can, as a default back up plan, make glucose from muscle (keeps your brain still functioning but at the expense of your muscle mass which includes vital organs like your heart). Lastly, we can break down our fat that we eat and fat stores but the by product of breaking down fat are ketones, not glucose, and although our bodies can use ketones for energy, our brains CANNOT!!
So here are the implications of this. If you fast, go on very low calorie diets or limit the good carbs in your diet you will 1) break down your muscle resulting in a lowered metabolism and 2) your brain will not get the energy and oxygen that it needs to work optimally. What does that mean? 1) A lowered metabolism means you burn fewer calories and you have less energy. Typically resulting in weight gain. 2) A brain that is starved of energy is sluggish & foggy and consequently tends to result in making poor choices that often don’t support good health. Over time, this deprives the brain of energy and oxygen and increases the likelihood of dementia and Alzheimers.
So…back to square one. At least 50-60 % of your calories should come from whole grains, fruits & vegetables, 25% of your calories from good fats like eggs, avocados and olive oil, and 15 % from protein sources like lean meats, nuts, beans and dairy.


Click on an image below to look inside!
|Author: Jennifer Ward
Illustrator: Jamichael Henterly
Retail Price: Paperback • $8.95 | Board • $7.95
Someone is always awake in the forest ? and someone else is always asleep! Some animals are alert in daytime and sleep at night. Others are alert at night, and are sleepyheads during the day. Plus be sure to count the animals. You FLIP THIS BOOK from day to night and back-a nice hands-on way to show the same view day and night. Teachers: this book is a very pleasant way to combine integrate science and literature.
Please note: The board book edition is 28 pages. Unlike the paperback and hardback editions, it is not a flip-book, nor does it contain additional centerfold information about the animals.
Educators: download free activities based on this book on our activities page.


Royal Marines Recruitment Poster
The dramatic and bold text of this recruiting poster invited young men to enlist in the Plymouth Division of the Royal Marines during the War of 1812. Royal Marines served on board of Royal Navy warships, and as infantry and artillerymen on land. The Plymouth Division was one of four major bases for the Royal Navy during the war, and the division saw action on the Great Lakes and along the Atlantic coast of North America. The 11 guinea bounty, equivalent to roughly eight months’ pay in 1812, typically attracted men in their early twenties, though men of all ages sought positions with the Royal Marines.
Royal Marines recruitment poster during the War of 1812. © Parks Canada


This is Mike. For a period of time, he has been experiencing daytime sleepiness and a sore throat. Also, his wife complains of him being restless and snoring at night. He is unaware that he has Sleep Apnea. He is not alone. In fact, an estimated 18 million people in the U.S. alone are affected by this sleep disorder, many of whom are undiagnosed.
What is Sleep Apnea?
Sleep apnea is a serious sleep disorder that occurs when a patient’s breathing is interrupted during sleep. Patients with untreated sleep apnea stop breathing repeatedly during their sleep, sometimes hundreds of times during the night. It is mostly common in patients with diabetes, loss of mental capacity, heart failure and other forms of cardiac and pulmonary disease.
What Causes Sleep Apnea?
There are three types of sleep apnea: obstructive, central and mixed. Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is the most common between the three. Obstructive sleep apnea is caused by a blockage of the airway, usually when the soft tissue in the rear of the throat collapses during sleep. Central sleep apnea is caused by no blockage of the airway, but the brain fails to signal the muscles to breathe due to instability in the respiratory control center. It is usually observed in patients with central nervous system dysfunction, such as with stroke victims or in patients with neuromuscular diseases like amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Mixed apnea is simply a combination of the two types. Risk factors for sleep apnea include being male, overweight and over the age of forty. However, it can affect anyone at any age, even children.
What Are the Symptoms of Sleep Apnea?
Some patients with obstructive sleep apnea complain that they wake up with a sore and/or dry throat. They may, on occasion, wake up with a choking or gasping sensation and sometimes seem to wake themselves up with their own snoring. Due to fragmented sleep, a patient with obstructive sleep apnea often reports sleepiness during the day. Other symptoms may include morning headaches, forgetfulness, mood changes and a decreased interest in sex. Patients with central sleep apnea often report recurrent awakenings or insomnia, although they may also experience a choking or gasping sensation upon awakening.
click for larger image
This picture shows an example of an apnea event while a patient is sleeping. Toward the left of the picture, the green and purple channels, which monitor airflow, flatten. The patient has paused breathing. The right side of the picture shows normal breathing.
Diagnosing Sleep Apnea
CleveMed’s Division of Sleep Disorders
offers wireless PSG systems
that aid in accurate diagnosis which lead to better treatment of sleep disorders such as Sleep Apnea. During the diagnostic process, a polysomnography is conducted which is a sleep lab test. A sleep technologist puts electrodes and censors on the patient to measure brainwaves, breathing and movements while the patient sleeps. The Crystal Monitor® PSG Series
, Sapphire PSG™
, and SleepView®
, all come with the Crystal PSG™ software
, a sophisticated software package for data acquisition, scoring and reporting.


Essentials of Citizenship: Critical Thinking and Ethical Values
When children lack reason-based thinking and ethics in school, they become ill-prepared for our complex, interdependent world. Paula Fraser makes a case for teaching ethics in public schools.
The Christian Right folks of the Mike Huckabee variety often look at our society in the aftermath of tragedies such as the Sandy Hook shooting, or the many challenges that young people face such as drug abuse, unwed parenthood, high school dropout rates, and see an absence of values—Christian values. Their solution to addressing these challenges is simply to place school-sponsored prayer back in classrooms, or to hang the Ten Commandments in public school hallways, or to encourage young people to accept Jesus as their Lord and Savior. They believe if only we implemented these Christian values we would have a more ethical society.
Of course, we humanists understand that there are far too many complicated societal issues and problems facing young people today that the Religious Right has recognized as highlighted above. In fact, one facet of these multi-faceted problems may be related to what I call the values vacuum; however, the Religious Right’s exclusively Christian approach to addressing this values vacuum is not appropriate in a pluralistic constitutional democracy. I argue that we humanists should stand up for those inclusive democratic core values that are appropriate whether one is a believer or nonbeliever. The American Humanist Association’s Ten Commitments: Guiding Principles for Teaching Values in America’s Public Schools are the type of values that need to be fostered within young human beings so that they might lead full and flourishing lives within our own country as well as in the greater complex, interdependent global community. My current purpose is not to explicate each of the Ten Commitments, but to explain why they could be helpful in a greater context. However, there are tensions inherent in implementing these inclusive values in our public schools of which we need to become aware.
One challenging tension is time constraints and its accompanying focus. Although an emphasis on academic competence in our public schools today is imperative given the challenges of the world that we live in, I am concerned that a sole focus on academic, “high-stakes tested” subjects such as math and literacy leads to a narrowing of the curriculum as an unintended consequence. Too often the social studies, arts, and humanities are excluded and yet, these are the very subjects in which students might learn to become critical thinkers and ethical human beings and citizens. In recent years there has been an increased focus on STEM subjects--Science, Technology, and Math—all necessary for our country’s economic growth and development, but this focus has resulted in a further eroding and narrowing of the curriculum in many, if not most of our public schools to the exclusion of the social studies, arts and humanities.
In addition to time constraints, teaching critical thinking and ethical values is often considered too controversial to find a place in the public school curriculum. Ethical values are thought by some to be entirely contingent on religious belief. It is thought that without religious belief there is no absolute foundation and moral relativism is the result. Furthermore, critical thinking is thought by some to be a negative challenge to authority and morally absolute worldviews. Conversely, others of a more secular persuasion are wary of religious indoctrination related to values in the public school classroom. In order to avoid controversy, public school students are often left without the tools to critically reason or to reflect upon the role that ethical values should and could play in their lives—the very attributes that are essential for thoughtful and ethical citizenship.
We have a long history of individual freedom of conscience and separation of church and state in the United States. Our First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution seeks to neither establish nor inhibit the free exercise of religion; in other words, citizens in our country are free to believe in religious tenets or not. Because of this freedom and diversity, there are conflicts and tensions within the public schools. However, I believe that teaching critical thinking and ethical values can help individual young people to navigate these conflicts for the common good, while still maintaining a high degree of respect for pluralism in matters of individual conscience in the true spirit of e pluribus unum. Students might learn that they have the right to make choices and must exercise those choices with responsibility to self and others.
While ethical values do not necessarily rely on specific religious principles, they do not necessarily exclude religious values when these religious values are of a more universally accepted and inclusive nature. For instance, empathy inherent in the idea that we should treat others as we would be treated is present in many religions including Buddhism, Hinduism, Christianity, Islam, Judaism, as well as secular philosophical systems; most agree that the ethical principles within the “Golden Rule” are foundational in matters relating to conscience. In fact, Immanuel Kant, the great moral philosopher, calls this idea a “universal categorical imperative.” Empathy is just one ethical value among many that diverse citizens may agree upon, given the wide range of religious, philosophical and ideological perspectives.
The American Humanist Association’s Ten Commitments could help fill this values vacuum by encouraging the citizenship dispositions of critical thinking about the core democratic values that are needed to perpetuate a functioning democracy that should be inclusive of all—believers and nonbelievers alike. Honesty, the common good, equality of opportunity, justice and fairness respect for individual liberties and dignity, etc. are values and principles that we should all be able to agree upon.
When students have the opportunity to learn how to internalize and apply critical thinking skills and ethical values in their lives and in interactions with others, they are able to intelligently and courageously work to balance individual rights and the common good. Rather than avoiding controversy, this approach teaches students to embrace controversy with critical thinking, fair-mindedness, reasoning, civility and courage with the intent of arriving at reasoned and ethical judgments in the public space. This inclusive approach combats the charge of moral relativism that is often leveled against humanists, while respecting the common values contributions by citizens from the faith community.
The American Humanist Association’s Ten Commitments with its emphasis on critical thinking and ethical values could be a very helpful and inclusive educational guide in leading young people to more thoughtfully and ethically reflect upon their rights and responsibilities in this complex interdependent world in order to assume the highest office of the land—citizen!
Paula Fraser is on the advisory committee of the American Humanist Association’s Kochhar Humanist Education Center. She is a former elementary school teacher in Bellevue, Washington.


