The outbreak of the most recent iteration of coronavirus — COVID-19 — has experts scrambling to find effective methods of delivering supportive care and minimizing the effect of the illness. As Dr. Roger Seheult, co-founder of MedCram.com, explains in this short video, several factors have been responsible for the rapid spread.
One of the drugs currently under investigation is chloroquine, a treatment commonly used to keep malaria in check. Chloroquine is a synthetic derivative of quinine, which was once the only treatment for malaria. However, quinine is bitter and has significant side effects.1
Legend has it that to make it easier to drink, the British living in India mixed it with gin and lemon or lime.2 The British colonials grew to enjoy the taste, and soon afterward tonic water was granted a patent in 1858. Schweppes introduced tonic water in the U.S. nearly 100 years later and the gin and tonic has remained an integral part of British and American history.
However, while tonic water is flavored with quinine, it doesn't contain nearly as much as the medicine. Tonic water contains no more than 83 milligrams per 1-liter bottle (33.8 ounces), but the therapeutic dose of quinine is 500 mg to 1,000 mg.3
In remarks in a press briefing,4 President Trump said the U.S. Food and Drug Administration had approved use of the malaria drug chloroquine — which is not the same as quinine — to treat coronavirus. However, on the same day the FDA5 released a statement saying they were only “investigating” the drug “to determine whether it can be used to treat patients with mild-to-moderate COVID-19.”
“Studies are underway to determine the efficacy in using chloroquine to treat COVID-19,” the statement continued, with FDA Commissioner Dr. Stephen Hahn adding:
“At the same time, we will engage with domestic manufacturers to ramp up production of this product to mitigate any potential supply chain pressures. If clinical data suggests this product may be promising in treating COVID-19, we know there will be increased demand for it. We will take all steps to ensure chloroquine remains available for patients who take it to treat severe and life-threatening illnesses such as lupus.”
However, as one blogger website pointed out, “MDs can prescribe chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine for Covid 19 right now. The FDA doesn’t and can’t regulate off-label prescriptions.”6 And, apparently, many doctors not only know that, but are taking advantage of that loophole, according to The New York Times:7
“None of the drugs have been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for that use. Some of them — including chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine — are commonly used to treat malaria, lupus, rheumatoid arthritis and other conditions …
‘I have multiple prescribers calling in prescriptions for Plaquenil for themselves and their family members as a precaution. Is this ethical?' one person wrote on Sunday in a Facebook group for pharmacists, referring to a brand name of hydroxychloroquine.”
Pharmacists Urge: ‘Put the Brakes on’ Hoarding
Out of concern that doctors not only might be jumping the gun on whether the malaria drugs actually work for COVID-19, but also are denying patients who actually need it for chronic conditions like lupus and arthritis, state pharmacy boards are urging their members to restrict prescriptions for the drugs. Besides, these drugs also can have serious side effects, NPR notes:8
“Our members are definitely seeing more demand for this medication and possibly some people trying to hoard the medication,” says Todd Brown, executive director of the Massachusetts Independent Pharmacists Association … Pharmacists are seeing an increase in requests and prescriptions for them in instances where it's not clear why the patient needs it at this time’ …
Brown is suggesting that pharmacists restrict prescription quantities and fill prescriptions only for patients with an active need for hydroxychloroquine … Michael Barnett, a primary care physician and assistant professor at the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, says that even if the drug turns out, from the clinical studies now in progress, to be effective against COVID-19, it must be saved for those most in need.
Barnett is sympathetic [to those who want to try everything they can to cure COVID-19], but he points out that this powerful medicine has serious side effects, so it should not be taken unless there's a known benefit.”
On a bizarre side note, another consumer warning made headlines after a husband and wife in their 60s decided to self-medicate with an aquarium cleaner that has a different form of chloroquine in it. Both were hospitalized within 30 minutes of ingesting the toxic substance, The Sacramento Bee reported;9 the husband later died.
The fish tank cleaner “has the same active ingredient as the drug chloroquine phosphate, which is used to treat malaria, but is formulated differently,” the medical director from a local poison control center explained. Unfortunately, at least three others made the same mistake in Nigeria, so it’s important to remember that you should not take any drug without your physician’s express direction.
Past Data Suggest Chloroquine Studies May Be Fruitful
Historically, there is strong evidence that chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine are effective in the lab against the SARS coronavirus that appeared in 2003.10,11,12 Laboratory testing also reveals chloroquine is effective in cell cultures against COVID-19 when combined with an antiviral drug, remdesivir.13 Hydroxychloroquine (Plaquenil) uses the same pathway as chloroquine, but with a safer side effect profile.14
These and other results have prompted scientists to call for further research into the use of the antimalarial drugs to stem the tide of COVID-19 infection.15 Recently, results of a very small clinical trial using Plaquenil alone for the infection have been announced in China, but access to the data was not initially released to other scientists for review,16 and then when it was the data showed very little difference between the drug and the control group.17
Similar studies have been ongoing for several years. For example, in 2009,18 one study evaluated the use of chloroquine in human coronavirus subtype OC43, known to cause severe lower lung infections.19 The researchers used an animal model and found pretreatment demonstrated the drug was highly effective against this subtype. Interest in antimalarial drugs highlights a unique distribution of the virus.
As noted in a preliminary paper currently undergoing peer-review, “Global Spread of Coronavirus Disease 2019 and Malaria: An Epidemiological Paradox”:20
“From the analysis of distribution data, the endemic presence of malaria seems to protect some populations from COVID-19 outbreak, particularly in the least developed countries. Of note, the mechanism of action of some antimalarial drugs (e.g. antiviral function) suggests their potential role in the chemoprophylaxis of the epidemic.”
Malaria is caused by a parasite passed to humans by infected Anopheles mosquitoes. The World Health Organization’s African region21 experiences a large proportion of the burden, with 93% of all cases worldwide and 94% of deaths related to malaria.
When you consult the Johns Hopkins Medicine’s22 user-friendly, interactive map to track the outbreak worldwide, it’s apparent the only other large land mass with fewer cases than Africa is Russia23 — which is indeed intriguing, if nothing else.
Experts Are Testing Efficacy of Chloroquine Against COVID-19
In light of past results and current data, one clinical trial24 underway is enrolling 1,000 workers who have a higher potential to become infected based on their exposure. The University of Oxford is beginning the trial in May 2020 and anticipates closing it in May 2022.
The researchers are using a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study design to evaluate the use of chloroquine versus a placebo taken over three months or until they are diagnosed with COVID-19. The researchers are measuring the severity of respiratory illness and clinical outcomes.
One recently released study had encouraging results using hydroxychloroquine.25 Infection control specialist Dr. Didier Raoult from France enrolled 24 patients who had confirmed COVID-19. The patients received 600 mg of hydroxychloroquine each day and their viral load was monitored in a hospital setting.
Depending upon the clinical presentation, researchers added azithromycin to the treatment protocol. Patients from another hospital who refused the protocol were used as a negative control. The scientists concluded that despite the small sample size, the survey “shows that hydroxychloroquine treatment is significantly associated with viral load reduction/disappearance in COVID-19 patients and its effect is reinforced by azithromycin.”
Another physician shared his positive results using a similar protocol with a small group of patients.26 Dr. Vladimir Zelenko treats a close knit Jewish population of 35,000 in Kiryas Joel, Monroe, New York. Zelenko posted a video of himself addressing Trump about the treatment he’d developed, and asked Trump to use it nationwide.
He told radio host Sean Hannity that he’d had 100% success rate with patients with patients by using hydroxychloroquine, azithromycin and zinc sulfate for five days. “I’ve seen remarkable results; it really prevents progression of disease, and patients get better,” he said.
In response, county health officials said it was “unsubstantiated” and “highly irresponsible” for Zelenko to apply his patients’ outcomes to the entire community, and urged residents to listen to public health officials and continue with recommended social distancing and other prevention methods.27
The Protocol Is Not Without Risk
Chloroquine raises the pH of vesicles in the cells that are hijacked by the virus. The normally slightly acidic environment facilitates the viral infection. Jeremy Rossman at the University of Kent expects positive lab results, but notes28 “there’s often a huge gap between how it works in the lab cells and how it works in the body.” One gap includes the potentially deadly side effects.
While results are hopeful, it is important to note, as Seheult points out, both drugs have the side effect of elongating your QT wave in an electrocardiogram. This means the electrical activity in the heart is altered. The most common symptoms of the condition are seizure, fainting and sudden death.29
These side effects are not minimal. Just two days after China issued a treatment guideline to use chloroquine, it sent a warning to closely monitor adverse side effects and limit use to those without heart, liver or kidney disease and those who are not taking antibiotics such as azithromycin or prescribed steroids.30
Malaria and COVID-19 Don’t Have Much in Common — Or Do They?
Although malaria and coronavirus don’t appear to have much in common, the drug is effective against malaria and may reduce the symptoms of coronavirus. Seheult explains a potential mechanism:31
“When the coronavirus infects your cell it's going to dump into your cell a messenger RNA that's going to be translated using ribosomes. Those ribosomes, the first thing they are going to do is translate that RNA molecule into a protein called RNA dependent RNA polymerase, or replicase. And, it is this enzyme that is … inhibited by high intracellular concentrations of zinc.
Well, as it turns out, chloroquine is a zinc ionophore, as is hydroxychloroquine. Zinc ionophore is just basically a protein or a gate that allows zinc to come into the cells. We don't know if that is the actual way it is working in this case, but it does seem to lend credence to the mechanism of action that zinc does inhibit replicase and that hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine increase the intracellular concentration of zinc.”
Evidence shows zinc gluconate and zinc acetate effectively reduce the severity and duration of viral infections. Zinc is crucial to the effectiveness of your immune system, enzyme function, protein synthesis and cell division. Studies demonstrate using zinc lozenges reduces the duration of a cold by 33% and lessens the severity of your symptoms.32
Zinc is a necessary component of zinc finger antiviral proteins shown to33 “inhibit the replication of certain viruses by repressing the translation and promoting the degradation of the viral mRNAs.” This activity demonstrates a similar inhibition against influenza A virus.34
However, not all zinc products yield the same results. When the lozenge contains more than zinc, it may interfere with the process. Multiple ingredients have a way of interacting with each other, even when they are safe and effective when used on their own.
For instance, there is evidence citric acid, mannitol and sorbitol bind with zinc and reduce your absorption. For more on how to use zinc during a cold or flu see “When Should You Take Zinc to Shorten Your Cold?“
Short-Term Cost May Yield Long-Term Benefits
Currently embroiled in litigation35,36 over the manufacture and distribution of their herbicide Roundup, Bayer announced it would donate 3 million tablets of chloroquine phosphate (Resochin), a drug the company discovered in 1934.37
Resochin is used for malaria prevention and treatment in Europe38 but hasn’t been approved for use by the FDA. This donation to the medical effort to diminish the effects of COVID-19 may offer Bayer a path to drug approval in the U.S.
However, while the offer has garnered media attention and the company may hope it softens public opinion, the drug is chloroquine-based, as opposed to the current FDA approved drug Plaquenil,39 which uses the better tolerated hydroxychloroquine.
Rapid Spread of COVID-19 Raises Need for Preventive Measures
In the featured video, Seheult describes the results of a study published in Science in March 2020.40 The researchers used a mathematical model to determine how the disease spread before and after the travel ban in China went into effect January 23, 2020.
They found 86% of people were undiagnosed on that date, which means they didn't get tested for the virus, so they didn't know they had it. The authors of the study point out that those who are undiagnosed often have mild or no symptoms of a viral infection and thus are unaware of the need to be tested.
The mathematical model used in the study revealed these undocumented cases were responsible for 79% of all documented cases in China. This meant if the undocumented cases of COVID-19 had been identified, the number of known infections would have dropped by 79%, and as Seheult describes, the number infected in Wuhan would have dropped by 66%.
According to the researchers, those who were undiagnosed, with mild to no symptoms, were 55% as contagious as those with symptoms. However, the sheer number of undiagnosed cases contributed to the rapid spread of the virus through China. The researchers wrote:41
“Our findings also indicate that a radical increase in the identification and isolation of currently undocumented infections would be needed to fully control SARS-CoV2. Increased news coverage and awareness of the virus in the general population have already likely prompted increased rates of seeking medical care for respiratory symptoms.”
As the researchers point out, it takes a combination of identification using thorough testing strategies and subsequent isolation of those who have the virus to fully contain and control the spread.
However, while public knowledge of the first cases in China occurred on December 31, 2019,42 it wasn’t until February 3, 2020, that the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention43 announced the development of a laboratory test kit available in the U.S.
US Declines Use of WHO Test Kit Available in January
Once the genetic sequence was available for COVID-19 in January, German researchers quickly developed a PCR test for the virus. The New York Times44 reported the initial test kits developed by the CDC were flawed and testing snafus were the result of policy makers, not science. The Verge reported:45
“That test became the basis for the World Health Organization’s (WHO) test used in countries around the world, including South Korea, but which the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) declined to use.
PCR tests are, in theory, fairly simple to create: scientists pick snippets of the virus’s gene and use a series of chemicals to look for that gene snippet in the sample. If they find the snippet, it means the patient has the virus.”
South Korea is one country that took rapid action on two fronts. As Seheult mentions at the end of the video, the country began using the antimalarial drug early. Data collected by Johns Hopkins Medicine46 show that while South Korea is in the top 10 countries with the virus, the number who have died are near the numbers commonly attributed to flu — 1.16% as of March 22, 2020.
As Science Magazine reports,47 all of this has been accomplished without massive citywide lockdowns. Instead, the country instituted necessary populationwide testing with extensive efforts to trace contacts so those carrying the virus or who had been exposed were quarantined to isolate the virus.
In all, by March 17, 2020, South Korea had “tested more than 270,000 people, which amounts to more than 5,200 tests per million inhabitants … The United States [had] so far carried out 74 tests per 1 million inhabitants, data from the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention show.”48
Politics, Not Science May Have Slowed Testing
In Italy the spread of the virus had different results. The reports of illness and death have shocked the world, driving fear that the same infection rate and mortality will spread worldwide. However, it’s important to note that situations between countries differ. Where South Korea began volume testing to isolate asymptomatic people and treatment in January, Italy struggled with political arguments.49
One Italian town undertook populationwide testing and has reportedly been able to contain the outbreak in their town. These results underscore the recommendations of researchers to identify and isolate those infected. A professor of clinical immunology at the University of Florence commented in a letter to authorities:50
“The percentage of infected people, even if asymptomatic, in the population is very high. The isolation of asymptomatics is essential to be able to control the spread of the virus and the severity of the disease.”
The second part of the equation in Italy is related to the higher rate of death than most other countries. This increased rate has also been identified during flu season,51 as Italy’s mortality attributed to the flu is higher than other European countries, especially in the senior population.
Wired52 reveals 23% of the Italian population are seniors, as compared to 16% in the U.S. Italian young people also tend to maintain close relationships with the elderly, increasing the risk that an asymptomatic young person could spread the virus to a senior. The scientists involved in the recent research evaluating the spread of the virus concluded:53
“The 2009 H1N1 pandemic influenza virus also caused many mild cases, quickly spread globally, and eventually became endemic. Presently, there are four, endemic, coronavirus strains currently circulating in human populations (229E, HKU1, NL63, OC43). If the novel coronavirus follows the pattern of 2009 H1N1 pandemic influenza, it will also spread globally and become a fifth endemic coronavirus within the human population.”
Helpful Nutrient Options for Viral Prevention and Treatment
As this story unfolds, I am committed to bringing you viable prevention and treatment options you can use at home. A recently published article54 by Mark McCarty and James DiNicolantonio, PharmD, proposes there are nutraceuticals that may help reduce symptoms and severity of influenza and coronaviruses.55 According to the authors, these viruses:
“… cause an inflammatory storm in the lungs and it is this inflammatory storm that leads to acute respiratory distress, organ failure, and death. Certain nutraceuticals may help to reduce the inflammation in the lungs from RNA viruses and others may also help boost type 1 interferon response to these viruses, which is the body's primary way to help create antiviral antibodies to fight off viral infections.”
From the conclusions of several randomized clinical studies, DiNicolantonio and McCarty believe the antiviral effects of some nutraceuticals are quite clear, and hope these benefits will encourage further research to test this strategy.
You'll discover how some cost-effective supplements may reduce the severity and duration of your symptoms of colds, flu or COVID-19 in “Quercetin and Vitamin D — Allies Against Coronavirus?“
Remember to stay away from others when you are sick to avoid spreading any virus you may be carrying, and to seek medical attention as you would if you were sick with a bad flu. Difficulty breathing is a clear indicator that medical attention may be required. This is particularly true if you are pregnant, have a weakened immune system or a chronic medical condition that may place you in a higher risk category for severe COVID-19 infection.56
Most useful diet supplements pertaining to Heart Health!


