Zinc is recycled at all stages of production and use – for example, from scrap that of zinc oxide, which in turn becomes a raw material for the production of zinc metal. Based on the Example of the Steel Plant Dust Recycling Business Area.
Dipanwita Gupta* reports on how India needs to step up its aluminium scrap the rag pickers and human recyclers, who pick all non-degradable items - metal,
India produces 12 million tonnes of Construction Demolition, Excavation step to start India's second and most advanced C&D Waste recycling plant near Electrical fixtures (copper/aluminium wiring, wooden baton, Bakelite / plastic
India investing heavily in safety at Alang shipbreaking yard between Chinese steelmakers Baosteel and Wuhan as 'a positive step' and a in metal supply and recycling using its aluminium casting and rolling plant at Singen in Germany.
New Delhi: State-run metal scrap trading firm MSTC has signed a The idea behind the JV is to meet India's annual scrap requirement This first-of-its-kind auto shredding facility will establish an automotive recycling capability for Anil Kumble steps down as India head coach ahead of West Indies tour.
Lead Battery Recycling Process includes the following steps: Lead Battery Breaking and Separation; Desulphurization System; Lead Smelting; Lead Emission
Recycling Method: Aluminium recycling is the process by which scrap The aluminum recycling process is fairly straightforward in its major steps. Aluminium UBC arrives at the recycling plant in large blocks, or bales. . Indian Aluminium Sector to Fly High Powered by Aerospace, Defence Demand
How companies can turn building demand for recycled products into a competitive advantage. But for a variety of reasons, the cost of this processing step has been far In general, aluminum is the only commodity processed by recycling
India Needs to Step Up its Aluminium Scrap Recycling Pursuits. June 10 This plant too was facing challenges due to less availability of scrap.
A successful recycling business is a venture that allows you to make a profit while the going rate for materials like metal and paper can change dramatically, The Small Business Administration is a great resource for startup companies in
Are you interested in starting an aluminum can recycling company and you need aluminum can recycling business, then you should take the following steps seriously; Choose a Suitable Location to Build Your Aluminum Recycling Plant 10 Unique Small Scale Business ideas in India · Poultry Farming Business Plan
Conventionally, vehicle scrap recycling in India has been a highly others”, said Mr Sanjay Mehta, President, Metal Recycling Association of India” . said, “Building auto shredding plant in India is a very constructive step
Aluminium recycling is the process by which scrap aluminium can be reused in products after . These secondary alloys ingots are used in die cast companies.
We will discuss on how to start a recycling business and steps needed plastics, recycling of metal scrap, recycling of electronics products, recycling of glass products, etc. who have the plants that are set up by them for the recycling purpose. Waste Tyre Recycling Plant Business Plan & Profit In India.
Aluminium recycling is the process by which scrap aluminium can be reused in products after its initial production. The process involves simply re-melting the
The Global Aluminium Recycling Committee (GARC). GARC brings . usage by IAI member and reporting companies per tonne of in China, India and Russia. As shown .. ways in which to promote better collection of these.
The government is looking to set up 10 modern recycling centres by 2014, "Even as the auto industry is doing well in India and the number of 180,000 tonnes of aluminum scrap & 75,000 tonnes each of plastic and The #1 Warning Your Skin Is Trying To Tell YouGundry - Primal Plants Supplement.
Introduction; Newspaper; Cardboard; Glass; Tin cans; Aluminum; Motor Oil . Oregon has four major cardboard recycling plants: Weyerhauser in North Bend makes That process is made up of a series of chemical and electrical steps which
The major steps in aluminium can recycling are as followe: Step 1: The cans are then delivered to beverage companies for filling. Step 6: The
The amount of recycled metal is increasing, and the recyclers have new China, India and Russia – has started increasing their recycling activities. Next step is to invest in recycling to handle scrap volumes from our plants


