Physician Matthew Lively says historian Bob Krick is wrong about the wounding of Stonewall Jackson.
In the mid-nineties, historian Robert K. Krick redefined the story of Jackson’s wounding with his groundbreaking essay “The Smoothbore Volley that Doomed the Confederacy.” In 2002, he updated and improved upon his study with a revised edition published in a hardcover for the Civil War Trust.
But now a new book is challenging Krick’s findings.
Krick’s investigations determined that Jackson had not been on the Orange Turnpike as traditionally believed; rather, Jackson and his staff had been traveling down the Mountain Road—a road that didn’t show up on most maps of the time because it was little more than a livestock trail.
Most of Krick’s contemporaries bought into the traditional interpretation, including Stephen Sears’ Hooker apologia/battle study Chancellorsville.
But no one has studied the Army of Northern Virginia as meticulously or as thoroughly as Krick. His keen assessment of the primary source material, his knowledge of the cast of characters, and his familiarity of the ground around the wounding site itself combine for an authoritative knowledge that’s hard to beat.
With Krick’s new narrative as its guide, the National Park Service changed its interpretation of the Jackson wounding story, and for nearly twenty years, historians have led battlefield visitors down the Mountain Road trace, still there, to relive Jackson’s fateful last ride.
According to Lively, the star witness who placed Jackson on the Mountain Road, David Kyle, was full of bunk, writing well after the war. (Sears thought Kyle was full of malarky, too.) Instead, Lively uses other accounts to place Jackson somewhere in the woods between the Orange Turnpike and the Mountain Road.
“I just had questions that I couldn’t get good answers to,” Lively told me at Chancellorsville this past weekend—and so he kept digging and digging until he could piece together a story that brought the details together in way that finally made sense to him.
One such question that dogged him: according to the Kyle version, how could Jackson get wounded in the spots he did—right palm; left forearm, elbow to wrist; upper right arm just below the shoulder? Jackson had to be traveling from south to north to get wounded the way he did. Current interpretation explains that apparent inconsistency by suggesting that Jackson’s horse reared and wheeled away, and Jackson threw his left arm up to protect himself—certainly a sufficient explaination. As a horse owner myself, I completely understand why Jackson’s horse would behave the way he apparently does.
But let’s be honest: it’s no secret to any of Emerging Civil War’s regular readers that I’m a Jackson guy. With ECW co-founder Kris White, we have our book about these very same events, The Last Days of Stonewall Jackson, which offers a reader-friendly version of Park Service’s current interpretation, shaped by Bob Krick. And believe me, the Park Service official who commissioned the book was in NO way a fan of Krick’s, so felt no personal loyalty to Krick or his version of events. (That fact that Bud Robertson’s biographical tome Stonewall Jackson: The Man, The Soldier, The Legend also places Jackson on the Mountain Road is also of note because Robertson has no reason to show loyalty to Krick’s interpretation, either.)
With Frank O’Reilly as our mentor, Kris and I were both trained under the Krick school of interpretation, so we’re well familiar with Kyle and Jackson’s trek down the Mountain Road. We both know the ground intimately and know how impenetrable the Wilderness was and how hard it would’ve been for Jackson’s horse to move cross-country through the foliage, and how hard it would’ve been even for bullets to travel through that dark, close wood.
So I’ll admit: I’m invested in the story as it’s currently told. But as a former journalist and current college professor, I’ve been in the business of inquiry all my life, so I’m open to having my perspectives challenged. I am skeptical of Lively’s interpretation—an assessment based solely on bits of conversation, a look at the book’s maps, and my own biases—but I do intend to give him a full hearing by reading his book, and I recommend that any serious enthusiast of the battle read it as well and judge for him/herself whether Lively holds up against Krick.
I’ll dive into Calamity once my semester wraps up and once I get through the sesquicentennial anniversary of Jackson’s death, where I’ll spend the day working at the Jackson Shrine…telling visitors all about Jackson’s wounding along the Mountain Road.


Stanford Junior and Infant School
Living together - Learning together
At Stanford School we integrate a wide variety of technology into our lessons to support and enhance the children’s learning. E-safety is at the forefront of our teaching and underpins much of the work we do throughout the curriculum. We endeavour to teach e-safety to the children through the a range of different subjects, supported by focused assemblies, as well as visits from external specialists.
We teach our children to always be SMART online, and our key message is simply - 'the internet is generally a safe place, but if anything ever concerns you or upsets you - report it to an adult you know and trust'.
With the increasing use of smartphones and internet ready devices during this challenging period, it is important to still remain vigilant in how our children are using their devices, what they are accessing, and who they are communicating with and how. It is also important to put some limit on their devices to give them time away from the screens, to spend quality time with their family and pursue other activities.
As parents we can find this challenging and difficult to manage. Google have released FAMILY LINK - a fabulous app that allows parents to monitor and manage devices set up with a Google account and Android devices. The following is a guide on how to access to set up this app.
I would also like to remind you of the parent guides to the many popular apps children will be using to keep in contact with their friends, such as WhatsApp, Instagram, and gaming platforms on the web. Whilst social contact is important during this time, it is vital that we ensure our children are using these safely with the correct privacy settings.
This guide details many dangers of online grooming. Although very rare, being vigilant is a necessary element of protecting children online. The school take E-Safety education seriously and follows the advice of the Child Exploitation and Online Protection Centre (CEOP) to educate and provide a range of safety information for our children and their parents/carers.
For more information visit www.thinkuknow.co.uk/parents which is a very useful site for both parents and children to find further information and advice, or to report a concern about any online activity. See also their Online Grooming Factsheet.
For further advice in keeping children safe online, including activities and videos to do and watch with children, please visit the NSPCC website on the following link for a range of useful resources:
A practical website with online safety advice for parents and teachers with lesson plans, online activities and resources to help keep children safe.
ThinkUKnow is the education programme of the Child Exploitation and Online Protection Centre aimed at children, and is based around three key themes linked with the use of the internet:
eSafety information from the BBC
Links from the DfE under COVID-19 Guidance for parents and carers due to educational school closures.
Please remember to check the parental setting on Netflix accounts, You Tube and other streaming services on your devices at home. There is currently a show trending on Netflix based on children's games (Squid Games) however we would advise that the content is graphic, extremely violent and not suitable for children. Thank you
CEOP helps any child or young person under the age of 18 who is being pressured, forced or tricked into taking part in sexual activity of any kind. This can be something that has taken place either online or in ‘the real world’, or both. The CEOP Safety Centre has clear information and advice on what can be reported to CEOP, the reporting process and what will happen if you do decide to make a report. You can visit the CEOP Safety Centre and make a report directly to CEOP by clicking the Click CEOP button.
If you are experiencing online bullying or something else online has worried you please speak to an adult you trust, or you can talk to Childline at any time on 0800 1111 or at www.childline.org.uk.


Visit the Energy Systems Laboratory Homepage.
A Comprehensive Review of the Tests Completed on the Flow Loop at the Energy Systems Laboratory (Draft)
In 1988 the Governor's Energy Office (GEO) of Texas received approval from the U.S. Department of Energy to establish a $98.6 million state-wide retrofit demonstration program, the LoanSTAR (Loan to Save Taxes and Resources) Program. The LoanSTAR Program was designed to demonstrate commercially available, energy efficient, retrofit technologies and techniques. Part of the approved DOE program includes monitoring buildings to determine the effectiveness of the retrofits. The monitoring for this program is composed of thermal metering (chilled and hot water Btu measurements), electrical load metering, psychrometric data (cooling and heating coil temperatures and humidities), and weather monitoring. All of the sensors and monitoring equipment must be calibrated prior to installation and recalibrated periodically while in service. For this purpose, a calibration facility was developed in which National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)- traceable instrumentation is maintained (Turner et al. 1992).
DescriptionThis paper discusses the progress and accomplishments of the flowloop calibration facility . since its inception. A chronological history of the facility is presented along with results from each stage of testing. The paper is organized in major sections according to the test section pipe size and the type of metering tested.
Robinson, J. (1992). A Comprehensive Review of the Tests Completed on the Flow Loop at the Energy Systems Laboratory (Draft). Energy Systems Laboratory (http://esl.tamu.edu), Texas A&M University; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas A&M University. Available electronically from