This paper compares the various theories of mental processing, and suggests that some form ofcomputationalism drives our thought processes. Since we know little of the actual neurophysiology behind the workings of the mind, we have to hypothesize the likely structures based on higherlevel functions. Propositional representation, word concept localization, the abstraction of general concepts, and the reification of parts into a unified whole are posited as high-level functions that might help reveal some of the details of brain organization. The INFANT System is based on such representational techniques. It is shown in this paper how these techniques can be used to simulate the learning environment of a small child, and perhaps to stimulate thinking about the lower levels of mental processing.


Light Emitting Diodes (or LEDs) have been around quite a while and have been used for many applications over the years. Do you remember the watches with the red digits that required two hands to read as you had to press the button to make it light up? Or the calculators with the same red 7 segment displays?
Moving on from the old glowing red dot, we can now have LEDs in almost any colour, orange, yellow, green, blue, white, even infrared and ultraviolet. But it is not the colour I wanted to discuss, it is the brightness.
In recent years, the LED manufacturers have been able to produce LEDs that can generate an amazing level of brightness. This has made the LED a viable replacement for the incandescent globe in many devices. LED torches are now smaller and brighter as well as longer lasting and more robust that their predecessors.
While this increase in brightness has created opportunities for the the LED to be used in more applications, electronics manufacturers are now using bright LEDs in places they should not be used.
So what is this post all about? I recently bought a surge protector gizmo with two USB charging outlets. A very cool device which can protect the stereo system in the bedroom and charge my Windows phone and my Zune HD from a single power outlet.
The problem was that it also operates as an unwanted night light. The glow from the super bright blue LED lighting up the entire corner of the room. I have had to place some black electrical tape over the LED to dull it down. I have provided this feedback to the manufacturer and they said they would look into making the LEDs dimmer.
My question to electronics manufacturers is "Why do you have to use super bright LEDs just to tell us that a device is on?".
We have to close the door to my home office at night to stop the glow from various devices lighting up the hallway.
Have you had similar experiences? Please post a comment.
PS: See the Wikipedia entry for more information on Light Emitting Diodes.