Ligament Tear Treatment in C-scheme, Jaipur
A ligament is a strong band of fibrous tissue that joins two bones or two pieces of cartilage together. Ligaments are incredibly robust, yet they can be strained or damaged, leading to a variety of sprain grades. A ligament tear generally happens when a joint is subjected to a great deal of stress, such as during a fall or another high-impact incident. Ligament rips in the ankle, knee, wrist, thumb, neck, and back are very common.
What Are the Symptoms of Ligament Tears?
When a ligament is torn, it hurts and is delicate to the touch. Swelling and bruising are possible side effects. The joint may be difficult to move. At the time of the injury, you may hear a snap or feel ripping in certain ligaments. Muscle spasms are another possibility. Ligaments provide stability and strength to joints. Their major job is to keep the skeleton's bones in the appropriate alignment and to keep the joints from moving abnormally. When a ligament is ripped, movement is hampered, resulting in joint looseness or inability to move the joint normally.
Causes Of Ligament tear
A ligament tear can occur when a joint is forced out of its natural position. This might happen as a result of a fall, an abrupt twisting, or blow to the body
Ligament injuries are more prevalent during sports activity since joints are constantly in use and under a lot of stress. Ankle, knee, and wrist ligaments are often affected.
How Is Ligament Tear Diagnosed?
A physical examination and medical history are used to diagnose a ligament injury. The specialists at Apollo Spectra, Jaipur will begin by inquiring as to what you were doing at the time of the injury and will inspect the area. They can determine the degree of the damage by palpating the area and manipulating the joint.
An X-ray is usually taken to check for cracked or shattered bones. To assess if a partial or full ligament rupture exists, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) may be used.
The amount of ligament tearing is one of the parameters used to grade sprains.
How Can We Treat Ligament Tears?
The initial treatment regimen for a ligament injury is R.I.C.E. (rest, ice, compression, and elevation).
- Rest: Once an injury has occurred, any activity that stresses the affected region must be discontinued until the injury has had time to heal.
- Ice: Applying cold to an injured region gives temporary pain relief and helps reduce swelling.
- Compression: (covering the wounded region in an elastic bandage, for example) helps decrease and restrict general edoema. It can also help with pain relief on occasion.
- Elevation: This reduces edoema by controlling blood flow to the region. When the wounded region is elevated above the level of the heart, this method is most effective.
For pain and swelling, the doctors at Apollo Spectra, Jaipur, might prescribe an over-the-counter (such as ibuprofen) or prescription medicine.
A grade 2 sprain may require bracing to allow the partial ligament tear to heal. The length of time a brace is required is determined on the location and severity of the injury. A grade 3 sprain may necessitate ligament repair surgery.
Your healthcare practitioner may prescribe physical therapy or home exercises to help restore the ligament and joint's function once the pain and swelling have gone. Depending on the degree of the ligament tear, healing time might range from a few weeks to a year.
Request an appointment at Apollo Spectra Hospitals, Jaipur
Call 1860 500 2244 to book an appointment.
A sprain is a damage to the ligament, a band of collagen tissue that links two or more bones to a joint. A ligament's principal purpose is to provide passive joint stabilisation, and it also plays an essential part in proprioceptive function. A sprain occurs when a joint is unexpectedly pressed beyond its normal range of motion, stretching the inelastic fibres beyond their breaking point. Excessive inversion of the ankle, for example, might rupture the lateral ankle ligaments, particularly the anterior talofibular ligament. A severe sprain might resemble a break in appearance and feel, making it difficult for doctors to distinguish between the two.
Having reconstructive surgery as soon as possible following an injury is often the best option. This is before the onset of muscle atrophy and knee stiffness. As a consequence, you will recover the quickest.
In general, reconstructive surgery is not necessary and may be postponed to accommodate work and personal obligations. Sport and activities that require a change of direction should be avoided at this period. Cycling is a great way to keep some “straight line” fitness exercises going.


