Athletes can lose between 2-3 litres of sweat during 90 minutes of intense exercise, particularly in hot and humid conditions. They can also lose as much as 2-3 kg (4½-6½ lbs) in body weight during the same period. This amount of fluid loss will certainly have a negative affect on performance.
Ideally to counteract dehydration, athletes should consume 200-400 ml (7-14 oz) of cold water or a suitable carbohydrate solution 5 to 10 minutes prior to the start of their event. During the any intervals, they should try to drink another 300-500 ml (10-17oz) of a sports drink. During hot weather or strenuous training sessions, coaches should try to provide their athletes with 150-250 ml (5-8oz) of drink about every 20 minutes.
Following a match or hard training session, it's essential that lost fluids be replaced. Water on its own is fine, but to replace fluid AND replenish energy stores, a high carbohydrate drink may be more suitable.
Drinking Before & During Competition
The right carbohydrate drink taken before and during composition can postpone fatigue and stabilize blood sugar preventing light-headiness, headaches, nausea and "jelly-like" muscles. However, not all carbohydrate drinks are created equal. Too much carbohydrate or sugar can actually hinder performance.
A solution that contains 40% carbohydrate empties the stomach much slower than plain water (which is 0% carbohydrate). This means that high sugar drinks such as Coca Cola, regular Lucozade, Exceed High Carbohydrate Source and Gator Lode (up to 40% carbohydrate) are NOT the best fluids to consume before or during exercise.
The ideal sports drink should contain 6-8% carbohydrate. It should also contain a small amount of salt. Sodium concentration in the blood can reduce due to sweating and drinking lots of diluted fluids. If it gets too low it can lead to nausea, headaches and blurred vision. Adding just a pinch of salt can offset this potential danger.
Sodium is also an electrolyte. Electrolytes help control the passage of water between body compartments and they also help to maintain the acid-base balance of the body. Electrolytes (or lack of them) have been associated with muscle cramps in the latter stages of sport games.
Here are some effective sports drinks currently on the market suitable before and during a match or training session:
Drink 200-400 ml (7-14oz) of a suitable sports drink 5 to 10 minutes before the start but no earlier unless it's several hours before the start. During any intervals drink up to 300-500 ml (10-17oz). In hot climates try to drink 150-250 (5-8oz) ml every 20 minutes or so.


Gummy Bear Color Graph
In this graphing worksheet, students see color 5 color words at the bottom of a graph that contains black line pictures of gummy bears. There are no directions or questions given with the graph.
3 Views 15 Downloads
Zoo Animal Probability Graph
Capture the engagement of your young mathematicians with a collaborative graphing activity. Using a deck of zoo animal picture cards, students select a picture from the deck, record the chosen animal on a graph, and then replace the card...
1st - 7th Math CCSS: Adaptable
One Fish, Two Fish, Goldfish, Graph Fish!
Kids will have a blast counting multi-colored goldfish and tallying how many they have of each color. Simple and clear, this graphing activity features a large visual graph, section for converting tallies to numbers, and three data...
K - 2nd Math CCSS: Adaptable
Graphing with Google Docs & Forms
Get to know your class and teach about data analysis all with the help of Google Docs. Using student-generated questions, create a class survey using Google Forms. Reserve time in the computer lab for learners to complete the form and,...
K - 3rd Math CCSS: Adaptable


Color (American English) or colour (British English) is the sensation caused by light as it interacts with the eye. The term color is also used for the property of objects that gives rise to these sensations.
Electromagnetic radiation is a mixture of radiation of different wavelengths and intensities. When this radiation has a wavelength inside the human visibility range (approximately from 380 nm to 740 nm), that radiation is called light. The light's spectrum records each wavelength's intensity. The full spectrum of the incoming radiation from an object determines the visual appearance of that object, including its perceived color. As we will see, there are many more spectra than color sensations; in fact one may formally define a color to be the class of all those spectra which give rise to the same color sensation.
A surface that diffusely reflects all wavelengths equally is perceived as white, while a dull black surface absorbs all wavelengths and does not reflect (for mirror reflection this is different: a proper mirror also reflects all wavelengths equally, but is not perceived as white, while shiny black objects do reflect),
The familiar rainbow spectrum--named from the Latin word for image by Isaac Newton in 1666--contains all those colors that consist of visible light of a single wavelength only, the pure spectral or monochromatic colors:
|colour||wavelength interval||frequency interval|
|red||~ 625-740 nm||~ 480-405 THz|
|orange||~ 590-625 nm||~ 510-480 THz|
|yellow||~ 565-590 nm||~ 530-510 THz|
|green||~ 520-565 nm||~ 580-530 THz|
|cyan||~ 500-520 nm||~ 600-580 THz|
|blue||~ 450-500 nm||~ 670-600 THz|
|indigo||~ 430-450 nm||~ 700-670 THz|
|violet||~ 380-430 nm||~ 790-700 THz|
The table above should not be interpreted as a definite list--the pure spectral colors form a continuous spectrum, and how it is divided into distinct colors is a matter of taste and culture. Similarly, the intensity of a spectral color may alter its perception considerably; for example, a low-intensity orange-yellow is brown, and a low-intensity yellow-green is olive-green.
Most colors are not pure spectral; these are created from mixtures of various wavelengths and intensities of light. Examples of non-spectral colors are the achromatic colors (black, gray and white), pastel colors[?], pink and magenta.
Although Aristotle and other ancient scientists speculated on the nature of light and color vision, it was not until Newton that light was correctly identified as the source of the color sensation. Goethe studied the theory of colors, and in 1801 Thomas Young proposed his trichromatic theory which was later refined by Hermann von Helmholtz. That theory was confirmed in the 1960s and will be described below.
The human eye contains three different types of color receptor cells, or cones. The first ("red") are most responsive to wavelengths around 565 nm, the second ("green") to those around 535 nm, and the third ("blue") to those around 445 nm. The sensitivity curves of the cones are roughly bell-shaped and overlap considerably. The incoming signal spectrum is thus reduced by the eye to three values, representing the intensity of the response of each of these types of color receptors.
Because of the overlap between the sensitivity ranges, not all combinations of stimuli are actually possible. For instance, it is not possible to only stimulate the "green" cone: at least one of the other cones will always be stimulated to some degree at the same time. The set of all combinations of stimuli that are possible make up the human color space.
One can picture this space as a region in three-dimensional Euclidean space if one identifies the X variable with the "red" stimulus, Y with "green" and Z with "blue". The origin (X,Y,Z) = (0,0,0) corresponds to black, and the point (X,Y,Z) = (1,1,1), i.e. full response of all three receptors, corresponds to white. The human color space is a region with these two points as corners, somewhat shaped like a pointy ellipsoid. The greys are located along a straight line connecting the two corners. The most saturated colors are located at the outer rim of the region, with brighter colors farther removed from the origin.
It has been estimated that humans can distinguish roughly 10 million different colors, although the identification of a specific color is highly subjective, since even the eyes of a single individual perceive colors slightly differently. If one or more types of a person's color-sensing cones isn't responding correctly to incoming light, that person has a smaller color space and is said to be color blind. Other animals may have more than three different color receptors (some birds and reptiles) or fewer (most mammals).
Two different light spectra which have the same effect on the three color receptors will be perceived as the same color. This is exemplified by the color cyan: cyan is a pure spectral color whose wavelength is located just between the responsitivity peaks of the "green" and "blue" cones. A cyan color experience can thus also be generated by an equal mixture of those two peak wavelengths, as long as these don't stimulate the red receptor. The human eye (as opposed to the bird's eye or the spectroscopist) then won't be able to tell the difference between pure spectral cyan and green-blue mixed cyan.
In the same way, most human color perceptions can be generated by a mixture of three colors called primaries. This is used to reproduce color scenes in photogaphy, printing, television, and other media.
Media that transmit light (such as television) use additive color mixing with primary colors of red, green, and blue which are close to the wavelengths that generate peak responses of the eye's color receptors. This is called "RGB" color space. Mixtures of light of these primary colors cover a large part of the human color space and thus produce a large part of human color experiences. This is why color television sets or color computer monitors need only produce mixtures of red, green and blue light.
Other primary colors could in principle be used, but with red, green and blue the largest portion of the human color space can be captured. Unfortunately there is no exact consensus as to what frequency the red, green, and blue lights should be, so the same RGB values can give rise to slightly different colors on different screens.
Note that the color experience of a given light mixture may vary with absolute luminosity, due to the fact that both rods and cones are active at once in the eye, with each having different color curves, and rods taking over gradually from cones as the brightness of the scene is reduced. This effect leads to a change in color rendition with absolute illumination levels that can be summarised in the "Kruithof curve".
When producing a color print or painting a surface, the applied paint changes the surface; if the surface is then illuminated with white light (which consists of equal intensities of all visible wavelengths), the reflected light will have a spectrum corresponding to the desired color.
It is possible to achieve a large range of colors seen by humans by combining cyan, magenta, and yellow transparent dyes/inks on a white substrate. These are the subtractive primary colors. Often a fourth black is added to improve reproduction of some dark colors. This is called "CMY" or "CMYK" color space.
The cyan ink will reflect all but the red light, the yellow ink will reflect all but the blue light and the magenta ink will reflect all but the green light. This is because cyan light is an equal mixture of green and blue, yellow is an equal mixture of red and green, and magenta light is an equal mixture of red and blue.
The RGB and CMYK color spaces are most useful for technical reproduction of color scenes. A color space that more closely models the human experience is the HSV color space which arranges colors in a three-dimensional cone, somewhat similar to the human color space discussed above. The tip of the cone corresponds to black. If the pure spectral colors are extended by mixtures of red and blue, they can be arranged in a circle or "color wheel" (which was already known to Newton), the mouth of the cone. The position of a color on this circle is its hue. In the HSV space, every color is specified by its hue, saturation (distance from the circle's center) and value (luminosity).
The HSV color space was already used by 19th century physiologist Ewald Hering.
The trichromatric theory discussed above is strictly true only if the whole scene seen by the eye is of one and the same color, which of course is unrealistic. In reality, the brain compares the various colors in a scene, in order to eliminate the effects of the illumination. If a scene is illuminated with one light, and then with another, its colors will nevertheless appear constant to us. This was discovered by Edwin Land in the 1970s and lead to his retinex theory of color constancy.
Structural colour is a property of some surfaces that are scored with fine parallel lines or formed of many thin parallel layers to make a diffraction grating. The grating absorbs some wavelengths more than others, causing white light to be reflected as colored light. Variations in the pattern's spacing often give rise to an iridescent effect, as seen in peacock feathers, films of oil, and mother of pearl.
Different colors are often associated with different emotional states, values or groups. These associations can vary among cultures and will be explained on the pages describing the individual colors.
see also: National colours


