JAKARTA (Reuters) - Many of Indonesia’s islands may be swallowed up by the sea if world leaders fail to find a way to halt rising sea levels at this week’s climate change conference on the resort island of Bali.
Doomsters take this dire warning by Indonesian scientists a step further and predict that by 2035, the Indonesian capital’s airport will be flooded by sea water and rendered useless; and by 2080, the tide will be lapping at the steps of Jakarta’s imposing Dutch-era Presidential palace which sits 10 km inland (about 6 miles).
The Bali conference is aimed at finding a successor to the Kyoto Protocol, which expires in 2012, on cutting climate warming carbon emissions. With over 17,000 islands, many at risk of being washed away, Indonesians are anxious to see an agreement reached and quickly implemented that will keep rising seas at bay.
Just last week, tides burst through sea walls, cutting a key road to Jakarta’s international airport until officials were able to reinforce coastal barricades.
“Island states are very vulnerable to sea level rise and very vulnerable to storms. Indonesia ... is particularly vulnerable,” Nicholas Stern, author of an acclaimed report on climate change, said on a visit to Jakarta earlier this year.
Even large islands are at risk as global warming might shrink their land mass, forcing coastal communities out of their homes and depriving millions of a livelihood.
The island worst hit would be Java, which accounts for more than half of Indonesia’s 226 million people. Here rising sea levels would swamp three of the island’s biggest cities near the coast — Jakarta, Surabaya and Semarang — destroying industrial plants and infrastructure.
“Tens of millions of people would have to move out of their homes. There is no way this will happen without conflict,” Environment Minister Rachmat Witoelar said recently.
“The cost would be very high. Imagine, it’s not just about building better infrastructure, but we’d have to relocate people and change the way people live,” added Witoelar, who has said that Indonesia could lose 2,000 of its islands by 2030 if sea levels continue to rise.
Environmentalists say this week’s climate change meeting in Bali will be crunch time for threatened coastlines and islands as delegates from nearly 190 countries meet to hammer out a new treaty on global warming.
Several small island nations including Singapore, Fiji, Kiribati, Tuvalu and Caribbean countries have raised the alarm over rising sea levels which could wipe them off the map.
The Maldives, a cluster of 1,200 islands renowned for its luxury resorts, has asked the international community to address climate change so it does not sink into a watery grave.
According to a U.N. climate report, temperatures are likely to rise by between 1.1 and 6.4 degrees Celsius (2.0 and 11.5 degrees Fahrenheit) and sea levels by between 18 cm and 59 cm (seven and 23 inches) this century.
Under current greenhouse gas emission levels, Indonesia could lose about 400,000 sq km of land mass by 2080, including about 10 percent of Papua, and 5 percent of both Java and Sumatra on the northern coastlines, Armi Susandi, a meteorologist at the Bandung Institute of Technology, told Reuters.
Indonesia, the world’s fourth-most populous country, has faced intense pressure over agricultural land for decades.
Susandi, who has researched the impact of climate change on Indonesia, estimated sea levels would rise by an average of 0.5 cm a year until 2080, while the submersion rate in Jakarta, which lies just above sea level, would be higher at 0.87 cm a year.
A study by the UK-based International Institute for Economy and Development (IIED) said at least 8 out of 92 of the outermost small islands that make up the country’s borders are vulnerable.
Less than half of Indonesia’s islands are inhabited and many are not even named. Now, the authorities are hastily counting the coral-fringed islands that span a distance of 5,000 km, the equivalent of going from Ireland to Iran, before it is too late.
Disappearing islands and coastlines would not only change the Indonesian map, but could also restrict access to mineral resources situated in the most vulnerable spots, Susandi said.
He estimates that land loss alone would cost Indonesia 5 percent of its GDP without taking into account the loss of property and livelihood as millions migrate from low-lying coastlines to cities and towns on higher ground.
There are 42 million people in Indonesia living in areas less than 10 meters above the average sea level, who could be acutely affected by rising sea levels, the IIED study showed.
A separate study by the United Nations Environment Programme in 1992 showed in two districts in Java alone, rising waters could deprive more than 81,000 farmers of their rice fields or prawn and fish ponds, while 43,000 farm laborers would lose their job.
One solution is to cover Indonesia’s fragile beaches with mangroves, the first line of defense against sea level rise, which can break big waves and hold back soil and silt that damage coral reefs.
A more expensive alternative is to erect multiple concrete walls on the coastlines, as the United States has done to break the tropical storms that hit its coast, Susandi said.
Some areas, including the northern shores of Jakarta, are already fitted with concrete sea barriers, but they are often damaged or too low to block rising waters and big waves such as the ones that hit Jakarta in November.
“It will be like permanent flooding,” Susandi said. “By 2050, about 24 percent of Jakarta will disappear,” possibly even forcing the capital to move to Bandung, a hill city 180 km east of Jakarta.
Editing by Megan Goldin


An Oldie But Goodie
Last week, we released the Chandra image of an object known as Cygnus X-1. At first glance, Cygnus X-1 might not look that important â€“ even with Chandraâ€™s excellent X-ray vision â€“ but this is one case where itâ€™s good not to judge a book by its cover.
First discovered in 1964, Cygnus X-1 has become one of the most heavily observed objects in the high-energy sky. And, for good reason â€“ itâ€™s the first object to be identified as a black hole. Think about it this way, this object was discovered just seven years after Sputnik was launched and a good five years before astronauts would walk on the Moon.
After another decade, astronomers finally began to get a handle on the true nature of Cygnus X-1. We now know that Cygnus X-1 is a system of two objects: a small black hole (about 10 times the mass of the Sun) and a blue supergiant star (about 20 times the Sunâ€™s mass.) Even after 45 years and a slew of observations by telescopes over that time, itâ€™s still a fascinating object that astronomers continue to study.
-Megan Watzke, CXC
Please note this is a moderated blog. No pornography, spam, profanity or discriminatory remarks are allowed. No personal attacks are allowed. Users should stay on topic to keep it relevant for the readers.
Read the privacy statement


A team of psychologists at the University of Illinois have been investigating how driving is affected by simultaneous mobile phone use.
Previous research has found the use of hands-free mobiles has a significant detrimental effect on driving. Researchers assumed that speaking is a more complex cognitive function and so the detrimental effect would be greater than listening. But this new research has found that listening causes an equally strong effect.
The psychological research has been backed up by investigations of those involved in road traffic accidents. Recent findings published in the British Medical Journal showed that using a mobile phone up to 10 minutes before a crash was associated with a fourfold increase in likelihood of crashing. This fourfold increase was the same whether the drivers were using a hands-free hand-held mobile.
Banning just hand-held mobile phone use while driving has probably been largely a waste of time – unless it is a stepping stone to a complete ban.


GitHub is a web-based version-control and collaboration platform for software developers.
Git, an open source code management system, is used to store the source code for a project and track the complete history of all changes to that code. It allows developers to collaborate on a project more effectively by providing tools for managing possibly conflicting changes from multiple developers. GitHub allows developers to change, adapt and improve software from its public repositories for free. Repositories can have multiple collaborators and can be either public or private.
GitHub facilitates social coding by providing a web interface to the Git code repository and management tools for collaboration.
Because GitHub is intuitive to use and its version-control tools are useful for collaboration, non-programmers have also begun to use GitHub to work on document-based and multimedia projects.
Three important terms used by developers in GitHub are fork, pull request and merge. A fork, also known as a branch, is simply a repository that has been copied from one member’s account to another member’s account. Forks and branches allow a developer to make modifications without affecting the original code. If the developer would like to share the modifications, she can send a pull request to the owner of the original repository. If, after reviewing the modifications, the original owner would like to pull the modifications into the repository, she can accept the modifications and merge them with the original repository.
In the following, we’ll talk about GitHub at it’s simplest: as a repository for data files you might want to read into R, and also as a repository for R library packages you might develop. I won’t talk about the finer points of versioning here…. just the basics of how to create your own GitHub repository and upload files to it via the online interface.
GitHub data repositories
My primary use of GitHub is as a repository for data files that I want to share with others, and that can be read by R Shiny visual analytics scripts that I develop (although I can also incorporate the data files as part of the R Shiny application, so it doesn’t necessarily need to be in a repository like GitHub for this purpose). I could, of course, use Dropbox to share my files, but GitHub allows me to write descriptions of them, and also makes them searchable online.
For example, on my GitHub account, I have a data repository: https://github.com/smtowers/data
In this repository, I have several files that I share publically, including the file Geneva_1918_influenza.csv, which is the daily incidence of influenza hospitalisations in Geneva, Switzerland during the 1918 influenza pandemic. The raw file can be found here. Putting this file on my GitHub repository allows me to share it publicly with whomever might want it simply by giving them the URL. Importantly, I can also read the file directly from GitHub within an R script. To try this out yourself, within the R console, type:
fname = "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/smtowers/data/master/Geneva_1918_influenza.csv" thetable = read.table(fname,header=T,as.is=T,sep=",") plot(thetable$num)
This also allows me to access the files in R Shiny scripts running off of servers like the shinyapps.io server, and to share the data file with whomever else might to want to use it in their analysis or applications.
An R Shiny script that I have written that uses this data can be found at https://sjones.shinyapps.io/geneva/ The app reads in the data, plots it, and then overlays the predictions of an SIR disease model with seasonally forced transmission, with parameters input by the user via slider bars. In another module, I talk about how to create your own R Shiny applications (which may or may not read data from GitHub).
Creating a GitHub account
Creating a GitHub account is simple and free. Go to github.com and click on “Sign Up For GitHub”. Once you have the account, sign in. To create a new repository, click on the green “New” button at the left hand side of the page:
When the dialogue window pops up, give your repository a name and short description, and click the “Initialize this repository with a README” box:
Click “Create Repository”.
You now have a blank repository, ready to be filled with your files. To upload a file, click on the “Upload files” tab near the upper right:
It will take you to a dialogue box where you can choose the file you want to upload from your computer. Choose your file. Then a dialogue box opens asking you to fill in a description of the file:
Once you click “Commit Changes” your file will now appear in your GitHub repository.
Should you want to update the file in the future, simply repeat the process, starting with “Upload file”. If you upload a file with the same name as a file already in the main branch of the repository, it will be over-written.
Making your own R library packages in GitHub
It is remarkably easy to upload your own R code to GitHub as an R library package that others can download and install. This website gives the complete guide to doing that, and is in fact the main resource I used to learn how to do this myself.
I created an R library, for example, with some code related to an analysis my colleagues and I did quantifying the average number of infections that descend down the chain-of-infection of a person infected during an outbreak. Those include the people that person directly infects, plus the number those go on to infect, plus the number those go on to infect, and so on until the chain-of-infection eventually dies out. We called this quantity the “average number of descendant infections”, or ANDI. With ANDI, we can quantify the average probability that at least one person ends up hospitalised down the chain-of-infection from an unvaccinated person infected in an outbreak of vaccine preventable diseases like measles (turns out, that probability is almost 100% in locations where vaccine coverage is sub-standard).
Our analysis code would likely be of interest of others, so we made an R library package of the methods to make it easy for people to download and use (we called the package “ANDI”). We also mentioned the package in our paper. To install the package yourself from GitHub (or any other R library package you find on GitHub, and there are many), install the devtools package on R:
require("devtools") install_github("smtowers/ANDI") require("ANDI")
There is example code showing how to use the methods in the package in https://github.com/smtowers/ANDI/blob/master/example.R


