Guide to Printing Students — 32
-Few objective Questions and answers-
Written by : N.R. Jayaraman
124) What is an Estimate?
An estimate is the application of judgment to forecast the expenditure cum revenues of the organization based on historical experience and the past performance of the organization so as to guide the administrators the manner in which the activities in the organization can be controlled in future. However the day to day estimate for each job quote is the time taken to execute a job, man power required, estimated expenditure to complete the job, the material requirement etc.
125) What is the requirement of an Estimator?
The most important requirement of an Estimator is the technical knowledge in the field he is required to estimate. An Estimator in printing should understand the normal sequence of operations in the printing works. He should have the fundamentals of the printing processes to discuss intelligently the plan of action for the production of each job. He should be thoroughly conversant with the capabilities and limitations of the equipment and machinery in each department. An expert Estimator recognizes the opportunities to exploit the new methods or materials to find out the most economical way to produce the job.
126) What is costing?
Costing is the post process of estimate i.e finding the actual expenditure involved for a given job. Based on it the profit margin is worked out.
127) What is the difference between costing and estimating?
Estimating is to forecast the cost before a product has been actually manufactured or service rendered. The costing is to find out the actual cost involved on the product manufactured including the cost of the defective product manufactured which is waste.
While high technical skills and knowledge is needed for estimating, for costing high accounting skills and knowledge in accounting are necessary. Ultimately both are necessary to decide whether it would be prudent or profitable to continue producing a particular product in future.
128) What is book value of machinery and equipment?
The book value of the machinery and equipment will be the price at which it was procured, plus the freight, insurance, taxes if procured locally and duties levied on them during clearances if imported. Besides these the erection and commissioning expenditures will also be added with it to work out the book value of each machinery and equipment.
Remember that cost of spares will not be added with the book value. However if the spare parts have been procured to specially enhance the utility or efficiency of them, those expenses will also be included in book value of those machinery and equipment. The expenditure involved for laying foundations for the specific machinery and equipment and other civil work will also be not included in the book value of machinery and equipment.
129) What are the basic and aspects or factors considered in costing?
The three main ingredients in costing is as below:
Productive wages: The wages paid for the workers engaged in the production of each job. Example in printing are such as Composing, Lay outing, Pre-press processes directly related to the production of the job etc.
Direct material cost: The direct materials used for the production of the jobs. Examples in printing such as Paper, Ink, films, blocks, binding or other finishing material if any.
Indirect material and consumables needed in pre-press and post press operations for the production of jobs. Example such as proofing material, certain chemicals such as developers etc usable for several jobs, re- usable plates, packing papers for dressing of cylinders etc etc.
Other expenses: All other expenses such as service wages, salaries to clerical and admin staff, purchases etc. However those general expenses are further grouped into several groups, a small percentage of which is added to the cost of each job.
130) What are the other expenses whose expenses are recovered in each job?
The other expenses are as below:
Capital investment: Expenses related to the capital invested such as interest paid if any, depreciation, insurances if any etc
Premises: Expenses related to the building occupied such as infrastructure, rent if paid any, lighting, canteen and other amenities essential.
Power and Electricity: The cost of power and electricity incurred.
Expenses on personnel: Expenses related to the employment of personnel for general management and administration, security and their salaries.
Wages: Expenses related to the wages paid to workmen including wages for holidays, liability insurance etc
Maintenance: Expenditure involved for maintenance of infrastructure, departments, machinery and equipment, storage facilities etc.
Indirect Administrative expenses: Expenses related to the postal services, communication, telephones, yearly audit fee etc
Transport: Expenses related to the delivery of goods and collection of material for production activities and transport charges for other administrative services.
131) How is the hourly cost rate of worker and machinery arrived at ?
The hourly rate is the per hour cost of department engaged against each job that pass through the department. The hourly rate is not common to all the departments in an organization. It varies from department to department as the no of workers engaged in each department and the machinery and equipment differs in each of them. Each department has two hourly cost- one for the labor and the other for machinery and equipment engaged there.
For example the hourly rate of the worker is based on the no of hours actually put in by the worker against each job executed. Supposing out of 48 hours of work performed by a worker for a specific job per week, the worker performs operations such as cleaning, greasing, wash up etc to the extent of 8 hours, then his direct contribution to the work remains only to the extent of 40 hours. Suppose the wages of the workers in that department is Rs 600/- per week, then the hourly cost of the workers chargeable to the customer would not be 600 ÷ 48 =12.5 rupees, but it would be 600 ÷ 40 which would be Rs 15/-. Then only the cost of non-productive hours can be recovered over long run.
Since the figure may vary from year to year on account of wage increases of the worker, generally what is done is the total amount of wages paid to the workers engaged for the total no of jobs processed over a period of past one year in the specific department is taken as base to arrive at the hourly rate of the department on an average for the next year. Keeping in mind the anticipated increase in the wages for the same workers in the next year, the next year’s hourly rate for the same department will be re calibrated accordingly.
However as healthy practice, the hourly rate is not re calibrated for the next few years and maintained static to effectively remain in competition as the processing time of activities also gets reduced with experience thus reducing the total cost than the one actual charged to the customer while confirming the orders.
132) How is the hourly rates of the machinery and equipment calculated?
The hourly rate of equipment and machinery comprise of the following elements:
(A) Ownership cost
(B) Operational cost
(i) repair charge
(ii) Operation and maintenance crew charges
(iii) Energy charges
These aspects differ from press to press. Each machinery and equipment are purchased at some value and each manufacturer gives warranty or guarantee for smooth working of the same for certain period of life cycle under normal working conditions of 8 hour per shift working with an average speed of x no of hours speed per hour. This is the basis on which the hourly rate of machine is derived at.
Let us see with the following example. A printing machine costs roughly Rs 15 lakhs/- (book value). The manufacturer has guaranteed the working of the machine for 15 years under normal working hours with standard working condition at the end of which the book value becomes zero for the machine though practically it may still be functioning. The question is the period within which the owner decides to recover the investment incurred on the machine. When the owner decides to recover the cost of the machine within 5 years instead of waiting for full 15 years for the machine value to come to zero then how will he work out the hourly rate of the machine?
The following simple arithmetic calculation adapted by most of the presses will give an idea as to how the hourly rate of machines are calculated. It is just for understanding the method and figures given not actual and are imaginary.
He will consider the interest payable for 5 years on the 15 lakhs invested. Let us for example work out the figure as 20 lakhs. Then by simple arithmetic he fixes the per hour rate of the machine as 20 divided by 5 years in which the following factors comes up :
- the no of working days available per week = 6 (one day being holiday) in 8 hour working shift.
- No of working days available per month 31-5 =25 on an average
- Then no of days available per year becomes 25 x 12 = 300 days
- No of working days available for 5 years becomes 1500 days. However due to unforeseen holidays, absenteeism of workers and machine breakdowns only 80 % is taken as workable factor and therefore for calculation it is taken as only 1200 days.
Therefore, if the owner decide to recover the cost of the machine within 5 years he will have to fix per day recovery on the machine approximately to Rs 1666/-. This roughly works out the per hourly rate of the machine as Rs 208/- (1666 divided by 8) without adding depreciation cost, cost of maintenance, spares etc. He adds up all such indirect costs including capital investments, labor etc and fix up the new machine hour rate.
However the norms for the Govt organizations are far different and guided by certain formulas given the administrative heads.
133) What is depreciation of equipment and machinery?
Depreciation of equipment and machinery range from book value to scrap value. Depreciation shall be calculated based on the average of two factors (a) total hours worked with reference to life in hours guaranteed (b) years lapsed since purchased with reference to life in years guaranteed.
134) How is the material cost estimated for specific job and recovered?
The expenses of the material and the quantum of material used is included in the cost. However an important point need to be kept in mind. In the printing presses the direct raw material is paper and ink. Other material used are indirect expenditure involved in each job. The basic material like ink and general printing paper are not purchased on and often and only special paper needed is procured on job basis. The basic material like general paper and Ink are always stocked to certain level and thus becomes the capital raw material and the total cost of the stocked material becomes capital cost of the material locked up. They occupy the space and incur indirect sundry expenses like insurance, handling, transporting, admin etc. Therefore a certain percentage of the total value of the stocked capital item is added along with the total cost of actual directly consumable raw material needed for the job while estimating the unit cost of the raw materials (like hourly rate of the workers) to offset the cost of indirect expenses.
Every manufacturing or product suppliers pay wages to workmen engaged and therefore the wages, cost for the stocked material, cost for the materials purchased, cost for processing, administrative expenditures, building or rent and the overheads. Though the entire cost is not assigned on one individual job, a portion of the expenditure is recovered through them.
However, the ultimate cost involved in the direct production of the individual job consists of the cost of the material used, hourly rates of the machinery and equipment deployed, hourly wages of workmen needed for the completion of the job plus percentage of overheads, building and admin cost to recover the investment plus the profit .