March 14, 2006
New Technique Provides the First Full View of the Far Side of the Sun
Stanford -- The hidden face of the sun is fully visible for the first time, thanks to a new technique developed at Stanford University.
Only half of the sun--the near side--is directly observable. The far side always faces away from Earth and is therefore out of view. But the new technology allows anyone with a computer to download images of the entire solar surface--an important advance with practical applications, say researchers, because potentially damaging solar storms that form on the far side now can be detected days, or even weeks, before they wreak havoc on Earth."Sunspots, solar flares and other active regions on the surface of the sun emit radiation that can interfere with orbiting satellites, telecommunications and power transmission," says Philip Scherrer, research professor in the Stanford Department of Physics. "This new method allows more reliable warning of magnetic storms brewing on the far side that could rotate with the sun and threaten the Earth."
It takes about 27 days for the sun to rotate on its axis, so an active region that forms on the far side can remain hidden for up to 13 days, surprising Earth-bound observers when it finally rotates into view. That's what happened in October 2003, when active regions from the back side suddenly appeared on the eastern edge of the sun, spewing X-rays, ultraviolet radiation and high-energy particles into space. "We were not able to make a public prediction about the intensity of that activity, because at the time we could only image about a quarter to a third of the far side," Scherrer says. "The new method allows us to see the entire far side, including the poles."
Scherrer and his Stanford colleagues study the sun using data from the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO), a research satellite launched in 1995 by NASA and the European Space Agency. On board SOHO is the Michelson Doppler Imager (MDI), an electronic instrument that creates images of the sun's interior by measuring the velocity of sound waves produced by hot, bubbling gases that well up to the surface--a technique called acoustic helioseismology.
"Heliosesimology works on the same principle as medical ultrasound, which can create an image of a fetus inside a pregnant woman," Scherrer explains. "In this case, we're looking through a star with sound waves."
Positioned about 1 million miles above Earth, the SOHO satellite always faces the visible front side of the sun. In 2000 and 2001, scientists Charles Lindsey and Doug Braun--now at NorthWest Research Associates Inc.--developed two techniques that resulted in the first pictures of the sun's back side. However, both techniques had limitations. One method only produced images near the center of the far side, while the other was restricted to views at the edges. To get complete image, researchers would have to combine both methods, but that proved to be a major technical challenge.
The problem was finally overcome last summer when a new computer algorithm was developed by the Stanford SOHO/MDI team in collaboration with Kenneth Oslund, an undergraduate at the California Institute of Technology. Their work resulted in the MDI Farside Graphics Viewer, which displays the first full images of the far side of the sun. The viewer is available online at http://soi.stanford.edu/press/farside_Feb2006/web.
"This new method is a vast improvement," Scherrer says. "It should be especially important during the next solar maximum, which should begin in 2011, when solar activity will be at its peak."
He points out that during the last "solar max," which lasted from 2000 to 2003, solar storms temporarily knocked out power in the northern parts of Sweden and Canada and destroyed a satellite that was used to verify credit card payments at numerous gas stations in the United States. Air transportation also can be disrupted when solar radiation interferes with the operation of Global Positioning System satellites, or when aircraft that take short cuts over the North Pole have to take longer routes to prevent passengers and crew from being exposed to intense X-ray radiation.
"Our goal is to give pilots and air traffic controllers a day or two notice of a possible solar event," Scherrer says, adding that missions to Mars and other planets also can be affected when solar storms interfere with satellite communications to Earth. Last week, researchers at the National Center for Atmospheric Research in Colorado released new computer models predicting that the next solar cycle will be 30 to 50 percent stronger than last time.
In 2008, SOHO is scheduled to be replaced by NASA's Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO), a more advanced satellite designed to provide new data about the magnetic forces inside the sun that drive the 11-year solar cycle. Stanford, the University of Colorado and the Lockheed Martin Corp. will lead the SDO research effort.
"With cell phones and other devices, we've gotten more and more dependent on the space environment, so there are real economic reasons for missions like SOHO and SDO," Scherrer says.
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DANZIG, ABRAHAM BEN JEHIEL:
Lithuanian codifier; born in Danzig in 1747 or 1748; died at Wilna Sept. 12, 1820. He was descended from a family of scholars in West Prussia, his great-grandfather, Jehiel Michael, having been rabbi in Schottland, near Danzig; his grandfather was Samuel, the author of the commentary on Isaiah, "Neḥamot Ẓiyyon." When Danzig was fourteen years old his father sent him to the yeshibah in Prague, after exacting from him a promise that he would not mingle with the "Moderns," who, through the influence of Mendelssohn in Prussia, were gradually coming into prominence. Under the guidance of Ezekiel Landau and Joseph Liebermann, Danzig zealously devoted himself to the study of the Talmud, and at eighteen years of age he left Bohemia with a "ḥaber" diploma, showing him to be a proficient Talmudist. He then settled in Wilna, Lithuania. When offered the salaried position of rabbi he declined it, considering it improper to receive a stipend in such a capacity, and he engaged in business as a merchant, visiting the fairs of Leipsic and Königsberg. Only in his later years, and after having lost almost his entire fortune through the explosion of a powder-magazine, could he be induced to accept the position of dayyan in Wilna, which office he held until his death. His fixed intention had been to emigrate to the Holy Land.His Works.
Danzig is the author of the following: "Ḥayye Adam: Nishmat Adam" (The Life of Man: the Soul of Man), Wilna, 1810, reedited many times; "Ḥokmat Adam: Binat Adam" (The Wisdom of Man: the Understanding of Man), ib. 1814, reedited many times; "Sha'are Ẓedeḳ" (The Gates of Justice), on the commandments and prohibitions having reference to the land of Palestine, ib. 1812; Jerusalem, 1863. "Zikru Torat Mosheh" (Be Mindful of the Teaching of Moses), precepts for the Sabbath, Wilna, 1820, and several editions (this little work contains by way of supplement the treatise "Miẓwot Mosheh" [The Precepts of Moses], an extract from Askari's book "Ḥaredim" [The God-Fearing]; "Toledot Adam," a commentary on the Passover Haggadah, ib. 1817 (in the Haggadah edition "Ma'aleh Bet Ḥoron"); "Bet Abraham" (The House of Abraham), his last work, 1821, and many editions (also translated into Judæo-German by Isaac Hamburger, Lemberg, 1875). Among the writings of Danzig not yet published are an elaborate ethical work, specimen pages of which are contained in the introduction to "Zikru Torat Mosheh," and commentaries to several books of the Bible.
Danzig is especially known as the author of "Ḥayye Adam" and "Ḥokmat Adam," which represent the most important productions in the line of codification after the time of Joseph Caro and Mordecai Yafe. In these two works Danzig treats of the same subject-matter as the first two parts of the Shulḥan 'Aruk. The enormous mass of new material which had accumulated in the field of the Halakah since the appearance of the Shulḥan 'Aruk—a period embracing more than two and a half centuries—was collected and critically sifted by Danzig and presented in a readily intelligible form. His codex, however, was intended primarily for the cultured layman and not for the officiating rabbi. Hence there is a tendency to give prominence to the more exacting side of the Law, even though in his expert decisions and treatises, which, under the respective titles of "Nishmat Adam" and "Binat Adam," are added to "Ḥayye Adam" and "Ḥokmat Adam," Danzig shows independence enough to oppose the views of the AḤaronim, and he frequently protests against the tendency to decide in favor of new prohibitions. His "Ḥayye Adam" met with unusual success during the author's lifetime. In many cities societies were formed for the purpose of studying this work; and even to-day these societies may be found in most of the Polish-Russian communities.His Importance as Codifier.
This success was well merited; for there is hardly another work that presents in so concise and lucid a manner all the details of the discussions of the Aḥaronim. Danzig preserves in his works a certain freshness of tone, and dwells with special emphasis upon the ethical bearings of religious precepts. The high ethical standpoint of the author reveals itself most conspicuously in his "Bet Abraham," and the contents of this little book alone should suffice to refute the accusation that Talmudism had stitled religio-ethical sentiments. The love of God, it is pointed out, is man's highest mission, to which the fear of God is only a preparatory stage. The enjoyment of worldly things is not in itself to be condemned; but man is to bear constantly in mind that the recognition of God and the exercise of good deeds are the proper occupation of life. He lays great stress upon prayer; but this must not bemere lip-service; and, accordingly, he bids his children say their prayers in German rather than in unintelligible Hebrew. This is all the more noteworthy since Danzig in this very work enters a protest against all innovations, and even denounces the reading of German books.His Ethics.
Love of truth and contentedness he especially enjoins; and declares repeatedly that "an offense against one's fellow being is far more reprehensible than a sin against God." He not only admonishes his family, therefore, to refrain from all dishonesty in their business relations with both Jews and non-Jews, but makes it a duty never to decide in money matters according to one's own opinions, but to inquire of a learned man whether the intended action conforms to the Law. While insisting upon the strictest observance of the rites, he bids his children even to let the time of prayer pass if this be necessary to secure money wherewith to pay a working man's wages.
Characteristic of Danzig is his warning not to study the Cabala before the age of maturity and before the study of the Talmudic-rabbinic literature. He himself shows an acquaintance with the Cabala; but in his halakic writings this is not made apparent. A somewhat mystical touch appears in his prayer for the eve of the Day of Atonement. This prayer may be found in "Ḥayye Adam" (No. 144), and has been published separately several times in Judæo-German as well as in Hebrew, under the title "Tefillah Zakkah" (Sincere Prayer).
- Fuenn, Keneset Yisrael, p. 18;
- idem, Kiryah Ne'emanah, pp. 232-239;
- Steinschneider (Maggid), 'Ir Wilna, p. 218;
- compare Abrahams in Jew. Quart. Rev. iii. 476-477.


|GRID (Global Resource Information Database)|
A small, global network of approximately 13 institutions (governmental, non-governmental and academic) that are centres of excellence in remotely sensed data gathering and have geo-spatial capability to manage this data. In general, the responsibilities of the GRID centres are to analyse remotely sensed data, compile global datasets and provide technical information support to regional and global assessment processes. The centres did not have a common set of terms of reference and this resulted in considerable disparity of activities among them. Some centres were project oriented at a site specific level while others genuinely tried to focus on global issues and support UNEP’s global assessment programme. The GRID network was formerly coordinated through a Programme Activity Centre based at UNEP Headquarters but latterly (post-1995) the GRID centres tended to operate independently although three (Geneva, Sioux Falls, Bangkok) were coordinated by UNEP.