A central heating boiler is part of a central heating system which provides hot water to the areas to be heated in a building. A combi-boiler also provides the hot water in a home.
When the room thermostat is turned up, the heat circulation pump will be put into operation so that the water will start circulating through the system. At the same time, the gas valve will be opened, so that natural gas is supplied to the burners, where subsequently it is ignited by a pilot light that is always burning or by electronic ignition. The boiler is connected to a discharge duct which leads the flue gases outside. The burners heat the water.
The heated water flows through the pipes to the radiators, which release heat to the room. The cooled water flows back to the boiler, where is it reheated. Once the set room temperature has almost been reached reached, the gas supply is closed to stop the heating of the water. If there is no additional request for heat in this time, the circulation pump will switch off after a period of approximately 15 minutes.
If your central heating boiler shows a failure, you can resolve this yourself in many cases


PCI DSS is the dominant standard for all companies that do storage, processing or transmission of payment card data. Since 2006, the compliance to this security standard is enforced by banks and acquirers in order to minimise the risk
of fraud with payment cards. It also evolved into one of the better-known security standards, serving as a reference for many other frameworks in many different industries.
At the same time, the legal framework for protecting personal data has changed drastically. In many countries, laws came into effect in 2006 to ensure that data breaches were reported and personal data is adequately protected. For countries that belong to the European Union, as of 25th May 2018, the new General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) will replace the current Directive 95/46/EC on protecting personal data. This new regulation came into force on 25th May 2016, granting a term of two years to review their compliance, by companies that develop activities within The European Union.
How can GDPR be related to PCI DSS?
The GDPR and PCI DSS are both different tools that can be used by organisations to increase the security and protection of sensitive data. They are, however, not comparable to each other: PCI DSS is a security framework that describes – using more than 250 predefined controls – how to protect payment card data. It is a normative framework that both describes the required control and the associated measure that needs to be taken in order to comply with the control. We call this a descriptive framework.
On the other hand, the GDPR is a regulation that describes how personal data should be protected in terms of the organisational safeguards and controls that need to be present in order to protect the personal data and keep track of data breaches. It is much more oriented towards ensuring the privacy of citizens of the EU, making sure that data is
protected and that individuals can control the data that is stored about them. The main principles are:
- The duty to inform, to provide people, owners of your data, what knowledge you have about them, the purpose and origin of their data. Demonstrate: When and how did you grant authorisation for the use of them? Further to provide contact information about the delegate of the data protection.
- The right to rectify, people can ask for modifications to your data.
- The right to be forgotten, allows people to demand to any company, to immediately delete all obtained personal data.
- ‘Accountability’, determine who has access to the data.
- Implement necessary basic security measures and evaluate the risks on the data.
- Report the incidents to the data personnel, both to the country’s local supervisory authority, as to the people affected.
At first sight, the GDPR and PCI DSS seem to be focusing on different concepts and ideas. For example, PCI DSS describes precisely what has to be done in order to comply to the framework, while the GDPR is much more generic in terms of what needs to be done: the GDPR requires an organisation to take appropriate measures but does not describe any security measure or what the regulator regards as an appropriate measure.
When you look closer, however, there are many factors that are the same for companies doing GDPR or PCI DSS. The intersection between both standards is mainly along the accountability of data security. Within the GDPR, any entity is accountable – and must show this – for the personal data that it possesses and must demonstrate this at any given time. This is a major change from the previous laws and implementations, where you only had to demonstrate this after an incident was registered. For GDPR, companies must demonstrate their accountability at all times even if they have never had any incident. One of the ways to demonstrate this accountability is to show that the organisation is compliant with a security standard like PCI DSS or ISO 27001.
The lessons learned with PCI DSS will facilitate the path to GDPR
Compliance to GDPR is not optional. It is a requirement for all European entities that deal with personal data. Almost every company is affected because storing the least information on employees or customers leads to adherence to GDPR. There are some lessons that can be learned from the payment card industry that is useful for organisations that have to deal with the GDPR.
For example, one of the first activities in any PCI DSS assessment is the reduction of the scope. In order to comply to the security standard, one of the key elements is limiting the amount of systems where cardholder data is stored and limiting the number of people that can access sensitive data – in PCI DSS described as the PAN (the number of the
credit or debit card), the expiration date and the CVV code. This practice – reducing the number of people and systems that contain cardholder data – is also one of the key elements in complying the GDPR and ensuring that data is adequately protected. In fact, it has become one of the best practices that has been adopted in almost every security standard.
The reduction of the scope and the exact description of the data storage using a so-called cardholder data matrix is one of the first steps that need to be taken for PCI DSS and GDPR. After doing scope reduction and building a detailed look at the presence of personal data, measures need to be implemented in order to protect the data. PCI DSS describes these measures in detail, while the GDPR only describes that ‘adequate’ measures need to be taken. Here, one of the other lessons from PCI SSC comes into play: if it is not on paper – it does not exist. In other words: any measure that is taken or implemented needs to be documented in order to be valid.
On a more detailed level, many controls from the PCI framework can be used to demonstrate compliance to GDPR. Examples of these are continuous training, risk management, vulnerability identification and the assignment of security responsibilities to certain roles.
Throughout this article, we have seen that the GDPR and PCI DSS share some characteristics. In many cases, organisations will use PCI DSS or an equivalent security framework in order to demonstrate their accountability and protection of personal data. And while PCI DSS is strictly concerned with payment card data, it is a trivial task to apply the same rules to personal data.
If you don’t use the PCI DSS as your security framework, you can still learn from the lessons learned on PCI DSS. Doing scope reduction, building a data matrix and taking appropriate due diligence on external parties (‘service providers’ in PCI DSS) are among the best practices that can be used immediately in order to comply with the GDPR. The information we process and possess is of great value: payment card data can be used for fraud and personal data must be handled carefully to uphold the privacy of European citizens.
Want to know more about GDPR? Read ‘What to do with GDPR when you have multiple offices in and outside the EU’
About the author
Vincent Ossewaarde is a co-founder of Fortytwo Security and registered PCI DSS QSA. He is also a member of the advisory board on information security of Nederland.ICT and a regular contributor to both printed and online publications.


Unto thee it was showed, that thou mightest know that Jehovah he is God; there is none else besides him. (ASV)
Within the context of this verse, Moses exhorts Israel to follow the one true God.
Deuteronomy 4 1 “Now, O Israel, listen to the statutes and the judgments which I teach you to observe, that you may live, and go in and possess the land which the LORD God of your fathers is giving you... 32 “For ask now concerning the days that are past, which were before you, since the day that God created man on the earth, and ask from one end of heaven to the other, whether any great thing like this has happened, or anything like it has been heard. 33 “Did any people ever hear the voice of God speaking out of the midst of the fire, as you have heard, and live? 34 “Or did God ever try to go and take for Himself a nation from the midst of another nation, by trials, by signs, by wonders, by war, by a mighty hand and an outstretched arm, and by great terrors, according to all that the LORD your God did for you in Egypt before your eyes? 35 “To you it was shown, that you might know that the LORD Himself is God; there is none other besides Him.
PRO, not understanding the context argues that "Contrary to this...the Hebrews formerly believed in the existence of many gods." It is true that the Hebrews believed in many gods when they were in Egypt.
Now, Israel has been led out of Egypt and Moses tells the Jews that they are to follow the one true God. Contrary to the Scriptural view of God, the Jews believed in (or at least worshiped) many gods both before leaving Egypt and after entering the promised land. The erroneous Jewish beliefs involve no error in the Scriptures which accurately point out that Moses, in these verses, exhorts the Jews to believe in the one true God. The Jews are still free to choose to believe in other gods and to do so would eb contrary to that which Moses exhorts them to do.
Edit this section to note miscellaneous facts.
The following has been moved from Pro to Neutral because it provides no reason as to why it should be considered an error:
"Contrary to this (and contrary to the belief of many Christian and Jewish apologists), the Hebrews formerly believed in the existence of many gods. See the Deuteronomy 32:8 article for more on this."
--JoeWallack 08:54, 7 Mar 2008 (CST)


How does the setting of "The Cask of Amontillado" affect the story?
2 Answers | Add Yours
In contrast to the previous answer, the setting of a story includes time frame in which the tale takes place. It is sheer irony that this story is taking place during Carnival, a jovial, festive time of the year in Italy. It is ironic that the brightly clothed Fortunato is taken from the festivities and thrust into the darkness of Montressor's vaults to meet his death.
In "The Cask of Amontillado," a short story written by Edgar Allan Poe, the setting of the story plays a critical role in such elements as the mood of the story. The mood of Poe's story is eerie and full of suspense; the use of descriptive words and imagery add to the sense of tension and foreboding experienced by the reader.
"The niter!" I said; "see, it increases. It hangs like moss upon the vaults. We are below the river's bed. The drops of moisture trickle among the bones..."
By describing the Fortunato and Montresor's descension into the catacombs, Poe also symbolizes Montresor's descent into darkness and evil. As the two continue onward, the mood becomes more sinister as the setting of the story becomes increasingly frightening.
...We passed through a range of low arches, descended, passed on, and descending again, arrived at a deep crypt, in which the foulness of the air caused our flambeaux rather to glow than flame.
The poor quality of the air, which can barely even keep a torch's flame burning, foreshadows Fortunato's death (dying of the flame). This remote underground location is the perfect setting for a murder.
Join to answer this question
Join a community of thousands of dedicated teachers and students.Join eNotes


What do we mean by landuse?
is the function of land - what it is used for. Land use varies
from area to area. In rural areas (countryside) land use can
include forestry and farming. In urban areas (towns and cities)
land use could be housing or industry. Land use in urban areas
in MEDCs varies from land use in urban areas in LEDCs. Urban landuse use models attempt to simplify the way land is used in urban areas.


