Land is an explosive issue as manifested in South Africa by the “expropriation without compensation” debate and the Israeli massacre of Palestinians in Gaza as they peacefully marched in protest of the unending usurpation of their land.
The expropriation and forced removal of the indigenous people by European settler colonialists from their lands is a grave and enduring injustice. In SA White settler colonialists began the process of dispossessing “natives” from their lands forcibly excluding Black people from the 1890’s.
A series of laws culminating with the Natives Land Act of 1913 had a profound effect on the African population across the country. It further laid down the foundation for other legislation which further entrenched dispossession of African people and later the segregation of Coloured and Indian people.
The Act’s most catastrophic provision for Africans was the prohibition from buying or hiring land in 93% of South Africa thus closing avenues of livelihood other than to work for white farmers and industrialists. In essence, Africans were confined to ownership of 7% South Africa’s land rendering them destitute.
The Native Land Act became a critical edifice in the construction of a racially divided SA. Acts such as the Urban Areas Act (1923), Natives and Land Trust Act (1936) and the Group Areas Act (1950) reinforced land dispossession and segregation.
Private land in Palestine in 1947 was 93% owned by Christian and Muslim Palestinians and only 7% by Jews.Yet the United Nations, pressurised by the USA, unjustly allocated approximately 55% of Palestinian land to the proposed Jewish state.
Within a year over 80 percent of the land within Israel that was once owned by Palestinians had been confiscated after the ethnic cleansing of 750,000 Palestinians. Now 93 percent of “Israel’s” land can only be leased or owned by Jews or Jewish agencies.
This impoverished the Palestinians deprived of their land, home and hearth that they had lived on for generations. The Israel Land Administration mandated the World Zionist Organisation and its subsidiaries, the Jewish Agency and the Jewish National Fund, to develop the stolen land for the exclusive benefit of Jews.
On 30 March 1976, just months before the Soweto uprising, thousands of Palestinians from towns and villages in the occupied Galilee region, marched in protest against an Israeli order to confiscate more land belonging to indigenous communities in the area. Israeli police shot and killed six Palestinian protestors.
Since then, the event has been marked annually as Yawm Al-Ard or Land Day. It is a major commemorative date in the Palestinian political calendar and an important event in the Palestinian collective narrative, equivalent to Soweto’s June 16 or March 21 Sharpville massacres in SA.
Land Day emphasises Palestinian resistance to Israel’s brutal colonisation and oppression, and Palestinian sumud (steadfastness).
The population of historic Palestine (before 1948) was largely a rural one. People lived and made a living off pieces of lands they inherited through many generations.
Israel violently dispossessed and expelled Palestinians, many of whom still have the keys to their homes. They continue to illegally annex Palestinian territory and the “Judiasation” of Jerusalem continues unabated in violation of international laws and the Geneva Convention.
On 30 March 2018, Good Friday, thousands of Palestinians gathered, un-armed, at a nonviolent and peaceful protest, dubbed the #GreatReturnMarch, when Israeli snipers started shooting live ammunition at the gathering, turning the day into Bloody Friday.
Israeli snipers shot dead 17 Palestinians and injured 1500 civilians including over 150 children under the age of 16, leaving many with life altering disabilities.
The Land Day protests reaffirms the unity of all Palestinians to resist en masse the colossal level of land theft who are now left with a paltry 8% of their original land.
Almost 25 years since South Africa’s freedom, studies show ‘whites’ still own 67% of commercial agricultural land; 15% owned by ‘black’ communal areas (mostly state-owned); 10% other state land; and 8% by the remainder, including urban areas.
Thus, the shadow of the Natives Land Act is still evident in post -Apartheid South Africa where a significant proportion of land remains in the ownership of white farmers. Blacks and government together own about 26% of commercial agricultural land, up from 14% when apartheid formally ended in 1994.
This injustice will guarantee that simmering racial tensions continue in SA, recently fuelled by the offer to white SA farmers by the Australian foreign minister to emigrate. Similarly, fallacious scenarios of a Zimbabwe-style land grab, as opposed to structured land restitution, feeds into the frenzy.
As history shows, the unjust occupation of peoples land cannot be sustained for long. When the crash comes it will be sudden. The continued resistance of the 2 million people in Gaza, together with another 10 million Palestinians throughout the world, demonstrates that Palestinians will not vanish, will not be destroyed and will not be subjugated.
Just as Soweto and Sharpville is symbolic of Black SA’s resistance and victory over oppression, so is Gaza the remaining symbol of Palestine’s dispossessed people in their quest to free their occupied land.
Dr Firoz Osman
Executive member of Media Review Network
An advocacy group based in Gauteng
He is the co-author of Why Israel? Anatomy of Zionist Apartheid A SA perspective.
Cell : 082 337 6979


As you have probably heard, all of us should be eating less sugar. Here’s why: Sugar has been linked to more than sixty different ailments, including obesity.
While refined sugar consumption has declined in recent years, a new breed of sugar substitutes has emerged in artificial sweeteners such as Splenda, aspartame, and sugar alcohols, as well as high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS). Alarmingly, sugar’s “kissing cousins” may be even more harmful to your health than sugar itself. These factors make it more important than ever that you understand and practice sugar savvy.
Here are some tips that are fundamental sugar-busters: basic concepts to help you identify sugar in all its various forms and to teach you to limit, substitute for, or eliminate it in the foods you put in your grocery cart, the foods you have in your kitchen, and the way you prepare food. Change is hard, so most people like to ease into it. Start by remembering the concepts and using the tips that seem the simplest and most appealing to you. Once you’re comfortable with those, it’s easy to expand and do more.
1. Stop adding sugar to food.
This is the very easiest way to cut sugar! Whether it’s cereal and fruits, or drinks like herbal tea and coffee, don’t add that sweet sprinkle. Simply eliminating nutrient-empty processed sugars from your kitchen is a good way to start. This means not only table sugar, but dextrose, raw sugar, turbinado sugar, brown sugar, and powdered sugar as well.
2. Eliminate processed carbohydrates from your kitchen.
Although many people don’t realize it, refined carbohydrates such as white rice, white bread, and white pasta are quickly converted to sugars in the body and disrupt the body’s blood sugar and fat control systems. Keeping these common products out of your home is a simple yet effective way to maintain a better-balanced blood sugar level.
3. Stick with unprocessed whole foods.
That’s the only way to be sure you’re greatly reducing your sugar intake. Poultry, meat, fish, and eggs are, of course, sugar-free. Legumes, grains, nuts, vegetables, and fruits, which may have some naturally occurring sugars, are full of nutrients and fiber, two ingredients that help balance blood sugar.
4. Thin out sweeteners or sweet foods. (Including natural ones, whenever you can.)
The idea isn’t to substitute one sugar addiction for another one, but rather to gradually and permanently cut down on all forms of sugar in your diet. Dilute concentrated sweeteners such as honey with water and mix sweet foods like granola with unsweetened foods such as plain cereals and nuts to reduce the total amount of sugar consumed.
5. Just as with sugar-free foods, beware of fat-free foods.
The fat-free trend of the early 1990’s predated the low-carb craze from which we are now emerging. “Fat-free” may be in bold letters on the label, but what the manufacturers don’t tell you is that the products are sugar-rich, sometimes containing two or more times the sugar found in the regular version of that product that naturally contains a little fat. High amounts of sugar not balanced with protein and fat cause the pancreas to release insulin, the body’s main fat-storage hormone. Fat-free products may sound good on paper, but in the ultimate irony, fat-free products helped to make American fatter and can still do so if you eat them excessively.
6. The more natural the food, the better.
It’s well established now that the more processed a food is, the more it will tend to raise your blood sugar. Since balanced blood sugar levels are the goal, opt for foods as close to their natural state as possible. Choose an orange in place of orange juice, an apple over applesauce, and brown rice instead of white rice.
7. Become a food detective.
To reduce sugar, you have to know where it is first. To do that, you have to be alert, ask questions, and pay attention to the information you receive about food. Learn to recognize important clues- such as how many grams of sugar are listed on a food label, the ingredients in a food, and how sweet a food tastes to you. Once you identify those foods with a high or hidden sugar content, you know them for what they really are: nutrient robbers and troublemakers for your body.
8. Eat for taste and good nutrition.
Your tastes can change, after all, but your fundamental nutrient requirements have to be met each and every day. It’s far better to have your taste buds rebel for a short while, than to have your body break down from nutrient deficiencies. Keep this in mind wen you’re asked to change long-standing habits for new, healthier, sugar-reducing ways of eating.
9. Listen to your body.
Know that your body gives powerful signals about what’s right for you even when your taste buds don’t want to listen. For example, if you get an initial high after eating a piece of chocolate but two hours later feel lethargic, irritable, and depressed, your body is going to great lengths to tell you something. Try to pick out those foods that make you feel good over the long term- mentally, emotionally, and physically- and you’ll make great strides toward stabilizing your blood sugar.
10. Eat regular, balanced meals.
This may sound like old-fashioned advice, something your mother might have told you, but scientific research is proving its inherent wisdom. Some research indicates that the body operates more efficiently when each meal or snack that you eat contains approximately 40 percent carbohydrates, 30 percent protein, and 30 percent fat. This formula keeps your blood sugar in the optimal zone for as long as four or five hours. Balanced blood sugar levels mean better concentration, better mood, and greater energy and stamina (and therefore less need or temptation to grab something sweet for quick energy).


JULIUS CAESAR AND RICHARD NIXON AS LEADERS
This research paper examines the question in relation to Julius Caesar (100 BC-44 BC) and Richard Nixon (1913-1997) whether it is more effective for a political leader to be loved or feared? The remarkably successful phases of the careers of both men suggest that Niccolo Machiavelli was correct when he said that it was more advisable for a political leader to be feared than loved. Both men, however, suffered from a high degree of intellectual egotism and lack of respect for others which contributed to their ultimate downfalls as leaders.
Caesar, however, was capable of inspiring the loyalty, if not the affections, of masses of men; but the passions he aroused threatened the privileges of key members of the Roman aristocratic class thereby bringing about the Senatorial conspiracy that ended his life. Nixon conspicuously lacked such intensely emotional support yet he, too, overstepped reasonable bounds in his use of power. In so doing, he forfeited in large measure the public trust which a democratic political leader must enjoy to be effective. Nixon was less consistent than Caesar in his use of fear as an instrument of power which in the end rendered him capable of neither being feared nor loved and ironically may have hastened his fall from grace.
Machiavelli had a somewhat cynical and pessimistic view of human nature. Men were, he said, motivated by self-interest and fickle by nature, "ungrateful, voluble, dissemblers, anxious to avoid danger, and covetous of gain" (Ebenstein 193). As to "whether it is better to be loved more than feared, or feared more than loved . . . one ought to be both . . . but as it is difficult for the two to go together, it is much safer to be feared than loved" (Ebenstein 193). He observed that
men have less scruple in offending one who makes himself feared; for love is held by a chain of obligation which, men being selfish, is broken whenever it s...


