Bearings are used to reduce the friction between two objects that are in linear or circular motion against each other.The first intuition came from Leonardo Da Vinci in his studies regarding friction.But the first patent was filed only in 1794 by Philip Vaughan of Carmarthen.Then, a Parisian bicycle mechanic named Jules Suriray, was able to patent the first ball bearing on August 3rd 1869. This invention allows him to win the first cycling race in history: the Paris-Rouen race.
source/image(PrtSc): JAES Company
Now let’s take a closer look at a classical ball bearing. By decomposing and sectioning it, its components can be analysed.The first elements that immediately get our attention are the steel balls.They represent the rolling elements, and they’re held together by a cage which can come in different shapes and it’s made of low friction materials.
Then, we have the inner ring (usually the one that moves) and the outer ring, both with a groove, which can be more or less deep, in order to make the rotary elements glide.It is very common for the bearing to also be shielded. The shield can be made of metal for dust protection, or it can be made of plastic, preventing liquid infiltrations. They are placed in specific locations between the two rings, so that they can protect the balls and the cage from external agents.
At the same time they can retain oil or grease inside the bearing, keeping it lubricated for its entire life cycle.The other major type of rotary bearings are the so called roller bearings, used when very high accuracy is required. Radial bearings with cylindrical rollers are the most common type. If they have small rollers, they’re called needle roller bearings, and thanks to their compactness they are used when space is limited. They can only withstand radial loads.via: JAES Company


by Stacey Devlin
Humanity has an incurable habit of imposing meaning onto our surroundings. We transform every place we encounter into a landscape of the imagination, tinged by interpretation and experience, and populated by locations like “hometown,” “favourite fishing spot,” “sacred site,” and “mother country.” The tourism industry has long taken advantage of this to construct narratives which inspire travel, but place has also featured prominently in our interactions with the past.
Commemorations often focus on place – declaring not only that an event occurred, but that it occurred here. But who determines what places are important, why they are significant, or how they can be used? How can space be reclaimed for marginalized voices to share interpretations of what those spaces mean to them?
During this year’s Canada’s History Forum and the Governor General’s History Awards, held in Ottawa a little over a week ago, I had the opportunity to hear about some of Canada’s most exciting historical projects – and many of them use place as a vehicle for sharing those less-heard stories. From Parliament Hill to our dusty attics, people are turning to locations both familiar and rarely seen to share alternative perspectives of the past.
Sitting with the Famous Five
The first example of such “reclaimed” spaces that I encountered at the History Forum was the Famous Five monument. Focusing on the achievements of women, this year’s Forum began with a reception to mark the statue’s 15th anniversary. The monument depicts Emily Murphy, Irene Parlby, Nellie McClung, Louise McKinney, and Henrietta Muir Edwards after their successful campaign for women to be regarded as persons under the law. The first Famous Five monument was erected in Calgary in 1999. An identical copy was later installed on Parliament Hill – the very place that the Famous Five fought to be recognized in, and a place where their achievements can be honoured alongside those of other nation-builders. The statue’s location contributes to the story of the Famous Five and their legacy.
As Isabel Metcalfe (Chair of Famous Five Ottawa) explained at the Forum, the Famous Five monument creates a fascinating tableau when considered in the context of statues around it. Close by, for example, is John A. MacDonald, who would not write women into Canada’s Constitution. In direct contrast, William Lyon Mackenzie King’s monument bears witness to the triumph of the Famous Five. Mackenzie King appointed Cairine Reay Wilson, Canada’s first female senator, following the conclusion of the Persons Case.
The Famous Five statue is located next to the East Block, which once housed the office of John A. MacDonald and today contains the offices of men and women senators. Situated along a well-used route, the Famous Five are constantly entertaining guests. An empty chair invites visitors to join them. It is a place where today’s Canadians can imagine their role as citizens and change makers in light of the past. Although not all of the views expressed by the Famous Five are palatable to us now, the statue is a reminder not only of the historic struggle for women’s rights, but also the continued need for activism in an ever-changing world.
After the tribute to the Famous Five, the Forum continued to offer examples of using space to tell stories. Dr. Rose Fine-Meyer highlighted the importance of connecting students with local events, especially in the case of women’s history, during the day’s final panel on “Researching the Lives of Women.” Local stories, she explained, in turn become a gateway for discussions about national and international issues. As for the Governor General’s History Awards, several projects made use of place to connect the public with “hidden stories.” I will highlight only a few of them, but the full list of recipients is available on the website for Canada’s History.
One of two award winners for Excellence in Community Programming, the Musée de la Gaspésie’s exhibit Tout en héritage! sheds new light on Gaspé history by looking outside the museum walls. Local families searched their homes for favouritehistorical objects, with the top 15 being displayed in local libraries. What a fun way to shape the content of an exhibit, and what a great way to involve the public. By engaging the community as grassroots curators, the exhibit brings value to local history and ordinary residents.
The prize for Excellence in Museums was awarded to c??sna??m: the city before the city, an exhibit that quite literally reclaims spaces for the Musqueam First Nation to tell their history on their terms. The exhibit was created in collaboration with the Musqueam First Nation, the Museum of Anthropology at UBC, and the Museum of Vancouver. Each partner hosts a distinct exhibit which contributes to the larger whole. Additional installations, including one in a public transit station, bring the exhibit to thousands of city residents and visitors.
The exhibit explores “the ancient landscape and living culture” of c??sna??m, the village upon which Vancouver is now built, and highlights the site’s continuing significance. Through this collaborative project, the city itself is re-imagined as a vehicle for delivering urban indigenous stories.
Decolonizing the map
In so many ways, the projects recognized at the Forum touched on the significance of place to individual and collective identity, and the continued importance of place in the work of historians. This in turn connects to my research interest in maps.
Projects like c??sna??m: the city before the city are important because the act of interpreting history is undertaken by communities who have historically been denied the right to tell their story about places of significance to them. Maps have played an instrumental role in colonialism as tools for governance, claiming land, enforcing colonial place names, and establishing new developments. Maps accord importance to specific ways of perceiving the world – for example, as mathematical and orderly, devoid of weather and time, and divided neatly into administrative boundaries. Yet this way of describing the world is a far cry from lived experience and says little about the meaning of places to people. Geographer Dr. Yi-Fu Tuan explains:
“Place, however, has more substance than the word location suggests: it is a unique entity, a ‘special ensemble;’ it has a history and meaning. Place incarnates the experiences and aspirations of a people. Place is not only a fact to be explained in the broader frame of space, but it is also a reality to be clarified and understood from the perspectives of the people who have given it meaning.”
Recently, my work has combined GIS maps and oral histories to record traditional knowledge and land use. In addition to recording how people interact with land, I think of it as a way to reassert the traditional significance of places both well-known and rarely seen. Through land use studies, the colonial aspects of cartography are turned on their head, while the map’s strengths as a visual medium are used to communicate alternative meanings and histories of place.
Canada has not strayed far from its past. As we celebrate the anniversary of the Famous Five monument and the upcoming centennial of women’s suffrage, we are faced with the present-day tragedy of missing and murdered indigenous women and recent debates over how women have the right to dress. As we look to the legacy of c??sna??m and map the knowledge of generations of indigenous peoples, we must also face the revelations of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission.
All Canadians stand to benefit from spaces where our multifaceted history can be encountered (or confronted) and discussed. Equality, truth, justice, reconciliation, and dignity belong in our streets, schools, homes – the local and the grassroots. It’s in these very spaces that some of the most exciting historical work is happening today. The sheer diversity of these efforts – exhibits, literature, monuments, performance art, and maps – testifies to the fact that there are innumerable ways of being in the world and interacting with Canada’s history.
Stacey Devlin is a Research Associate with Know History Inc. in Ottawa, Ontario, where she provides historical research services and GIS support. She also does freelance research and writing for historical projects. Stacey holds an M.A. in Public History from Western University, and she just might love maps enough to write a book about them.
 Yi-Fu Tuan, “Space and Place: Humanistic Perspective,” Philosophy in Geography, ed. S. Gale and G. Olson (Boston, MA: D. Reidel Publishing Company, 1979), 387.
Just a minor addition to note for reasons of departmental pride: the c??sna??m exhibit was also co-curated and developed by Professor Susan Roy in the University of Waterloo’s Department of History. See https://uwaterloo.ca/stories/governor-general-honours-waterloo-history-prof.
Thanks Ian for pointing out Susan Roy’s involvement as well! Very impressive work done by all parties.