An updated version of this post is at: https://inventorsoftomorrow.com/2017/04/18/egg-science-2/
As spring begins, our theme was: Eggs.
Question of the Week: What kind of creatures lay eggs?
Challenge: Can you drop a hard-boiled egg from a height without cracking the shell?
Discovery Activity: Observe animals that come from eggs – we had a display area with a leopard gecko and crickets. This is a NO TOUCH display.
Challenge Activity: Egg drop challenge. We put out tester eggs (plastic eggs with a bouncy ball inside), quart size Ziplocs and a variety of packing materials – Styrofoam peanuts, bubble wrap, cloth, air, water, and so on. The kids would pack the bag with soft materials, nest the egg inside them, then drop the egg, then check it – is it still intact? If not, they put it back together (that’s why we’re using tester eggs!) and try again. If it is still intact, they can re-seal it and drop it from a greater height. We also had a worksheet to encourage our older kids to make a prediction about what would happen, and track what they’ve tested. (www.iheartcraftythings.com/2012/08/humpty-dumpty-science.html)
During opening circle, we tested one or two containers with hard-boiled eggs. Test at one foot, then two foot, then three feet, and so on. Do the eggs survive without cracking? Then they tinker more, inventing new containers. During closing circle, we tested with hard-boiled eggs. We had planned to take the best container and test with raw egg, even trying dropping it off some stairs, but we ran out of time.
Big motor play: Egg Roll Race. http://littlebinsforlittlehands.com/plastic-easter-egg-races-exploring-ramps-gravity-motion-saturday-science/ Using cardboard “gutters”, roll a ball down the gutter, or roll an egg down, roll “wobbly eggs” down. Which rolls furthest? Which rolls smoothest?
We made wobbly eggs for this game: open a plastic Easter egg, glue one small rock inside, glue closed. Older kids and adults found these interesting, because they rolled in unexpected ways. For example, with one, no matter what position you set it down in, it would pop up on one end. Little kids didn’t find this intriguing at all – they don’t have any sense of how eggs “should” roll, so didn’t notice that they were behaving oddly. We also learned that when people see Easter eggs, the first thing they do is open them up to look inside – not just the kids but the adults would too, and then realize they’d broken the glue seal. At the end of class, kids had removed all the rocks from all the eggs
In the big motor area, we also put out spoons for a “carry the egg in a spoon” game.
Art Process: Gelatin eggs. Put in a tub or sensory bin: egg-shaped clear gelatin, pipettes, liquid water color. (http://www.two-daloo.com/sensory-art-play-colorful-gelatin-castles/ and http://myiearlychildhoodreflections.blogspot.com/2012/01/why-is-there-gelatin-in-sensory-table.html) Kids insert the pipette to make a hole, pull it out a little, then squirt in color.
Art project: Make egg shaker instruments. Put out plastic eggs. Dried beans to fill with, Sharpies to decorate with, and tape to seal them closed.
Pattern matching: Put out 6 plastic eggs, broken into their halves. Put up poster of mix and match eggs – they need to match the patterns (blue on top, pink on bottom, etc.)
Literacy skills: We made word family plastic eggs – http://mamateaches.com/word-family-eggs/. We had meant to put out a tray of salt or flour for writing letters in so they could practice copying the words that they saw (www.playdoughtoplato.com/word-family-eggs/). We’ll definitely do that next time, as it will make it a more engaging activity.
Imaginative Play: We had baskets shaped like nests, hardboiled eggs (chicken and quail) and bird toys. We set the book An Egg Is Quiet with them, and hung a poster comparing how big the eggs are for various species.
Science Learning: We made a collection of photos (all taken from the ZooBorns website) and printed them so on the back of each picture, there was either an egg, or an egg with a circle/slash through it. Then made a sign asking “Do these animals hatch from eggs?” There were two baskets: Yes and No. I’ve attached the file here so you can get a better look at it – but I don’t have copyright on these images, so encourage you to make your own set of cards rather than printing this one.
Science Exploration: We made naked eggs in advance (see links at bottom of the post) and had one out in a bowl for kids to *carefully* explore. Next to that, we had a jar with an egg in vinegar so they could see the process that led to the naked egg. Next time, we’ll try shining a flashlight on the egg so they can see the yolk inside it better.
Sorting activity: Pair up halves of toy eggs so that their facial expressions match. (It’s not a terribly exciting activity for this age group, but if you happen to have a set of these eggs, it’s easy to set them out for kids to explore.
Water table: You could put red water beads in the tub to simulate fish eggs floating in water.
Gathering the Students. We used the unhatched egg idea from: Storytime Planners. Say: Make a noise like a rooster. (Crow) Make a noise like a hen. (Cluck) Make a noise like a chick. (Peep) Make a noise like an unhatched egg. (Silence) Good! And now you’re ready to listen to the next story!
Song: I’m a little chick – tune of I’m a Little Teapot.
Inspired by 3 songs on http://jeninthelibrary.com/tag/eggs/
I’m a little chickie, (crouch down inside your egg) Ready to hatch,
Pecking at my shell, (Pecking motion) Peck, peck, scratch! (scratching motion)
When I crack it open, Out I’ll leap. (Pop Up)
I’ll spread my wings* (hands in armpits and flap) And cheep, cheep, cheep.
Book: Choose one about all the different animals that lay eggs. Some to choose from, in order from my favorite to less preferred. (The first three are “guessing games” which is always fun in circle time. They cover several creatures with two page-spreads each: there’s a “teaser” page that shows a nice illustration and gives some clues, then it asks listeners to guess what is growing inside the egg. The next page reveals the answer.
- Guess What Is Growing Inside This Egg – “Their mother crawled from sea to land to bury these soft eggs in the sand. Can you guess what is growing inside these eggs? Sea turtles!” The reveal pages also have a paragraph of detailed info about that creature which 5 – 7 year olds might enjoy reading after circle.
- Eggs, 1, 2, 3: Who Will The Babies Be? A lift-the-flap and counting book. “Four eggs, of sky blue, in a nest of grass and mud on a branch in a backyard. Who will the babies be? 4 robin chicks, with beaks open wide.”
- What Will Hatch? “Jelly, jiggly. What will hatch? Wiggly, squiggly tadpole.”
- An Egg Is Quiet. Gorgeous naturalistic illustrations! “An egg is quiet. It sits there, under its mother’s feathers… on top of its fathers feet… buried beneath the sand. Warm. Cozy. An egg is colorful…” Great to put out on a table to enjoy, but not as engaging an option for circle time as the others.
- Chickens Aren’t the Only Ones. “Chickens aren’t the only ones. Most snakes lay eggs, and lizards too, and crocodiles and turtles do and dinosaurs who are extinct, but they were reptiles too.”
Lift the Flap or Felt Board: I printed out a poster with ten pictures on it, and covered each picture with a post it note, then shared this rhyme, which is adapted from one that Jen in the Library says came from Preschool Favorites by Diane Briggs. I changed a few verses, because I wanted to include more non-bird oviparous animals.
There are ten little eggs / And what do we see / They’re about to crack open / “My goodness me,” said Mother Hen.
The first egg cracks open. And what do we see? It’s a fuzzy, little duckling, looking at me.
The second egg cracks open. And what do we see? It’s a pretty little robin, looking at me.
The third egg cracks open And what do we see It’s a long-necked ostrich Looking at me.
The fourth egg cracks open And what do we see It’s a hungry caterpillar Looking at me.
The fifth egg cracks open And what do we see An orange and white clownfish Looking at me.
The sixth egg cracks open And what do we see It’s a snappy alligator Looking at me.
The seventh egg cracks open And what do we see It’s a wiggly tadpole Looking at me.
The eighth egg cracks open And what do we see It’s a duck-billed platypus Looking at me.
The ninth egg cracks open And what do we see It’s a little green dinosaur Looking at me.
The tenth egg cracks open And what do we see It’s a little yellow chicken Looking at me.
“My baby!” said the mother hen, as happy as can be.
“Mommy!” said the chick. “Did you meet all my sisters and brothers?” “What!” shrieked Mother Hen, “My goodness me.”
Outdoor Time: Hike through the woods to observe spring time changes – buds, blossoms, flowers, new leaves…
End with egg toss game. First, the teachers demo’ed it. Take a raw egg, carefully pass from one to the other. Take a step back, gently toss and catch. Take another step back, toss and catch, and so on. Once the teachers’ egg has broken, then have all the kids pair up and give them each an egg. We played on the grass, and our eggs were VERY sturdy. Some teams probably dropped their egg 10 times before it broke. We picked up all the shells to compost, but left egg goo there – animals will eat it. If it was summer and there were lots of barefoot kids running in the park, clean up as much goo as you can.
Optional songs to sing:
I Love Eggs (Tune: Frere Jacques) – (from: Storytime Source Page) I love eggs, I love eggs. Yum, yum, yum ; Yum, yum, yum. Scrambled, boiled or fried, any way I’ve tried. Yum, yum, yum ; Yum, yum, yum
If You Like Your Eggs Scrambled (Tune: Happy & You Know It) (Storytime Source Page) If you like your eggs scrambled, clap your hands If you like your eggs scrambled, clap your hands Yes, they’re yummy and they’re yellow So you’ll be a happy fellow If you like your eggs scrambled, clap your hands
If you like your eggs fried, jump up high… If you want bacon with your eggs, wiggle your legs… If you want toast instead, nod your head (Mmm-hmm)…
Book: One of many great books about someone finding an egg with a mysterious occupant and the process of waiting for it to hatch or other silly stories about eggs – there’s a lot of them! Some options:
- The Odd Egg. All the other birds have laid an egg except duck. (The observant reader will notice it’s a male duck by its coloring.) Duck finds an egg and waits for it to hatch. Interesting page layout, fun read-aloud.
- An Extraordinary Egg. Too long for circle if you have kids under age 5, but it’s a fun story of a frog who finds an egg that turns out to be an alligator.
- The Chick That Wouldn’t Hatch. There are 6 eggs in a nest. 5 chicks hatch. The other egg goes for a long roll through the barnyard, past the pond, over the ditch, then finally hatches.
- The Cow That Laid an Egg. Marjorie the cow doesn’t feel special because she can’t ride bicycles and do handstands like all the other cows. The chickens hide a cow-spotted egg near her and say she’s laid an egg. Everyone is astonished. Eventually the egg hatches into a chick…. that says MOO!!
- Egg Drop. This book delights me. Truly. I chuckled while reading it. But I didn’t read it at class. “The egg was young. It didn’t know much. We tried to tell it, but of course if didn’t listen. If only it had waited.” It wants to fly before hatching, and in the end jumps from a great height which doesn’t end well. In the end, it’s a smiling sunny-side up egg next to some bacon waiting to be eaten. Again, I liked it. Many kids (including mine) would like it…. but some might find it disturbing.
Egg drop. We had all the kids make bags of packing materials, nestle a hard boiled egg inside. First, they dropped from one foot off the ground. If it didn’t crack, then they dropped from two feet up, and so on. One kid made a packet that kept an egg safe up to 6 feet.
Group Activity: Optional: Chicken Dance – Play the music and have the children do the classic dance: Make your hands like talking four times, flap arms like wings four times, wiggle bottom four times, clap Four times, do it again faster!!
More recommended books for the classroom bookshelf
- A Nest Full of Eggs. For kids age 5 – 7 (or younger if they have a long attention span), this is a nice engaging story of robins building a nest, laying eggs, hatching and flying away that also gives info about other birds, their feathers, and habitats.
- Where Do Chicks Come From? Even though this is supposedly the same reading level as the previous book, I find the scientific concepts are much more advanced, and more details than most of my kids would want. But if you have a scientifically minded kid who wants to know it all, check it out.
- From Egg to Chicken. A non-fiction review of the chicken’s maturation. A fine reference for a 6-7 year old who wants to learn more of the details.
- Eggs. You might want this for Stevenson’s illustrations – beautiful naturalistic drawings. The words are over the head of this age group. (I teach kids 3 – 7.)
- Hank Finds an Egg by Dudley. Sweet wordless story book about a teddy bear that finds an egg in the woods and tries several different ways to return it to its nest. The younger children in our class loved this story.
- How to Make a Bouncing Egg (Hands-On Science Fun). A book that walks you through the process of making a naked egg (see below.) You don’t really learn anything you won’t learn by doing it. But, if you want a book about it, it’s available.
Additional Activities We Didn’t / Couldn’t Do in Class
- Egg Geodes: use rock salt, sea salt, or borax and egg shells to make these pretty science experiments: http://tinkerlab.com/experiment-egg-geodes/
- Naked Eggs – soak an egg in vinegar for days – the shell dissolves, leaving a bouncy, rubbery raw egg. http://imaginationstationtoledo.org/content/2011/04/how-to-make-a-naked-egg/ and www.icanteachmychild.com/the-bouncy-egg/
- For an engineering class, you could use egg shells as domes and stack heavy objects on them to show how strong they are: www.science-sparks.com/2011/09/01/how-strong-is-an-eggshell/
- You could walk on eggshells: http://www.stevespanglerscience.com/lab/experiments/walking-on-eggshells/
- Could have children build nests of twigs, mud, etc. (or playdough and popsicle sticks)
- Egg Sink or Float: Put a hard-boiled egg in water. It sinks. Add lots of salt to the water – it floats: http://www.planet-science.com/categories/under-11s/chemistry-chaos/2012/01/can-you-make-an-egg-float.aspx
A video… just for the goofiness of it: Check out this trifle.