Bad vibes in the workplace are not only detrimental to staff morale and productivity they can also have a negative effect on your health and wellbeing, not to mention your career prospects. Every way you look at it, it is a good idea to learn to control your anger at work.
Article as it appeared in Khuluma - Kulula's in-flight magazine, which can also be found online. By Katherine Graham
You can read the article here on page 127: http://www.khulumaonline.co.za/mags/2016_09_september/index.html#/128
Many people think of anger as a purely ‘negative’ emotion – an emotion that we should not actually allow ourselves to feel. But anger is, in fact, just an emotion - one of a whole range of emotions that we must allow ourselves to feel if we want to experience a rich mental and emotional life.
“Spare the rod, spoil the child” and “No hiding equals no discipline” are familiar adages that offer advice with biblical roots - but are no longer treated as gospel. Indeed, there is no hiding from the fact that research proves corporal punishment is not the most effective method of instilling discipline in children. There are two highly effective alternatives to punishment – positive and negative reinforcement.
Learning to identify the different communication styles - and recognising which one we use most often in our daily interactions with friends, family and colleagues - is essential if we want to develop effective, assertive communication skills. But how can we tell the difference between the styles, and is there a time and place for each one in certain situations?


Parents in Singapore often send their children to enrichment programmes as a way of discovering or developing an interest in a certain subject or to provide them with the opportunity to gain confidence in social settings.
Of the many enrichment programmes available in Singapore, speech and drama classes for kids remain a popular choice for parents due to the benefits for children. Children come out of these classes feeling more confident about themselves and they are also more creative as well.
How kids’ theatre programmes differ from speech and drama classes for kids
While speech and drama classes for kids undoubtedly benefit children in many ways, it is a misconception to think that kids’ theatre programmes are no different from speech and drama classes. Speech and drama classes typically comprise a range of drama and voice-related activities that involve storytelling, singing songs and poetry. The focus is on presentation, vocal clarity and performance.
On the other hand, a kids’ theatre programme like MindChamps’ Champion Mindset Theatre Programme (CMT) is more than that. In addition to the above, children are exposed to craftwork, theatrical skills and literature. A holistic programme that takes on an organic approach, there are no examinations that place an unnecessary burden on the child to perform based on examination criteria.
Rather than focusing on the form, or final product, CMT places emphasis on the child and how they grow and develop a long-term understanding of themselves.
Vocal projection techniques, collaboration and enunciation are similar concepts that are present in both programmes but CMT goes beyond to guide children to emote, characterise, improvise and more using theatrical activities.
Important life skills that children can pick up from kids’ theatre programmes
Beyond learning the basics of expressing themselves and their ideas, there are important lessons in which our children can learn from their involvement in a kids’ theatre programme.
These include values that they will take with them throughout the years, such as:
When children are confident, they respect themselves and the world around them – giving them the confidence to interact confidently with both peers and adults. This confidence is built through the programme’s activities including speaking on stage in both solo and group settings, seeing the projects they work on come to life at the end of the term and through improved vocal projection and oral language skills.
Creativity is honed through engaging activities that build confident self-expression and this life skill is essential to solving problems in school and the workplace. For example, in the ACA Kids nursery programme, each lesson revolves around a fun theme where they learn how to characterise, act and take part in building the props that will be used in performances.
Through group work, children can learn the social skills of expressing their opinions in a non-aggressive manner and how to work with people of different personalities. They learn that no man is an island and that each person has their own strengths that add value to the group.
4) Inspire innovation and fresh thinking
As kids’ theatre programmes such as CMT are more than a speech and drama class, rather than teaching children how to act, the programme equips them with the tools and skills needed to express themselves. Children work in a group setting to collaborate on team-based theatrical activities that are largely improvised, as they are encouraged to come up with fresh ideas.
5) Regulating emotions
Theatre performers require a great deal of emotion control in order to bring their character to life and to perform convincingly in a multitude of scenes involving various moods – anger, joy, sadness, surprise and even a mix. Knowing how to manage emotions and react appropriately is an essential skill for life.
Keen to learn how your children can benefit from kids’ theatre programmes like Champion Mindset Theatre?
Written by Jamie Koh


Reginald Heber all of twenty minutes in 1819 to write "From Greenland's Icy Moun- tains"—a hymn that would go on from its initial composition in Wrexham, Wales, to become one of the most well known hymns in the British Empire and the nineteenth-century United States. As the story goes, Heber (1783-1826), who had won prizes for poetry writing in college and had even by then published a volume of poems and translations, was asked one evening by his father-in-law, the Vicar of Wrexham and Dean of St. Asaph, to write something to be sung the following day. Heber removed himself from company and, within twenty minutes, penned the song's four stanzas, the second of which Mahatma Gandhi would eventually call "clear libel on Indian humanity" and the third of which was printed on the illustrated magic lantern slide just acquired by P&PC and pictured above.
A Famous Sea Fight Between Captain Ward and His Majesty's Ship the Rainbow," to the tune of the even older ballad "'Twas when the seas were roaring." Four years later, in 1823, Heber (that's him pictured here) was appointed Bishop of Calcutta and would hold that post for three years, until 1826, when he died from a cerebral hemorrhage he suffered while taking a bath in Tamil Nadu, India. The Poetical Works of Reginald Heber was published in 1841, but Heber is most remembered for the hymns he wrote. As our new lantern slide perhaps suggests, "From Greenland's Icy Mountains" had wide circulation and appeal: it was (according to Wiki) the missionary hymn most frequently printed in nineteenth-century American hymnals; it was a particular favorite of the Methodists; it was included in the first Mormon hymnal in 1835; and it was still common enough in 1925 India for Gandhi to use it as a key point of reference in his argument against Christian missionaries who "come to India thinking that you come to a land of heathens, of idolators, of men who do not know God."
one account) first published with music composed in 1823 by an American bank clerk and music teacher named Lowell Mason, who was living in Savannah, Georgia. Apparently, Mason wrote "Missionary Hymn" (his first published hymn tune) in just half an hour—a speed befitting Heber's own twenty-minute composition of the lyrics and making visible a pattern of fast writing (some might say "inspiration") that could make one wonder about the amount of care and reflection with which widespread Christian texts were created. When "From Greenland's Icy Mountains" is sung to Mason's tune, then, it's no longer just a British production, but a British-American hybrid. This type of cross-Atlantic collaboration isn't unique to Heber's hymn. When American poet Oliver Wendell Holmes wrote the poem that would get put to music as the hymn "Lord of all being, throned afar," for example, it would eventually move the other way across the ocean—from the U.S. to England—where it was printed on a magic lantern slide (a sort of projectable hymnal page, pictured here) that contained directions for singing. Holmes, who in 1859 imagined his Atlantic Monthly readers "singing (inwardly) this hymn to the Source of the light we all need," is only the starting point of a text that, like "From Greenland's Icy Mountains," got changed and hybridized as it was imported and exported around the globe.
Can we, whose souls are lighted
With wisdom from on high,
Can we to men benighted
The lamp of life deny?
Salvation! oh, salvation!
The joyful sound proclaim,
Till each remotest nation
Has learnt Messiah's name.
But beyond that McLuhan-esque "medium is the message" analysis, what also got P&PC thinking is the content of the picture itself. Who are the missionaries? Where are they? Who are they preaching to? So, in hopes of finding some answers (we're no experts in religious history), we sent a picture of the slide to our old University of Iowa friend Everett Hamner, who now teaches at Western Illinois University where he studies the intersections of literature, science, religion, and technology. He in turn sent the picture to all of his religious history friends. And this is when things started to get even more interesting.
We here at the P&PC office can't say for sure, and we'd love for someone out there to help shed some light on the matter. If you have any thoughts as you sit there in front of your computer—our age's version of the magic lantern's "holy light" and "lamp of life"—by all means please drop us a line.


Ocean warming, frequent tropical cyclones, flash floods and droughts are likely to bring a devastating impact on food production systems in Pacific island countries, the UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) said on Tuesday.
Climate change-related disasters have already seriously constrained the development of these islands, the FAO said in a new report entitled "Climate Change and Food Security in Pacific Island Countries."
"Climate projections for the Pacific island countries are bleak and indicate reduced food security, especially for households," said Alexander Muller, FAO assistant director-general for Natural Resources Management and Environment Department.
"It is critical to build resilience of the food systems to avoid enormous future economic losses in agriculture, fisheries and forestry," he said.
"Countries will have to assess how vulnerable their food systems are and how they can adapt agriculture, forestry and fisheries to future climate-related disasters. There is a need to act urgently," he added.
Increasing coastal inundation, salinization and erosion as a consequence of sea-level rise and human activities may contaminate and reduce the size of productive agricultural lands, thus threatening household and local food security, said the report.
The projected sea-level rise and sea surface temperature changes will most likely result in the decline of fisheries productivity and food security. Most of the ecosystems on which coastal fisheries depend will be adversely affected, it said.
Though Pacific island countries have already committed to a number of international and regional agreements to address the impact of climate change, their response "can be described as being project-based, ad hoc and heavily dependent on external resources," said the report.
"Integrating climate change adaptation into national policies, strategies, programs and budgets related to agriculture, forestry and fisheries, should become a major priority," Alexander Muller said.
The report also calls for a more systematic approach to climate change, with national development plans serving as the basis of adaptation measures.