Ad agencies, working with non-profit organizations, create public service advertisements, also known as public service announcements or PSAs, designed to persuade consumers to engage in behaviors that actively promote healthy behaviors or good citizenship. Media organizations often donate space and time for the distribution of these messages. To gain control over the distribution of their advertisements, nonprofit organizations and state and national governments sometimes pay for these services.
One of the earliest examples of nongovernmental public service advertising was sponsored in 1906 by an organization known as the American Civic Association. Its members were concerned citizens who feared that electric companies would divert water from Niagara Falls. They purchased ad space in national magazines to solicit contributions and support. The ads raised public awareness, and the electric companies were forced to adopt measures that reduced diversion from the falls.
In the U.S., the federal government is a frequent sponsor of ads designed for public service. During the Civil War, the government sold bonds through newspaper advertising. During World War I, the government created a Federal Committee of Public Information-essentially a propaganda bureau?to inform and persuade the public about the war effort.
The committee had a Division of Pictorial Publicity led by the artist Charles Dana Gibson. Mr. Gibson called on the talents of top illustrators of the day, including James Montgomery Flagg (creator of the historic "Uncle Sam Needs You" poster). Other artists who contributed to the war effort were J.C. Leyendecker (famous as the illustrator for Arrow shirts) and Howard Chandler Christy (whose illustrations of female figures were known as "Christy girls").
When the U.S. entered World War II, ad professionals felt that their talents could be used to promote the war effort. The War Advertising Council was created in 1942 to work with the government's Office of War Information. The council's first president was Chester LaRoche of Young & Rubicam. Price Gilbert of Coca-Cola Co. headed the Bureau of Graphics & Printing for the OWI. Ads encouraged wartime conservation, enlistment in the armed forces, the participation of women in the workforce and the purchase of war bonds. "Rosie the Riveter," an illustration of a female industrial worker, became a popular icon.
Serving the public good
Advertising professionals donate their time to create PSAs. The organization for which the campaign is developed often pays out-of-pocket production costs (which might be as much as $100,000). The Ad Council then distributes the advertisements to publishers and broadcasters, who may choose to donate space or time to run the ads. By the mid-1970s, the Ad Council was acquiring more than $500 million a year in media time and space for public service advertising. The organization claimed to have acquired nearly $1 billion in donated media space/time in 1997.
The council conducts approximately 35 campaigns per year. Selected campaigns must be noncommercial, nondenominational, nonpolitical and significant to all Americans. Well-known campaigns have included the U.S. Forest Service's "Smokey Bear" ads (from Foote, Cone & Belding), the United Negro College Fund's "A Mind Is a Terrible Thing to Waste" (Young & Rubicam) and the National Crime Prevention Council's "Take a Bite Out of Crime" ( Saatchi & Saatchi). Other campaigns have promoted health and safety, environmental preservation and the arts, among other causes.
According to the 1934 Communications Act, broadcasters have a mandate to serve the public interest of the communities in which they operate. This act requires the Federal Communications Commission to grant and renew broadcast licenses only when broadcasters uphold their obligation to public service.
Broadcasters support public service efforts by participating in or sponsoring fund-raising events (e.g., telethons), by broadcasting public affairs programming and by donating airtime sometimes valued at more than $1 billion annually.
Representatives from organizations such as the Center for Media Education, Action for Children's Television and the Minority Media & Telecommunications Council often dispute broadcasters' estimates of their donated media time, maintaining PSAs are often broadcast during late-night time slots, when other ad revenue is not available. Critics argue that such airtime is not as valuable as broadcasters claim.
Because they seek to control when and where PSAs appear, organizations promoting social issues are increasingly willing to pay for placement. In the 1990s, the U.S. Congress awarded nearly $1 billion to the White House Office of National Drug Control Policy for a five-year antidrug campaign. Spending continued into the 21st century. Congress required media companies accepting the purchases to match the purchase with an equal amount of donated space/time.
The fact that nonprofit and government agencies have become increasingly willing to pay for ad placement represents a shift in favor of the view that social causes can be "sold" in much the same way as products are. A field of research and practice called "social marketing" adapts marketing principles for the promotion of social causes.
A debate over social marketing has continued since the early 1970s, when the practice first emerged. According to the social marketing perspective, the promotion of social issues can be more successful if promoters use marketing principles such as segmentation and copy testing.
On the other hand, social issues differ fundamentally from products; they may, for example, be more closely related to deeply held values or more likely to provoke anxiety among consumers. Frequently, the target audience is opposed to the social issue being promoted or it may be very difficult to reach (e.g., drug abusers). To what extent social causes and products can be promoted in the same ways as commodities and brands remains to be seen.
National TV networks sometimes produce and run their own public service messages. These PSAs typically feature actors from popular prime-time series with messages about teacher recruitment, mentoring, staying in school and other noncontroversial issues. While these network messages benefit from star power, critics contend that they promote the networks as much as any social issues and that the network-produced PSAs are replacing prime-time airing of other PSAs.
Cable networks also produce PSAs. For example, MTV sponsors the "Rock the Vote" campaign, designed to encourage young adults to vote. In early 1999, the network launched "Fight for Your Rights," a campaign against violence in schools, neighborhoods and college campuses. Local publishers and broadcasters also produce and distribute advertisements on behalf of local nonprofit organizations.
Corporations continue to produce public service advertising as well. Oil companies have sponsored ads urging consumers to conserve fuel. Beer company advertising urges consumers not to drink and drive.
Toward the end of the 20th century public service advertising began to find its way into new media. Nonprofit organizations first ventured into what might be called, in more narrow terms, online advertising when advertisements for Earth Share appeared on the Prodigy online service beginning in 1993. The National Fatherhood Initiative ran banner ads on the Alta Vista search engine Web site beginning in 1996.
The Internet Advertising Bureau, a trade organization for the Internet advertising industry, asks its members to donate 5% of their ad space to public service advertising.


Google Ngram Viewer
The Google Ngram Viewer or Google Books Ngram Viewer is an online search engine that charts the frequencies of any set of search strings using a yearly count of n-grams found in printed sources published between 1500 and 2019 in Google's text corpora in English, Chinese (simplified), French, German, Hebrew, Italian, Russian, or Spanish. There are also some specialized English corpora, such as American English, British English, and English Fiction.
The program can search for a word or a phrase, including misspellings or gibberish. The n-grams are matched with the text within the selected corpus, optionally using case-sensitive spelling (which compares the exact use of uppercase letters), and, if found in 40 or more books, are then displayed as a graph.
The program was developed by Jon Orwant and Will Brockman and released in mid-December 2010. It was inspired by a prototype called "Bookworm" created by Jean-Baptiste Michel and Erez Aiden from Harvard's Cultural Observatory, Yuan Shen from MIT, and Steven Pinker.
The Ngram Viewer was initially based on the 2009 edition of the Google Books Ngram Corpus. As of July 2020[update], the program supports 2009, 2012, and 2019 corpora.
Operation and restrictions
Commas delimit user-entered search terms, indicating each separate word or phrase to find. The Ngram Viewer returns a plotted line chart.
As an adjustment for more books having been published during some years, the data are normalized, as a relative level, by the number of books published in each year.
Due to limitations on the size of the Ngram database, only matches found in at least 40 books are indexed in the database.
The data set has been criticized for its reliance upon inaccurate OCR, an overabundance of scientific literature, and for including large numbers of incorrectly dated and categorized texts. Because of these errors, and because it is uncontrolled for bias (such as the increasing amount of scientific literature, which causes other terms to appear to decline in popularity), it is risky to use this corpus to study language or test theories. Since the data set does not include metadata, it may not reflect general linguistic or cultural change and can only hint at such an effect.
Guidelines for doing research with data from Google Ngram have been proposed that address many of the issues discussed above.
Optical character recognition, or OCR, is not always reliable, and some characters may not be scanned correctly. In particular, systemic errors like the confusion of "s" and "f" in pre-19th century texts (due to the use of the long s which was similar in appearance to "f") can cause systemic bias. Although Google Ngram Viewer claims that the results are reliable from 1800 onwards, poor OCR and insufficient data mean that frequencies given for languages such as Chinese may only be accurate from 1970 onward, with earlier parts of the corpus showing no results at all for common terms, and data for some years containing more than 50% noise.
- Google Trends
- Lexical analysis
- ^ "Quantitative analysis of culture using millions of digitized books" JB Michel et al, Science 2011, DOI: 10.1126/science.1199644
- ^ a b c "Google Ngram Database Tracks Popularity Of 500 Billion Words" Huffington Post, 17 December 2010, webpage: HP8150.
- ^ a b "Google's Ngram Viewer: A time machine for wordplay", Cnet.com, 17 December 2010, webpage: CN93.
- ^ @searchliaison (July 13, 2020). "The Google Books Ngram Viewer has now been updated with fresh data through 2019" (Tweet). Retrieved 2020-08-11 – via Twitter.
- ^ a b "Google Books Ngram Viewer - University at Buffalo Libraries", Lib.Buffalo.edu, 22 August 2011, webpage: Buf497 Archived 2013-07-02 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b "Google Books Ngram Viewer info page".
- ^ "Google Ngram Viewer - Google Books", Books.Google.com, May 2012, webpage: G-Ngrams.
- ^ a b c d "Google Ngram Viewer - Google Books" (Information), Books.Google.com, December 16, 2010, webpage: G-Ngrams-info: notes bigrams and use of quotes for words with apostrophes.
- ^ Greenfield, Patricia M. (September 2013). "The Changing Psychology of Culture From 1800 Through 2000". Psychological Science. 24 (9): 1722–1731. doi:10.1177/0956797613479387. ISSN 0956-7976. PMID 23925305. S2CID 6123553.
- ^ Younes, Nadja; Reips, Ulf-Dietrich (October 2018). "The changing psychology of culture in German-speaking countries: A Google Ngram study: THE CHANGING PSYCHOLOGY OF CULTURE". International Journal of Psychology. 53: 53–62. doi:10.1002/ijop.12428. PMID 28474338. S2CID 7440938.
- ^ The RSA (4 February 2010). "Steven Pinker – The Stuff of Thought: Language as a window into human nature" – via YouTube.
- ^ Google Ngrams: OCR and Metadata Archived 2016-04-27 at the Wayback Machine. ResourceShelf, 19 December 2010
- ^ Nunberg, Geoff (16 December 2010). "Humanities research with the Google Books corpus". Archived from the original on 10 March 2016.
- ^ Pechenick, Eitan Adam; Danforth, Christopher M.; Dodds, Peter Sheridan; Barrat, Alain (7 October 2015). "Characterizing the Google Books Corpus: Strong Limits to Inferences of Socio-Cultural and Linguistic Evolution". PLOS ONE. 10 (10): e0137041. arXiv:1501.00960. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1037041P. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0137041. PMC 4596490. PMID 26445406.
- ^ Zhang, Sarah. "The Pitfalls of Using Google Ngram to Study Language". WIRED. Retrieved 2017-05-24.
- ^ Koplenig, Alexander (2015-09-02). "The impact of lacking metadata for the measurement of cultural and linguistic change using the Google Ngram data sets—Reconstructing the composition of the German corpus in times of WWII". Digital Scholarship in the Humanities (published 2017-04-01). 32 (1): 169–188. doi:10.1093/llc/fqv037. ISSN 2055-7671.
- ^ Younes, Nadja; Reips, Ulf-Dietrich (2019-03-22). "Guideline for improving the reliability of Google Ngram studies: Evidence from religious terms". PLOS ONE. 14 (3): e0213554. Bibcode:2019PLoSO..1413554Y. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0213554. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 6430395. PMID 30901329.
- ^ Google n-grams and pre-modern Chinese. digitalsinology.org.
- ^ When n-grams go bad. digitalsinology.org.
- Lin, Yuri; et al. (July 2012). "Syntactic Annotations for the Google Books Ngram Corpus" (PDF). Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting. Demo Papers. Jeju, Republic of Korea: Association for Computational Linguistics. 2: 169–174. 2390499.
Whitepaper presenting the 2012 edition of the Google Books Ngram Corpus
- Official website