Placenta: How it works, what's normal
The placenta plays a crucial role during pregnancy. Find out what the placenta does, issues that might affect the placenta and how the placenta is delivered.
By Mayo Clinic Staff
If you're pregnant, you might wonder what the placenta does and what factors can affect it. Get the facts about this important fetal organ.
What does the placenta do?
The placenta is an organ that develops in your uterus during pregnancy. This structure provides oxygen and nutrients to your growing baby and removes waste products from your baby's blood. The placenta attaches to the wall of your uterus, and your baby's umbilical cord arises from it. The organ is usually attached to the top, side, front or back of the uterus. In rare cases, the placenta might attach in the lower uterine region (placenta previa).
What affects placental health?
Various factors can affect the health of the placenta during pregnancy, some modifiable and some not. For example:
- Maternal age. Certain placental problems are more common in older women, especially after age 40.
- Premature rupture of the membranes. During pregnancy, your baby is surrounded and cushioned by a fluid-filled membrane called the amniotic sac. If the sac leaks or breaks before labor begins, the risk of certain placental problems increases.
- High blood pressure. High blood pressure can affect your placenta.
- Twin or other multiple pregnancy. If you're pregnant with more than one baby, you might be at increased risk of certain placental problems.
- Blood-clotting disorders. Any condition that either impairs your blood's ability to clot or increases its likelihood of clotting increases the risk of certain placental problems.
- Previous uterine surgery. If you've had a previous surgery on your uterus, such as a C-section or surgery to remove fibroids, you're at increased risk of certain placental problems.
- Previous placental problems. If you've had a placental problem during a previous pregnancy, you might have a higher risk of experiencing it again.
- Substance misuse. Certain placental problems are more common in women who smoke or use illegal drugs, such as cocaine, during pregnancy.
- Abdominal trauma. Trauma to your abdomen — such as from a fall or other type of blow — increases the risk of the placenta prematurely separating from the uterus (placenta abruption).
What are the most common placental problems?
During pregnancy, possible placental problems include placental abruption, placenta previa and placenta accreta. These conditions can cause potentially heavy vaginal bleeding. After delivery, retained placenta is also sometimes a concern. Here's what you need to know about these conditions:
- Placental abruption (abruptio placentae). If the placenta peels away from the inner wall of the uterus before delivery — either partially or completely — a condition known as placental abruption develops. This can deprive the baby of oxygen and nutrients and cause you to bleed heavily. Placenta abruption could result in an emergency situation requiring early delivery.
- Placenta previa. This condition occurs when the placenta partially or totally covers the cervix — the outlet for the uterus. Placenta previa is more common early in pregnancy and might resolve as the uterus grows. Placenta previa can cause severe vaginal bleeding during pregnancy or delivery. The management of this condition depends on the amount of bleeding, whether the bleeding stops, how far along your pregnancy is, the position of the placenta, and your and your baby's health. If placenta previa persists late in the third trimester, your health care provider will recommend a C-section.
- Placenta accreta. This condition occurs when the blood vessels and other parts of the placenta grow too deeply into the uterine wall. Typically, the placenta detaches from the uterine wall after childbirth. With placenta accreta, part or all of the placenta remains firmly attached to the uterus. This can cause severe blood loss after delivery. Your health care provider will recommend a C-section followed by removal of your uterus (hysterectomy). In aggressive cases, the placenta invades the muscles of the uterus (placenta increta) or grows through the uterine wall (placenta percreta).
- Retained placenta. If the placenta isn't delivered within 30 minutes after childbirth, it's known as a retained placenta. A retained placenta might occur because the placenta becomes trapped behind a partially closed cervix or because the placenta is still attached to the uterine wall — either loosely (adherent placenta) or deeply (placenta accreta). Left untreated, a retained placenta can cause severe infection or life-threatening blood loss.
What are signs or symptoms of placental problems?
Consult your health care provider during pregnancy if you have:
- Vaginal bleeding
- Abdominal pain
- Back pain
- Uterine contractions
What can I do to reduce my risk of placental problems?
Most placental problems can't be directly prevented. However, you can take steps to promote a healthy pregnancy. For example:
- Visit your health care provider regularly throughout your pregnancy
- Work with your health care provider to manage any health conditions, such as high blood pressure
- Don't smoke or use illegal drugs
- Talk with your doctor before deciding to pursue an elective C-section
If you've had a placental problem during a previous pregnancy and are planning another pregnancy, talk to your health care provider about ways to reduce the risk of experiencing the condition again. Tell your health care provider if you've had surgery on your uterus in the past. Expect your health care provider to monitor your condition closely throughout the pregnancy.
How is the placenta delivered?
If you deliver your baby vaginally, you'll also deliver the placenta vaginally — during what's known as the third stage of labor. After you give birth, you'll continue to have mild contractions. Your health care provider might give you a medication called oxytocin (Pitocin) to reduce postpartum bleeding. Your health care provider might also massage your lower abdomen to encourage your uterus to contract and expel the placenta. You might be asked to push one more time to deliver the placenta. If you have a C-section, your health care provider will remove the placenta from your uterus during the procedure.
Your health care provider will examine the placenta to make sure it's intact. Any remaining fragments must be removed from the uterus to prevent bleeding and infection. If you're interested, ask to see the placenta. In some cultures, families bury the placenta in a special place, such as their backyards.
If you have questions about the placenta or placental problems during pregnancy, talk to your health care provider. He or she can help you better understand the placenta's role during your pregnancy.
April 26, 2018
See more In-depth
- Roberts V, et al. Placental development and physiology. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/search. Accessed March 20, 2018.
- Lockwood CJ, et al. Placenta previa: Epidemiology, clinical features, diagnosis, morbidity and mortality. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/search. Accessed March 20, 2018.
- Cremers GE, et al. Attitudes toward placentophagy: A brief report. Health Care for Women International. 2015;35:113.
- Ananth CV, et al. Placental abruption: Clinical features and diagnosis. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/search. Accessed March 20, 2018.
- Lockwood CJ, et al. Placenta previa: Management. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/search. Accessed March 20, 2018.
- Weeks A. Retained placenta after vaginal birth. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/search. Accessed March 20, 2018.
- Funai EF, et al. Management of normal labor and delivery. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/search. Accessed March 20, 2018.
- Resnik R, et al. Clinical features and diagnosis of placenta accreta spectrum (placenta accreta, increta, and percreta). https://www.uptodate.com/contents/search. Accessed March 20, 2018.
- Resnik R, et al. Management of the placenta accreta spectrum (placenta accreta, increta, and percreta). https://www.uptodate.com/contents/search. Accessed March 20, 2018.
- Gabbe SG, et al., eds. Placenta accreta. In: Obstetrics: Normal and Problem Pregnancies. 7th ed. Philadelphia, Pa.: Elsevier; 2017. https://www.clinicalkey.com. Accessed March 20, 2018.
- Frequently asked questions. Pregnancy FAQ038. Bleeding during pregnancy. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. https://www.acog.org/Patients/FAQs/Bleeding-During-Pregnancy. Accessed April 20, 2018.


Submitted to: National Egg Quality School Proceedings
Publication Type: Proceedings
Publication Acceptance Date: April 29, 2005
Publication Date: May 16, 2005
Citation: Jones, D.R. 2005. The haugh unit and its measurement. National Egg Quality School Proceedings. Technical Abstract: The Haugh Unit and Its Measurement Most people associate the determination of interior egg quality with candling eggs. While this is the most commonly utilized method, it is also very subjective. The Haugh unit is revered as the “gold standard” for measuring interior egg quality. This objective method of interior quality determination was developed by R. Haugh in 1937 and is based on the relationship of egg weight and height of the thick albumen. USDA Agriculture Marketing Service (AMS) has published specific guidelines for Haugh unit readings and egg grades (AMS 56.210). Haugh units are determined with the aid of a micrometer, balance, and level, flat surface (such as an egg break-out table). A break-out table can be useful during measurements because the mirror allows the operator to determine exactly when the micrometer comes in contact with the thick albumen surface. Due to current technology available, there are now manual and electronic methods for determining Haugh units.