Discovering cancer cells and cancerous tissues as soon as medically possibly bodes best for the patient to receive a diagnosis and treatment that brings with it the best possible outcome. Using “ultrafast nonlinear microscopy” surgeons can identify and remove the tumor margins in real time, preventing the need for the patient to have to undergo further procedures.
The nonlinear microscope uses custom optical medical lenses that yield high resolution images, which are delivered in real time to the surgeons allowing them to remove as many cancerous cells as possible. The technology also offers the surgical team a higher field of vision during the procedure. The magnification and accuracy of this tool offered the physicians a close to 95% accuracy rate in identifying and removing tumors.
Another technology aiding physicians in the detection and removal of cancer cells is photoacoustic tomography (PAM). This is a sound and light based imaging technology that not only provides a three dimension image, but also operates along the optical wavelength allowing for the detection of tissue molecules. PAM, used in the detection, screening and monitoring of cancer cells, has proven useful in detecting single tumor and red blood cells.
To allow the PAM technology to work at a higher level of accuracy, they are fitted with microelectromechanical systems, or MEMs, scanning mirrors. These mirrors are used extensively in optical imaging but cannot perform when immersed in liquid. New water-immersible MEMs are being created that will be usable in liquid and in conjunction with the photoacoustic tomography. The use of the two technologies together will speed up the imaging time and provide faster results to the surgeons during procedures.
A cancer diagnosis is one of most often mentioned use for PAM because of its ability to distinguish between benign and malignant tissues.
UKA Optics manufactures standard and custom lens assemblies for medical imaging and diagnostic cameras.


You will learn to make the "dark matter box" pattern and image below, and the dozens of variations the file permits therefrom.
- Become familiar with the basic image to be created:
This article relies on the previous accomplishment of the 9 articles preceding it, #*How to Create Artistic Patterns in Microsoft Excel
- How to Create a Flower Pattern in Microsoft Excel
- How to Create a Tornado Screw Pattern in Microsoft Excel
- How to Create a Uniform Spiral Pattern in Microsoft Excel
- How to Create an Insectoid Pattern in Microsoft Excel
- How to Create a Skewed Spheroids Pattern in Microsoft Excel
- How to Create a Floral Glassware Pattern in Microsoft Excel
- How to Create a Squiggly Frame Pattern in Microsoft Excel
- How to Create an Equilateral Springs Pattern in Microsoft Excel.
- Please complete those first before attempting this one.
2Start a new workbook by saving the previous workbook from How to Create an Equilateral Springs Pattern in Microsoft Excel under a new name. Save the workbook into a logical file folder.
3Complete all changes in the upper Defined Variables section.
- Enter On=0,Off=1 cell A4 = 1
- Enter Adjuster = 1
- Enter TURNS = 10
- Enter S's Count = 6
- Enter Var = 12
- Enter Divisor = 3,000,000
- Enter top = "=ROUND((-B4*PI())+(Adj),0)" 968321
- NEW: Enter 28.6470945405378 into cell E2 and Format Cell Number Number Custom "(FFF)" 0.000000 with parentheses and quotes. Go to cell AA7 and enter "=D4" and Insert Name Define name FFF to cell $AA$7.
- Enter YN = N for Part-Cycle. Enter <=Y/N: Part-Cycle to cell F4 and move the old note into an Insert New Comment for E4.
- Enter YN = Y for Molecules in cell E5 and Insert Name Define Name Molecules to $E$5. Enter <=Y/N: MOLECULES to cell F5.
- Enter Power = 1
- Enter AAA = -10
- db = 4.5
- All the rest are the same as they were before.
4Complete all changes in the upper Columnar Formulas section.
- The formula in A7:A1447 has not changed.
- In B7, check that the formula is "=IF(EVEN(S_COUNT)=S_COUNT,ROUND((-B4*PI())+(Adj),0),0.0000000000001)"
- In B8:B1447, check that the formula is "=((B7+(-TOP*2)/(AdjRows)))*$B$1"
- In cell C7, check that the formula is "=ROUND(-EXP((PI()^2)+(Cc*-(db))),0)+Designer"
- In C8:C1447, the formula is "=C7"
- In D7:D1447, revise the formula to "=X7/IF(Divisor=0,S_COUNT,Divisor)+(IF(COS((ROW()-7)*PI()/180*Factor)<0,ABS(COS((ROW()-7)*PI()/180*Factor))^Power*-1,COS((ROW()-7)*PI()/180*Factor)^Power)*IF(AAA=1,0,1))+IF(AAA=0,0, AB7*IF(MOLECULES="Y",Factor,1))^Power" where AB7 holds Triangle x.
- In E7:E1447, revise the formula to "=Y7/IF(Divisor=0,S_COUNT,Divisor)+(IF(SIN((ROW()-7)*PI()/180*Factor)<0,ABS(SIN((ROW()-7)*PI()/180*Factor))^Power*-1,SIN((ROW()-7)*PI()/180*Factor)^Power)*IF(AAA=1,0,1))+IF(AAA=0,0, AC7*IF(MOLECULES="Y",Factor,1))^Power" where AC7 holds Triangle y.
- In F7:F1447, the formula is "=IF(A7=0,F6,((PI())*((SIN(B7/(C7*2))*GMLL*COS(B7)*GMLL*(COS(B7/(C7*2)))*GMLL)+D7)))"
- In G7:G1447, the formula is "=IF(A7=0,G6,((PI())*((SIN(B7/(C7*2))*GMLL*SIN(B7)*GMLL*(COS(B7/(C7*2)))*GMLL)+E7)))"
- In H7:H1447, the formula is "=F7*GMLL*Sync1"
- In I7:I1447, the formula is "=G7*GMLL*Sync1"
- In J7:J1447, the formula is "=F7*GMSL*Sync2"
- In K7:K1447, the formula is "=G7*GMSL*Sync2"
- The lookup tables have not changed.
5Create the Chart.
- Select F7:G1447 and with either the Chart Wizard or the Ribbon select A;;/Other Scatter Smoothed Line Scatter. Cut or Copy the chart to the Chart worlsheet. Using Chart Layout, get rid of the Axes, Grid lines and Legend. Format Selection for Data Series 1 as Navy Blue .25 pt Line Weight. Data Series 1 should read in the formula bar as "=SERIES(,Data!$F$7:$F$1447,Data!$G$7:$G$1447,1)".
- Do Chart Add Series and activate the Data sheet and select cell range J7:K1447. Format as Ice Blue from the Color Wheel, which is below a sky blue and a grey blue. Format Line Weight .25
- Do Chart Add Series and activate the Data sheet and select cell range H7:I1447. Format as Magenta from the Color Wheel, which is between a blood red and a dark rose, but comes out as a hot pink. Format Line Weight 1 pt.
- Add Box Lines. Do Insert Picture Shape Line copy and paste into the chart. In will be black but the heads will appear. Drag heads to where they need to be to give illusion of box and hold down Option Key to create next line. Give each line yellow color and yellow Glow. Decided against the blue lines.
- Do Plot Area and Chart Area Fill Black. Here's an example of an attempt made:
- Turns=12, AdjRows=360, S_Count=11, db=4.5, AAA=1, Power=1, Divisor=2724863.07004514, (FFF)=28.647095, YN Part-Cycle=Y, YN MOLECULES = N, On Off = 1 -- probably charted to row 360:
- S_Count = 44, AdjRows = 1439; otherwise as above:
- Turns 10, AdjRows 1439, On Off 1, S_COunt 3, Var 12, db 4.5, Divisor 1, AAA 1, Power 3, otherwise as above:
- The Related wikiHows list below pertains because Neutral Operations are used in these designs.
- See the article How to Create a Spirallic Spin Particle Path or Necklace Form or Spherical Border for a list of articles related to Excel, Geometric and/or Trigonometric Art, Charting/Diagramming and Algebraic Formulation.
For art charts and graphs, you might also want to Search on "Microsoft Excel Imagery - category" to view many Excel charts where trigonometry, geometry and calculus have been turned into art.
- ERRORS: If there are errors or error values, either the sheet in incomplete and needs further input or Lookup Tables for critical variables or perhaps there's a mistake somewhere along the line. If the instructions have been completed and there are still errors, select the cell that has the error value that is furthest left and topmost first. Look for a typo in a formula or unmatched parentheses. Possibly, a Defined Name is wrong -- they need to be input into the formulas exactly as they were defined. Do Insert Name Define to check. If there is a #DIV/0! error, the example does not, so look for a variable that somehow did not get filled in with a value perhaps. At any rate, what to do is select the cell with the error, and after checking all those typical errors, do Tools Auditing Trace Precedents and/or Trace Error. If fixing all the topmost leftmost errors does not fix the rest of your errors on the worksheet, one may need to do it the hard way, from the bottom right upwards then leftwards; that is the slow but sure way to fix all errors.
- Also, errors in the chart data will most likely plot as zeroes. This may be acceptable or desirable even. However, if too many lines (or curves) are returning to 0, it may indicate a logical flaw in the data -- or too many tiny values and then perhaps rescaling the chart is needed by inspecting the horizontal and vertical axes and changing them to zero in on the problem. Hover over or click on a data marker on the series plot and then do a search in the proper column by value for that value, and identify its precedents.
Sources and Citations
- The source file for this article is "Garthwaite LINE14w TRIANGLEa.xlsx".