Kingdom of Loango
Historical kingdom, Africa
Kingdom of Loango, also called Brama Kingdom, former African state in the basin of the Kouilou and Niari rivers (now largely in southwestern Congo [Brazzaville]). Founded by the Vili people, (Bavili), probably before 1485, it was one of the oldest and largest kingdoms of the region. By 1600 it was importing ivory and slaves from the interior along well-established trade routes that extended as far inland as Malebo Pool.
Administration was orderly but decentralized. The men in line for succession to the crown served as provincial governors, rotating provinces in a set sequence each time a king died. Other territorial officials held office for life. By the 18th century, power had become fragmented. A long interregnum began in 1786, and when a king was finally enthroned he lacked any real authority.
Learn More in these related articles:
Country lying on the west coast of Africa, astride the Equator. A former French colony, Gabon retains strong ties to France and to the French language and culture. The capital...
Country situated astride the Equator in west-central Africa. Officially known as the Republic of the Congo, the country is often called Congo (Brazzaville), with its capital added...


The latest scientific discoveries have highlighted and clarified the biochemical mechanisms controlling cell proliferation and differentiation. While the four transcription factors Oct4, Sox2, Klf4 and cMyc have shown to be sufficient to induce pluripotency in fibroblasts, there has in addition a lot of research studying the mechanisms of cell differentiation and the specific properties of stem cells, in particular their plasticity and capacity for trans-differentiation.
These researches have been fundamental in the field of reparative, regenerative and transplant medicine. In fact the genetic engineering production of regulatory factors identified through such research, has allowed the production of new tissues and a new category of cell therapy products, in which the main biological action is carried out by cells or tissues, even if in the presence of organic or inorganic matrices or coatings. Examples of this type of product are in vitro cultivated skin, products made of cellular elements for the reconstruction of bones, cartilages, teeth, etc. Even more important is the fact that a very analytical and detailed characterization of stem cells allowed the comprehension of tumor cell behaviors, that have a crucial role in determining their malignancy.
The malignant behavior of cancer cells can be attributed to the presence of cells with characteristics similar to those of stem cells. As consequence cancer research have been conceived to identify the metabolic pathways common to tumor and stem cells. This will in turn cast light on which micro-environment factors can direct these pathways towards differentiation and induce tumor cells to behave less aggressively.
Recently there has been a lot of studies which were very important to understand the role of embryonic micro-environment in controlling tumor cell behavior and to revert cancer cells towards normal phenotypes. This research is now underway, and they represent the main subject of this website.


To Swami Vivekananda, Religion is not just a talk and doctrines or theories, nor is it sectarianism. Religion can not live in sects and societies. It is a relationship between soul and God.
He explains that religion does not consist in erecting temples or building churches or attending public worship. As well as it can not find in the books or in words or in lectures or in organizations. Religion consists on realization. Religion does not consist in subscribing to a particular creed or faith but in spiritual realization.
Therefore, spiritual realization is religion. He said that “I shall try to bring before you the Hindu theory that religions do not come from without, but from within. It is my belief that religious thought is in man’s very constitution, so much so that it is impossible for him to give up religion until he can give up his mind and body, until he can give up his thought and life.” Religion is inseparable with man and his life. Another thing is that, it is within the man. Each and every one should understand God within their soul through self-realization.
Religion is the manifestation of the divinity already within man. Therefore, it is not necessary to have doctrines or dogmas and intellectual argumentation. It is realization in the heart of our hearts. It is touching God; it is feeling God and realizing that I am a spirit in relation with the universal spirit and all its great manifestations.
In a simple manner, his way of understanding of religion is that man must realize God, feel God, see God, and talk to God. That is the religion. To him material prosperity and wealth is not an important thing. But the wealth of the spiritual thought in brain that is needed to the human progress.
To him, religion has been a great healer as well as cruel killer. In this he try to explain if one religion given a true and bless to the people, it has capacity to heal evil thoughts in human mind, as well the false religion has a capacity to bring darkness in human mind. So that, Vivekananda’s message was that man must occupy the highest place.
Hence, the true welfare of man is his predominant impulse, and a true religion is the only agent for that purpose. He further said that the supreme reality is the only source of happiness. True religion teaches us that the goal of life has to be sought in Ātman only. The world is a vale of tears, but through such experience an ardent seeker has to find that the world is a vale of soul’s growth too.
Swami Vivekananda said that, man is like an infinite spring, coiled up in a small box, and that spring is trying to unfold. His ideal of religion is a spiritual concept. So that without inner growth religion has no value. The very soul of religion is experience. To realize it his suggestion was the yoga system. Through practices of yoga, people can achieve the inner divinity.
Needs for Universal Religion
He realized the nature of man, according to that mankind in the whole world has been trying to look beyond in the quest of his ultimate destiny or search for God. Therefore, whole of the world community is expecting a religion, which is acceptable to the whole world
Humanity in the society with different social organizations are representing different needs of the man. Man and his spiritual aspiration and struggles are represented by the various religions of the world. The various world religions have been indulging in mutual criticisms, vilification, and persecutions. We can see in the world several religions claiming universal empire in the field of religion over all mankind and engaged themselves in ruthless wars and bloodshed to achieve this end.
To parallel this situation, some intellectuals and peace workers are searching a way to establish peace among these. SwamiVivekananda told that “we must understand all of those religions have proved their strength, their worth, and their necessity for mankind.”
Therefore, he understood the equal status of all the religions and the religious plurality in human society. But he did not just jump into this conclusion. He questioned the truth and the religious plurality. Because if we say that one religion is true, automatically the rest of other religions become false.
According to him, all religions are not really contradictory but supplementary. He said that “each religion, as it were, takes up one part of the great universal truth and spends its whole force in embodying and typifying that part of the great truth. It is, therefore, an addition and not exclusion”. That was his identification of equal status of all the religions.
Then he questioned the diversity of views, all of them alike by referring to the same thing and revealing different phases of it. He explained it by giving an example. If, someone takes photography of some building from different angles, we can see different faces of the same object.
But those differences apparent can not be called contradictions, but only shows the many-sidedness of a single unique entity. Therefore, according to him “we are viewing truth, getting as much of it as circumstances will permit, colouring the truth with our own intellect and grasping it with our own mind.
We can only know as much of truth as is related to us, as much of it as we are able to receive. This occasion sometimes even contradictory ideas; yet they all belong to the same universal truth”. Thus, Vivekananda gave equal importance to the all of the religions in the world. He illustrates from the Islam. The followers of Islam are equal. This is the special excellence of that religion. What comes to preach to the world is the brotherhood of all belonging to their faith. Therefore, this ideal is necessary for the development of social harmony.
In Hinduism, spirituality is its soul. Swami Vivekananda pointed out that “in no other religion, in no other sacred books of the world will you find so much energy spent in defining the idea of God. They tried to define the idea of soul, so that no earthly touch might mar it.
The spirit must be divine; and the spirit understood as spirit must not be made into a man. The same idea of unity, of the realization of God, the omnipresent, is preached throughout. They think it is all nonsense to say that he lives in heaven, and all that. Therefore, spirituality is one of the main essences in Hinduism. Christianity also has same kind of ideals which is very much needed for the mankind.
In the above sense, Swami Vivekananda identified the need for universal religion. Then he searched for, the way to form that universal religion. He realized under the circumstances of universal religion can not be established by any one of world religions converting the followers of all others into theirs.
It is possible only to the extent of having a conception of universalism in which there is a place for all religions suited to different types of humanity. Therefore, he gave a place for the humanity in society. There may be different types of people with different mentality, with a different habits, rituals, and beliefs in world. Each and every one has one’s own place. All of these various minds and various types of people are needed to the society. That was his liberal idea on formation of universal religion. He explained it in a following way:
“Our watchword, there will be acceptance and not exclusion. Not only toleration, but acceptance. I accept all religions that were in the past and worship with them all; I worship God with every one of them, in whatever form they worship Him. I shall go to the mosque of the Mohammedan; I shall enter the Christian’s church and kneel before the crucifix; I shall enter the Buddhists temple where I shall take refuge in the Buddha and in the law. I shall go into the forest and sit down in meditation with the Hindu who is trying to see the light that enlightens the heart of everyone.” Therefore, religion must be studied on a broader basis than formally.
Swami Vivekananda continued: As human mind broadens, its spiritual steps broaden too. The time has already come when a man can not record a thought without its reaching all corners of the earth; by merely physical means we have come into touch with the whole world; so the future religions of the world have to become as universal and as wide. The religious ideals of the future must embrace all that exists in the world and is good and great, and at the same time, have infinite scope for future development.
Concept of Universal Religion by Swami Vivekananda
According to Swami Vivekananda, it is the direct realization of the truths of the spiritual world that forms the real essence of religion. True religion is a direct, transcendental experience of the Ultimate Reality. This idea of direct realization is common to all religions.
The end of all religions is the realizing of God in the Soul, and this is the one Universal Religion. If there is one Universal Truth, in all religions, according to Vivekananda, it is the realizing God. Ideals and methods may differ, but this is the main point to be noted.
Swami Vivekananda built his theory of the Transcendental Unity of all religions based on the direct experience of the Ultimate Reality. He spoke on the oneness of all religions with regard to the transcendental aspect of each religion. Differences among religions would not be the cause of conflict; we have to understand them to be mutually complementary.
For Swami Vivekananda, religion is a total concept. All the religions of the world together constitute one whole. For him, there existed only one Eternal Religion of which all other religions were only variations. Each religion has a special bent, a unique trait, some good points and this uniqueness is not the different buildings, languages, rituals, books etc employed in various religions, but…… the internal soul of every religion.
Every religion has a soul behind it, and that soul may differ from the soul of another religion. He continues ‘my idea, therefore, is that all these religions are different forces in the economy of God, working for the good of mankind’.
All the religions of the world together constitute one whole. All religions are valid means to the same end. It is not necessary to change ones religion. To enrich one’s life, one can accept some of the good points in other religions.
Jyotirmayananda, Vivekananda; His Gospel of Man Making, Madras
The Complete Works of Swami Vivekananda, Advaita Ashrama, Kollkata
Tapasyananda, S. The Philosophical and Religious Lectures of Swami Vivekananda , Advaita Ashrama, Kolkata