Materials that have fallen into the public domain should be free of any claims of copyright infringement, right? Not so fast says the Eighth Circuit. As with many issues surrounding copyright law, the answer is not so clear cut. It depends on whether other copyrights exist and how one uses the public domain materials in relation to the other copyrights.
In Warner Bros. Entertainment, Inc. v. X One X Productions (No. 10-1743), Warner Brothers sued a number of defendants for allegedly infringing its copyrights in characters and images from the films Gone with the Wind and The Wizard of Oz, as well as numerous short films featuring the cartoon characters “Tom & Jerry.”
Studio Releases Marketing Materials Without Copyright Notice
At the time of these movies’ release in 1939, the copyright laws required that materials be marked with a copyright notice in order to gain the protection of the copyright laws. Materials that failed to comply with the notice requirements of the 1909 Copyright Act in effect at that time forfeited any copyright protections and fell into the public domain. Prior to releasing the films, the studios distributed marketing materials (posters, photographs, lobby cards, etc.) with images of the actors in costume on the sets. None of these materials complied with the copyright notice requirements, and, thus, fell into the public domain. When the movies were released, the studio properly marked the movies and continues to hold a valid copyright in them.
Defendants used these public domain images on shirts, lunch boxes, music box lids, playing cards, and three-dimensional models and figurines. In some cases, defendants added features to the images, such as signature phrases from the movies, or combined the images to create new scenes, sometimes reminiscent of scenes from the movies.
Warner Brothers Sues for Copyright Infringement
Warner Brothers sued, arguing that defendants were only entitled to reproduce the public domain images in their entirety and in the same form without any modifications (i.e., only reproduce the posters as posters). Anything else, it argued, violated its copyrights in the movies and the right to create derivative works.
The Eighth Circuit agreed that the underlying images from the marketing materials were in the public domain, but found that the use of those materials was limited by other copyrights.
In other words, if material related to certain characters is in the public domain, but later works covered by copyright add new aspects to those characters, a work developed from the public domain material infringes the copyrights in the later works to the extent that it incorporates aspects of the characters developed solely in those later works.
The Court then looked at the original books, the movies, the public domain materials, and the defendants’ products to see whether defendants’ use infringed Warner Brothers’ copyrights. In particular, the Court looked to the images in the marketing materials and found that the visual appearance was not sufficiently consistent to have thrown the characters themselves into the public domain by virtue of the release of the marketing materials. Instead, the Court found that only the exact images were in the public domain.
Eighth Circuit’s Holding
Taking this all together, the Eighth Circuit found that defendants were not limited to merely reproducing the public domain materials in exactly the same form as they originally existed. Instead, it found that defendants could reproduce any portion of the public domain materials in any two-dimensional format they chose.
The Court did prohibit defendants from combining public domain images into a new composite work, though. This, it felt, created a “new increment of expression of the film character that was not present in the separate images” and, therefore, infringed Warner Brothers’ copyrights. Similarly, the Court prohibited defendants from taking the two-dimensional images and recasting them in three-dimensional form. This too created a new increment of expression that violated Warner Brothers’ copyrights.
What Does This Case Mean?
The takeaway from this case is that there are no simple answers when it comes to materials that are both copyrighted and in the public domain. One has to look carefully at the facts of the case to determine the nature and scope of the materials in the public domain and in the copyrighted materials. For example, do the public domain materials convey properties and characteristics of the characters or are they just isolated images? How much is in the public domain versus how much is still copyrighted? Has the copyrighted material added anything over the material in the public domain?
While not a complete victory for the studio, Warner Brothers obtained much of what it wanted in this case. Defendants cannot create new works based on the material in the public domain. Instead, they are limited to reproductions (either in full or in part) of the public domain material. It will be interesting to see if either side tries to appeal this decision to the Supreme Court.


Located across 90 acres, the Ontario plant reportedly has a panel surface area of around 966,000 square metres, and is comprised of approximately 1.3 million thin film panels. The annual yield is expected to about 120,000 MWh, which should save over 39,000 tons of carbon dioxide per year. Enbridge adds that the facility will generate enough power to meet the needs of about 12,800 homes.
The companies say that around 800 jobs were created at construction peak, as well as indirect benefits to dozens of businesses in the Sarnia area, including engineering and design firms, construction subcontractors, suppliers and service providers.
The power purchaser is Canada-based Ontario Power Authority. Enbridge has said it will sell the power output of the facility to the authority pursuant to 20-year Power Purchase Agreements under the terms of the Ontario government's Renewable Energy Standard Offer Program.
First Solar will operate and maintain the Sarnia Solar Project for Enbridge under a long-term contract. First Solar developed, engineered, and constructed the facility, using its thin film solar panels.
Completing the world's largest PV power plant demonstrates the migration of solar PV toward utility scale," said Frank De Rosa, First Solar's senior vice president of North American project development. "With this project, we expect to install 145 MW this year in North America."
The Honourable Brad Duguid, Ontario Minister of Energy added: "The Sarnia Solar Project is an example of the kinds of renewable energy projects that have been developed under the Government of Ontario's Green Energy Act. Ontario can now boast the largest solar farm in North America – it is projects like this one that are making us a leader in renewable energy and helping us all move towards a cleaner energy future."
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In today? s society our most valuable commodity is not grain, steel or even technology; it is information. Because of computer networks, Just about everyone can now access an astounding range of Information. The Internet Is International, even though 80 percent of the Internet use occurs in the United States, and a staggering amount of Information on every subject Imaginable Is available for free. Because so many people now have access, computer crimes have become more frequent. Everyone with a computer and a modem can commit a computer crime if so inclined. Anyone, conceivably, could become a ? White collar? Computer criminal.
When the term ? White collar? Crime came into wide spread use several decades ago, it was thought that certain crimes were committed by persons whom no one would normally suspect of criminal behavior: professional, ? White collar? Workers. In the late 1990? s, however, the term ? White collar? Is somewhat inaccurate. The playing field has been leveled by the widespread use of computers. Now ? White collar crime? Tends to mean simply ? Non violent crime? Or ? Economic creme.? As technology becomes Increasingly accessible to more and more people, It also becomes a attention tool for Increasing numbers of criminals.
Most computer crimes do not Involve violence but rather greed, pride, or play on some character weakness of the victim. They are based on dishonesty and not force. For these reasons, computer crimes are considered white collar. Just as the term ? White collar crime? Designates several kinds of crime, the term computer crime also designated several types of crime. It includes crimes that are committed with a computer, crimes that occur in cyber space, and crimes committed against a computer. Some of the crimes are completely new; while others are older rimes that merely use the computer as a tool.
The endless and constant growing variety of computer crimes makes it difficult to pass laws that adequately cover new computer crimes. Some crimes such as embezzlement, wire fraud, and forgery, are already covered under existing law. Others, such as cyber vandalism, cyber terrorism, and cyber espionage, are relatively new. For these newer crimes, the letter of the existing law sometimes does not allow prosecution of what clearly is criminal behavior. Employees and ex-employees of the victimized company commit most ? White collar crimes?.
Likewise about 75 to 80 percent of prosecuted computer crimes are committed by current or former employees. There are many different kinds of computer crimes ranging from identity theft to sexual harassment to otherwise ordinary ? While collar? Crimes that happen to Involve a computer. The most common form Is online theft and fraud. Phrases, crackers, and sometimes hackers Illegally access and use voice mall, e-mail, and network access accounts-which constitute toll fraud or wire fraud. Long distance access codes are In great demand by the hackers, crackers, phone phrases and street criminal.
Some cyber-criminals obtain the codes One reason that this is a common is a common form of crime among hackers and phone phrases is because they tend to run up enormous phone bills pursuing their hobbies for 10 ? 12 hours a day. Others obtain the codes from ? Pirate? Electronic bulletin boards, where they are posted in exchange for free software, credit card numbers or other information. Software piracy is another growing and seemingly insurmountable problem. It is illegal under American Copyright Laws, but most software piracy actually takes place overseas.
Federal copyright laws are often insufficient even to prosecute United States citizens, as illustrated by the now famous case of David La Mach. La Mach, a student at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, distributed free software through a bulletin board service on a M. I. T computer. After a FBI probe La Mach was inedited on 1994 for conspiracy to committee fraud. The software he offered reportedly had a total value of over one million dollars, but La Mach argued that he had not distributed the software for financial gain and therefore could not have violated the federal copyright laws. The case was dismissed.
One of the most freighting computer crimes is identity theft. This kind of fraud is much easier than it was once, because a wealth of personnel information is available online for free, and even more personal information is available for a small fee. Now that drivers license numbers are also stored on computers, which a re usually part of a larger network, a persons physical characteristics-eye color, height, and persons physical characteristics-are also available. Magnetic strips on credit cards and ATM cards require computers to read them and to keep records of the millions of orientations made ever day.
Like identity theft, some other computer crimes are not new, except that the perpetrator now uses computer to commit them. For example, money laundering has been committed for many decades. But a money laundered using a computer is able to carry out the crime much more quickly and efficiently, Just as computers enable legitimate workers to for their Jobs more quickly and efficiently. There are several forms of computer criminals; the term ? Hacker? Describes a person extremely adept and clever at programming. The term later came to mean a person adept to ? Racking? New systems undetected.
Hackers are merely curious but can unintentionally cause considerable damage. But the quest for information and learning-not revenge or maliciousness-is what drives most hackers to pursue their hobby so relentlessly. ?Crackers? , on the other hand, are malicious hackers. They break into systems to vandalize, plant viruses and worms, delete files, or wreak some other kind of havoc. Embezzlement, fraud, or industrial espionage is Just a few of the crackers possible objectives. Cyber espionage exists between countries as well as between companies, o it poses a danger to our national security.
There is no disputing that what crackers Another form of computer crime is perpetrated by ? Phone phrases.? Instead of accessing computer systems phrases explore the cyber world through phone lines. Phrases were among the earliest forms of hackers, operating as early as the 1970? s. One incident caused by phrases, involved the New York City Police Department. Phrases broke into the NYPD? s phone system and changed the taped message that greeted callers. The new message said, ? Officers are too busy eating doughnuts and drinking coffee to answer the phones.?
It directed callers to dial 119 in an emergency. The enormous range of computer crimes means that all of society should be concerned about computer security, regardless of our individual level of computer expertise. World financial systems rely heavily on computers, as do national defenses, private businesses, and increasingly, personal correspondence.? We are all users,? In the words of Buck Blockers, whether or not we actually use computers, because we all rely on them. We must not view computer crime as an exotic activity. To do so would prevent us from seeing that it endangers each one of us.