Georgian façade of Merrion Square
|Operated by||Dublin Corporation|
The square was laid out after 1762 and was largely complete by the beginning of the 19th century. The demand for such Georgian townhouse residences south of the River Liffey had been fuelled by the decision of the then Earl of Kildare (later the Duke of Leinster) to build his Dublin home on the then undeveloped southside. He constructed the largest aristocratic residence in Dublin, Leinster House, second only to Dublin Castle. As a result of this construction, three new residential squares appeared on the Southside: Merrion Square (facing the garden front of Leinster House), St Stephen's Green, and the smallest and last to be built, Fitzwilliam Square.
Aristocrats, bishops and the wealthy sold their northside townhouses and migrated to the new southside developments.
Merrion Square is considered one of the city's finest surviving squares. Three sides are lined with Georgian redbrick townhouses; the West side abuts the grounds of Leinster House (seat of the Oireachtas), Government Buildings, the Natural History Museum and the National Gallery. The central railed-off garden is now a public park.
The Wellington Testimonial to commemorate the victories of Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington, was originally planned to be located in Merrion Square. However it was built in the Phoenix Park after opposition from the square's residents.
Until about the 1950s, the houses in the square were largely residential, but today most of them are used for office accommodation. The Irish Red Cross, the Royal Institute of the Architects of Ireland and the Irish Georgian Society have their headquarters on the square. The National Maternity Hospital is on the North terrace.
The poet, novelist, and satirist Oscar Wilde lived at No. 1, poet W. B. Yeats lived at No. 82, and Daniel O'Connell at No. 58, the latter of which is now known as the O'Connell House, home to the Keough Naughton Centre of the University of Notre Dame, an American college. The fashion and interior designer Sybil Connolly lived at No. 71. A number of houses in the square have plaques with historical information on former notable residents, including A.E. (George William Russell) and Sheridan Le Fanu. Despite the Square being largely occupied by commercial entities, there are still several residents, including fashion designer, Louise Kennedy , tycoon Dermot Desmond  and US-based financier, Sean Reynolds .
Until 1972 the British Embassy was based at No 39; however, following the Bloody Sunday shootings in Northern Ireland, a crowd of over 20,000 people converged on the site in protest and the building was burnt to the ground. Currently, the Embassies of France and Slovakia are based on the south side of the square.
The earliest plan of the park shows a double line of trees around the perimeter which was later enclosed by railings in the early years of the 19th century. A Jardin Anglaise approach was adopted for the layout of the park with contoured grass areas, informal tree clumps, sunken curved paths and perimeter planting.
Up until the 1960s the park was only open to residents in possession of a private key. Now managed by Dublin City Council, the park contains a statue of Oscar Wilde, who resided in No. 1, Merrion Square from 1855 to 1876, many other sculptures and a collection of old Dublin lamp standards. The Irish American sculptor Jerome Connor, best known for his work Nuns of the Battlefield in Washington DC, designed the public art piece, "Eire". The park also contains a sculpture of a Joker's Chair in memory of Father Ted star Dermot Morgan.
The park in the square was called "Archbishop Ryan Park", after Dermot Ryan, the Catholic archbishop who transferred ownership to the city. In 2009, Dermot Ryan was criticised in the Murphy Report; in January 2010, Dublin City Council sought public views on renaming the Park. In September 2010, the City Council voted to rename the park as Merrion Square Park.
The park was also used by the St John Ambulance Brigade for annual events such as review and first aid competitions. The organisation was founded in 1903 by Sir John Lumsden K.B.E., M.D. During this time Dr. Lumsden was living nearby at 4 Fitzwilliam Place. He was the chief medical officer at the Guinness brewery and practiced at Mercer's Hospital.
During the First World War both St. John Ambulance and the British Red Cross Society worked together in a join effort as part of the war effort. This ensured services did not overlap with each other. Both organisations were a familiar site among Irish people but particularly at Merrion Square where St. John Ambulance operated for almost 50 years. The headquarters of St. John Ambulance were situated at 40 Merrion Square during WWI later moving to 14 Merrion Square. Today they are located at Lumsden House, 29 Upper Leeson Street, Dublin 4 (see St John Ambulance archive for further info).
Merrion Square was a fashionable address for politicians, lawyers, doctors and writers.
Notable residents include;
- The Rev'd Gilbert Austin – Educator, clergyman and author
- The Very Reverend Henry Montague Browne – Dean of Lismore of The Church of Ireland
- Sybil Connolly - Fashion & Interior Designer
- Sir Dominic Corrigan – Physician
- Sir Philip Crampton – Surgeon
- Dermot Desmond - Irish financier
- Richard FitzWilliam, 7th Viscount FitzWilliam – Irish peer and musical antiquarian
- John Leslie Foster – Barrister, judge and MP
- Edward Gibson, 1st Baron Ashbourne – Lawyer and Lord Chancellor of Ireland
- Henry Grattan – Politician and MP
- Robert James Graves – Surgeon
- Charles Hemphill, 1st Baron Hemphill – Politician and barrister
- Louise Kennedy - Irish fashion designer
- George Knox – Politician and MP
- Valentine Lawless, 2nd Baron Cloncurry – Politician and landowner
- Sheridan Le Fanu – Writer
- Robert Dyer Lyons – Physician and MP
- Sir Henry Marsh – Surgeon
- Richard Bolton McCausland – Surgeon
- John Henry North – Barrister, judge and MP
- Daniel O'Connell – Politician and MP
- Edward Pennefather – Judge
- Richard Pennefather – Judge
- David Richard Pigot – Judge
- Sir Andrew Porter – Judge
- George William Russell – Poet and painter
- John Stratford, 1st Earl of Aldborough – Irish Peer and MP
- Whitley Stokes – Lawyer and Celtic scholar
- William Stokes Snr – Physician
- William Stokes Jnr – Surgeon
- John Lighton Synge – Physicist
- Oscar Wilde – Writer and poet
- Sir William Wilde – Writer and surgeon
- W. B. Yeats – Poet, playwright and Senator
- Garnett, P. F. (June–August 1952). "The Wellington Testimonial". Dublin Historical Record. 13 (2): 48–61. doi:10.2307/30105448.
- "O'Connell House // University of Notre Dame".
- "Designer Louise Kennedy: 'I'd just love to style strong, elegant Angelina' - Herald.ie". herald.ie. Retrieved 23 April 2018.
- "Ghost town: south Dublin's Georgian core in need of new life". irishtimes.com. Retrieved 23 April 2018.
- "US-based Irish financier pays over €2m for former HQ of bankrupt lawyer - Independent.ie". independent.ie. Retrieved 23 April 2018.
- "1972: British embassy in Dublin destroyed". BBC News. 2 February 1972.
- New French Embassy Opens in Merrion Square – The Irish Times, 24 April 2015
- "Merrion Square Park – Dublin City Council".
- McGarry, Patsy (12 January 2010). "Councillor denies call to rename Archbishop Ryan Park". The Irish Times. Retrieved 12 January 2010.
- "City park to be renamed Merrion Square Park". The Irish Times. 9 September 2010.
- At 12 Merrion Square, North: The Treble Almanack ... (1832), p. 17.
- "Dublin Hospital Gazette". 15 June 1858. p. 192.
Media related to Merrion Square at Wikimedia Commons
- Archiseek.com Doorways Archiseek.com Doorways