|Cranes have become a major tourist attraction in Germany, drawing around 30,000 visitors in September alone to Linum, a small town with barely 700 inhabitants [GALLO/GETTY]
Berlin, Germany - Migrating flocks of cranes flying overhead are normally a harbinger of spring and autumn in Europe. But due to rising temperatures, the birds are sticking around increasingly longer in the fall before heading south.
The average temperature in November this year in Germany was five degrees Celsius, which is one degree higher than the usual average. And on some days, the temperature climbed to 20 degrees at noon, which explains why some migratory birds have chosen to spend the autumn and beginning of winter in Germany instead of flying on to warmer southern climes.
Up until a few years ago, common cranes (Grus grus) normally migrated in September from their spring and summer habitat in Finland, Sweden and Russia to Spain and northern Africa, where they would spend the autumn and winter.
But climate change is altering their natural migratory patterns.
Due to the relatively high autumn temperatures in northern Germany in recent years, particularly in the northeastern federal state of Brandenburg, tens of thousands of cranes have been delaying their departure for periods of almost two months.
The situation is sparking conflicts between farmers in the region - upset by the occupation of their fields by the birds and the invasion of their small towns by thousands of tourists coming to photograph them - and environmental organisations who want to improve local conditions to provide refuge for the cranes.
Three decades ago, "a few hundred cranes would spend a couple of weeks in our area," recalls Hans Wagner, an elderly farmer who has lived his whole life near the tiny town of Linum, 25 km northwest of Berlin. "But now, there are sometimes more than 50,000."
These enormous numbers of birds are causing problems. "The cranes are taking over our fields. In the winter they eat our seeds, and in the spring they eat the first shoots of our crops. And the noise they make is unbearable," complained Wagner.
To make matters worse, the cranes have become a major tourist attraction. In September, around 30,000 visitors passed through Linum, a town with barely 700 inhabitants. Many came armed with sophisticated camera equipment to capture the majestic sight of huge flocks of cranes in flight.
"There isn't enough room in town for so many cars and buses," said Wagner.
In response to the avian invasion, farmers like him have installed alarm systems, some of which set off loud explosions, to scare off the cranes.
In the meantime, environmental activists are working to transform fields in the region into a suitable habitat for the cranes - which normally live in wetland areas - by flooding them in September and April.
"The area around Linum is currently the largest habitat in Germany for cranes migrating to and from the south," ornithologist Henrik Watzke of the Nature and Biodiversity Conservation Union (NABU) told Tierramérica.
Watzke, co-ordinator of the NABU office in Linum, confirmed that on some days in September and October, there are as many as 80,000 cranes gathered around the town. "The conditions here are ideal," he said.
"Autumn temperatures have increased, the crops farmed in the region, primarily corn and wheat, provide sufficient food for thousands of birds, and there are also a large number of rivers and lakes, which make it possible to create swamps for a few weeks a year in order to protect the birds at night from predators like foxes and raccoons," he explained.
Watzke denies that the presence of such large numbers of cranes poses problems for farmers in the area.
However, according to Heinz Wacker, another local farmer, "A few guys who think they're really smart expect us to sacrifice our lands and our crops to let the cranes live here for several months a year."
There has been vocal protest against a new ordinance for the transformation of 700 hectares of land, currently used for cattle grazing, into a protected area for the cranes.
The land in question belongs to the cattle farming company Rhinmilch. "If we lose this land, we will have to shut down," said company manager Jens Winter.
Moreover, he stressed, the environmentalists do not recognise the heavy costs entailed by the presence of the birds.
"A crane eats 300 grams of grain a day. That means 80,000 cranes eat 24 tonnes of grain a day. In addition, in the spring, they eat the first shoots," he said. "This situation cannot be described as ecologically balanced."
A version of this article was first published on IPS.


Gliosarcoma is a rare type of glioma, a cancer of the brain that comes from glial, or supportive, brain cells, as opposed to the neural brain cells. Gliosarcoma is a malignant cancer, and is defined as a glioblastoma consisting of gliomatous and sarcomatous components.
It is estimated that approximately 2.1% of all glioblastomas are gliosarcomas. Although most gliomas rarely show metastases outside the cerebrum, gliosarcomas have a propensity to do so, most commonly spreading through the blood to the lungs, and also liver and lymph nodes.
Gliosarcomas have an epidemiology similar to that of glioblastomas, with the average age of onset being 54 years, and males being affected twice as often as females. They are most commonly present in the temporal lobe.
^Ayadi L, Charfi S, Khabir A et al. (March 2010). "[Cerebral gliosarcoma: clinico-pathologic study of 8 cases]". Tunis Med (in French) 88 (3): 142–6. PMID20415184.CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link)
^Beumont; Kupsky, WJ; Barger, GR; Sloan, AE et al. (2007). "Gliosarcoma with multiple extracranial metastases: case report and review of the literature". J. Neurooncology83 (1): 39–46. doi:10.1007/s11060-006-9295-x. PMID17171442.CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link)


July 15, 1903 - Jan. 23, 1998 Port Arthur, TX
Velma Marjorie Dreyfus Jeter, educator and civic leader spent her life promoting and fighting for the rights of all people. A nationally renowned civil rights activist, she became known as the Rosa Parks of Texas. Her father, Jules Dreyfus, was a politician and held the post of Chairman of the Ways and Means Committee, of the Louisiana Legislature, until his death. She was born in New Iberia, Louisiana. At the age of 12, her family moved to Port Arthur, TX and she graduated from Lincoln High School in 1920 as Valedictorian of the class.
In 1922 she began her career as a teacher in Port Arthur. Jeter received a B.A. from Prairie View A & M University in 1932 and an M.A. from Texas Southern University in 1952 in addition to completing post graduate work at several universities. Jeter's career as an educator lasted for 45 years where she taught English and Social Studies at both Port Arthur and Orange. She was a Life Member of the National Education Association.
A tireless civic leader, Jeter served on the Council of Aging under Governor Mark White, where he named her "The Yellow Rose of Texas" for her dedication to civic causes. Honored numerous times by the NAACP, she received the Civil Rights Award for her service from 1950 to 1987. Other honors include Black Texan of Distinction in 1970, Sojourner Truth Award, Women of Courage Award, Governor's Award for Public Service, induction to the Black Women's Hall of Fame in 1986, and Texas Delegate to the Democratic National Convention in 1996. Even after her death in 1998, Mrs. Jeter's impact on our community continues through the efforts of the Velma Jeter Foundation, which awards scholarships to local students.


Dendrites are the branched projections of a neuron that act to propagate the electrochemical stimulation received from other neural cells to the cell body, or soma, of the neuron from which they project. Electrical stimulation is transmitted onto them by upstream neurons (usually their axons) via synapses which are located at various points throughout the dendritic tree.
Dendrites play a critical role in integrating these synaptic inputs and in determining the extent to which action potentials are produced by the neuron. Dendritic arborization, also known as dendritic branching, is a multi-step biological process by which neurons form new dendritic trees and branches to create new synapses.
The morphology, such as branch density and grouping patterns are highly correlated to the function of the neuron. Malformation of dendrites is also tightly correlated to impaired nervous system function.
Certain classes of dendrites contain small projections referred to as dendritic spines that increase receptive properties of dendrites to isolate signal specificity. Increased neural activity and the establishment of long-term potentiation at dendritic spines change the size, shape, and conduction.
This ability for dendritic growth is thought to play a role in learning and memory formation. There can be as many as 15,000 spines per cell, each of which serves as a postsynaptic process for individual presynaptic axons. Dendritic branching can be extensive and in some cases is sufficient to receive as many as 100,000 inputs to a single neuron.
Dendrites are one of two types of protoplasmic protrusions that extrude from the cell body of a neuron, the other type being an axon. Axons can be distinguished from dendrites by several features including shape, length, and function. Dendrites often taper off in shape and are shorter, while axons tend to maintain a constant radius and be relatively long.
Typically, axons transmit electrochemical signals and dendrites receive the electrochemical signals, although some types of neurons in certain species lack axons and simply transmit signals via their dendrites. Dendrites provide an enlarged surface area to receive signals from the terminal buttons of other axons, and the axon also commonly divides at its far end into many branches (telodendria) each of which ends in a nerve terminal, allowing for a chemical signal to pass simultaneously to many target cells.
Typically, when an electrochemical signal stimulates a neuron, it occurs at a dendrite and causes changes in the electrical potential across the neuron’s plasma membrane. This change in the membrane potential will passively spread across the dendrite but becomes weaker with distance without an action potential.
An action potential propagates the electrical activity along the membrane of the neuron’s dendrites to the cell body and then afferently down the length of the axon to the axon terminal, where it triggers the release of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft. However, synapses involving dendrites can also be axodendritic, involving an axon signaling to a dendrite, or dendrodendritic, involving signaling between dendrites.
Development Of Dendrites
During development, several factors can influence differentiation. These include modulation of sensory input, environmental pollutants, body temperature, and drug use.
For example, rats raised in dark environments were found to have a reduced number of spines in pyramidal cells located in the primary visual cortex and a marked change in distribution of dendrite branching in layer 4 stellate cells. Experiments done in vitro and in vivo have shown that the presence of afferents and input activity per se can modulate the patterns in which dendrites differentiate.
Little is known about the process by which they orient themselves in vivo and are compelled to create the intricate branching pattern unique to each specific neuronal class. One theory on the mechanism of dendritic arbor development is the Synaptotropic Hypothesis.
The synaptotropic hypothesis proposes that input from a presynaptic to a postsynaptic cell (and maturation of excitatory synaptic inputs) eventually can change the course of synapse formation at dendritic and axonal arbors. This synapse formation is required for the development of neuronal structure in the functioning brain. A balance between metabolic costs of dendritic elaboration and the need to cover receptive field presumably determine the size and shape of dendrites.
A complex array of extracellular and intracellular cues modulates development including transcription factors, receptor-ligand interactions, various signaling pathways, local translational machinery, cytoskeletal elements, Golgi outposts and endosomes. These contribute to the organization of the dendrites on individual cell bodies and the placement of these dendrites in the neuronal circuitry.
For example, it was shown that β-actin zipcode binding protein 1 (ZBP1) contributes to proper dendritic branching. Other important transcription factors involved in the morphology of dendrites include CUT, Abrupt, Collier, Spineless, ACJ6/drifter, CREST, NEUROD1, CREB, NEUROG2 etc. Secreted proteins and cell surface receptors includes neurotrophins and tyrosine kinase receptors, BMP7, Wnt/dishevelled, EPHB 1-3, Semaphorin/plexin-neuropilin, slit-robo, netrin-frazzled, reelin. Rac, CDC42 and RhoA serve as cytoskeletal regulators and the motor protein includes KIF5, dynein, LIS1.
Important secretory and endocytic pathways controlling the dendritic development include DAR3 /SAR1, DAR2/Sec23, DAR6/Rab1 etc. All these molecules interplay with each other in controlling dendritic morphogenesis including the acquisition of type specific dendritic arborization, the regulation of dendrite size and the organization of dendrites emanating from different neurons.
Dendrites themselves appear to be capable of plastic changes during the adult life of animals, including invertebrates. Neuronal dendrites have various compartments known as functional units that are able to compute incoming stimuli.
These functional units are involved in processing input and are composed of the subdomains of dendrites such as spines, branches, or groupings of branches. Therefore, plasticity that leads to changes in the dendrite structure will affect communication and processing in the cell.
During development, dendrite morphology is shaped by intrinsic programs within the cell’s genome and extrinsic factors such as signals from other cells. But in adult life, extrinsic signals become more influential and cause more significant changes in dendrite structure compared to intrinsic signals during development.
In females, the dendritic structure can change as a result of physiological conditions induced by hormones during periods such as pregnancy, lactation, and following the estrous cycle. This is particularly visible in pyramidal cells of the CA1 region of the hippocampus, where the density of dendrites can vary up to 30%.
Pinel, John P.J. (2011)
Biopsychology (8th ed.)
Boston: Allyn & Bacon. ISBN 978-0-205-83256-9


BICARBONATE OF SODA 100G
of Soda is also known as baking soda, is mainly used in cooking and baking.
Borwick’s Bicarbonate of Soda works in a similar way to baking powder, in that
it acts as a rising agent, but requires activation by combining with other
ingredients. Often vinegar or lemon juice is used to help the process.
such as buttermilk or vinegar can be used to start the activation process which
releases carbon dioxide into the dough – forming bubbles that help it rise,
giving cakes etc that 'light as a feather' appearance.
Sodium Bicarbonate (Bicarbonate of Soda).
- To make
Irish Soda Bread: Mix a teaspoonful of bicarbonate of soda into half a kilo of
wholemeal flour. Add 2 cupfuls of buttermilk and mix into a sticky dough. Form
into balls and dust with flour. Bake for half an hour in a preheated oven at
- To make
stout bread: As above, but replace some or all of the buttermilk with stout and
a teaspoonful of sugar.