Reading Time: 4 minutes
Communication does not work in a vacuum. When nations are scrambling to respond to the COVID-19 pandemic, strategies to relay safety measures have to take into account the worldview of the recipients.
Misinformation and rumours surrounding COVID-19 has been one of the greatest challenges in fighting the pandemic. Safety guidelines were developed to inform citizens, but how effectively have they been communicated? A rapid qualitative research looked into how people in certain target groups in Bangladesh have understood and implemented these guidelines in their daily lives.
The research was conducted by BRAC Institute of Governance and Development, in partnership with researchers from the University of Sussex, and University of Liberal Arts Bangladesh. A total of 82 respondents were included in the research, and findings were based on in-depth telephonic interviews, netnography (observing behaviour on social media) and shadow participant observation. Respondents were from rural villages, district towns, urban slums, and urban middle class in Dhaka.
The aim of the research was to determine the common misconceptions and interpretations about the messaging around the virus – are people clear about the information they received? Do they believe them to be valuable and trustworthy?
Home: A definitional crisis
Most of the urban middle class in Dhaka understand home as their individual apartment or building, but the study found that they were the only group of respondents who did.
For the other groups in the research, the definition of ‘home’ was not as clear.
Rural societies are based on a culture of proximity, where the concept of home encompasses a village. Respondents from rural villages had varied interpretations of what home is – it is ghor (house), bari (house, property), and para (neighbourhood).
People living in district towns interpreted home as moholla, which means community. For people living in urban slums, home is interpreted as the alleyways between households.
Thus, the contextual translations of home renders any “stay at home” order as confusing for people living in rural villages and urban slums.
Claustrophobic, disrespectful, impossible
As most developed nations continue some sort of lockdown or social distancing measure, there is global fatigue, which is being shared by respondents from Dhaka’s urban middle class, who stated that social distancing feels claustrophobic.
Respondents living in district towns and rural villages have said the concept of social distancing is seen as being disrespectful among their communities.
For people living in urban slums, where as many as 322,000 people live in each square mile, a single corridor is home to eight to 10 families. Social distancing is impossible.
Many view the lockdown and social distancing measures as administrative orders by the government, as opposed to life-saving measures for themselves and the country. This results in people avoiding compliance in ways so as to not get caught.
Handwashing and the mystery of masks
The respondents were unclear about whether to wash hands 20 times or 20 seconds, indicating a general confusion around the technique and duration of washing hands. A majority of the communication around handwashing has been urban based, illustrating tap water, whereas only about 15% of the population has access to tap water. All respondents noted the overemphasis of the use of soap in communication materials.
The global confusion around the effectiveness of the masks has seeped into the community level. Many respondents believe that only N-95 masks are effective, and there is disinterest in masks that are presumed to be of lesser quality. People wear masks in order to fulfill government orders, and often remove them during interpersonal interactions.
For some respondents, wearing a mask is seen as antisocial behaviour or apathy. Some are noting that masks are instruments to hide identity during unlawful acts, as crimes begin to rise in some neighbourhoods.
The study found that respondents across all groups do not have a clear idea about what to do if a member of their household gets infected, and there is deep uncertainty about treatment. The IEDCR’s hotlines are seen as the main point of contact for reporting suspected cases among the respondents.
People living in villages, towns and urban slums are relying on local pharmacies, nearby health centres, local medical colleges, and district hospitals. People from the urban middle class in Dhaka plan on contacting doctors in their family or their social circles for advice.
Information in pandemic
State-run television channel BTV, local mosques, messages played on microphones on streets and interpersonal discussions are some of the places residents of rural villages are getting their information from.
Respondents living in urban slums rely on cable television, social media, their employers and interpersonal discussions. People of the urban middle class get their information from international media (such as BBC, CNN, Al Jazeera), online discussions and social media.
The study noted an info-demic taking place as excessive amounts of confusing and ambiguous information abound. Sensationalist news is on television, rumours are on social media, contradictory statements are being spread by some religious leaders.
In a constantly evolving situation, messaging about COVID-19 needs to be accurate and clear. The research suggests clearly defining the terms such as ‘social distancing,’ ‘quarantine,’ ‘lockdown,’ in local context and aligned with the target populations’ lifestyles. Guidelines developed in the West may not work in the global south, and thus cannot be transferred without critically analysing them in the local geographic, economic and cultural contexts.
Sources of information for people vary across location, class, age and level of education. The researchers suggest that messaging is developed separately for people living in slums, villages, towns and urban middle-class, and distributed through respective channels of communication. In the midst of growing panic, TV channels must remain careful about broadcasting unnecessary news. There is also a great need to promote positive news to instill hope in communities.
How information is sent to citizens plays a role in how they will understand something that could save their lives. Different understandings will result in different behaviours. If instructions are not able to convey the messages intended, it is important to reorient the ways in which they have been packaged.
Shahaduz Zaman is Reader in Medical Anthropology and Global Health Global Health and Infection Department, Brighton and Sussex Medical School. Din M Sumon Rahman is Faculty Member, Media Studies and Journalism, University of LIberal Arts Bangladesh. Imran Matin is Executive Director, BRAC Institute of Governance and Development. Luba Khalili is Deputy Manager, BRAC Communications.


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Berlin (ISJ) - Plants are among many eukaryotes that can "turn off" one or more of their genes by using a process called RNA interference to block protein translation. Researchers are now weaponizing this by engineering crops to produce specific RNA fragments, when ingested by insects, initiate RNA interference to shut down a target gene essential for life or reproduction, killing or sterilizing the insects. The potential of this method is reviewed in Trends in Biotechnology's special issue on environmental biotechnology.
As chemical pesticides raise concerns over insect resistance, collateral environmental damage, and human exposure risks, transgenic methods are becoming an attractive option for future pest control. For instance, certain strains of corn and cotton have been modified to produce protein toxins from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) that poison certain worms, beetles, and moths. RNA interference adds another degree of subtlety, instead by shutting down essential genes in pests that consume crops.
"RNA interference-based pest control can provide protection at essentially no cost because once the variety is developed, the plant can just go on using it instead of needing additional applications of insecticide," says co-senior author Ralph Bock, a director at the Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology in Germany.
An RNA interference strategy could also address environmental and human toxicity questions around chemical pesticides. "When we target a key pest with RNA interference technology, what we are really hoping for is to see a big reduction in overall insecticide use," says co-senior author David Heckel, a director at the Max Planck Institute of Chemical Ecology.
Besides application cost and environmental advantages, advocates of the method also point to the flexibility of finding a genetic target and its species specificity. While chemical pesticides such as organophosphates work by overloading an insect's nervous system, a suitable RNA interference target might control something as esoteric, yet indispensable, as cellular protein sorting. Additionally, even when certain target genes are similar across species, optimally designed RNA fragments only inhibit one species and its closest relatives, rather than overwhelming non-threatening insects as some chemical pesticides do.
Earlier attempts at pest control through genetic modification, that have involved engineering plants to produce proteins toxic to certain insects, have prompted concerns about what happens to those proteins when the crop is harvested and ingested. "The objections to transgenic proteins involve concerns about their possible toxicity or allergenicity to humans. But with the RNA interference strategy there's no protein that is made, just some extra RNA," Bock says.
RNA interference faces multiple obstacles before it could work for all major crops and their pests. On the plant side, scientists have not yet found a way to transform the chloroplast genomes of cereal grains such as rice and corn, the most direct route to producing enough RNA fragments to eliminate pests at a high rate. On the insect side, prominent pests such as some caterpillars can degrade those fragments, staving off shutdown of the target gene.
Bock and Heckel both expect RNA interference technology to be roughly 6 to 7 years away from the field, but they are cautiously optimistic about its potential to change the debate around GMO technology in agriculture.
"The Colorado potato beetle is almost worldwide now, even reaching into China," Heckel says. "With such a spread of a main pest that's resistant to insecticides, there's a good case for the development of a transgenic potato to try to halt that trend, and hopefully it will demonstrate enough advantages to overcome the opposition to any and all genetic modifications in crops."
Source: Science Daily
Image courtesy: Science Daily
Link to the original study: http://www.cell.com/trends/biotechnology/fulltext/S0167-7799(17)30090-2


© 2016 B. L. Freeborn
In this piece from the Crespi Collection find the words in italic:
The two falling worms did warm and split asunder
the great ice-ice mountains of Isis.
They bore two holes through and carved a great dip in the tiles.
The crater, melted deep and mighty, makes a crown for the head of the two footed Earth.
The two feet, magnetic and north, lay the tiles which spell the story.
X marks the tie at the pole. This O of a crater marks the center.
What is left is the curve of the crater. It is the rightful whose cover dropped low.
The point struck at the neck and the face did turn.
This then is how the Earth was clothed.
Compare the above to this Egyptian work of art depicting Horus.
Read more about Father Crespi and see more art:


Originally known as Feather Ranch, Maysville was founded in 1879 as a tent camp. Adjacent to Maysville was another place called Crazy Camp, and the two camps merged. The name Maysville came from the Kentucky hometown of Gen. William Marshall. It was Gen. Marshall who is credited with the discovery of Marshall Pass to the south and used by the Denver & Rio Grande to reach Gunnison.
School: Maysville School.
Where: The Maysville School is located along U.S. 50 in its climb up Monarch Pass approximately five miles west of Poncha Springs.
By 1882, Maysville was Chaffee County's largest town and had several hotels, a bank, lumberyard, stores and a number of homes. It also once had two newspapers, the South Arkansas Miner and the Maysville Chronicle. The latter boasted of 1,000 readers. The town got its own post office in 1879.
A fire spread through the town in 1880 and destroyed five buildings before a bucket brigade could get the blaze under control. Maysville enjoyed prosperity until the silver crash of 1893 when the United States abandoned the silver standard. Without the U. S. government's required purchase of silver, the price dropped to almost half of its previous value. Maysville was nearly abandoned.
The red Maysville School with its white trim sits along U.S. 50 in its climb up Monarch Pass and is a local landmark. The school opened in 1881 near the tracks of the Denver & Rio Grande, a spur that ended at the town of Monarch.
Fortunately after the precious metal ore had been exhausted, a limestone quarry opened up. The limestone provided one of the essential ingredients for Colorado's steel industry in Pueblo and the trains continued to run through Maysville. The railroad saw a future in the spur and converted it from narrow gauge to standard gauge.
With a declining student population, the school closed in 1939 and was converted into a bus barn. The east wall was cut out for the vehicles to enter the structure.
In 1978, residents of Maysville raised money and got a grant from the Colorado Historical Fund to replace the missing wall as well as the floor and windows. In 2007, the South Arkansas Landowner's Association held its annual picnic and voted to scrape and repaint the building. Residents and interested parties worked on the school with donations coming from area businesses in the form of money and materials.
Second-grade students have field trips to see the Maysville School and its desks. They are even allowed to ring the school bell, an original. This historic school is owned by the Salida Museum Association.
Kenneth Jessen has been a Loveland resident since 1965. He is an author of 18 books and more than 1,300 articles. He was an engineer for Hewlett-Packard for 33 years and now works as a full-time author, lecturer and guide.