Alternating hemiplegia is a rare childhood neurological disorder that is characterized by recurrent episodes of paralysis that involve one or both sides of the body, multiple limbs, or a single limb.
The paralysis may affect different parts of the body at different times and may be brief or last for several days. Oftentimes these episodes will resolve after sleep. Affected children may also have abnormal movements involving stiffening or "dance-like" movements of a limb, as well as walking and balance problems. Some children have seizures.
Alternating hemiplegia is extremely rare – approximately 1 in 1,000,000 people have this disorder. It develops in childhood, most often before the child is 18 months old. Most children do not have a family history of the disorder; however, recent studies have show that some children with a family history have mutations in the ATP1A2 gene. Mutations in this gene have previously been associated with families affect by familial hemiplegic migraine.
Children may have normal or delayed development. There are both benign and more serious forms of the disorder. Children with the benign form of alternating hemiplegia have a good prognosis. Those who experience the more severe form have a poor prognosis because intellectual and mental capacities do not respond to drug therapy, and balance and gait problems continue. Over time, walking unassisted becomes difficult or impossible.
Hemiplegic attacks can be brought on by particular triggers, and management of alternating hemiplegia often centers around avoiding common or known triggers. While triggers vary greatly from person to person, there are also some common ones which are prevalent in many patients. Common triggers include:
While avoiding triggers may help, it cannot prevent all hemiplegic episodes because many occur without being triggered. Because attacks and other associated symptoms end with sleep, various sedatives can be used to help patients sleep.
Drug therapy including flunarizine may help to reduce the severity and duration of attacks of paralysis associated with the more serious form of alternating hemiplegia.


Britons will be able to gain more control over what happens to personal information under proposals outlined by the government and as part of the new GDPR regulations, that replace the Data Protection act in May next year. For example, citizens will be able to ask for personal data, or information posted when they were children, to be deleted.
The proposals are part of an overhaul of UK data protection laws drafted under Digital Minister, Matt Hancock.
Firms that flout the law will face bigger fines, levied by the UK’s data protection watchdog, fines can be of up to 4% of a Company’s global turn over. The bill will transfer the European Union’s General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) into UK law. It is felt that, “the new Data Protection Bill will give the UK one of the most robust, yet dynamic, set of data laws in the world,” said Mr Hancock in a statement. “It will give people more control over their data, require more consent for its use, and prepare Britain for Brexit,” he added.
Proposals included in the bill will:
- Make it simpler for people to withdraw consent for their personal data to be used
- Let people ask for data to be deleted
- Require firms to obtain “explicit” consent when they process sensitive personal data
- Expand personal data to include IP addresses, DNA and small text files known as cookies
- Let people get hold of the information organisations hold on them much more freely
- Make re-identifying people from anonymised or pseudonymised data a criminal offence
This places a strong burden on firms to protect data and allows for significant fines if they fail to protect information or suffer a breach.
The world of social media will be affected, people who worry about embarrassing social media posts lingering online for years, can soon have the right to ask for them to be removed. And should anyone wish for any firm that holds your personal data – from your name to your DNA – you will be able to ask them to delete it. There are, however, arguments that those holding the data can put forward to refuse such requests, such as freedom of expression and matters that are of scientific or historical importance or have a legal requirement such as the NHS.
Many of these measures are already part of the EU’s forthcoming GDPR, but they are also being woven into the government’s bill. All of this goes beyond the “right to be forgotten” rules that already apply to search engines – those affect what can be listed in search results – but the GDPR and associated legislation impact data held by a wide range of companies.
In the UK firms that suffer a serious data breach could be fined up to £17m or 4% of global turnover. The current maximum fine firms can suffer for breaking data protection laws is £500,000.
The UK’s Information Commissioner will have its powers strengthened and extended to help it police the new regime. Elizabeth Denham, the information commissioner, was quoted to have said: “We are pleased the government recognises the importance of data protection, its central role in increasing trust and confidence in the digital economy and the benefits the enhanced protections will bring to the public.”
Larger companies are well versed on the requirements moving forward but small companies were largely in the dark about what the proposed law would mean for them, warned Mike Cherry, national chairman at the Federation of Small Businesses. “They simply aren’t aware of what they will need to do, which creates a real risk of companies inadvertently facing fines,” he said.