Continuous integration automates the building, testing and deploying of applications. Software projects, whether created by a single individual or entire teams, typically use continuous integration as a hub to ensure important steps such as unit testing are automated rather than manual processes.
When continuous integration (CI) is established as a step in a software project's development process it can dramatically reduce deployment times by minimizing steps that require human intervention. The only minor downside to using CI is that it takes some initial time by a developer to set up and then there is some ongoing maintainence if a project is broken into multiple parts, such as going from a monolith architecture to microservices.
Another major advantage with CI is that testing can be an automated step in the deployment process. Broken deployments can be prevented by running a comprehensive test suite of unit and integration tests when developers check in code to a source code repository. Any bugs accidentally introduced during a check-in that are caught by the test suite are reported and prevent the deployment from proceeding.
The automated testing on checked in source code can be thought of like the bumper guards in bowling that prevent code quality from going too far off track. CI combined with unit and integration tests check that any code modifications do not break existing tests to ensure the software works as intended.
The following picture represents a high level perspective on how continuous integration and deployment can work.
In the above diagram, when new code is committed to a source repository there is a hook that notifies the continuous integration server that new code needs to be built (the continuous integration server could also poll the source code repository if a notification is not possible).
The continuous integration server pulls the code to build and test it. If all tests pass, the continuous integration server begins the deployment process. The new code is pulled down to the server where the deployment is taking place. Finally the deployment process is completed via restarting services and related deployment activities.
There are many other ways a continuous integration server and its deployments can be structured. The above was just one example of a relatively simple setup.
There are a variety of free and open source continuous integration servers that are configurable based on a project's needs.
Note that many of these servers are not written in Python but work just fine for Python applications. Polyglot organizations (ones that use more than a single language and ecosystem) often use a single CI server for all of their projects regardless of the programming language the application was written in.
BuildBot is a continuous integration framework with a set of components for creating your own CI server. It's written in Python and intended for development teams that want more control over their build and deployment pipeline. BuildBot source code is on GitHub.
TeamCity is JetBrains' closed source CI server that requires a license to use.
Jenkins is commonly used as a continuous integration server implementation for Python projects because it is open source and programming language agnostic. Learn more via the following resources or on the dedicated Jenkins page.
My book on deploying Python web applications walks through every step of setting up a Jenkins project with a WSGI application to enable continuous delivery. Take a look if you're not grokking all of the steps provided in these other blog posts.
Assembling a continuous integration service for a Django project on Jenkins shows how to set up a Ubuntu instance with a Jenkins server that'll build a Django project.
Setting up Jenkins as a continuous integration server for Django is another solid tutorial that also shows how to send email notifications as part of the build process.
What is continuous integration? is a classic detailed article by Martin Fowler on the concepts behind CI and how to implement it.
Continuous Deployment For Practical People is not specific to Python but a great read on what it entails.
Continuous Integration & Delivery - Illustrated uses well done drawings to show how continuous integration and delivery works for testing and managing data.
Diving into continuous integration as a newbie is a retrospective on learning CI from a Rackspace intern on how she learned the subject.
6 top continuous integration tools gives a high level overview of six CI tools from a programming language agnostic perspective.
Updating the GOV.UK Continuous Integration environment explains the UK's Government Digital Service continuous integration configuration that relies on Jenkins.
StackShare's Continuous Integration tag lists a slew of hosted CI services roughly ranked by user upvotes.
Good practices for continuous integration includes advice on checking in code, commit tests and reverting to previous revisions.
Scoring Continuous Integration gives an interesting perspective on ways to rank the effectiveness of how teams use their CI tooling.
Why Continuous Integration Is Important is a high-level overview of how CI can build trust both among developers and between developers and non-technical people in an organization. The post also discusses tasks related to setting up reliable CI such as test environments, integration testing and visibility into the CI results.
Continuous Intrusion: Why CI tools are a hacker's best friend (PDF) strongly advises securing your continuous integration server just as you would every other part of your production application, unless you want your environment to be vulnerable to malicious actors.
Measuring and Improving your CI/CD Pipelines provides metrics for what you should measure with your CI/CD setup to improve the process for helping your development teams ship code.
Six rules for setting up continuous integration systems has some solid general advice for culling problematic tests, ensuring the integration speed supports the development culture you are building and keeping all code in source control instead of having complicated logic configured within the CI server.
How to Identify Major Blockers in a CI/CD Pipeline gives a high level overview of concepts such as shipping velocity, test execution and environment provisioning with regards to CI configurations.
Deploy web apps with the Ansible configuration management tool.


Iridology has been practiced since history has been recorded. Doctors were making health related diagnosis based on the condition of the iris. Iridology is a safe, non-invasive analysis, it requires no needles, and no anesthetic or drugs. Yet it may provide a valuable guide to health. Iridology is probably ahead of its time In the future Iridology is set to establish itself as a mainstream technique throughout the twenty-first century.
The iris reveals body constitution, inherent weaknesses, levels of health and transitions that take place in the body, based on heredity and the way one lives. There are thousands of individual iris fibers present. The greatest feature and main advantage of Iridology over other forms of health screening is that changes appear in the iris before the symptom develops, and therefore preventive action may be taken to improve health and avoid those diseases that might otherwise follow. Constitutional iridology will help you understand your genetics, based on color and fiber structure. It even reveals traits of your personality.


A preliminary outline for a research paper is an organized list of topics to be included in the research paper along with notes under each topic about the details to be written in the paper. Outlines can also be completed with charts and index cards.
Before writing a research paper, many writers first create an outline of the topics and main subjects to include. The outline serves as a blueprint or map of what the research paper plans to contain. A traditional outline for a research paper has Roman numerals or bullet points and/or letters and numbers that organize the outline by topic, subtopic and details. However, it is not necessary to follow the traditional numbered or bullet-point format. Some writers prefer the more visual approach of making a chart either by hand or with a software program, while others like to organize their thoughts with index cards kept together as an outline deck.
Whether the outline is made by a list, a chart or index cards, the key to making a good outline is to do plenty of research for the paper. The outline is going to serve as a list of directions and information that go into the research paper, and if the outline is missing key points, the research paper is likely to miss those points as well.


Abstract by Cameron Cordner
Concentration-discharge relationships reveal trends in solute input to the upper Provo River, UT
Mountain streams experience seasonal fluctuations in chemistry during spring runoff, with certain elements exhibiting concentration trends in response to increasing river discharge. To evaluate water chemistry in response to spring runoff in the upper Provo River, Utah, we analyzed trace element concentrations over a five-year period (2014-2018). Concentrations of La, Pb, Cu, Al, and Be increased by as much as 20-fold during spring runoff relative to baseflow conditions. These elements were found in elevated concentrations in soil water and ephemeral streams, suggesting that they are sourced during the activation of shallow soil flow paths during the snowmelt period. The soil, which is a combination of local bedrock and atmospheric dust, is an important source of trace metals and elements to the river. Increased concentrations of these elements during peak discharge can be attributed to increased contact with and flow through this dust-laden soil column. Our findings suggest that soil water interactions play a critical role in seasonal solute contributions and biogeochemical cycling and may be also be a primary source of solutes to mountain watersheds.


