Presentation: IUCN Commission on Environmental, Economic and Social Policy (CEESP)
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Authors: Richard Cellarius, Aroha Mead & Georgina Peard
1The IUCN Commission on Environmental, Economic and Social Policy (CEESP) is a network of over 1,400 volunteer experts from 106 countries that provides multidisciplinary knowledge and expertise on the linkages between environmental, economic, cultural and social factors impacting natural resource conservation in order to assist society in finding solutions that are both sustainable and equitable. The Commission's work is carried out by specialist groups dealing with such topics as rights-based approaches to natural resource and protected area management and governance, indigenous and community conserved areas, food and agricultural policy for sustainable livelihoods, the impact of economic policies on natural resource management and conservation, and the social and environmental responsibility of the private sector.
- 1 A. H. Hoffmann, REPORT OF THE COMMISSION ON ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING FOR THE PERIOD 1970-1972, in Pr (...)
- 2 Including “Commission on Sustainable Development” and “Commission on Environmental Strategy and Pl (...)
2CEESP traces its origins to the “Commission on Ecology”, created in 1954, which recommended the establishment of a "Commission on Landscape Planning" in 1956. Subsequently, following the work of the Committee and the Sub-commission on Landscape Planning, the "Commission on Landscape Planning" was established as a permanent Commission in 1969. Reflecting emerging knowledge and changing priorities, the Commission was reconstituted as the “Commission on Environmental Planning” in 1971. This new Commission "is involved particularly with matters such as the urban/rural development cycle, land use planning, planning of human settlements and the application of ecological principles to development and to concrete action programmes. It pays attention to matters concerning the planning and management of cultural landscapes that need to be conserved."1 The name of the Commission changed several more times2 while maintaining and expanding on the foci outlined above, the current name being adopted at the 1st World Conservation Congress in Montreal in October 1996.
3A world where equity is at the root of a dynamic harmony between people and nature, as well as among peoples; a world of diversity, productivity and integrity of natural systems; a world in which production and consumption patterns are sustainable; a world where cultural diversity is intertwined with biological diversity and together they generate abundant and sustainable livelihoods opportunities.
4To contribute to the IUCN Mission by providing insights and expertise and promoting policies and action to harmonize the conservation of nature with the crucial socioeconomic and cultural concerns of human communities—such as livelihoods, human rights and responsibilities, human development, security, equity, and the fair and effective governance and equitable sharing of natural resources.
5In order to realize this mission, CEESP provides a platform to understand and debate global challenges facing society, as well as the pros and cons of current and alternative models of natural resource governance. It seeks to foster a holistic approach to nature conservation across IUCN and the conservation community, embracing complexities and facilitating dialogue and collaborative learning based on cultural and social values and on knowledge and experience from diverse regions, communities, genders and ages.
6CEESP supports delivery of the IUCN programme through:
Documenting experience – CEESP documents, synthesizes and provides sound analysis of experiences in natural resource governance, including capturing the experiences and voices of marginalized groups.
Providing advice – CEESP generates and disseminates credible and trusted knowledge, including local and traditional knowledge, in order to advise IUCN and the conservation community, as well as external audiences where relevant.
Building capacity – CEESP works with partners and stakeholders to develop or adapt tools and help build capacity within IUCN and the conservation community, local communities, indigenous peoples, and private and economic sectors to sustainably and equitably manage natural resources.
Convening – CEESP helps to convene, mediate and build partnerships for action between civil society, in particular local communities, women and indigenous peoples, and the conservation community, governments and private sector.
Advocating – CEESP engages in focused advocacy based on sound knowledge and concrete results and in line with IUCN programme and policies.
7The nature of the Commission's work as outlined above is such that its major achievements are often best reflected in its publications and presentations and advice given in a variety of international conferences and intergovernmental "Conferences of the Parties" (COPs). Since the outcomes of this work depend on the actions and willingness of other organizations and governments to act, the impact is often difficult to measure in the short term. The following provides some examples of past achievements.
8CEESP has championed ‘participatory conservation’ and ‘rights-based conservation’ as inclusive processes to ensure that communities, particularly indigenous and local communities, are involved in all aspects of conservation policy design and implementation. CEESP and its predecessor commissions have produced well over 100 publications all dealing with aspects of balancing conservation of nature with sustainable livelihoods. Two of the most well-known and cited CEESP publications are:
“Sharing Power, Learning by Doing in Co-Management Throughout the World”(Borrini-Feyerabend et al., 2004)
“Participatory Conservation: Paradigm Shifts in International Policy” (TILCEPA, 2004)
9Complete citations are available on the IUCN Publications website3.
10CEESP also produces an annual peer-reviewed Journal “Policy Matters” on specific issues such as: History, Culture & Conservation (Issue 13); Poverty, wealth and conservation (Issue 14); Climate Change, Energy Change & Conservation (Issue 16); Macroeconomic Policies, Livelihoods & Sustainability (Issue 18). Policy Matters can be downloaded directly from the CEESP website.