Table of Contents
A wave is a disturbance which travels through a medium, transferring energy from one point to another without making any permanent displacement of the medium itself.
For instance, when a stone is thrown or dropped into a pond or swimming pool, ripple or wave is seen spreading on the surface of the water from the point where the stone is dropped, but the water itself which act as medium here does not move in the direction of ripple, though the wave transfers energy from one point to the other
Wave also can be generated by plucking string fixed at both end. Light and sound are can also be shown as wave
What is mechanical wave? It is type of wave that need material medium for its propagation. Such waves are, water wave, wave generated in string or rope and sound wave.
Define electromagnetic wave: Electromagnetic waves are type of waves that do not require material medium for its propagation. The examples are light rays, radio waves, X-ray and gamma-ray
The motion of the waves are by the particles of the medium, which move to and fro, or vibrate about a mean position when waves pass. The vibration is passed from one particle of medium to the next. The direction of in which this vibration take places is very important as it will bring about the classification of wave into transverse and longitudinal wave
Transverse wave: It is a wave, that its direction of travel is perpendicular to the direction of vibration of the medium. Examples are the wave generated by plucking a string, water wave and all the electromagnetic waves.
Longitudinal wave: A wave is said to be longitudinal, if the direction of travel of the wave is the same with the direction of vibration of the medium. Example is sound wave.
The propagation of waves, simple mean, how the waves travel, what pattern, does it take to travel, does it moves in a straight line or in up and down motion.
Propagation of transverse wave
From the definition of transverse waves, let take water wave as a case study for propagation of transverse waves. Suppose a wave is generated by dropping a stone in water, and a small piece of wood or cock floating in the path of the wave. The cock will be seen moving up and down in on spot as the wave travels pass. This up and down vibration of water particles is perpendicular to the direction of the wave along the surface.
Similarly particles of a plucked string vibrate up and down of from side to side, perpendicular to the direction of travel of the wave
Electromagnetic waves are also transverse wave but since no medium is required for their propagation , vibration cannot be particle vibration, because the wave is made of electric and magnetic vibration of very high frequency
Transverse waves can be represented by a series of up and down movements, that is some portion of the waves are displaced upward and while adjacent side is displaced downward
The region of maximum upward displacement is called a CREST, while the maximum downward displacement is called TROUGH.
Propagation of Longitudinal wave
In longitudinal wave, the vibrating particles behave like a spiral spring with series of compressed region called Compression and spaced out region called rarefaction. Therefore particle of the medium can be represented by spiral spring in longitudinal wave motion.
Consider a sound wave (longitudinal wave) be propagated in air as show below,
C=compression and, R= rarefaction
- (a) Shows undisturbed air when no sound wave is being propagated through it , here the pressure of air is normal throughout.
- (b) It show a propagation of sound wave through air medium, at where is there is compression, the air pressure there is little above normal, and where there is rarefaction ,that is where the layers are further apart , the air pressure there is little below normal
A transverse wave which is represented as with a series of crest and trough, when a graph of the wave is plotted, where y represents the direction of vibration of particles and x-represent the direction of propagation of the wave, similar picture of crest and trough is obtain, likewise when a graph of longitudinal wave is plotted, where y-represents the compression and x-represents the rarefaction.
Therefore both transverse and longitudinal waves can be represented by the diagram below.
Amplitude (a): This can be defined as the maximum displacement of vibrating particles from their mean position (or rest) is called the amplitude a, of the wave, and is measured in meter
Period (T): It is time required for vibrating particles to make one complete cycle or oscillation, and is measured in seconds
Frequency (f): It is the number of complete cycle or oscillation made by wave in one second
Wavelength (𝛌): The distance between the successive crest or successive trough is called wavelength 𝛌.
Wave speed (v): It is a distance wave travels per a second. It is measured in meter per second (m/s). For example if a wave travels a distance of x meter in t seconds, the speed is given by:
Relationship between, T,f, 𝛌, and v
From definition of frequency and period, they are related by;
The speed v, the wavelength 𝛌, and frequency f, are related by this equation:
The equation of traveling waves can be written as a sin or cosine function:
Both sine and cosine are periodical function with amplitude =1 and period=2πrad . It means that it repeat after 2πrad. But angular velocity is defined as
radians per second or rad, it similar to circular motion =3600 (one complete cycle)
So the sin and cos equation can be written as:
In general , a traveling wave whose amplitude is A, and constant angular velocity is , can be written as:
Where = a constant for wave that did not start from origin.
This constant angular distance ,which is known as phase constant can be related to linear distance as:
So wave equation can be written as:
where K= wave number
or substituting the, then we have
Since Then we can further write the wave equation as:
What is wavefront? It can be defined as real or imaginary surface of wave representing corresponding points of the wave that are in the same phase.
Consider a wave generated by dropping a spherical object in water, a circular pattern is observed emerging from the center of disturbance. All particle the circumference of a given circle are at the same disturbance, therefore there are said to be in the same phase. So the common circle of all particle which vibrate in phase constitute what is called wavefront.
What is progressive wave? A wave, whether longitudinal or transverse wave which travels continuously in a medium in the same direction without any change amplitude is called progressive or traveling wave.
What is stationary wave? It can be defined as a wave obtained when two progressive waves of equal amplitude and frequency, traveling in opposite directions, combined together. The combination of these two waves moving in opposite direction but have the same frequency and amplitude result from the interference between the two waves.
Standing /stationary can also be created by reflection of a wave when it hit an obstacle. The reflected wave returns along the same path with the incident wave. Then the reflected and incident waves combine to give raise to standing or stationary waves
Node: is point on a stationary wave where there is no movement of the medium
Antinode: It is a point on a stationary wave where there is a maximum movement of the medium
Note that the wavelength of the wave is twice the distance between two successive nodes.
Example of stationary waves
- waves obtained by plucking a string fixed at both ends.
- waves set up in open and closed pipes
Stroboscope: It is an instrument used in making a waves to appear stationary
The properties of waves are reflection, refraction, diffraction, interference and polarization
Reflection: It is change in the direction of the a wavefront at an interface between two difference media so that the wavefront returns into the medium from where it originated. It can also be said that Reflection of light is a situation whereby light bounce back when it hits polished, smooth or shiny objects such as mirror, glass, water and metals.
The angle at which reflection of light occurs is the same angle at which the light hit the object
The light rays that hit the object is called incident rays while the one that reflected is called the reflected rays the common examples, are reflection of light, sound and water waves.
Refraction: Refraction of wave is the changing of the direction of traveling of wave, when it moves from one medium to another. The refraction or bending of paths of waves are accompanied by change in wavelength and the speed because the speeds of waves depend on the medium through which it travels.
Diffraction: Diffraction occur when waves bend around small obstacle, or waves spread out after they pass small opening. Bending of waves depend on the relative size of the light wavelength to the size of the opening. If the opening is much larger than the wavelength of light, the bending will be almost unnoticeable. Diffraction occurs in all waves, whether electromagnetic waves or mechanical waves
Interference: Interference is superimposing (0r placing one on top of the other) of two waves traveling in the same direction. There are two type of interference: Constructive or addictive and destructive interference.
What is constructive interference? It is superimposing of the two waves that are in phase,( that is one of the waves must have traveled a full wavelength further than other), and traveling the same direction. The resulting wave has amplitude twice the amplitude of the others.
What is destructive interference? When two waves traveling in the same direction, which are not in phase, (that is one of the waves must have traveled half a wavelength further than other), are superimposed, the waves cancel each other, this type of interference is called destructive one
A light wave that is vibrating in more than one plane is unpolarized light. Polarized light waves are light waves in which the vibrations occur in a single plane. The process of transforming unpolarized light into polarized one is called polarization
To polarizes light waves, we pass an unpolarized light , through a light polarizing filter, such as tourmaline, calcite, and quartz. Another polarizer , but manufactured one is Polaroid
From the diagram above a light emerging from the crystal Q is polarized by putting a second crystal R behind Q and rotating R, when Q and R have their axes parallel to each other the light passing through R appears almost as bright as that passing through Q. When R is further slowly rotated about the line of vision the light emerging from it appears darker and darker and this is completely extinguished, as shown by second diagram. When the axis of R is perpendicular to that of Q. On further rotation in the same direction the emergence light become brighter and brighter and again becomes brightest when the axes of Q and B again parallel
This simple experiment leads to conclusion that light consist of transverse waves. Thus we can establish whether light is polarized or not by simply rotating a polarizer through which the light is passing.
If the transmitted light
(i). Shows no change in a density the incident light was polarized
(ii). The light Varies slightly in intensity per the revolution, the incident light was partly plane polarized
(ii). The light cut off completely twice per revolution ,the incident light was plane polarized
Polarization by reflection
It was discovered in 1808 by the French physicist Etienne Malus ,that when an ordinary or un-polarized light is incident at an angle of about 570 on the polished surface of a glass plate the reflected light is plane polarized