Dietrich Bonhoeffer, Adolf Hitler, and the Judgment of God
Dietrich Bonhoeffer, a German pastor and theologian most known for his book The Cost of Discipleship and his involvement in the plot to assassinate Nazi dictator Adolf Hitler, suffered a great deal at the hands of the Nazis, including his eventual execution. In the summer of 1937, just as the Gestapo was arresting Bonhoeffer's friends, the pastor preached about God's judgment in Psalm 58 — but he didn't say what a modern American might expect.
"The wicked are perverse from the womb; liars go astray from their birth. ... O God, break their teeth in their mouths; pull the fangs of the young lions, O LORD. Let them vanish like water that runs off; let the arrows they aim break in two. ... The righteous will be glad when they see the vengeance; they will bathe their feet in the blood of the wicked. And they will say, 'Surely, there is a reward for the righteous, surely, there is a God who rules in the earth'" (Psalm 58:3, 6-7, 10-11).
So how did Bonhoeffer, a Christian who lost his life trying to assassinate Hitler, apply this verse to his own life? Did he rail against Hitler's evil? Not exactly. (For the full letter, read Meditating on the Word, a compilation of Bonhoeffer's works compiled and translated by David McI. Gracie.)
"Is this fearful psalm of vengeance to be our prayer? May we pray in this way? Certainly not! We bear much guilt of our own for the action of any enemies who cause us suffering," Bonhoeffer declared in a sermon on July 11, 1937.
This message is powerful, given what had happened to Bonhoeffer in the months — and even days — before. In January 1936, he lost his grandmother — who defied a Nazi boycott of Jews by shoving through brownshirts to buy strawberries from a Jew. Throughout 1937, the Gestapo carried out interrogations, house searches, confiscations, and arrests against Bonhoeffer's seminary students. Ten days before this sermon, they arrested his friend and fellow pastor Martin Niemöller (the man famous for the "first they came for the Jews ..." poem).
"Even in these times of distress for the church, we must confess that God himself has raised his hand in wrath against us, in order to visit our sins upon us: our spiritual indolence, our open or hidden disobedience, our great lack of discipline in daily living under his Word," the pastor declared.
Bonhoeffer added, "How then should we, who are guilty ourselves and deserving of God's wrath, call down God's vengeance upon our enemies? Will not this vengeance much more strike us? No, we cannot pray this psalm. Not because we are too good for it (what a superficial idea, what colossal pride!), but because we are too sinful, too evil for it!"


One mining tenement can hold thousands of artefacts and the Barnett government has de-registered many sites and appears to be purposely creating a long waiting list for other important sites to be registered.
This report offers an overview of the importance of preserving the sites and the treachery before this happening. It provides a good overview of the horrific situation in Western Australia.
Victoria Laurie The Australian 15 September 2014
In 1972, the first heritage law in Australia designed to protect Aboriginal sites was declared in Western Australia. It was a landmark move by a state government facing its first major resource boom.
Mining was precisely the reason why a new Aboriginal Heritage Act was needed, then minister for community welfare Bill Willesee told state parliament.
Ancient rock paintings, standing stones and scattered artefacts had once been protected by their remote location, but mining activity that ramped up in the early 1960s had triggered "fears for the safety of sites of importance to Aborigines".
The sites now needed protection, Willesee noted, as "important records of the history of early settlement of Australia" and the only physical evidence of the region's Aboriginal past.
Today the landscapes of the Pilbara and Kimberley regions are being extensively reconfigured in the era of GPS, aerial exploration and fly-in, fly-out workforces. Evidence of Aboriginal occupation is still scattered across those landscapes, lying in the path of planned roads, railways and mines. One mining tenement can hold thousands of such artefacts.
But the pioneering law that protects Western Australia's heritage sites is now being dismantled and registered sites are disappearing from the records of the very organisation whose job it is to preserve them.
These are the claims of Aboriginal groups, heritage experts and anthropologists across the state as a proposed overhaul of the Aboriginal Heritage Act by the Barnett government gets under way.
Some critics have even coined the term "stolen heritage generation"; they say the fate of Western Australia's prehistory is being placed entirely in government hands.
This week, Kimberley traditional owners, who gathered for a cultural festival outside Fitzroy Crossing, are discussing the threat. Tomorrow, hundreds of Aboriginal people, their native title bodies, MPs and state Aboriginal Affairs Minister Peter Collier have been invited to gather at Yule River outside Port Hedland, in the Pilbara.
Yule River may well become a symbolic crossroads for Aboriginal heritage. It is likely to deliver a stinging rebuke to the Barnett government over proposed amendments to the act that would give a single person, the chief executive of the Department of Aboriginal Affairs, pre-eminent power over listing and preservation of sacred and historic sites.
"One person, not necessarily with any relevant expertise or experience in cultural heritage management, will have the discretion to protect or destroy Aboriginal heritage sites and objects," says Simon Hawkins, from the Pilbara-based Yamatji Marlpa Aboriginal Corporation.
In the past, approval to carry out activity that would damage or destroy a site had to be assessed by a department-appointed Aboriginal Cultural Materials Committee; it was required to include at least one qualified anthropologist with "special knowledge".
That latter requirement will go, and the ACMC's role will be downgraded, as the chief executive — and ultimately their minister — assumes decision-making powers over which sites will remain on the state's Register of Aboriginal Sites, and which will be removed. They can also issue declarations over an entire area, stating no sites exist.
The Yamatji Marlpa Corporation is organising the Yule River summit "to help show the state government that the Aboriginal community cares about its heritage". They point out that the new act does not specify how the chief executive will make a decision to remove a site, or whether traditional owners will have any say in that decision.
Nor will the new act provide them any right to appeal. On the other hand, a company or developer — usually a mining company — can appeal a decision not to grant them permission to damage or destroy a site.
Collier responds that the new system "will mean decision-making will occur on an ongoing basis without relying on the system of monthly (ACMC) meetings".
It would also "encourage the early engagement between land users and Aboriginal people", although he doesn't specify what that engagement will be.
Collier also points to the new act's increased penalties for unlawfully destroying a site — from $20,000 to $100,000 for an individual, and from $50,000 to $500,000 for a company.
But the minister openly admits that pressure from resource companies and developers is a significant factor in the proposed reforms, which will go before parliament in coming months.
He says change is "especially necessary to meet the new demands placed on the act by mining and exploration (and) rapid state development."
Under the new rules, land developers will be allowed to transfer a permit to disturb a heritage site to a new purchaser, removing the requirement that a permit should be reviewed if site ownership changes hands.
Simon Bennison, chief executive of the Association of Mining and Exploration Companies, says AMEC "is keen to see the early passage of the amendments". He says heritage surveys "can take days or weeks to complete and costs are extraordinarily high for miners and junior explorers to bear with limited budgets". The industry says a backlog of 6000 unassessed heritage sites is causing costly delays.
Consultants with experience working with companies in heritage assessment disagree. Among them is Peter Veth, Winthrop professor of archeology and chairman of the Centre for Rock Art Research at the University of Western Australia. He says the sums industry pays to gain heritage compliance "is an infinitesimal part of a mine's cost", adding that the Barnett government is dismantling a system that, although flawed, has delivered certainty in handling heritage conservation.
Responsible resource companies, land managers and native title holders have "brokered good neighbour protocols" over heritage issues ever since native title legislation required that Aboriginal perspectives be heeded.
"The major companies — Rio Tinto and BHP, for example — have invested over 20 years to make that stuff work. I guarantee if these amendments go through, there will be test case after test case. It introduces risk that is entirely unnecessary," Veth says.
He suspects the concentration of decision-making in the hands of a single bureaucrat is a bid to silence heritage experts. He likens it to removing experts from nature conservation assessment.
"It's like saying, 'We've got rare and endangered fauna and flora, but let's get rid of the zoologists and botanists who can determine their value. Let's do it ourselves.'
"Why would you suddenly cleanse the landscape of an entire raft of professionals that are looking after 47,000-year-old rock shelters in the Pilbara, irreplaceable art sites, and ochre mines like Wilgie Mia and Little Wilgie?"
Veth is referring to two hills in the remote Weld Range, east of Geraldton in the mineral-rich Murchison region. The hills are laden with multicoloured ochre that represents the death throes of a speared ancestral kangaroo — red ochre for his blood, yellow for his liver, and green for his gall.
Wilgie Mia and Little Wilgie were documented as significant in 1952 by anthropologist Donald Davidson; added to the National Heritage List in 2011, they are the largest and deepest underground Aboriginal ochre mines in Australia. They even contain evidence of "stop and pillar" indigenous mining techniques used to gouge out the prized ceremonial ochre.
Local Wajarri Yamatji people are working with a team from the UWA on chemical testing and anthropological surveys of the sites.
Yet despite numerous formal applications in 2012 to the West Australian Register of Heritage Sites, Little Wilgie has still not been accepted.
It is typical of the confusion that is emerging over priceless heritage in the state, says UWA archeologist Vicky Winton.
Heritage archeologist Joe Dortch, who has worked for 23 years on indigenous sites, says a large number of sites have been reclassified on the register.
He says he compared Department of Aboriginal Affairs data from April 2012 with data from July this year, and found the status of about 2500 sites had been changed — including 1516 sites that had been moved from "registered" to "stored data", which effectively strips them of legal protection. Some status changes reflected the fact that the site had been destroyed.
More than 80 per cent of the affected sites lie in the iron ore mining region of the Pilbara, says Dortch. More than half of those, or 817 sites, are in the vicinity of adjacent mines linked to Australia's top mining magnates, Gina Rinehart's Roy Hill mine and Andrew Forrest's Fortescue Metals Group mine sites at Cloudbreak and Christmas Creek.
A Department of Aboriginal Affairs spokesperson says there has been "no downgrading of sites": the 1516 figure is made up of places or objects that heritage consultants referred to the ACMC for consideration, but they were never registered sites.
"The comment is incorrect," responds Dortch, "and the department doesn't understand its own data." The fact that so many affected sites lie in the Pilbara shows "an overwhelming bias toward certain development areas".
"Heritage sites that collectively covered large areas for thousands of years, and represented irreplaceable cultural landscapes, have now been removed to benefit a relatively small number of shareholders," Dortch says.
Fiona Hook, president of the Australian Archaeological Association, says another shift in the heritage landscape has been the department's actions in dissuading companies from seeking heritage clearance. She cites the example of remarkable stone arrangements in Nyiyaparli country, south of the remote town of Marble Bar. A mining company, cognisant of the heritage implications of mining around them, applied for a section 16 permit to date them.
"The mining company treated them as if they were sites and had us excavate and date them," says Hook, who runs her own archeological consultancy.
"But DAA wrote back to the company and told them they needn't have bothered. They didn't see that it was heritage."
Veth says such actions undermine the state's heritage system. "The clear message is: 'Why did you bother to do all this? Stone arrangements? Forget it, they're just several thousand years old and represent ritual and symbolic behaviour; they are mini Stonehenges in that country. But don't worry, off you go.' That's a real example of what's been happening in the last year or two."
Emotion is rising over amendments to the Aboriginal Heritage Act; eight heritage peak bodies and 23 Aboriginal groups have lodged detailed objections to the draft.
Yet even Veth concedes that some problems have plagued heritage assessment and its reliability in a minerals boom. "There was a burgeoning of heritage workers and there were issues around the standard of some practitioners," he admits. "But the simple response to that is to have mandatory registration of professionals, as happens in Victoria.
"In Western Australia, DAA is the regulator and they haven't regulated either the quality of consultants or of heritage reports. So instead, they're now trying for a fast-track, one-stop mop-up act that gets rid of the 'intermediaries', as they call them."
Collier has declined the invitation to appear at the Yule River summit. The minister insists that "these changes are about improving Aboriginal heritage protection, not watering it down". He has yet to convince those on the other side of the heritage fence.