Fever is any body temperature above 100Â°F (37.8Â°C).A healthy person’s body temperature fluctuates between 97Â°F (36.1Â°C) and 100Â°F (37.8Â°C), with the average being 98.6Â°F (37Â°C).
Fever occurs when the body’s internal thermostat raises the body temperature above its normal level. This thermostat is found in the hypothalamus, a part of brain. The nervous system constantly relays information about the body’s temperature to the thermostat, which in turn activates different physical responses designed to cool or warm the body, depending on the circumstances.
A fever occurs when the thermostat resets at a higher temperature, primarily in response to an infection. To reach the higher temperature, the body moves blood to the warmer interior, increases the metabolic rate, and induces shivering.
Shivering generates heat through muscle contraction; and inducing sweating, which cools the body through evaporation. The chills that often accompany a fever are caused by the movement of blood to the body’s core, leaving the surface and extremities cold. Once the higher temperature is achieved, the shivering and chills stop.
A fever occurs when your temperature rises above its normal range. What’s normal for you may be a little higher or lower than the average temperature of 98.6 F. But a rectal temperature higher than 100.4 F is always considered a fever. A rectal temperature reading is generally 1 degree Fahrenheit higher than an oral reading.
Depending on what’s causing your fever, additional fever symptoms may include: Sweating, shivering, headache, muscle aches, lack of appetite, dehydration and general weakness
Very high fevers, between 103 and 106 F, may cause: Hallucinations, confusion, irritability and convulsions
About 4 percent of children younger than age 5 experience fever-induced seizures, febrile seizures. The signs of febrile seizures, which occur when a child’s temperature rises or falls rapidly, include a brief loss of consciousness and convulsions.
and You can give acetaminophen or ibuprofen. Never give aspirin to a child due to its association with Reye syndrome, a rare but potentially fatal disease.
and Giving a sponge bath help bring the fever down.
and Offer plenty of fluids to avoid dehydration- a fever will cause the patient to lose fluids more rapidly. Water, soup, ice pops, and flavored gelatin are all good choices. Avoid drinks containing caffeine, including colas and tea, because they can cause increased urination.
and Make sure you get plenty of rest.


Want to learn more about algaecide? Read on to find out when to add algaecide to your pool maintenance routine and other helpful tips.
What Should pH levels be in Swimming Pools and Hot Tubs?
The ideal pH level in both swimming pools and hot tubs is 7.4 to 7.6. This is the level where water is most comfortable for swimmers while also maximizing chlorine’s sanitizing ability.
The Short, Short Version
The ideal pH level in both pools and hot tubs is 7.4 to 7.6. This is the level where water is most comfortable for swimmers while also maximizing chlorine’s sanitizing ability.
What is pH?
The term pH is an acronym for “potential hydrogen” or “power of hydrogen”, depending on which chemist you ask. The “p” is lower case so as not to be confused with the symbol of the element phosphorus. The potential hydrogen of a substance dictates how acidic or basic (alkali) that substance is.
The potential hydrogen is measured on a logarithmic scale from 0 to 14, where 0 is the most acidic and 14 is the most basic. Because the pH scale is logarithmic, a substance with a pH of 0 is ten times more acidic than a substance with a pH of 1. For reference, fresh water is assumed to be neither acidic nor basic and therefore have a pH of 7.
When it comes to pool chemistry, pH is critically important because it dramatically influences the sanitizing ability of chlorine. Learn more about The Relationship Between Pool Chlorine and pH.
What Should pH Levels be in Swimming Pools?
This question has multiple answers and depends on the scenario of your pool chemistry. Let’s begin with the most common scenario before we address two exceptional cases.
Under normal conditions when you are using your pool, the recommended pH is 7.4 to 7.6. If pH drops too low, the acidity of the water may irritate your skin and even cause a rash. If the pH is too high, chlorine’s ability to sanitize your water will be diluted and you may contact or ingest unwanted bacteria such as raw fecal matter.
There are two other scenarios that may warrant lowering your pH with muriatic acid to increase the sanitizing ability of free chlorine. The first and more common scenario is when you shock your pool. You may find it helpful to lower pH to a range between 7.0 and 7.4 to increase the sanitizing power of your pool shock. The second scenario is when your total alkalinity is too high (i.e. greater than 120 ppm) and you wish to reduce it. In this case, you will want to lower pH to a range between 7.0 and 7.2 ppm and then aerate the water to break up alkali material.
What Should pH Levels be in Hot Tubs?
The recommended pH levels for hot tubs are virtually identical for those of pools for each of the scenarios we addressed in the previous section. Some hot tub users may find it is more comfortable to keep a pH slightly elevated – closer to 7.6 on the recommended 7.4 to 7.6 range because the hot water can be more likely to cause irritation if it is too acidic.
If you prefer more basic water in your hot tub, it is that much more important to frequently test free chlorine levels. Hot tubs have higher concentrations of users and therefore higher concentrations of contaminants. Chlorine loses its sanitizing power as pH rises, so be sure to keep plenty of free chlorine in your hot tub.
In this quick guide, we’ll answer the question “can you over shock a pool” and unveil the factors to consider when shocking a pool.
Maintaining both pH and total alkalinity in your swimming pool is important for keeping your pool properly sanitized and non-corrosive. Total alkalinity is to pH what cyanuric acid is to free chlorine. Total alkalinity stabilizes pH levels. The ideal pool pH level is 7.4 to 7.6. The ideal total alkalinity level is 80 to 120 ppm.
Muriatic acid is one of the most versatile pool chemicals. Read on as we answer the most common muriatic acid pool questions.