Western Caucasus, Russian Federation
The Western Caucasus (43°30' to 44°08'N, 39°53' to 40°48'E) is a World Heritage Site which extends over 350,000 hectares (ha) of the inaccessible western end of the Greater Caucasus Mountains 50 kilometers (km) north-east of the Black Sea. It is one of the few large mountain ranges of Europe that has not experienced significant human impact. Its extensive undisturbed mountain forests, ranging from subtropical to alpine are unique in Europe and its subalpine and alpine pastures have been grazed only by wild animals. It includes about four-fifths of the ecosystems of the Caucasus which is one of the global centers of plant diversity and the site, which is one of the largest of strictly protected areas, includes many endemic and relict species including the reintroduced European bison.
This complex of sites is located in the mountains of the western Greater Caucasus in southwesternmost European Russia in the province of Krasnodar and the Republics of Adygea and Karachaevo-Cherkessia. The nearest city is Sochi, 25 km southwest. It is 120 km from east to west, and 50 km from north to south. Its core is the Kavkazskiy (Caucasus) Nature Reserve with its buffer zone which together form the Caucasus State Biosphere Reserve, with parts of Sochi National Park and its buffer zone and four natural monuments. Parts of the territory are very isolated. 43°30' to 44°08'N, 39°53' to 40°48'E.
Date and History of Establishment
- 1882 Most of the future Kavkazskiy Reserve was a princely hunting preserve called 'the Kuban Chase';
- 1906 The territory was returned to local settlers and no longer protected;
- 1924 Kavkazskiy Nature Reserve established after pressure from the Russian Academy of Sciences;
- 1951 The Nature Park and Natural Monuments, already part of the Kavkazskiy Nature Reserve, were transferred to forestry departments: two-thirds of the Reserve lost its protected status;
- 1979 The Kavkazskiy Reserve was declared a Biosphere Reserve under the UNESCO MAB Program;
- 1983 Sochi National Park was established to preserve natural areas on the Black Sea Coast and for recreational, educational and scientific purposes;
- 1996 The Bolshoy Thach Nature Park was re-established by Decree of the President of the Republic of Adygea to protect a complex of primary montane broad-leaf, fir and beech-fir forests. The Buiniy Ridge Nature Monument was also re-established by the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Adygea to protect virgin fir woods having trees 300 years old;
- 1997 The headwaters of the rivers Tsitsa, Pshecha and Pshechashcha were decreed Nature Monuments by the President of the Republic of Adygea to protect vast beech and beech-fir forests;
- 1997 Sochi National Park divided into five management zones; three especially protected zones next to the Kavkazskiy Reserve being included within it.
351,620 ha. The territory is protected under various designations:
- Kavkazkiy Nature Reserve: 275,841 ha
- Kavkazskiy Nature Reserve buffer zone: 6,000 ha
- Sochi National Park: 56,910 ha
- The Bolshoy Thach Nature Park: 3,700 ha
- The Buiniy Ridge Nature Monument: 1,480 ha
- The River Tsitsa Headwaters Nature Monument: 1,913 ha
- Headwaters of Rivers Pshecha and Pshechashcha Nature Monument: 5,776 ha
The Kavkazskiy Nature Reserve and Sochi National Park are under federal jurisdiction, and are managed by the State Committee for the Environment. The buffer zone of the Nature Reserve and remaining protected areas fall under the Forests Committee of the Republic of Adygea.
From 260 meters (m) to 3,360 m (Akaragvarta Mountain).
The Greater Caucasus Mountains are one of the great mountain ranges of Europe and form a major barrier across the isthmus. The diversity of the landscapes of Adygeya and Karachaevo-Cherkessia is very high. The site is at the western end of the range close to the Black Sea. It does not encompass the highest or steepest parts of the Caucasus, but includes a wide range of sedimentary, metamorphic and igneous rocks from Precambrian to Paleozoic in a landscape of high peaks, wide valleys, lakes, mountain bogs and moraines. The Lagonakskiy Plateau and the north of the site is dominated by limestone massifs with many cave systems, among them the longest and deepest cave in Russia, 1,600 m deep and 15 km long. Most of the surface of the site has been glaciated: there are about 60 remnant glaciers with a total area of 18 square kilometers (km2) and over 130 mountain lakes at high altitude, among them lakes Kardyvach, Inpsi and Bezmolviya. The glaciers feed numerous watercourses and two large rivers, the Bol'shaya Laba and the Belaya whose tributaries dissect the northern slope of the range. The rivers of the southern slope, the Mzyma, Sochi and Shakhe, flow into the Black Sea. These rivers form numerous waterfalls some up to 250 m high. Abadzekhskoe Gorge in the headwaters of the River Tsitsa drops 1 km over a 10 km stretch.
The mountain ridges of the Greater Caucasus intercept flows of cold air from north to south and form a climatic boundary between moderate northern and warm humid southern climatic regimens. Below-zero temperatures are characteristic of the northern part in winter; in June temperatures average 20°C. The southern portion, in the low mountains of the Black Sea coast has a warm and damp climate close to subtropical; the average temperature in January is 4.2°C, and in July-August, 20-21°C. Air temperatures in the mountains fall 0.65°C per 100 m of altitude, and absolute minima can reach -22°C. The annual precipitation, falling mainly in summer, is about 1,000 millimeters (mm) and increases with height: the Lagonakskiy Plateau, Achishko and Fisht Mountains receive 3,000 mm per year and can be snow-covered for 9 to 10 months, 2-4 m thick on mountain slopes, but in valleys and gorges accumulating to 10-16 m.deep.
The North Caucasus is the only place in the world where warm-temperate deciduous forests have existed since the Tertiary and is their most important refuge and relict area in west Eurasia. Because of the biogeographic variety of the region, speciation and endemism are high. A total of 1,580 vascular plant species have been recorded from the site, including 967 species from the high mountain zone, about one third of which are endemic to the Caucasus. 160 species of plants are in danger of extinction and are listed in the Red Data books of the Russian Federation, Adygea and the Krasnodar region. There are also over 700 species of fungi, 12 of which are threatened in Russia. 62% of the area is forest, 21% grassland and the rest mainly rock. The flora is vertically zoned. Deciduous forests clothe the mountain foothills from 500 to 1,200 m above sea level. These consist of sessile and downy oaks Quercus petraea and Q.pubescens, pear Pyrus communis, European chestnut Castanea sativa, hornbeam Carpinus caucasica and oriental beech Fagus orientalis. Groves of box Buxus colchica and yew Taxus baccata are especially prized. A belt of dark coniferous forests grows between 1,000 and 2,000 m, 70% consisting of Caucasian fir Abies nordmanniana and various pines Pinus spp. Between 2,000 and 2,300 m, these forests give way to birch Betula pendula and B. litwinowii, and maples Acer laetum and A. trautvetteriare. And from 1,800 almost to 2,500 m, the vegetation is subalpine with tall grasses and the endemic Caucasian rhododendron Rhododendron caucasicum, Betula and Salix shrubs. Above this are alpine meadows and rocky outcrops that yield in places to sub-nival and nival belts. The terrain above 3,100 m is permanently snow-covered.
The diversity of the landscapes of the Western Caucasus is also reflected in their fauna, with about 384 recorded vertebrate species. Some 60 mammal species have been recorded in Kavkazskiy Nature Reserve and Sochi National Park. These include wolf Canis lupus, brown bear Ursus arctos, lynx Felis lynx, wild pig Sus scrofa, Caucasian deer Cervus elaphus moral, roe deer Capreolus capreolus, the west Caucasian tur Capra caucasica (EN) and chamois Rupicapra rupicapra and the reintroduced European bison Bison bonasus x B.bonasus caucasicus. The Park's territory is a wintering ground for many ungulates. Five species are registered in the Red Data Book: the bats Miniopterus schreibersi and Nyctalus lasioterus, Caucasian otter Lutra lutra meridionalis (VU), leopard Panthera pardus ciscaucasica and the European bison. The latter derives from hybrids between the existing stock and the mountain bison which lived here before being hunted to extinction.
126 different species of birds are recorded, 17 being listed in the Russian Red Data Book. The mountains are a migratory bottleneck for raptors and many are seen in the area: bearded vulture Gypaetus barbatus, griffon vulture Gyps fulvus, osprey Pandion haliaetus, whitetailed eagle Haliaeetes albicilla, cinereous eagle Aegypius monachus, short-toed eagle Circaetus gallicus, tawny eagle Aquila garax, imperial eagle A.heliaca (VU), golden eagle A.chrysaetos and Levant sparrow hawk Accipiter brevipes, Other notable species are black stork Ciconia nigra, Caucasian blackcock Lyrurus mlokoseiwiczi, Caucasian snowcock Tetrogalluus caucasicus, corncrake Crex crex (VU), Alpine chough Pyrrhocorax graculus, Kruper's nuthatch Sitta krueperi, wallcreeper Tichodroma muraria, Alpine accentor Prunella collaris, Caucasian chiffchaff Phylloscopus lorenzii and great rosefinch Carpodacus rubicilla.
Seventeen reptiles have been recorded in the territory, two of which are listed in the Red Data Book for Russia: the common turtle Testudo graeca (VU), the Caucasian viper Vipera kaznakowi (EN). Vipera dinniki (VU) is also found. About 2,500 insect species have been recorded from the area, but double this number may well occur. Several of these species have been listed in the Red Data Book for Russia, in particular the Caucasian ground beetle Carabus caucasicus, Alaus parreyssi, Rhesus serricollis, Rosalia alpina, Apollo butterfly Parnassius Apollo (VU), and P.Mnemosyne.
The history of the human occupation of this region is traced back about 500,000 years. Archaeologists have found more than 150 Neanderthal sites along with the remains of mammoths, aurochs, and wild horses. After about 6,000 BC the region was overrun by migrations and new settlers. At the end of 4,000 BC a tumulus culture was established in the area connected with the wave of migrations from eastern Asia. The territory was a part of the highly developed Maikop culture that lasted until 1,000 BC. There have been numerous findings in the tumuli including unique golden adornments and artifacts of metal and clay. For many centuries the area has been largely uninfluenced by human activity and more recently there has been only low impact logging, grazing and hunting around the periphery.
Local Human Population
Owing to their inaccessibility and steepness these slopes were never economically exploited. There is no resident population but there are 200 farmers in the buffer and transition zones.
Visitors and Visitor Facilities
Kavkazskiy Nature Reserve has been very isolated and parts are only easily reached by helicopter. There is tourism in peripheral areas, for the most part unquantified, but it is being promoted and is increasing fast. In 1997 2,934 people passed along the one established tourist route, and the museum at Guzeripl received about 3000 visitors in 2000. Tourists in the Biosphere Reserve numbered 40-50,000 in 1997. The River Belaya in the Reserve is a venue for rafting and annual international water sport competitions: in 1997 150 people took part. Little information is available about visitor facilities connected with the Reserves, but Sochi, on the Black Sea 25 km to the southwest, and the approaches from Maikop have many camps and hotels.
Scientific Research and Facilities
Little information is available, but mapping and monitoring the area are part of the program for the Biosphere Reserve.
The site is rather inaccessible and is one of the few large mountain areas of Europe that has not suffered significant human impact. It includes about 80% of the ecosystem types of the Caucasus and its subalpine and alpine pastures have only been grazed by wild animals. Its extensive undisturbed mountain forests, ranging from subtropical to alpine are unique in Europe. The Caucasus is one of the global centres of plant diversity and the site, which is one of the largest of strictly protected areas, includes many endemic and relict species.
Kavkazskiy Nature Reserve is managed by the Russian State Committee of Environmental Protection with the Forestry Committee of the Republic of Adygea. A management plan for the site was drawn up in 1997, dividing the reserve into six regions each with a team of rangers. The Russian Ministry of Forestry manages the Sochi National Park, although the Forest Committee of Krasnodar Province has some influence. A project for the management of this site was drawn up in 1987 with detailed maps and division into four zones. Proposals to amend this into a 5-zone plan have yet to be realized. The three natural monuments and the nature park are under the jurisdiction of the Cabinet of the Republic of Adygea, but there are no management plans for these sites.
The size and inaccessibility of the area means that threats to the park have been few so far, but there are three areas of concern. There is some illegal deer hunting and it has been suggested that increased provision of salt for ungulates in the hunting reserves around the area may have drawn some animals out of the park. There are currently no roads in the area, but to promote tourism the Adygeyan authorities have proposed one across the Reserve from the limestone Lagomakiy Plateau in the north to the Black Sea coast at Dagomys. This would cross the Fisht-Oshtenskiy Massif, the area generally held to be the genetic center of Caucasian biodiversity, and would cut across the migration routes of bears and deer. No environmental impact assessment has yet been made and local conservationists are not officially consulted. Accessibility would open up the country and compromise the Park's wilderness values and there would be impacts from the construction work itself. Tourist litter, accidental fires and tree-cutting are already evident.
There are 199 staff in the Kavkazskiy Nature Reserve, including 15 administrative staff, 45 scientific workers, 95 rangers, 8 in the department of ecological education and 44 technical personnel. Sochi National Park has 169 staff, including 17 administrative staff and 15 forest guards. The remainder are guards, technicians and other workers. There are no staff assigned to the other protected areas, although the staff of the Kavkazkiy Nature Reserve undertake some management activities.
IUCN Management Category
- Kavkazkiy Nature Reserve; 1a (Strict Nature Reserve)
- Sochi National Park; II (National Park)
- Bolshoy Thach Nature Park; IV (Nature Monument)
- Buiniy Ridge Nature Monument; IV (Nature Monument)
- River Tsitsa headwaters Nature Monument; IV (Nature Monument)
- Headwaters of Rivers Pshecha and Pshechashcha Nature Monument; IV (Nature Monument)
- Natural World Heritage Site, inscribed in 1999. Biosphere Reserve. Natural Criteria i, ii, iii and iv.
- Chebakova, I., (1997). National Parks in Russia: A Guidebook. Moscow, Biodiversity Conservation Centre.161pp.
- Heath, M. & Evans, M. (eds) (2000). Important Bird Areas in Europe. Priority Sites for Conservation. BirdLife International, Cambridge U.K. ISBN: 0946888345.
- IUCN (1999, in litt.) World Heritage Nomination - IUCN Technical Evaluation. Western Caucasus (Russian Federation).
- Ministry of Environmental Protection and Natural Resources of the Russian Federation (1996). Strict Nature Reserves (Zapovedniki) of Russia: Collection of 'Chronicle of Nature' for 1991-92. Moscow. 270pp.
- Russian Federation National Park Administration (1998). Nomination of the Western Caucasus Natural Site for Inclusion in the World Heritage List (1998). 41pp. Annexes, maps.
- Sokolov, V.,& Syroechkovskiy, E.,(eds.) (1990). Zapovedniki Kavkaza (Nature Reserves of the Caucasus) in Zapovedniki SSSR (Nature Reserves of the USSR). 365pp. ISBN: 5244004328.
- UNESCO-MAB Biosphere Reserve Directory. (2001). Russian Federation. Kavkazskiy.
Disclaimer: This article is taken wholly from, or contains information that was originally published by, the United Nations Environment Programme-World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC). Topic editors and authors for the Encyclopedia of Earth may have edited its content or added new information. The use of information from the United Nations Environment Programme-World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC) should not be construed as support for or endorsement by that organization for any new information added by EoE personnel, or for any editing of the original content.