Teen Eating Disorder Treatment
When evaluating all of the potential teen eating disorder treatment options available, it is necessary to first define the various types of eating disorders. An eating disorder is a broad term that refers to any mental illness specifically related to food. The three most common eating disorders are: Anorexia Nervosa, Bulimia Nervosa, and Binge-Eating Disorder.
Teen Anorexia Nervosa
This disorder is characterized by a person going to extreme lengths to lose weight, making efforts to eat as little as possible or nothing at all in order to reduce calories. A person with Anorexia has a distorted image of their own body, often insisting they’re much heavier than they actually are. A person with Anorexia is obsessed with maintaining and controlling their weight and will go to great lengths to do so, but will also often deny the seriousness of their condition, insisting that they just want to be healthy or stay in shape. In severe cases, a person can be so insistent that their distorted image is accurate, that their insistence causes them to lose weight to the point of it becoming life-threatening.
Teen Bulimia Nervosa
This disorder is also characterized by an obsession of body appearance and controlling weight. A person with Bulimia tries to maintain body weight by cycles of binging (eating an excessive amount of junk food) followed by purging (self-induced vomiting, use of laxatives, enemas, or other means to rid the stomach of food). During the binge period of the cycle, a person cannot stop eating, even after the stomach is full. Following the binge, a person often feels guilt and embarrassment over the calories and therefore has the urge to rid themselves of everything they ate by any means necessary, which can cause them to behave injuriously. Bulimia can also include cycles of binging and fasting, as well as excessive exercise. Often, a person with bulimia will deny any seriousness of their condition, but will nonetheless eat and binge in secret.
Binge Eating Disorder
A clinical syndrome characterized by a person regularly eating a large amount of food in a quick amount of time, with no control of when to stop, as well as eating without regard to hunger or need for food. A person often eats to address emotional feelings of unrest and/or as a means of avoiding another problematic or difficult part of life. A person with Binge Eating Disorder becomes obsessed with food and eating, regardless of feelings of hunger, but once they’ve eaten, they often experience extreme feelings of embarrassment or guilt because of what they ate. This produces a sort of “cycling” effect between the person feeling some slight relief from binging, followed by shame, which urges them to eat more, in order to improve their mood.
What It Looks Like
One of the challenges regarding Eating Disorders is they can be difficult to recognize and/or diagnose, especially if a person is intentionally trying to hide behaviors, which is fairly common. Furthermore, some of the underlying behaviors or beliefs of a person with an eating disorder are not singular to this illness and so it can be hard to judge the seriousness of a person’s experience and whether they need treatment.
Beyond the specific symptoms listed above related to each eating disorder, there are also a number of symptoms that are commonly present in a person with an eating disorder. These symptoms include, but are not limited to:
- Distorted self body image
- Obsession with food in persistent thoughts and/or desires
- Refusal to eat when hungry
- Inability to stop eating when full
- For people with bulimia, teeth and gum problems related to vomiting, as well as stomach lining problems, such as ulcers
- Going to the bathroom often, and/or especially immediately after meals
- Intense emotional shame or guilt after eating
- Obsession with exercise and control of weight
- Fear of eating in public which leads to secret eating/binging
- Extreme desire to control weight
Teen Eating Disorder Treatment Options
Because Eating Disorders are severe mental disorders that have significant effects on the mind and body, teen eating disorder treatment must address the mental and physical aspects of the disorder.
Teen eating disorder treatment needs to first address the physical condition by helping the person return to healthy eating habits and practices, regardless of what their comforts and urges are. Because this can be such a difficult transition for a person with an Eating Disorder, this is often most successfully carried out in a therapeutic setting where the person can be closely monitored and guided through the process. Depending on the specific disorder, a person will be monitored in different ways, which are geared toward their current misconceptions and unhealthy eating habits. In addition to diet, therapy also addresses any current habits or practices related to exercise and helps modify them to be healthy. These foundational steps, crucial to a person’s physical well being, can then help lay the groundwork for a person to address the underlying causes and beliefs related to their Eating Disorder.
Therapy also addresses the underlying issues that cause the person to have such a distorted and unmanageable relationship to food, such as feelings of inadequacy, shame, lack of self-worth, anxiety, and/or stress surrounding a need for control. Though the misconceptions and beliefs that a person has in relation to their eating disorder can be deeply rooted, therapy can help them gain insight as to the falsity of their beliefs, understanding as to the danger of their eating habits and also gain a sense of encouragement and self-worth which can help them want to make healthy decisions and changes for themselves. This type of healing and change is especially possible when a person feels safe and un-judged both for what they look like and their behaviors. In this regard, support from family and friends is a powerful force in allowing a person to move toward a happy, healthy life.
What if other people think I have an eating disorder, but I don’t?
It can be hard for any of us to see ourselves and our behaviors clearly, and even harder for us to admit if something’s wrong. Eating Disorders are an illness where people commonly hide their behaviors in order to convince others, and themselves, that everything’s fine. First of all, it’s important for you to know that if you do have an Eating Disorder, it’s not the end of the world and doesn’t mean someone else is going to take charge of your physical being. But if people around you who love you and whom you trust are worried you might have an Eating Disorder, it’s probably worth trying to consider honestly. If your life is somewhat consumed by your thoughts and behaviors surrounding food, if you exhibit some of the symptoms listed above, and/or if your behavior surrounding food is extremely different from the average person, you should try to be open to the idea that something more is going on.
What if it’s something I can control?
This is a common attitude among people with Eating Disorders and the trouble is that it’s true, but not for long. Often people with Eating Disorders start out developing some unhealthy habits and before long, the habits and beliefs spiral out of control to a point where the person is no longer seeing themselves or their behavior clearly. It may be true that for a certain amount of time, you might be able to “get away with” your Eating Disorder, but the longer you allow the behaviors and beliefs to go on, the more risk you’re putting yourself in, both physically and mentally, and the harder it will be to change, later on. It’s also important to understand that if your reason for not getting help is a fear of someone else making decisions and having control over what you look like, this isn’t the goal of therapy. The goal of therapy is to be healthy and there are great, supportive people who can help you get there.


NASA has said that the asteroid Apophis ("The Uncreator") will have a close approach to the Earth in 2029, but will not fly close enough to strike us. However, a Russian astronomer disagrees. On the Helium website, Terrence Aym quotes Leonid Sokolov as saying, "Apophis will approach Earth at a distance of 37,000 to 38,000 kilometers on April 13, 2029. Its likely collision with Earth may occur on April 13, 2036" if it remains on its present course (the closer the asteroid gets to the planet, the more difficult it will be to change its trajectory).
A collision with an object of this mass would generate the equivalent of one million megatons of TNT, or about 50 million Hiroshima-style atomic bombs, meaning that life on Earth would be destroyed. Has Sokolov calculated the time wrong–is the impact REALLY destined for December of 2012? (NOTE: Subscribers can still listen to this special interview). He has proposed a joint Russian-European Union task force to study the matter. Meanwhile, NASA has not offered an opinion regarding the accuracy of the Russian calculations.
Subscribers, to watch the subscriber version of the video, first log in then click on Dreamland Subscriber-Only Video Podcast link.


There is a granular charcoal being sold for use with the new base
metal clays and for PMCPro. Would this type of charcoal be
suitable for refining fine silver or gold granules?
To answer it properly we have to understand what is involved in
formation of perfect granules.
Any natural process always conform itself to function with the least
amount of energy involved. For instance - water naturally flows
downward, but has to be pumped to flow upwards, and etc… Spherical
shape is the most energy efficient configuration in nature. That is
why whenever possible, substances try to form a sphere. That is the
reason behind such phenomena as surface tension.
To form a perfect granules, we must provide excess of energy (
temperature ), and after granules are formed, the environment must be
conducive to maintaining their shapes. That is why we surround them
with charcoal powder. The finer the power the more perfect the shape
will be. There must be no packing of powder, just sifting.
The idea is to allow granule to form into sphere. When this happens,
granule will sink into the powder, due to shifting of center of
gravity. Powder under the granule will be displaced. Newly formed
space, above the granule, will be filled. This process will create
and envelope around granules and allow them to solidify into perfect
shape. But this puts a number of requirements on charcoal powder. It
must be very, very finely crushed and sifted. The process is only
possible when particles are tiny and uniform, so they can flow past
each other like a liquid.


Your baby's head is getting bigger to make room for his developing brain. Nearly all babies react to sound and light by the end of this week.
Your baby's nutritional needs reach their peak during the third trimester. You'll need plenty of protein, vitamin C, folic acid, iron, and calcium (about 200mg is deposited in your baby's skeleton every day), so eat foods rich in these nutrients. His skeleton hardens even more and his brain, muscles, and lungs are maturing all the time. Take a look at our eating well guide to make sure you are getting the right minerals and vitamins.
As your bump gets bigger you may find it harder to get a good night's sleep. Many mums-to-be find they have vivid dreams about their baby in the third trimester.
Note: Every baby develops differently. This page is designed to give a general idea of how a fetus grows in the uterus.
See your previous stage: 28 weeks pregnant
See your next stage: 30 weeks pregnant
ReferencesThis article was written using the following sources:
Hill M. 2009. Development week by week. University of New South Wales Embryology. embryology.med.unsw.edu.au [Accessed August 2009]
McLean F, Usher R. 1969. Intrauterine growth of live-born Caucasian infants at sea level: Standards obtained from measurements in 7 dimensions of infants born between 25 and 44 weeks of gestation. Pediatrics 74(6):901-10
Medline. 2009. Fetal development. Medline Plus Medical Encyclopedia. www.nlm.nih.gov [Accessed August 2009]
Visembryo. 2006. Pregnancy timeline. The Visible Embryo. www.visembryo.com [Accessed August 2009]


Google is investing $168 million to help develop a solar energy power plant in California’s Mojave Desert.
In cooperation with Brightsource energy, Google’s official blog states that the new plant will hopefully generate 392 gross megawatts of solar power, or “the equivalent of taking more than 90,000 cars off the road over the lifetime of the plant,” which is estimated to be 25 years.
Dubbed the Ivanpah Solar Electric Generating System, the new solar tower will be the largest in the world. Standing approximately 450 feet tall, the new tower will use 173,000 heliostats (like the mirrors pictured above) to generate energy.
There are complexities to the project, however. The Atlantic points out that environmental conservation group Basin and Range Watch has been building a case against the solar farm, stating that the proposed site will damage the lushly populated surrounding ecosystem, which is inhabited by an endangered breed of tortoise.
More on TIME.com:


Delving into the Devilish Chip
There has been a lot of debate regarding the accuracy of the IC’s shown in Bloomberg Businessweek’s story. What the publication never produced is pictures of the actual chip. This is despite the fact that allegedly this happened well into the era when cameras in phones were ubiquitous and at a company that has been making cameras for decades. Allegedly the servers were not only observed in data center red zones with no cameras allowed but also at other facilities. None of the seventeen alleged confidential sources seems to have produced an actual photo of the device. The descriptions of what the chip actually did were not cohesive from a technical standpoint, but we can summarize what would have had to happen for this to work.
The Cover Image – A Really Small IC Functions
To those who are not technically minded, which is most of Bloomberg’s distribution, the picture of a small chip with no details seems scary. Something has been the talk around tech watercoolers: what does the chip do? We are going to get into some of the inconsistencies on how Bloomberg describes the chip later in this article, but let us assume for a moment that someone would make a chip in the name of espionage. Here are some of the basics of what it would need to do:
- Get power so as not to mess up other traces. Without power, electronics do not function.
- Receive this power without requiring additional components to be added to the motherboard such as capacitors or resistors. Bloomberg never stated multiple packages were added.
- Store payload on the chip package that survives long periods of power off during shipping. This likely requires persistent memory cells such as NAND plus some controller logic to read back the voltage levels or to put and get data from the storage.
- Initialize immediately since it needs to beat the BMC’s initialization speed to deliver a payload.
- Tap into wires on the motherboard to see that either the main system (CPUs) or BMC has started.
- Identify an event in the system to activate if it is waiting for a sequence.
- Deliver the payload.
- Continue delivering payload through firmware flashes and security fixes.
- Likely requires logic circuits to do this. For performance (since it has to beat the BMC) it may need some local cache.
- Needs to do so in a way that evades the firmware teams. If signals come off of serial buses during BMC boot, the firmware teams can see this.
At a recent chip conference, a discussion was around whether the chip can be truly dumb and simply transfer data directly. This greatly limits the silicon needs if it can simply power on and start delivering the payload. To draw an analogy, this would be like setting a trap to go off at a specific time on a road, and hoping that you caught a single snake slithering by. If you were slightly late on your timing, since you are not processing where the snake is, you may only catch its tail. If you missed by a bit more, you would miss the snake completely. If you want this to work, you need some minimal logic.
Indeed, Bloomberg validates most of this list of capabilities. In their article image, they stated these chips even have networking capabilities.
As a quick note to our readers, this is actually extremely similar to how you would describe an entire BMC complex. There are some low power cores, memory, and networking capabilities. Server BMCs are multiple packages, each component is many times larger than the chips Bloomberg describes.
The signaling coupler may be a stock image, but networking is important. First, adding die space for even a network MAC would take up silicon real estate in an extremely constrained design. Second, 1GbE, a low-speed networking standard, uses four wire pairs to transmit and receive data. The KX variants of Ethernet implementations for blade chassis, like the Microblade shown, can have one to four lanes of differential pairs for traversing PCB. That adds eight wires to the chip design. Also, these wires would need to be attached, through the PCB, to some external port so they could communicate with the outside world. The chips pictured in the article, are smaller than 1GbE network controllers used today, even those with low functionality and buffers.
If these chips had a networking capability, it would be nearly impossible for them to get a network uplink. PCB designs would be too sensitive to run networking wires to external ports without major changes to the PCB. That would also likely have signaling impact and be immediately detected.
Even if we assume networking was an error since it makes little to no sense in this context, a chip with this much functionality raises more questions.
Who is Involved in Chips?
Assuming the Bloomberg’s article is true, there is a more precarious line of questioning to embark upon. Namely, who fabbed the chip? Chips do not appear out of thin air. They have to be made somewhere.
The chips Bloomberg describes are immensely tiny. For a sense of scale, here is a penny and a pencil on a dual BMC Microblade complex, a node that works in the same chassis and uses the same BMC generation as Bloomberg depicts. The package with processing power, networking, and memory needs to be smaller than any chip you can read the label on in this picture (actual hardware, not a rendering.) On the far left is a Realtek 1GbE NIC. The ASPEED AST2400’s are the BMCs with low power Arm cores. The Winbond packages are the BMC RAM also known as memory in systems. The point is, to combine even less powerful elements of each into a package with the functionality Bloomberg describes, it would require amazingly small lithography techniques. I have yet to find someone able to say that adding processing power, signaling interfaces, networking (even a MAC), and memory/ storage onto a package this size is even possible and I have asked folks in the valley that do this at major companies.
Since this chip most likely needs to be on today’s leading silicon process nodes, let alone what was available years ago, there are only a few companies capable of producing leading node products in the 2014 timeframe. Some of these include:
- Global Foundaries
You might even go to IBM, UMC, SK.Hynix, Toshiba, STM, or SanDisk/ WD as potential foundry partners even though they either specialize in creating economies of scale around a few standard products, do not typically produce logic elements, or tend to be behind on the absolute most current generation technologies. Bloomberg’s article says that China made the chips.
China has a “Made in China 2025” program where a goal is to get leading-edge process technology in-house. You can see how this is progressing in our article YMTC Xtacking 3D NAND Launched. In 2014, it would likely have to be one of the companies above not a Chinese fab since China, at the time, did not have the level of process technology required to make a chip like this. Of course, some specialize in DRAM, others in logic, others in NAND. If you believe the chip required NAND and logic, then that list shrinks considerably. If you take “memory” to be DRAM which would be the common usage in the industry with NAND being “storage,” then the shortlist would change.
Here is the point. None of those companies listed above in the 2014 list are based in mainland China. All of the companies on that list are heavily relied upon by the industry to make the infrastructure many take for granted today. Furthermore, it should be nominally difficult for any of those companies to find wafers of extremely small chips in their production logs. Most lower functionality chips are produced on older generation process nodes.
The newest process nodes generally are used for high-value chips that are found in mobile phones, PCs, servers, FPGAs, and elsewhere that can support high cost per die area. In a $3000 server processor, higher manufacturing costs are acceptable if they allow you to get a competitive advantage since the margin and ASP are high. In a $2 IC package, adding another $0.20 of manufacturing cost is likely enough to make customers look elsewhere. This would be something that size wise looks like a $2 or less IC, yet is produced on a line that is also putting off much larger, more complex, and more valuable packages.
While it seems likely that very small chips exist, during the time period in question, there are likely only a few foundries that could put the functionality listed above in such a small package. Even if one could design a chip that fit into such a small package, getting it made is another challenge.
Why Go Physical?
A hardware hack seems scary. It is really good for page views. On the other hand, in the timeframe that was proposed in the mid-2010’s, there was an easier way: do a software firmware hack. There are hundreds of examples of these to the point that they are not exciting. They are also the attack vendors some of the companies who responded to Bloomberg seem to think that the reporters were referencing. There are a number of advantages such as one would not need to:
- Spend months designing the chip, getting wafer starts at a foundry, then getting it packaged
- Transport the packaged products
- Infiltrate the factory and have chips added
- Alter motherboard designs
- Leave a physical trace
The first four items there are likely good enough. As we showed with iDRACula and has been shown on HPE iLO and Lenovo IMM as well, BMCs of the era in question were easily exploitable via software, and one can insert persistent software into them. If one can do it in software, there are a lot of logistics issues that they can avoid by going software rather than hardware.
Perhaps the last one is the most intriguing, not leaving a physical trace. Assuming Bloomberg correctly stated it has sources that found hardware there is one somewhat obvious detail missing. Who made the chips? If they were found, then it is reasonable to assume that one would try to figure out which foundry made it. In the silicon industry, there are firms that will open the package and work microscopic magic on them to determine process steps and techniques used to create a chip. These firms are able to identify key features being used, and thus who made the chips.
If you were doing an investigation, this is the hard evidence trail to follow. Figure out where the chips were made and that leads to a trail. You could then request information from the company who made them. That would allow you to get details on who paid for the chips, who sent the designs, where the chips went after they left the fab. You may even be able to get documentation for your team analyzing the hardware if you pressed hard enough. Bloomberg said its sources had knowledge of an investigation into Supermicro’s supply chain, but the other obvious vector is the chip’s supply chain in the hope that they would meet somewhere.
Physical hardware has a physical trail and it is relatively easy to follow. Interestingly enough, Yossi Appleboum, one of Bloomberg’s sources for its follow up article, noted in our interview that physical alterations in the production of servers would be easy to trace. We are going to discuss how Mr. Appleboum and other sources disagree with the conclusions drawn by Bloomberg later.
On that note, let us take stock at sources that Bloomberg Businessweek has disclosed.