Some wineries are not Organic or Biodynamic but follow sustainable viticulture. One issue with organic viticulture is that only Copper sulphate is allowed in disease protection. Copper sulphate does not readily degrade under normal environmental conditions, though it is highly soluble in water. This makes run-off particularly dangerous, since a concentration of less than 1mg per litre will kill 50 percent of exposed fish within 48 hours. Conversely, copper sulphate is relatively immobile when it enters the soil, binding tightly with both organic matter and clay particles. Therefore, total copper concentration in soils can readily accumulate, especially in older vineyards or those with a high susceptibility to fungal diseases, sometimes attaining quite startling levels.
Sustainability refers to a range of practices that are ecologically sound, but also economically viable and socially responsible. Sustainable agriculture’s focus is to minimize environmental impacts. A large majority of sustainable practices are in fact organic but the winery has the flexibility to choose what works best for each individual block of vineyards. Typically, the focus would be on energy and water conservation, natural predators, natural weed control, the use of renewable resources and the reduction of carbon footprint


How to Cite an Image APA: Clear Guideline to Cite Image from Online and Offline SourceJun 10, 2021 08:09 PM How to Cite an Image APA - Photo by Daria Shevtsova from Pexels
Tripboba.com - Adding images in your sources can be an effective way to support your argument and helps the reader to visualize your research. Images should be cited as you would cite any other type of work. So you will need to learn how to cite an image APA for your research paper properly.
In this guide, Tripboba will share with you the right way on how to cite an image APA. These APA image citation formats apply to images and artwork include a drawing, painting, photograph, chart, monograph, map, or diagram.
How to Cite an Image in APA FormatHow to Cite an Image APA - Photo by Anthony Shkraba from Pexels
Images in the text are usually accompanied by a caption that consists of copyright information. Before you learn how to cite an Image APA, there are several things to consider. You should find as much information as possible about the image, including:
Name of author, artist, or photographer:
- Date of publication or creation
- Title of work
- A bracketed description of media type (e.g., [Photograph] or [Painting])
- Publisher, production company, or museum name
- Location of the publisher (if a museum or university)
- URL if accessed online
- type of material (for photographs, charts, online images)
- website address and access date
- name of the institution or museum where the work is located (for artworks and museum exhibits)
- dimensions of the work (for artworks)
For most online images, the above information is accessible since they're usually provided alongside the images. While for digital images, you may use Google's reserve image search to determine the creator and creation date of the images.
How to Cite an Image in APA
Creating an APA citation for the image is easy. The basic APA image citation includes the creator's name, years, image title, and the format of the image (e.g. painting, photograph, map, etc), and the location of where you access the image.
The below tutorial on how to cite an image APA is based on the APA 7th edition. Let's look for the format and example.
Basic format: Last name, Initials. (Year). Image title [Format]. Site Name. or Museum, Location. URL
Reference list: van Gogh, V. (1889). The starry night [Painting]. Museum of Modern Art, New York City, NY, United States. https://www.moma.org/collection/works/79802
In-text citation: (van Gogh, 1889)
In APA citation format, there are two different ways how to cite an image APA; citing images that you accessed online and you viewed in person.
image in a gallery or museum seen in-person
Example: Milne, D. (1924). Old R.C.M.P. Barracks [Watercolour]. Ottawa, Ontario: Carleton University Art Gallery.
image in online source
Example: Baumel, A. (2010). Cholera treatment center in Haiti [Online image]. Doctors Without Borders. https://www.doctorswithoutborders.org
How to Cite an Image from a Website APAHow to Cite an Image APA - Photo by Mikael Blomkvist from Pexels
If you want to know how to cite an image APA from the website, follow the below guideline:
Basic format: Last Name, First Initial. (Year, Month Day of Publication). Title of image. Title of Website. URL
Example: Souza, P. (2016, October 26). President Obama, Vice President Biden, and members of his national security team [digital image]. NPR. https://www.npr.org/2016/10/26/499490029/photos-one-photographers-remarkable-chance-to-cover-the-president
Some images may be available in the gallery or museum website, and you can use them too. The following APA image citation guidelines for artwork from a museum can be used for all types of artwork, such as paintings, drawings, photographs, and sculptures. Here's how to cite an image APA from the museum website:
Example: van Gogh, V. (1887). Self-Portrait with a Straw Hat (obverse: The Potato Peeler) [Painting]. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, NY, United States.https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/436532
Example: Milne, D. (ca.1912). Billboards [Painting]. National Gallery of Canada. Retrieved from http://www.gallery.ca/en/see/collections/artwork.php?mkey=6432.
How to Cite an Online Image APAHow to Cite an Image APA - Photo by Anthony Shkraba from Pexels
Online images APA citation has a similar format to a website. To differ it, you may [digital image]" after the title of the image for clarification, even it is not compulsory. We will share with you how to cite an image APA which sourced from Instagram Post, database, and other image sharing site.
Image from Instagram Post:
Instagram can also be a source of great photos to include on your paper. If the image you find on Instagram is under a username, you can use the username for the author.
Then, if the author doesn't put the title of the image, you can provide a short description from the first few words of the image caption.
So, here is the format on how to cite an image APA from an Instagram post:
Username. (Year, Month, and date). The number of followers! [digital image]. URL
Example: Dressed_Podcast. (2019, January 8). 20,000 followers! [digital image]. Instagram. https://www.instagram.com/p/BsYKpQkADCr/
Image from a Database:
Example: Maslowski Photo. (2008). Wood Duck [Photograph]. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service National Digital Library. Retrieved from http://digitalmedia.fws.gov/cdm/singleitem/collection/natdiglib/id/1941/rec/17.
Image from other sites like Wikimedia Commons or Flickr:
Example: Najjar, A. (2005, April 30). Palmyra Tetrapylon, Syria. [Photograph]. Retrieved from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Palmyra_Tetrapylon,_Syria.jpg.


Inputs and Outputs define the flow of work between the shapes within a process. They represent the inputs required to start an activity and the outputs produced once the activity is completed.
Web Modelers can assign Inputs and Outputs to the flows of a process map when mapping processes on Graph Edit Mode.
The end-user will be able to see the inputs and outputs directly when viewing the process map under the Graph tab, and under the SIPOC section in the Details tab of a Process.
The following table will explain the SIPOC concept:
|Supplier||Entity that provides input(s) to a process||Client, call center, email|
|Inputs||All that is used to produce one or more outputs from a process||Calls, order, invoice|
|Processes||Steps or activities carried out to convert inputs to one or more outputs||Verify customer’s identity, calculate invoice, fill order form|
|Outputs||Users can view the outputs emerging from a process||Resolution of customer issue, invoice sent, order completed|
|Customers||Users can view the entity that uses the outputs generated from the process||End customer, client, organization|
To Assign Inputs and Outputs to a flow, follow these instructions
- Navigate to Full Screen Edit Mode, after clicking on Edit Button
- Navigate to a Flow
- Right-click on the Flow. A drop-down menu will be generated
- Choose the “Inputs/Outputs” box
- A pop-up will be generated allowing you to edit the Inputs and Outputs for the Flow
- Navigate to the “Select an Input/Output” field
- Type the name of the Input/Output
i) Type the name of the new material
ii) Select the new material
i) Type the name of the existing material
ii) Select the exiting material
- The Input/Output, “Invoice,” will be on the table
- Navigate to the icon to edit the name of the Input/Output
- Edit the name of the Input/Output
- Navigate to the icon to edit the state of the Input/Output
- Type the state of the Input/Output
In this example, the state of the “Invoice” is “Exists”
- Click on the “X” to remove the Input/Output
- After assigning the Input/Output to the Flow, click on the box to close the pop-up
- The Input/Output will now be displayed on the Flow on the process map inside of an annotation
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Creating, Planning and Delivering Competence Oriented Learning
LEVEL5 is not just about validation but it comes as holistic validation and learning system.
Hence it is designed to plan and deliver competence oriented learning – especially in informal and noin-formal contexts where no pre-described learning plans are available.
LEVEL5 learning system in a nutshell:
- Developing informal and non-formal learning projects
- Combining learning and validation in a unique competence management approach
- Providing the approach in connection with e-Learning or blended learning systems
- Creating Competence Management Systems for private and public entities
The LEVEL5 learning system builds on a simplified Plan-Do-Check step procedure:
The starting point of the planning is the so called “action field” in which the learner is located. It describes context, actions, resources and objectives of his/her activities.
The conversion of this action field into a learning field is facilitated by the LEVEL5 reference systems which derive the competences that are necessary to tackle the actions and solve the tasks in the field.
The delivery of learning is highly dependent on the context. It can range from a rather informal, self guided learning (e.g. in learning on the job or in mobility settings) to more formal arrangements (e.g. in school projects or more guided continuing professional development (CPD) actions).
LEVEL5 largely supports blended, web-aided learning arrangements. The REVEAL community offers state-of-the-art learning technologies and an open learning space for these purposes.
The check-element refers to the validation within LEVEL5. Dependent on the identified action and learning field it covers the identification, documentation, assessment and certification of competences. It is largely based on the LEVEL5 reference systems that facilitate individual and contextualised validation. The learning outcomes are documented in LEVEL5 certificates including the dynamic LEVEL5 cube.