In the first part of this article1, we discussed the resurgence of lettering, we defined the differences between lettering, calligraphy, and typeface design, and we also discussed pens, papers, and other supplies. In this second part, I will share with you how I got started, my journey, and will also share specific tips on how to start. Let’s get started.
The Journey Is Particular To You Link
When I decided to practice lettering daily, I was a tad overwhelmed with the options: Crayola (there is even a term for it, crayligraphy2), pointed pen, brushes, illustrative lettering, lettering, calligraphy (Copperplate and Spencerian), modern calligraphy, and so on. I did not know what to do or where to start.
I had taken a short course offered by Caroline Kelso from Made Vibrant3, where she teaches a simple way to do lettering. I started to realize that one thing that all lettering styles had in common, among the sea of differences and uniqueness, was that everybody would embrace their own style. That was the moment when I decided to try different tools and see what I was most comfortable with and what I liked the most. Eventually, I started to settle on brush lettering.
My Journey As A Learner Link
After practicing for a few months, I started to realize that the foundation of brush lettering was similar to the Spencerian4 and Palmer methods of penmanship. Spencerian penmanship is the type of cursive writing that was taught in the United States from approximately 1850-1925. Platt Roger Spencer developed it for the purpose of aiding business communication. However, it started to become obsolete with the introduction of the typewriter. (Another instance where one technological tool displaces another). Spencerian penmanship has, however, seen resurgence in some charter schools and home school education.
The other handwriting method is called The Palmer5 method, developed by Austin Palmer. The Palmer method, a simplified style of Spencerian, emphasizes muscle and arm movement as opposed to finger movement. The Spencerian method, however, focuses on four types of movement: finger, forearm, combined, and whole arm. The Palmer method became very popular as it was intended to simplify writing and compete with the typewriter. The Palmer method drills were taught in schools as well.
Both Spencerian and the Palmer method encourage the practice of a collection of exercises or drills, which have now become very popular.
The Principles Link
Spencerian penmanship focuses on eight principles or strokes: a diagonal straight line, the right curve, the left curve, the extended loops (upwards and downwards), the direct oval, the reverse oval, and the capital stem. For some letterers, the capital stem and the diagonal straight line are the same. As I continued to observe letterers and calligraphers on Instagram, I started to see that these principles were the foundation of their unique styles.
See a short demo here:
Now that we have a good foundation and context, let’s talk about how to start.
Where To Start: Understanding Your Space and Your Letters Link
Let’s discuss some basic terms to give us a foundation, and so you know where to start on the page.
Terms To Know Link
- Baseline: The baseline is an imaginary line where the letters “sit.” Think of your name, for example. Each letter aligns perfectly at the bottom on an imaginary line.
- X-height: This refers to how tall each letter is. Think of the lowercase x. From the bottom (baseline) to its top, that space is called the x-height. Your lettering can have uniform x-height, or you can play with making some letters with a small x-height and others with a large x-height.
- Capline: Each capital letter also touches an imaginary line at the top where all the caps meet. If you were to draw a line across touching each cap, you would see how they all align perfectly. But, as I explained in the x-height above, you can create your caps to all be uniformly the same height or you can play with creating a playful rhythm.
- Ascenders: The vertical line or stroke of letters like the lower case b, d, f, h, k, and l extend beyond the x-height line. Thus, we call that stroke ascender as they ascend or they rise.
- Descenders: Just like some letters ascend, or go up beyond the x-height, other letters descend, or go below the baseline. Letters like g, j, p, and q descend below the baseline; thus, we call that part of the letter, descenders.
Here is a diagram that will help clarify it for you:
Here is the diagram with some letters. Note: that I gave these letters taller ascenders and longer descenders.
Basic Strokes Link
Like in many other disciplines, there are several ways to create letters in brush lettering. Also, each brush pen and brush will give you a slightly different mark or marks depending on its texture and size of the tip. The uniqueness of lettering is not only dependent on the brush type and size, but it is also determined by how each letterer imparts his or her flair, personality, style, and uniqueness to the letters.
As we discussed earlier, there are eight basic strokes, also called principles, in the Spencerian Penmanship Theory Book. However, remember the two most important principles to keep in mind are the pressure you apply on the brush pen and the angle in which you hold it. Pressure is used to create the thick lines going down, while the release of the pressure creates the thin lines when you go up. These are two critical factors. The rest is an expansion of what we do naturally with a pen or pencil.
Instead of walking you through a sheet full of the letters of the alphabet and having you try and copy them to my style or my interpretation, allow me to show you the basic strokes or principles that are the foundation for the letters. I want you to think about the letters’ basic strokes and how they come together. Unlike traditional calligraphy, in brush lettering we don’t have to replicate a calligraphic hand style impeccably.
The angle in which you hold the brush will be crucial. It will affect the angle of each letter, their posture, and in general, the look of the entire word, phrase, quote, etc. Remember your baseline. If you trace a straight vertical line from the baseline, that would be a 90-degree angle, right? If you start writing with a pencil or pen, usually the slant of your letters will be about 30 to 40 degrees to the right of the vertical line we just drew. Now, in calligraphy, every calligraphic hand will be created at a specific angle, which will create a specific slant. These exact requirements are necessary to replicate that calligraphic hand with exactitude. But, in brush lettering, especially in modern brush lettering, the angle may vary. That is, you may decide to write your letters with the brush at 90 degrees, 60, 55, or 30 degrees. You are welcome to play with it and test what you like most. For instance, my natural handwriting is usually at 60 degrees from the baseline. That is where I am most comfortable because it is how my handwriting works. But, I realized after practicing this past year, when I wanted to slow down and write each letter at a time, instead of sweeping through, my letters still sat at a 60-degree slant. See diagram below.
The most important thing is to remain consistent with the slant (sometimes referred to as the slope) of your letters.
Here is a short demo:
Pressure: The Thicks and the Thins Link
To create thick strokes, you need hand pressure applied to the chosen tool when making the letter on the surface. On the way up, you don’t apply pressure, rather guide the hand gently in an upward motion. This theory is easy to understand but hard to do immediately. Practice is necessary to create muscle memory.
See a short demo here:
Every down or diagonal stroke that goes towards the baseline will be thick. You will create that thickness by slightly changing the pen’s angle and adding pressure. When you move the pen towards the x-height line or the ascender line, either straight up or a diagonal, the pressure should be very light.
Applying pressure on your down strokes and releasing it on the up strokes sounds very easy. However, it takes a lot of practice to control the brush’s pressure. Even 15 minutes of dedicated practice every day will help you improve. Notice in the example below how I hold my brush pen. (And by the way, it does not matter which brush pen you are holding, the principle is the same: thick on the way down or downwards diagonal, light on the way up or upwards diagonal.)
A closer view can be found here:
The line (Stem or Stroke) Link
This line will often be at a slant or angle. If you think about it for a moment, how many letters have a vertical line in their construction? Let’s spell them out. On the capital letters we have the B, D, E, F, H, J, K, L, N, P, R, T, and I. On the lower case letters we have the b, d, f, h, i, j, k, l, p, q, and t.
See diagram below:
The curved line Link
Letters with curved lines are: capital B, C, D, G, J, O, P, Q, R, S, and U. Lowercases: a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, j, m, n, o, p, q, r, s, u, and a cursive z. Furthermore, we can think of right curved lines and left curved lines. If you divide the O or Q in the middle, you will have a right curve and a left curve that optically come together in the center.
Extended loop Link
Remember when we talked about ascenders and descenders on the b, d, f, g, h, k, l, p, q, and the cursive z? Well, creating an extended loop that will either go beyond the x-height or below the baseline will form those ascenders and those descenders. On the ascenders, your brush will go up first. Therefore, it will be a lightweight stroke. Conversely, on the descenders, your brush pen will make a downward stroke that will be thick. As you are turning the brush to go up again, the stroke will be lighter.
There are two types of ovals. The direct oval, which is created clockwise, and reverse oval, which is created counterclockwise. Here are the examples.
The Turns Link
In addition to the principles or basic strokes, there are two turns that are very important: the under turns and over turns. These turns give you the line and place which allow you to connect the letters. Generally, these turns will need the most practice as your brush pen will either press on or be lighter on the page.
See a demo here:
These are the fundamental principles to create the letters. It is a good idea to practice them on a quad sheet of paper, or you can make your own guidelines and practice them. Even 15 minutes a day will help you. If you are reading this, you can download a blank practice sheet here.29
Making The Letters Link
Now that we have the basics covered, let’s talk about how to make the letters. You will find a diverse range of opinions on whether or not practicing each letter is beneficial. I would prefer to point your attention to the fact that the letters are made out of groups of shapes. In other words, letters are like a large family and some letters have more commonalities than others. If you study them as groups of similar shapes, your foundation will be more solid because your letters will be more consistent.
How To Make The Letters Link
The first step in making the letters is to practice the strokes individually. Then, mix them to make letters and words. My preference is to practice with short and long words. This practice teaches me to think about flow and connectivity between each letter.
A right side curve, plus half an oval, plus a slanted stroke, plus a left side curve, makes an a. Just like this:
The second step in making the letters is to imagine the letter, or letters, in your mind. I know it sounds simple and silly, but it’s true. Visualize the letters in your mind as it helps to think of them as you try to write them.
To help you with that, I put together a short video:
Practice Makes Progress Link
Now that you have the basic strokes and principles of constructing each letter, my best advice for you is to practice. One thing that helped me greatly was to practice only the strokes over and over. I would take a grid notebook with me, and I would fill a sheet with each stroke. Here are two examples of my practice during swim meets. While I wait for my kids’ turns, I practice.
Practicing drills or exercises may not be a “sexy” practice, but it will give you “sexy” letters. People will ask you what you are doing, and you can tell them all about the letters! Plus, practicing lettering has a great side effect: it is very calming and soothing. Remember the beginning of the article on part one?
Lettering is not just about making pretty letters. It offers significant benefits for your mind, learning, and retention. When you have to make your to-do list, letter it. Since that list just became something where you drew each letter, you will remember it more. Practice writing words will allow you to practice thick and thins, underturns, overturns, and flow.
“Practicing drills or exercises may not be a ‘sexy’ practice, but it will give you ‘sexy’ letters.”
Closing Thoughts Link
I consider my practice of brush lettering a journey to help me progress in expressing my voice. And, that is what it should be: a journey for you to express your voice, your visual style, or your meditation. I sometimes work out creative problems by writing them out or lettering them. Recently Tobias Frere-Jones38 gave a talk39 in which he stated the following:
“But as I think of it, typeface design stands at this curious intersection of culture, and language, and technology.”
Without disrespecting him, I would like to rephrase or add to this beautiful quote by saying that all lettering (brush and otherwise) also stands at the curious intersection of culture, language, and technology. This is why lettering is so appealing, and it has boomed so much.
Letterers add a spice that is unique to each of them, to their culture, to their context, and to their language. As a bilingual speaker, I see the truth in Jones’ quote. For instance, when I letter in my native language, it is different. The colors may be different or the same, but the flavor, the slant, and even the words’ emphasis will be different. This fact should be encouraging to you if you are beginning this journey, or you are half way there or even if you have made it as a professional and successful letterer. No two letterers are the same. Start your journey. It will be rewarding.
There are many letterers and calligraphers whose work is amazing on Instagram. But, if I give you all the possible names you will be overwhelmed. Instead, I am going to list my seven favorites to follow.
Blogs Or Sites To Find More Information Link
The International Association of Master Penmen, Engrossers, and Teachers of Handwriting is an organization dedicated to foster, teach, and promote all calligraphic arts. You don’t have to be a member, but the membership is so affordable that you might as well. They hold an annual conference and, though I have yet to go to one, I hear that the teaching is excellent. Plus, they have lots of resources online and a directory for those who are members.
Founded by Erica McPhee63, the Flourish Forum is an online community with over 5,000 members for those who love calligraphy and the lettering arts. You have to be approved to participate, but once you are, the range of topics and help is outstanding.
Lindsey Bugbee is the owner of this site and blog. Lindsey has created a diverse collection of resources, printables, and tutorials that she likes to price the same as a latte.
Your Turn! Link
In this article we discussed the basic strokes that make the letters. Think of the letters as groupings based on the strokes. My recommendation is that you start with practicing each stroke. We call this practice making drills. Practice makes progress. As you get better, you will look back on your work and see how much you have learned and how far you have come. If you like to practice something more than just the principles we discussed here, I have put a short video together for you to show you some drills as well. See here:
And for those of you faithful readers, who made it to the end, here are a couple of freebies for you: practice sheets for you which include the basic strokes and drills!
Please remember these are for your personal use. If you would like more copies, feel free to contact me or to visit my Etsy67 store. Thank you for reading and please share in your comments, your thoughts, what has worked for you and what hasn’t. Also, feel free to contact me via Twitter68, Email69, or Instagram70.
- 1 https://www.smashingmagazine.com/2016/11/brush-lettering-it-only-gets-better-after-practice-part-1/
- 2 http://www.tierneystudio.com/crayligraphy/
- 3 http://www.madevibrant.com/
- 4 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spencerian_script
- 5 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmer_Method
- 6 https://www.smashingmagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/12-principles3-large-opt.jpg
- 7 https://www.smashingmagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/12-principles3-large-opt.jpg
- 8 https://www.smashingmagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/13-diagram-large-opt.jpg
- 9 https://www.smashingmagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/13-diagram-large-opt.jpg
- 10 https://www.smashingmagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/14-diagramwithletters-large-opt.jpg
- 11 https://www.smashingmagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/14-diagramwithletters-large-opt.jpg
- 12 https://www.amazon.com/Spencerian-Penmanship-copybooks-Spencer-Paperback/dp/B00OHXMBQM/ref=sr_1_fkmr1_3?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1472238586&sr=1-3-fkmr1&keywords=The+Theory+of+the+Spencerian+Penmanship+Practice
- 13 https://www.smashingmagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/15-slantdiagram-large-opt.jpg
- 14 https://www.smashingmagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/15-slantdiagram-large-opt.jpg
- 15 https://www.smashingmagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/16-angle-large-opt.jpg
- 16 https://www.smashingmagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/16-angle-large-opt.jpg
- 17 https://www.smashingmagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/17-angle2-large-opt.jpg
- 18 https://www.smashingmagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/17-angle2-large-opt.jpg
- 19 https://www.smashingmagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/18-diagonals-large-opt.jpg
- 20 https://www.smashingmagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/18-diagonals-large-opt.jpg
- 21 https://www.smashingmagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/19-curvedletters3-large-opt.jpg
- 22 https://www.smashingmagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/19-curvedletters3-large-opt.jpg
- 23 https://www.smashingmagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/20-loops-large-opt.jpg
- 24 https://www.smashingmagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/20-loops-large-opt.jpg
- 25 https://www.smashingmagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/21-ovals2-large-opt.jpg
- 26 https://www.smashingmagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/21-ovals2-large-opt.jpg
- 27 https://www.smashingmagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/22-turns-large-opt.jpg
- 28 https://www.smashingmagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/22-turns-large-opt.jpg
- 29 https://www.smashingmagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/HOFFMANN_blankpracticesheets-copy.pdf
- 30 https://www.smashingmagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/23-together-large-opt.jpg
- 31 https://www.smashingmagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/23-together-large-opt.jpg
- 32 https://www.smashingmagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/24-minimum-large-opt.jpg
- 33 https://www.smashingmagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/24-minimum-large-opt.jpg
- 34 ttps://www.smashingmagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/2-practice-HOFFMANN-large-opt.jpg
- 35 ttps://www.smashingmagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/2-practice-HOFFMANN-large-opt.jpg
- 36 https://www.smashingmagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/1-practice-HOFFMANN-large-opt.jpg
- 37 https://www.smashingmagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/1-practice-HOFFMANN-large-opt.jpg
- 38 https://frerejones.com/
- 39 http://99u.com/videos/53989/tobias-frere-jones-break-things-deliberately
- 40 https://www.instagram.com/amandaarneill/?hl=en
- 41 https://www.smashingmagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/40-amanda-large-opt.jpg
- 42 https://www.smashingmagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/40-amanda-large-opt.jpg
- 43 https://www.instagram.com/stefankunz/?hl=en
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- 45 https://www.smashingmagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/41-stefan-large-opt.jpg
- 46 https://www.instagram.com/letterjack/
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- 49 https://www.instagram.com/hey.jee/?hl=en
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- 54 https://www.smashingmagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/44-lucabarcellona-large-opt.jpg
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- 64 https://thepostmansknock.com/
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- 66 http://provide.smashingmagazine.com/PRACTICEWITHSTROKES_HOFFMANN.pdf
- 67 https://www.etsy.com/shop/wellchosenletters?ref=hdr_shop_menu
- 68 https://twitter.com/almahoffmann
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In addition to specific fruits like avocados and bananas, and the specific trick of using a brown bag, I would like to know if there are ways to let fruit and vegetables in general ripen faster. Are all fruits the same, or is it different for every kind of fruit/vegetable? If there is some general way or mechanism, what methods generally work to expedite fruit ripening?
A list of some climacteric and non-climacteric fruits can be found here.
It is important to note that some non-climacteric fruits (such as bell peppers or strawberries) will not respond to an ethylene treatment at all, and will not ripen further after being picked from the plant. Other fruits (such as citrus and grapes) will show ripening responses to ethylene, although they do not have an auto-catalytic production of this molecule1.
Avocados ripen in about 3 days (from rock hard) in a sack of flour vs up to a week sitting out.
Covering completely in flour has the advantage of preventing pressure bruises.
Forgetting them for a month can be icky...