11CEESP has played a leading role in the promotion of good governance in protected areas. At the Vth World Parks Congress (Durban, 2003) CEESP members were catalytic in a process to systematize the concept of “governance of protected areas” and gain recognition of the role of indigenous peoples and local communities as crucial actors in conservation. This was done through workshops, promotion of specific text in the Congress proceedings and of adopted resolutions in the Action Plan. Based on this Parks Congress Action Plan and follow-up efforts by CEESP members, the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), at its COP in Kuala Lumpur (2004), approved a Programme of Work on Protected Areas (PoWPA). This included a “new approach” to protected areas calling governments to pay attention to the variety of potential protected area governance types and quality, equity in conservation, and indigenous peoples’ rights. This was also the recognition that rights and benefit sharing are the foundation for sustainability and conservation, i.e. addressing poverty and creating shared platforms. While the governments agreed to the principles and text, they have not however reported effectively against their PoWPA obligations, which is an area CEESP is currently working on with the CBD Secretariat and others.
12Building on this momentum, CEESP promoted indigenous and community conserved areas (ICCAs) as an important form of protected areas governance. Although ICCAs are by no means a new way of ‘managing’ natural resources, CEESP members worked determinedly to take the idea of ICCAs from a concept to broader recognition and acceptance in international policy, thus giving legitimacy to the ways in which indigenous peoples and communities may ‘manage’ their resources. CEESP generated knowledge and technical guidance around ICCAs in collaboration with the World Commission on Protected Areas (WCPA), helping to demonstrate the critical role of ICCAs in biodiversity conservation. CEESP has consistently brought this knowledge to inform deliberations of the Parties to the CBD, thus strengthening the PoWPA in relation to governance, participation, equity and benefit sharing and specifically calling to respect the customary governance systems that have maintained ICCAs over time.
- 4 "Em Governança Partilhada!: um guia prático para as áreas marinhas protegidas da África Ocidental" (...)
13CEESP members field-based in West Africa have been engaged in training on shared governance of marine protected areas for about a decade. They published a guide on marine protected areas under shared governance4, available in English and Portuguese. Additional trainingtook place in South-east Asia with a four year program on co-management of protected areas with local indigenous peoples.
14In 2004 CEESP members produced "Sharing Power – A Global Guide to Collaborative Management of Natural Resources", a joint publication of IIED, IUCN, CEESP and Centre for Sustainable Development (CENESTA). This was the first effort to comprehensively describe, promote and provide technical assistance and advice on shared management and governance possibilities at the local level and specifically with indigenous peoples. Drawing on the experience across the network, this publication is an in-depth resource, filled with real-world examples, lessons from success and failure, as well as practical guidance on enabling negotiated agreements on roles, rights and responsibilities for decentralized governance on natural resources. This text has been used extensively for training in the field and adopted in schools in many countries.
15Building on the momentum of the publication, in January 2011, IUCN and CEESP sponsored the Sharing Power Conference, held in Whakatane, New Zealand, in collaboration with two Maori (indigenous) organizations, Te Rūnanga o Ngāti Awa (a tribal authority), Te Whare Wānanga o Awanuiārangi (a Maori university) and Victoria University of Wellington. This first ever CEESP global conference brought together a unique mix of scientists, economists, indigenous leaders, environmentalists, academics, policy makers in national governments and international agencies, and many others who care about the quality of heritage this generation passes on to future generations. The Conference focused on the need for policy and decision makers in Governments and Corporations to accommodate a greater level of inclusion of indigenous peoples and all citizens, in national and international policies on the management and governance of bio-cultural resources, and advocated the rights of mother earth.
16The Sharing Power Conference concluded that the time has come for a “new conservation ethic”, one that is accountable, celebrates cultural diversity, cares for species and ecosystems and supports civil society movements, indigenous peoples and local communities to bring a more socially and environmentally just world into being. The new conservation ethic responds to the visions and ideas of local communities and relies on local knowledge and decisions. The Conference Proceedings will be published in September 2012, as Volume 19 in CEESP's Policy Matters series, and launched at the Fifth IUCN World Conservation Congress in Jeju, South Korea. It will serve as a guide for all policy and decision-makers and advocates to make this new ethic a reality.
17Members of CEESP are working on the design and facilitation of deliberative and inclusive processes to support the governance of food and agricultural research. This is focused around work in different regions, including the Andean Altiplano, South Asia, West Africa and West Asia and through a range of activities including: intercultural dialogues between food providers (indigenous peoples, pastoralists, farmers) and scientists; farmer led assessments/evaluations on public research on natural resource management; citizens’ juries on the priorities and governance of agricultural research; south-south farmer exchanges for mutual learning on policy and practice for agricultural research and food sovereignty; and policy dialogues between food providers and decision makers at national and regional levels. Multi country research, publications, and policy recommendations are being developed on food, agriculture, land use and conservation.