European Commission/ EUR-Lex: Council Recommendation on Raising seasonal vaccination coverage among risk groups and healthcare workers (22 December 2009)
Council Recommendation on Raising seasonal vaccination coverage among risk groups and healthcare workers (22 December 2009)
European Commission: Influenza
Vaccination policy is a competence of national authorities however, the European Commission supports EU countries to coordinate their policies and programmes. To support EU countries in maintaining or increasing rates of vaccination, the EU Commission promotes seasonal flu vaccination to at risk groups.
The Global Influenza Programme (GIP) provides Member States with strategic guidance, technical support and coordination of activities essential to make their health systems better prepared against seasonal, zoonotic and pandemic influenza threats to populations and individuals.
WHO Europe: Influenza
WHO/Europe aim to reduce influenza-related morbidity and mortality by strengthening virological and epidemiological surveillance for mild and severe influenza; using surveillance data to estimate the burden of influenza in order to prioritize national influenza vaccination programmes; and maintaining and strengthening pandemic preparedness activities at the national level. WHO/Europe also monitors the emergence of other respiratory pathogens that have the potential to spread among humans. These include coronaviruses, which cause a range of illnesses from severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) to the common cold.
CDC (Centres for Disease Control and Prevention): Influenza
CDC works 24/7 to protect America from health, safety and security threats, both foreign and in the U.S. Whether diseases start at home or abroad, are chronic or acute, curable or preventable, human error or deliberate attack, CDC fights disease and supports communities and citizens to do the same.
WHO: Global influenza updates
The summaries of global surveillance are based on data gathered through global and regional data sharing platforms, and direct reports from Member States.
WHO global web-based tool for influenza virological surveillance (FluNet)
FluNet is a global web-based tool for influenza virological surveillance. The number of influenza viruses detected by subtype are critical for tracking the movement of viruses globally and interpreting the epidemiological data. The data at country level are publically available and updated weekly. The results are presented in various formats including tables, maps and graphs.
WHO Regional Office for the Americas PAHO: Influenza updates (FluNet PAHO)
The influenza surveillance data is provided by Ministries of Health and National Influenza Centers of Member States to the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) or from updates on the Member States' Ministry of Health web pages.
WHO Global Influenza Surveillance and Response System (GISRS)
WHO GISRS monitors the evolution of influenza viruses and provides recommendations in areas including laboratory diagnostics, vaccines, antiviral susceptibility and risk assessment. WHO GISRS also serves as a global alert mechanism for the emergence of influenza viruses with pandemic potential.
WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region: Influenza updates (EMFLU)
Eastern Mediterranean Flu (EMFLU) is a regional platform for sharing of epidemiological and virological data on influenza in the WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region.


Almost All Their Components Are Defined
The goal of writing this kind of essay is consistently to inquire and investigate. The section isn’t a overview of what it is that you will be authoring, instead, it is to get what you’re authoring. You actually do not require to claim for or against the subject you’re writing on. Inside this section of the guide, we shall provide you with some hints for creating an excellent reflective essay. Without that, your composition is not likely to be regarded a great piece of writing. There are several issues where you could try your reflective writing abilities. On paper a composition or an essay, it truly is essential to comprehend your examiners is not going to only examine your content and also appear at essential issues like your grammar, punctuation, along with your design of composing. Many significantly, remember that training is as crucial as composing the true article. A reflective article is actually a literary composition that’s generally written by pupils within a English class. Composing an essay is really not a hard job once you learn the structure well.
Recommendations On Troubleshooting Mac If It Stops
If you’re creating an academic essay. Today which you just know, just how you can write a reflective article, here’s a listing of subject suggestions for a reflective essay that you may select from. Emphasizing a special topic causes it to be easier that https://essayvictory.biz/ you write an essay. It ought to be written in an extremely interesting type, therefore the reader feels forced to study the whole article. For the time being, however, novices are going to discover the fundamental article format. They were some exceptional hints for finish starters, which you’re capable to use in just about any essay or address. Also if writing an composition based on personal experience, it really is good if you’re able to backup your own opinions with facts.
Just How To Keep Slim
The dilemma with creating use of a quotation is that it really is regarded to be always a sluggish strategy to end an article. It’s truly not that hard to produce your language or composition end on a strong note. End it utilizing something which will include a bit fact to your own article. Here, I’ll educate you on the way to compose a really effective outlines and a couple of types of focus getters for you next article! An essay isn’t about misinformation, is regarding the truth. An excellent essay is one which carries the correct information in an easy and comprehensible style. With the correct content that’s arranged logically, the reader is going to be funnelled into coming to the related conclusion which you will be showing within the closing area of the article.
Notre Dame Death Rising On Notre Dame Roof, Graduate Slides, Drops To His Death
In addition, the arrangement of your own essay is some thing your teacher may focus on ensure the paper streams predicated on the notion you actually want to communicate. It’s the kind of paper you’d compose before writing a solution paper. The advent of the essay must be very intriguing. This portion of your composition should engage the reader therefore as to stop the composition off perfect. Use this complete article structure to earn a comprehensive outline on your own essays. One narrative to begin article.


Apr 08, 2022
The other is legal monopoly, where laws prohibit (or severely limit) competition. Natural Monopoly. Economies of scale can combine with the size of the market. With techcompanies growing, there's a point where they lead markets. But are these firms monopolies or leaders? Here's everything you need. But if there were no monopoly privilege , would " all the traffic will bear mean all that the social service market will pay rather than go without. Transportation market structure is divided into per- fect competition market, perfect monopoly market and monopoly competition monopoly market on the analysis of. In this Refresher Reading learn about perfect and monopolistic competition, oligopoly, monopoly and the relationship between price, MR, MC.
Monopoly. A monopoly is a firm who is the sole seller of its product, and where there are no monopoly market close substitutes. An unregulated monopoly has market power and. Thinking of grocery delivery? Shop at Shaw's online store and get grocery delivered to your doorstep. Use Shaw's for U rewards & coupons to save money on. Want to dominate your market? Start small and scale upwards, says the Silicon Valley serial entrepreneur and investor. Is Rising Product Market Concentration a Concerning Sign of Growing Monopoly Power? Leena Rudanko. by. Leena Rudanko. Economic Advisor and Economist. Q2 2022. In the interchange market, utilities which would otherwise own and operate best provided by a regulated monopoly utility has been called into question.
Facebook enjoys monopoly power in the online advertising and social networking markets, according to the report. While there are many tools to evaluate marketing policies, and Jayasuriya 2007).export-monopoly marketing boards (Barrett 1996).and. Economies of scale mean today's fierce competition will probably be short-lived Finance & economics. The most extreme example is a monopoly, or a market served by only one firm. A monopolist is the sole supplier (and price setter) of a good in a market. Firms. Market power is also called monopoly power. A competitive firm is a price taker. Thus, a competitive firm has no ability monopoly market to change the price of a good. Each.
Such monopolies/market dominance in the TV vice city link channel distribution market are not in the best interest of consumers and may have serious. A monopoly is a specific type of economic market structure. A monopoly exists when a specific person or enterprise is the only supplier of a particular good. As. European politicians are going after Big Tech monopoly-building with the Digital Markets Act. Meta is currently hiring several senior level competition lawyers. Price lessE lastic C Monopoly Shapes of Firm's Demand Curve Under Different A Competition Monopolistic Monopsony : Monopsony is that market. The idea that Silicon Valley companies are this generation's monopolies? Open Markets has been banging that drum for a long time.
Any person or business who is the only seller in vice city darknet market the market could be classified as having a monopoly. Monopolies are known as big companies that tend to. The company, in fact, monopolizes several other different markets in the world. Example 4 Natural Monopoly. The rare availability of natural resources like. In Defense of Monopoly: How Market Power Fosters Creative Production McKenzie, Richard B., Lee, Dwight R. on monopoly market. *FREE* shipping on qualifying. A monopoly is a market structure that consists of a single seller who has exclusive control over a commodity or service. Lecture 2: Market Structure Part I (Perfect Competition and Monopoly). EC 105. Industrial Organization. Matt Shum. HSS, California Institute of Technology.
It is important to note that the legal context of this topic has greatly limited the options of methodology. This is normal, we all want to change things up sometimes. It was available in English & German and monopoly market supported cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin and Monero. An example of capitulation on a longer time-frame in the crypto market is selling that took place after the price of bitcoin (BTC) reached an all-time high (ATH) of $20,000 USD in December of 2017 and subsequently crashed to $6,500 three months later. Use shift and the arrow up and down keys to change the volume. The Tor network is a series of well connected nodes that helps in the flow monopoly market of information from the sender and the receiver without disclosing the paths of both the intended destination and the source of origin. Dream Market's pages alerting its users that all trade was being halted and that it would be shutting down and migrating to a new URL. In a country like the US where credit cards are still based on a magnetic strip, it has been observed that an impressive amount of credit card fraud involves malware.
As the cryptocurrency space continues to grow, more exchanges have emerged which provide competitive trading fees, exchange rates, and user-friendly features as they vie for more users and trading volume. Please update your billing details here to continue enjoying your subscription. This will make the investigation process versus project market easier and quicker also for the suspect. This idea will be versus project market the largest market in the history of fruit advanced Swiss products.
Distributed by Sound2TheBay, LLC.