If your facility deals with sensitive electronic equipment—either manufactured circuit boards or other products, or sensitive computers that store important data—the last thing you want is a stray electrical charge to cause permanent damage. Likewise, if you work with flammable materials, a single spark can put your employees at risk of danger.
This is where an electrostatic dissipative (ESD) floor coating can save the day. Here’s a basic overview of how ESD floor coatings work.
Why static charges build
We’re all familiar with static shocks in every day life. Whether we’re walking across a carpet in thick socks or just feeling the side effect of dry winter weather, we may even be able to feel the charge building up before releasing in a sudden, stinging shock.
When two surfaces are in contact—in this case, your feet and the floor, electrons may pass from one to another. When they separate—that is, when you step away—the electron imbalance remains, and your body becomes slightly negatively charged. This charge builds up with each subsequent step until nature eventually finds a way to equalize it—usually via a shock when you touch another item, such as a doorknob, that’s positively charged.


The World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS) process and its outcome documents are considered cornerstones of international norms and discourse on internet policy and governance. This year, as WSIS marks its 10th anniversary, the UN General Assembly is set to evaluate its progress and decide its future.
The main focus of "Connect Your Rights! Internet rights are human rights" is on the right to freedom of expression and association. However, all rights are interconnected and no specific rights are more important than any others. All human rights depend on each other to be fully realised.
Given the growing importance of environmental sustainability in social and economic development, much attention has been given to the role of information and communications technologies, both as tools to address sustainability imbalances and as the source of environmental challenges in themselves.
There is no simple definition of spectrum. From a technical viewpoint, spectrum is the range of electromagnetic waves that can be used to transmit information. From a practical point of view, however, the effective management of spectrum embraces not only electromagnetic waves, but the technology used to transmit those waves, as well as the economic and political aspects of what is now a valuab...


This post is by Terry R. Bacon, a scholar in residence at The Korn/Ferry Institute and the author of “The Elements of Power” and “Elements of Influence.”
For the past 20 years, I have been studying power and influence among leaders worldwide. What makes some leaders more powerful than others? How do they derive their power? And how do they sustain it?
I discovered that leaders have 11 sources of power available, some stemming from their position and others from personal attributes and capabilities. Three of those sources — knowledge, eloquence and attraction — are particularly potent. Microsoft co-founder Bill Gates, President Barack Obama and actors Brad Pitt and Angelina Jolie — or “Brangelina,” in pop-culture speak — arguably demonstrate such voltage. Lessons for leaders:
Knowledge power: Bill Gates
Your knowledge power represents what you know and what you can do. It embodies your talents, skills and abilities, as well as your wisdom and accomplishments.
- Applied knowledge reigns supreme. Gates was fortunate to have come up during the tech industry’s infancy. What separated him from other upstarts, however, was his drive and determination to apply his knowledge in ways that people most valued. The lesson for leaders? It isn’t enough to know a lot; you have to apply your knowledge in highly practical and valuable ways.
- Technical knowledge alone is not sufficient. Gates was a brilliant programmer, but he also had a keen understanding of business. That’s the reason Microsoft is what it is today. The lesson for leaders? Whatever special knowledge you may possess, it’s crucial that you also develop business smarts.
- Curiosity can lead to many domains of knowledge. Gates didn’t always invent what was new, yet his insatiable curiosity about advances in technology drove a number of Microsoft’s innovations. The lesson for leaders? Be insanely curious about advances in your field, and apply them at your company.
Expressiveness power: Barack Obama
Your expressiveness power is your eloquence, your ability to communicate powerfully and persuasively in speaking and writing. In its most dynamic form, the power of eloquence can increase a leader’s influence more than any other power source.
Politics aside, here’s what you can learn about expressiveness power from Obama, the 44th U.S. president and the first African-American to hold the office.
- Eloquent speech is extraordinarily influential. In his bid for the presidency, Obama was faulted by detractors for his lack of experience. Yet, what made him a powerful candidate, what made him the successful candidate, was his power of speech. He was able to persuade voters to passionately support him. The lesson for leaders? Eloquence is a critical skill, whether you are leading a country or a company.
- Inspiring people pays substantial dividends. Obama understood the mood of the populace in his run-up to the White House, and he crafted a message of hope and change. He inspired people to contribute to his campaign in record numbers and to vote for him in the primary and general elections. The lesson for leaders? You can inspire people by appealing to what they want and value most.
- Poise matters. Throughout Obama’s presidential campaign, and perhaps increasingly so today, critics attacked him on any number of levels, including assorted ad hominem issues. Obama, however, always remained poised, choosing not to respond to attackers in ways that could show him to be thin-skinned or vengeful. The lesson for leaders? Regardless of the heat or negative spirit of a situation, react with the kind of poise that people want from a leader.
Attraction power: Brad Pitt and Angelina Jolie
Your attraction power reflects your ability to draw people to you, to cause them to like you and prefer you to others. The attraction might be physical, but it can also come from warmth, wisdom, personality, shared experiences or common values. Globally, attraction power is a strong source, and a high rating can more than triple a leader’s power, influence and success.
Here’s what you can learn from Pitt and Jolie.
- There is a high premium for attractiveness. Pitt and Jolie are lauded as one of the most beautiful couples in the world. Both have reaped the benefits of their attractiveness in their careers as actors and in their wide-ranging humanitarian work, including Jolie’s role as a Goodwill Ambassador for the United Nations and Pitt’s Make It Right Foundation in New Orleans’ Lower Ninth Ward, an area decimated by Hurricane Katrina. The lesson for leaders? If you’ve got it, use it — yes, for business success but also for good works.
- Likeability and attractiveness are a powerful combination. Pitt and Jolie are not only beautiful but also likeable. That can — and does — open doors for them, particularly when they’re working to build awareness or support for their worthy causes. The lesson for leaders? Regardless of your physical attractiveness, it’s important to build attraction power through your values, personality and work ethic. Likeability, in essence, makes you a more desirable leader.
- Character plays an important role in attraction. Pitt and Jolie are attractive, in part, because of their commitment to helping people who are far less fortunate than they are. The lesson for leaders? The content of your character is as important as your likeability and attractiveness. In fact, attraction without character is more likely to be a power drain than a power source.