The consortium of governments and institutions involved in the Human Genome Project should commit to finishing the finished genome. Our recent experiments indicate that these last bits contain potentially important genes and other elements important to our health.1
In April, 2003, the Human Genome was declared complete, but a close reading shows that the actual claim was that the genome is “complete in nearly every functional way” or “is as complete as it can be.”2 It is estimated that this means it’s 99 percent percent done, and the focus since 2003 has been on acquiring more genomes, not finishing the last one percent of ours. But what if this last one percent is “functional”, and we are also missing one percent of the estimated 20,000 to 25,000 genes,3 or 200+ genes? The most important reason to finish the genome is that any of these “missing” genes never get studied.
The reason why the last one percent has not been finished is because it is really hard. Mainly it is composed of repetitive sequences, like CAG-CAG-CAG-CAG-CAG-CAG...that go on for millions of DNA letters. This confuses the technology and software, something we have overcome. The reason the last one percent is important is because we found that in between all those hard repetitive sections lie undiscovered genes, some of which we have now found. All gene-containing sequences go into something called the "reference genome,"4 and that is what every scientist uses to study and try to find the genetic contributions to diseases or traits. If a gene is not in the reference it never gets studied. So our having discovered these will enable lots of others to study them. There are others who appreciate the need to truly finish the human genome, and some have succeeded in localizing (mapping) large clones to highly repetitive regions. Our approach bypasses the need for the mapping step, and goes directly to nextgen sequence.
And there is one thing about nature, it is efficient, so there is a reason why these repeat regions exist (even if we don’t know what it is yet), and there is a function for these genes (again, even if we don’t know what that function is yet, or what happens when the gene is broken). There still is a debate about the importance of the rest of this stuff, sometimes called “Junk DNA” or “Dark Matter DNA”. But I think the prevailing scientific opinion is that the rest of the genome, the intergenic (between gene) regions are important, and contain other important things, but we haven't figured out much about these regions.
It is likely that most of these missing pieces of the genome are in the center and at the ends of our chromosomes, called centromeres and telomeres.5,6 These regions play an important role in DNA replication (cell division) and gene protection. And they are known to be part of certain diseases. These telomeres are mainly made up of repetitive sequences, which scientists have noticed gets shorter as cells age, or in some cancers. So, many scientists think they are there for a buffer so that as the erosion occurs with age, that erosion does not destroy any genes. First, if there are genes in there, which we have now discovered, they may play a role in aging (and diseases of the aged). Second, to date all groups have studied one repeat sequence that is 6 letters long (GGGTTA), however, from our experiments, we found five-letter-long sequences (AATGG and GTGGA) that are 150 tunes more abundant than the often studied six-letter sequence. So, we think that perhaps a greater understanding of aging, and disease of the aged, like cancer, may be better explained now that we can look in the right place... again, these missing parts cannot be studied until they are “discovered,”
It is time to re-commit to finishing the genome. Sequencing technology has gotten better, and “tricky” experimental approaches, such as ours, can help. What if one of the undiscovered genes, is really important, but nobody is looking at it? The sooner we truly finish the human genome, the sooner we will be truly able to exploit it, for understanding and health.
- Genomic leftovers: identifying novel microsatellites, over-represented motifs and functional elements in the human genome. Natalie C. Fonville, Karthik Raja Velmurugan, Hongseok Tae, Zalman Vaksman, Lauren J. McIver & Harold R. Garner, Scientific Reports 6, Article number: 27722 (2016), doi:10.1038/srep27722


Surrounding the town of El Ejido, Almeria Province, southern Spain is a sea of greenhouses, stretching for tens of kilometers. Millions of tons of vegetables are exported to other European countries and other parts of the world. Along the Mediterranean coast, tourism flourishes, fueling a booming real estate economy. The image covers an area of 19 x 30.5 km, was acquired July 20, 2008, and is located at 36.75 degrees north latitude, 2.75 degrees west longitude.
With its 14 spectral bands from the visible to the thermal infrared wavelength region and its high spatial resolution of 15 to 90 meters (about 50 to 300 feet), ASTER images Earth to map and monitor the changing surface of our planet. ASTER is one of five Earth-observing instruments launched Dec. 18, 1999, on Terra. The instrument was built by Japan's Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry. A joint U.S./Japan science team is responsible for validation and calibration of the instrument and data products.
The broad spectral coverage and high spectral resolution of ASTER provides scientists in numerous disciplines with critical information for surface mapping and monitoring of dynamic conditions and temporal change. Example applications are: monitoring glacial advances and retreats; monitoring potentially active volcanoes; identifying crop stress; determining cloud morphology and physical properties; wetlands evaluation; thermal pollution monitoring; coral reef degradation; surface temperature mapping of soils and geology; and measuring surface heat balance.
The U.S. science team is located at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, Calif. The Terra mission is part of NASA's Science Mission Directorate, Washington, D.C.
More information about ASTER is available at http://asterweb.jpl.nasa.gov/.


First, it is important to know that the material covered in Geometry does build on the concepts taught in Algebra I. It is not a total break from Algebra - it is an extension. For example, Algebra I students are taught to manipulate linear equations and are introduced to graphing. Geometry students go much deeper into the graphing of linear equations. Then, in Algebra II, students combine both skills and go even further into the topic. Geometry really does fit nicely between the Algebra courses.
However, if your student's Algebra skills are not very strong, they are going to struggle in Geometry. Students who have not fully mastered Algebra I skills should register for Algebra I so that they have an appropriate foundation to build on in order to be prepared for the upper level coursework.
Occasionally we have students who completed Algebra I but, for whatever reason, do not feel like they mastered the concepts. These students could choose to take Algebra II as their next course in order to continue working on the Algebra skills. The Algebra II class would be a fairly significant amount of work because some of the material that is presented as a review would be new material for them. However, with diligence and effort, it could be done.
One more thing to consider is the end goal of your student's high school math courses. If your student plans to pursue a STEM degree (science/technology/engineering/math), it will be important for them to have a solid background in mathematics, including Pre-Calculus with Trigonometry course. A student who takes Algebra II, then Geometry, and then Pre-Calculus with Trigonometry will find that there is a significant jump between Geometry and Pre-Calculus with Trig.
It is strongly recommended that students who plan to pursue a STEM degree follow the traditional path of Algebra I, Geometry, Algebra II, Pre-Calculus with Trig and, if there is time, either Calculus I or AP Calculus AB. However, a student who is not going to pursue a STEM degree can certainly choose Algebra I, Algebra II, Geometry, and Pre-Calculus for non-STEM majors as an appropriate order of coursework.


Jaw pain? Trouble opening your mouth? Headaches? If you have experienced them, you would know that severe temporo-mandibular disorders (TMD) can be incredibly disabling.
Many people don’t realise that TMD is a significant source of pain in the neck/head region – and that these conditions are highly treatable. Research suggests that around 20% of people may suffer from TMDs, with a slightly higher prevalence in women.
Signs and symptoms of TMD include:
- pain tenderness around jaw
- pain in and around the ear sometimes at the front
- pain when chewing clenching or yawning
- stiffness in the jaw sometimes worse in the morning
- feelings of malocclusion (poor alignment of the jaw)
- pain that may be dull when not using the jaw
- pain may radiate into the parietal (side) or occipital (back) region of the head
- may experience “noise” when moving the jaw
- may be associated with bruxism (or abnormal clenching of the teeth)
It is important to note that the pain may only be on one side of the head.
TMD can be treated by an experienced physiotherapist with a range of techniques that would be familiar including massage and exercise. It is important that conservative (non-surgical) strategies are used initially with TMD conditions.