T he roots of Greek cuisine lie in the home kitchen, rather than in restaurants: The country was largely agrarian until the middle of the 20th century, and Greek women, not professional chefs, found creative ways to use each season's produce. Important ingredients all over Greece have long included grains, legumes, vegetables, olive oil, and dairy (made into the country's famous cheeses and yogurt). With its many islands, Greece has probably more boats per capita than cars. Nevertheless, fish and seafood have never been plentiful enough to become a staple for most people who live near the sea. Meat was also eaten in small amounts until fairly recently, but since the mid-1960s, as the country has become more affluent, it has taken a more significant role in people's everyday diets.
Greek food still follows the seasons. Home cooks don't make stuffed tomatoes or melitzanosalata (eggplant spread) in the winter, although these vegetables are now available year-round. Many traditional dishes are still closely related to religious holidays. Magiritsa, a delicious soup made with chopped lamb's innards, scallions, and dill, with a tart egg-and-lemon sauce, is eaten only on Good Saturday, after the midnight Resurrection Mass. Pork is associated with the Christmas and New Year table, while fish is consumed on March 25, Annunciation Day, and always at the solemn meals that follow funerals.
Lunch, eaten around 2 p.m., and dinner, eaten after 8.30 p.m. and often at 10 p.m. or even later, are the two principal meals of the day. Breakfast is usually just a cup of coffee, occasionally accompanied by a cookie or biscuit. Meals include a fresh salad of raw or blanched seasonal vegetables or greens, and end with seasonal fruits. Sweets were originally part of the festive table but now tend to be eaten at all times of the day.
Though Greece doesn't have a longstanding restaurant tradition—many Greeks describe good restaurants as serving "home-cooked" food—there are plenty of great places to eat, including casual tavernas; hasapotavernes (butcher's taverns), which serve charcoal-grilled meats such as pork and lamb that are hard to make at home; seaside restaurants serving simply cooked fresh fish; farmers' markets; and a growing crop of fine dining restaurants, particularly in Athens. We've included regional culinary specialties and where to find them. Also be sure to ask the locals where they eat wherever you go.
Aglaia Kremezi is a cookbook author, journalist, and photographer. She was born in Athens and now lives in Kea, Cyclades. Along with her husband and some friends, she created Kea Artisanal, which offers cooking classes, wine tastings, and island tours (www.keartisanal.com). Her books include The Foods of the Greek Islands and the Julia Child–award-winning The Foods of Greece. Her newest book, Mediterranean Hot and Spicy, was published in May of 2009 by Broadway Books. For more information, go to www.aglaiakremezi.com.
Note: All information about restaurants, wineries, and other culinary destinations listed in this article is subject to change without notice. Please contact the establishment for the most current information.


A fluorescent dye can be used to map how viscous, or 'gloopy', different parts of a cell are, according to new research published in the Journal of the American Chemical Society this month.
Changes in viscosity have been linked to disease and malfunction in human cells. For example, changes in the viscosity of the membranes of red blood cells have been observed in diabetes patients. Knowing more about these changes could lead to a greater understanding of how some diseases affect the human body.
Now a team of scientists from Imperial in collaboration with Kings College London has demonstrated that a fluorescent dye can be used to show how viscous different parts of a cell are, compared to one another.
The dye is made of a molecule which has a component that can freely rotate or naturally spin, like a molecular rotor. The researchers demonstrated that the speed of rotation of this molecule can be used to monitor local viscosity.
One of the lead authors on the paper, Dr Gokhan Yahioglu from Imperial's Department of Chemistry and the Imperial spin-out company PhotoBiotics Ltd explains: "We have taken a molecule often used as a fluorescent marker in cells and used it as a true molecular rotor where the intensity and duration of the molecule's fluorescence is strongly linked to the viscosity of the cell into which it is introduced. This means we have developed a sensitive and versatile method for measuring the local micro-viscosity in biological systems."
When a light is shone on fluorescent dyes they emit some of the light back which currently enables these kind of dyes to be used by scientists as markers in cells. However, in the dye used by Dr Yahioglu and his colleagues, some of this light is lost as it is taken up by the molecule as energy to fuel its spinning motion.
The researchers realised that if they placed the dye molecule in a very viscous material, its rotational speed reduced significantly. When it is spinning slower, less energy is being used to fuel its rotation, so the dye emits a much brighter light for a longer period of time.
Conversely, when placed in a less viscous material, the molecule spins much faster, taking up more energy, resulting in the emission of a much dimmer light for a shorter period of time.
When they introduced the dye into a cell, the researchers used imaging techniques to measure the brightness of the dye's fluorescence and for how long it fluoresced, to produce a precise map of the different levels of viscosity in different parts of the cell.
This means researchers have a clearer picture than ever before about how viscosity varies throughout a cell. The new technique could be used to monitor changes in cells' 'stickiness' when they become diseased.
Dr Yahioglu added: "Creating these 'viscosity maps' of the inside of a cell will give us greater insight into the fundamental properties of cells, and could also help us analyse how cells change when they become distressed or diseased."
The paper by Dr Yahioglu and collaborators has been selected as a research highlight by the newly-created journal Nature Chemistry. The Nature Chemistry article about Dr Yahioglu's work can be read in full here: www.nature.com/nchem/reshigh/2008/0508/full/nchem.10.html
The paper entitled "Molecular rotor measures viscosity of live cells via fluorescence lifetime imaging" is available to download in full from the Journal of the American Chemical Society's website: pubs.acs.org/cgi- bin/abstract.cgi/jacsat/asap/abs/ja800570d.html
Source: Imperial College London
Explore further: Quicker and cheaper toxicity checking of mussels


The key to understanding health, healing and wholeness is to recognize the age old truth that
everything is vibrating - from the ground we walk on ... to the air we breath ... to the water we drink - everything is vibrating. This truth has been a cornerstone of
metaphysical thought handed down through the millennia, and only in this past century is modern science just beginning to "catch up". More and more, sophisticated
instruments are being devised to detect and measure these vibrations.
|Materials or substances, whether they are animate or inanimate, are different because of their rate
of vibrations. Science measures the difference in vibrations by the rate or frequency of vibration. The unit for expressing the frequency of vibration is the Hertz or cycle
|Metaphysics teaches us that the manifest universe consists of a vast spectrum of vibrations - from
the densest form of matter vibrating very slowly, to the faster vibrating consciousness, to the fastest vibrations of spirit - each a plane of vibration on a different harmonic
level. Very slowly vibrating substances produce very long wavelengths or low frequencies. Very rapidly vibrating substances produce very short wavelengths or high
frequencies. Our sense receptors are attuned to only a small fraction of all vibrational levels. Frequencies that we can actually hear (sound) range from 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz.
(Dolphins, by comparison, hear frequencies up to 180,000 Hz.) Frequencies that we can actually see (visible spectrum of light) range from 4 to 7.12 x 1014
(1 with 14 zeros following it) Hz. Obviously there are many frequencies produced that are either below or above the range detectable by the human ear or eye.
Psychics, intuitives and healers have long been able to detect and experience many of these vibrational levels beyond the small range of sense organ receptivity.
|The cells in our body, likewise, have a certain vibration as well. Liver cells vibrate at a different rate
than heart cells, which vibrate at a different rate than brain cells, etc. All of these vibrations go to make up our particular frequency. Good health is nothing more than our
cells, and subsequently, our energetic systems, vibrating at the rate they were designed to vibrate and in harmony with each other. When stressed or subject to
disease-causing conditions, the vibration of the cells slow down and the cells stop functioning properly. These conditions, of course, include faulty nutrition, environmental
toxins and stressful or negative attitudes and conditioning. These disease-causing conditions also provide a vibrational breeding ground for pathogens such as viruses,
bacteria, fungi and molds. Intuitive healers can detect these "vibrationally deficient" cells and organs and energize them (raise their vibration) to bring them back into
proper functioning. The healer sends "energy" to an individual or group with the net effect of raising their cells' vibrational level - promoting optimal cell functioning and