Air fryers and microwaves are two of the most popular kitchen appliances for your countertop. They cook food in very different ways, and it can be difficult to know which of these machines is right for your space.
You may even decide that you want both. Let’s get into the differences between these two machines and what they can bring to your home, so you are prepared for your next Amazon shopping spree.
How Do Air Fryers Work?
Air fryers are incredibly similar to standard convection ovens. These use a heating element and fan in order to circulate hot air around your foods. The addition of oil to many dishes will make them crispy, very similar to how they would be cooked in a deep fryer. However, deep-frying requires a lot of oil and air frying does not.
The hot air in a smaller area helps the foods cook faster than in an oven. Even though your fried food won’t taste exactly like deep-fried food, it is pretty close and is a lot healthier. You can cook a number of other foods in an air fryer too, so they are pretty versatile machines.
How Do Microwave Ovens Work?
Microwave ovens have a unique method of operation that is highly dissimilar to air fryers. Microwaves have an object inside them called a magnetron, and this produces microwaves, a form of energy.
The microwaves will be reflected by the walls of the microwave oven and then will be absorbed by the food items inside it. These microwaves cause the water molecules in food to vibrate, which creates heat, thereby cooking the food.
You may have heard the term electromagnetic radiation used in reference to microwave ovens, and that is indeed what this process is called.
However, this form of radiation is completely harmless, and its only effects are to heat food inside the oven. Microwave ovens use a turntable to rotate the dish containing the food, ensuring that the microwave radiation can heat the food evenly and not leave any cold spots.
Are Air Fryers The Same As Convection Ovens?
Air fryers are very similar to convection ovens. Both of them use the circulation of hot air to cook or reheat foods, but they do have some differences.
Since ovens are a lot bigger than air fryers, they take longer to preheat and the cooking time will also be increased. The cooking capacity of ovens is a lot bigger though, so if you need to make multiple dishes at once or serve a large group, ovens are the best choice.
Air fryers and ovens have very similar functionality, so almost anything you can cook in an oven can be cooked just as well, or better, in an air fryer. Air frying will save you a little bit of money though, because they require much less power to run than a full size oven.
Air fryers will require the addition of a small amount of oil depending on the types of food you are making. The best air fryers on the market are combo machines that can also function as toasters; the heated air is trapped in these machines which helps the bread toast in less time.
How Does the Cooking Versatility Compare Between Microwaves and Air Fryers?
Both microwave ovens and air fryers are incredibly versatile gadgets for your countertop that have unique cooking processes.
Despite their differences, they have a lot in common when it comes to how much they can cook. Microwaves are most popular for reheating prepared meals cooked in a conventional oven or on the stovetop and reheating frozen meals. However, they can be used for a lot more than this.
It will likely surprise you just how many recipes can be found for making legit meals in a microwave, and since they cook so efficiently, it is a very energy efficient process too.
Of course, to feed many people, you’ll need to cook in batches no matter which appliance you use. Some common foods prepared in microwaves are rice, steamed vegetables, and any type of frozen prepared meal.
Many frozen dishes that can be cooked in an oven also do very well in a microwave, and you’ll get the benefit of reduced power consumption.
Air fryers are the better choice for cooking cuts of meat such as steak, chicken wings, and fried chicken, since the combination of hot air and the coating of hot oil will help the inside cook to a safe temperature while ensuring the outside gets crispy.
The radio waves in a microwave are not able to produce this effect. Air fryer ovens that double as toaster ovens will be the most versatile, and they can make excellent nachos, pita chips, and more with their toasting/dehydrating functionality.
French fries, onion rings, mozzarella sticks, and donuts are also popular food items for air fryers since they cook really well in less oil than is required for deep frying.
In summation, air fryers are better machines for true cooking of raw foods, and microwaves are better choices for reheating and steaming. Raw meat CAN safely be cooked in a microwave, but it requires a lot of management to ensure it is safe, and it isn’t done all that often. The rapid air technology in air fryers makes them a much safer option for cooking than microwaves.
Pros and Cons of Air Fryers
- Much healthier alternative to deep fryers; less fat and calories consumed thanks to the reduction in oil
- Highly versatile machines
- Very fast preheating times
- Very safe to operate
- Require cleaning after every use
- Small capacity; overfilling the basket will dramatically reduce cooking ability
- Venting system will heat up the space around the machine
- Will require some practice; burning/dehydrating foods as a beginner is very common
Pros and Cons of Microwaves
- Best appliance for steaming rice and vegetables
- Incredibly user friendly and easy to operate
- Can reheat any type of food exceptionally well
- Require very little maintenance or cleaning
- Will never burn food
- Often leaves super-hot zones and cold spots; cooking/heating evenly requires a lot of stirring
- Bulky, will take up a fair amount of space on your counter
- Cooking capacity isn’t ideal
- Have to be careful about the materials placed inside, as some will melt or catch fire
Do I Need an Air Fryer or Microwave?
Of course, the main difference between these two cooking appliances is their cooking methods. An air fryer uses convection heating like an oven, and a microwave uses electromagnetic waves to create heat through vibration of water molecules in food.
While both of these machines are quite versatile, you may be wondering which is best for your home. In all honesty, we recommend adding both machines to your household.
Traditional microwaves are most effective for reheating foods (frozen or otherwise) or steaming foods like rice and vegetables to cook.
However, they are not designed for cooking true meals. It is worth noting that there are some convection microwaves out there that have dual functionality: they operate as a standard microwave uses radiation to cook, but they also can function as convection ovens. If you choose a microwave of this kind, you may feel that you don’t need an air fryer as well.
Thanks to the way an air fryer cooks food, they are compatible with a wide range of foods. They often replace traditional toasters, ovens, and deep fryers.
Depending on the type of air fryer you get, you can even cook foods such as steak, baked potatoes, and pizza in an air fryer. The addition of a little oil goes a long way to crisping up your side dishes too. They are quite affordable and easy to operate.
All in all, both air fryers and microwave ovens are exceptional products that we feel should have a home in every kitchen.


The Swift mosaic of the Small Magellanic Cloud contains about 250,000 ultraviolet sources. The 57-megapixel image was assembled from 656 separate snapshots. The image has a total exposure time of 1.8 days, an angular resolution of 2.5 arcseconds at full size, and maps UV light at wavelengths between 1,600 and 3,300 angstroms. The SMC is about 7,000 light-years across.
–NASA, Swift, S. Immler (Goddard) and M. Siegel (Penn State)
> Download hi-res image


There are many ways for a hacker to steal your information. The easiest way is to key in your password. Hackers have ways of guessing your password, which is why you need a strong one.
Having this combination makes your password more complex by increasing the possibilities per digit. This is important for defending against brute force attacks.
The number of combinations increases exponentially with each possibility that is added per digit. The more combinations there are, the longer it takes to crack.
Avoid these common passwords or pins
You’re going to have to do much better than “password1” to keep hackers away. Avoid these at all costs:
The graphic below shows how long it would take a hacking program, at 6.4 million passwords per second, to crack a password that is between 1 and 12 characters long. Are your passwords long enough?
Think of what information you store on the internet: credit cards, bank accounts, contacts, relationships, social media, and email. Hackers are ruthless, and will use this information to their advantage.
As #2 shows, dictionary words and names are very common and easy for attackers to guess or use in a “dictionary attack.” This comes at the cost of being easy to remember, but it’s crucial to avoid these to increase your online security.
The average internet user has 26 online accounts, but only 5 passwords. Why is this important? Say you have a strong password that would take 16 million years to crack. Yet, if you use the same password for everything, all it takes is one server to be compromised and the hacker has a golden ticket to all of your accounts.
Passwords should be changed every 6 months. If your existing password has been compromised without your knowledge, you instantly revoke access to anyone maliciously using your credentials. If someone is actively trying to compromise your account, they need time to discover your new password.
Take advantage of Remind Me in the Master Lock Vault™ to remember when to change your passwords.
Hackers will use a program to systematically check all possible keys until the correct key is found. Use #1 and #3 to combat this method of attack.
A password generator is able to create a complex password with numbers, symbols, upper and lowercase letters. This makes it easy to update/change your passwords frequently, and these passwords are difficult to crack.
A sticky note on your monitor is not a secure place. Neither is a Word Document. See #10 for a safe place to keep passwords safe. If you have to tell someone your password, change it after they have used your account. The more people that know your passwords, the easier it is to be compromised online.
Instead of a sticky note, Take advantage of Save Passwords in the Master Lock Vault™; an easy and secure place to store passwords and notes.
Take the steps now to secure yourself online. Use long-complex passwords, change them often and keep track of them with a secure password manager.
This is the technique of successively trying all the words in an exhaustive list (called a dictionary). Use #2, #4, and #7 to defend against this attack.
It’s difficult to remember passwords that don’t contain words or names. Trying to remember a strong password like “E;:73*lv47 ga0|” for each of your online accounts and then having to change it every six months would be terribly difficult for most people. You need a place to store these passwords that is safe, secure and convenient.
Multi-layered authentication requires the program to ask you for your password, and then also send a security code to one of your preferred methods, such as a text message or email. This step stops hackers from obtaining other sensitive information about you and ensures only you can get in.
Master Lock Vault provides you with the tools to have an impenetrable password.
Sign up for a free Master Lock Vault account, and start keeping your passwords safe.


Arthur Conan Doyle,
Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, author of the Sherlock Holmes mysteries was the model for his own character "Dr. Watson." He dedicated his medical skills to the army during the South African (Boer) War. He wrote the first edition of "The Great Boer War" in 1900, later updating it to cover the war to its end in 1902. In the Preface to the First Edition, he wrote: "This book was begun in England and continued on board a steamer, but the greater part was written in a hospital tent in the intervals during the epidemic at Bloemfontein."
Preface to the Final Edition
During the course of the war some
sixteen Editions of this work have appeared, each of which was, I hope, a little
more full and accurate than that which preceded it. I may fairly claim, however,
that the absolute mistakes made have been few in number, and that I have never
had occasion to reverse, and seldom to modify, the judgments which I have
formed. In this final edition the early text has been carefully revised and all
fresh available knowledge has been added within the limits of a single volume
narrative. of the various episodes in the latter half of the war it is
impossible to say that the material is available for a complete and final
chronicle. By the aid, however, of the official dispatches, of the newspapers,
and of many private letters, I have done my best to give an intelligible and
accurate account of the matter. The treatment may occasionally seem too brief
but some proportion must be observed between the battles of 1899-1900 and the
skirmishes of 1901-1902.
Preface to the First Edition
IT is possible that a fuller knowledge may give an entirely different meaning to some of the events of the Boer war. This account is compiled with as much accuracy as is attainable at this date, and with as much detail as a single volume will permit. The occasional judgments and criticisms on which I have ventured may be founded upon error, but at least they are made without either fear or favour. In frequent conversations with Boers I have endeavoured to get their views upon both political and military questions.
The book was begun in England and continued on board a steamer, but the greater part was written in a hospital tent in the intervals of duty during the epidemic at Bloemfontein. often the only documents which I had to consult were the convalescent officers and men who were under our care. Under these circumstances some errors may have crept in, but on the other hand I have had the inestimable advantage of visiting the scene of this great drama, of meeting many of the chief actors in it, and of seeing with my own eyes something of the actual operations.
There are many who have helped me in my task, but I especially acknowledge the co-operation of Mr. Blasson, of the Langman Hospital, now dead in the service of his country, and of Mr. Charles Terry, of Haslemere, who collected and arranged my material.
A. CONAN DOYLE.
Table of Contents
© Lewis P. Orans, 2007


Diagnosis and Treatment of Staphylococcus aureus
S. aureus is part of the normal human flora (bacteria that normally reside in or on humans) and does not usually cause infection. When bacteria are living on or in the human body, but are not causing infection, it is called “colonization.” Humans are most often colonized with S. aureus in their noses and it is also found on the skin and other body sites. Over time, 20% of the population will almost always be colonized with S. aureus, 60% of the population will be colonized with S. aureus off and on, and another 20% are almost never colonized with S. aureus.
- Definitive diagnosis of S. aureus infection is made by obtaining a culture from the area of suspected infection.
- Suspect diagnosis is based on patient symptoms and the health care provider’s evaluation.
- Some skin infections do not require treatment.
- Others skin infections may require incision and drainage of the infected site and/or antibiotic treatment.
- If your doctor or health care provider prescribes antibiotics, it is important that you take all the doses that are prescribed.
- If your infection does not get better after treatment, contact your health care provider.
- MRSA bacteria can be resistant to many types of antibiotics.
- It is important to make sure that a culture from the infected area is obtained.
- Laboratories can test to find out which antibiotics will work to kill the bacteria.
- Testing the culture will ensure that the correct antibiotic is given for treatment of the infection.