Kew is an unusual palace. No gilded reception rooms, no glittering enfilade, no throne. Kew Palace acquired its name from the brief period in the early 18th century when it became a royal residence. The "Dutch" house as it used to be known, dates from the 1603's when successful city merchant, Samuel Fortrey, built himself a villa by the Thames. The site he chose had been occupied by an earlier property, the remains of which include the vaulted cellars under the palace. The palace is a palimpsest built from reused wood and stone. Linenfold panelling that lines the walls of the anteroom dates from the early Tudor period; a chimney piece is Gothic. The date 1631 and the initials of Samuel Fortrey and his wife, Catherine are shown off above the entrance. The house built of rubbed and carved brick was embellished with pilasters in the Classical style. The palace was modernised with sash windows in the 1730's and first painted with the red ochre wash it has today.
The Prince and Princess of Wales, son and daughter-in-law of George I (1714-1727) acquired Richmond Lodge in 1716 and began embellishing the gardens at Kew. After their accession as George II (1727-1760) and Queen Caroline, the couple continued to live at Richmond. Their growing family meant they needed more accommodation to house their children and retainers. Queen Caroline took the lease on the palace in 1728 as lodging for the three eldest daughters, princesses Anne, Caroline and Amelia, needed when the court was at Richmond. Soon after, Frederick, Prince of Wales bought the large 16th century house opposite the palace and employed William Kent to transform it into the White House, a modern Palladian mansion and at the same time when on to lay the foundations of the botanical gardens, introducing the chinoiserie garden pavilions, of which the Pagoda is the only survivor.
When in 1751 the Prince of Wales was killed by a cricket ball, his eldest son aged ten years old, (future George III) and his younger brother were given the palace to set up their own small establishment, so giving the house the name of the Prince of Wales' House. On his accession George III and his wife used Richmond and Kew as a getaway and retreat. It became the royal routine to spend Friday and Saturday at Kew. Richmond Lodge was soon too small for their increasing family so the various houses at Kew were pressed into service, and again Kew Palace was occupied by a Prince of Wales and his brother.
In 1788 George III suffered the first attack of the illness that was to blight the rest of his, long, life. At that time his illness was thought to be madness but is now understood to be porphyria. From November 1788 to March 1789 the King was kept hidden away from the public eye at Kew, in the White House. He did recover however and became able to resume a public life and then Kew became his midweek residence, to and from Windsor.
When the illness returned in 1801 Kew was recommeded as an ideal place for the King to recuperate, away from the public eye.While the King was incarcerated in the White House, Kew Palace was refurbished and redecorated in preparation for the Queen and her daughters. When the King could bare his isolation no longer he moved into Kew Palace to rejoin his family, and soon recovered. After the illness returned for a third time in 1804 he was brought back to Kew again.
A cast from the waxwork created from life by Madame Tussaud
for the King's Golden Jubilee of 1810.
The service wing on the west side was prepared for him, with a bedroom, a small gallery and library. The main part of the Palace was again refurbished, for his daughters, Queen Charlotte who was frightened of him stayed away. Poor George III declined into blindness. Then in 1818 the Queen was taken ill enroute to Windsor and forced to stay at Kew, a visit that lasted for months.She died at Kew on 17 November 1818, lying in state in the dining room, before being taken for burial at Windsor.
The King's Dining Room was the original hall of the Fortreys house. Remnants of the original decoration include the strapwork plaster overdoor decoration. The chimney- piece was installed during William Kent's renovation in the mid-1730's.
King's Dining Room
The Queen's Drawing Room was the principal room of the house. As the Queen's health deteriorated she became too weak to leave Kew. The Queen's indisposition led to the Queen's Drawing Room being used as the unlikely venue for not one, but two royal weddings. On 11 July 1818 William, Duke of Clarence married Princess Adelaide of Saxe-Coburg-Meiningen and Edward, Duke of Kent married Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfield, a union that would produce the future Queen Victoria
Queen's Drawing Room
The Queens's Boudoir on the first floor was where the Queen and her companions spent their time doing "women's work", needlework, knotting and spinning. The furniture reflects the taste of the Queen and the princesses for the fashionable Greek-revival style.
Queen Charlotte's Bedroom did not follow the latest fashion, like her daughter's. After four nights unable to get into her bed, the Queen died sitting in the black horsehair armchair on 17th November 1818. Her husband at Windsor was unaware of his wife's death and George III was himself to die two years later.
Queen Charlotte's Bedroom
Princess Elizabeth as befitting her position as her father's favourite daughter who also did the running of the house, took the best room, the King's library, when the palace was prepared for the royal occupants in 1804-5. The walls were lined to create arched recesses in the style of John Soane.
Princess Elizabeth's Bedroom
The bedroom floor has been abandoned since 1818.
After Queen Charlotte's death at Kew in 1818 the royal family has avoided Kew Palace; not enough thrones....George IV considered demolition, his brother William IV planned to double its size........At the end of her reign George III's granddaughter opened the palace to the public. A royal relic in the botanic gardens. A charming place that still has its ghosts.


Young children with visual impairments face special challenges as they develop and grow and no parent is prepared for a baby who is blind or has vision loss. The Early Childhood Program provides services for infants and toddlers with visual loss, from birth through the age of five.
Services are provided in the home or pre-school by certified Teachers of the Visually Impaired (TVI). Teachers use play to assess a child’s functional vision and to help the child explore the environment by making use of other senses. Teachers also provide parents with information and strategies to encourage the parents to interact with their infant. This collaborative parent-teacher training further promotes the child’s skill development, self-sufficiency, and social development and facilitates the child’s eventual transition to pre-school and kindergarten.
Lighthouse Vision Loss Education Center programs are funded by the Florida Department of Education, Florida Division of Blind Services, The Manatee Board of County Commissioners, The Sarasota School Board, private contributions, bequests and fundraising activities.


More machine and system manufacturers are choosing to implement innovative motion control technologies because of increased environmental awareness. If motors and drive components are generally working with a level of efficiency near 100 percent when operating at the rated load, it makes sense to have a look at the secondary components around the actual drive system.
“The sum of many individual measures can turn out to be very significant. When using the right components, large amounts of energy can be saved in the area around the drive system with relatively little effort,” states Alois Holzleitner, business manager for motion control at B&R.
B&R ensures that drives can be sized in a targeted manner using the SERVOsoft tool from ControlEng. The masses to be moved and the drives needed to do it can be perfectly matched, which reduces energy consumption to a minimum, the company says. For complex machines where movements are executed consecutively, kinetic energy is often released in the braking resistors in the form of heat. By connecting ACOPOSmulti servo drives via the DC bus, up to 30 percent of the energy used for movements can be saved. Brake energy is stored in capacitors and made available at a later time for acceleration. The user profits not only from efficient use of energy, but also from a cooler control cabinet, because the heat from the resistors is greatly reduced.


Chinese festivals mainly refer to the memorial days, celebration days and international festivals recognized by China. There are the 7 most important holidays in China:
New Year’s Day, 1 day off (January 1);
Spring Festival, 3 days off (1st, 2nd and 3rd day of the first lunar month);
Qingming Day, 1 day off (generally one day between April 4 and 6);
International Workers’ Day, 1 day off (May 1);
Dragon Boat Festival, 1 day off (5th day of the 5th lunar month);
Mid-Autumn Festival, 1 day off (15th day of the 8th lunar calendar);
National Day of the People’s Republic of China, 3 days off (October 1, 2, and 3).
Statutory holidays in China: Chinese calendar
Chinese people usually use two calendars, namely, the Gregorian calendar and the lunar calendar. The time difference between the Gregorian calendar and the lunar calendar is about one month.
The lunar calendar is one of the traditional Chinese calendars. It should not be strictly called the lunar calendar, because it is a combination of Yin and Yang. When Chinese people use the lunar calendar, they usually say “one day of one lunar month” to distinguish it from the day of the Gregorian calendar. Most of the traditional festivals in China are celebrated according to the date of the lunar calendar. For example, the Spring Festival in China is “1st of the 1st lunar month,” but the time in the Gregorian calendar is not uniform.
The Gregorian calendar is the world’s common Gregorian calendar. Chinese non-traditional festivals are generally celebrated according to the date of the Gregorian calendar.
The following is the introduction to the 7 most important holidays in China.
New Year’s Day
New Year’s Day, January 1st of the Gregorian calendar, is New Year in most countries of the world. In 1949, the People’s Republic of China designated January 1 as New Year’s Day.
Nowadays, the custom of New Year’s Day is mainly to organize people to come together, such as schools and companies holding a New Year’s party, having a New Year’s Day dinner and organizing other collective activities. In many areas, there is also the custom of eating eggs.
Spring Festival Statutory holidays in China
Spring Festival is the most essential in the 7 most important holidays in China and the most solemn festival of the Chinese nation. It is China’s four major traditional festivals together with Qingming Festival, Dragon Boat Festival, and Mid-autumn Festival.
During the Spring Festival, there are various activities all over the country, with rich regional characteristics and a lively and festive atmosphere. These activities are mainly composed of greeting the new and receiving blessings, worshiping the gods and ancestors and praying for a good year, which is rich in forms and gathers the essence of traditional Chinese culture.
It is a traditional festival of sacrifice, also called Pure Brightness Festival or Tomb Sweeping Day. Qingming Festival is rich in customs. Tomb-sweeping and ancestor worshiping and outing are two major customs themes of the Qingming Festival. They are not only conducive to promoting filial piety and family affection, awakening the common memory of the family, but also to promoting the cohesion and identity of family members and even the nation.
International Workers’ Day
International Labor Day is a national holiday in more than 80 countries in the world. It is a festival shared by working people all over the world. On this day, people change into festival costumes, participate in various celebration gatherings or recreational activities in high spirits, and commend the workers who have made outstanding contributions.
Dragon Boat Festival
Dragon Boat Festival is one of the ancient traditional festivals of the Chinese nation. There are many theories about the origin of the Dragon Boat Festival, such as the theory of commemorating Qu Yuan; the theory of commemorating Wu Zixu and so on. There are different customs in different places. Its contents mainly include: eating zongzi (pyramid-shaped dumpling made of glutinous rice wrapped in bamboo or reed leaves), dragon boat regatta, hanging calamus and the image of Kui Zhong, wearing sachet, preparing animal lilies, drinking realgar wine, etc.
Mid-Autumn Festival, also known as the reunion festival, is a traditional Chinese Folk Festival, which is held on August 15th of the lunar calendar. The Mid-Autumn Festival originated from the worship of celestial phenomena and evolved from the worship of the moon on an autumn eve in ancient times. Since ancient times, the Mid-Autumn Festival has many folk customs. People would offer sacrifices to the moon, appreciate the moon, eat moon cakes. They would also play with lanterns, appreciate osmanthus, and drink osmanthus wine.
National Day of the People’s Republic of China
The Central People’s Government has announced that since 1950, October 1st of each year will be the National Day of the People’s Republic of China.
Every national day in China, all kinds of units and companies will hang lanterns or banners; in the square, there are bonsai and balloons with slogans to welcome the national day with a happy atmosphere. Every year on National Day, Beijing holds a grand flag-raising ceremony and military parade. At 6:10 a.m. on National Day, more than 100000 people from all over the country go to Beijing to watch the flag-raising ceremony.