NAP-Ag in Uruguay supports development of loss and damage estimation protocol
5 June 2018 - Uruguay´s Integrating Agriculture in National Adaptation Plans (NAP–Ag) project is providing support to develop a systematic protocol for estimations of loss and damage in agriculture due to climate events. Methodical estimations of loss and damage are important for effective climate risk management, to support policies and programs in reducing the impact of climate change in agriculture and promote adaptation.
On 28 February 2018, the Ministry of Livestock, Agriculture and Fisheries (MGAP) of Uruguay declared a state of emergency due to drought conditions in large regions of the country. The Agricultural Emergency Fund was deployed with credits for livestock family farmers to purchase feed for cattle in an effort to reduce the losses. Summer crops were also compromised and lack of rainfall during the growing season resulted in yield losses especially in soybean.
The Office of Agricultural Programing and Policies (OPYPA) of the Ministry of Agriculture with support of the NAP-Ag Programme met on 17 May to discuss estimates of losses due to this drought. During the presentation Claudio Hernandez, NAP Consultant, highlighted the need for disaggregated data to be able to measure accurately the direct losses due to the 2018 drought. Moreover, the losses in livestock production are hard to estimate because they have a longer-term impact on fertility, weaning rate and beef production.
Ángela Cortelezzi, an Agronomist from OPYPA, highlighted the impact of a yield reduction due to drought conditions on the overall economy of the country. More than 70% of Uruguay´s exports are agricultural products with beef, soy and cellulose being the three main products.
In the past estimations for climate events such as drought, flooding and extreme storms were done on an ad hoc basis. With support from the UNDP-FAO Integrating Agriculture in NAPs programme (NAP-Ag) the goal is to have a systematic and sustainable system for monitoring loss and damage in the agricultural sectors. This effort is supported at regional level by the Southern Agricultural Council (CAS) and at national level through the National System of Response to Climate Change.


There’s a lot of information out there about solar power, how to use it and whether it is worth it. Given that solar energy is the fastest growing source of energy, it can often feel like there is an overwhelming amount of information out there and it can be difficult to know what’s what.
When it comes to using solar power in Sydney, you need to be well-informed about all aspects of solar energy before investing in a solar power system. Armed with the right information, you can make the right decision as to what panels you need for your home. You will also be better informed as to what savings and environmental benefits you can expect from a solar installation.
Let’s take a look at a few of the key elements and considerations of using solar power so that you can enjoy the benefits that solar can offer.
What You Should Know Before Choosing Solar Power
First and foremost, it’s important to know what solar power is and what a solar system is made up of.
What Is A Solar Panel System?
The sun is a constant source of renewable energy that we are learning to harness through solar panel systems. A solar panel is a photovoltaic (PV) cell which turns light into energy to be used as electricity.
Solar panels are sometimes called Solar PVs and the system itself is made up of 3 components.
1. Polycrystalline or Monocrystalline Panels
Both types of panels are commonly used in Australia and are suitable for harnessing solar power across the country.
2. An Inverter
There are different types of inverters which can be used in solar power systems. The first is the bigger string inverter which connects to the entire solar system and the second is a smaller micro-inverter. There are micro-inverters connected to each individual panel in a system. There is also an inverter known as the power optimiser which essentially blends the two types. This component converts Direct Current (DC) to Alternating Current (AC) to be able to use with home appliances.
Although micro and power optimiser inverters produce better individual panel energy and have a safer voltage, they are more expensive.
3. Mounting/Racking Support
The final component of a solar system is a mounting/racking support which secures your panels and other components to the roof.
Where To Start When Buying Solar?
As it can be confusing knowing where to find and buy solar panels, it’s highly recommended to check out some of the top brands and browse the different options before jumping straight in.
With the prices of solar panel systems decreasing, it could be tempting to jump at what seems to be the best offer price-wise but it is not advisable to bargain hunt too much. Although a worthy investment, solar panels should still be high quality to ensure that they will be long-lasting and offer you the best return on your investment.
The Solar Rebate
The solar rebate is not yet a thing of the past. The Australian government offers a rebate for those who install a solar power system in their home. There are certain conditions that must be considered in order for your system to be considered for a rebate.
- The system must be lower than 100 kW in size.
- It must be installed and certified by a Clean Energy Council (CEC) accredited professional.
- The system itself must be approved by the CEC for use in Australia.
Solar Energy Feed-In Tariffs
Finally, it’s important to be aware of the feed-in tariff that you are offered as part of the solar power system installation. When you decide to install solar panels on your home, you will use a certain amount of the energy that is collected and the remaining kWh will be exported to the electricity grid. The electricity retailer that then uses this energy will pay you a cent/kW fee.
Although this tariff has fallen in recent years as solar power popularity has grown, the feed-in tariff means that your investment will soon pay for itself even if you are not able to fully maximize the employment of the panels by having them located in an optimal position (at a specific angle, facing east, west or north depending on the direction of your roof, etc.).
Armed with this knowledge of how solar panels work and what it could mean for you, you can now work out how to get started with solar energy. Research well before buying and do not allow yourself to be wooed by shockingly low prices or high-pressure salespeople. Always investigate your options thoroughly and talk to specialists in the industry before committing to anything. Making the switch to solar is a positive move both for you, your local environment and the health of the planet.


The world of milk has been rocked by an epidemic of milk powder poisoning.
While the global milk supply is still growing, more people are taking to a new and potentially dangerous food that has been used in the past for centuries.
This milk powder is made with powdered milk and is used in a wide range of recipes.
Here, we go through the different types of milk powders and the different ways they can be used.
The Basics Oat and Coconut Milk A few years ago, the UK government issued guidelines to help people avoid the use of powdered milk.
According to the guidelines, milk powder should only be used as a supplement to regular milk and to avoid the dangers of over-pasteurisation.
In some cases, the milk powder may be used in combination with other foods, such as meat, fish, eggs or milk products.
There are two main types of powdered food milk powder available in the UK: oat-milk and coconut-milker.
The difference between these two types of powder is that oat is a more common ingredient and coconut is the more common sugar, starch and fat.
These powders are made from oat flour and coconut sugar and are made to replace milk that has become too soft.
They have a mild flavour and can be mixed with foods like milk or other drinks.
Coconut milk is also available, but is made from coconut oil and contains less of the sugar.
These types of food-based milk powderies are widely used, with the average UK diet containing 1.4kg of oat or 1.2kg of coconut milk per person.
The other ingredients in oat/coconut milk are sugar, salt, water and milk protein.
Some people also buy powdered milk powder for flavouring.
These ingredients are often used in cakes and other desserts.
Coconut oil can also be used to make some dairy-based milks.
Coconut powder is also used in baked goods and baked goods are usually made with coconut oil or oil derived from coconut milk.
A recent survey found that many people use oat milks and coconut powder to make their own baking recipes.
The ingredients in these types of products vary, but generally these products include milk powder, milk fat and coconut oil.
What to avoid: This milk is often made with a small amount of sugar and can lead to severe allergic reactions, particularly to sensitive people.
This could cause diarrhoea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea and other stomach problems.
It can also cause anemia and anaemia, which can make it harder to absorb nutrients.
Oat milk powder and coconut are often combined with egg and cheese.
Eggs can also contain high levels of fat and cholesterol, which could make the product even more difficult to digest.
This is particularly likely if the ingredients are too thick and contain too much fat, leading to an oily consistency.
The fat in egg products can also make them more prone to breaking down in the stomach and other parts of the body.
It is also likely that some eggs contain fats such as palm oil or palm kernel oil, which is considered to be a health risk.
Other ingredients in this product include butter, eggs, margarine and butterfat, which are also linked to heart disease.
This can cause an increase in LDL cholesterol, the bad cholesterol that is high in blood cholesterol.
These fats are usually added to foods, including chocolate and other soft drinks, but may also be added to the dairy product.
Oats and coconut can also add significant amounts of sugar to the product, and it is a bad idea to consume this type of milk without checking its ingredients, as there may be added sugar added.
Some of these ingredients can also increase the risk of pancreatic cancer, which affects up to a quarter of people in the USA.
Nutritional Facts Oat Milk Powder Nutrition Facts Serving Size: 1 tbsp (25 mL) per 1 cup (150 mL) of oatmeal (1 serving) Amount Per Serving Calories 180 Calories from Fat 80 Total Fat 6g 10% Saturated Fat 0g 10 % Polyunsaturated Fat 2g Monounsaturated Fat 3g Cholesterol 17mg 5% Sodium 596mg 22% Potassium 945mg 25% Total Carbohydrates 1g 0% Dietary Fiber 1g 8% Sugars 2g Protein 4g Vitamin A 4% Vitamin C 6% Calcium 1% Iron 14% *Percent Daily Values are based on a 2,000 calorie diet.
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There are three kinds of breathing: (1) the diaphragmatic or low breath, (2) the intercostal or middle breath, (3) the clavicular or high breath. All three together mean full contraction of all the inspiratory muscles, necessary for the singer's health. However, for the purposes of singing, the combined diaphragmatic and intercostal breath is to be used.
It is advisable to have the pupil practice this kind of breathing on a divan with the following scheme: 12 waves inhaling and exhaling (diaphragmatic breath exclusively), 6 waves (diaphragmatic and intercostal breath combined), 2 waves full respiration (for health's sake, 7 counts in, 7 counts out).
The first attempt to apply the correct procedure of breathing is 4 counts in—4 counts hold (hands on lower ribs) and then from 4 to 24 counts exhale on ZZZZZZZZZZZZ like a humming bee. After this exercise, the pupil may learn to sing sustained tones in the middle or lower range (according to the quality of the voice, on "OH" or "OOH" or just humming.
From Reminiscences of a Vocal Teacher (1941) by Emi de Bidoli, student of Pauline Viardot-García and her pupil Aglaja Orgeni.
It should be noted that Viardot-García also had her students perform their first breathing exercises with a closed mouth, that is, by breathing through the nose. For more details, see Viardot-García's Hour of Study in the download section in the right hand column.