‘Owl’ About It? Cineálacha Ulchabhán i nGaeilge (Types of Owls in Irish) Posted by róislín on Jan 14, 2015 in Irish Language
Since I just happened to mention the term “ulchabhán sneachtúil” in the most recent blog, I thought it would be fun to look into some other types of owls and what they’re called in Irish. It’s especially interesting to see which terms mean basically the same thing in Irish and in English, and which are fairly different.
To start with, let’s look at the basic word for owl itself:
ulchabhán, an owl [UL-khuh-wawn]
an t-ulchabhán, the owl
sciathán ulchabháin, an owl’s wing [SHKEE-uh-hawn UL-khuh-waw-in]
sciathán an ulchabháin, the wing of the owl
Do you remember the plural forms? When it’s the subject, we just need to add one letter for “owls” and two letters if we’re saying “the owls.” Freagraí thíos.
na __ulchabhá__n, the owls
sciatháin ulchabhán, owls’ wings (note that the letter we added before the “n” goes away, leaving us with just the “-án”)
For “of the owls,” the basic word ending stays the same (“-án”) but we add one more letter at the beginning of the word. Our old friend “eclipsis” (urú). Remember what happens with eclipsis before vowels?
sciatháin na __-ulchabhán, the wings of the owls (again, that added letter at the end disappears)
A colloquial term for owl is “cailleach oíche,” lit. old woman of the night.
And now for some types of owls:
barn owl or screech owl: scréachóg reilige, literally “screecher of the cemetery,” not exactly “barn” and not literally “owl,” so one translation is closer than the other
Christmas Island hawk owl: ulchabhán seabhaic Oileán na Nollag; note that genitive case for “of Christmas” (“Nollaig” having become “Nollag“); quite literal really — owl of hawk (i.e. hawk-owl) of island of the Christmas
Great Eagle Owl: rí-ulchabhán, lit. king-owl or kingly-owl; not really “eagle” at all — “eagle” is “iolar”
Great Grey Owl: ulchabhán mór liath [LEE-uh]; quite literal: owl-big-grey
Lesser Eagle Owl: rí-ulchabhán beag, lit. little king-owl; again, more literally, “little king owl,” not “eagle”
Screech Owl – ulscréachóg, lit. owl-screecher
Tawny Owl: ulchabhán donn, lit. brown owl. The usual words for “tawny” are (get ready to count ’em): odhar, crón, and ciarbhuí (“dark-yellow”).
Speaking of owls, one phrase from Harry Potter that always intrigued me is “Eeylops Owl Emporium.” Almost every unusual word in the Harry Potter series seems to have some explanation (like Erised, Mungo, and even Hogwarts itself) but I never found an explanation of “Eeylops” (and I just double-checked the Harry Potter wikia, http://harrypotter.wikia.com/wiki/Eeylops_Owl_Emporium). If it’s some sort of word play, it has eluded me for, hmm, wow, almost 18 years, since the first Harry Potter book appeared. In the Irish translation, the store is simply called “Ollsiopa Ulchabhán” (Great-Shop of Owls). It advertises the following types of owls. Can you translate them (aistriúchán thíos):
Ulchabháin Bheaga agus Dhonna, Ulchabháin Shneachtúla, Scréachóga Reilige agus Ceanna Cait
Well, that’s about it for now. There are of course many other owls we could think of in a literary context, but here, at least, we’ve made a start. Is ulchabhán sneachtúil í Hedwig. So maybe more on owls later, but for now, dare I say it, “Toodle-hoo! Hoo!” – Róislín
9 Feabhra 2015 (a link I couldn’t resist adding; the title is self-explanatory):
ulchabháin, owls (an inserted “i” marks the plural for this word)
na hulchabháin, the owls (prefixed “h” because the noun begins with a vowel)
sciatháin ulchabhán, owls’ wings (back to the original “-án” ending)
sciatháin na n-ulchabhán, the wings of the owls (“n-” as a new prefix, showing eclipsis)
Aistriúchán (literally, from the Irish):
Owls Small and Brown (i.e. Small Owls and Brown Owls), Snowy Owls, Screech Owls, and Horned Owls
The English original actually says: Tawny, Screech, Barn, Brown and Snowy
Build vocabulary, practice pronunciation, and more with Transparent Language Online. Available anytime, anywhere, on any device.


2.8.4 Arguments for and against Centralisation
Implementing governance at a higher level, across a broader area, may yield collective benefits: e.g. better co-ordination, coherence, economies of scale or consistency of treatment. The disadvantages of moving the power too far from the individual, though, are loss of responsiveness to people’s needs and a dilution of accountability. As reviewed later (6.6.7), there are practical problems in implementing political subsidiarity.
Countries vary in how much power accrues to the different levels of governance. The American Constitution, for example, was set up so that the individual States retained more power, compared to the Federal government, than the regions of Britain (despite recent measures for devolution).
In this book it is suggested that many changes in subsidiarity are needed, to move power both upwards and downwards from the national level – to reflect a greater need for international cooperation on some issues and a need for more local power over other issues so that governance can be more responsive. Some of these changes are already taking place as, for example, the EU becomes larger while Britain, Belgium and Spain have all been moving towards a more devolved model in recent years.


The Roman province of Pontus is mentioned three times in the New Testament in the following passages:
There were residents of Pontus (among many other) present for the Day of Pentecost in Acts 2, the day on which the Gospel message of salvation through the resurrected Christ was preached for the first time: “Parthians and Medes and Elamites, and residents of Mesopotamia, Judea and Cappadocia, Pontus and Asia” (Acts 2:9).
Paul’s dear friend and fellow-tentmaker Aquila, was from Pontus: “And he found a Jew named Aquila, a native of Pontus, having recently come from Italy with his wife Priscilla, because Claudius had commanded all the Jews to leave Rome” (Acts 18:2).
The Apostle Peter wrote the letter of 1 Peter to Christians in Pontus (and other Roman provinces): “Peter, an apostle of Jesus Christ, To those who reside as aliens, scattered throughout Pontus, Galatia, Cappadocia, Asia, and Bithynia. . .” (1 Pet. 1:1).
The coast of Pontus was colonized by the Greeks ca. 700 BC. Sinope was a major port city of Pontus located on the Black Sea. This is in Turkey’s territory today.
Diogenes, the Cynic philosopher (ca. 412 BC – 323 BC), was a famous resident of Sinope. He was notorious for carrying a lamp during the daytime in Athens, claiming to be looking for an honest man.
At the base of this statue is a plaque relating another legend about Diogenes and Alexander the Great.
Plutarch relates the story of what happened when Alexander sought out Diogenes at Corinth:
  And now a general assembly of the Greeks was held at the Isthmus, where a vote was passed to make an expedition against Persia with Alexander, and he was proclaimed their leader. Thereupon many statesmen and philosophers came to him with their congratulations, and he expected that Diogenes of Sinope also, who was tarrying in Corinth, would do likewise.  But since that philosopher took not the slightest notice of Alexander, and continued to enjoy his leisure in the suburb Craneion, Alexander went in person to see him; and he found him lying in the sun. Diogenes raised himself up a little when he saw so many persons coming towards him, and fixed his eyes upon Alexander. And when that monarch addressed him with greetings, and asked if he wanted anything, ‘Yes,’ said Diogenes, “stand a little out of my sun.”  It is said that Alexander was so struck by this, and admired so much the haughtiness and grandeur of the man who had nothing but scorn for him, that he said to his followers, who were laughing and jesting about the philosopher as they went away, “But verily, if I were not Alexander, I would be Diogenes.” (Plutarch’s Lives, Alexander, 14:1-3).