PENDIDIKAN ANAK USIA DINI (PAUD) HOLISTIK INTEGRATIF
Education is universally understood as developing the full potential of humanity and the cultivation of socio-cultural values that are believed by a group of people to be able to sustain life and life properly. To create a quality generation, the people really expect adequate education for their sons and daughters especially when they are still at the early age level.
Early age is the most important and fundamental initial period throughout the growth and development of human life. At this time it was marked by various important fundamental periods in the life of the child, the next child until the final period of its development. one of the periods that becomes the character of an early age is the golden ages. Acceleration and expansion of PAUD services is one of the strategic policies passed by the national education ministry in line with the policy of adding and increasing the competence and capacity of PAUD education to become demands that cannot be ignored.
A comprehensive integrative effort is needed to develop PAUD institutions so that being able to truly develop the potential of early childhood to achieve it requires high dedication from educators / family schools, communities, and the government


The Earth has two new sisters. They are two potentially habitable planets not far from the Solar System, just over 12 light-years away, in the constellation of Aries, in orbit around the star Teegarden.
The discovery is illustrated in the Carmenes consortium study, published in the journal Astronomy & Atrophysics and coordinated by the German University of Göttingen.
“The aim of the Carmenes project is to find habitable terrestrial-type planets around small stars near the Sun,” explained one of the astronomers, Mancini. The two sisters of the Earth, baptized Teegarden B and C, orbit their mother star in 4.9 and 11.4 days.
Discovered in 2003, the star Teegarden is a red dwarf, the most common type of star in the Milky Way. It is 10 times smaller than the Sun, 1,500 times less luminous and with a temperature around half of our star.
“The two planets – Mancini has clarified – have been found, after three years of observations, with the so-called Doppler technique, that is studying the variation of the radial velocity of the star, in the direction of the observer. Like the variation of the sound of an ambulance approaching or moving away from us”.
The two worlds, with a mass similar to Earth, immediately attracted the attention of researchers. “They are among the most Earth-like planets ever discovered so far“.
One of the two, Teegarden B, has for example the highest index of similarity with the Earth between just over 4,000 worlds outside the Solar System identified so far by scholars. “Both planets – as Mancini pointed out – are in fact, like the Earth, in the so-called habitability zone, the region of space at a distance from the parent star that has the right temperature for the presence of water in the liquid state”.
Future goal is to look directly at these two planets with next-generation telescopes, such as the E-ELT (European-Extremely Large Telescope) of the Southern European Observatory (ESO), and the American TMT (Thirty Meter Telescope).
We will then be able, for example, to understand if they have an atmosphere, in which we can look for possible signs of presence of molecules tied to some sort of life.


A Compressed-air engine is a pneumatic actuator that creates useful work by expanding compressed air. They have existed in many forms over the past two centuries, ranging in size from hand held turbines up to several hundred horsepower. Some types rely on pistons and cylinders, others use turbines. Many compressed air engines improve their performance by heating the incoming air, or the engine itself. Some took this a stage further and burned fuel in the cylinder or turbine, forming a type of internal combustion engine.
How the Air Car Works
The pneumatic engines are based on the same mechanical principles as steam engines, with the same characteristics. The only difference is, that instead of using steam, it uses compressed air to generate power. The engine is made of brand new (and a small percentage of mint condition - like new) original LEGO® parts. The pneumatic elements are modified, to increase engine performance and your enjoyment. ‹ How pneumatic engines work?
Gasoline is already the fuel of the past. It might not seem that way as you fill up on your way to work, but the petroleum used to make it is gradually running out. It also pollutes air that's becoming increasingly unhealthy to breathe, and people no longer want to pay the high prices that oil companies are charging for it. Automobile manufacturers know all of this and have spent lots of time and money to find and develop the fuel of the future. The search is on, but what will this fuel of the future be? Ready-made fuels like petroleum are becoming more difficult to find and automobile manufacturers are turning to greener energy sources like batteries. These batteries can be charged with energy and placed in a car where that energy can be released. As good as that idea might seem, some manufacturers think air could become an even better energy source. Air? At first glance, the idea of running a car on air seems almost too good to be true. If we can use air...
Please join StudyMode to read the full document


Capital punishment essays
Capital Punishment is characterized as the Judicature, where a person is sentenced when he or she has committed a grievous offense and is followed by the execution of.Without capital punishment (the death penalty) our lives are less secure and crimes of violence increase.Death penalty reduces crime rates to some extent since criminals fear to be executed than going to prison.
Capital Punishment - Essay DemonCritics believe that some mistakenly convicted prisoner might be executed unfairly.This is a controversial subject with some supporting while others oppose strongly.
Capital punishment essay conclusion - Custom Paper Writing
Importance of Capital Punishment - EssaysWriters.comMurder is the unlawful killing of another human being with an.Death penalty, also called capital punishment, is when a government or state executes (kills) someone, usually but not always because they have committed a serious crime.Capital Punishment Introduction Capital punishment is one of the many things that society has to agree to disagree.Capital Punishment In the past, people have invariably felt that if they had been wronged in some way, it was his or her right to.Cooperate with our writers to receive the excellent essay meeting the.
It has been banned by others, suspended by some, and others still want to expand it applicability.I agree with the law that people who commit crimes need to be punished for their wrong doings.
Capital Punishment and Public Safety - Ethika PolitikaThe death penalty has been a hot button issue for many years.The death penalty or also known as capital punishment is the maximum sentence used in punishing people who kill another human being, which is a very controversial method of punishment.
Convicts are executed according to judicial provision when they commit capital crimes (Smith, 2003-2011) in this practice.Capital punishment is a controversial issue in United States, which has brought various public debates.This prevents unnecessary involvement into criminal acts by the victims to avenge.Capital punishment is the execution of a perpetrator for committing a heinous crime (homicide), and it is a hotly debated topic in our society.
Thesis statement for capital punishment pro - Мой блог
Capital Punishment Essay Example - studentshare.netMany religions, such as my own, Catholicism, follow the rules that God sent to use through the Ten Commandments.
Capital Punishment Should Be Abolished Essay SampleCapital punishment has been a debatable topic for many years.
Capital Punishment essay writing service, custom Capital Punishment papers, term papers, free Capital Punishment samples, research papers, help.Please contact our custom service if you have any questions concerning our service.Each custom written assignment is unique and has no plagiarism at all.Capital punishment essay conclusion - Give your papers to the most talented writers.The website is owned and operated by Global Soft Group Corp, BVI.
Capital Punishment -- Pro essaysThe question of whether capital punishment is right or wrong is a truly.
Justice requires that criminals get a punishment in regard to their offences.These are crimes so serious that warrants punishment by death.
Benefits of Capital Punishment | NovelguideThesis One: In principle a case can be made on moral grounds both supporting and opposing capital punishment.
Includes plenty of examples of NGO's and IGO's, and case studies.
Capital Punishment Essay Examples | Kibin
Capital punishment in Canada - WikipediaSeeking expert essay writers to write your essay on capital punishment.Other states include Wisconsin, North Dakota, Minnesota, Rhode Island, Maine, West Virginia, lowa, Vermont, and District of Colombia.It is true that this form of punishment deters crime rates from rising and safeguards the society from dangerous criminals.
We help students write stand-out argumentative and persuasive essays related to capital punishment essays.Summary Even in America, one of the most civilised societies in the world, capital punishment is legal.
Capital Punishment Essay | Year 12 HSC - Legal StudiesIllinois abolition legislation will only take effect after July 1, 2011.
Capital punishment is the practice of executing someone as punishment for a specific crime after a proper legal trial.However, the court gave a possibility that the punishment could be constitutional if imposed on extreme crimes and applied in a standard way.Murder is the unlawful killing of another human being with an intentional or criminal intent.You are able to control the progress of your writing assigment.Capital Punishment Analysis essay writing service, custom Capital Punishment Analysis papers, term papers, free Capital Punishment Analysis samples, research papers, help.A country reputation always comes from law system, crime rates and wealth.Michigan amended the constitution to avoid any future attempts to reinstate this form of punishment in 1963.