Laptop computers, smartphones, and mp3 players – these are just a few technologies that students use in the classroom that can certainly distract them from their studies. But even though students’ use of technology can interfere with their ability to pay attention to lectures, it can also be used by instructors to enhance the classroom experience like never before.
Video conferencing uses telecommunication technologies to allow multiple locations to interact through video and audio at the same time. Because of this technology, students don’t have to leave the lecture hall, or even get on a plane for that matter, to interact with people from anywhere in the world. Gone are the days of waiting for a guest speaker’s schedule to open up long enough for them to travel to a university. Videoconferencing is a time-saving tool that professors can use to provide students with the opportunity to listen to and interact with educational experts sooner rather than later.
As professors become the classroom coordinators and give guest experts the opportunity to lead a lecture or discussion, students are given supplemental learning opportunities that can only enhance their educational experience. Another student perk? Unlike recorded lectures or educational videos, the real-time aspect of video conferencing encourages interactivity. Students are not only able to learn from those they might not have the chance to otherwise, but they have the opportunity to ask questions and discuss material with experts.
Leading in the video conferencing trend is Duke University, which recently integrated a new kind of video conferencing into the classroom, making it the first university in the world to use this type of technology. In February, the Duke University Fuqua School of Business began holding classes in a new lecture hall which utilizes custom Cisco TelePresence virtual learning environment. The lecture hall is equipped with three 103-inch plasma displays used to view guest experts and lecturers, while six 1080-pixel cameras provide guests with both panoramic and lifesize views of the classroom. Two document cameras allow professors to share class materials from their podium, as well as view remote classrooms from the podium by looking at any of the three student displays. To encourage interactivity and class discussion, there are 66 microphones that allow students to talk to the entire classroom at the push of a button.
In this past, this type of realistic communication was not possible, but with technological advances like high-definition video, high-quality audio, and high-speed Internet, physical distance is no longer a barrier in higher education. No matter which side of the camera people are on, Cisco TelePresence combines technology in a way that enables body language and tone of voice to come across the screen so realistically that is very similar to being in the same room. With technology like this, there is no limit to the educational possibilities that video conferencing can bring to classrooms.
Did you enjoy this article?


WATERING – Remember to give a thorough soaking when you water shrubs, flowers, or lawns. Frequent sprinklings can do more harm than good. You want to encourage the growth of a deep root system. When watering shrubs during dry periods of summer and fall, be sure to apply enough water so moisture will move downward to root system. It is helpful to make a 3 – 4 inch mound of soil about 18 – 24 inches outward from shrubs. Let water flood inside mound and soak downward to roots. If you use overhead irrigation on shrubs apply water at some time other than late afternoon because moisture on leaves overnight may encourage disease growth.
MULCHING – Mulching of shrubs and young trees can be very important in hot, dry weather. Shallow roots are protected from the sun, moisture is conserved, weeds and grasses are controlled with a good mulch. A 3 – 4 inch layer of pine straw, oak leaves, peat moss, or leaf mold will help to grow strong, healthy plants.
TRANSPLANT IRIS AND DAYLILY – August is a good month in which to transplant iris and daylily. By doing so now, new transplants will have time to become well established before cold weather.
FALL CONDITIONING is a term gardeners are beginning to hear. It involves the use of high potash and phosphate fertilizer (no nitrogen) to slow down growth and harden plants for winter. Camellias, gardenias, azaleas, and sometimes boxwoods are fed in August with such as a 0-14-14 fertilizer to toughen them up so they are less likely to he injured by extreme winter weather.
STIMULATE WISTERIA – If you have a wisteria vine that has declined in flowering the last few years, the trouble could be excessive vegetative growth. Wisteria may be induced to bloom more freely if rampant growth is stopped now. Cut back runners and root-prune with a sharp spade. Insert the blade to its full depth in a semi-circle about 6 feet from the main stem of established plants.
SPRAY AZALEAS IN LATE AUGUST for control of lacebugs Orthenel. Two sprays at 10-day intervals are needed now and again in April.
PRUNE MAPLES, DOGWOODS, AND BIRCH at this time. Also, remove suckers and water spouts from trees.
PLANT FAIL VEGETABLES, cabbage greens, lettuce, broccoli, squash.
FERTILIZE warm season grasses – Do not fertilize shrubs.
SUBMIT soil samples so lime can be applied in fall.
FERTILIZE strawberry patch with nitrogen.
PLANT PANSY seeds in flats for landscaping in September.
TRIM YOUR RED TIP for fall color.
CHECK FOR CATERPILLARS on azaleas, cherry and pecan trees.
APPLY PRE-EMERGENT lawn killer for chickweed — balan or dacthol.
IF NEW LAWN get soil ready for new seeding in September.
KEEP AN EYE out for oakworms and sawfly larvae. Although foliage stripped from shade trees is not injurious in late summer, the worms may be a nuisance.
USE A 5-GALLON BUCKET with two 1/4″ holes in bottom to drip water young trees. Two buckets per week.


This module will focus on the principles of DC and AC motors and the various types used in industry. The student will learn the fundamentals of speed control including dynamic and regenerative braking. It also introduces the student to electronic speed control of DC motors including the installation and operation of DC drives. In addition, the fundamentals of alternating current motors and AC variable speed control systems are presented. The principles of Variable Frequency Drives (VFDs) and their control circuits are discussed in detail. In addition, VFD applications in industry are covered with a focus on their use in HVAC systems, Water Treatment Plants (WTPs) and Waste Water Treatment Plants (WWTPs)
- Explain the purpose of a commutator in DC motors.
- Differentiate between a stator and an armature.
- Define torque and counter emf.
- Name three typical dynamo configurations.
- Explain the basic operating principle of servomotors.
- Explain how Pulse Width Modulation is used in speed control.
- Define the terms dynamic and regenerative braking.
- Describe the operating principles of an AC induction motor.
- List three advantages of universal motors over induction motors.
- Differentiate between a cycloconverter and an inverter.
- Explain the basic operation of a Variable Frequency Drive (VFD)
- List five applications for VFDs in industry


Recognizing a stroke early and immediately calling 911 is critical to a person's outcome. When it comes to stroke, remember to think F.A.S.T. and use the following acronym provided by the American Stroke Association to quickly identify stroke symptoms in yourself or others:
- Face drooping: Does one side of the face droop or is it numb? Ask the person to smile. Is the person's smile uneven?
- Arm weakness: Is one arm weak or numb? Ask the person to raise both arms. Does one arm drift downward?
- Speech difficulty: Is speech slurred? Is the person unable to speak or hard to understand? Ask the person to repeat a simple sentence, like "The sky is blue." Is the sentence repeated correctly?
- Time to call 911: If someone shows any of these symptoms, even if the symptoms go away, call 9-1-1 and get the person to the hospital immediately. Check the time so you'll know when the first symptoms appeared.


Many people are attracted to the idea of placing solar panels on the roofs of houses to generate electricity. This post by Matt Yglesias is typical. However the idea makes no economic sense.
Yglesias claims there are no economies to scale when generating electricity with solar panels. This is obviously false. Imagine millions of solar panels lined up in rows in desert areas of Arizona (or Nevada or California). Compare this to a few solar panels on the roofs of millions of houses. Which arrangement will be easier and cheaper to build and maintain? The answer is obvious. Furthermore the desert panels will generate more electricity as few houses get as much sun as the southwest desert.
So given that utilities are not generating electricity from solar panel farms in the desert how do you create the illusion that generating electricity from less efficient roof top installations is sensible. The answer is massive subsidies. Some of these subsidies like tax credits and low interest loans are obvious. Another is less so.
It arises from the way the residential electricity consumption is currently billed. Typically there is a small fixed charge and a per kwh charge based on usage which accounts for the bulk of the bill. However in reality most of the cost of providing electrical service to a typical residence is fixed consisting of the costs of constructing and maintaining the power generation and distribution system. In most cases the marginal cost of actually generating the kwh is not the bulk of the cost of service. The effect of the difference between the actual costs and how electrical service is billed is that large users tend to subsidize small users.
So what does this mean for rooftop solar panels. It means the reduction in your bill from generating some of your own power overstates the savings to the utility. The difference will have to be made up by the other customers which represents a subsidy to you (since you are not disconnecting from the utility entirely and still expect utility power to be available whenever you want it). The subsidy is even greater if you are allowed to sell excess power to the utility at the retail rate (run your meter backwards). By pricing rooftop electricity at the retail rate it may appear to be a better deal than electricity from solar farms in the desert priced at the wholesale rate but this is an illusion. It would in fact be cheaper and thus better for society if it was generated in bulk in large installations.
Installing roof top solar panels is a symbolic way of demonstrating concern for the environment. Too bad they don't actually make any sense.