An important first step to quitting smoking is keeping a journal or diary of your smoking habits. For example, every time you smoke a cigarette, keep a record of when and why you smoke, and what you were doing at the time.
Such a record of your smoking habits, kept for several weeks before you attempt to quit, will provide some very valuable insights into your habit, such as:
It will force you to be consciously aware when you light up, and to think about why you are lighting up. No longer will smoking be an automatic habit which you perform without thinking.
It will help you with Identifying Your Triggers
You may be tempted to skip writing down some of the cigarettes that you smoke, however try and avoid such temptations. Keeping this journal will be most helpful and useful if it is complete and accurate.


From NOAA (Rebecca Lindsey):
The Arctic Oscillation (AO) refers to an atmospheric circulation pattern over the mid-to-high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere. The most obvious reflection of the phase of this oscillation is the north-to-south location of the storm-steering, mid-latitude jet stream. Thus, the AO can have a strong influence on weather and climate in major population centers in North America, Europe, and Asia, especially during winter.
The AO’s positive phase is characterized by lower-than-average air pressure over the Arctic paired with higher-than-average pressure over the northern Pacific and Atlantic Oceans. The jet stream is farther north than average under these conditions, and storms can be shifted northward of their usual paths. Thus, the mid-latitudes of North America, Europe, Siberia, and East Asia generally see fewer cold air outbreaks than usual during the positive phase of the AO.
Conversely, AO’s negative phase has higher-than-average air pressure over the Arctic region and lower-than-average pressure over the northern Pacific and Atlantic Oceans. The jet stream shifts toward the equator under these conditions, so the globe-encircling river of air is south of its average position. Consequently, locations in the mid-latitudes are more likely to experience outbreaks of frigid, polar air during winters when the AO is negative. In New England, for example, higher frequencies of coastal storms known as “Nor’easters” are linked to AO’s negative phase.
AO phases are analogous to the Southern Hemisphere’s Antarctic Oscillation (AAO), a similar pattern of air pressure and jet stream anomalies in the Southern Hemisphere. Viewed from above either pole, these patterns show a characteristic ring-shape or “annular” pattern; thus, AO and AAO are also referred to as the Northern Annular Mode (NAM) and Southern Annular Mode (SAM), respectively.
Monthly and Daily values for the Arctic Oscillation Index are available from NOAA’s Climate Prediction Center.
Thompson, D.W.J., S. Lee, and M.P. Baldwin, 2002: Atmospheric Processes Governing the Northern Hemisphere Annular Mode/North Atlantic Oscillation. From the AGU monograph on the North Atlantic Oscillation, 293, 85-89.
Thompson, D.W.J., and J.M. Wallace, 2001: Regional Climate Impacts of the Northern Hemisphere Annular Mode. Science, 293, 85-89.
Thompson, D.W.J., and J.M. Wallace, 2000: Annular modes in the extratropical circulation. Part I: Month-to-month variability. J. Climate, 13, 1000-1016.
Thompson, D.W.J., and J.M. Wallace 1998: The Arctic Oscillation signature in wintertime geopotential height and temperature fields. Geophys. Res. Lett. 25, 1297-1300.


If you’re like the majority of Americans, a plethora of prescription drugs, over-the-counter medications and supplements is stored in your medicine cabinet. And while they’re supposed to be making you healthy, they actually may be making you sick.
“There is an epidemic of adverse drug reactions,” according to Robert Steven Gold, author of “Are Your Meds Making You Sick? (Hunter House Publishers).
“I was motivated to write the book because the literacy of medications in this country is extremely low,” the pharmacist explained, adding, “People don’t understand how medications really work.”
Photo Courtesy of Fotolia.com
Over 80 percent of American adults take at least one medication, and 29 percent take five or more, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
Over 80 percent of American adults take at least one medication, and 29 percent take five or more, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Each year, there are more than 700,000 visits to U.S. hospital emergency departments due to adverse drug reactions.
Gold said one of the most common issues is a patient taking too high a dosage. “It’s complicated,” he noted. “The physician has limited time and the patient doesn’t understand [the instructions] and doesn’t take the medication correctly.”
People also frequent multiple doctors, all of whom may be prescribing them different medications, Gold added, which can lead to further confusion.
Additionally, the number of medications available and prescriptions written is on the rise, he said, citing statistics showing that 3.9 billion prescriptions were written in 2009.
“With each new drug, it increases the chances of something happening,” Gold said.
Gold’s book takes readers through 30 case histories of common medication interactions. Acting as a drug detective of sorts, the author investigates each person’s symptoms and the medications they take to figure out the “culprit.”
Common culprits in everyday life include: Blood thinners and aspirin, which can cause internal bleeding and bruising; sleeping and pain medications that can lead to dizziness and falls, and drugs to treat pain, anxiety and depression that may alter mental status.
Over-the-counter medications and supplements also can lead to adverse reactions — something many people don’t consider when purchasing them. Too much acetaminophen (commonly found in Tylenol), for example, can damage the liver.
Gold urges people to consider any new medications they’re on the next time they feel ill and consult their physician. “I think medications are one of the big things that are overlooked,” he said, noting, “We’re looking for the disease, when the culprit is the drug.”
Adverse drug reactions are not uncommon on Staten Island, according to Mike Coyne, associate vice president and director of Pharmacy at Staten Island University Hospital. He sees them occurring more in seniors who may need help managing their medications, and young adults on-the-go who forget to take them.
Coyne suggests using the same pharmacy to get all your medications. Drug history is usually kept on file, and the pharmacist should notice the potential for a new drug to interact with ones you’re already taking.
“You have to keep a current list of your medications,” he added. “If you’re on vacation, you can hand the list to the pharmacist and ask, ‘can I take this medication? These are what I’m already on.’ If you go to a new doctor, bring the list. Or, if you have to go to the emergency room, bring the list with you.”
Coyne also suggested setting up a system to help you remember to take your medication. For instance, take them with breakfast every day or use a pill box.
Additionally, patients need to understand why they’re taking a certain drug and the side effects it can have, he said.
“If you’re having a problem with it, speak up. Don’t just keep taking it if it doesn’t make you feel good,” Coyne said. “You need to be a part of managing your medications, or your caregiver should be part of it.”
Robert Annicharico, owner of Delco Drugs, said he often catches the potential for an adverse drug interaction in his Eltingville pharmacy.
When someone comes into the store, the pharmacist will do a drug utilization review (DUR) to check for potential interactions and dosing inconstancies. If one is found, he will speak to the doctor and patient to make sure the medication is correct.
Annicharico encourages people to get to know their local pharmacist, who can answer questions about the medications they’re prescribed as well as over-the-counter medications that may cause a reaction.
“This is what a pharmacist does,” he said. “It’s something we catch every day.”
Andrea Boyarsky is the Health editor for the Advance. She may be reached at firstname.lastname@example.org.