WHAT IS A POSTERIOR VITREOUS DETACHMENT?
The middle of the eye is filled with a substance called vitreous. The vitreous is normally attached to the retina, in the back of the eye. A posterior vitreous detachment (PVD) is when the vitreous pulls away from the retina.
WHAT CAUSES A PVD?
As we age, the vitreous changes. It becomes less solid and more liquid-like. It shrinks and pulls away from the back of the eye. The vitreous is attached to the retina by millions of microscopic fibers. When enough of these fibers break, the vitreous separates completely from the retina, causing a PVD.
WHAT ARE SYMPTOMS OF A PVD?
Most people with a PVD will not notice any symptoms. Some with PVD will have the following symptoms:
WHO IS AT RISK FOR PVD?
A PVD, much like wrinkles, is a normal part of aging. It usually happens to most people by the age of 70. These are some risk factors that may cause a PVD to happen earlier:
For most people, a PVD is a benign (harmless) event with no symptoms and no vision loss. Others may notice a lot of floaters. Floaters can be bothersome but usually become less noticeable over time.
For a small amount of people having a PVD, problems occur when the vitreous detaches from the retina. The vitreous pulls too hard from the back of the eye and takes a piece of the underlying tissue (the retina) with it. This is called a retinal tear. It can lead to a retinal detachment, which can cause permanent loss of vision.
Most people don’t know they are having a PVD. But if you notice a lot of floaters or flashes of light suddenly, or have a decrease in vision, see your ophthalmologist as soon as possible. These symptoms can be normal, but they can also mean that you have a retinal tear or retinal detachment. You won’t be able to tell the difference but an ophthalmologist can. If a retinal tear or retinal detachment is treated early enough by an ophthalmologist, you can save your vision.
If a PVD happens normally without any damage to the retina, no treatment is needed. If a retinal tear happens during a PVD, treatment is usually needed. Your ophthalmologist will seal the retina to the wall of the eye using a laser or cryopexy (freezing treatment).


At the recent North American convention of the International Map Trade Association in Washington, D.C., National Geographic Maps President William Stoehr discussed the latest developments in cartography. Stoehr is a past president of the International Map Trade Association.
What are the major trends in mapmaking?
Technology has changed dramatically over the past decadethe way maps are made, sold, delivered, and used. The change has impacted all four general areas of the map business we serve: navigation, recreation, education, and decoration.
Today maps are produced digitally and delivered electronically. National Geographic's MapMachine is an example of this. This is an ATM-like kiosk that is starting to appear in retail outlets throughout the United States. It allows users to browse for maps they need, customize them, and print them out.
Similarly, we are beginning to see maps that may be downloaded to Palm Pilots or other mobile devices.
The advantage of being able to get maps online like this is that they can be easily updated by both the producers and users of maps.
Combine all this with the Global Positioning System (GPS) and you have maps that are instantly available, up-to-date, customized, interactive maps for users with very specific interests and needs.
Technology has certainly changed the way we use maps. It's fashionable to talk about the convergence of technology, and in the case of maps we are seeing the coming together of ancient know-how, the craft and artistry of mapmaking, with mobile Internet devices that can be updated interactively from the field and shared via the Internet with users everywhere.
So with the new type of maps people have found additional uses for maps?
Maps frequently help people to make decisions. They provide critical information. But like the news business, where yesterday's news is old news, out-of-date maps may lack critical or desired information needed by the user.
Think of a hiker in the mountains who uses a trail map. It shows a lot of information but it may not show yesterday's snow slide or a bridge that was washed away. With electronic delivery, maps can be updated as soon as the information becomes available. We can update our MapMachines through modems so that customers get the very latest data available.
SOURCES AND RELATED WEB SITES


The Effects of Tetracycline on Chick Embryos
This embryo was smaller and weighed significantly less than the other
experimental embryos (16.9g). In addition, the external organs were exposed, there was no feather growth and the embryo died during the experimental period.
Our experiment found that three embryos did not fertilize (embryos 1, 10, and 12) and were not part of the conclusions.
In conclusion, our experimental findings showed that tetracycline is inhibitive to normal embryo growth as found in embryos two through six. Further, higher dosages of tetracycline are detrimental to embryonic growth as noted in embryos seven.
If future testing is done, more embryos should be injected at the higher 0.2mg dosage to validate the findings from embryo seven and an internal study of embryos two through six (with 0.05mg tetracycline) should be conducted to determine possible contributing factors to the abnormally large growth of these embryos.
- Binge Drinking and Its Effects on College Campuses
- The Effects of Tetracycline on Chick Embryos
- Why Have People Migrated to Australia and what Have Been the Effects of Immigration on the Country and Its People?
E-pasta adrese, uz kuru nosūtīt darba saiti:
Saite uz darbu:


by Pastor Ron Crisp
Christ Jesus instituted the church and placed it over the work of His kingdom. As with any organization the church must operate under some type of polity. The founders of our nation were very careful as they chose the form of government for us to use and enjoy. Can we believe that our Lord was any less careful in giving direction and instruction to His churches? History reveals that church government is indeed a critical issue. Error in the polity of a church will lead to error in the gospel of a church.
THE HEADSHIP OF CHRIST
True churches are unique among self-governing societies in that they operate under the Lordship of Jesus Christ. He is the head and only lawgiver over the assembly (Ephesians 1:22). The church is His property (Matthew 16:18). Christ is to rule supremely through His Word and through the leadership of His Holy Spirit (Revelation 2:7,11,17,19; Revelation 3:6, 13, 22). Neither a pastor nor a people are to seek or have any intent or concern other than doing the will of Christ. He is Lord over God's house. We are but stewards and servants.
FORMS OF CHURCH GOVERNMENT
Christ's Lordship does not negate the need for church government nor does it lessen the importance of this study. We submit to Christ's rule by obeying His Word. Jesus is Lord; therefore, His church must govern itself according to scriptural order.
What then is the Biblical form of church government? Most Bible teachers consider it helpful to compare and contrast the forms most common in "Christendom." These are: The Presbyterian Form The word "presbyterian" comes from the Greek word that is translated "elder" in our English Bible. James Pendleton has described Presbyterianism in this way:
Presbyterianism recognizes two classes of elders— preaching elders and ruling elders. The pastor and ruling elders of a congregation constitute what is called "the session of the church." The "session" transacts the business of the church, receives, dismisses, excludes members, etc. From the decisions of a session there is an appeal to the presbytery; from the action of the presbytery an appeal to the Synod; and from the action of the Synod an appeal toe the General Assembly, whose adjudications are final and irresistible.
Presbyterianism errs from scriptural order in these three particulars:
1. Presbyterianism names two distinct orders of elder—the ruling elder and the preaching elder. Ruling elders are laymen who are part of the "session of the church."
2. This form of church government is not democratic. The church is ruled by the "session" which handles all matters of membership, discipline, etc.
3. Presbyterianism holds that the local church is part of a larger structure. In this way the local church in not the final court of appeal and does not hold the keys of the Kingdom.
The Episcopal Form
The word "episcopal" comes from the Greek word translated "bishop" or "overseer" in our English Bible. Those who hold to this form of polity teach that there are three positions in the ministry—the deacons, the elders, and the bishops. The bishop is a man who superintends an entire district of churches. The Roman Catholic Church holds to an Episcopal polity. It has also created a more extensive hierarchy that includes deacons, priests, bishops, archbishops, patriarchs, cardinals and finally, a pope.
The Episcopal form of church government errs from scriptural order in these three ways:
1. Deacons are not an order of clergy.
2. Elders and bishops are not a separate order of clergy. Both elder and bishop refer to the same office. Elders are the bishops or overseers of the church (Compare Acts 20:17 with Acts 20:28). This Episcopal concept of bishops developed in the second century A.D.
3. Those who hold to this form of church government believe that the local church is but only a part of a larger national or worldwide church.
The Congregational-Independent Form
The Bible teaches and Baptists believe in a congregational-independent form of church polity. The term "congregational" means that the power and/or direction of the church lie with its people. In this sense, the church is a democracy. The label "independent" means that the local church is complete and autonomous. The church is not a part of a larger entity and there is no appeal from its authority.
PROOF OF CONGREGATIONAL - INDEPENDENT POLITY
The congregational nature of church government is seen in the way that the first New Testament churches carried out their work. These early churches chose their own officers. Acts 1:15-16 tells of the selection of men as candidates to fill the place of Judas. Note that in Acts 6:3-5 the deacons were chosen by the members of the Jerusalem church.
The early churches had sole power to discipline their members. The majority inflicted the discipline of members of the Corinthian church (2 Corinthians 2:6-7). Paul did not doubt that the man in that church who was involved in an incestuous relationship needed to be disciplined but Paul left the act of exclusion to that local assembly. See I Corinthians 5:4-5.
Even in situations where apostolic churches cooperated in the Lord's work, the local church retained its autonomy. Each individual church chose men to carry out particular talks and to act as messengers. See 2 Corinthians 8:19,23 and I Corinthians 16:3.
Congregational polity is also in accord with other Biblical revelations concerning the church. For example, the New Testament teaches that there should be a regenerate church membership. Membership is voluntary and is restricted to those who know and love Christ. Church members as believer priests can discern God's will. Is it really any surprise that churches which have infant and other unconverted members do reject the congregational-independent polity?
Congregational polity is also implied in the nature of the ministry. Elders are not clerical priests or spiritual lords over God's people. Elders rule by teaching truth and by setting an example of obedience to Christ. Ministers labor among brethren, not among serfs. See Matthew 20:25-27 and Matthew 23:8.
The scripture is equally clear concerning the independent nature of the church. Again, the churches described in the New Testament were local assemblies. There was never any mention of any church being a part of some larger organization or entity. Nowhere in the Bible were a group of churches in a locality or the aggregate of churches on earth referred to as "the church" (Galatians 1:2). Each assembly was a body of Christ ad a house of God. One may speak of the Presbyterian or Episcopal Church of America but such a label or title cannot be applied to Baptists. The Baptist concept of the church forbids it. Baptists may use the word "church" in an institutional sense or they may use it in referring to an actual assembly.
The New Testament describes each local church as one that exercised the responsibility of having the keys of the Kingdom. Each New Testament church elected, ordained and sent out preachers. Each one also received members, disciplined, conducted business and did God's work. Matthew 18:17-18 tells us that there was not an appeal regarding decisions of the local church. Furthermore, each church answered for its own actions and doctrines. Christ Jesus wrote to each of the seven churches in Asia Minor (Revelation 2-3). He did not write to a regional board or bishop. Paul also wrote to individual churches such as the church at Corinth.
New Testament churches appointed "messengers" (2 Corinthians 8:23). These were not "delegates." There is no scriptural evidence that any church felt at liberty to delegate its authority to any man, committee or board. These churches were truly autonomous and were themselves the instruments that God used to carry out the Great Commission.
Present day Baptists need to be cautious and to beware of losing their true independence by delegating away their power and responsibilities. Dr. D.M. Lloyd-Jones has made an insightful comment in his sermon on church government.
And then, finally, there is the view of church government which we call congregational or independent. It is rather difficult to handle this subject nowadays because not one of the descriptions which I will be giving is strictly in correspondence with what is actually in practice today. Here I am beginning to talk about independency or Congregationalism. But there is very little of such a quality to be had today. The Congregational-ists—those who believe in the congregational system— affirm that every local church is an entity in itself, that it has supreme power to decide everything itself. It is a gathering of Christians who believe the Lord is present and is the Head of the Church, and who believe that, as they look to Him and wait upon Him, He, by the Spirit, will guide them and give them wisdom they need to decide about doctrine and discipline, and so on. The local church is autonomous, it governs itself, and does not look to any higher body, be it a bench of bishops, a presbytery, a general assembly or anything else.
But, I ask, how many such churches are there today? Originally, the description applied to the so-called Congregationalists and to the Baptists, for the Baptists believe in congregational church order, independency from the standpoint of government. But, in general, today both the Congregationalists and the Baptists have adopted the Presbyterian idea with their sustentation funds and their control over the local church through funds. They are no longer Congregationalists but have become Presbyterian, with power given to a higher body which can influence the local church. But ideally, and originally in the seventeenth century, Congregationalism or Independency conformed to the pattern which I have just been describing.
Many boards, associations, fellowships and conventions claim to be "servants" of the churches while usurping the local church's authority. For example, mission boards will allow churches to ordain missionaries while reserving to themselves the authority to send them. They by doing this are merely "tipping their hat" to the local church.
Some have pointed to the convocation described in Acts 15 as being in contradiction to the Baptist view of local church autonomy. However, scholars who write without bias recognize that in this passage the church at Jerusalem was only giving brotherly advice to the church at Antioch.
Church historians are amazingly unanimous in their views in regard to the congregational-independent polity of the apostolic churches. We as Baptists of the third millennia must be vigilant in adhering to the New Testament pattern for our local churches. This issue is of a more serious nature than many of us assume it to be.