What causes micrognathism? 3 possible conditions
Viewing 3 of 3 results
Micrognathia refers to having a very small lower jaw. A child with micrognathia has a lower jaw that is much shorter than the rest of his or her face.
Children may be born with this problem, or it can occur later on. It mainly occurs in children who are born with certain genetic conditions, such as Trisomy 13 and progeria. It can also be caused by fetal alcohol syndrome.
In some cases, this problem goes away as the child’s jaw grows with age. In severe cases, micrognathia can cause feeding problems. It can also lead to malocclusion of the teeth, which means that your child’s teeth aren’t aligned correctly.
Some cases of micrognathia are caused by inherited disorders. In other cases, the problem is caused by genetic mutations that aren’t passed down through families. Conditions that often cause a shortened lower jaw include:
Pierre Robin Syndrome
This condition causes your baby’s jaw to form slowly in the womb, which results in a very small lower jaw. It also causes the baby’s tongue to fall backward into the throat, which can block the airways and make breathing difficult.
Trisomies 13 and 18
Trisomies are genetic disorders that occur when babies have extra genetic material. They cause severe mental deficiencies and physical deformities. About one in every 16,000 babies has trisomy 13, according to the National Institutes of Health (NIH, 2012). Around one in every 5,000 babies (not including those who are stillborn) has trisomy 18 (NIH, 2012). The number refers to which chromosome the extra material comes from.
This is a rare inherited disorder in which your child’s pituitary gland doesn’t make enough growth hormone. This causes severe bone problems, including a small lower jaw, a narrow chest, and unusually short legs, arms, neck, and torso.
This genetic condition causes your child to age at a rapid rate. Babies typically look fine when they’re born, but start showing signs of the disorder by the end of their first year. It is caused by a genetic mutation, but it’s not passed down through families. In addition to a small jaw, your child may also have a slow growth rate, hair loss, and a very narrow face.
This is a rare genetic condition that causes developmental disabilities and physical deformities, including a small jaw and low-set ears. It is named after the high-pitched, cat-like cry that babies with this condition make. It is usually not inherited.
Treacher Collins Syndrome
This hereditary condition causes severe facial abnormalities. In addition to a small jaw, it can also cause a cleft palate, absent cheekbones, and malformed ears. It’s caused by treacle, which is defective protein. According to the NIH, this condition occurs in about one in every 50,000 people (NIH, 2012).
Call your child’s doctor if your child’s jaw looks unusually small or if your baby is having trouble eating. Some of the genetic conditions that cause a small lower jaw are serious and should be diagnosed as soon as possible so that treatment can begin.
Let your child’s doctor or dentist know if your child has trouble chewing, biting, or talking. Problems like these can be a sign of misaligned teeth, which can be fixed by an orthodontist or oral surgeon.
Your child’s lower jaw may grow long enough on its own, especially during puberty. In this case, no treatment is required.
In general, treatments for micrognathia include:
- modified eating methods and special equipment if your child is having trouble eating. Your doctor can help you find a local hospital that offers classes on this subject
- corrective surgery performed by an oral surgeon. The surgeon will add or move pieces of bone to extend your child’s lower jaw
- corrective devices, such as braces, to fix misaligned teeth caused by having a short jaw
Specific treatments for your child’s underlying condition depend on what the condition is, which symptoms it is causing, and how severe it is. Treatment methods can range from medications and close monitoring to major surgery and supportive care.
If your child’s jaw grows longer on its own, feeding problems usually stop.
Corrective surgery is generally successful, but it can take nine to 12 months for your child’s jaw to heal.
Ultimately, the outlook depends on the condition that caused micrognathia. Babies with certain conditions, such as achondrogenesis or trisomy 13, only live for a short time. Children with conditions such as Pierre Robin syndrome or Treacher Collins syndrome are able to live relatively normal lives with or without treatment. Your child’s doctor can let you know what the outlook is based on your child’s specific condition.
There’s no direct way to prevent micrognathia, and many of the underlying conditions that cause it can’t be prevented either. If you have an inherited disorder, a genetic counselor can tell you how likely you are to pass it on to your child.
- Achondrogenesis. (2008, Feb.). Genetics Home Reference. Retrieved July 14, 2012, from http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/achondrogenesis
- Corrective Jaw Surgery. (n.d.). American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons. Retrieved July 14, 2012, from http://www.aaoms.org/jaw_surgery.php
- Cri-du-Chat Syndrome. (2010, Feb.). Genetics Home Reference. Retrieved July 14, 2012, from http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/cri-du-chat-syndrome
- Malocclusion of Teeth. (2012, Feb. 22). MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia. Retrieved July 14, 2012, from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001058.htm
- Micrognathia. (2011, May 1). MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia. Retrieved July 14, 2012, from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003306.htm
- Paladini, D. & Volpe, P. (2007). Ultrasound of Congenital Fetal Anomalies: Differential Diagnosis and Prognostic Indicators. (pp. 93-95). London, UK: Informa Healthcare.
- Pierre Robin Syndrome. (2011, Nov. 14). MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia. Retrieved July 14, 2012, from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001607.htm
- Progeria. (2011, April 23). Mayo Clinic. Retrieved July 14, 2012, from http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/progeria/DS00936
- Treacher Collins Syndrome. (2012, June). Genetics Home Reference. Retrieved July 14, 2012, from http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/treacher-collins-syndrome
- Trisomy 13. (2009, Jan.). Genetics Home Reference. Retrieved July 14, 2012, from http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/trisomy-13
- Trisomy 18. (2012, March). Genetics Home Reference. Retrieved July 14, 2012, from http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/trisomy-18
See a list of possible causes in order from the most common to the least.
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Criminal Justice Profession and Forensic Science
The police officers and the detectives find evidences which are subject to objection. This is because when the crime scene is not used for investigation there might be lack of crucial evidence and criminal could go unnoticed leading to the increase in number of the convicted guilty people. The incident of crime will increase; thieves will go unnoticed and keep on stealing, murderers will keep on killing and drug trafficking will increase. Nowadays science is mostly used to solve crimes by providing the necessary information regarding the criminals; as the leave some evidence on the crime scene. When forensic science evidence is collected very well without contamination it can be used to determine the people who were involved in the scene of crime. Criminal justice professionals lack the required training in crime investigation and evidence collection. The evidence and the scientific concepts are crucial in convicting the criminal of a certain crime, thus the criminal justice professional need to integrate with the forensic science in their work to enhance justice and avoid the miscarriage of injustice in their work.
The criminal justice need to work hand in hand with the forensic science which plays a major role in criminal investigations. Prosecution of the criminals has been made ver easy as forensic science provides a better way of identifying the culprits. Forensic science has made it easy to identify the bombing terrorist which criminal justice security could not identify on their own without the forensic science. For example the
Criminal justice profession requires the integration of the forensic science for its process of investigation. The forensic science plays the traditional function of identifying who was involved in the scene and what really happened during the crime. On top of that forensic science contributes more in making the tests and directing on the investigation lines. Forensic science provides timely and effective investigation information that can be used by the criminal justice professionals to judge the culprits. Forensic science has played a major role in solving the crime and has also reduced the crime injustice among the criminal justice professionals as it provides the right information about the offenders to the justice professionals.
The criminal justice integration with forensic science will be of great importance especially for the post convicted culprits and the pre convicted culprits. The justice services will be in a position to identify the criminals who have never been arrested and the people who have been mistaken as criminals and jailed. The use of the forensic science will ease the burden of cases in the courtrooms. The forensic science could also be used to administer justice in cases where by there might be justice miscarriage. The victims could serve in jail for many years due to lack of evidence thus forensic science could provide the best evidence that could be used to find the culprit guilty or innocent. For example in Britain where by the Sean Hodgson had been jailed for 27 years of a murder and rape case of Teresa where by the forensic science evidence showed that he was convicted wrongly which marked the longest Britain justice miscarriage. Forensic science has recently become the criminal justice experts as they provide the necessary information on investigation about the criminals. Though most of the states don’t allow the forensic science evidence to be kept for long and the post convicted criminals don’t have access to the forensic information, this makes the justice professionals to make wrong judgment to some people who are guilty. Chatfield, Sara and Fraser (2010) argues that criminal justice professionals need to find a better way of keeping the evidence to make sure they can use it in future to avoid miscarriage of the justice.
Though forensic science provide the information there is sometime the wrongful conviction which might arise due to the identity mistake by the scientists; thus the criminal justice professionals need to use the forensic science in a clear manner to ensure they foster justice in their work. (Ubelaker, 2011)This can be due to tainted evidence, and contamination which might occur during the transportation, in the scene of crime and may be in the laboratory. There can also be erroneous assumption of forensic science evidences during prosecution. For the enforcement of the authority the criminal justice professionals need to get whet was collected from the crime scene to administer justice in their work. This is because the scientific evidence works as a portion of the investment procedures.
The media reports as been showing that the convicted criminals are guilty as they have been convicted due to wrong identity, wrong eye witness and corruption among the police men. Integrating the forensic science and the criminal justice professionals will be in a position to reduce the level of injustice and criminal miscarriages in the courtrooms. Stuart and Nordby (2009) argues that the forensic scientists should always use the correct procedure and should recognize the scene very carefully to ensure that they get the correct information which wont be distorted to ensure justice is administered through forensic science evidences.
The law is always in need of finding the truth for solving the human conflict thus the best method to achieve this is the use of the forensic science. The forensic scientist need to act with honest and integrity to ensure that they give the correct evidence about the scene, in collecting the information and giving the report about the scene of the crime. The topic relates to saint Leo value of integrity in that the forensic scientists need to work in an honest and integrity way in undertaking their duties. In Saint Leo value of integrity they made sure that in terrorism and crime the information given and the experiences and given in an honest manner in words and action. The criminal justice professionals need to integrate with the forensic science to ensure that their work is done in an honest and integrity manner to enhance justice and avoid the miscarriage of justice in judging the criminals to avoid convicting the wrong people. Forensic science covers a broad discipline in science crime investigations the scientists are required to have integrity to ensure that there is reduction of the disputes in the evidence they give. (Lee and Harris, 2000)
The judgment given by the justice criminal professionals depends on the information given by the forensic scientist they have to act in an integrity matter when taking their duties. They need also to use integrity and host to enhance justice and truth to ensure that the world is a better and safer place. The scientists need to collect the information in an honest manner to ensure that they are clear and honest in their words and action.
In the case of murder of Hannah foster a 17 year old schoolgirl, whereby the forensic science contributed a lot in identifying the criminal Manider Singh Kohli after they had spent several years looking for the Justice. The girl’s body was found killed in her Hampshire home on 14th march 2003 where by she had been raped, abducted and dumped. She disappeared for two days before the body was found. The police called the forensic scientist immediately after they discovered the body. Initial items were taken and the DNA sample was done and in the national Database there was no such kind of match. Kohli had fled to
The forensic science services officers took the family DNA test which had partial match to Hanna’s. They decided to investigate the Kohli’s van. The presence of semen on the seat matched the DNA test they had collected from Hanna’s item. The blood stains which Matched Hanna’s was found on the seat. The forensic science evidence convinced the
Chatfield, k. et al. (2010). Forensic Science: An Introduction to Scientific and Investigative Techniques,
Lee, C. $ Harris, A. (2000). Physical evidence in forensic science. Lawyers & Judges Publishing Company.
Nov 2008 ‘Man jailed for Hannah Foster murder Maninder Pal Singh Kohli get minimum of 24 years in prison for raping and killing 17-year-old in Southampton in 2003’.retrieved from http://www.forensic.gov.uk/html/media/case-studies/f-43.htmlv.
Stuart J. & Nordby, J (2009).Forensic Science: An Introduction to Scientific and Investigative Techniques.Boca Raton, FL: Taylor and Francis.
Ubelaker Douglas 2nd Sep 2011. ‘Forensic science: International perspective, global vision.’ forensic science journal. Volume 56 issue 5 pg 1091-1404.