- 5 "Documento para el debate: Una version para todos" (Solis Rivera et al., 2012)
18In relation to small-scale fishing, CEESP is working to enable fisher communities, particularly in Meso-America, to influence policy and practice that affects both the sustainability of the natural resource and their livelihoods. CEESP members are engaged in the revision and adoption of the Food and Agriculture Organization's (FAO's) guidelines for sustainable small-scale fisheries. The Guidelines will be important to defend small scale fishers' rights to resources and coastal lands, and a "Documento"5 has been published to explain them to the fishers in Latin America in a simple manner.
19CEESP's Theme on Environment, Macroeconomics, Trade and Investment (TEMTI) focuses on the direct and indirect impacts that macroeconomic policies have on sustainability. The goal is to compile knowledge and experience on the impact of macroeconomic policies and bring this to a wider audience in order to influence policy and practice. CEESP recently published Volume 18 of its Journal Policy Matters, “Macroeconomic Policies, Livelihoods & Sustainability”. This provides case studies in Meso and South America (Brazil, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Mexico) and India and is an example of this ongoing work.
20The Whakatane Mechanism aims to ensure that conservation practices respect the rights of indigenous peoples and the full and effective participation of indigenous peoples in conservation policy and practice. Emerging from the CEESP Sharing Power Conference in Whakatane, New Zealand, in January 2011, the Mechanism is being developed by IUCN, CEESP, the Forest Peoples Programme (FPP), and Indigenous Peoples Organisations (IPOs). It is a process to assess, address and redress situations, primarily in protected areas, where indigenous peoples consider themselves to be negatively affected by a protected area designation or management practices. It facilitates a dialogue between management authorities and indigenous peoples in order to reach joint implementing solutions, and it celebrates and promotes successful partnerships in conservation. The Mechanism builds on the intentions and progress made through other agreements, such as United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP), the Durban Accord and Action Plan developed by the Vth World Parks Congress, the CBD PoWPA, and an array of initiatives focused on enhancing governance, equity and respect for human rights led by IPOs, and conservation organisations. In 2011 and 2012 the Whakatane Mechanism carried out two successful pilot Assessments hosted by the Ogiek people of Chepkitale, Mt Elgon in Kenya and by the Karen people of Ob Luang in Thailand.
21CEESP has a mandate to enhance the capacity of civil society, governments and the private sector to ensure corporate social and environmental accountability and reduce its impact on climate and biocultural diversity. A primary aspect of members’ work focuses on supporting communities and indigenous peoples to engage mining companies to reform mining operations. For example, CEESP members have conducted and continue to conduct site visits in the Philippines, Salvador, Spain, Australia, US and Canada to assess the impacts of oil spills, the forced removal of indigenous communities from their traditional lands and impact of extractive industries.
22In addition, CEESP will continue to work with IUCN's Business and Biodiversity Programme in the implementation of the recently revised "Business Engagement Strategy", including participation in the development of specific initiatives to engage the business sectors that have a significant impact on natural resources and livelihoods. These include large 'footprint' industries such as mining, oil and gas, biodiversity-dependent industries including fishing, agriculture and forestry, financial services and “green” enterprises such as organic farming, renewable energy and nature-based tourism.
23CEESP in cooperation with the IUCN Global Protected Areas Programme, the WCPA and the Deutschen Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GiZ) are developing a resource kit focussed on governance of Protected Areas. The material has emerged from an assessment of the CBD PoWPA needs, and CEESP’s collective experience with governance training. The project is being completed in cooperation with the CBD Secretariat. The governance principles are also being used in cooperation with the IUCN World Heritage Programme to promote dialogue between indigenous peoples and national governments about improvements to consultation, participation, rights and governance of natural and mixed World Heritage Sites. This work is complemented by a team working on Social Assessment of Protected Areas that have produced publications, workshops and are developing a new set of guidelines. Specific attention is being given to Marine Protected Areas and the promotion of Locally Managed Marine Areas as culturally and economically appropriate foundations for national Marine Protected Area targets. A new CEESP sub-Specialist Group is looking at connectivity conservation and social policy in mountain landscapes.
24CEESP will continue its long-term collaboration with the WCPA through the inter-Commission Theme on Indigenous Peoples & Local Communities, Equity and Protected Areas (TILCEPA).
25In addition, CEESP has recently established a joint Specialist Group on Sustainable Use and Livelihoods (SULi) with the Species Survival Commission (SSC). The work of the Group will include highlighting the importance of wild species for providing community benefits; analysing and communicating best-practice in aspects of sustainable use; promoting innovation in adaptive responses to the challenges of sustainable use; and developing practical tools and approaches to support sustainability and resilience in resource use.
26Another recently established effort is the joint Specialist Group on Indigenous Peoples, Customary and Environmental Laws and Human Rights (SPICEH) with the Commission on Environmental Law (CEL). The goal of this Group is to create a participatory process which supports and advises IUCN and its membership on indigenous peoples, customary and environmental law and human rights law issues related to conservation.