Instructions for Android
Infos auf Deutsch
iPhone (some iPads can also be used)
A location with a light polluted sky.
A friend to accompany you while you are doing observations.
The ability to see at both near and far distances without removing glasses.
Your phone case must not have a magnetic clasp.
Before you start:
The Loss of the Night app is meant to be used outside at night. For safety's sake, inspect the area where you plan to do your observation during the day, and make sure that it has level ground where you can move around safety.
People using mobile phones are less aware of their surroundings, so you should never use the app alone outdoors at night! Always take a friend to watch out for potential hazards while you are using the app. These could include tripping hazards, vehicles, dangerous weather, and crime. If for some reason it's not safe to do an observation, put down your phone and leave the area immediately!
Installing the app:
To install the app, visit this link. If it doesn't work for some reason, just do a search in the app store for "Loss of the Night".
Running the app:
When you click "accept" you are brought to a screen with information about light pollution. Click "next" to go on.
Next comes a screen titled "USE". We would appreciate it if you would register and tell us something about your vision and your observing experience. Click "Register Now" or just "Continue as a guest".
If you choose to register, tell us your approximate age by clicking on the word "Age" and then scrolling to the correct age range. Click elsewhere on the screen to select the age. Next, click to tell us whether you wear glasses, and how much stargazing experience you have. We also ask you to provide a username and your email. If you provide your email, we will send you a thank you email within about a month of your observation. In extremely rare cases we contact a user if we have questions about their data. When you have finished entering your information, click the ⧁ button to go to the main menu.
Making an observation
To start an observation from the main menu, click "start observing stars". The screen will show you an indication asking you to tip your phone into landscape mode. At this point, the app will only work properly if you're outside, as it needs to get a GPS signal. This can sometimes take up to a few minutes.
If it is still twilight or if the moon is in the sky, the app will give you a message that it's not "dark enough". The moon prevents measurements from being made for about two weeks at a time, so if this is the case, the app allows you to add a note to your calendar when the next observing period at your location starts. (Click "Measure anyway" if you'd like to test out the app.)
(At this point, in locations with a lot of magnetic material or electric cables around, your phone may give you a warning that your compass has a problem. You can try to calibrate it by moving your phone in a figure 8, or turning it around all three axes. It this doesn't work, then there is either a problem with your location or your phone's compass. You can opt to measure anyway, but the stars displayed on the phone will likely be shifted compared to the ones in the sky.)
Next, you are asked to input the current weather conditions. Click the relevant symbol (or symbols), and then "Continue".
Star searchThe app will now try to direct you to one of the brightest stars in the sky. Turn your body in a circle and watch how the arrow changes direction. Tilt your arm down so that your app is pointed toward the ground, and it will show you the stars that are under the Earth. Tilt your arm up to the sky, and it should show you the stars that are currently in the sky. It is very important that while looking at the stars in the sky you keep the phone's screen oriented perpendicular to your body!
If you cannot see the very first star, there may be something wrong with your phone. The app always starts with one of the very brightest stars in the sky, which should be visible even inside of large cities. The most likely problem is that your compass is not working properly. If your phone is in a carrying case that has a magnetic clasp, you will need to take the phone out of its case and then recalibrate the compass (quit the app, and then start it again).
If the stars appear to be bouncing around a lot, you may be in a location with strong electromagnetic fields (e.g. near overhead or buried power lines). It's best to try to use the app in a grassy area, like a park. Finally, it's possible that the compass or GPS from your phone is not working properly, and if this is the case the app will not work on your phone.
Continuing your observation
Each time you find a star, the app will ask you if it's visible or not. If you can't see the star for some reason, click on "Not visible or unsure". You will then be brought to a menu that gives you five options for why you can't see the star. Choose the option that is most appropriate:
Once you have made a decision on a total of 8 stars, the app will pop up a message that says "8 stars reached". You will have the option to quit, "Register" (if you haven't done so already), or "3 more stars". We would really appreciate it when you observe a few additional stars, because observing more stars improves the accuracy of your measurement.
If you click "3 more stars" the app will ask you again when you reach 11, 14, and 17 stars. After that, if you want to continue, it won't interrupt you anymore, and you can click the "back" button whenever you are ready to end your observation. When you end your observation, the data is automatically sent to a server hosted by the GLOBE at Night project if your phone has an Internet connection. If you have a data plan, this should happen immediately, otherwise, it will be transferred the next time you have a WiFi connection.
Accessing your data
The app stores the results of your observations on your phone. In the main menu, click on "User data" and then "My measurements". A screen will come up showing the dates that you did observations, and the results. If you click on an observation, then the app will show you the names and magnitudes of the stars that you looked for, and what your decision was (stars with smaller magnitudes are brighter.)
The "User data" menu allows you to change some of the app settings. You can toggle the display of star and constellation names, and choose whether some screens display on start up. You can also increase the size of stars and fonts (this might help if you are farsighted). If you find that the screen is too bright during your star observations, click "Make screen darker" and see if it helps.
As the year goes on, different stars appear in the night sky over your head. If you enjoy using the app, feel free to use it as often as you like!
The app contains a lot of information about light pollution that you might find interesting. You can access this information by clicking on "Project information" in the main menu.
You can also switch between "Day mode" and "Night mode" in the main menu. Please use the Night mode when making observations, because it is designed to have less of an effect on your night vision.
If you have a Sky Quality Meter, you can submit data taken with the device as well. From the main menu, click "Submit data from SQM" and then use the scroll wheels to enter the SQM value.
More information about the Loss of the Night app project is available on our blog.
If you'd like to read a paper that demonstrates the scientific value of citizen observations of naked eye star visibility, you can access it for free here.
The app is available in 15 languages, and automatically uses the language that your device is set to.
Thank you for taking part in this project! Your data will help us understand how the brightness of the night sky is changing around the world. Because we are interested in understanding long-term changes, the most valuable data are observations taken at the same place year after year.