Privacy enabling approaches for Blockchain have been introduced, however it isn’t clear which approaches are suitable by which applications. We have a glance at a set of proposed makes use of of Blockchain and consider their requirements for privacy. This kind of information may be saved in a conventional database, however it’s not always possible as a end result of the truth that it is completely distributed. Rather than being maintained in a single location, a centralized administrator would think of an excel spreadsheet or a financial institution database with many copies held on multiple computers unfold out across a community. One of probably the most well-known early peer to peer networks was Napster, a file sharing software created by SeanParker who would later turn out to be one of Facebook’s earliest executives.
Someone sharing a chunk of non-public info, like a medical record, or the transfer of supplies across a supply chain could possibly be what we normally think of as a transaction shopping for and promoting. A good contract is a computer program with a algorithm which were agreed to by each parties in a transaction. It is possible to execute those rules with a quantity of blockchains. Transactions are recorded and shared with different computers within the network.
It was developed as part of the digital foreign money Bitcoin. Peer to peer cost services, supply chain monitoring, and extra are simply a few of the functions that may be supported with the assistance of the Blockchain. There are hundreds of cryptocurrencies which are built on the again of the Subtraqt emerging technology, which is why the Bitcoin system is the best known. The transactions are recorded on computers throughout the community. A record of data is linked. Each transaction is verified by peer to see computer networks and added to the ledger.
All data is sequential and helps avoid duplicate entries. At the time of publication, the author and the editor owned two digital currencies. The info on this web page is just for instructional purposes. NerdWallet, Inc. doesn’t advocate or advise investors to purchase or sell explicit stocks, securities or other investments.
Instead of storing knowledge in rows, columns, tables and recordsdata as conventional databases do,Blockchain shops information in blocks which would possibly be digitally chained together. A database managed by computer systems in a peer to look network is completely different from a central laptop. Anyone who needs to request or verify a transaction can accomplish that on public networks of computers. The most typical use of the block chain is for cryptocurrencies.
Yesterday, At Present, And Tomorrow Are The Times When There Are Functions Of Blockchain In Automated Heavy Vehicles
The most established one can solely process 5 to eight transactions a second. Credit card networks already process almost 10,000 occasions that volume, and rising blockchain software firms are engaged on options that might be competitive. There are some examples of how the technology might be used to transform transactions. A easy, paperless method to set up ownership of cash, information and objects like concert tickets is provided by method of the blockchain.
Whether or not you are aware of them or not, they’re already around us. The course Cryptocurrencies and Blockchain Technologies is doubtless one of the matters offered by the college. In a inventory transaction, it can access both the inventory possession and money possession ledgers. All parties know that they’ll belief their records if the hashes match up throughout the chain. It combines the openness of the internet with the security of the web to give everybody a sooner, safer approach to confirm key info and establish belief.
You can hold your personal keys in a diary or cold pockets, which is protected from the web and can be accessed from anywhere. There are many challenges that should be addressed for the expertise to work. Every main industry protects and incentivizes innovation with the assistance of patents. Legal protection is provided for novel concepts.
Public And Private Blockchains Aren’t The Same
A new block of transactions is hooked up to the end of an existing chain when it’s validation by the network. The chain of blocks is a ledger of transactions that the community has verified. We call it the single, because of the history of transactions. It’s potential to track and verify possession of property through NFTs that symbolize possession of sport digital items and collectibles.
Records stored using traditional ledgers are easy to change, and you’ll easily add or take away information. You’re less more doubtless to trust that the data is correct. The data contained in a block is dependent on the information in a earlier block and types a sequence of transactions over time.
The participants in a community are selected previously. [newline]Hyper ledger is an instance of a community. These have better bandwidth, pace and privacy. They devour less vitality as in comparability with public networks.


During the period from 1804 to 1830 when the cultural aspects of townspeople of Edo began to thrive, Sahara Kiku-u, a wealthy dealer in antiques, established a garden for enjoying flowers in bloom with the help of other aficionados of the arts. One theory has it that the name "Hyakkaen" was chosen to mean "a garden with a hundred flowers that bloom throughout the four seasons." At the time when the garden first opened, its main feature was 360 ume trees. In later years, many different blooming flowers and plants mentioned in classic Chinese and Japanese works of literature and poetry were collected, enabling visitors to enjoy blooming flowers throughout the year. The garden is the only surviving flower garden from the Edo Period.
In 1938, in order to preserve the garden for posterity, the owner gave the garden to the City of Tokyo and it was officially opened to the public as a pay-to-view garden in 1939. In 1978, it was designated by the national government as a famous site of historical significance under the terms of the Cultural Assets Preservation Law.


"Few persons can be made to believe that it is not quite an easy thing to invent a method of secret writing which shall baffle investigation. Yet it may be roundly asserted that human ingenuity cannot concoct a cipher which human ingenuity cannot resolve..."
Edgar Alan Poe - "A few words on secret writing"; 1841
Human desire to communicate secretly is at least as old as writing itself and goes back to the beginnings of our civilisation. Methods of secret communication were developed by many ancient societies, including those of Mesopotamia, Egypt, India, China and Japan, but details regarding the origins of cryptology, i.e. the science and art of secure communication, remain unknown.
We know that it was the Spartans, the most warlike of the Greeks, who pioneered cryptography in Europe. Around 400 BC they employed a device known as the scytale. The device, used for communication between military commanders, consisted of a tapered baton around which was wrapped a spiral strip of parchment or leather containing the message. Words were then written lengthwise along the baton, one letter on each revolution of the strip. When unwrapped, the letters of the message appeared scrambled and the parchment was sent on its way. The receiver wrapped the parchment around another baton of the same shape and the original message reappeared.
In his correspondence, Julius Caesar allegedly used a simple letter substitution method. Each letter of Caesar's message was replaced by the letter that followed it alphabetically by three places. The letter A was replaced by D, the letter B by E, and so on. For example, the English word COLD after the Caesar substitution appears as FROG. This method is still called the Caesar cipher, regardless the size of the shift used for the substitution.
Simple substitution ciphers are easy to break. For example, the Caesar cipher with 25 letters admits any shift between 1 and 25, so it has 25 possible substitutions (or 26 if you allow the zero shift). One can easily try them all, one by one. The most general form of one-to-one substitution, not restricted to the shifts, can generate
26! or 403,291,461,126,605, 635,584,000,000
possible substitutions. And yet, ciphers based on one-to-one substitutions, also known as monoalphabetic ciphers, can be easily broken by frequency analysis. The method was proposed by the 9th century polymath from Baghdad, al-Kindi (800-873AD), often called the philosopher of the Arabs.
Al-Kindi noticed that if a letter in a message is replaced with a different letter or symbol then the new letter will take on all the characteristics of the original one. A simple substitution cipher cannot disguise certain features of the message, such as the relative frequencies of the different characters. Take the English language: the letter E is the most common letter, accounting for 12.7% of all letters, followed by T (9.0%), then A (8.2%) and so on. This means that if E is replaced by a symbol X, then X will account for roughly 13% of symbols in the concealed message, thus one can work out that X actually represents E. Then we look for the second most frequent character in the concealed message and identify it with the letter T, and so on. If the concealed message is sufficiently long then it is possible to reveal its content simply by analysing the frequency of the characters.
In the fifteenth and the sixteenth centuries, monoalphabetic ciphers were gradually replaced by more sophisticated methods. At the time Europe, Italy in particular, was a place of turmoils, intrigues and struggles for political and financial power, and the cloak-and-dagger atmosphere was ideal for cryptography to flourish.
In the 1460s Leone Battista Alberti (1404-1472), better known as the Renaissance architect, invented a device based on two concentric discs that simplified the use of Caesar ciphers. The substitution - i.e. the relative shift of the two alphabets - is determined by the relative rotation of the two disks.
Rumour has it that Alberti also considered changing the substitution within one message by turning the inner disc in his device. It is believed that this is how he discovered the so-called polyalphabetic ciphers, which are based on superpositions of Caesar ciphers with different shifts. For example, the first letter in the message can be shifted by 7, the second letter by 14, the third by 19, the fourth again by 7, the fifth by 14, the sixth by 19, and so on repeating the shifts 7, 14, 19 throughout the whole message. The sequence of numbers - in this example 7, 14, 19 - is usually referred to as a cryptographic key. Using this particular key we transform the message SELL into its concealed version, which reads ZSES.
In technical terms the message to be concealed is often called the plaintext and the operation of disguising it is known as encryption. The encrypted plaintext is called the ciphertext or cryptogram. Our example illustrates the departure from a simple substitution; the repeated L in the plaintext SELL is enciphered differently in each case. Similarly, the repeated S in the ciphertext represent a different letter in the plaintext: the first S corresponds to the letter E and the second to the letter L. This makes the straightforward frequency analysis of characters in ciphertexts obsolete. Indeed, polyalphabetic ciphers invented by the main contributors to the field at the time, such as Johannes Trithemius (1462-1516), Blaise de Vigenere (1523-1596), and Giovanni Battista Della Porta (1535-1615), were considered unbreakable for at least another 200 years.
(Not so) unbreakable
The first description of a systematic method of breaking polyalphabetic ciphers was published in 1863 by the Prussian colonel Friedrich Wilhelm Kasiski (1805-1881), but, according to some sources (for example, Simon Singh, The code book), Charles Babbage (1791-1871) had worked out the same method in private sometime in the 1850s.
The basic idea of breaking polyalphabetic ciphers is based on the observation that if we use N different substitutions in a periodic fashion then every Nth character in the cryptogram is enciphered with the same monoalphabetic cipher. In this case we have to find N, the length of the key, and apply frequency analysis to sub-cryptograms composed of every Nth character of the cryptogram.
But how do we find N? We look for repeated sequences in the ciphertext. If a sequence of letters in the plaintext is repeated at a distance which is a multiple of N, then the corresponding ciphertext sequence is also repeated. For example, for N=3, with the 7, 14, 19 shifts we encipher
The repeated sequence ACUL is a giveaway. The repetition appears at a distance 9 thus we can infer that possible values of N are 9 or 3 or 1. We can then apply frequency analysis to the whole cryptogram, to every third character and to every ninth character; one of them will reveal the plaintext. This trial and error approach is getting more difficult for large values of N, i.e. for very long keys.
In the 1920s electromechanical technology transformed the original Alberti's disks into rotor machines in which an encrypting sequence with an extremely long period of substitutions could be generated, by rotating a sequence of rotors. Probably the most famous of them is the Enigma machine, patented by Arthur Scherbius in 1918. (See Claire Ellis's article about the Enigma and its role in the Second World War, also in this issue of Plus.)
A notable achievement of cryptanalysis was the breaking of the Enigma in 1933. In the winter of 1932, Marian Rejewski, a twenty-seven year old cryptanalyst working in the Cipher Bureau of the Polish Intelligence Service in Warsaw, mathematically determined the wiring of the Enigma's first rotor. From then on, Poland was able to read thousands of German messages encrypted by the Enigma machine. In July 1939 Poles passed the Enigma secret to French and British cryptanalysts. After Hitler invaded Poland and France the effort of breaking Enigma ciphers continued at Bletchley Park in England. A large Victorian mansion in the centre of the park (now a museum) housed the Government Code and Cypher School and was the scene of many spectacular advances in modern cryptanalysis.
Despite its long history, cryptography only became part of mathematics and information theory in the late 1940s, mainly as a result of the work of Claude Shannon (1916-2001) of Bell Laboratories in New Jersey. Shannon showed that truly unbreakable ciphers do exist and, in fact, they had been known for over 30 years. They were devised in about 1918 by an American Telephone and Telegraph engineer Gilbert Vernam and Major Joseph Mauborgne of the US Army Signal Corps, and are called either one-time pads or Vernam ciphers.
Both the original design and the modern version of one-time pads are based on the binary alphabet. The message, or plaintext, is converted to a sequence of 0's and 1's, using some publicly known rule. The key is another sequence of 0's and 1's of the same length. Each bit of the message, or the plaintext, is then combined with the respective bit of the key, according to the rules of addition in base 2:
0+0=0,The key is a random sequence of 0's and 1's, and therefore the resulting cryptogram - the plaintext plus the key - is also random and completely scrambled unless one knows the key. The plaintext can be recovered by adding (in base 2 again) the cryptogram and the key.
In the example above, the sender, traditionally called Alice, adds each bit of the plaintext (01011100) to the corresponding bit of the key (11001010) obtaining the cryptogram (10010110), which is then transmitted to the receiver, traditionally called Bob. Both Alice and Bob must have exact copies of the key beforehand; Alice needs the key to encrypt the plaintext, Bob needs the key to recover the plaintext from the cryptogram. An eavesdropper, called Eve, who has intercepted the cryptogram and knows the general method of encryption but not the key, will not be able to infer anything useful about the original message. Indeed, Shannon proved that if the key is secret, the same length as the message, truly random, and never reused, then the one-time pad is unbreakable. Thus we do have unbreakable ciphers!
How to distribute them?
There is, however, a snag. All one-time pads suffer from a serious practical drawback, known as the key distribution problem. Potential users have to agree secretly and in advance on the key - a long, random sequence of 0's and 1's. Once they have done this they can use the key for enciphering and deciphering, and the resulting cryptograms can be transmitted publicly, for example, broadcasted by radio, posted on Internet or printed in a newspaper, without compromising the security of messages. But the key itself must be established between the sender and the receiver by means of a very secure channel - for example, a very secure telephone line, a private meeting or hand-delivery by a trusted courier.
Such a secure channel is usually available only at certain times and under certain circumstances. So users far apart, in order to guarantee perfect security of subsequent crypto-communication, have to carry around with them an enormous amount of secret and meaningless information (cryptographic keys), equal in volume to all the messages they might later wish to send. This is, to say the least, not very convenient!
Furthermore, even if a "secure" channel is available, this security can never be truly guaranteed. A fundamental problem remains because, in principle, any classical private channel can be monitored passively, without the sender or receiver knowing that the eavesdropping has taken place. This is because classical physics - the theory of ordinary-scale bodies and phenomena such as paper documents, magnetic tapes and radio signals - allows all physical properties of an object to be measured without disturbing those properties. Since all information, including cryptographic keys, is encoded in measurable physical properties of some object or signal, classical theory leaves open the possibility of passive eavesdropping, because in principle it allows the eavesdropper to measure physical properties without disturbing them. This is not the case in quantum theory, which forms the basis for quantum cryptography.
We continue the story in the next issue of Plus.
About the author
Artur Ekert splits his time between the University of Cambridge, where he is a Professor of Quantum Physics at DAMTP and a Professorial Fellow of King's College, and the National University of Singapore, where he is a Distinguished Professor. He is one of the discoverers of quantum cryptography.