The FTP protocol allows users to connect to a server, read directories and filenames, and download and upload data. If the correct access rights are set, users can also create new folders and set access permissions on them.
However, using FTP poses a security risk: Usernames and passwords are transmitted unencrypted across a LAN or the Internet. To stop users from taking the risk of giving their authentication details to anyone listening on the wire, many sites only enable anonymous FTP login and file retrieval. Many Linux users have turned to more secure alternatives, such as sshd and sftp or scp, included with the OpenSSH suite. The following sections discuss the different types of newer and traditional interfaces to FTP and their usage. Because they are part of the larger OpenSSH collection, the sftp and scp commands are covered in Chapter 19, "Remote Access with SSH and Telnet."
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Nutritionists and dietitians advise patients and clients on health and dietary needs and evaluate meal plans and develop new meal plans to promote healthy eating habits. Dietitians and nutritionists may work in hospitals, schools, and nursing homes, or may be self-employed and work as consultants for individual clients. They require communication skills to explain technical dietary requirements in an understandable way, and analytical and organizational skills to understand client goals and set up client-specific regimens.
In addition to core curriculum, nutritionist degree program course work may require science course work in anatomy and physiology, biochemistry, biology and genetics, and chemistry. Required nutrition course work usually consists of human nutrition, food chemistry, and nutrition assessment and planning. Advanced course work may cover sports nutrition, obesity and weight management, metabolic nutritional therapy, and dietetics.
- Human Nutrition. Human nutrition emphasizes the functions of nutrient sources required for optimal health. The course may cover dietary habits for general health and current issues in nutrition. Students are also introduced to the chemical properties of food.
- Food Processing. Food processing covers the principles and practices of canning, freezing, dehydration, pickling, and food manufacturing. The course studies concepts in preparation, processing, packaging, and additives. Advanced course work may study specific food processing such as meat or poultry, and their physical, microbiological, and functional characteristics.
- Food Chemistry.Food chemistry studies the chemical and physical properties of food and its use, quality, and preparation. Food chemistry usually coincides with a lab requirement where principles and experiments in lab chemistry are applied.
Most nutrition courses will correspond with required reading in current nutritional or dietetic research. Assignments may require students to develop meal plans or menus, or conduct laboratory study or extensive research into diet and human performance.
Degree programs in nutrition science prepare students for careers as nutritionists, registered dietitians (RD) or other dietetics professionals. Nutrition science students can choose from a Didactic Program in Dietetics (DPD), which focuses on classroom study, or a Coordinated Dietetics Program (CDP), which combines classroom study with field experience. Some academic institutions offer concentrations in areas such as nutrition and dietetics management, comprehensive, sports nutrition, human nutrition and community nutrition. Aspiring registered dieticians are required to complete an internship, which is part of the DPD curriculum. Common courses include:
- Human nutrition fundamentals
- Biochemistry of nutrients
- Ethnic foods
- Human metabolism
- Nutrition counseling
- Dietetic principles of food production
Popular Career Options
A broad range of careers await graduates of nutrition science bachelor’s degree programs. They can acquire jobs in fields like community nutrition, sales, product development, healthcare facilities, sports nutrition and private practices. Some career choices include:
- Community nutritionist
- Home health care aide
- Registered dietician
- Nutrition consultant
- Dietetic technician


Teaching code is becoming a big priority in K-12 classrooms
Whoever thought coding – and the people who do it – would be, well, cool? Clearly, it’s time to redefine “cool” in today’s 21st Century classrooms. If fact, students are so crazy about coding, that educators are scrambling to catch-up. That means training teachers, finding resources, and building coding into classroom plans.
For the uninitiated, “coding” is the modern day word for computer programming. It’s learning to write the languages used by the digital technology that dominates our lives. If you know how to code, you not only understand how these technologies (software, apps, games and websites) work, but you can maximize and customize their functionality – and, more important, create new tools.
Kids Love Coding
Given students’ current level of connectivity, it’s no surprise they love coding. So says Roxanne Emadi, a strategist with Code.org, an advocacy group who believes programming should be part of the core curriculum, alongside other science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) courses, such as biology, physics, chemistry and algebra. Code.org is also focused on increasing participation by girls and underrepresented students of color.
“Even if it’s something simple like a kid programming a maze or programming a robot, when you can see your work brought to life, that’s where light bulbs go off.” Code.org provides (at no charge for U.S. schools) professional development for teachers, nationally recognized courses and curriculum in a blended-learning environment, materials to promote computer science to parents/students, and support for all grade levels K-12.
Why the Rush to Code?
Advocates for adding coding to the curriculum say it’s become crucial for students to hold at least a basic understanding of coding. In her article this past spring, New York Times writer Beth Gardiner wrote about proponents’ three-pronged case for the coding movement. “Such knowledge is important not only to individual students’ future career prospects, but also for their countries’ economic competitiveness and the technology industry’s ability to find qualified workers.”
Yet current statistics show a growing gap in what is being taught in K-12 and beyond, and what employers need now and in the next 10 years.
The Computer Science Education Week website provides these numbers:
- • There will be 1 million more computing jobs than students by 2020.
- • More than 50 percent of all projected math and science occupations are
in computing occupations. (The Bureau of Labor Statistics projects that 71 percent of all new jobs in STEM during the next decade will be computer science.)
- • Computing occupations are among the highest-paying jobs for new
graduates. Yet fewer than 3% of college students graduate with a degree in
- • In 25 states, computer science can’t count toward high school graduation
math or science requirements.
- • AP Computer Science is taught in only 5% of U.S. high schools.
- • Nine out of 10 U.S. schools don’t offer any computer programming
- • Fewer than 20% of AP Computer Science students are women.
- • Fewer than 10% are Black/African American and Hispanic/Latino.
Where to Begin
As shown, the majority of our schools lag in offering children the opportunity to participate in creating the technology that surrounds them. But the challenges of doing so (beyond funding alone) are real.
Given the relatively young age of coding, curriculum designers have little pedagogical research to guide them. Which programming language should come first? Should students start with programming or learn basic principles? How do teachers educate mixed-ability groups – some with sophisticated skills and some with none? How can teachers get adequate training if computer science isn’t their expertise?
Online Resources Rule
Though it may seem daunting, educators are making progress. Estonia is now teaching first graders how to create their own computer games. As of this past fall, England launched a new national curriculum: Starting at age five, all students will learn the basics of coding; beginning at age 11, they will be instructed in the use of at least two programming languages. The country’s collective thinking is that learning code should have the same importance of other key subjects.
What about U.S. schools? The recent explosion in online programming resources is tipping the scales. Edutopia blogger Vicki Davis published a post titled “15+ Ways of Teaching Every Student to Code (Even Without a Computer” last December. She offered a host of apps and tools to teach coding year round for ages 8 and up.
For teens, check out one of the newest games for teaching code at www.helpgidget.org. It’s designed to teach computer programming concepts to novice programmers through debugging puzzles. Its creator used a truly collaborative approach to appeal to the game’s target audience. Prior to its public release, over 800 online participants played various versions of the game, and over 60 teenagers played and created their own levels during four summer camps in 2013 and 2014. Users can create their own levels (i.e., create their own programs from scratch) successfully after playing through the initial game.
Hour of Code 2014
Code.org can attest to the receptivity of coding in American schools. Although the Seattle-based non-profit launched only last year (as a “hobby project” by co-founders Ali and Hadi Partovi) Code.org is already working on teacher training in some of the country’s biggest school districts in New York, Chicago and Denver. Ms. Emadi reports that 35,000 teachers had signed up to use its tutorials as of this past spring.
What’s more, Code.org will sponsor the second annual Computer Science Education Week Dec. 8 – 14, 2014. During that week, educators are encouraged and supported in teaching an “Hour of Code.” The global movement aims to reach millions of students (promotional materials say ages 4 to 104) in 180-plus countries. The organization reports that last year,15 million students worldwide learned an Hour of Code. And, although anyone, anywhere can organize an Hour of Code event using one-hour tutorials available in over 30 languages at the Code.org website, its founders are particularly thrilled about last year’s deluge of female participants.
“The Hour of Code is introducing tens of millions of girls of all ages to this historically male-dominated field, and millions of these girls will continue learning beyond their first hour,” said Hadi Partovi. Visitors to the Code.org website can view encouraging video clips, including one from 2014 Nobel Peace Prize recipient Malala Yousafzai.
Classroom, Camps and Clubs
The hardware and software tools needed to teach coding may already be in place for many schools. If not, Code.org offers guidance on how to advocate for computer science classes within districts.
The organization also works with schools that have limited computer banks. It suggests making a Code.org “station” or “center” where students rotate through using the computers available and doing other activities while they’re not on the computer. If no computers are available, students can do “unplugged” style activities, which are teacher-led and designed to teach computer science concepts sans devices. The ideal classroom arrangement would feature highly versatile desks and seating, and mobile power sources to quickly adapt the layout to the lesson and available computers/devices.
Eager parents can also find coding camps, coding clubs and other options for their kids online. In Minnesota, the Minneapolis Star Tribune recently reported on how the state’s students are participating in organized coding events known as CoderDojos, which are popping up across the state. Held bimonthly at the University of Minnesota, CoderDojo Twin Cities is believed to be the biggest event of its kind in the nation and typically fills up minutes after registration opens.
Unlock Students’ Futures
Ultimately, even if students don’t “get under the hood” to write or change code, having a basic understanding of code goes a long way in moving beyond a device’s basic functionality. That thinking is moving the coding craze far beyond the classroom. Codeacademy, an educational website, reports more than 24 million people worldwide have signed up for free tutorials.
For today’s students, coding can only give them advantages. Even if they don’t become professional programmers, coding is the key to unlock their futures. And that is truly cool.
“Adding Coding to the Curriculum,” by Beth Gardiner, The New York Times, International Education, March 23, 2014.
“Coding in schools: A is for algorithm,” The Economist, April 26, 2014.
From the website: http://code.org/
From the website: http://csedweek.org/resource_kit/blurbs
From the website: http://helpgidget.org/
“Nobel Peace Prize Winner Malala Yousafzai Urges Girls To Participate In Code.org’s Hour Of Code,” by Sarah Buhr, Tech Crunch, Oct 13, 2014.
“Schools Scramble to Catch Up On Coding,” by Kim McGuire, Minneapolis Star Tribune, Oct. 20, 2014.
“Why Basic Coding Should Be a Mandatory Class in Junior High,” by Tim Bajarin, TIME.com, June 16, 2014.
“15+ Ways of Teaching Every Student to Code (Even Without a Computer),” by Vicki David, edutopia, Dec. 4, 2013.