The following is a guest post by buncee ambassador Dyane Smokorowski, 2013 Kansas Teacher of the Year and Instructional Technology Coach at Andover Public Schools in Andover, Kansas.
Valentine’s Day is a day for celebrations, friendships, games, candied hearts, and fun. It’s also a great time of year for students to be involved in creative writing projects. From poetry to persuasive writing, students enjoy being a part of the holiday.
One writing opportunity that is perfect for this time of year is the Global Virtual Valentines Project – a project designed to teach students geographical awareness and cultural understanding. In it, registered classrooms from different geographical locations are paired together and asked to create digital (or virtual) Valentine’s Day greetings for each other. Classrooms are also required to research the culture and region of their partner classroom and calculate the miles between each school.
eduBuncee is a perfect tool for the Virtual Valentines Project. With all the creative options available, all your students need to bring is their imagination. Students can make a buncee about where they are from and what they do on Valentine’s Day to email across the world! Incorporate video, voice recordings, text, photos, and more into your valentines.
A multi-slide valentine with love from Maine.
Have students choose their favorite video from their hometown.
Record your voice! Click ‘Share The Love’ to hear the recording.
The goal of the project is to circumnavigate the globe with virtual Valentine’s Day greetings and cultural exchanges in order to spread a little happiness to children everywhere. If you would like to be a part of this terrific project register or learn more about the projecct, head to https://virtualvalentines.weebly.com


Progression of Liver Disease/Liver Cancer Awareness Month
Did you know there are more than 100 different liver diseases?
There are also many common causes of liver disease include:
- Autoimmune disease
- Excessive alcohol use
- Poor diet and/or obesity
- Reactions to medications, street drugs, or toxic chemicals
Most liver diseases result in similar damage to the liver and, for many, the progression of liver disease looks the same regardless of the underlying disease.
Many people with liver disease do not look or feel sick but damage is still happening. Over time, scar tissue builds within the liver and can lead to cirrhosis. Cirrhosis can impact the liver’s ability to function and lead to serious complications. In the past decade, the incidence of cirrhosis has doubled in our country. Deaths due to cirrhosis are expected to triple by 2030.
A large proportion of people diagnosed with liver cancer have cirrhosis. The last 40 years have seen great strides in survival rates for many types of cancer thanks to improved surveillance, early detection, and expanded treatment option; however, since 1980 liver cancer incident rates have more than tripled and death rates have more than doubled. This year, in 2020, the American Cancer Society estimates nearly 43,000 people will be diagnosed with liver cancer and just over 30,000 people will die as a result of these cancers.
Typically, we take the month of October to promote liver cancer awareness and the startling impact in our country and worldwide. This year, we would like to shift gears slightly and raise awareness about the Progression of Liver Disease. The liver is an incredible organ that has the ability to repair itself, or regenerate, even if scar tissue has formed. If someone’s liver disease can be treated, well-managed, or cured early in the progression of liver disease, their liver will often be able to recover from any damage. We hope you will join us this month as we examine how liver diseases cause damage over time, the possibility of liver improvement, and the impact of advanced liver damage, including liver cancer.
That said, we will also focus on Liver Cancer in the second half of the month. We’ve also started a new liver cancer support group on Facebook, and hosting a virtual liver cancer conference on October 16th and 17th for patients and caregivers. We encourage you to join both!
Our vision is a world without liver disease. Looking at the startling statistics above, there is much work to be done. We hope by increasing awareness of how liver diseases impact the liver, we can empower people to talk to their doctor to determine their risk for liver disease, cirrhosis, and liver cancer. Let’s stop the progression of liver disease and make our vision come true.
American Liver Foundation is solely responsible for this content, which is made possible through generous support from Mallinckrodt and Salix.
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The most serious question for a democracy is:
how will the people require their government officers to address questions they’d rather not address?
Constitutional sections discussed in Section 5:
Article I, sections: 2, 3, 5, 6, 8 (Necessary and Proper clause), 9 (Statements and Accounts clause)
Article II, sections: 1, 2, 3, 4
Article III, sections: 1, 2
Article IV, sections: 2, 4
Amendment XIV, sections: 1, 2, 3
Section 5 does not amend any text.
The most serious question in a democracy is: how do people require the government to address a question at all if it doesn’t want to?
This amendment answers the largest part of it, the part that requires amending the Constitution. But other parts require statutes or rules, or court cases. Reforming primaries will probably take a court case as well as state and federal laws.
Fulfilling Amendment I's Grievance clause requires automatic procedures to petition each branch of government for redress of grievances. Today, only the judicial branch has the process called for. Filing a petition (a lawsuit that describes a situation you think violates a law, lists the relevant laws, and requests a specific remedy within the court's power) sets it in motion. Any dismissal of a petition must be justified in writing, and an appeal process exists. There's no reason why Congress can't have the same process for requesting or challenging laws. This desperately-needed reform can be done by statute, without amending the Constitution.
Congress must require its members to introduce all issues, or specific measures to resolve them, brought to them by their constituents (see Tomorrow's Issues in Political Process). The Constitution doesn’t allow them to refuse. Nowhere does it place the people’s right to representative government at the government’s discretion.
“Congress shall make no law […] abridging […]
the right of the people […] to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.”
This means we shouldn’t have to rely on the electoral process to address grievances. Using the electoral process is too broad when a specific grievance is of interest.
And we state in Article I, Section 2 and elsewhere that our government consists of the public’s representatives, not our leaders and cetainly not our guardians. Amendments IX and X forbid government encroachment on our rights and powers, and of course in the Preamble the people ordain and establish the Constitution.
We definitely shouldn’t have to rely on lawsuits when the courts aren’t the appropriate venue (see Judiciary in Conflict). The judiciary isn't the only branch of United States government, and Amendment I doesn’t say “the judiciary,” it says “the Government,” which includes the states, Congress and the Executive branch. Each branch has its restrictions and appropriate matters, and each should be accessible by an automatic process.
Officers’ desire for the power of discretion is understandable in a country this large. Without adding direct democracy at the federal level (see Ballot Initiatives) it’s difficult to distinguish fads or exploitation by marketing from an informed interest. And the sheer volume of bill requests is a problem.
Congress has addressed this in two invalid ways: by narrowing access to itself to those people, companies or organizations who can afford lobbying power, and by restricting access to individual members' own constituents even though this can prevent directly addressing the committee or subcommittee involved (see Balancing Access Inside Congress). But we didn’t delegate the power of discretion regarding access to government to Congress. It violates Amendment I (see Congressional Rules and the Courts).
Reducing the ratio of Representatives to constituents (see Frozen Apportionment) will definitely help. But winnowing measures requires an automatic procedure, since Congress has no right to refuse to address any grievance without one. Amendment I requires that they justify refusals in writing, with an appeal procedure.
The WeThePeople petition website is a procedure for bringing grievances to the Executive branch. It’s also an indirect method for bringing grievances to Congress through the President. Because it’s discretionary (the President can only recommend, not introduce, measures, and it's up to the President whether to recommend a petition) and indirect it’s really a start at bringing the problem into the public debate, not a solution. The public must be able to introduce measures into Congress. What is public debate without the public?
Amendment XXVIII, (proposed), Section 2:
"[...] regarding any office or proposal, in United States or State elections."
There are other options. If all else failed, we could even resort to another amendment to detail national ballot initiatives. But ballot initiatives for 316 million people would be a serious thing to consider in itself. We shouldn’t have to go that far. A procedure similar to the one already in place in the judicial branch would work without changing our form of government.
Amendment XXVIII, proposed, Section 3:
“[…]but no person’s access to government will be abridged.”
The need to repair, restore and safeguard the public's Constitutional powers is a serious and immediate problem. This amendment is a vital part of the solution, but it can’t address the public grievance question by itself. It has the first steps that have to be taken so the public can use the political process effectively to resolve it.
We will also have to address the public grievance question with statutes and rules
to assure our rights and our childrens'.


The Life Skills is an evidence-based program used to assist the department with disproportionate minority confinement (DMC). The program is a discipline to reduce juvenile delinquency, drug use, truancy and other problems and high-risk behaviors. The primary objectives is to encourage personal self-management, general social skills and drug-resistance skills. The program helps participants develop resistance to peer and media pressure to use substances; develop a positive self-image; develop decision-making and problem-solving skills; manage anxiety; foster effective communication; build healthy relationships; and increase youths’ self-confidence in social situations.
The Triple P – Positive Parenting Program – is an evidence-based parenting program that is backed up by more than 35 years of research. Triple P gives parents simple and practical strategies to help them build strong, healthy relationships, confidently manage their children’s behavior, and prevent problems from developing. Although the program targets families participating in the Family in Need of Services (FINS) programs, it is open to parents of youth receiving services due to delinquency.