Model Programs and Practices
STEAM POWER: Integrating Common Core and CTE through Project-based Learning
The model program is project-based learning with authentic acquisition of knowledge through digital applications and resources, Career Technical Education, and cross-curricular collaboration. This practice has been implemented for all students including English Learners and students with special needs across the entire curriculum in academic core subjects as well as CTE courses. Clark students are accustomed to collaborative teamwork and have developed outstanding presentation skills. Skill sets gained in one subject are easily transferred and utilized in other subject areas. Project-based, authentic, rigorous and relevant learning is now found in all areas of the Clark curriculum.
Clark’s model program is an integration of California State Content Standards, Next Generation Science Standards and the 11 Elements of a High-Quality CTE Program standards linked through project-based learning. Clark is a STEAM school because of its emphasis on science, technology, engineering, the digital arts, and mathematics. This model program is aligned with the District’s three LCAP Goals: Maximize student achievement; create a culture of learning and increase engagement.
Clark serves a diverse student population that reflects the changing demographics of the Glendale community. Approximately 70% of Clark’s students speak a primary language other than English. Since 1998, the percentage of economically disadvantaged students has expanded from 30% to nearly 54%. Also, the school team identified an achievement gap between disadvantaged students compared to the entire school population. The model program is designed to increase student understanding of core subjects through project-based learning and application of knowledge in science and CTE classes. Research indicates that learners need to do more than respond by feeding back information. They also need to explore data, to synthesize it into usable information, to interpret their findings, and to create and integrate solutions to problems. Students with special needs as well as English Learners find project-based learning to be engaging and report feeling successful in settings where hands-on, practical skills are directly assessed. The block schedule and daily enrichment period allow for intervention and extension activities for all students. This authentic learning takes place in a social context, supported by teacher facilitators who scaffold learning experiences and with projects that build skills relevant to the changing world of careers and technology in the 21st Century. Making deep, lasting connections with faculty, mentors and industry partners through course content and long-term projects enriches the school culture and underscores Clark’s commitment to personalized learning for each student.
Resources for the model program include a staff of highly qualified teachers in core subjects and elective classes. Teacher recruitment has led to a staff with diverse work experience in business, architecture, digital arts, design, information technology and engineering. Some core teachers have previous experience in elementary and middle school teaching and are able to transfer their experience with collaborative, project-based learning to the high school environment. Clark’s teachers regularly share presented lesson plans and software training, and they have helped the staff to build on the success of the model practice as a foundation for Common Core instruction.
District and grant funding sources have provided students with state of the art equipment for use in classrooms. The rich use of technology enhances the model program and practice. With over seven dedicated computer labs, a near 1:1 Chromebook-to-Student ratio and a robust suite of software applications (Adobe Creative Cloud, Microsoft Office, AutoDesk Revit, Esri ArcGIS, AVID Media Composer, Final Draft Pro, Toon Boom Storyboard Pro, Maya, and ZBrush), teachers translate the work of industry to the classroom. Students apply technology to problem solving across the curriculum.
Implementation and Monitoring
The original foundation for Clark’s model program came from educational reform research such as the SCANS Report, Second to None and Aiming High, which inspired many elements of the instructional program at Clark. A task force, which consisted of interested stakeholders including parents, potential students, District administrators, teachers, business leaders and interested members of the community, helped develop the school program. Since establishing the model practice, School Site Council meetings, PTSA meetings, English Learner Advisory Committee meetings, recruitment meetings for parents of potential students, Senior Projects Oral Boards Day, as well as the Clark Expo are venues where stakeholders have a chance engage with Clark’s model program. Results from the Recommendations and Assurances survey through the School Plan for Student Achievement (SPSA) guides schoolwide goals and decision-making.
Clark’s model program is readily apparent to visitors by stepping into any classroom. An examination of Clark’s classrooms reveals small table-like desks that can be moved easily into different configurations to facilitate group work. Student work is on display throughout the school, and students are accustomed to receiving scoring rubrics for group projects in all of their classes. The products of project-based learning such as videos produced by students in English classes, podcasts produced in Spanish classes, and outreach activities to local elementary schools are readily found at Clark. The program is communicated to stakeholders through the Clark website, PTSA newsletter, local newspapers and recognition of student success at GUSD Board of Education meetings. Clark Magnet has also earned national, state and local recognition: National Blue Ribbon School, California Distinguished School, Gold Ribbon School, Title I Achieving School, CA Green Ribbon School Silver Award, US News & World Report Silver Medal, and CA Business for Education Excellence STEM Honor Roll.
In the 12th grade, every Clark student completes a Senior Project that includes a persuasive research paper, fieldwork, internship or volunteer activities, the preparation of a portfolio and a presentation before three judges at the annual Oral Boards Day. This signature example of project-based learning draws a wide variety of stakeholders including parents of younger students, teachers and administrators from throughout the District, members of the business community, and Clark alumni to share best practices. Both certificated and classified staff are trained in various aspects of the Senior Project and these staff members join with other stakeholders as judges at the Senior Project Oral Boards Day. Feedback from stakeholders about the Senior Project experience is used to evaluate and improve various aspects of the process.
Clark’s teachers receive ongoing professional development in using technology in the classroom, often with presentations by Clark’s own CTE teachers. Teachers have collaborated in curriculum writing, lesson design, and development of common formative assessments. The model practice has expanded over the years to include staff development days that demonstrate the role of elective course teachers in supporting student understanding of key English and math standards. Administrators and counselors across the District meet monthly and participate in a wide range of training and professional development that includes Professional Learning Communities (PLCs), Positive Behavior Intervention and Support (PBIS), restorative practices, CTE articulation and LCAP alignment. For the past two years, all Clark students and staff, including secretaries, custodians and cafeteria employees, have participated in anti-harassment training. This is a critical element of the Clark culture that emphasizes working together on mutual goals.
Time is devoted on banking days for departments to meet and evaluate the effectiveness of instructional learning activities in their academic disciplines. Administrators participate in these department meetings to ensure the model program and practice remains a major focus in the department decision-making process. Over the past several years, Clark has devoted time to the growth of PLCs. These PLCs have provided opportunities for teachers in the same subject areas to evaluate the model practice’s effectiveness in improving student achievement. Currently, all English teachers and the Integrated Math I instructors share a common preparation period to review student work, track data trends and share instructional strategies.
Results of the Model Program
The model program supports Clark’s Student Learning Outcomes by reinforcing literacy and math skills across the curriculum and by giving students real world, unpredictable, problem solving experiences that apply core subject standards in a variety of settings. Clark’s teachers use a variety of assessments as a way to evaluate the project-based learning assignments in their classes. Students receive group and individual grades on projects that often include media presentations and portfolio assessments. Skills from core academic subjects are utilized in projects that draw on other skills, such as video production, that were acquired in CTE classes. The emphasis on performance tasks on annual CAASPP assessments is compatible with Clark’s project-based learning experiences across the curriculum.
Clark has a 100% graduation rate, and a nearly 100% rate of enrollment in post-secondary education. Economically disadvantaged students and English Learners are closely monitored in order to provide appropriate interventions including after school math tutoring sessions. The achievement gap between these subgroups and the school as a whole was closed through efforts such as ALEKS math web-based application available to all Integrated Math I students, and Enrichment Period tutoring sessions for English Learners. This improvement is evident in multiple measures of student achievement including consecutive years of sustained improvement on the CAASPP (2017 to 2018 growth: 91% to 93% meeting/exceeding standards in ELA/Literacy and 72% to 76% meeting/exceeding standards in Mathematics). These results are summarized and reflected in the SPSA and determine goals and how funding is targeted.
Clark’s culture encourages students to take three years of math and at least three years of science. As a result, 80% of Clark’s students met the “a-g” requirements for college admission. The California School Dashboard’s College & Career Indicator, which has a direct correlation to the goals of Clark’s model program/practice, indicates that 88% of Clark seniors placed in the “Prepared” level. The school’s transition in 2017 to an integrated math curriculum using CPM instructional materials is already showing positive progress in part because it is compatible with the model practice of project-based learning. Many students who might not be able to enroll in an AP class at other high schools are given a chance to experience rigorous, college-level curriculum. All efforts to improve student achievement, including the successful use of the model practice, have resulted in an increase in the number of AP tests being taken from 143 in 2008 to 677 tests in 2018, and the passing rate for these tests in 2018 was 55%.
Clark’s staff as a whole regularly looks at data at the beginning of the school year and at department meetings to inform instructional decision-making. The District’s Coordinator of Assessment & Accountability meets often with school teams to analyze interim assessment data and other metrics to guide continual program improvement. It is believed that the hands-on, project-based approach to learning at Clark has contributed to the success of Clark’s targeted socioeconomically disadvantaged subgroup. Interviews with students and teachers have revealed that students found talents they did not know they had when working on projects in CTE classes, and they were then able to apply these skills in their other classes. This high level of engagement results in higher attendance at school (represented by a drop in chronic absenteeism from 6.0% in 2016 to 2.5% in 2018) and fewer behavior issues (represented by a drop in the suspension rate from 4.0% in 2016 to 1.7% in 2018). Clark is a place where students experience success.
Clark’s teachers have Common Core-aligned lessons that will help students to attain high levels of achievement. The science teachers at Clark are similarly preparing instructional materials and assessments that are aligned to the New Generation Science Standards. Students in writing classes write scripts that are made into films in cinematography classes. Marine Science Research students write up and publish research reports. Clark’s model program that integrates core subject standards, CTE standards, and project-based learning in a rigorous and relevant STEAM curriculum is a natural progression in this process to help all students prepare for college and the careers of the 21st Century.