Doctor. Karen Zoffel | 03/24/2021
When the flavor of meat is improved or preserved by salting, smoking or ripening, it is called processed meat. Scientists have noted that people who eat a lot of it are more likely to develop dementia.
According to the results of the study, eating just 25 grams of processed meat per day – about a slice of bacon – increases the risk of dementia by 44 percent. On the other hand, unprocessed meat appears to have a more protective effect: People who ate 50 grams per day were 19 percent less likely to develop dementia. Some people also develop dementia three to six times because of their genetic makeup. However, the results indicate that consuming processed meat, regardless of this, led to dementia.
“Dementia is increasingly prevalent worldwide, and diet as a modifiable factor can play an important role. Study author Dr. Huifeng Zhang of Leeds University said:
An analysis of data from nearly 500,000 people registered with British Biobank appeared in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. Nearly 3,000 participants were diagnosed with dementia in an average of eight years. Those who ate more processed meat were more likely to be male, overweight or obese, less educated, or smoked, and ate fewer fruits and vegetables, and more protein and fat.
Those: 10.1093 / ajcn / nqab028
“Alcohol buff. Troublemaker. Introvert. Student. Social media lover. Web ninja. Bacon fan. Reader.”


Cairns Plywood Sawmill
- Factory site/industry
- Atherton Tablelands
25-33 Eacham Road, Yungaburra 4884
During World War II the Yungaburra sawmill was used in the production of timber veneer for the local manufacture of everything from bunk beds and prefabricated huts to barges, landing craft and aircraft propellers.
Cairns had long been the centre of north Queensland’s timber milling industry. From mid-1942, the town’s sawmills and furniture factories operated full-time on defence works. A timber product in great demand was three-ply veneer, manufactured in sheets cut from large kauri pine logs from the Tableland.
Fire destroyed the main sawmill shed in December 1987. However, surviving items of the early steam powered plant include a rare Stirling boiler and a timber veneer lathe.
Albert and Frederick Williamson established the sawmill in 1911 soon after the railway from Cairns reached Yungaburra. Cedar had been cut from the nearby rainforest for about 30 years, but until the arrival of the railway the only way to transport the logs to the port of Cairns was by chute down the range or by floating them down the Barron River. Both methods were unreliable and wasteful, so the railway ensured a timber boom for the Tablelands. In 1926 the Gillies Highway was opened between Gordonvale and Atherton providing the first trafficable road to the Tablelands and Yungaburra became the gateway to the natural attractions of the region.
In 1933 George Gummow, who owned the mill at the time, installed a large lathe from the United States for veneer peeling and the business became Cairns Plywood Limited in 1940. During World War II Yungaburra sawmill was taken over and operated by army personal of 17 Battalion Volunteer Defence Corps, many of whom were engaged in their pre-war occupation as sawmillers.
The Cairns Plywood mill at Yungaburra was purchased by the Rankine family in 1963 and the peeling of timber veneer continued as its main operation until the 1980s. The mill was closed after the declaration of the Wet Tropics World Heritage Area prevented further milling of north Queensland rainforest timber.
Pearce, Howard (contributing author).
Cairns Plywood Sawmill, Queensland Heritage Register place 600481, Brisbane, 2009.
Howard Pearce (Ed.). Heritage Trails of the Tropical North: A heritage tour guide to far north Queensland, Environmental Protection Agency, Brisbane, 2001.
Howard Pearce. WWII: NQ: A cultural heritage overview of significant places in the defence of north Queensland during World War II. Environmental Protection Agency, Brisbane, 2009.


The blockchain is, in concrete practice, a distributed and decentralized database. But it is not famous for that, but for using cryptocurrencies. Like all forms of money, cryptocurrencies must be stored somewhere safe. In the traditional banking system, the banks are the ones that offer the service of storing our money, but this scheme is not compatible with the blockchain.
Within the blockchain, the user manages his cryptocurrencies himself. As a crypto is not money in the conventional sense, that is, it is not paper money or does not ordinarily have a physical equivalent, this problem must be treated in a different way.
The solution that the developers found was to create a software that will keep the record. They called this software “Wallet”, in analogy to the wallets that each person can have in physical reality.
What is a wallet?
The Wallet is a software that fulfills the role of storing and protecting the crypto assets that the user has, which can be tokens or cryptocurrencies. Since a blockchain always uses an encryption algorithm, the wallet must also use that same algorithm (or complement it with additional security) to communicate with the blockchain where the transactions will take place.
A wallet is one of the most important parts of a blockchain, because it communicates the user with the blockchain and allows him to carry out all the transactions he requires with the other members of the community. These transactions are, of course, deposits and withdrawals. The wallet software must implement a security system and a protocol for these operations.
Each transaction between one wallet and another generates a record that, as such, will be stored in the blockchain (in a block); this set of records is what is called the “ledger”. This makes wallets very important to the functioning of the entire blockchain community. Basically, the reason for the existence of the blockchain is to store the record of all the operations that the community performs through its wallets.
How does a wallet work?
The core of the functionality of a wallet is the key pair: public key and private key. The first thing we do when installing the software on our computer is to generate the private key. Quite strong encryption algorithms are usually used for this purpose.
The private key is the heart of our wallet. It is a unique number that provides to us with total power over the contents of the wallet and that key is required to be able to carry out any operation with our crypto assets.
From the private key, the public key is then produced. This public key is the one that the software uses to generate the different addresses through which we will receive our crypto assets.
It is important to know that, as a security standard, the algorithms used by wallet software allow the public key to be deduced from the private key (so we can always reconstruct our addresses), but not the other way around. In other words, we cannot know anything about the private key of a wallet just from its public key and the time it would take to solve the algorithm that built the key would be computationally infeasible.
What else can we do with wallets?
The crypto assets exchanged between the wallets of a blockchain community are not necessarily of a financial nature. With the advent of tokenization in networks like Ethereum and BSC (Binance Smart Chain), smart contracts exchange many more kinds of transactions. NFT’s are an example of them, but so are the governance tokens used in DAOs and decentralized communities.
That is to say, the name “wallet” is already a historical curiosity of the blockchain, a mere convention. In practice, the wallet as software is the way in which users can interact with other users and it is the record of these interactions that is kept by the “ledger”.
This shows a glimpse of what can be found. There are many kinds of Wallets; they vary from the way of encrypting and handling cryptographic codes (the encryption of assets), to the type of tokens or cryptocurrencies that are stored and the level of security that is put on them (that is, the private key management).


Birds love redcurrants, so cover the plants with netting as the fruit starts to colour.
Redcurrants flower quite early and may suffer frost damage. Protect the plant with horticultural fleece if a frost has been forecast.
The redcurrant blister aphid is a small yellow aphid which releases a chemical causing the leaves to blister and turn red. The aphid does not seem to affect the plants growth or cropping ability and so no treatment is necessary. If you do want to treat, you can spray with horticultural soap or a mild solution of washing up detergent.
Redcurrants are particularly prone to fungal infections which are encouraged by warm wet conditions. Fungal leaf spot shows as brown spots on the foliage, whilst coral spot appears as orange-pink dots on dead stems. Remove all affected growth in both cases. Remove any branches growing up through the centre of the bush to encourage an open-centre and better ventilation. Remove fallen leaves from the ground at the end of the season to reduce the number of overwintering spores.
The gooseberry sawfly also affects redcurrants. Pale green caterpillar-like larvae rapidly eat away at leaves, causing rapid defoliation. Damage normally starts in mid spring but may continue through the summer. For light infestations, pick the larvae off by hand, otherwise spray the affected plants with pyrethrum (a natural insecticide).
Also, take a look at our page 10 Ways to Avoid Plant Pests, Diseases and Problems for some general advice.
1. Growing Redcurrants – QUICKSTART GUIDE
2. Planting Redcurrants – Help on planting redcurrant bushes
3. Redcurrant Plant Care – How to maintain healthy and productive redcurrant bushes
4. Picking and Freezing Redcurrants – How to pick, store and freeze your redcurrants
5. Redcurrant Tips – Some tips to help you get the most out of your redcurrants
6. Redcurrant Diseases, Pests and Problems – Help if things go wrong with your redcurrant bushes
Back to main Growing Fruit page


We estimated trends in concentrations of total phosphorus (TP) and total nitrogen (TN) and the related change in the probabilities of trophic conditions from 1975 to 1994 at 250 nationally representative riverine monitoring locations in the U.S. with drainage areas larger than about 1,000 km2. Statistically significant (p < 0.05) declines were detected in TP and TN concentrations at 44% and 37% of the monitoring sites, and significant increases were detected at 3% and 9% of the sites, respectively. We used a statistical model to assess changes in the probable trophic-state classification of the sites after adjusting for climate-related variability in nutrient concentrations. The probabilistic assessment accounts for current knowledge of the trophic response of streams to nutrient enrichment, based on a recently proposed definition of "eutrophic," "mesotrophic," and "oligotrophic" conditions in relation to total nutrient concentrations. Based on these trophic definitions, we found that the trophic state improved at 25% of the monitoring sites and worsened at fewer than 5% of the sites; about 70% of the sites were unchanged. Improvements in trophic-state related to declines in TP were more common in predominantly forested and shrub-grassland watersheds, whereas the trophic state of predominantly agricultural sites was unchanged. Despite the declines in TP concentrations at many sites, about 50% of all monitoring sites, and more than 60% of the sites in predominantly agricultural and urban watersheds, were classified as eutrophic in 1994 based on TP concentrations. Contemporaneous reductions in major nutrient sources to streams, related to wastewater treatment upgrades, phosphate detergent bans, and declines in some agricultural sources, may have contributed to the declines in riverine nutrient concentrations and associated improvements in trophic conditions. ?? 2006, by the American Society of Limnology and Oceanography, Inc.
Additional publication details
Trends in the nutrient enrichment of U.S. rivers during the late 20th century and their relation to changes in probable stream trophic conditions