On Tuesday, the first day of the papal conclave, 115 cardinals will isolate themselves from the outside world and choose one man, likely from among their own ranks, to become the 266th Bishop of Rome, known to the world simply as the pope.
Centuries ago, the cardinals were literally locked inside the Sistine Chapel until they elected a new pontiff, even eating and sleeping in the ornate hall.
Today, they walk in solemn procession to the Chapel, or are delivered by bus in the event of foul weather, from the Domus Sanctae Marthae, a hotel-like residence inside Vatican City where they eat and sleep during the days of the conclave.
On the first day of the conclave, the cardinals will hold no more than one round of voting, in the afternoon. Each round consists of two votes. They have already discussed the merits of each papal prospect during days of "general congregations" at the Vatican, but a deciding vote must see one name garner two-thirds plus-one vote to win -- that translates to support from 77 of the 115 cardinal electors. The now-retired Pope Benedict XVI himself committed that absolute majority rule into Church law just two days before he stepped down.
When the votes are held, each cardinal walks to an altar at the front of the Chapel and deposits his ballot onto a ceremonial plate. He tips the ballot from the plate into a chalice-urn below. As they are counted and the hand-written entries recorded by three selected cardinals at the altar, the ballots are deposited into another urn.
A third urn, made of gilded bronze and silver and adorned with images symbolic to Christianity like the others, is on-hand to ferry ballots between any cardinals too ill to leave their sleeping quarters and the Sistine Chapel. The urns and the plate are the artwork of Italian sculptor Cecco Bonanotte, who has done many pieces for the Vatican since 1975.
After the first two votes are held on the afternoon of Day One, the cardinals' tallied ballots will be placed into one of two small ovens installed inside the Sistine Chapel expressly for the purpose (pictured at top), and burned. In the other small oven a plume of smoke will be produced to flow up a chimney and into the air over St. Peter's Square. Assuming the voting yielded no winner, the smoke will be black; a sign to the world that the Holy See remains vacant.
That process will repeat itself beginning the next morning. After the first day, the cardinals will hold two rounds of voting per day, one in the morning and one in the afternoon, with two ballots per round. Assuming the morning sessions are inconclusive, black smoke will be seen each day around the lunch hour in Rome -- barely breakfast time on the U.S. East Coast.
If there's still no 77-vote winner following the afternoon balloting, more black smoke will stream into the Roman sky early in the evening.
The longest conclave in history was the one which brought Pope Gregory X to the papacy in 1281 -- almost three years after the cardinals began their voting. The most recent conclaves, however, have lasted on average only about two days.
When a vote eventually sees 77 of the 115 electoral cardinals agree on one candidate, the chosen individual will be asked whether he accepts the role. Upon his agreement, he will state his chosen pontifical name before the assembled cardinals.
The voting ballots will be burned in the stove, but this time, a chemical additive will be left out, yielding the much-anticipated plume of "fumata bianca," or white smoke.
There has been confusion in past conclaves over the color of the smoke that is actually rising over the Chapel, so during the last conclave in 2005, a new tradition began. Now, in addition to the white smoke, bells chime heralding the news that the Roman Catholic Church has a new leader.
The new pope will go immediately into a chamber adjoining the Chapel and be clad in his papal vesture, and will emerge moments later onto the balcony overlooking St. Peters Square to give his first blessing.