However time may be measured at the Naval Observatory, the clock seems to tick slowly here when Congress is out of town. -Richard Corrigan
The following is the mostly true (but somewhat fictionalized) story of the first clocks in the Americas. In the 17th Century, the finest clockmakers in the world were Dutch, going back to the time of Christiaan Huygens.
Huygens determined that if you allowed a pendulum to swing just a little bit, the period of its swing could be used to keep time to incredible accuracy. By the mid-17th Century, Huygens had not only determined the relationship between the period of a pendulum (T) and its length (l),
but clockmakers in both the Netherlands and England were regularly constructing clocks that were accurate to within a few seconds each day! (A phenomenal achievement for a pendulum clock by any standards.)
Well, the New World (North and South America) was beginning to be colonized in earnest, and it would be more than 100 years before an American would build their first clock. So what would someone do if they wanted to keep time more accurately than a sundial could?
You take one of these great, Dutch-built clocks, and you put it on a ship bound for the Americas, of course! So they did, and the clock arrived. And, of course, life was grand.
At least, it was, for about a week. It was only about a week before people noticed that the Sun and Moon weren't rising and setting at the times they were supposed to! Apparently, the clock was running at the wrong speed, and was running slow by somewhere around a minute per day. This brilliant clock, which was accurate to within two seconds a day in Holland, must have broken somehow during the journey.
So what were the colonists to do? There was no clockmaker (or clock repairman) in the new world, and this clock was handmade and very valuable. They had no choice; the clock needed to be shipped back to Europe for repair.
So they ship the clock back to Europe, and they go to take the clock into the clockmaker, and it does the exact thing that your car does when you take it to the mechanic because it's making a noise. It starts behaving like it's perfectly fine. The clockmaker winds up the clock, and it immediately starts working properly, and keeps time to within two seconds per day!
Why? Take another look at Huygens' equation for the period of a pendulum clock.
See that "g" in the equation? That's the acceleration due to gravity at the surface of the Earth. Those of you who've taken a physics course at some point probably learned that g is 9.81 meters per second squared.
Guess what? The value of g changes depending on your latitude and elevation! At the North Pole, g is about 9.83, while at the equator, g is smaller, at only 9.79. Most of the colonized land in the new world was well South of (and far closer to the equator than) the Netherlands, and so g changed for the clock, decreasing by about 0.01 meters per second squared. This tiny difference, added up over the course of a day, causes you to lose about 45 seconds each day. But if you bring the clock back to its original location, g goes back to its original value, and the clock went back to its near-perfect calibration point!
And this is still true today, because the physics is exactly the same! If you change your latitude, your pendulum clock will need to be adjusted because of changes in gravity!
So go ahead and take your standardized time for granted, but remember that it wasn't always as easy as it is today!
I wonder, does this affect the crystal oscillator or the LC resonators used as a time basis in the electronics of the day? I doubt it but you just never know if there might be some infinitesimal difference.
Ethan, I couldn't resist...it's a great song.
And so they invented time zones?
I feel so stupid...I got halfway through this before I even realized what you were explaining.
No, time zones are entirely different. Time zones are to do with longitude, not latitude. If they had brought the clock due west to a point in the Americas at the same latitude as the Netherlands, it would have kept time just as well but day and night would be shifted several hours backward. If they had brought the clock due south to a point in Africa near the equator at the same longitude as the Netherlands, they would be in the same time zone (though day and night would still be different, as they become more equal in length nearer the equator, but noon and midnight would occur at the same times), but the clock would start losing time each day.
Thus the need for an elastic pendulum suspension and a massive short swing pendulum. Given smaller gee, the pendulum shortens. Reduction to practice is left as an exercise for the alert reader given non-linearities between Hook's law and the pendulum equation.
OK, but why is g different at different latitudes? Is it because the earth is slightly oblate? Some sort of gyroscopic phenomenon?
g depend on the mass1 x mass2 over radius square.
Earth is not a perfect sphere therefore there would be a slight difference of radius.
The latitude dependence is a combination of non-sphericity and centrifugal force, as you suggest. See Wikipedia.
they become more equal in length nearer the equator, but noon and midnight would occur at the same times), but the clock would start losing time each day.
And even now, with atomic clocks (say, on GPS satellites), they have to account for distortions due to general relativity. Darn gravity!!
Oops Morgan looks like you got latitude and longitude mixed up.
Timezones change with the latitude. Gravity is affected more by longitude than latitude (depends on the amount of mountains and other kinds of mass in the area).
Thank you very much! I'm definitely in the camp of "global warming skeptic--not denier, just cautious doubter--who's slowly coming around," and this helps quite a bit.www.itunes.com/download