Background: Starch, protein and dietary fibres play a vital role in human nutrition. Plant-based foods such as cereals and legumes are rich sources of such nutrients. Many researchers have focused on the importance of legumes (about 20 % protein) and cereals (about 50-60 % carbohydrate) in the human diet, as they have potential to meet the nutritional requirement of the increasing global population. This study was undertaken to evaluate the effects of the addition of legume flours into wheat-based extruded snack foods on the protein content and in vitro digestibility of protein of such blends.
Methods: Different proportions (5 %, 10 %, and 15 %) of green pea, yellow pea, chickpea and lentil flour were included in wheat flour based extruded snacks. Protein content was measured by the Dumas method, while in vitro digestibility of protein was determined by a two-step, two enzyme method that simulates digestion. The digested protein was calculated by measuring the difference in the protein content at the beginning and at the end of digestion.
Results: The addition of legumes to wheat-based extruded snacks increased the protein content by 1-2 %. Digestibility of extruded products was significantly higher than raw mixes prior to extrusion. For instance, the protein digestibility of extrudates was 60-65 %, whereas the protein digestibility of raw flour mixes was 28-35 %. The present result shows that hot extrusion technique has drastically increased protein digestibility of the snacks.
Funding source: N/A


An especial page about the history of the Peruvian independence.
An especial page about the history of the peruvian independence.
The first steps towards the independence of Perú
by Zenaida Maravi
As it would be impossible for us to render in but a few words a detailed account of the Great Rebellion, led by Tupac Amaru II and the participation of his wife and his relatives, we have made use of articles and visual materials published by Peruvian scholars to tell this chapter of our history.
Road to the long-awaited liberation of the spanish yoke
Historical events such as the Independence of the United States (1776), the Tupac Amaru II Rebellion (1780-1783), and the French Revolution (1789) served as guides and examples to the Spanish colonies of America to fight for their independence and forge their own destinies and their own sovereign states.
Let's learn about the life of Micaela Bastidas through an emotional video developed by the Ministry of Culture of Peru.
Tupac Amaru II rebelion
The independence of Peru
The festival of the sun
The Inti Raymi itself is the symbol of the gratitude of the Andean peoples that they offer to the Paccha Mama (mother earth), for the kindness of having allowed a good production and harvest of products.