Green Design: Drive
Auto Guide: Charge!
The push to make cars less polluting is driving the industry toward a cleaner energy future.
From hot rods to hybrids, cars have long captivated Americans. More than 200 million vehicles now clog our roads and fill our skies with pollutants that can cause acid rain, smog, and global warming. In the United States these vehicles account for as much as 25 percent of our annual greenhouse-gas emissions. But now that the SUV era seems to be drawing to a close, the race is on to develop cleaner alternatives that will make existing vehicles more efficient and reduce our reliance on fossil fuels. “There are many incremental changes being made that will add up to substantial improvements over the next 20 years,” says Dan Sperling, professor of transportation engineering and environmental policy at the University of California, Davis, and the coauthor of Two Billion Cars—named for the number of vehicles experts estimate will be on roads worldwide within 20 years.
It’s nearly impossible to drive down the street these days without seeing a hybrid, and demand is so great that the waiting time for a Toyota Prius has been six months. Advances in efficiency now enable cars and trucks to cover more ground on less gasoline. Using computer models to predict greenhouse-gas output, one study showed that more efficient vehicles could slash emissions by as much as 612 million metric tons a year by 2050, or about 12 percent of what we currently emit. These new vehicles are more expensive, but as they become mass marketed, their prices are expected to come down, and drivers should save at the pump with higher-efficiency models.
Reducing the environmental impact of cars will most likely require a combination of technologies—many already incorporated in the latest models—including new power sources, lower-carbon fuels, and increased efficiency. “The bottom line is that there’s really not a silver bullet; there are a bunch of silver BBs,” says Terry Penney, a laboratory program manager for advanced vehicle and fuel technologies at the U.S. Department of Energy’s National Renewable Energy Laboratory. Check out the best, below:
Click on the thumbnail images below for a downloadable PDF of the auto guide.
Dashboard displays can boost fuel efficiency by 10 percent. Some hybrids already have these gauges, which indicate how efficiently the vehicle is being operated. “Displays give instantaneous miles per gallon or average miles per gallon, and people get competitive with themselves,” says Michael Omotoso, senior manager of global powertrain forecasting at J.D. Power and Associates. The Ford Fusion hybrid has a display that grows electronic digital leaves when the driver is operating the car efficiently by maintaining a steady speed and not revving the engine. Most other hybrids, including the Chevy Malibu, also have gauges. “When you don’t have that display, people aren’t as conscious of their fuel economy,” says Omotoso.
Most hybrids come with nickel-metal hydride batteries, but improvements in lithium-ion batteries, which are lighter and can store more energy, could help companies mass-produce plug-in electric cars like the Chevy Volt, scheduled for release in 2010. Today’s lithium-ion batteries are large and expensive, but advances in the technology are shrinking them and their price. President Obama’s stimulus package allocated $2.4 billion to accelerate advances. “I think that battery technology is taking the lead at this point,” says Jim Motavalli, author of Forward Drive. Large lithium reserves are found in Bolivia and China, and critics point out that we could be trading dependence on oil from the Middle East for a resource from South America and Asia. Meanwhile, researchers are investigating domestic lithium sources and other kinds of batteries that would not be dependent on lithium.
The lighter the car, the less energy wasted on friction, leaving more available for propulsion. In most internal combustion engines, only one-quarter of the energy generated actually moves the vehicle forward. All companies are thus replacing heavy steel with carbon fiber, aluminum, and plastics—light, strong materials. When companies do use steel now, the plates are thinner. Carbon fiber composites are even tougher than steel, but they are prohibitively expensive. Larger economies of scale will bring down the price, Motavalli predicts.
In the future many cars will be all electric, with a motor that lasts the vehicle’s life and requires no mechanical adjustments. The motor will most likely run on a battery charged from a wall socket. Gasoline engines and electric motors come standard in hybrids, whose gas engines, along with something called regenerative braking, charge the battery, so you’ll never be stranded without a charge. Still, hybrids are not as efficient as all-electric models. So far Toyota and Honda are the leaders in hybrid design. Ford has also offered hybrids for some time. Tesla, a small American startup, sells electric sports cars; Mitsubishi’s electric MiEV will go on sale next spring in Japan; and Chevy plans to be the first to mass-market a plug-in hybrid, the Volt, next year. It’s likely that all companies will have hybrids or all-electric models in the near future.
Cars equipped with a snaking electric cord will hit showroom floors in the next few years. The batteries in these models get the charge that powers their motors from standard electrical outlets. Even though much of our country’s electricity now comes from coal and other non-renewable sources, reducing the number of cars that run on gasoline will lower emissions. “If you can replace all of your oil consumption with electricity consumption, even if you have a predominately fossil-fuel-based grid, you’re still getting benefits, just because the electric motor is that much more efficient”— by 80 percent—says Matt Mattila, a vehicle consultant for the Rocky Mountain Institute.
Any tire, if properly inflated, improves fuel economy. There are also new, specially made tires with low-resistant pockets in the tread, known as low rolling-resistant tires, which increase efficiency by 4 percent. Replacing tires with a new set of these on 80 percent of the cars and light trucks in the U.S. could save up to 2 billion gallons of fuel a year, the equivalent of taking 4 million vehicles off the road, according to the California Energy Commission. The Bridgestone B381, Nokian NRT2, and Sumitomo HTR 200 received high recommendations from Green Seal, a nonprofit that reviews green products. Right now they come standard on a few hybrid models, including the Chevrolet Cobalt XFE (which stands for extra fuel efficiency) and the Ford F-150 SFE (which stands for superior fuel efficiency). Yokohama now makes a tire that mixes orange oil with petroleum. The result: a tread that is 22 percent less resistant.
Panels collecting the sun’s rays on a car cannot sustain an engine, but they could run a generator that charges an electric battery. Toyota’s newest Prius has a rooftop solar panel option. The cells run a fan that circulates air through the parked car, preventing excessive heat buildup and reducing the amount of energy needed to pump the air conditioning when the car is restarted. Combined with other fuel sources, solar cells could help create a fleet that is friendlier to the environment than ever before.
Compressed Natural Gas
Compressed natural gas, or CNG, is used mainly to power buses and trucks—you can even see it advertised on the side of the vehicles. CNG cars reduce greenhouse-gas emissions by 30 to 40 percent compared with gasoline or diesel (buses and trucks typically use large diesel engines, so the reduction is 25 to 30 percent), but natural gas sources are non-renewable and often come at great environmental cost. “There’s a limited amount of natural gas, and it tends to be used more for electricity generation and home heating,” says UC Davis’s Sperling. The Honda Civic GX runs on CNG, making it among the cleanest internal combustion cars on earth.
Diesel used to be thought of as loud and dirty, but improvements in diesel combustion have slashed particulates and acid rain–causing sulfur and nitrogen emissions by at least 90 percent, so the fuel meets emissions standards in all 50 states. Volkswagen, BMW, and Mercedes are releasing diesels that are 25 to 30 percent more fuel-efficient than their gas-burning counterparts. Clean diesel is Europe’s answer to the hybrid, says Michael Omotoso. “The [U.S.] diesel market right now is about 2 percent of light vehicle sales; we expect that number to exceed 9 percent by 2016.” These models could also be combined with electric engines to make diesel hybrids, but it is still expensive and the resource is limited. “They could be synergistic rather than competitive,” says the RMI’s Mattila. “It’s not greenwashing. They really are reducing emissions and using their fuel more efficiently.”
Switchgrass and prairie grass, sugarcane, fry grease, and organic waste oils are just a few of the materials that can be converted to biodiesel. Congress passed a law in 2007 requiring that nearly one-fifth of the 170 billion gallons of fuel sold in the U.S. come from biofuels by 2022. About 40 percent of that will likely come from corn ethanol, says Sperling, even though it is only three-quarters as fuel-efficient as gasoline and has yet to show that it lowers greenhouse-gas emissions. The U.S. Department of Energy is currently building small-scale demonstration plants that will refine different fuel sources. “I’d say that the most attractive options are using waste materials: crop residues, forestry residues, and municipal solid waste,” Sperling says.
Hydrogen Fuel Cells
Hydrogen fuel could power cars in just a few years or in decades. Research is progressing, but funding was cut in favor of more immediate technologies like lithium-ion batteries, and there are numerous technological hurdles to overcome. Still, at least five car companies and institutions are seriously focusing on harnessing the abundant power source, which comes from water or, potentially, biofuels. In cars, hydrogen emits only water vapor and requires no fossil fuels. Both Honda and a small UK research group named Riversimple produce cars powered by hydrogen fuel cells. The major obstacle is that there is currently no nationwide infrastructure in place for refueling. As we green our fleet, hydrogen cars may be a good alternative to electric ones that have to be plugged into an energy grid fueled primarily by fossil fuels like coal.
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The Whanganui River is the third-longest river in New Zealand. And, as of Wednesday, it's a legal person.
Yep, I said "person." If you're really confused, you aren't alone.
Since the 1870s, a Maori tribe living along the river has petitioned New Zealand's parliament to recognize its relationship with the Whanganui in order to protect it.
Beginning in the early 1900s, tourists flocked to the river. They cruised down it on boats. The river even served as the setting for the movie "River Queen."
Eventually, the river got so polluted that almost all of the fish in it disappeared.
"There were 169 outfalls discharging directly into the river. Those were the ones we knew about. It was 150 years of nonstop pollution," Phil Gilmore, a wastewater treatment plant operator, told the Wanganui Chronicle in 2011.
Cleanup efforts have picked up over the past couple of years. But now that New Zealand's government views the Whanganui as a person, the river can be represented in court if someone harms it.
The Whanganui will be represented by two people: a member of the Maori community and someone from the country's government.
As part of the settlement, New Zealand's government is setting aside $21 million ($30 million New Zealand dollars) to help further cleanup efforts. The Guardian reports it's the first river in the world to be granted the same legal rights as a person.


|The world's airlines have ordered more than 1,000 A330s from Airbus [File: EPA]
The Airbus A330-200 is a large-capacity, wide-body, twin-engine, medium-to-long-range commercial passenger airliner often used for transatlantic flights.
It can carry up to 256 passengers in a three-class aircraft and cover a range of 10,500km.
The aircraft can fly at 880kph at a cruising altitude of 10,700 metres.
The A330-200 is 59 metres long and has a wingspan of 60.30 metres.
The aircraft was based on the A330-300 and shares near identical systems, airframe, flightdeck and wings, the only major difference being the fuselage length.
If the missing passengers and crew from AF447, the Air France flight missing over the Atlantic, are confirmed dead, it would be the worst accident involving an Airbus A330, according to the Flight Safety Foundation.
It would also be the first fatal accident involving the A330-200 variant of the jet, which entered into service in 1998.
In 1994, an A330-300 on a test flight simulating an engine failure on takeoff crashed shortly after leaving Toulouse, killing all seven people on board.
The catalogue price of the A330-200 is about $180.9 million.
Airbus says that the aeroplane can fly more than 11 million hours during its lifespan.
There are more than 340 Airbus A330-200s in use across the world and 1,021 of both variants have been ordered since their inauguration.
Source: Al Jazeera and agencies


Origin: OE. Wer, AS. Wer; akin to G. Wehr, AS. Werian to defend, protect, hinder, G. Wehren, Goth. Warjan; and perhaps to E. Wary; or cf. Skr. Vr to check, hinder. Cf. Garret.
1. To carry or bear upon the person; to bear upon one's self, as an article of clothing, decoration, warfare, bondage, etc.; to have appendant to one's body; to have on; as, to wear a coat; to wear a shackle. "What compass will you wear your farthingale?" (Shak) "On her white breast a sparkling cross s wore, Which Jews might kiss, and infidels adore." (Pope)
2. To have or exhibit an appearance of, as an aspect or manner; to bear; as, she wears a smile on her countenance. "He wears the rose of youth upon him." "His innocent gestures wear A meaning half divine." (Keble)
4. To impair, waste, or diminish, by continual attrition, scraping, percussion, on the like; to consume gradually; to cause to lower or disappear; to spend. "That wicked wight his days doth wear." (Spenser) "The waters wear the stones." (Job xiv. 19)
6. To form or shape by, or as by, attrition. "Trials wear us into a liking of what, possibly, in the first essay, displeased us." (Locke) To wear away, to consume; to impair, diminish, or destroy, by gradual attrition or decay. To wear off, to diminish or remove by attrition or slow decay; as, to wear off the nap of cloth. To wear on or upon, to wear. "[I] weared upon my gay scarlet gites [gowns]" . To wear out. To consume, or render useless, by attrition or decay; as, to wear out a coat or a book. To consume tediously. "To wear out miserable days." . To harass; to tire. "[He] shall wear out the saints of the most High." . To waste the strength of; as, an old man worn out in military service. To wear the breeches. See Breeches.
Origin: Wore; Worn; Wearing. Before the 15th century wear was a weak verb, the being Weared] [OE. Weren, werien, AS. Werian to carry, to wear, as arms or clothes; akin to OHG. Werien, weren, to clothe, Goth. Wasjan, L. Vestis clothing, vestire to clothe, Gr, Skr. Vas. Cf. Vest.
(01 Mar 1998)
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It seems like we are not only witnessing evolution, but are actually responsible for a big part of it.
Recent animal research are revealing neurological, physiological and behavioral changes in certain animal species, in order for them to cope with the changes we humans are inflicting on our Earth and its environment.
In one research conducted by a team of scientists at University of Minnesota, led by Emilie C. Snell-Rood, it was revealed that certain animal species living in the city of Minnesota (i.e., white-footed mouse and meadow vole) had bigger brains than their counterparts living in farms.
Other reports from Russian scientists discuss the evolving of Russian stray dogs to adapt to the relatively complicated city life of Moscow. Apparently, it is not uncommon nowadays to take a trip along with a stray dog in Moscow metro. Stray dogs are now known to travel from suburban areas to the city where they can get proper fatty meals. In one article on the subject, it was reported that those stray dogs have even learned the length of time they need to stay on the train in order to leave at the right stop.
The aforementioned are amongst numerous research showing how certain animals are evolving to catch up with the surrounding environmental changes.
Taken at face value, this is all very interesting to watch the happenings in the world of animals, but we have to think of all angles related to this picture. While we are clearly “smarting up” animals, are those animals evolving fast enough to catch up with our quickly changing world? And could we be possibly domesticating wild ones into extinction?
Although extinction is a part of the cycle of life, humans are judged to be pushing living species into extension at a rate faster than that of evolving process. While the process of evolution might take millions of years, extinction is being driven quickly by our tempering in those animals’ natural living conditions.
On a different note, according to Brian Hare, an evolutionary anthropologist at Duke University, certain once wild animals are not wild anymore, due to a process of self-domestication. As crazy as it may sound, some species such as the Bonbos (close cousins of chimpanzees), are becoming “nicer” without direct interference from humans, yet due to environmental changes (an anthropogenic event in part). Such changes are causing redistribution of Bonbos groups to different territories; hence affecting the need for territorial struggles and aggressive behavior amongst themselves.
These observations should intrigue scientists to design research aiming to evaluate whether friendlier wildlife holds a higher risk of extinction. And accordingly, we, humans, need to rethink of what we are doing to our Earth, their Earth.