Color preference, arousal, and the theory of psychological reversals
- Cite this article as:
- Walters, J., Apter, M.J. & Svebak, S. Motiv Emot (1982) 6: 193. doi:10.1007/BF00992245
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The theory of psychological reversals asserts that there are two levels of preferred felt arousal, one high and one low. Only one of them is preferred at a given time, although discrete switches (“reversals”) occur from time to time, so that each level is preferred at different times. In order to document such changes in preferred levels of arousal, 75 subjects were asked to make color preference choices at regular intervals during their working day, some for as many as 8 days. The assumption was that different colors are arousing or relaxing, and that color choice indicates arousal preference. The typical patterns of color choices that occurred clearly displayed the expected reversal effect over time and were considerably more consistent with reversal theory than with optimal arousal theory. In a second study, 41 new subjects were asked to respond to a simple mood adjective checklist each time they made their color preference choices. The results strongly supported the association between arousal preference and color preference and also supported the reversal theory thesis that low arousal preference is associated with seriousness and planning orientation (all these characterizing the “telic state”), and that high arousal preference is associated with playfulness and spontaneity (all these characterizing the “paratelic state”). Finally, both studies showed that there is a systematic tendency for long-wavelength colors to induce feelings of high arousal and for short-wavelength colors to induce feelings of low arousal.


Financial success may come in different forms. Financial success does not only mean that you are financially independent, or you have been able to make thousands of dollars off the stock market. Being financially successful also involves making sure that by the time you graduate from college, you are not in debt or worse off than you started. As essential as it is to secure a part-time job to support your personal wants you must be aware of the “hidden regresses” that come uninvited. Your first paycheck brings you some degree or feeling of accomplishment. Your adult life is just beginning; you see the value of getting paid for work done. It goes without saying that it’s at a time where you start to take on additional responsibilities. The importance of communication and being able to be reached wherever and whenever, prompts you to procure a wireless. The apparent need of getting to and from your job involves the cost of a vehicle, driving insurance, gas and all other related transportation expenses. Indubitably, acquiring a job doesn’t always mean money inflow; it creates a path for money outflow. One needs to be prepared for the unexpected and the ability to be financially successful.
Credit cards: a friend or a foe? When the due date for bills draw nigh, and the checks are not coming in as often as you would have expected, many students feel pressured to use credit cards as a means of a short-term loan. This method where you plan on immediate repayment is not harmful; however, many students misconstrue that credit cards are an invention to make college life luxurious and comfortable. Wrong!
Saving is sometimes barely doable for some students, since they end up owing money to a multitude of credit card companies. Our system is designed so that without good credit, one is limited from doing a lot of things. It is thus sagacious if we use our credit cards wisely. Use credit cards for things you know will definitely bring you a return. For example, use your credit cards to buy gas to take you to work. When you decide to use your credit cards to buy all the possible clothes on sale; and the purchase is backed by the conviction of repayment after you graduate, put the credit card back in your book bag.
Credit cards can either make you or unmake you; this is because if you use them wisely, once you graduate, it will be easier to get a loan for a new car or a lower security deposit on that new apartment. For the college student that works, there is always a possibility of saving money, even if you can’t save a lot; you can still save a little. Try to research online banks that offer high interest rates on their savings accounts. The proliferation of online savings accounts has undeniably increased the interest rates, and thus the potential to earn more on your savings.
To be financially successful means to be free from debt, in the college perspective it is to try to avoid a post-graduation debt. Even if you consider yourself to be a “broke college student” you have the ability to be financially successful, if you make the effort to save efficiently and use credit wisely.
Submitted by Phil Amoa, Resident Assistant, Gwynedd-Mercy College


Resolved by the General Assembly in Kaunas, Lithuania, July 5, 2017.
Participating athletes must reside or attend school in the city in which they represent. Athletes/Participants must be 12 years old by the 1st of January, in the year of the Games, and must still be 15 years old, on 31st December, in the year of the Games.
2. Children's Games
Can be summer or winter games. In the summer track and field, and in the winter, cross-country skiing are obligatory.
The International Children's Games unite participants from at least five cities from a minimum of three countries. Two types of sports must be held.
3. Spirit of the Children's Games
The pedagogical point of view is of great significance, which means:
- Fair play is top priority,
- Qualifying competitions should be avoided if possible (each student should have several opportunities to compete),
- Records are not aimed for.
At the International Children's Games, only those types of sports recognized by the Olympic Committee should be offered.
However, regional types of sports can also be suggested (for example, orientation run, beach-volleyball, etc.).
Boxing, full-contact, motor-sports, as well as descent and Super-G are prohibited. All futher suggestions are individually examined by the Committee of the International Children's Games.
5. Specific Regulations
When no particular reference is given, the organizers should refer international regulations for the particular sport.
The Committe of the International Children's Games will delegate one adviser within the framework of each event.
The organizers take responsibility for comprehensive medical care for the participants.
a) Track and Field: Each athlete can start in three disciplines, including relay.
IMPORTANT: If the athletic competitions only last one day, each athlete can only start in two disciplines, including relay.
A minimum of six athletes (male/female) from one city must be permitted to participate in the competitions.
b) Each participant may compete in three disciplines, including Relay.
The course of events of the Children's Games are supervised by a jury, headed by a member of the Committee of the International Children's Games.
6. Applications to host the Games
Should be directed to the Committee of the International Children's Games office a minimum of two years before the start of the Games.
Should correspond with the official ICG bid form.
The Committee will examine the applications and will make a decision 15 months before the start of the International Children's Games.
Will be announced by the city that organizes the International Children's Game, in due time, a year before the start of the games.
The invitation must contain the following explanations:
- Name of the city,
- The complete announcement of the games,
- Planned types of sports,
- Participation numbers,
- Probable fees.
8. Awards Ceremony
The organizers present to the winners (1st, 2nd and 3rd), a medal (gold, silver, bronze).
A recognition certificate, with a dedication from the IOC President, will be prepared for all participants.
Committee members should be included in the award ceremony.
9. Openning and Closing of the Children's Games
The International Children's Games must be opened and closed by all participating teams together in a dignified form and setting.
The teams must line up under the flag of their city.
The common ceremony is left up to the organizing city, but has to contain the following elements:
Opening of the Games
- Handing over of the flag by the city which carried out the previous Games,
- Jointly hoisting of the flag,
- Lighting of the Olympic flame,
- Playing of the hymn of the International Children's Games,
- Oath of one athlete and referee in their native tongue and one of the official languages of the International Children's Games,
- Address by the organizers,
- Opening of the Children's Games by the President of the International Games Committe or his representative.
Closing of the Games
- Closing address of the organizers,
- Lowering of the flag which will remain in the possession of the oragnizing city until the next Children's Games,
- Extinguishing of the Olympic flame,
- Playing of the hymn of the International Children's Games,
- Presentation of recognition certificates and closing remarks of the President of the International Children's Games Committee or his representative.
Handling Over and Lowering of the Flag
The mayor (or his representative) of the city which last hosted the Games, arrives with the flag which is carried by three male and three female athlets of his city, to the pole where the flag is raised, and presents the flag in the presence of the President of the International Children's Games Committee, to the mayor (or his representative) of the city where the next games are being. The flag will likewise be received by three male and female athlets of the organizing city and raised.
The lowering of the flag will be conducted with the participation of the mayor (or his representative) of the organizing city, and the President of the Committee of the International Children's Games.
The flag will be lowered and given to the mayor (or his representative) of the organizing city. The flag remains in the city where the Games were held until the next Children's Games.
The city which last held the Games must be invited to the next Games and will bring the flag with them.
In the case of matters which have not been designated in these regulations, the decision will rest with the Committee of the International Children's Games.
The Committee of the International Children's Games will be at the disposal of the organizers of the Children's Games in all questions pertaining to organization, execution and preparation.
The organizers enable the representatives of the Committee of the International Children's Games, to visit their city prior to the Games, to view the arenas of competition and final clarification in respect to organization and athletic matters.
The oranizers must introduce, on a maximum of 6 pages, their Children's Games in text and picture in the "golden book" of the International Children's Games. Accordingly, the following obligation data must be entered:
- The cities that have participated in the games and,
- The numbers of active athletes,
- The sports offered.
After the conclusion of the Games, the organizers will present to the Committee of the International Children's Games, complete documentation with a report, as well as media notes from news-papers, television, etc. for archival purposes.