Additive Inverse Definition For 7Th Grade. Integers are the positive, negative numbers, or zero. Our notes of chapter 1 integers are prepared by maths experts in an easy to remember format, covering all syllabus of cbse, kvpy, ntse, olympiads, ncert & other competitive exams.
An inverse operation reverses the effect of the first operation. The understanding of integers is essential for entry into higher level mathematics. Adjacent angle two angles that share a common vertex and a.
The main confusion of the additive inverse is that students would add the numbers because of their limited understanding of what the sign represents. Develop and analyze algorithms and compute efficiently with integers and rational numbers.
Definition Of Additive Inverse The Additive Inverse Of A Number \(X\) Is The Number You Add To \(X\) To Get \(0\).
0706.2.2 links verified on 6/10/2014. Scholars demonstrate how order or grouping does not affect the practice of addition and multiplication. Parent teacher events (online bookings) australian and new zealand school curriculum aligned content.
Lesson The Teacher Says Or Does…
Explain to your children that an additive inverse is what they add to a number in order to make the sum zero, and in the case of integers, that is simply the same number with the flipped sign. Subscribe [additive inverse definition math] exercises for grade 7 add opposite additive inverses objectives: Using a work mat and integer models students will make predictions and model additive inverse and positive and negative integers.
Assume, ‘A’ Is The Original Number, Then Its Additive Inverse Will Be The Minus Of Such That.
Mapped to ccss section# 7.ns.a.1c They can complete the sixteen pdf exercises in a jiffy! Addition property of equality if a= b, then a + c= b + c.
Here 1 Is The Multiplicative Identity, Because A Number When Multiplied By 1 Gives The Same Number.
Engageny grade 7 math module 3: Integers are the positive, negative numbers, or zero. In mathematics, the additive inverse of a number is defined as a value which on adding with the original number obtains the result 0.
Additive Inverse For Any Number X, There Exists A Number −X, Such That X + −X= 0.
Identifying the number line that represents the numerical statement of two numbers that have an additive inverse and vice versa. Develop and analyze algorithms and compute efficiently with integers and rational numbers. The additive inverse of the original number ‘p’ is represented by unary minus i.e.


CONTEXT: Little is known about the extent or severity of untreated mental disorders, especially in less-developed countries. OBJECTIVE: To estimate prevalence, severity, and treatment of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV) mental disorders in 14 countries (6 less developed, 8 developed) in the World Health Organization (WHO) World Mental Health (WMH) Survey Initiative. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Face-to-face household surveys of 60 463 community adults conducted from 2001-2003 in 14 countries in the Americas, Europe, the Middle East, Africa, and Asia. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The DSM-IV disorders, severity, and treatment were assessed with the WMH version of the WHO Composite International Diagnostic Interview (WMH-CIDI), a fully structured, lay-administered psychiatric diagnostic interview. RESULTS: The prevalence of having any WMH-CIDI/DSM-IV disorder in the prior year varied widely, from 4.3% in Shanghai to 26.4% in the United States, with an interquartile range (IQR) of 9.1%-16.9%. Between 33.1% (Colombia) and 80.9% (Nigeria) of 12-month cases were mild (IQR, 40.2%-53.3%). Serious disorders were associated with substantial role disability. Although disorder severity was correlated with probability of treatment in almost all countries, 35.5% to 50.3% of serious cases in developed countries and 76.3% to 85.4% in less-developed countries received no treatment in the 12 months before the interview. Due to the high prevalence of mild and subthreshold cases, the number of those who received treatment far exceeds the number of untreated serious cases in every country. CONCLUSIONS: Reallocation of treatment resources could substantially decrease the problem of unmet need for treatment of mental disorders among serious cases. Structural barriers exist to this reallocation. Careful consideration needs to be given to the value of treating some mild cases, especially those at risk for progressing to more serious disorders.


Obesity and diabetes are intrinsically linked, and these two medical monsters are both growing in our modern societies. Part of the reason for this is because in many ways the least healthy foods have become easy to access, they are cheap and fast. We tend to have processed fast unhealthy foods at our fingertips. There are of course various food ingredients which are causing issues, but for that fast hit – and especially for children – sugar is turning into a great concern. In particular, sugary soft drinks remain one of the main contributors of free sugars to children’s diets – more than ice cream and puddings combined. Excess sugar intake leads to excess weight and an unhealthy lifestyle which is now seen to lead to (specifically) diabetes 2, heart problems and some cancers.
MOH Singapore Focusses on Sugary Beverages
The FIA (Food Industry Asia) has called for more measures for combating the problem of how sugar is used in food products and drinks. In Singapore, the ministry of health (MOH) is focussing on reducing sugar specifically in beverages such as dry 3-in-1 mixes, cordials, yogurt drinks, fruit juices and soda drinks. Some of these (such as fruit juices) you would not expect to find an excess of sugar. On the face of it they would appear to be the healthiest of drinks to choose, but in reality, many are sweetened and therefore deliver just as much sugar as a fizzy drink.
Four Proposed Ways to Combat the Problem:
A total ban on pre-packed sugar-sweetened beverages
Single or tiered taxes on the high sugar-drinks
Mandatory front of pack labelling on sugar and nutrition content
A banning of advertising for such products on all platforms
FIA Proposes Complimentary Campaigns
It was clear the FIA welcomed the new drive on sugar intake but there was also a strong feeling that while the suggestions offered a guide for the future some of them may be too draconian and there maybe a need to offer education, incentive, competition etc rather than strict rules and penalties. Two ideas to run alongside proposed campaigns are outlined below:
Education both for business and the consumer is important here. Just labelling foodstuffs with ingredients will not be enough for the consumer to make an informed decision about what may be the healthier choice. This approach needs to be complimented with an education campaign for all age groups (this could therefore be in schools and promotional advertising for adults) so consumers recognise dangers from unhealthy foods and ingredients. Subsequently, it will encourage checking for nutritional value as a regular part of buying, while fully understanding which ingredients to avoid or choose.
Working with Business Does Not Have to Mean Penalties
Placing taxes on products with a high-sugar content is likely to cause frustration and anger for the consumer (especially if they have not been informed of the reason for the changes). It is also quite a paternalistic and some would say despotic governmental approach that does not sit well with modern democracy.
There is still a strong feeling that a more subtle approach would be needed. In an effort to compliment the educational drive for both consumers and business, the idea is for the government to offer a grant which would allow businesses to explore how healthier drinks and foods could be formulated and put on the market.
This in turn may well be more commercially viable than it at first sounds. If the society is culturally moving away from high-content sugar products then, with education and promotion, there will no doubt be a market for the healthier products opening up.
Many Businesses Are Already Making Changes…
However, the threat of tax on sugar has motivated many Asian and Western based companies in re-considering the sugar content of their products. FIA executive Matthew Kovac said “…many food companies in Singapore have already started reformulating their products to reduce sugar content, including seven major beverage companies that have pledged to reduce the amount of sugar in their drinks to 12g per 100ml or less by 2020.”
Are you looking for employment in the Asian food industry? Please visit our vacancies page
Peak Recruitment is the leading recruitment agency based in Thailand. A human resource specialist, our pioneering methodology and commitment to deliver exemplary services has placed us first for executive recruitment in Bangkok. As a team, we offer a distinctive approach that you just won’t find anywhere else. We specialise in all aspects of the Asian Food Industry and so can advise, guide and find you the perfect vacancy that matches your requirements. For contact information click here


Download Images on this Page:
- Robert Fulton
- Boats, for use on canals
- Mechanism for dragging boat
- Mechanism for lifting a boat
- An iron aqueduct
Robert Fulton (1765–1815), American engineer and inventor, is known primarily for building the first commercially successful steamboat to sail America’s waters. A mechanical genius with many talents, Fulton designed many other devices, such as submarines and steam warships; he also engineered canal systems. He was called upon to devise a canal transport system that would operate with little water and in hilly terrain. His response is explained in his Treatise on the Improvement of Canal Navigation (1796), which includes a history of the canal and its use and construction.
To see a gallery of images of Fulton’s work, click on any image below.
Fulton in the History of Hydraulics Collection:
- A Treatise on the Improvement of Canal Navigation (original copy), published in London, 1796. (Call number: TC 744 F97)