Losing more than 300,000 hectares of forest per year between 2005 and 2010, Bolivia has one of the highest deforestation rates in the world.
REDD at a crossroads in Bolivia
The report, titled Off the Market: Bolivian forests and struggles over climate change, highlights two factors in Bolivia's importance in discussions over how to compensate tropical countries for forest conservation efforts. The first is geographic: Bolivia has both large tracts of Amazon rainforest and a high deforestation rate, which is largely the product of unregulated expansion of industrial agriculture. The second is political: Bolivia has emerged as an outspoken critic of market-based approaches to cutting greenhouse gas emissions and is "an important ally" to climate justice movements opposing carbon markets.
The report says that while cash-poor Bolivia could potentially earn heaps of money from the carbon market, it remains committed to opposing market-based REDD, partly because forest conservation by itself won't be enough to mitigate climate change without substantial reductions in greenhouse gas emissions from industrial activities in rich economies. Furthermore carbon offsets don't reduce actual greenhouse gas emissions, reasons Bolivia.
"The Bolivian government has affirmed that it will work to prevent a global forest carbon market, and towards a vision of manejo integral ('integrated management') that does not commodify Bolivian forests," says the report.
"If Bolivian resistance to the marketization of forest carbon is overcome, there will be global ramifications. Regardless of positive benefits for specific communities and forests that market-based REDD projects may create, if a global system yields cheap carbon credits that allow fossil fuel companies to continue to pollute, communities both within and beyond Bolivia's borders will be affected. In this sense, the stakes of the struggle over REDD could hardly be higher - nor Bolivia's role more important."


This page will provide teachers and students with materials to use in a group or as an individual in studying the key concepts of the scriptures. As this is a learning experience for teacher and student our resources are geared to providing questions for discussion or as the basis for games, craft activities, bulletin boards, or projects. You are only limited by your imagination. Please let us know how you have used the youth bible studies and teacher prompts in your family, church, or individual studies.
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Passover Youth and Family Activities
A new year has begun! And with it comes the promise of the spring festival season. These Passover youth and family activities might encourage you to study God’s word and create some meaningful and memorable moments.
Here are some thoughts and resources to help you make it a special time of learning for the whole family.
Biblical Reader’s Theatre scripts
An excellent way to engage young and old in the biblical narratives, reader’s theatre provides an opportunity for everyone to participate in playing a role and gaining greater knowledge of the characters and events illuminated in the scriptures. Whether performed as a “play” or just enjoyed around the dining table, reader’s theatre could add to your celebration of God’s festivals.
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Pentecost/Feast of Weeks:
Pentecost celebrates the awesome power of the voice of the Eternal delivering the covenant from Mt. Sinai amidst the thunder and lightning. It also commemorates the giving of the Holy Spirit and the establishment of the Church of God, after the resurrection and ascension of Jesus, the Messiah. Pentecost, shavuot, Feast of Weeks is an annual Sabbath rich in meaning for all those who believe in the hope of the resurrection.
And you shall count for yourselves from the day after the Sabbath, from the day that you brought the sheaf of the wave offering: seven Sabbaths shall be completed. 16 Count fifty days to the day after the seventh Sabbath; then you shall offer a new grain offering to the LORD…And you shall proclaim on the same day that it is a holy convocation to you. You shall do no customary work on it. It shall be a statute forever in all your dwellings throughout your generations. Leviticus 23:15-21
Paul had decided to sail on past Ephesus, for he didn’t want to spend any more time in the province of Asia. He was hurrying to get to Jerusalem, if possible, in time for the Festival of Pentecost. Acts 20:16
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The Passover and Unleavened Bread
Passover in the spring of the year is rich in symbolism relating to our covenant relationship with God and helping us to see the need for self-reflection, a sacrifice for our sins, and a Saviour to restore a right relationship with God and deliver us from Egypt – a symbol of life cut off from God’s wisdom and guidance.
Cleanse out the old leaven that you may be a new lump, as you really are unleavened. For Christ, our Passover lamb, has been sacrificed. 8 Let us therefore celebrate the festival, not with the old leaven, the leaven of malice and evil, but with the unleavened bread of sincerity and truth. 1 Corinthians 5:7-9 ESV
These are the feasts of the LORD, holy convocations which you shall proclaim at their appointed times. On the fourteenth day of the first month at twilight is the LORD’s Passover. And on the fifteenth day of the same month is the Feast of Unleavened Bread to the LORD; seven days you must eat unleavened bread. On the first day you shall have a holy convocation; you shall do no customary work on it. But you shall offer an offering made by fire to the LORD for seven days. The seventh day shall be a holy convocation; you shall do no customary work on it. Leviticus 23:4-8
This reader’s theatre/play is an excellent teaching tool focusing on the work that is needed to provide a safe place for God’s people to worship Him in Spirit and truth. The story of Nehemiah has a vital message for every generation, as it shows the power of God to defeat our enemies and provide us with the resources to accomplish the work He gives us to do. Nehemiah, rebuilding the walls
Nehemiah Celebrates God’s Feast of Tabernacles: Once in a Thousand Years
Click here for scriptNehemiah 2012F
Cast: Davie family, Leader family, Poffenroth family, Patton Family
Nehemiah and the rebuilding of the wall around Jerusalem teaches us many lessons about our reliance on God for leadership and the value of working together to accomplish God’s purpose. The wall’s restoration provided the people of God with a safe place to worship God and keep the Feast of Tabernacles.


The more blueberries are researched, the more we can see that they have good nutrition to offer. Blueberries contain significant amounts of anthocyanadins, antioxidant compounds that produce blues, purples and reds in fruits and vegetables. Blueberries contain ellagic acid, another phytochemical that protects cells from damage. Blueberries are a good source of vitamin C, E, manganese and fiber. The vaccinum (the Latin name for the family) group, which includes blueberries and cranberries, may help to prevent urinary tract infection and cancer. In 1999, the NIH endorsed research showing blueberries to be effective in reducing the effects of age on the neural tissue.
Fresh Whole Blueberries
In the summer, blueberries can be found fresh and are relatively inexpensive. Eating fresh blueberries provides fiber, water content, and more vitamin C and potassium than preserved berries. At less fewer 90 calories per cup, fresh blueberries are a good low-calorie snack or addition to cereals, breads and salads. They have a low glycemic index compared to most fruits. Fresh blueberries are also a great snack for children, since they are sweet, small and portable, and require nothing more than a good wash to prepare them. Because of the high amount of pectin (a complex carbohydrate and natural thickening agent) in them, blueberries are excellent for jams, jellies and sauces.
If you find fresh blueberries in great supply when they are cheap, buy extra and freeze them on trays, then bag them in airtight plastic. Or buy pre-frozen blueberries in the frozen fruit section and use them in baked goods, sauces and morning or dessert smoothies. Freezing does not significantly change the nutrition of blueberries, except for reducing the 14g of vitamin C per cup to 3g, and the potassium from 144 to 84g per cup. In some cases, such as the amount of fiber (which goes from 3 to 4g per cup) and the amount of calcium (increasing from 9 to 12g per cup), freezing improves the per-cup nutrition because the water content is lessened. Frozen blueberries are just as tasty as fresh ones, and can be bought year-round.
Rather expensive, but worth their weight in nutritional gold, dried blueberries are an excellent source of fiber, complex carbs and antioxidants. Dried berries are great for camping and hiking, and can be used in granolas, biscotti and hot cereals, or simply carried along in a backpack for a quick and healthy snack. While freezing can destroy some vitamin content, drying does so as well, practically eliminating most of the vitamin C and E, but concentrating the minerals such as calcium, and the fiber, by taking almost all of the water out. Studies show, however, that the highly rated antioxidant properties of blueberries are largely retained by most drying methods. And while wild berries in any form may have slightly higher values for nutritionals, conventionally farmed berries are still higher in antioxidants, fiber, and many vitamins and minerals than other fruits.