Scott Halleran / Getty Images
A marmoset hangs off a tree on May 6, 2012, during the LPGA Brazil Cup at the Itanhanga Golf Club in Rio de Janeiro. Marmosets were among the animals surveyed in the study of eastern Brazilian forests published in PLOS One.
OSLO, Norway -- Animals living in patches of rainforest cut off from bigger expanses of jungle by farms, roads or towns are dying off faster than previously thought, according to an academic study published Tuesday.
"We uncovered a staggering rate of local extinctions," the British and Brazilian researchers wrote in the online science journal PLOS ONE.
They visited 196 fragments of what was once a giant, intact forest in eastern Brazil on the Atlantic coast, now broken up by decades of deforestation to make way for agriculture.
Each isolated forest patch, ranging from less than the size of a soccer field to more than 12,000 acres, had on average only four of 18 types of the mammals the experts surveyed, including howler monkeys and marmosets.
White-lipped peccaries, similar to pigs, "were completely wiped out and jaguars, lowland tapirs, woolly spider monkeys and giant anteaters were virtually extinct," the British and Brazilian scientists said of their findings.
'Bad news for conservation'
Normal estimates of declining wildlife numbers, based on the size of isolated forest fragments, predicted higher survival rates, it said. But they had underestimated continuing human pressures such as hunting and fires.
"This is bad news for conservation," Professor Carlos Peres, of Britain's University of East Anglia, told Reuters. Many animals had vanished even in what seemed big areas of forest with intact tree canopy, he said.
The rate of species loss in the area studied -- the Atlantic Forest region which covers 95,000 square miles, the size of Britain or the state of Michigan, was likely to be mirrored in other countries such as Indonesia, Ghana or Madagascar, Peres said.
Mario Tama / Getty Images
The Belo Monte dam is among 60 Brazil plans to build in its Amazon region to help power its growing economy. But the vision also has its critics.
Plea for parks
The scientists urged better conservation.
In Brazil, animals survived best in five forest remnants that were protected as parks. "This paper is a very big positive endorsement of more protected areas," Peres said.
Measures to place an economic value on forests could help, he said. Peres gave the example of preserving forests as part of a fight against climate change.
Forests absorb carbon dioxide, the main greenhouse gas, as they grow and release it when they burn or rot. Between 12 and 20 percent of man-made greenhouse gas emissions, most of which come from burning fossil fuels, are caused by deforestation.
Mario Tama / Getty Images
The Amazon rainforest has meant prosperous times for many in Brazil, but environmental and cultural disaster for others.
Almost 200 countries are looking into ways to protect forests through a U.N. program called REDD (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation) that would put a price on carbon stored in trees in developing countries. One example would be to bring forests into carbon trading systems.
Peres said that "degradation" in U.N. jargon referred mainly to logging but should be expanded to cover threats to wildlife.
"My mission is to put wildlife and biodiversity into that second 'D' of REDD," he said.
More world stories from NBC News:
- 1,000 suicides linked to hard economic times in Britain?
- Dozens killed in Afghan suicide bomber attacks
- Study: Japan nuclear disaster caused mutated butterflies
- Restaurateur claims Games cost her business $140,000
- On to Sochi: Virtual tour of the next Olympic city
- Will world inaction help al-Qaida gain foothold in Syria?
- Analysis: Egypt's Morsi shows he's a force to be reckoned with
- Vatican says the 'butler did it,' orders trial
- Olympic heroes turn tourists as London 2012 end nears
- Mormon church brings in $7 billion a year from tithing


ABOUT THIS BOOK
More than any other decade, the sixties capture our collective cultural imagination. And while many Americans can immediately imagine the sound of Martin Luther King Jr. declaring “I have a dream!” or envision hippies placing flowers in gun barrels, the revolutionary sixties resonates around the world: China’s communist government inaugurated a new cultural era, African nations won independence from colonial rule, and students across Europe took to the streets, calling for an end to capitalism, imperialism, and the Vietnam War.
In this innovative work, James Meyer turns to art criticism, theory, memoir, and fiction to examine the fascination with the long sixties and contemporary expressions of these cultural memories across the globe. Meyer draws on a diverse range of cultural objects that reimagine this revolutionary era stretching from the 1950s to the 1970s, including reenactments of civil rights, antiwar, and feminist marches, paintings, sculptures, photographs, novels, and films. Many of these works were created by artists and writers born during the long Sixties who were driven to understand a monumental era that they missed. These cases show us that the past becomes significant only in relation to our present, and our remembered history never perfectly replicates time past. This, Meyer argues, is precisely what makes our contemporary attachment to the past so important: it provides us a critical opportunity to examine our own relationship to history, memory, and nostalgia.


Imagine if we could establish native vegetation as easily as sowing pasture – a customised seed-mix applied at the hectare scale using agricultural techniques. Imagine if together with seeds we could reintroduce the native mycorrhizal fungi upon which many of our native species depend. Such an approach would drastically reduce the cost and increase the success rate of native reforestation in New Zealand.
Establishing large-scale native forests from seeds
One Billion Trees Seeds Project Ngā Kākano Whakahau, a collaboration between the QEII National Trust, Department of Conservation and University of Otago, is developing practical methods for the large scale establishment of native forest from seeds. However, the project is as much about below-ground rehabilitation as it is about above ground revegetation and is especially focused on protocols that can be implemented by community groups. Lead by University of Otago botanist Janice Lord, the project aims to combine agricultural seed delivery methods with a detailed understanding of how to enable germinating seeds to reconnect with essential mycorrhizal fungi.
Partnerships bring innovative technology and expertise to seedling trials
Phase 1 of the project, co-funded by the Biological Heritage National Science Challenge has involved isolating and identifying mycorrhizal fungi associated with beech and Manuka on the Mahu Whenua QEII covenants between Arrowtown and Wanaka, and working on methods to extract and store viable fungal spores.
Mahu Whenua ecosantuary website
Phase 2 of the project commenced in June 2019, and has secured three years of funding from the Ministry of Primary Industries under the 1 Billion Trees Programme. It involves large scale seeding trials at field sites at Mahu Whenua and High Peak Station, Canterbury, comparing different sowing methods, approaches to site preparation and weed control, as well as fungal inoculation. We are also investigating the reproductive biology and fungal associations of key species and undertaking glasshouse trials to support work in the field.
This work is being made possible with in-kind contributions from the University of Otago, QEII Trust, Soho Properties, High Peak Station and Department of Conservation. Further expertise is being provided by Red Tree Environmental Solutions Ltd, and project manager Hilary Lennox from Ahika Consulting Ltd.
Ahika Consulting website
A number of hectares on both Motatapu Station and High Peak Station have been sown with native seed mixes using a conventional disk drill, a minimal tillage CrossSlotTM drill, and the Department of Conservation's Burford drill, now operated by SeedNZnative.
RedTree Environmental's Enviroblanket™ technology, which involves the application of mulch over a large area into which the seeds are sown.
RedTree Environmental Solutions website
Postgraduate students investigate optimum conditions for native seedlings
A number of postgraduate projects are associated with Ngā Kākano Whakahau. Laura van Galen's PhD thesis focused on factors that affect beech seedling germination and survival rates in grasslands. One of the most important factors is the presence of ectomycorrhizal (EM) fungi, due to the obligate relationship between this type of fungi and beech trees. Other factors such as soil nutrients, grass competition and the availability of microsites also play a role and so her experiments are testing these factors in combination in a large trial covering c.1 hectare at Mahu Whenua.
Merissa Strawsine's MSc thesis examined the role of Manuka in facilitating the establishment of native beech species from seed. NZ beech species are the only native trees that form associations with EM fungi alone. However, Manuka and kanuka can host EM fungi in addition to the more generalist arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi. Merissa is examining how fungal diversity on Manuka roots is associated with beech seedling establishment.
Herbicides are a common tool in restoration and reforestation projects. Experiments at Mahu Whenua, as part of Ngaio Emson's MSc, will determine the optimal amount and type of herbicide that can reduce competition from weeds without causing significant harm to native seedlings. This information will be valuable in any restoration project because competition from weeds can be a problem when trying to establish slower-growing native species from seed.
Ngā Kākana Whakahau also connects with an increasing number of projects examining aspects of restoration, reforestation and carbon sequestration by native trees, for example, the Wakatipu Beech Seeding Project and the Coronet Peak planting project.
Completed postgraduate theses associated with this project:
- Merissa Strawsine (MSc): Can Mānuka mycorrhizal fungi facilitate southern beech establishment?
- Cara-Lisa Schloots (MSc): Water level fluctuation and vegetation patterns within an alpine wetland complex.
- Laura Van Galen (PhD): Facilitating beech forest restoration: understanding edge dynamics and drivers of distribution.
- Ngaio Emson (MSc): The effects of wilding conifer control: herbicide impacts on above and below ground communities in tussock grasslands.
Postgraduate research in progress:
- Ben Teele (PhD): Restoration of woody species in dryland ecosystems.
- Alistair Barber-Sperling (MSc): The effect of distance on the ectomycorrhizal colonisation of beech seedlings.
- Kate Moss-Mason (MSc): Improving native forest restoration practices in Aotearoa-New Zealand
Publications relating to this project:
- Flammability trajectories following destocking and forestation: a case study in the New Zealand high country
- Restoration of southern hemisphere beech (Nothofagaceae) forests: a meta-analysis
- Barriers to seedling establishment in grasslands: implications for Nothofagus forest restoration and migration.
- The effect of stratification and shade on germination of Nothofagus cliffortioides (Hook.f.) Oerst seeds.
Motatapu beech forest fragments.