27CEESP’s work in the next four years will contribute to the IUCN global programme through a focus on the following continuing programme priorities, incorporating the diverse perspectives and experiences of the CEESP membership, and by increased collaboration with IUCN Members, other Commissions and the Secretariat:
Developing and promoting a conservation ethic that supports diverse knowledge systems and values, delivers rights-based and equitable conservation with improved governance of natural resources and tangible livelihoods benefits, and links biological diversity with the cultural dimensions of nature conservation with a focus on the rights of indigenous peoples and local communities. CEESP is promoting membership and partnerships between the conservation sector and broader social movements, including indigenous peoples, faith-based organizations and networks, smallscale fishing communities and advocacy groups, small-scale farmers and mobile pastoralists.
Increasing use of rights-based approaches to natural resource management and governance that promote social and cultural equity, indigenous peoples' self-determination, community governance, sustainable livelihoods and human security.
Promoting nature-based solutions to global challenges — such as climate change, conversion of forests and farmland to monocrops, including biofuels projects, food insecurity, poverty, inequitable economic and social development — that are underpinned by economic policies that reinforce sustainability, social equity and environmental integrity.
Enhancing capacity of civil society, governments and the private sector to ensure corporate social and environmental accountability and reduce the negative impact of industries on climate, biocultural diversity and food security.
28With 1,465 volunteers, the Commission has a diverse membership in terms of disciplines, cultures, languages, geographical regions, age and gender, which brings multiple integrative perspectives and experiences to bear in debating, analysing and promoting the issues of concern to its vision and mission. Membership includes some of the world’s foremost conservation and sustainable development practitioners, natural and social scientists, and traditional community leaders. Membership is voluntary and by invitation or through application with the support of two existing Commission members.
29CEESP carries out its work through six Themes, two Task Forces and three inter-Commission Themes/Specialist Groups. Most members of CEESP participate in more than one Theme/Specialist Group. The six Themes cover Culture and Conservation (TCC), Environment, Conflict & Security (TCES), Environment, Macroeconomics, Trade & Investment (TEMTI) Governance, Equity & Rights (TGER), Sustainable Livelihoods (TSL), and Social and Environmental Accountability of the Private Sector (TSEAPRISE). The two Task Forces focus on Biofuels and on REDD+ and Indigenous and Local Communities.
30As noted above, CEESP also collaborates with the WCPA through an TILCEPA; with the SSC through SULi; and with the CEL through SPICEH.
31A CEESP youth network began in 2010 to support intergenerational approaches to the vision and mission of CEESP and IUCN.
32More details on the structure and membership of CEESP can be found at http://www.iucn.org/ceesp
1 A. H. Hoffmann, REPORT OF THE COMMISSION ON ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING FOR THE PERIOD 1970-1972, in Proceedings of the Eleventh General Assembly, IUCN PUBLICATIONS NEW SERIES Supplementary Paper No 40E, 1972.
2 Including “Commission on Sustainable Development” and “Commission on Environmental Strategy and Planning”
4 "Em Governança Partilhada!: um guia prático para as áreas marinhas protegidas da África Ocidental" (Borrini-Feyerabend et al., 2009)
5 "Documento para el debate: Una version para todos" (Solis Rivera et al., 2012)Top of page
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« Presentation: IUCN Commission on Environmental, Economic and Social Policy (CEESP) », S.A.P.I.EN.S [Online], 5.2 | 2012, Online since 12 August 2012, connection on 20 October 2016. URL : http://sapiens.revues.org/1365Top of page
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Easy to grow, petite and beautiful, these are adjectives that describe begonias. Wax begonias (not to be confused with tuberous begonias, which are normally grown in flower pots and planters) are a perennial flower that can be started from plugs in the spring or planted in the fall for winter flowering in areas of the country that don’t experience prolonged freezing temperatures (they can handle a light frost). In the northern regions of the country they’re planted as annuals, although they can be brought inside in the fall and overwintered as a houseplant.
Begonias are easy to care for and will give you nonstop flowering throughout the winter months. They bloom in red, scarlet, rose, pink and white. Their waxy leaves are attractive and come in green, bronze or brownish.
This variety of begonia can be potted up at any time and brought inside and grown as a houseplant. Cut back one third of the plant before potting it up and fertilize lightly with a houseplant fertilizer.
When to Plant
Plant begonias in the spring time as they become available in the garden centers (and after the last hard frost in the northern climates). You can also plant them in the fall in parts of the country where it doesn’t freeze over the winter.
Where to Plant Begonias
Wax begonias do best in part shade, particularly during the summer months, but will do well in full sun when planted over the winter as a perennial. Use these compact plants in borders and/or to mass plant in a flower bed. For best results plant begonias in rich, moist, well-drained soil. Moderate light is best for most begonias though many tolerate low light. Bright light will damage most begonias, though it does not burn many cultivars of wax begonia.
Planting Depth for Begonias
Wax begonias are considered a bedding plant. They are normally sold in cell packs and should be planted to the depth they grew in the container; in other words, bury the root ball it is growing in. You don’t need to break the root ball apart before planting. The 5-IN-1(shown right) with its’ adapter plates, can quickly dig planting holes for bulbs and annuals 2″, 4″ and even 6″ deep…all from a comfortable, standing position.