The sea was flat as a pancake, and bright blue as the sky was clear and sun was shining. The spring tide at Worthing recedes to its maximum around dawn and dusk. A 5.8 metre tide on 14th June 1994 (measured at Shoreham Harbour) was just sufficient to uncover the rock and sand terrain beneath the amusement pier. At first glance, the shore appears exclusively sandy and in all respects one of the least promising of rockpooling shores. Firm sand leads the explorer out to below mid-tide region where the sand gives away to a mixed ground with rocks buried in the sand, a few looser rocks (cobble-sized), and shallow sandy pools.
Under the steel girders of the pier is the best area, with the supports providing attachment points of a sizeable mussel community. Mussels are a rich source of food for many animals, and the community including barnacles, provides incidental nutrition and shelter for other communities. Hydroids are are regular epifauna, and colonies of this animal are ideal for viewing under the microscope. Often, other small animals like a small shrimp-like animal Corophium crassicorne and nudibranchs (sea-slugs) are not observed in the wild, and are only discovered when the mussel or rock is introduced into the micro-aquarium. Two minute sea-slugs, the yellow and white Polycera quadrilineata and the red tinged Doto coronata are two species most often found at Worthing. Neither species exceeds 15 mm in length.
Hydroids on a mussel shell, Worthing, Sussex coast, England
However, without the aid of the microscope, the obvious predator on the mussel is the Dogwhelk, Nucella lapillus. Girders are littered with row upon row of orange egg capsules, sometimes grouped together in a bunch, and sometimes more yellowish. This predatory gastropod feeds on mussels and barnacles. This univalve mollusc is prevented from breeding in shallow seas and estuaries polluted by TBT (tribulytin) used in anti-fouling paints on large ships. Five miles to the east at Shoreham Harbour, the Dogwhelk has not been recorded since 1981. Dogwhelks at Worthing are found in various colours including pure white and pure orange, but mostly they are dirty mixture of white and purple.
Taking advantage of the pleasant weather, the purpose of the visit in
the early hours of the morning, was to have a look around and see what
fauna was present. Ten years experience had demonstrated that June is one
of the poorest month on the mid-Sussex coast. Species breeding earlier
in the year will have returned to deeper water and the planktonic fry will
not have settled (with about three* exceptions, or will only just be beginning
to settle) in the shore pools.
Trundling over the floor of shallow pools, small Hermit
Crabs, Pagurus bernhardus, were the most noticeable mobile fauna.
Almost exclusively, they occupied empty shells of the Grey Top, Gibbula
cineraria, with one larger specimen in an orange Dogwhelk shell.
A juvenile Blenny, Lipophrys pholis, (28 mm) sheltered under a small rock, and Sand Goby fry, Pomatoschistus minutus, darted to and fro in the pools. They had not settled yet on their bottom living existence.
Only one new discovery, though! the Star Ascidian, Botryllus schlosseri. This is not normally resident on the shore in Sussex. It was stranded specimen with the colony living on the Sea Squirt Ascidiella aspersa which itself was fastened to the holdfast of a large wrack. The large seaweed had lifted its rock and had drifted inshore to be washed up and die beneath the pier.
Worthing Pier September 1998
Approaching the highest tides in living memory (7 metres range at Shoreham-by-Sea on 8 October 1998), I took the opportunity of a rare fine day on 21 September 1998, in the previous spring tide sequence, to get up early in the morning to catch the low spring tide which occur at dusk and dawn on the Sussex coast.
It had been the worse 'rockpooling' year on record (at least 20 years) and after a mixture of sudden heat waves and squalls, the signs were not too promising. But it is after unusual conditions that something unusual can be discovered. However, this was not to be the case, as the small fish and invertebrates were exactly what I expected to find underneath Worthing pier. The workmen had scraped away many of the clumps of mussels attached to the supports. The main affect of this was to reduce the numbers of the resident Dogwhelk population. This gastropod mollusc (marine snail) feeds on mussels (more info.).
Underneath the pier, depressions in the sand and rock, leave shallow pools and a few slightly deeper ones. These pools are occupied by small fish from March onwards, but they only start getting crowded from June onwards. The variety can vary. Usually, the late autumn brings the largest number of different species, although the numbers may be higher in the summer.
The small gobies are not visible immediately as they are camouflaged
to match the sand on which they rest. At the first disturbance they will
dart in all directions. Normally, gobies do not mix in the same pools,
but in these confining pools for a very short period when the tide
was out, the Common Goby, Pomatoschistus microps,
was the very common, with hundreds in each pool. They varied in size from
20 mm to 32 mm, when they reach a maximum size of 64 mm of their short
life span in the following year. The larger and longer Sand
Gobies, Pomatoschistus minutus, were common and could be counted
in scores. These fish were measured up to 55 mm in length. They will grow
up to 94 mm and these fish are shore inhabitants habitually only in the
autumn on the Sussex coast. In the same pools, but more often in tiny pools
under rocks, juvenile Rock Gobies, Gobius
In the same pool there were juvenile Bass, Dicentrarhus labrax, at least one 5-Bearded Rockling, Cilita mustela, and smallish Long-spined Bullheads, Taurulus bubalis, all fish capable of feeding on these smaller fish. A few Blennies, Lipophrys pholis, occupied the same pool and these were very small, 20 mm, and they could be found under small rocks as well.
Crabs are always present on this shore, but never really abundant, except in some years when small Hermit Crabs, Pagurus bernhardus, could be shovelled up by the bucket load. They were quite frequently to be discovered trundling along the bottom of the pools. This was how the Dragonets were revealed. One of them crawled over the buried the fish, which then adjusted its position revealing itself. Edible Crabs, Hairy Crabs, Hairy Porcelain Crabs, Long-clawed Porcelain Crabs, were all present (more info.).
Worthing is a good site for sea anemones, but the numbers vary considerably. The species Sagartia troglodytes is always present, but numbers were much less than are sometimes present. Sometimes they are buried and cannot be seen. Plumose Anemones were represented by less than a dozen draped on the pier supports. Beadlet Anemones, Actinia equina, and Snakelocks Anemones were there in small numbers. Dahlia Anemones, Urticina felina, were absent.
Sussex is not renowned for its molluscs on the shore. The usual resident
Mussels, Periwinkles, Carpet Shells, Grey Topshells and Dogwhelks were
A Sunset Shell, Gari depressa, (identification to be confirmed) was discovered buried just beneath the surface.
There were patches of Star Ascidian on rocks and weed.
Worthing Pier 16 March
After a rather gloomy and wet winter, if not particularly cold, it was pleasant to be out in the sun for the warmest day of the year so far. Not that warm, and there was a brisk breeze from the west, so a jersey was necessary. It was the first low spring tide at about 4.30 pm GMT in a run of very low tides up to and after the Vernal Equinox on 20th March.
Early in the Year
It was really too early in the year to expect anything outstanding, although the sun had already warmed up the pools, and even under the shade of the pier, the water did not feel that thorough chill that would be quite likely in February. It was my first proper rockpooling trip of 1999, and I went straight down to the low water mark at the pier end.
I heaved over a large boulder and laid it carefully aside to avoid squashing something that wriggled. As the puddle underneath cleared and my eyes attuned to the small pool, I simultaneously spotted the unmistakeable appearance of a full grown adult Blenny and a flurry of movement as a bronze 5-Bearded Rockling tried to find new shelter. Almost, in the same instant, my eyes focused on the snake-like coil of a young Butterfish. It was a jump of a second or two, before I could make out the carapace of a young and small Edible Crab, trying to bury in the sand but it could not hide completely.
Some species of crab are regularly found that the absence would be a suprise. Hairy Crabs, Pilumnus hirtellus, were found in pairs under rocks. As their name suggests there legs were covered with hairs. Sometimes if they have been scrabbling about in the silt, picking up morsels with their diffferent-sized claws, the hairs had collected so much muck that their pale crimson colour was obscured. They far outnumbered the Shore Crab, Carcinus maenas, of which no large ones were to be seen, although there must have been small ones amongst the mussel shells. Edible Crabs, Cancer pagurus, were frequently to be discovered under the larger rocks, some one moult away from an edible size. Both species of Porcelain Crabs clung to the underside of rocks. A solitary large Squat Lobster, Galathea squamifera, shot backwards at speed when the rock was lifted. A few small prawns, Palaeamon elegans, were in the pools, but there were no small goby fish yet – it was too early for them.
The resident Grey Topshells and Periwinkles, as well as lots of Dogwhelks
and their egg capsules on the pier supports, were to be found as expected.
However, of most interest was the spawn of the small sea slug Onchidoris bilamellata and under rock their was a pair of individuals preparing to spawn. As the spawn occurred under many rocks, there were probably others. Under one rock a small specimen, only 55 mm long, of the Grey Sea Slug, Aeolidia papillosa, had died in the process of laying its eggs, before the spiral had formed on the underside of the rock.
Sea Anemones were not present in their normal numbers but all the species present in September 1998 were to be found.
I made a brief visit to Worthing Pier at a low spring of just under 6 metres (at high tide) a few miles to the west of Shoreham-by-Sea during an exceptionally fine day, which had been preceded by a couple of weeks of the hottest and sunniest weather we can expect in southern England, with the shade air temperatures reaching 29° C. During these conditions, the intertidal fauna can be less varied, because the heat dissuades some of the fish and invertebrates that like cooler temperatures from remaining in the shore pools. The water temperature in the rock pools was measured at 22° C early in the morning (about 9.00 am) and the sea itself over the shallow sand at the seaward end of the pierhead measured 20° C, which exceeded the maximum of 19° C I had recorded before over the shallow shrimping grounds off Southwick beach, Sussex and only just below the 21° C recorded in the River Adur estuary at Silver Sands during the hottest sea temperature month of August.
Small Fry in the Small Pools
Small fry were particularly abundant in the shallow pools and it seemed that Blennies were more numerous than previous years. They were very small, mostly under 20 mm, and some were in their last planktonic larval form with the wing-like pectorals and a length of under 15 mm. The other abundant fish were the gobies and I observed that in the larger pools near low water mark, the larger and proportionately longer of the two sandy gobies found between the tides, the Sand Goby was present in hundreds, whereas in the smaller pools and further up the shore (in the pools north of the pierhead) hundreds of the smaller Common Gobies congregated in similar numbers. Under rocks some tiny, 15 mm long, Rock Gobies darted in between the few pebbles and empty molluscs shells. Small palaemonid prawns and crangoid shrimps also inhabitated the pools and these were just about small enough to be preyed upon by the goby fry (which normally prefer Corophium, caprellids etc.) and certainly would have been swallowed by some very small Bullhead, Taurulus bubalis, fry in the same pools.
The colonial sea-squirt Star Ascidian, Botryllus schlosseri, was recorded yet again as it has for every year since 1994. It had settled on boulders at the end of the pier and on other tunicates attached to rocks. Small Hermit Crabs trundled over the floor of the sandy pools and large specimens of the Hairy Porcelain Crab were evident under rocks.
Sea Anemones were not as common as in most years. Beadlet Anemones were reasonable common with Snakelocks Anemones and Sagartia troglodytes not so prevalent as usual. Plumose Anemones were absent altogether from their normal position drooping down from the pier cross supports and the hot weather was undoubtably the reason. A solitary specimen of Sagartiogeton undatus was discovered on the underside of a boulder and was left there. There may have been more specimens of this anemone.
Wildlife News: Marine Latest