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Transcript of Latitude
The Northern Hemisphere is exactly half of the earth. Hemisphere literaly means "half sphere." The earth's Northern Hemisphere contains most of the plant's land. It almost takes up 90%.
The Southern Hemisphere is the part of the rotating astronomical body that lays South the equator. The Southern Hemisphere is also half of the Celetial Shere and that is South of the celestial equator.
Longitude runs vertical and goes East and West. It ranges from 0˚ at the Prime Meridan to 180˚ eastward
Latitude runs horizantal but runs from North to South. It goes 0˚- 90˚.
The equator is the intersection of the sphere's surface and the earth's plane perpendicular to the sphere's axis of rotation and its midway between the north and south pole.
The Prime Meridian is the oppisite in the 360˚system. The 180˚th meridian it forms a great circle.
The Western Hemisphere is also called the occidental hemisphere. It is used mainly used in a geographical term for the half of the earth and it lies on the West and the other which is the Eastern Hemisphere or also the oriental sphere
The Eastern Hemisphere is also called the "Oriental" sphere. It is also used in a curtal sense as a synonym for the " Old World"
It uses both the parallels of latitude, longitude, and the Prime Meridian. When it gives a location in latitude and longitude. Latitude will always come first. (ex: the location of New Orleans is 30N, 90W) this syassays that as 30˚ north latitude, and 90˚ west longitude
Tilt of the Earth
The axial's tilt is, also known as obliquity, is the angle between an object's rotanyional axis or its orbit axis.
Number of Latitude
The whole range is 180˚ and that means it is 90˚ north and 0˚ at the equator and another 90˚ South.
The whole range 360˚and that means it goes 180˚East 0˚ at the Prime Meridan and then another 180˚ going West.
Number of Longitude


One method is to build a brake out of carabiners. The minimum equipment for this is three oval biners plus a locking biner, and the diagrams below show how to construct the system with only this many biners. However, this setup doesn't give much friction, especially with a thin rope, and normally people use at least one more oval, as described in the text below.
To construct the brake start with the usual large locking biner clipped to your belay loop, as you would for any rappel. The diagrams show a double-strand rappel.
Clip the two oval biners A and B, with their gates opposite and opposed, through the locking biner. Pull a bight through the ovals.
Insert your third oval, C, through the bight, with the spine oriented as shown.
Clip the load strands back through the sideways biner C.
Flip C around and over the tops of A and B, forming a crossbar with its spine. Make sure that the rope ended up passing over the spine of C, not its gate.
As noted previously, the setup shown in figure 4 doesn't really give much friction. If you have a fourth oval biner D, it's a good idea to add it next to C, so that they form a sort of double-thickness crossbar. Both C and D should have their spines touching the rope, not their gates. (They can be reversed, but not opposed.) Only A and B should be opposite and opposed.
Don't try to do without the locking biner. If you simply clip A and B to your belay loop, the rope will rub against your belay loop and possibly destroy it through intense frictional heating. It is OK, however, to replace the locking biner with a pair of nonlocking biners, opposite and opposed.
The standard braking position for this standard setup is to hold the brake strand down at your hip, just as you would with an ATC. If you raise the brake strand to a higher angle, it could press against the gates of C and D, possibly causing them to open.
There are various ways of increasing the friction. If you have a huge load to lower and lots of oval biners, you can build two of these brakes in series. You can rearrange the brake bars to send the rope through in an S shape. In comments, Steed suggests using a locking biner for C, in which case it becomes safe to brake with the brake strand raised.
A possible advantage of the carabiner brake over a Munter is that the Munter will tend to twist up your rope. A possible disadvantage is that you may not have enough oval biners.


Scientists have been saying for years that we need to protect more land to conserve wildlife and maintain natural ecosystems. The laws for the current game sanctuary protect the animals from rifle hunting and trapping but the land that they live on is not protected from mining and clear cutting. Thus the ecology of the land that the animals need to survive is slowly being destroyed. The proposal from Cumberland Wilderness encourages the protection of both.
The sanctuary will remain intact once the wilderness protected area is created over this land and the crown lands surrounding the sanctuary. The sanctuary will then hold laws that protect both the animals and the land they live on. Wilderness protection does allow long gun hunting but in the sanctuary hunting will be restricted to bow hunting only as it is now. There are many stakeholders involved with the future of the Chignecto Game Sanctuary. A blended approach is needed with ideas from all of the stakeholders interests included.
Better protection for the area does not mean that citizens and tourists will be excluded from the wilderness area. In fact parts of the Wilderness Protection Act want and allow more tourism potential and educational awareness in the form of hiking trails and other outdoor adventures.
The proposal from Cumberland Wilderness keeps 70% of the snowmobile trails open and these trails would be grandfathered in so that they will remain as usable trails. However, the Department of Natural Resources and the people that already use the trail system want to keep all of the trails open. Their interests should also be included in this blended approach. Perhaps having the Wilderness protection and all the trails that are already in existence “grandfathered in” would be the way to go?
Areas designated under the province's Wilderness Areas Protection Act are off limits to logging, mining, and industrial development, but still available for most forms of outdoor recreation including hunting, fishing, canoeing, kayaking, cross-country skiing and eco-tourism.
Section 23 (3-5) of the Wilderness Protection Act says that snowmobiles may be permitted on designated trails if the trail was in existence at the time of wilderness designation; the trail is an essential link to a more extensive snowmobile network outside the wilderness areas; and the continued use will have minimal environmental impact. Atvs may be used to gain access to recreational activities such as hunting, fishing only if no other alternative exists.
Under the Act, Section 17, the prohibited activities would be those used for commercial resources such as mining, forestry (clear-cutting), pipelines, drilling etc. Other activities that are prohibited may include: more roads, railways, altering the surface of the land and littering.


What’s happened to total debt?
Everyone knows the federal government has borrowed a tremendous amount of money over the past couple of years. So why are interest rates still low? N.C. State University economist Mike Walden responds.
“Typically when you have an increase in borrowing, a very fast increase in borrowing, the costs of borrowing — the interest rate — would go up. It’s kind of like if you go to the farmers market one weekend and everyone for some reason wants to buy apples, and everyone is trying to buy apples: Well, the price of apples is going to go up.
“We have not seen that with interest rates. In fact, interest rates are at a 30- or 40-year low. The reason is that while the federal government has been borrowing more money … other players in the credit markets have actually been borrowing less money. Consumers — consumers — have actually reduced their borrowing over the last three years, as well as private businesses have reduced their borrowing. And local and state governments have reduced their borrowing.
“And so if you look at the numbers, what you see is an offset there. You see, yes, increased borrowing by the federal government, but you see reduced borrowing by these other entities. That’s why we have not seen pressure, upward pressure, on interest rates.
“Now that still says there could be a problem down the road, because as the economy recovers we would expect to see, for example, business borrowing go up and potentially consumer borrowing go up. If the federal government continues to borrow at high levels, then that would put upward pressure on those interest rates.”Category: Economic Perspective


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The sitka willow is a large shrub found in regions from southern Alaska to southwestern Oregon. Used to make nets and baskets, sitka willow bark is also used for erosion control along stream and river banks. The sitka willow can grow up to 25 feet tall and has leaves that range from 2 to 5 inches long with sharply-pointed ends. The sitka willow is found growing near wetlands, lake shores, and forest edges. This willow prefers an overly moist planting site and full sun.
Prune the sitka willow in fall after the leaves have fallen. This ensures hardy and abundant growth the following growing season.
Remove the top of the sitka willow with pruning shears, and prune to the terminal bud, which is the main area of growth. Prune all side or lateral branches that are old and gnarled. The goal is to produce one strong shoot leader.
Cut all broken or diseased branch by removing the entire branch. Remove all insect-infected and diseased stems or shoots to prevent infection of the willow.
Prune to one main shoot and remove all weak and thin branches from young sitkas. This will free up essential nutrients to the rest of the willow. Shoots arising from the root base of the willow, or suckers, should be removed as soon as they are noticeable.