Space begonias about 4-6 inches apart.
Digging the planting hole:
Use the metal adapter plates provided to set the desired depth of the hole, from 2″, 4″ or 6″ deep holes. Select the adapter plate which corresponds to the size of the cell in which your Begonias were sold. For most common sized cells, you’ll likely use either the 2″ or 4″ adapter.
(Step, twist & pull) Step down on the foot pegs until the adapter plate bottoms out against the soil. Give the 5-IN-1 a slight twist to break the plug of soil free and pull up on the handle bars. There! You’ve just dug your planting hole. If a larger diameter hole is needed, take several “bites” with the 5-IN-1 until you’ve created the desired size (see video for demonstration).
Plant the Begonias
Remove the Begonias from its’ growing cell and place into planting hole. Use amended soil to fill in around the Begonias, pressing down gently. Remember to water well after planting.
Begonias should be kept moist and for many the medium should be allowed to dry between each watering. Although some will tolerate having wet soil, most do not. Avoid water with high salt content, especially sodium, as this will burn the plants and damage the very fine roots.
Feeding / Fertilizing Begonias
Wax begonias will require only a light feeding of an all purpose (10-10-10) fertilizer right after planting. Mulching around the plants with aged compost or well rotted manure will achieve the same effect as a light feeding of fertilizer, and will also protect the plant from a light freeze.
Disease and Pest Problems
Begonias are susceptible to powdery mildew and gray mold, both fungus diseases that can be controlled with a fungicide, such as Captan or a copper based fungicide, such as Soap Shield from Gardens Alive. Proper spacing and good air circulation are good preventative measures.
Mealy bugs can also be a problem. Check your plants before they leave the nursery for infestation as mealy bugs are hard to eradicate. According to the American Begonia Society “The easiest and least toxic mealy bug killer is plain rubbing alcohol. For a badly infested plant you can put the alcohol in a spray bottle and spray the entire plant. It won’t harm the plant, but avoid spraying the soil directly as a precaution.”
Neil Moran is a horticulturist and author of three books on gardening. He is also the creator and author of the garden blog North Country Gardener
Additional Resources for Begonias
Be sure to check out the helpful information on our website, including other uses for the ProPlugger including:


Discover the cosmos! Each day a different image or photograph of our fascinating universe is featured, along with a brief explanation written by a professional astronomer.
2001 May 8
Explanation: In the center of a swirling whirlpool of hot gas is likely a beast that has never been seen directly: a black hole. Studies of the bright light emitted by the swirling gas frequently indicate not only that a black hole is present, but also likely attributes. The gas surrounding GRO J1655-40, for example, has recently been found to display an unusual flickering at a rate of 450 times a second. Given a previous mass estimate for the central object of seven times the mass of our Sun, the rate of the fast flickering can be explained by a black hole that is rotating very rapidly. What physical mechanisms actually cause the flickering -- and a slower quasi-periodic oscillation (QPO) -- in accretion disks surrounding black holes and neutron stars remains a topic of much research.
Authors & editors:
Jerry Bonnell (USRA)
NASA Technical Rep.: Jay Norris. Specific rights apply.
A service of: LHEA at NASA/ GSFC
& Michigan Tech. U.


IMAGE framework summary/Description
Parts of IMAGE framework summary
The IMAGE framework is structured according to the causal chain of key global sustainability issues (see the figure below). IMAGE comprises two main systems. The Human or socio-economic system describes the long-term development of human activities relevant for sustainable development. The Earth system describes changes in the The IMAGE framework is structured according to the causal chain of key global sustainability issues (see below). IMAGE comprises two main systems. The Human or socio-economic system describes the long-term development of human activities relevant for sustainable development. The Earth system describes changes in the natural environment. The two systems are linked by the impacts of human activities on the Earth system, and by the impacts of environmental change in the Earth system on the Human system.
Key features of IMAGE
The Human system and the Earth system in IMAGE 3.0 are specified according to their key dynamics. The geographical resolution for socio-economic processes is 26 regions selected because of their relevance for global environmental and/or development issues, and the relatively high degree of coherence within these regions (the figure below). In the Earth system, land use and land-use changes are presented on a grid of 5x5 minutes, while the processes for plant growth, carbon and water cycles are modelled on a 30x30 minutes resolution.
See Region classification map for a detailed overview of the IMAGE 3.0 regions.
The Human system and the Earth system each run at annual or five-year time steps focusing on long-term trends to capture inertia aspects of global environmental issues. In some IMAGE model components, shorter time steps are also used, for example, in water, crop and vegetation modelling, and in electricity supply. The model is run up to 2050 or 2100 depending on the issues under consideration. For instance, a longer time horizon is often used for climate change (see Applications). IMAGE also runs over the historical period 1971-2005 in order to test model dynamics against key historical trends.