Eid-Mubarak? What is it? It is a traditional Muslim greeting, which followers of Islam, use during the festivals of Eid-al-Adha/Bakrid and Eid-ul-Fitr (occurs at the end of Ramadhan).
It is term used by Muslims, to greet each other during festivals. The term translates into English as, 'The Blessed Festival'
Eid means the festival itself, Mubarak means Blessed. It is a social and cultural aspect that stems from the deep roots of Islam.
However people also have different other ways to greet each other on Eid-al-Adha/Bakrid and Eid-ul-Fitr.
People in Arabia, may in addition say, kul 'am wantum bikhair, meaning, (May) you be well every year"
It is also said that people who were with Prophet Muhammad (Peace be upon him), greeted each other on Eid-ul-Fitr as, Taqabbalallhu minn wa minkum, meaning, (May) God accept from us and from you, (our fasts and deeds)
In Turkey, where Eid Mubarak is not very common, people greet each other, saying, 'Bayramınız mÜbarek olsun' or "Bayramınız kutlu olsun", meaning, "May your holiday be blessed"
Whereas in Afghanistan, people greet each other with the phrase, Akhtar de nekmregha sha, meaning, may your festival be blessed.
Hence Eid-Mubarak (What is it?), simply means the Muslim way of greeting each other during festivals.


The mango bioplastics has similar properties as conventional PET and could be used to create bottles, cutlery, plates and disposable cups.
The objective of the students was to create a flexible biodegradable material from organic waste, that has a six months life time and be reusable as fertilizer or compost.
Karla Guadalupe Gámez Rangel and Mario Isaac Hernández Hernández used carbohydrates, proteins, cellulose, mango rind, corn starch and glycerin to create the biopolymer.
The mango peel was crushed and mixed with cornstarch and glycerin to obtain a viscous substance that was mouldable.
Glycerin acts as a plasticizing agent, corn starch increases the volume of amylase and amylopectin provides flexibility and hardness to the bioplastic.
- Mexican universities are becoming more and more active in the bioplastics scene. They invented bioplastics made from avocado seeds (see article) and they have the guayule rubber growing in Mexico who could singlehandedly disrupt the tyres industry.
- However, the biggest problem in South America, when it comes to bioplastics, is that they don’t t know how to commercialise and industrialise their inventions.
- When it comes to bridging the gap between universities and industry, south American governments lack effectiveness and efficiency.


Our sun is weird. It’s in the minority of star systems because it spins through space alone — it has no partner — while most stars dance in binary systems. In fact, many planets may enjoy the light of twin suns. Until this past decade, most researchers thought that binaries were unlikely places for planets to form, but a better understanding of the forces and history of these systems led them to revise that assessment.
Still, a planet with three suns seemed unlikely. But new observations indicate that a triple-star system with a planet is not just science fiction.
The constellation Taurus harbors a star triad called GG Tau A that includes a single star surrounded by a disk of gas and dust and circled by two other stars. The whole system is adorned by an outer ring. Now, scientists suspect that both the inner and outer rings might have the beginnings of young planets; in the outer ring, there is a condensation that may be an already formed planet.
The team, based at the University of Bordeaux and France’s National Center for Scientific Research, reported the findings in Nature.
“If all goes well, in a few million years we may have a circumtriple planet and a circumstellar planet in the same system,” astronomer William Welsh of San Diego State University, who was not involved in new study, told Nadia Drake for her National Geographic blog. “This system would be off the charts in terms of the coolness factor.”
The finding is cool beyond imagining constant eclipses, weird combinations of sunrises and sunsets. Researchers were fairly convinced that three stars including a close binary would create a system too turbulent for planets to form. Drake explains how this system bucked the stereotype:
What [Anne] Dutrey and her colleagues found is that there’s a streamer of gas connecting the system’s outer ring with the inner disk, kind of like a lifeline. Material appears to be flowing in from the outer reservoir and replenishing the disk around that single star, keeping it alive long enough to (maybe) grow planets.
Science fiction has long been inspired by the idea of gazing at multiple suns. Tatooine’s binary in the Star Wars universe is just the most commonly known example. There are a wealth of stories that have explored the implications of complex star systems.
Of course, even a triple-star system has nothing on the fictional world of Isaac Asimov’s "Nightfall," where six stars keep the entire planet in daylight, except for a prolonged eclipse every 2049 years. This world goes mad without a sun shining:
With the slow fascination of fear, he lifted himself on one arm and turned his eyes toward the blood-curdling blackness of the window. Through it shone the Stars!
Not Earth's feeble thirty-six hundred Stars visible to the eye; Lagash was in the center of a giant cluster. Thirty thousand mighty suns shone down in a soul-searing splendor that was more frighteningly cold in its awful indifference than the bitter wind that shivered across the cold, horribly bleak world.
But back in reality: The new observations means that the search for extraterrestrial planets just expanded to include triple-star systems. Who knows, someday we may ask the inhabitants of another planet what it's like to live under the light of multiple suns.


TRIASSIC OF INDIA
In 2015 Richard Butler, Martin Ezcurra and Roland Sookias visited India for the first time to carry out fieldwork funded by a National Geographic Young Explorer’s Award to Martín, in collaboration with our Indian colleagues Dr Saswati Bandyopadhyay and Dr Dhurjati Sengupta of the Geological Studies Unit of the Indian Statistical Institute. Our target was the Lower Triassic Panchet Formation of West Bengal, from which an important but generally fragmentary assemblage of vertebrate material has previously been collected from immediately after the Permo-Triassic extinction event. Our aims were to collect additional material, particularly of proterosuchid archosauromorphs, and better understand the recovery from the extinction in this part of Pangaea. Outcrops were generally sparse, but we did find a significant number of specimens in the bed of the Damodar River. These included remains of temnospondyl amphibians, fish, and the dicynodont Lystrosaurus, but also, more excitingly (for us), a number of specimens belonging to proterosuchids. These were all isolated cranial and postcranial elements, but together with historically collected material that we examined back in Kolkata, they are going to help us build up a more complete picture of the Panchet fauna.
TRIASSIC OF SOUTH AFRICA
In 2014 we began a new field project in South Africa, in collaboration with Jonah Choiniere from the University of the Witwatersrand in Johannesburg. The target was Middle Triassic rocks of the Burgersdorp Formation in Eastern Cape Province, and the aim was to find new fossil sites in the part of the formation referred to by the snappy title of Cynognathus Assemblage Zone, Subzone C. These rocks are believed to be contemporaneous with rocks in Tanzania that have yielded the oldest dinosauromorph body fossils, and so our aim was to discover early archosaurs and dinosauromorphs in South Africa. We were very successful in identifying a number of new sites yielding vertebrate remains, although mostly of temnospondyls, cynodonts and dicynodonts. Future fieldwork is planned for 2016 and beyond to more fully explore these sites. Fieldwork is supported by the Marie Curie Actions (Career Integration Grant).