Still getting bites? New Jersey’s mosquito season is lasting longer
We're not the only ones enjoying the milder-than-usual October in New Jersey this year.
Mosquitoes are still hanging around comfortably — due to rainfall events that drenched parts of the Garden State over the past several weeks, and a broader trend that has created a longer mosquito season.
"Extended seasons are a real problem that we're just going to have to deal with," said Scott Crans, administrator for the New Jersey Office of Mosquito Control Coordination, part of the state Department of Environmental Protection.
With a general warming of the climate, Crans said, species of mosquitoes that typically hang out further south are inching their way up north into New Jersey and elsewhere.
New Jersey is home to more than 60 different species of mosquitoes. At least three exotic species have taken residence here, Crans said.
"It's becoming more of a challenge to manage these mosquitoes over the entire season," Crans said. "When you have a year like we just went through, the mosquitoes are numerous all over, and the programs have to work all over."
Counties in New Jersey were spraying for mosquitoes as recently as a few days ago, according to news releases.
A bad year for mosquitoes was anticipated ahead of summer 2021. Making matters worse, the remnants of Ida in early September dumped several inches of rain in the northern and western portions of the state, creating an ideal environment for plenty of species that call New Jersey home.
"The frequency of rain has kept these puddles wet, so it's been really good for permanent water mosquitoes, and then the container species have also done really well because of the constant rain refilling all of those artificial containers," Crans said.
Standing water in something as small as a bottle cap can serve as a breeding ground for mosquitoes.
"The season's starting earlier and lasting a little bit longer, it's just a challenge in general," Crans said. "It gives the mosquitoes more time to pick up a virus, to amplify it, and to spread it."


Course Categories: CS0/Non-majors | CS1/CS2/Data Structures | Software Engineering & Process |
FOSS Categories: Tools & Communication |
Tags: IRC |
Learners will gain a basic understanding of IRC (Internet Relay Chat) as well as the role that IRC plays in open source software development. Participants will learn about IRC etiquette and explore the interactions that occur between members of an open source community.
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Middle and high school students who used electronic cigarettes were more likely to smoke real cigarettes and less likely to quit than students who did not use the devices, a new study has found. They were also more likely to smoke heavily. But experts are divided about what the findings mean.
The study's lead author, Stanton Glantz, a professor of medicine at the University of California, San Francisco, who has been critical of the devices, said the results suggested that e-cigarettes, whose use is growing rapidly among youth and adults, were leading to less quitting, not more.
"The use of e-cigarettes does not discourage, and may encourage, conventional cigarette use among U.S. adolescents," the study concluded.
It was published online in the journal JAMA Pediatrics on Thursday.
But other experts said the data did not support that interpretation. They said that just because e-cigarettes are being used by youths who smoke more and have a harder time quitting, it does not mean that the devices themselves are the cause of those problems. It is just as possible, they said, that young people who use the devices were heavier smokers to begin with or would have become heavy smokers.
"The data in this study do not allow many of the broad conclusions that it draws," said Thomas Glynn, a researcher at the American Cancer Society.
The study is likely to further stir the debate over what electronic cigarettes mean for the nation's 45 million smokers, about 3 million of whom are middle and high school students.
So far, the overwhelming majority of young people who use e-cigarettes also smoke real cigarettes, a large federal survey published last year found.
Still, while e-cigarette use among youth doubled from 2011 to 2012, cigarette smoking for youth has continued to decline.
The new study drew on broad federal survey data from more than 17,000 middle school and high school students in 2011 and more than 22,000 in 2012. But instead of following the same students over time -- which many experts say is crucial to determine whether there has been a progression from e-cigarettes to actual smoking -- the study examined two different groups of students, essentially creating two snapshots.
Glantz says that his findings show that use of e-cigarettes can predict who will go on to become an established smoker. Students who said they had experimented with cigarettes -- that is, taken at least one puff -- were much more likely to become established smokers if they also used e-cigarettes, he said.
"One of the arguments that people make for e-cigarettes is that they are a way to cut down on the smoking of cigarettes, but the actual use pattern is just the opposite," he said.
But David Abrams, executive director of the Schroeder Institute for Tobacco Research and Policy Studies at the Legacy Foundation, an anti-smoking research group, said the study's data did not support that conclusion.
"I am quite certain that a survey would find that people who have used nicotine gum are much more likely to be smokers and to have trouble quitting, but that does not mean that gum is a gateway to smoking or makes it harder to quit," he said.


The U.S. Bureau of Land Management is offering horses and burros for adoption Saturday, Jan. 12, in Redlands. (BLM photo)
Anyone who has ever seen free-roaming wild horses or burros on open ranges in the West has likely felt a serious thrill of appreciation -- the animals seem to define freedom and wildness, not to mention a rugged beauty.
But federal public land managers say that, left alone, the horse and burro herds increase by about 20 percent a year and eventually pose a threat to native species and put the health of the herds themselves at risk.
It's a tough situation, one that consumes millions in taxpayer dollars as the U.S. Bureau of Land Management
struggles to round up and find homes for the excess animals. These days, the horses and burros are likely to end up in long-term holding pens. In a down economy, people who might have adopted them in the past simply can't afford to take on a horse or a burro.
A burro rounded up from public land in the West. (BLM photo)
According to an email from David Briery, a BLM spokesman, the agency removed 8,283 animals -- 7,269 horses and 1,014 burros -- from Western ranges in the fiscal year that ended in September. Of those, 2,598 were adopted by private owners. In comparison, 5,701 were adopted in 2005.
What happened to the rest? Here is what Briery said:
"Off the range, there are more than 49,000 other wild horses and burros that are fed and cared for at short-term corrals and long-term pastures. (As of November 2012, there were 14,415 horses and 1,102 burros in corrals and 33,741 horses in long-term pastures -- mostly in Oklahoma and Kansas.) All wild horses and burros in holding, like those roaming Western public rangelands, are protected by the BLM under the 1971 Wild Free-Roaming Horses and Burros Act
Obviously, there are no easy answers to this problem, which is loaded with emotions as well as science. Some feel the horses and burros should be left alone, but what happens when they begin to starve? Will people then want to step in and feed them? The BLM has reached out to the public to try to find long-term homes for large numbers of animals -- like retirement villages for wild horses and burros. And some people contend horses -- wild or otherwise -- should be slaughtered for meat, as they are in many countries. It's hard for someone who loves horses to wrap their arms around that remedy. Horse slaughter had been banned in the United States, and wild horses and burros are protected, so apparently millions of people do believe there's a difference between slaughtering a horse and slaughtering a cow. Still, the situation is in flux, as this USA TODAY story
Meantime, though, the BLM sponsors regular adoption events in hopes that people will provide good homes for horses and burros that used to roam the West. Twelve horses and three burros will be up for adoption this weekend at Sundance Ranch, off San Timoteo Canyon Road in Redlands. The fee is $125 per animal. For details, here's a link to Briery's news release
on the event.