IMAGE has been set-up as an integrated assessment framework in a modular structure, with some components linked directly to the model code of IMAGE, and others connected through soft links (the models run independently with data exchange via data files). This architecture provides more flexibility to develop components separately and to perform sensitivity analyses, recognising that feedback may not always be strong enough to warrant full integration. For example, the various components of the Earth system are fully linked on a daily or annual basis. However, components of the Human system, such as the TIMER energy model and the agro-economic model MAGNET, are linked via a soft link, and can also be run independently.
The IMAGE core model comprises most parts of the Human system and the Earth system, including the energy system, land-use and plant growth, carbon and water cycle model LPJmL. The IMAGE framework includes soft-linked models, such as the agro-economic model MAGNET, and PBL policy and impact models, such as FAIR (climate policy), GLOBIO (biodiversity), GLOFRIS (flood risks) and GISMO (human development). See Computer models overview.
The Rio+20 study
Using the IMAGE model, the PBL study Rio+20 (PBL, 2012) assessed pathways to achieve ambitious global sustainability targets in 2050, including limiting climate change to 2 °C, stabilising biodiversity loss and providing full access to energy, water and food. The baseline scenario assessed possible development without major changes in current policies. Three alternative scenarios assessed possible routes to achieving the sustainability targets. The first scenario (Global Technology) was directed to achieving the target mainly through large-scale introduction of advanced technologies. The second scenario (Decentralised Solutions) assessed achieving the long-term targets by introducing small-scale technologies and emphasising local-scale solutions. The third scenario (Consumption Change) focused on the role of lifestyle changes in achieving the targets. In this chapter, the Rio+20 study is used to illustrate potential assessments with IMAGE.
PBL (2012). Roads from Rio+20: Pathways to achieve global sustainability goals by 2050, D.P. Van VuurenM.T.J. Kok (eds.), PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency, The Hague. Link to PBL-website: http://www.pbl.nl/en/publications/2012/roads-from-rio20.
In the subsequent pages of the summary, the various components of the IMAGE system are described briefly, and in further detail in the model component pages. Results from the Rio+20 study (PBL, 2012, see above) and some other studies are used in this chapter to illustrate the main model output.


While less well-known than anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa, binge eating disorder is actually the most common eating disorder in the United States today. Since being officially recognized as a separate disorder in 2013, studies show that this type of eating disorder affects around 2.8 million Americans. Characterized by the act of uncontrollably consuming large amounts of food in a short period of time, women with binge eating disorder (BED) typically develop the condition in adolescence or early adulthood, while men tend to develop it in midlife. For people interested in binge eating disorder recovery, there are several different options available. However, before looking closer into available binge eating treatment centers, it is important that families work to understand more about the condition.
What Is Binge Eating Disorder?
Binge eating disorder is a common eating disorder in which a person will frequently eat very large amounts of food while feeling unable to stop their actions. They typically feel distressed or disgusted with their actions during and/or after a binge. During a binge, people may even eat when not hungry and continue to eat until they feel uncomfortably full. It is also common for those who binge eat to do so at such a fast pace that they will barely register what they are eating or tasting.
The biggest difference that sets this type of eating disorder apart from others is that people with binge eating disorder don’t feel the need to “make up” for the excessive amount of calories they have eaten after a binge, unlike those with bulimia nervosa or binge-eating type anorexia nervosa. This means that after a binge, people with the disorder do not continue on with forced vomiting, excessive exercise, fasting or the overuse of laxatives and diuretics.
It is entirely normal for those with binge eating disorder to feel a brief moment of comfort when they first start the process, this can help to ease feelings of stress, anxiety, and depression. However, once the reality of what they are doing sets in, most people with binge eating disorder are instantly flooded with feelings of self-loathing and regret. Binge-eating can also quickly lead to weight gain and/or obesity, which only works to reinforce the cycle of compulsive eating. Often, the worse someone feels about their appearance and health, the more they will continue to use food to cope with those negative feelings. But as much as people may feel helpless in this cycle, binge eating disorder treatment can help.
Signs and Symptoms: How To Identify Binge Eating Disorder
Eating disorder recovery can be a long but very rewarding process for patients and their families. But before urging a loved one to enter into a binge eating treatment program, it is best to be fully aware of the signs and symptoms. So before parents or friends talk to their loved ones about binge eating disorder treatment, they’ll need to learn more about the condition. Some of the most common signs and symptoms associated with binge eating disorder include:
Behavioral Symptoms of Binge Eating
- The inability to stop eating or control what is being eaten
- Rapidly eating large amounts of food in a short period of time
- Eating food even when feeling full
- Hiding food or stockpiling food to eat secretly
- Eating “normal” amounts of food around others but gorging on food when alone
- Eating continuously all day long, rarely or never planning mealtimes
Physical Symptoms of Binge Eating
- Very noticeable weight fluctuations, going both up and down
- Difficulties concentrating
- Stomach cramping
- Acid reflux
- Other gastrointestinal issues like irritable bowel syndrome
Emotional Symptoms of Binge Eating
- Embarrassment over the amount of food eaten
- Desperation to get control over weight fluctuations and eating habits
- Feeling tension, stress or anxiety that can only be relieved by eating
- Feeling numb while binge eating, as if operating on auto-pilot
- Never feeling completely satisfied after eating, no matter how much food is consumed
- Feelings of guilt, disgust or depression after binge eating
What Causes Binge Eating Disorder?