A new renewable textiles hub has launched in the UK. The government-funded site will look to turn used garments, crop residue and household waste into renewable feedstocks to create new, usable textiles.
The Textiles Circularity Centre (TCC) was established by a Royal College of Art-led consortium, and was given £5.4m in government funding in November last year to aid its creation. As well as reducing waste in the textiles industry, the initiative aims to create new supply chains in service of the circular economy, and reduce the UK’s reliance on imported materials.
The centre is one of five that received funding from the UK Research and Innovation (UKRI) Interdisciplinary Circular Economy Centres Programme – with the others looking at industries such as construction and chemical production. The programme seeks to identify how reusing waste materials can boost the country’s economy, while simultaneously bettering its environmental footprint. It is the largest UKRI investment looking at the circular economy to date – representing a £30m investment into circular economy research hubs.
In a statement, Environment Minister Rebecca Pow said: “Creating a more circular economy for our waste and resources lies at the heart of this government’s transformative agenda for the environment, and we are committed to going further and faster to reduce, reuse and recycle more of our resources.”
The fashion industry is a major contributor to global carbon emissions – making up 4% of annual CO2 emissions. Fast fashion is a huge driver of this, with some estimates showing around 921,000 tonnes of used textiles are thrown away each year. As such, tapping into recycling and reusing in this sector would be a major step forward for the UK.
In a statement on the centre’s launch, UK Fashion & Textile Association CEO Adam Mansell said: “There is a real opportunity for the UK fashion and textile industry to become a leader in circular supply chains and to harness the full benefits that UK manufacturing can offer.”
The construction-based hub has similarly ambitious plans to reduce waste – with hopes it will drive UK construction minerals extraction down by more than half a million tonnes per day, as well as reduce the generation of 154 million tonnes of mineral waste each year.


Actinopterygii (ray-finned fishes) > Perciformes
(Perch-likes) > Labridae
(Wrasses) > Corinae
Etymology: Coris: Greek, kore, -es = pupil and also with themenaing of "maid" (Ref. 45335).
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
Marine; reef-associated; depth range 0 - 120 m (Ref. 27115), usually 1 - 60 m (Ref. 4742). Temperate; 18°C - 22°C (Ref. 27115); 59°N - 1°S, 32°W - 36°E
Eastern Atlantic: Sweden to south of Cape Lopez, Gabon. Also known from the Mediterranean Sea. Specimen of Coris from Cape Verde and Senegal southward are probably Coris atlantica (Ref. 33411), here still treated as a junior synonym pending a definite publication of validity.
Size / Weight / Age
Maturity: Lm ?  range ? - ? cm
Max length : 30.0 cm SL male/unsexed; (Ref. 2683); common length : 20.0 cm SL male/unsexed; (Ref. 4742); max. reported age: 7 years (Ref. 72479)
(total): 8 - 10;
soft rays: 11 - 12. Snout with 4-6 cephalic pores. Spiny rays flexible. No scales on head and on base of dorsal and anal fins. Vertebrae 25-26. Males: first 3 dorsal rays elongated, with an orange or red and black spot. Along the flanks, a- longitudinal zigzag orange or red stripe. Females and juveniles: a longitudinal large whitish stripe along flanks, a mid-longitudinal zigzag, dark brown stripe.
Occurs in the littoral zone, near rocks and eelgrass beds. Usually found between 1-60 m, but old males stay in deeper water. Found in deeper waters during winter. Sometimes solitary, among rocks, often with numerous specimens in its immediate vicinity. Buries itself in sand at night or when frightened. Feeds on small gastropods, sea urchins, shrimps, worms, isopods and amphipods. Sexually mature when 1 year old. Protogynous species; females change sex to become males; specimen above 18 cm length are all males (Ref. 35388). Pelagic eggs (Ref. 4742).
Females change sex to males before 18 cm TL. Sex reversal is completed in several weeks up to 5.5 months (Ref. 34185, 34255, 35388). Also Ref. 103751.
Quignard, J.-P. and A. Pras, 1986. Labridae. p. 919-942. In P.J.P. Whitehead, M.-L. Bauchot, J.-C. Hureau, J. Nielsen and E. Tortonese (eds.) Fishes of the north-eastern Atlantic and the Mediterranean. UNESCO, Paris. Vol. 2. (Ref. 4742)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 115185)
CITES (Ref. 115941)
Threat to humans
Fisheries: minor commercial; gamefish: yes; aquarium: commercial
ReferencesAquacultureAquaculture profileStrainsGeneticsAllele frequenciesHeritabilityDiseasesProcessingMass conversion
Estimates of some properties based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref. 115969
): 13.3 - 27.7, mean 19 (based on 636 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref. 82805
= 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00933 (0.00774 - 0.01125), b=3.06 (3.01 - 3.11), in cm Total Length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref. 93245
Trophic Level (Ref. 69278
): 3.4 ±0.1 se; Based on diet studies.
Resilience (Ref. 69278
): Medium, minimum population doubling time 1.4 - 4.4 years (K=0.11; tm=1).
Prior r = 0.99, 2 SD range = 0.7 - 1.41, log(r) = -0.01, SD log(r) = 0.17, Based on: 1 K, 1 tgen, 2 tmax, records
Vulnerability (Ref. 59153
): Moderate vulnerability (39 of 100) .


Sake in Japanese Food Culture (No. 2)
The Development of “Clear” Sake
Sake, Japan’s traditional brewed alcoholic beverage, is made simply from rice, water and rice koji fermentation starter. In this second installment of our series on sake and its role in Japanese culture, we consider its origins and historical development.
Elements of Sake
Brewed alcohol made from rice has been produced since ancient times in Japan, but the drink that we know today as sake is not the same as it was centuries ago. These days, when people refer to “sake,” they mean the clear beverage known as seishu, considered to be the epitome of Japanese sake.
Seishu is brewed by adding koji mold (aspergillus oryzae) to steamed rice, resulting in a fermentation process that converts the rice starch to sugar. Moto yeast, also known as shubo, or “mother of sake,” is added to induce alcoholic fermentation of the sugar. This simultaneous, complex process is carefully controlled, and results in the brewing of a sweet, dry genshu or raw sake with a high alcoholic content, unique in the world. It is believed that koji mold came to be used in making sake in around the fourth century; moto yeast was added to the brew sometime in the sixteenth century, and from this point we can trace the origins of sake as we know it today.
Early Types of Sake
Prior to the eighth century, perhaps the most widely made rice wine was so-called overnight sake, or hitoyo-zake, made by allowing cooked rice or rice gruel to ferment naturally. One type of hitoyo-zake was reputedly known as kuchikami-sake, or “saliva sake.” A poem in the eighth-century Japanese poetry anthology Manyoshu suggests that, to make this sake, a maiden was responsible for chewing the cooked rice, which then became mixed with saliva; indeed, the enzyme amylase in saliva converts the starch in grain to sugar. Such a chewed-up mixture ferments, and results in mild alcoholization. This form of sake likely did exist in Japan, although it is unsubstantiated: a few ancient references to this process are found in Edo-period (1603-1867) records. Early modern mention of kuchikami-sake can be traced to Okinawa, and “saliva sake” is recorded as having been made as late as the early twentieth century in some Pacific islands.
Adding koji mold to steamed rice
Records suggest that hitoyo-zake developed into two other types of sake: ama-no-tamu sake and yashiori-no-sake. Ama-no-tamu sake is mentioned in the Nihon shoki (“Record of Japanese history”) dating from the year 720: if we interpret tamu as referring to “sweet taste” or “delicious,” we may infer that this was probably a sweet sake, similar to hitoyo-zake. It is difficult, however, to corroborate this either historically or by the science of fermention. Yashiori-no-sake is mentioned in both the Nihon shoki and the Kojiki (“Records of Ancient Matters,”) in 712. The term yashiori can be interpreted as meaning “eight times pressed,” which would suggest that it was quite a strong beverage. According to ancient Japanese myth, this was the drink used by the storm god Susanoo-no-mikoto to intoxicate and slay the Eight-Forked Serpent.
Sometime following on the development of hitoyo-zake, another sake called shitogi was made from rice flour, and there are indications that it may have been used in ritual offerings or during other special events. Shitogi was generally made by soaking white rice in water and then grinding it with a stone mill, which produces a slightly damp white flour. This flour, or shitogi, was dissolved in cold or hot water and was essentially a “rice juice,” but if left at room temperature for a time, various airborne yeasts triggered a natural fermentation process.
The Emergence of Modern Sake
During the Heian period (794-1185), the royal court in Kyoto established an office in charge of making sake for various rituals and observances. By the fifteenth century, sake-making had become quite prevalent, and several hundred small sake brewers had appeared in the city of Kyoto.
The manufacturing know-how which utilizes moto yeast had not yet been discovered, and so the sake during this time was probably nigori-zake, an unrefined or cloudy sake. The temple priests of Nara Prefecture eventually took the lead in so-called sake-making technology, and, through the use of koji mold and moto yeast, gradually developed methods for making sake of a stable quality. By the seventeenth to eighteenth centuries, techniques for brewing clarified sake—seishu—had become firmly established in a procedure that was nearly identical to contemporary sake production processes.
During the Edo period, sake brewers in the town of Nada in Hyogo Prefecture—still famous for its sake production even today—produced large amounts of high quality seishu to ship to Edo (now Tokyo). Seishu was first transported primarily by ship; later, spurred by the spread of Japan’s railway network in the Meiji period (1868–1912), sake breweries sprang up all over the country and began to distribute their products throughout Japan. Sake production was slow to develop in southern Kyushu and Okinawa, however, because the high humidity and warm climate were unsuitable for the fermenting processes and storage. These areas became better known for the development of shochu, a distilled spirit.
The essential method of utilizing koji mold and moto yeast to brew seishu clarified sake was well established by the eighteenth century, yet this fundamental process has been gradually improved upon throughout successive centuries. Contemporary sake carries with it the refinement of the brewers’ craft, founded in ancient tradition.