The HSCA concluded that these scientific studies of assassination-related evidence do "not preclude the possibility of two gunmen firing at the President. When pressed for identification papers, he provided his Marine Corps discharge papers. No nightclubs or bowling alleys, no places of recreation except the trade union dances.
In fact, because of the depth and number of prior investigations and the breadth of media coverage, most witnesses have given several prior statements, and some have provided as many as five detailed accounts of what occurred.
Disabled readers must be provided highly structured programs that explicitly teach application of phonologic rules to print. NIH investigated dyslexia first because it is the most prevalent learning disability.
Dyslexia represents the most common and prevalent of all known learning disabilities. He also gave contradictory stories about when he first looked at the documents, when he realized their significance, and whether and which documents were allegedly later stolen from him.
Do you know much about what he taught? He said he had seen the same man minutes earlier looking through the window. King and President Kennedy are connected. King, like other civil rights activists who were the subjects of government surveillance in the s, may have been watched by military personnel around the time of the assassination.
Army in West Germany for distributing right-wing literature to his troops. Martin harvey handwriting analysis were part of a plot to kill him. He did observe a Sunday Passover. We call it the litter box scratch and we all know why cats scratch litter. The Committee further concluded that it was probable that: The buildings on South Main Street, as well as their backyards, are elevated and higher than Mulberry Street.
From La Operina, Rome Who Was Herbert W. Might his resignation lead to the fulfillment of prophecy? Vol VII, Neutron activation analysis revealed that only two lead bullets were the source of all the following pieces of evidence: Sola Scriptura or Prima Luther?
It is presented here solely for adults who are interested in Italic handwriting. Significantly, no eyewitness testimony or tangible evidence directly supported any of the conflicting allegations of a government-directed conspiracy.
This section shares the research results released by the National Institutes of Health from to the present, as well as from dyslexia researchers in several others countries. Vol I, Additionally, the location of the shooter at the 6th floor Texas School Book Depository window was determined using trajectory analysis.
Across from the motel on Mulberry Street arethe backyard areas of buildings that front on South Main Street. If an oval is looped on both sides imagine hair parted in the middle with bangs hanging on each side indicates big liars.
Although this was an unusual endeavor, on February 25,he was invited to take a Marine proficiency exam in written and spoken Russian.
Aldus ManutiusItalian humanist invented cursive in 14 A. Dyslexia is the most researched of all learning disabilities. McDonald also said that Oswald struck him, but that he struck back and Oswald was disarmed. Armstrong and explains who he was and how he should be viewed today. It further suggests he is not genuinely concerned about obtaining protection from prosecution, but instead has sought immunity merely to lend legitimacy to his otherwise unsubstantiated story.
After a review of the evidence presented during King v.The analysis of Ford’s body language is consistent with certified graphologist Leeann Springer’s analysis of Ford’s handwriting: Christine Ford’s writing is a combination of “writer/printer” which some use in the math field.
Conscious competence learning model Four stages of learning theory - unconscious incompetence to unconscious competence matrix - and other theories and models for learning and change Here is a summary of the explanation, definitions and usage of the 'conscious competence' learning theory, including the 'conscious competence.
Ariel Felner, Ben-Gurion University Guni Sharon, Ben-Gurion University Nathan R. Sturtevant, University of Denver.
Writing Action Plan Martin Harvey handwriting resources. C Snow M foster SLT team Term 1 On going Term 2 Data analysis of group impact C Snow Literacy team Term 1 On going Term 2 Term 3 Outcomes/Impact 4.
To ensure that support given during writing. Information about "Handwriting Lesson" on the Web. Graphology & Handwriting Analysis Training The World's Best Training in Handwriting Analysis and Document Examination. age_arts/handwriting/ Martin Harvey Education Consultant. Dec 18, · So, what do you get when you add together bigamy, adultery, disappearances, suspected murder, insurance fraud, and Mystery Corpses?
That's right: the ultimate Strange Company blog post!
All this story needs is a talking cat. Our story centers around a Rutland, Vermont couple: George and Catherine Packard, both aged .Download


PAUL RANSON'S YOUTH
Paul Ranson was born in 1864 in Limoges (France). As the son of a succesful local politician, he received permission to pursue his artistic dreams and Paul Ranson started studying Ecoles des Arts Décoratifs in Limoges but transferred in 1886 to the more prestigious Académie Julian in Paris.
In 1888, at the Académie, Paul Ranson met Paul Sérusier who encouraged him to join his post-impressionist art group Les Nabis. From 1890 onwards Paul Ranson hosted meetings for Les Nabis at his home.
PAUL RANSON AS AN ARTIST
Ranson’s work showed a consistent commitment to the decorative arts: like Maillol he made designs for tapestry, some of which were executed by his wife. His linear, sinuous style, seen in works such as Woman Standing beside a Balustrade with a Poodle (Altschul priv. col., see Post-Impressionism, exh. cat., London, RA, 1979, p. 119), had strong affinities with Japanese prints and with contemporary developments in Art Nouveau design; it was a style suited to a variety of media, stained glass, lithography, ceramics or tapestry.
Ranson tended to favour exotic, symbolic or quasi-religious motifs rather than subjects observed from nature. In his Nabi Landscape of 1890, for example, he sets a variety of obscure feminine symbols within a fantasy landscape. After his early death in 1909 his wife continued to run the Académie Ranson, which they had opened in 1908 to disseminate Nabi aesthetic ideas and techniques to a younger generation. Teaching was undertaken on a voluntary basis by other Nabis, especially Denis and Sérusier.
In 1908, he created the Académie Ranson with his wife France, to teach the Nabi ideas and techniques. After his death, his wife continued to run the academy.
PAUL RANSON'S DEATH
Paul Ranson died in Paris on February 20, 1909.


The IPM Coalition launches online database to accelerate the elimination of highly hazardous pesticide use throughout the world
The Sustainable Agriculture Network (SAN) and other eight international sustainability organizations launched www.ipm-coalition.org, an online pesticide database available to farmers for free to support them in eliminating the use of highly hazardous pesticides.
With the SAN input, the IPM Coalition has built a compelling pesticide database for farmers and technical decision-makers of pesticide use that is public and user-friendly. Developed with the support of the ISEAL Innovations Fund, www.ipm-coalition.org offers information on more than 600 pesticides, their hazardous attributes and the different restrictions set by the standard of each coalition member.
The database is accessible by English-speaking users with technical knowledge (including specialized auditors and producers), who can consult different pesticides standard schemes, and the human and environmental hazards of an active ingredient.
During the last years, sustainability organizations under the ISEAL Alliance have been discussing the best way to join forces on the pesticides front. While pesticides help control pests and diseases, they also represent a risk to people using them, final consumers of agricultural products and their surrounding ecosystems.
SAN’s commitment with elimination of dangerous pesticides and proper use of necessary substances is reflected in its participation in the IPM Coalition but also in the joint work with the Integrated Plant Protection Center (IPPC) of the Oregon State University.
“Thanks to the effective collaboration of nine sustainability standard organizations, technicians of farms and forest management units now can easily access a comprehensive information package about pesticides’ toxicity risks and the status of certain active ingredients of eight different sustainability standards on one webpage. Users can search for specific pesticides or choose to display the information of one or several regulatory systems or toxicity categories in a custom-made way. Farms or forests planning to implement one or several standards will be able to access the set of pesticide requirements they need to comply with only a few clicks. The initiative is an important tool to transparently clarify the risks of highly hazardous pesticides as a first step for their phase-out or ban” states Oliver Bach, SAN standards and policy director.
Members of the IPM Coalition: Better Cotton Initiative (BCI), Bonsucro, Fairtrade International, Forest Stewardship Council (FSC), Global Coffee Platform (GCP), Golf Environment Organisation (GEO), Roundtable on Sustainable Biomaterials (RSB), Sustainable Agriculture Network (SAN), and UTZ.
Spread the word
The pesticide database is now available for free at www.ipm-coalition.org. The IPM Coalition encourages experts and other interested stakeholders to provide feedback on the database as well as share the link with all relevant stakeholders.
Please give us 6 minutes of your time and share your feedback about the platform Click here


- Books Name
- Science Made Easy Science Book
- Science Made Easy
- CBSE Class 9
Mass & weight
- The mass of a body is the quantity of matter contained in it.
- Mass is a scalar quantity which has only magnitude but no direction.
- Mass of a body always remains constant and does not change from place to place.
- SI unit of mass is kilogram (kg).
- Mass of a body can never be zero.
- The force with which an object is attracted towards the centre of the earth, is called the weight of the object.
Now, Force =m×a
But in case of earth,a=g
But the force of attraction of earth on an object is called its weight (W).
- As weight always acts vertically downwards, therefore, weight has both magnitude and direction and thus it is a vector quantity.
- The weight of a body changes from place to place, depending on mass of object.
- The SI unit of weight is Newton.
- Weight of the object becomes zero if g is zero.
Weight of an Object on the Surface of Moon
Mass of an object is same on earth as well as on moon. But weight is different.
weight of the object on the moon = (1/6) × its weight on the earth.
Continue reading to
Join any of the batches using this book


Having worked on a couple of reports about intermarriage in the U.S., I get this question often: Why do we care about who marries whom?
“Intermarriage” refers to unions between people of different races or ethnicities. To many sociologists, racial and ethnic intermarriage is a barometer of racial/ethnic relations in America. Partners in a marriage accept each other as equals, and their friends/families also get a chance to mingle. Marriages across racial and ethnic lines therefore help to break down social barriers between groups. Intermarriages could also change the definition of race in this country, as more children identify themselves as multiple races . We are becoming “a nation of mutts”, as David Brooks wrote recently.
For most of this nation’s history, a majority of states had anti-miscegenation laws that made it illegal for whites and nonwhites to marry. The first such laws were passed in the 1600s to prevent freed Black slaves from marrying Whites, as well as biracial children of white slave owners and African slaves from inheriting property. As Asian Immigrants came to the U.S. in the 1700s and 1800s, anti-miscegenation laws were passed to prohibit Asians from marrying Whites.
The effects of these laws were far-reaching. For example, earlier Chinese immigrants were mostly young single men. They were not allowed to bring women from their country to the U.S. (if they got married). Many of them returned to China, and those who stayed rarely got married and had offsprings.
After World War II, many states repealed these laws. It was in 1967, during the height of the civil Rights Movement, the U.S. Supreme Court’s ruling in Loving v. Virginia declared anti-miscegenation laws that remained in 15 states unconstitutional.
America is much more racially and ethnically diverse than it was five decades ago.The once-illegal intermarriage now has reached a historical high. As of 2010, the share of all current marriages that are either interracial or interethnic reached an all-time high of 8.4%, and one-in-seven new U.S. marriages was between people of different races or ethnicities. Marriages between whites and non-whites are the most common types of intermarriage, which accounts for seven-in-ten (70%) new intermarriages in 2010.
The American public is more accepting of intermarriage as well. Nearly two thirds of Americans (63%) say they would be fine with a member of their own family marrying someone of a difference race, while only one-third of the public accepted intermarriage in 1986.
I will write more about intermarriage in future blog posts. Stay tuned!