While binge eating counseling dives deeper into the potential causes of the disorder, studies suggest that there is a combination of factors that can lead to the development of this and other eating disorders – including personal experiences, genes, and emotions.
Biological Risk Factors
There are several different biological abnormalities that can help to make some people more likely to develop binge eating disorder than others. For instance, if a person has issues with the hypothalamus in their brain, they could be missing important signals that have to do with hunger and fullness. Research has also found what appears to be a genetic mutation that can cause food addiction. Additionally, other evidence shows that low levels of the chemical serotonin in the brain may contribute to compulsive eating.
Psychological Risk Factors
Binge eating is strongly linked to depression. Many people who have BED are currently depressed or have been in the past. When a patient has been diagnosed with binge eating disorder and another mental health condition like depression, they should seek out a binge eating treatment Program that is designed to treat co-occurring disorders. Other people with binge eating disorder may find that they have trouble with impulse control and/or managing their feelings. Additionally, loneliness, low self-esteem, and body dissatisfaction can also help contribute to binge eating behaviors.
Health Consequences: Why is Binge Eating Disorder Treatment So Important?
When it comes to binge eating recovery, early intervention is key. Eating disorders like binge eating disorder are very serious and can be life-threatening without binge eating counseling. They can pose risks to a persons emotional and physical health and are not something that people will simply outgrow. In fact, binge eating disorder is very complex and often devastating condition that has many serious health consequences.
If an individual with binge eating disorder is on the fence about searching for binge eating treatment centers, it is important that they have a clear picture of the potential health risks that they are taking. Some of the most common health consequences related to binge eating disorder include:
- Gastrointestinal issues
- High cholesterol
- Musculoskeletal conditions (low back pain, sciatica, etc.)
- Sleep apnea
- High blood pressure
- Heart disease
- Gallbladder disease
- Infertility and/or pregnancy issues
Mental Health Consequences
- Social isolation
- Severe anxiety
- Obsessive-compulsive disorders (OCD)
- Personality disorders
- Alcohol and/or substance abuse
The longer a mental health condition like binge eating disorder is left untreated, the greater the impact it will have on a person’s health and overall quality of life. That is why it is imperative that anyone who is exhibiting signs of binge eating disorder looks into the benefits of professional binge eating therapy as soon as possible.
What Types of Binge Eating Treatment Are Available?
For those interested in binge eating therapy, there are a number of different treatment options available. While the binge eating disorder recovery process can be intimidating at first, with the right coping skills and a great support network, those with the condition will find that binge eating counseling is worth the effort. Different people respond to different types of binge eating therapy better than others, so it is a good idea for patients and families to keep this in mind when deciding on the right binge eating disorder treatment center to meet their needs. Some of the most common binge eating recovery options include:
Levels of Care
- Intensive outpatient care/outpatient care –Sometimes referred to as day treatment, outpatients care is ideal for people who are both medically and psychiatrically stable but still need help overcoming triggers.
- Partial hospital care –This treatment option is tailored to help patients who are deemed both medically and psychiatrically stable but unable to function outside of their eating disorder recovery program or transition back into their previous work, school and social routines.
- Residential treatment –With residential treatment, patients who are medically stable but psychologically impaired have access to a safe and comfortable space to work on completing the binge eating disorder recovery
- Inpatient treatment –People who are both medically and psychiatrically unstable are best suited for an inpatient care facility. Here they will have access to a team of medical and psychiatric professionals who can monitor their vital signs and help to prevent self-harming or other safety concerns.
Many evidence-based treatments have been proven to be effective in treating eating disorders. However, these treatments are not typically used as stand-alone treatments and are instead part of a broader recovery program. While some forms of treatment are better suited for certain eating disorders, most can be applied to patients with binge eating disorder. While typically conducted by a psychologist, other mental health professionals like psychiatrists, psychotherapists and eating disorder counselors can use certain aspects of psychotherapy in their treatment programs as well.
The most common types of psychotherapy used to treat binge eating disorder include cognitive behavioral therapy, dialectical behavior therapy, and family-based psychotherapies. However, family-based psychotherapies are generally only used to help treat children, adolescents, and young adults.
Contact Oliver-Pyatt Centers to Learn More
At Oliver-Pyatt Centers and our affiliates, we help to guide those with common eating disorders like binge eating disorder, bulimia nervosa, and anorexia nervosa through the recovery process in the most compassionate way possible. We are proud to provide the highest quality of care to our patients in a comfortable, safe and home-like setting. With access to comprehensive eating disorder treatments options that include both medical and psychiatric care, patients and their loved ones can enjoy peace of mind knowing that a full recovery is possible.