Eid al-Fitr is one of the most important annual worldwide events in the Islamic calendar. It is marked by pious devotion, celebration and creating joyous moments with family. Here is a quick look into what Eid al-Fitr signifies and how it is celebrated.
Origins and importance
Eid al-Fitr is the smaller of two Eid celebrations in Islam, the other being Eid al-Adha, also known as the “greater Eid”. Eid al-Fitr, the ‘smaller’ Eid, immediately follows the month of Ramadan, which, according to a tradition widely observed by devout Muslims all over the world, consists of daily fasting from dawn to sundown. Ramadan is the ninth month of the Islamic calendar. Fasting during Ramadan commemorates the time when the holy Quran was revealed to the Islamic prophet Mohammed. The fasting is rather arduous and comprehensive as it involves shunning consumption of all kinds during the daytime, including not just food but also water, smoking, and the like.
Eid al-Fitr, as all other events in Islam, is based on the lunar calendar. It takes place on the first day of Shawwal, the tenth month of the lunar Islamic calendar. Eid-al-Fitr is an Arabic term which literally translates into “the festival of the breaking of the fast’.
The morning of Eid al-Fitr traditionally begins with a dawn prayer followed by a ritual of bodily cleansing and spiritual purification. After this Muslims don their finest clothes, which are often newly purchased specially for this occasion. Many also decorate their houses with new adornments. Dressed in their Eid al-Fitr best, Muslims go as families to the local mosques or to outdoor congregation areas for communal prayer assemblies. Many give charitable donations or ‘Zakat’ to the poor and homeless to make sure that the less fortunate are not left out of the festivities on this important and auspicious day. Some Muslims make use of a Zakat calculator to determine how much they should give to charity based on their income. Many Muslims also go to visit the graves of loved ones to offer prayers.
Eid al-Fitr is a time of celebration and festivity. People greet one another with “Eid Mubarak”; even to any strangers they happen to meet on this day. Since the event marks the end of a month of fasting, it is celebrated as a time of abundance, especially when it comes to tasty traditional treats. Not the least important part of Eid al-Fitr is gifts, particularly for the young ones. People exchange gifts of flowers, foods, household items and other useful things such as money. Snacks abound, most popularly the sweet ones. Gifts given on Eid are termed “Eidi”. The festival can last for three days and longer and is generally considered a time to be generous and hearty. Communal celebrations at homes and even at large rented event venues are common.
Eid al-Fitr 2019
This year Eid al-Fitr falls on the 4th of June in most of the world, although it could vary slightly depending on where on the International Date Line you are placed. Because the Islamic calendar is lunar, Eid al-Fitr is marked by the sighting of the moon. Your local mosque may be the most reliable source of information for the accurate start time of Eid this year.
Send money to India this Eid and get gifted
One of the most practical gifts to give on the festive occasion of Eid al-Fitr is money. This year you have a chance to give more than you transfer. Send Eidi via Ria and you could win big. To be eligible all you have to do is send money to India between 1st May 2019 to 5th June 2019 to be picked up in cash by your beneficiaries. Each Cash Pickup transfer enters into a lucky draw. Prizes include 50 daily giveaways of INR 1,000 each and one bumper prize at the end of the promo, of INR 100,000! Beneficiaries get to collect all the prizes. Check out the details here.


The Storm that Darkened the Entire World:
Did a Tsunami Strike Java and Sumatra During Ancient Times? (cont.)
By Dr. Caesar Voûte and Mark Long
Like A Phoenix Arising From The Ashes
The Javanese have traditionally regarded the occurrence of natural catastrophes as a sure sign that the "magic powers" (kasekten) of the ruler had diminished to such an extent that he no longer possessed the inner strength to unite all cosmic forces within his own person. As the sociologist Franz Magnis-Suseno has pointed out, natural calamities were inevitably interpreted as an indication that a change of ruler was immanent. Moreover, such events were believed to herald an ensuing period of unrest, a so-called "crazy time" (jaman edan) that would only come to an end when a "just king" (ratu adil) finally appeared to restore order, peace and prosperity. It would only have been natural for the region's rulers to have recalled tales concerning "the storm that darkened the entire world" and then taken the necessary steps to ensure that the kingdoms they built would not suffer the same tragic consequences.
The archaeologist Daigoro Chihara has distinguished two different phases of Southeast Asia's integration of Hindu-Buddhist culture: an early period in which most buildings were constructed out of wood and bamboo and a later period characterized by remarkable developments with respect to the use of stone. It is entirely possible that the advent of stone structures represent a logical human response for ensuring that religious shrines and other important structures would be able to withstand future catastrophic events. This might help to account for the abrupt change in the history of Central Java, which featured the emergence of royal dynasties that heavily invested in the construction of stone monuments such as the Borobudur as well as a great number of other magnificent Hindu and Buddhist temples.
The earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and tsunamis that have occurred throughout the entire Indian Ocean zone for millennia have been very unevenly distributed with respect to both time and location, which makes their prediction very difficult. However, governments from around the world are now taking recent events to heart and embracing measures which will ensure that the tragic loss of life that occurred on 27 December 2004 will not be repeated. It is for this reason that UNESCO, acting on behalf of the United Nations, has decided to establish a Tsunami Observation and Early Warning System for the Indian Ocean region, similar to the Tsunami Observation and Early Warning System established a few decades ago for the Pacific Ocean region, which has its international coordination center on the island of Hawaii.
Born in the city of Magelang on Java, Dr. Caesar Voûte is Professor Emeritus of the International Institute for Aerospace Surveys and Earth Sciences (ITC) in The Netherlands. As a specialist in the fields of hydrogeology and engineering geology, Dr. Voûte served as UNESCO's manager in residence during the early stages of the Borobudur Reconstruction Project. Mark Long is the author of a dozen books on science and technology subjects as well as the Webmaster of Borobudur.tv online. Voûte and Long are also the co-authors of Borobudur: Pyramid of the Cosmic Buddha to be published by D.K. Printworld of New Delhi.


• There are multiple perspectives on how to create culturally safe EDs for Indigenous patients.
• Key facilitators include relationship building and ED-specific cultural competency training.
• Key barriers include ED capacity limitations and racism/discrimination.
• ED cultural safety initiatives should be built upon post-colonial understanding.
Emergency departments are primary health care entry points for Indigenous persons in Canada. They are also among the settings where Indigenous patients report access barriers and discriminatory treatment. Cultural competency and cultural safety have been proposed as approaches to improving emergency care.
To identify and elaborate upon barriers and facilitators of cultural competency and safety in Canadian Emergency Departments.
We conducted a scoping review to search published and grey literature to identify and extract data on definitions, measures, facilitators and barriers of cultural competency and safety.
Six articles met inclusion criteria. Studies presented perspectives from patients, care providers, health care organizations, and Indigenous knowledge holders. Key themes emerged across studies and stakeholders. These include: Interpersonal relationships between patients and care providers; cultural competency training; Emergency Department capacity; and racism and discrimination.
We recommend that Emergency Department cultural competency and safety initiatives i) be built upon post-colonial understanding and partnerships with local Indigenous communities ii) provide practitioners with competencies in relationship-building and self-awareness iii) orient ED resources and services to meet the needs of patients with limited access to non-emergency healthcare and iv) aim to prevent discrimination.