A balancing gyroscope illustrates a concept called angular momentum, which affects a magnet’s strength. At BNL’s National Synchrotron Light Source, Darío Arena studies complicated magnetic alloys containing lots of tiny “gyroscopes” for layered structures with enhanced properties in advanced applications, from cloud computing to medical imaging.
Darío Arena is a scientist at Brookhaven Lab who studies magnetic materials — not the magnets you find on a refrigerator door, but much more complex magnetic materials that are used in everything from electricity generators to computer hard drives and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) machines that doctors use to look below our skin to diagnose health conditions.
Arena, who lives in Huntington, NY, works in BNL’s Photon Sciences Directorate at the National Synchrotron Light Source (NSLS). The NSLS is a huge machine that produces very bright light of many different wavelengths, including the x-rays that Arena needs to probe the magnetic characteristics of compounds and alloys that advance industry and technological applications.
Arena will give the 478th Brookhaven Lecture on May 24, but before that, Arena discusses his work here:
That depends on when you start counting. I came to BNL in 2001, but was employed by the Naval Research Laboratory on a National Research Council Research Fellowship. I was hired by NSLS as a postdoc in 2003 and became a member of scientific staff in 2006.
Without advanced magnetic materials, we could not support our technological civilization. Cloud computing, wireless communication, the Internet, advanced medical imaging and many other technologies could not exist without magnetic materials. We try to develop better materials to provide more efficient performance and even entirely new applications.
Think how a gyroscope works. When its rotor spins fast enough, the gyroscope has two poles, a “top” and a “bottom,” and it can balance upright. This illustrates a concept we call angular momentum. The strength of a magnet relies on angular momentum of its atomic constituents. In complicated magnetic alloys, there are lots of tiny “gyroscopes” ordered in different directions and we want to assemble these magnetic materials into layered structures to enhance certain properties.
I use the special tools at NSLS to understand the origins of magnetic ordering in a variety of materials. Recently, a focus of my research has been to use the x-rays from the NSLS as a “strobe light” to examine the dynamics, or motion, of magnetism for different elements in a complicated alloy or a structure containing multiple layers. With this approach, we can resolve dynamics on a picosecond timescale, which is measured in trillionths of a second.
The NSLS has a long and distinguished tradition with advanced x-ray techniques to examine materials at the “bleeding edge” of technological applications, and magnetic materials have always been part of that history. The capabilities and experience found here are unique.
Yes. For example, we have found a number of previously unreported effects such as a weak but important interaction in magnetic multilayers similar to read heads in magnetic disk drives, and an unusual “hidden” magnetic configuration in thin films of ferromagnetic oxides. This last project was identified as a Science and Technology Highlight in the Department of Energy PULSE newsletter.
Our research benefits U.S. industry (magnetic data storage, microwave communications and radar, and permanent magnet manufacturers). Mainly, however, it is for fundamental knowledge.
I mainly work with outside collaborators, who represent both local academic institutions such as Columbia, New York University, Yale, and Northeastern, as well as international collaborators in Sweden and the United Kingdom. Closer to home, I’ve recently started to collaborate with Dr. Yimei Zhu of Brookhaven Lab’s Condensed Matter Physics and Materials Science Department.
My work is funded through the NSLS and hence through the U.S. Department of Energy [DOE] Office of Science. I am also a co-recipient of an Advanced Research Projects Agency—Energy [ARPA-E] grant from the DOE. The ARPA-E program is designed to support creative unique transformational energy research that industry alone can’t or won’t support because of higher risk for failure, while success would create serious benefits for the nation.
The National Research Council fellowship I received was awarded for original research and the program is quite competitive.
Nothing unusual, I’m afraid. For relaxation, I play volleyball and Ultimate Frisbee, and I read a lot.
I’d love to be able to continue this kind of research at NSLS-II, which will play a transformational role in my research. NSLS-II’s bright beams will allow us to focus on very small dimensions with very high beam intensity. The building will also be extremely stable to insulate experiments from vibrations that happen all around us throughout the day. That will allow us to look at magnetic materials for more subtle, smaller effects that we couldn’t see before.


Intended audience: administrators, users
The Tango controlled access system¶
User rights definition¶
Within the Tango controlled system, you give rights to a user. User is the name of the user used to log-in the computer where the application trying to access a device is running. Two kind of users are defined:
- Users with defined rights
- Users without any rights defined in the controlled system. These users will have the rights associated with the pseudo-user called All Users
The controlled system manages two kind of rights:
- Write access meaning that all type of requests are allowed on the device
- Read access meaning that only read-like access are allowed (write_attribute, write_read_attribute and set_attribute_config network calls are forbidden). Executing a command is also forbidden except for commands defined as Allowed commands. Getting a device state or status using the command_inout call is always allowed. The definition of the allowed commands is done at the device class level. Therefore, all devices belonging to the same class will have the allowed commands set.
The rights given to a user is the check result splitted in two levels:
- At the host level: You define from which hosts the user may have write access to the control system by specifying the host name. If the request comes from a host which is not defined, the right will be Read access. If nothing is defined at this level for the user, the rights of the All Users user will be used. It is also possible to specify the host by its IP address. You can define a host family using wide-card in the IP address (eg. 160.103.11.* meaning any host with IP address starting with 160.103.11). Only IP V4 is supported.
- At the device level: You define on which device(s) request are allowed using device name. Device family can be used using widecard in device name like domin/family/*
Therefore, the controlled system is doing the following checks when a client try to access a device:
- Get the user name
- Get the host IP address
- If rights defined at host level for this specific user and this IP address, gives user temporary write acccess to the control system
- If nothing is specified for this specific user on this host, gives to the user a temporary access right equal to the host access rights of the All User user.
- If the temporary right given to the user is write access to the
- If something defined at device level for this specific user
- If there is a right defined for the device to be accessed (or for the device family), give user the defined right
- If rights defined for the All Users user for this device, give this right to the user
- Else, give user the Read Access for this device
- If there is a right defined for the device to be accessed (or for the device family) for the All User user, give user this right
- Else, give user the Read Access right for this device
- If something defined at device level for this specific user
- Else, access right will be Read Access
Then, when the client tries to access the device, the following algorithm is used:
- If right is Read Access
- If the call is a write type call, refuse the call
- If the call is a command execution
- If the command is one of the command defined in the Allowed commands for the device class, send the call
- Else, refuse the call
All these checks are done during the DeviceProxy instance constructor except those related to the device class allowed commands which are checked during the command_inout call.
To simplify the rights management, give the All Users user host access right to all hosts (.*.*.*) and read access to all devices (/*/*). With such a set-up for this user, each new user without any rights defined in the controlled access will have only Read Access to all devices on the control system but from any hosts. Then, on request, gives Write Access to specific user on specific host (or family) and on specific device (or family).
The rights managements are done using the Tango Astor [ASTOR] tool which has some graphical windows allowing to grant/revoke user rights and to define device class allowed commands set. The following window dump shows this Astor window.
In this example, the user taurel has Write Access to the device sr/d-ct/1 and to all devices belonging to the domain fe but only from the host pcantares He has read access to all other devices but always only from the host pcantares. The user verdier has write access to the device sys/dev/01 from any host on the network 160.103.5 and Read Access to all the remaining devices from the same network. All the other users has only Read Access but from any host.
Running a Tango control system with the controlled access¶
All the users rights are stored in two tables of the Tango database. A dedicated device server called TangoAccessControl access these tables without using the classical Tango database server. This TangoAccessControl device server must be configured with only one device. The property Services belonging to the free object CtrlSystem is used to run a Tango control system with its controlled access. This property is an array of string with each string describing the service(s) running in the control system. For controlled access, the service name is AccessControl. The service instance name has to be defined as tango. The device name associated with this service must be the name of the TangoAccessControl server device. For instance, if the TangoAccessControl device server device is named sys/access_control/1, one element of the Services property of the CtrlSystem object has to be set to
If the service is defined but without a valid device name corresponding to the TangoAccessControl device server, all users from any host will have write access (simulating a Tango control system without controlled access). Note that this device server connects to the MySQL database and therefore may need the MySQL connection related environment variables MYSQL_USER and MYSQL_PASSWORD described in [sub:Db-Env-Variables]
Even if a controlled access system is running, it is possible to by-pass it if, in the environment of the client application, the environment variable SUPER_TANGO is defined to true. If for one reason or another, the controlled access server is defined but not accessible, the device right checked at that time will be Read Access.