Pedagogical Issues in Early Childhood Education
by Lilian G. Katz — 1991
The aim of this chapter is to discuss the main issues that have to be addressed in determining the appropriateness of pedagogical practices; and to suggest some principles applicable to the processes involved.
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CREA founder, Anne Delestrade in her favorite fieldwork site, the Jardin de Talèfe © CREA Mont-Blanc
Joseph Vallot, Founder of the Mont Blanc Observatory © Musée Alpin de Chamonix
The legacy of the Mont Blanc Observatory
The story of CREA Mont-Blanc actually begins several hundred years ago. Since early 18th century, doctors, astronomers, geophysicists, botanists, meteorologists, ecologists, glaciologists and climatologists have been coming to Mont Blanc to carry out experiments and test new theories and equipment. And the story of the conquest of Mont Blanc is in itself a quest for scientific discovery. The first mountaineers seeking to reach the summit of the Alps’ highest peak carried equipment to take measurements and try to understand this uncharted territory and misunderstood environment.
In 1881, nearly one hundred years after the first ascension of Mont Blanc, Joseph Vallot, a jack of all scientific trades, reached the summit himself. Truly impressed by the massif, he decided to build two observatories: one, the Observatoire Vallot, high on the shoulder of Mont Blanc, and another in Chamonix, the Mont Blanc Observatory, to serve as a base camp for visiting scientists of all disciplines wishing to visit Mont Blanc. When Vallot left the Observatory to the State in his will, he ensured that it would become a symbol of the history of scientific discovery in the massif. Since then, it has housed the Paris Observatory, the French National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS) and today, the Research Center for Alpine Ecosystems (CREA Mont-Blanc).
An innovative idea: CREA Mont-Blanc
Many years later, in 1988, a young Anne Delestrade found herself at the refuge de Couvercle in the heart of the Mont Blanc massif doing field work for her PhD studying the Alpine chough. Although she’d grown up in Paris, she had spent school vacations with her family in Montroc, a stone’s throw from Chamonix. She had fallen in love with the mountains and decided to dedicate her work to trying to understand the often overlooked ecosystems flanking the impressive peaks around her. Knowing she wouldn’t be happy shut in a scientific lab in a city, she decided to base her work out of Montroc and spend as much time as possible studying her subject in its natural habitat. Fascinated by what she learned, Anne was determined to share it with others, which led to her founding CREA Mont-Blanc in 1996 with the dual missions of carrying out rigorous scientific research and involving the public in understanding and engaging with the environment.
The Alpine chough, seen here tagged for long term monitoring, was the first species studied by CREA Mont-Blanc © CREA Mont-Blanc
“I’ve always been curious about and amazed by mountain ecosystems, but the reality is that most people don’t really perceive even half of the things going on in the mountains. One of my goals is to help them truly see and understand what is going on in front of them---I’m sure that once they do, they’ll be as amazed as me!”
In 2002, after working on a volunteer basis and basing the NGO out of her own bedroom for six years, Anne was finally able to move CREA Mont-Blanc into the Mont Blanc Observatory and hire her first employee. Together, they began leading their first scientific trips into the mountains with school children from the Chamonix Valley. From those initial trips was born the idea to initiate a citizen science program and since 2004, CREA Mont-Blanc has been running the Phenoclim program, inviting citizens to contribute phenological observations of particular species across the Alps. Through their participation in Phenoclim, Anne believes that people will begin to see the effects of climate change with their own eyes.
In addition to participating in innovative collaborations with her scientific partners, Anne is passionate about unlocking science and sharing with others, a conviction which is guiding CREA Mont-Blanc’s current development of scientific volunteer trips. Like Joseph Vallot, over a century before her, Anne wants to establish CREA Mont-Blanc and the Mont Blanc Observatory as a true base camp for scientific discovery. Since its creation over 20 years ago, CREA Mont-Blanc has grown in scale, but has not lost sight of their mission which was inspired by those that came before: to explore, to amaze and to educate.


The aim of this research is to show that maladaptive coping, stress, anxiety and negative affect have implications on mental health; Higher levels of anxiety predict maladaptive coping; Adaptive coping produces better mental health; Those who experience higher levels of anxiety are more prone to smoke; Negative Affect, anxiety levels and maladaptive coping increase perceived stress; Maladaptive coping, poor mental health and anxiety increase levels of dependency; Higher levels of anxiety predict higher frequencies of alcohol drinking; Higher levels of negative affect predict higher frequencies of alcohol consumption; and Stress and anxiety effect eating patterns with women prone to eating more under stress. The sample population used in this research is a non-clinical sample. There are 82 respondents in the sample, of which 30.5% are male and 69.5% are female. The population of the sample were drawn together from Dublin Business School college undergraduates; full-time students and part time students covering the full range of the age group; also people from The Harvest Moon stress reduction centre in Dublin, and people from online anxiety forums (Social Anxiety Ireland and No panic Ireland) took part as respondents and collectively made up approximately ten 10% of the total group. The sample of respondents were selected under the condition that they were exposed to stressors or experiencing stress 6 short questionnaires were used; the General Health Questionnaire-12; the Generalised Anxiety Disorder-VII; the Positive Affect Negative Affect Scale; the Perceived Stress Scale; and also the Leed's Dependency Questionnaire. Instructions were given by the researcher and completion of questionnaires was supervised by the researcher in the case of all college student respondents. This research is of a correlational psychometric quantitative design. Anxiety accounts for 60% of the variance as a predictor for stress in this population sample. Adaptive coping does produce better mental health; higher anxiety levels predict maladaptive coping, stress and anxiety were not shown to effect eating patterns; higher levels of anxiety, stress and negative affect do not predict higher frequencies of alcohol consumption; higher levels of anxiety do not report more inclination to smoking; negative affect, anxiety levels and maladaptive coping is shown to increase perceived stress; maladaptive coping, anxiety and poor mental health were not supported to increase levels of dependency; and coping methods, stress, negative affect and anxiety are not shown to have implications on mental health in this sample of respondents.