Good sleep is important for our physical health and to rest our brains. Illness and stress can impinge on our chance of a good night’s sleep. Our activities can also keep us awake longer than is ideal. Smoking, watching TV and browsing our phones before bed can have a negative effect on sleep.
A bad night’s sleep can leave us feeling irritable, tired and unable to concentrate s well as usual. Sleeping turns all of our short term memories into long term memories, BUPA, who run private hospitals around the world underpin the importance of good sleep:
Not only does sleep allow your body the time it needs to rest, repair and rebuild, but it does the same for your mind too. As you sleep, your brain begins to organise and process all the information you’ve taken on during the day.
Of great importance to our health, good sleep reduces the chance of us getting high blood pressure, diabetes and coronary heart disease. Waking up to often is believed to stimulate our fight or flight response or the, sympathetic nervous system to be technical. If this happens too often the body cannot compensate for the high blood pressure.
According to BUPA, not getting enough sleep is linked to poor insulin regulation:
If you’re not getting enough sleep, your body’s ability to regulate your blood sugar becomes disrupted and the levels of sugar in your blood can increase, and can cause diabetes.
Other ailments linked to this defect are liver disease and gout which are affected by higher sugar levels. Cardiovascular health, is therefore linked to us getting good quality sleeps or not.
The chance of us getting a good night’s sleep depends on various factors. If our brains and bodies are tired before bed we’re more likely to fall asleep. Exercise before bed can be beneficial for tiring us. A short jog or press ups before bed are likely to help. We should turn off our phones and stop watching TV a few hours before sleep time. This may be surprising because many of like to watch a late night movie in bed.
Computer screens, smart phones, TV’s, and other electronic screens emit a wavelength of light that shuts off melatonin production in our brains. According to medical website, WebMD,
Melatonin is a hormone made by the pineal gland. That’s a pea-sized gland found just above the middle of your brain. It helps your body know when it’s time to sleep and wake up.
We need our bodies to be producing more melatonin in the evenings, after the sun sets in order to get a restful sleep.
A good night’s sleep helps keep our immune systems become well armed to fight off germs. That is the reason we feel we want to sleep more when we are unwell. Sleep helps the cells and proteins of our immune systems fight disease and invaders. Plus it helps the immune system remember these invaders.
To invoke sleep our body follows a near 24-hour cycle known as the circadian rhythm which works on different cues and signals. The important rhythm knows when to tell us when it’s time to sleep. The rhythm works like a clock. WebMD claims it’s, ‘located in a tiny region of the brain called the suprachiasmatic nucleus. It works much like a conductor, striking up one section of the body’s orchestra as another quiets down, taking its main cue from light signals,’ working 24 hours a day. This cycle affects what time of day our hormones grow faster.
When we are struggling with our emotions and tend to go over problems in our heads instead of sleeping this can start a cycle where we feel low. This could then cause us to feel anxious and create more negative thoughts about not sleeping. Try writing issues down before bed which may help put these thoughts in order. When we’re feeling stressed, our bodies release ‘stress hormones’, for example cortisol, which can keep you from sleeping. Relationships, work and finances can all weigh on our minds.
What can I do to help get a good sleep? Avoid large meals before going to bed and caffeinated drinks, like coffee and some soft drinks. High caffeinated drinks are likely to stimulate the brain stopping us falling asleep. Nicotine is an active product, so avoid cigarettes and cigars.
Avoid drinking alcohol up to a few hours before bed. It can be tempting, if you’re an adult to drink a few glasses of wine or beer to relax us before sleep.
The problem is, in a single night, as the alcohol is metabolized during the second half of the night, it creates more fragmented sleep,” says neurologist and sleep expert Jessica Vensel-Rundo, MD.
Alcohol is a depressant, so drinking wine, beer or any nightcap, before sleep can lead to enhanced slow-wave sleep patterns. Slow wave patterns are found in deeper stages of sleep where memory and learning capabilities are renewed. These kinds of brain functions are called delta activity. But at the same time, alcohol also turns on alpha activity, a type of brain pattern more commonly prevalent in the day, when we’re awake. These two conflicting sleep patterns happening simultaneously create a pattern of disruptive stimuli to lower the quality of our sleep and after a few hour’s we’re likely to abruptly awake and find it hard to fall back to sleep.
clevelandclinic.org says, ‘If you drink alcohol or take a drug before bedtime, you can expect to wake up with some degree of grogginess,’ which is not nice.
If you’re having persistent problems sleeping run a hot bath with bath salts, play some soft music and light a few candles but don’t burn yourself which will disrupt you going to sleep – please excuse the tired joke. Try listening to an interesting audio book which will not emit blue light like our TVs and smart phones. Use logical methods to sleep and then you won’t wake up feeling grumpy or with more chance of medical problems.


Have you ever think that what happens when you hit the “Send” button after writing the mail to anyone. The mail instantly appears on recipient email inbox. But there are lots of process happened before that. Google released an official video helping you to understand how Gmail works. Also there is an HTML version of this video known as Storyofsend.
In video it is illustrated that when you hit “Send” button, mail travel through cable or DSL lines through infrastructure and reaches to Google’s data center by passing through various security checks. It then enters into networking room and then routed to Gmail servers. Servers process that mail and make a duplicate copy in the form of backup.
Check out the video:


Microbiology in Nutshell
- Microbiology in Nutshell is a concise and comprehensive book that includes topics on Bacteriology, Immunology, Virology, Mycology, Parasitology and Clinical Microbiology.
- The text is presented in a simple and lucid language.
- 'New Biomedical Waste Guidelines' have been included to understand proper disposal of biomedical waste.
- Latest 'National Immunisation Schedule' has added for proper immunisation of individuals.
- 'Five moments of Hand Hygiene' has been included to emphasise its role in control of hospital infections.
- Point-wise explanation for quick recapitulation.
- Color Plates/diagrams and tables have been incorporated to provide useful information at a glance.
AuthorDr C P Baveja, Dr. V. Baveja
Language : English
Format : Paperback
We ship pan india using reliable courier services like India Postal service - Express Parcel, TrackOn etc. The shipping is fast and reliable with trackable information provided.
PublisherArya Publishing Company


For the time being, breakfast holds the grand title of “the most important meal of the day.” Some critics say that the title is overblown, at least as far as weight loss goes, but a paper released Monday in the Journal of the American College of Cardiology adds to a growing body of research suggesting that breakfast’s status as the king of meals is well-deserved, particularly when it comes to heart health.
This paper uses both surveys and death records to show that people who skipped breakfast were 87 percent more likely to have died of cardiovascular disease than those who had a morning meal. The analysis, co-authored by Wei Bao, Ph.D., an assistant professor of epidemiology at the University of Iowa, is the next step in an ongoing saga around breakfast’s effects on heart disease. Just last week, another study estimated that heart attack patients who skipped breakfast exposed themselves to between four and five times greater chances of death during their recovery periods.
Bao’s paper takes things a step further by examining the risks associated with skipping breakfast in generally healthy people.
The survey portion of the analysis involves responses from 6,550 participants who were surveyed between 1988 and 1994 as part of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Overall, only 5.1 percent of those people didn’t eat breakfast on a daily basis, and 59 percent of people ate breakfast every day (the remaining 35.9 percent ate breakfast intermittently). To illuminate the long-term effects of skipping breakfast, Bao checked death records through December 31, 2011, and found that 2,318 of that original cohort had died.
In that cohort, Bao found strong links between skipping breakfast and death. Specifically, breakfast skippers were 19 percent more likely to have died from any cause and 87 percent more likely to have died from heart disease — even after Bao adjusted for other risky activities like smoking, or factors like body mass index that might also affect death risk.
Those statistics alone sound like they belong on the front of a Cheerios box, but there is a mounting field of evidence showing similar results.
For example, a paper published in 2016 in Stroke showed that men who declined breakfast had 14 percent higher risks of heart disease. This study’s shocking statistic really does crystallize the risks of breakfast skipping, as Borja Ibáñez, Ph.D., a cardiologist at the Spanish National Center for Cardiovascular Research, added in an accompanying commentary.
“What is clear is that a pattern of skipping breakfast identifies a population at risk,” Ibáñez wrote.
That lingering question of why there’s a connection between breakfast and heart disease is still outstanding. But this latest paper, in conjunction with another linked commentary, starts to put forth some explanations that fall into two categories.
First, there’s the idea that skipping breakfast actually induces some kind of change in the body. For instance, Bao and his co-authors propose that the prolonged period of fasting may lead to elevated blood pressure, which, on its own, is a risk factor for heart disease. They also propose that skipping breakfast exacerbates levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL), the “bad” type of cholesterol associated with buildup in the arteries. To highlight this hypothesis, they cite a 2017 paper, also in the Journal of the American College of Cardiology, showing that people who skipped breakfast had more than double the risk of having plaque buildup in their arteries even compared to people who ate high-calorie breakfasts.
On the other hand, skipping breakfast may just be a stand-in for other harmful lifestyle choices that can impact heart health. Speaking to CNN, Krista Varady, Ph.D., an associate professor of kinesiology and nutrition at the University of Illinois at Chicago who wasn’t involved in the new study, implied that Bao’s team’s research also presents evidence to that effect.
“However, the major issue is that the subjects who regularly skipped breakfast also had the most unhealthy lifestyle habits,” Varady said. “Specifically, these people were former smokers, heavy drinkers, physically inactive, and also had poor diet quality and low family income.”
In the paper, the authors acknowledge that skipping breakfast might just be a “behavioral marker” of other risky factors, as Varady suggests, but they argue that their statistical adjustments helped offset those factors. Ibáñez also notes the power of their evidence but adds that health factors are so multidimensional that it is impossible to adjust for everything.
For now, it’s still unclear which way this research will go. But what we already know is that skipping breakfast does seem to come at a price.
Methods: This is a prospective cohort study of a nationally representative sample of 6,550 adults 40 to 75 years of age who participated in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III 1988 to 1994. Frequency of breakfast eating was reported during an in-house interview. Death and underlying causes of death were ascertained by linkage to death records through December 31, 2011. The associations between breakfast consumption frequency and cardiovascular and all-cause mortality were investigated by using weighted Cox proportional hazards regression models.
Results: Among the 6,550 participants (mean age 53.2 years; 48.0% male) in this study, 5.1% never consumed breakfast, 10.9% rarely consumed breakfast, 25.0% consumed breakfast some days, and 59.0% consumed breakfast every day. During 112,148 person-years of follow-up, 2,318 deaths occurred including 619 deaths from cardiovascular disease. After adjustment for age, sex, race/ethnicity, socioeconomic status, dietary and lifestyle factors, body mass index, and cardiovascular risk factors, participants who never consumed breakfast compared with those consuming breakfast everyday had hazard ratios of 1.87 (95% confidence interval: 1.14 to 3.04) for cardiovascular mortality and 1.19 (95% confidence interval: 0.99 to 1.42) for all-cause mortality.
Conclusions: In a nationally representative cohort with 17 to 23 years of follow-up, skipping breakfast was associated with a significantly increased risk of mortality from cardiovascular disease. Our study supports the benefits of eating breakfast in promoting cardiovascular health.