A 37-year-old woman complains of “itchy bumps” that erupted just above her
waist 2 or 3 days earlier. She denies having had this condition in the past.
The patient is otherwise healthy and takes no medications. An avid gardener,
she claims to be able to identify and avoid poisonous plants.
To detect wheezing during forced
expiration in patients with dyspnea,
asthma, or reactive airway disease,
ask the patient to take a big breath
and exhale as if he or she were blowing
out the candles on a birthday
After 5 weeks of undulating fever, weight loss, and night sweats, a 22-year-old man presented to the emergency department. He reported no significant medical history. The patient had recently completed a course of tetracycline followed by another of azithromycin for a presumed upper respiratory tract infection.
The parents of a 3-year-old boy were
concerned about their son's "droopy"
right eyelid; the abnormality had
been present since birth. All other aspects
of the child's eyes and his general
development had been normal.
Some degree of hyperpigmentation
develops in most pregnant
women. This coloration is more pronounced
in dark-skinned women; on
naturally pigmented areas, such as the
areolae, perineum, and umbilicus; and
on the axillae, inner thighs, and other
regions that are prone to friction.
Many of my older women patients think they
are at much higher risk for breast cancer than
coronary heart disease (CHD). How can we raise women's
awareness about their risks of CHD and thereby
encourage them to take measures to prevent it?
(HF), the most
has a significant and growing
impact on health care
resources. The incidence
of HF has tripled during the
last decade. Almost 5 million
Americans have HF, and an
estimated 500,000 new cases
are diagnosed yearly. The
lifetime risk of HF is about
20%.1 Drug therapy has improved
considerably in recent
years, but the magnitude
and severity of the
problem has created a need
for newer therapies--particularly
since HF is associated
with an increased risk of
sudden death and a diminished
quality of life.2
A 35-year-old woman noticed that her
right upper eyelid started to droop as
the day progressed. She denied other
ocular problems, including decreased
visual acuity, pain, or diplopia. The patient
had no generalized fatigue, difficulty
in swallowing, or weakness of
her arms or legs.
A 65-year-old woman with a long history of hypertension treated with metoprolol and felodipine complained of dizziness, headache, nausea, and vomiting of acute onset. Her blood pressure was 220/110 mm Hg. She was drowsy and unable to stand or walk.
A bright, active 10-year-old boy has been experiencing recurrent bouts of
abdominal pain with nausea and occasional vomiting for 3 years. Although he
has had 1 or 2 attacks at school, the pain usually occurs at home—frequently
on weekends. His mother has been unable to correlate these episodes with particular
foods or activities. She notes that her son has experienced motion sickness
during long auto trips and during a family holiday in the mountains of
A 24-year-old woman's first
pregnancy was uneventful until the
sixth month when mild malaise and a
highly pruritic abdominal rash occurred
(Figure 1). A biopsy and direct
the suspected diagnosis of herpes
The most appropriate choice is B. The history and
physical findings suggest that the patient may have a
fracture or contusion of the foot from trauma. There are
no systemic signs that suggest an underlying infectious,
chronic inflammatory, or oncologic process. A plain x-ray
film of the foot is necessary to see
whether a fracture is present and
whether immobilization will be necessary.
In the absence of fever and local
erythema, infection appears unlikely,
and a CBC count is unwarranted.
This 40-year-old man was punched in
the left eye the night before his evaluation.
Traumatic ptosis of the left upper
eyelid with accompanying edema and
periorbital ecchymosis (A) were found.
When the ptotic eyelid was lifted and
held in place with tape, conjunctival
injection and traumatic mydriasis were
seen (B). The patient had no complaints
of diplopia; the remainder of the
eye examination was unremarkable.
A swollen, painful eyelid prompted a 39-year-old man to seek medical attention.
The patient had noticed swelling, redness, and irritation in his left lateral eyebrow
area 2 days earlier. Upon awakening on the morning of his appointment,
the left upper eyelid also felt full and tender and was drooping. A pointed draining
area of purulent material had formed in the lateral brow region (not visible
here). The patient was afebrile and denied any recent periorbital trauma. He
was otherwise healthy; his only medication was a daily multivitamin.
A 12-year-old boy with a history of atopy complained of pruritus and severe dryness of the hands. Over-the-counter moisturizers failed to resolve the condition. The patient did not wash his hands frequently and had no hobbies that exposed him to environmental irritants or allergens.
A 13-year-old boy presents with swelling of the left eyelids
that started 12 hours earlier; the eyelashes are matted
with yellow discharge. He does not wear contact lenses or
eyeglasses and denies ocular trauma or foreign bodies. He
has been nauseated and has vomited once; his mother
attributes these symptoms to an antibiotic that was prescribed
5 days earlier for a sinus infection. Medical history
is noncontributory; there is no family history of ocular
Approximately 2 weeks earlier, a pruritic,
papular eruption had developed over
the abdomen of a 33-year-old woman
who was 34 weeks' pregnant. The
rash was confined mainly to the striae
distensae (Figure 3). Because the
site was severely pruritic, the patient
was unable to sleep. Based on the
clinical presentation, pruritic urticarial
papules and plaques of pregnancy
(PUPPP) was diagnosed.
In their article, “Dyslipidemia in Patients With CAD: How to Make Best Use
of Drug Therapy” (CONSULTANT, October 2000, page 2097), Drs Harry Yu,
Richard Pasternak, and Geoffrey Ginsberg discuss the adverse effects associated
with statin therapy, including myositis.


Limiting global warming to 1.5°C compared to 2°C reduces the severity of climate change impacts on our natural and human systems. As highlighted by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s
(IPCC) Global Warming of 1.5°C special report, several hundred million people would be less exposed to climate-related risks to health, livelihoods, food security and water supply. For our natural systems, the IPCC projects that coral reefs will be virtually eliminated at 2°C, while under 1.5°C of warming, they will decline by 70-90%.
Human activities have already caused global warming of about 1.0°C and global warming is likely to reach 1.5°C around 2040 if it continues to increase at the current rate. While a 1.5°C world is still possible, we need to urgently and radically transform all systems at an unprecedented scale. Transforming the energy system will be crucial as unabated fossil fuels are currently responsible for over 80% of primary energy demand. We must move swiftly toward an increase in all available zero-carbon energy sources across all sectors.
As the global temperature increase is linked to cumulative net CO2 emissions, it is imperative that emissions remain within the carbon budget. This means that in parallel to aiming for net-zero emissions as early as possible in the second half of the century, we need to also achieve emissions reductions in the near-term to limit cumulative emissions. According to the IPCC, we need to reduce CO2 emissions by about 1.4 GtCO2 per year to limit warming to 1.5°C. It is therefore crucial that the transition to a zero-carbon energy system is accelerated now, using technologies already existing today.


White Ribbon Day and Silent Tears
Domestic violence is a hidden epidemic, with 1 in 3 women having experienced physical and/or sexual violence perpetrated by someone known to them, and one in four children exposed to domestic violence. As Australia recognises White Ribbon Day on Friday November 25th to raise awareness of domestic and family violence, a new photographic exhibition from internationally renowned photographer Belinda Mason – Silent Tears – aims to provoke a national conversation about the serious levels of violence endured by women and girls with disability in Australia.
Since 1998, Belinda Mason’s work has been oriented around subjects traditionally considered taboo, dealing with difficult subject matter such as body image, disability and sexuality. Supported by artists Dieter Kiernan (video) and Margherita Coppolino (documentary photography), Silent Tears reveals twenty Australian women’s haunting stories of disability and violence using saturated water to symbolise the streams of tears these survivors have silently endured. Each participant has either experienced violence because they have a disability, or has acquired an impairment, as a result of violence.
Silent Tears will be on display at the MAMA from Thursday 24th January 2016 until Sunday 1st January 2017. Primary Communication is a proud supporter of White Ribbon Day, and a proud sponsor of the Silent Tears exhibition.
This year, White Ribbon Day is held November 25th. For more information or to donate, visit the official White Ribbon Australia website. To learn more about the Silent Tears exhibition, please visit the official website here.
Trigger Warning: This exhibition includes depictions and some graphic accounts of violence towards women. If you require support please contact 1800 737 732 to access counselling delivered by qualified, experienced professionals 24-hours a day, seven days a week, from the National Sexual Assault, Domestic Family Violence Counselling Service. www.1800respect.org.au


As every season has its own importance. So the summer season has its own. Summer season is full of heat, hot wind and sweaty body. In this season human body loses its water level. In this season kids need more attention. So it’s important that the parent should care for their kids.
Here I will give you 7 important tips that help you out to take care of your kids in summer:-
1. Avoid Direct Sunlight
Kids always love to play outdoor games. But in the summer kids should avoid the direct sunlight between 11 AM to 4 PM. During these hours the sun heat is at its peak. The risk of dehydration is more during these hours. You should allow the kids to play in the early morning or evening when the temperature is not too hot.
2. Maintain the room temperature Kids Favorably
It is the parent’s responsibility to make the indoor temperature kids favorable. Use a fan or air conditioner to maintain the indoor temperature cool.
3. Wear the Light color & Lightweight clothes to Kids
In summer season always wear the light color & lightweight clothes to kids. Cotton is the best fabric for kids in summer. The clothes of cotton do not cause any allergy & irritate the skin.
4. Serve Water & Other Fluids to Kids after small intervals
Kids need to drink a good quantity of water. Their body loses water in form of sweat while playing. Add fruit juices & other fluids to kids diet. These make them remain hydrated.
5. Serve the Kids with the Food having Water
Serve the kids with the food that contains water. There are some fruits & vegetables that contain a good quantity of water. Watermelon & strawberry are water enriched fruits. Kids love to eat these fruits. Salad of vegetable like cucumber & tomato is good to eat.
6. Protect the Kids from Insects Infection
In summer season protect the kids from the insect’s infection. The insects like mosquitoes, cockroaches. Now days, mosquitoes are most dangerous insect. Sluggish water is the breeding ground of the mosquitoes. When the kids play outside always apply the mosquitoes repellent creams. You can also hire any pest control agency to control the pests at home.
7. Prepare First- Aid Kit for Home
Prepare a first aid kit for home. First aid kit should have the cotton ball, ORS, antiseptic cream, medicine for stomach, cream for rashes. In summer kids face the problems such as skin rashes, dehydration, and injury while playing. In case, kids face any problem you can take care of use first aid kit initially. But, do not forget to consult your pediatrician.