Linux is a Unix-like, open-source, and community-developed operating system for computers, servers, mainframe computers, and embedded devices. It is supported on almost every major computer platform which makes it one of the most widely supported operating systems.
Most the people think Linux is a very complicated operating system in general use or it's only for programmers because people are afraid of command line arguments (CLI).
In general using of a command-line interface is more powerful and effective. Tasks that require a multi-step process through GUI can be done in a matter of seconds by typing commands into the CLI.
Anyone is thinking about using Linux or any other Linux distribution like Ubuntu, CentOS, or Fedora. They must know some basic or command commands of Linux which help them to perform daily operations. Below are basic commands and their use :
1. pwd command
pwd command is a built-in command which prints the full path of working directory from root. PWD stands for Print Working Directory. i.e. /home/username
pwd command has 2 flags :
- pwd -L: Prints the symbolic path.
- pwd -P: Prints the actual path.
2. ls Command
The ls command is used to view the contents of a directory. By default, it will use the current working directory. You can also pass other directory path as parameters. The ls command is slimier than Dir command in Windows.
There are few variations for ls command :
- ls -R : It will list all files and folders.
- ls -a: It will list all hidden files.
- ls -al: It will list files directly with other information like permission, file size, and more.
3. cd Command
The cd command is used to navigate through directories and files in CLI. This command requires pass as parameter which can be full path or directory name based on your working directory.
There are some shortcuts to help you to use cd command effectively :
- cd .. : It will move one directory up.
- cd : It will take you straight to the home folder.
- cd- : It will take you to previous directory
4. cat command
The cat (concatenate) is one of the most conmanly used commands. It is used to list the contents of a file on the standard output. It's also used to create new file.
This command require file name with it's extension as parameter. i.e. cat file.txt.
To create a new file with cat command you can use this example: cat > file.txt.
It can also used for join two files. i.e. cat filename1 filename2>filename3
5. cp command
The cp command is used to copy files from one directory to another. For example, the command cp text.txt /home/username/myfiles will copy file to myfiles directory.
6. mv command
The mv command is used to move files from one directory to another. We can also use mv command to rename files.
The use of mv command is similar to cp command. For example mv file.txt /home/username. To use mv command to rename file, we need to pass new file name as second flag like this : mv file.txt file1.txt.
7. grep command
Find text in a file. The grep command searches through many files at a time to find a piece of text you are looking for. i.e. grep 'search_term' file.txt. It will search file and returns details about search result.
8. sudo command
Sometimes there is a need to specify rights to perform some actions like installing applications you need to System Administrator rights. When you give any commands with sudo command then it will perform that task with high priority and as super admin.
For example, you have logged in from a general user who doesn't have the right to perform application installation. But with sudo command, you can perform that task.
sudo apt-get install package_name
9. shutdown Command
As per the name shutdown, the command suggests powering off system. But with the shutdown command, you can perform a delay into shutdown or reboot the system as per your requirements.
Below are some examples of shutdown commands:
shutdown now //Shutdown at specific time shutdown 15:44 //cancel previous shutdown shutdown -c //To reboot system sudo shutdown -r now
10 mkdir command
While working with files, sometimes we need to create directories. you can create a directory/folder using mkdir command. mkdir stands for make directory.
Here we just need to pass the directory name as a parameter like below example :
11. rm command
The rm command is used for removing files and directories from our system. You need to be careful while using this command because it’s very difficult to recover files deleted this way.
Below are some examples of the rm command :
rm test.txt //remove directory rm -r test/ //remove directory with it's content forcefully rm -rf test/
12. man command
The man command displays manual information about another command like help with that command. To see the manual information about any command you need to pass the command name as a parameter like below:
man man //or man rm
13. touch command
The touch command allows you to create a blank new file through the Linux command line. The touch command is also used for updating the timestamp information of file.
touch text.txt //or touch -m text.txt
14. chmod command
The chmod command allows you to change file permissions. It has lots of sub-options available but basic permissions are read, writes and execute.
One of the most common uses of chmod is to make a file executable by the user. To do that you need to use +x flag.
chmod +x text
15. exit command
The exit command works as per the name, it will end the shell session of your terminal and automatically closes the current terminal.
16. locate command
The locate command works just like the window's search command. It will search files on system. By default it's case-sensitive but you can pass -i to make it case-insensitive. i.e. locate -i test will search file with test in it's name.
17. unzip command
This command will help you to unzip files with zip format. This package is not pre-installed so make sure you have installed it before using it.
Below is example command to unzip file :
apt, yum, pacman command
In Linux package managers are used to install or uninstall packages. So at some point of work, you need to use those package managers. Generally, package managers are based on Linux distribution.
Debian-based systems like ubuntu or Linux-mint use apt by default. Whereas in Fedora or CentOS, yum is used for installation. while in Arch-based systems like Arco linux or Manjaro use pacman as their package manager.
Below are some examples of installing gimp on different Linux distributions:
sudo apt install gimp sudo yum install gimp sudo pacman -S gimp
18. echo command
The echo command prints text into terminal. The primary use of echo is to print environment variables but we can use it as per our requirement like showing some information while the shell script is running.
19. kill command
Generally using system with low configuration some programs become in-responsive and can not be closed by GUI. Then we can forcefully close it's process with kill command.
In simple words kill command send specific program close request to system. Here we can use PID (process ID) or program's binary name.
20. ping command
The ping is the most popular networking terminal utility used to test network connectivity. ping has a ton of options, but in most cases, you’ll use it to request a domain or IP address.
The ping command accepts either an IP address or domain name of a particular server or website. like below example
ping google.com ping 220.127.116.11
21. diff command
As per the name suggest diff stands for the difference. The diff command is used for check the difference between two file. Here it will take two full name of file as parameter. i.e. diff text1.txt text2.txt.
The diff command will compare both files line by line and print lines that do not match.
22. chown command
In Linux, all files are owned by a specific user. The chown command enables you to change or transfer the ownership of a file to the specified username. For example, chown user_name text.txt will transfer text file ownership to a given user.
23. wget command
If you are downloading lots of content from the internet then wget command is very useful. The wget command take url as parameter and download content from that user. Generally it's used to download softwares.
24. whoami command
The whoami command displays the username currently in use.
25. useradd, userdel command
Linux is a multi-user system and sometimes more than one person is using the same system. With useradd and userdel command user access become simpler.
The useradd command is used for adding user to system. While userdel command is used for deleting an existing user from the system. The both commands useradd and userdel need user name as parameter.
Tips and tricks
- To clear terminal use clear command.
- TAB can be used for auto-fill data while writing.
- To stop the currently executing script, you can use either ctrl+C or ctrl+Z. It will automatically stop command execution.
- You can run multiple commands using a semi-colon(;).


The Medici Chapel, (Capelle Medicee), is one of the most fascinating places to visit while in Florence. The presence of the Medicis can be felt throughout the city but nowhere is it more evident than this chapel. While it may look understated from the outside, the inside is sure to impress.
The Chapel is part of the large San Lorenzo church complex in the New Sacristy. It was commissioned by Pope Clement VII and is the Medici family grand duke's mausoleum. The tombs of Giulano and Lorenzo de Medici are located in the chapel. It was designed and built largely by Michelangelo and his students between 1520 and 1534.
The interior of is a large octagonal room covered in dark marble and semi-precious stones. The walls bear the armor of sixteen Tuscan cities. There are six monumental sarcophagi of Grand dukes that lean against the walls. The exterior of the Chapel is part of the Florentine landscape with its red brick dome. It is located at the back of San Lorenzo. It is the most celebrated and grandest part of the church complex.
Three statues, carved by Michelangelo, The Tomb of the Duke of Urbino, The Tomb of the Duke of Nemours, and Madonna and Child, were all completed between 1520 and 1534. Some of Michelangelo's best works, the marble statues of Night, Day, Dawn and Dusk are in the Medici Chapel. Original sketches by Michelangelo are on the oriel's wall between the two tombs.
The Chapel is actually an incompleted work of art by Michelangelo. The glorification of the Medici family was meant to give legitimacy to their dynasty of Florence, and the chapel was left unfinished by the siege on Florence in 1534, when Michelangelo himself fled Florence. When he left in 1534, many of the figures were strewn around the floor and not assembled until 1545 into their present positions.
The architecture of the Medici Chapel is considered to be mostly complete. The famous Florentine "pietra serena", a bluish gray Florentine stone and the dark marble complete the architectural elements of the time period. The white elements, segmental arches and framing pilasters were elements that Michelangelo composed on his own, and were not typical of the construction of the time. In fact, some people thought of them as "bizarre".
Michelangelo designed and placed the altar for the proper view of the priest saying mass on the other side. The Medici Chapel is a culmination of the architecture, sculptures, missing paintings and liturgy of the framework as Michelangelo intended. The Medici Chapel was truly one of Michelangelo's reenactments of Resurrection, like his Sistine Chapel creation.
Florentine religious art, paintings and sculptures were not only a link between human and the divine, but an active part of the Florentine religious experience. Michelangelo modified the order of the traditional Catholic religious experience through his interpretations evident in the Medici Chapel. The chapel reflects Michelangelo's belief that a virtuous life would free the soul after death.
You can't help but feel like you are there with Michelangelo, his presence surrounds you in the Medici Chapel, and it's an experience you'll never forget.
Medici Chapel Information:
Address- Piazza Madonna (at the end of Borgo San Lorenzo, around back of San Lorenzo).
***The chapel is very easy to miss as it is surrounded by restaurants and the San Lorenzo street market***.
Visiting Hours- Tues-Sat 8:30am-5pm.
***Just a side note about attire for women in all Basilicas and Cathedrals. You will not be allowed to enter if you have bare shoulders or wearing shorts! Bring a shawl or long sleeve shirt with you.***
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Digital history is an emerging and rapidly changing academic field. The purpose of the Digital History Projectis to educate scholars and the public about the state of the discipline by providing access to:
- interviews with scholars about topics related to digital history;
- presentations and essays about the field by noted scholars;
- syllabi and student projects from courses in digital history;
- reviews of major online projects and of tools which may be of use to digital historians;
- indices of peer-reviewed scholarship and digital projects;
- a directory of historians practicing digital history; and
- a clearinghouse of current events and news items of interest.
The site is made available through the generous support of the John and Catherine Angle Fund. It received production assistance from the New Media Center at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln.
Источник описания:Documenting Digital History