Everyone deserves the opportunity to recover. Whether a loved one is feeling mentally and physically exhausted from their disordered binge-eating behaviors or they aren’t quite ready to let go, the possibility for them to enjoy a better quality of life is right still there.


Not much gardening has been happening here. The soil is still saturated, so we can’t till or plant. We have spread a lot of compost on lots of raised beds. We have finished our blueberry pruning and are looking at filling the gaps before the buds break. We have 44 old blueberry bushes in one planting and 20 younger ones in another spot. All the 20 younger ones are alive, but there are about 8 gaps in the older patch. We propagate our own blueberry plants for gap-filling, by layering.
This involves taking a healthy low-lying branch and pinning it down into some soil. Before pinning it, we scrape the lower bark off where it touches the soil, to help the branch grow roots from that point. We used to pin the branches down into pots of soil, as in the photo above, but for the past few years we have simply been pinning them into the ground. This has the advantage of reducing the chance of the roots drying out (they are in a much larger volume of soil). But it has the disadvantage of being harder to see and so more likely to get damaged, mulched over or uprooted by our visitor-helpers. We use 6″ sod staples, those wire staples sometimes sold to hold down geotextiles or row cover or drip tape. We tie a long piece of bright colored plastic flagging tape around the top of the staple to make it easier to see. If the branch tries to spring out of the soil, we use rocks to hold the staple down. With the pot system, we would cut the new plant from the mother once it seemed to have life of its own. Now we grow them in the soil and we have simplified our system so we pin down new layers while we are doing the pruning, and leave them for a whole year.
After the pruning we dig up the previous year’s layers and replant them. We label and flag them, and even put wire netting cages round them for protection. And then water twice a week if nature doesn’t, for a few weeks, then once a week for the summer.
We keep maps of which blueberry varieties are where in our patches and during the harvest season we flag the most tasty ones, so we know where to go to propagate more.
The farms address how they got started, where they sell their products, how they organize their labor, and lots more. The conversations were recorded to create these videos to help people learn more about Virginia’s farmers as well as gather practical information to use on your own farm. The goal of the Virginia Beginning Farmer and Rancher Coalition is to support new farmers at any scale, particularly historically under-served groups.
Coming right up is my talk at Culpeper County Library next Sunday 2/28 from 2-4pm in their meeting room. I’ll be chatting about writing my book, answering gardening questions, discussing the importance of local sustainably grown food, and selling and signing copies of my book.
The Virginia Berry Production and Marketing Conference
(North American Raspberry and Blackberry Association’s Annual Conference) will be in Williamsburg, VA – March 1-4, 2016. I haven’t yet got any info I can paste in, but click on the link and find details and registration form.
Growing magazine has just arrived and I’m interested to see they have several articles about carrots. Good carrot production, how to produce consistent carrots twice a year (in central California), insect-infested carrots and weeds in carrots. Why carrots only twice a year? We plant carrots in February, March, April, May and August. Sometimes even in June and July if we need to. There’s also an article about soils and climate change. Growing is not an organic magazine, so I pick and choose from their advice. It is what I’d call open-minded about organics: they recognize some growers use organic methods and they want their magazine to be read by those farmers too. Some articles are online. Subscription to the magazine is free (I imagine the advertisers cover the costs)


In a talk on “Scientific Skepticism” sponsored by Stanford in Government in November, Dr. Fred Singer sparked a heated debate as he combated the widespread view that humans are causing climate change. Meanwhile, a mostly indignant audience exchanged glances of frustration and disbelief, bubbling with counterarguments they did not have the opportunity to express. One audience member became accusatory, demanding to know whether Singer also rejected other established scientific results, such the role of ultraviolet rays in causing melanoma. His implication was that Dr. Singer’s stance was unscientific, and almost blasphemous.
Although the audience members likely possessed valid arguments that Dr. Singer did not address, their emotionalism represented an unscientific method of considering the science behind global warming. Dr. Singer affirms in an article in Imprimis entitled “Global Warming: Man-Made or Natural?” that science does not progress based on a “show of hands” but rather through scientific “evidence.” He points out that scientific advances often come from a minority that challenges the majority view, or the scientific consensus. The term “consensus” is a political rather than a scientific term, as John Kay writes in an article appearing in the Financial Times entitled “Science is the pursuit of the truth, not consensus.”
Dr. Singer, who has served on multiple high-level state and federal advisory panels and is now President of the Science and Environmental Policy Project, asserted that scientists agree that global warming is occurring; they disagree as to whether or not this change is anthropogenic. He referred to “unstoppable global change,” mentioning that cycles of warming and cooling have occurred throughout earth’s history; in the period from 1940 to 1975, the climate was cooling and people were afraid of a coming Ice Age. He further affirmed that the pattern of greenhouse warming predicted by computer models don’t match observed patterns, overstating the human-produced greenhouse gas contributions to climate change. A possible explanation for this overstatement is that water vapor feedback could be negative rather than positive, reducing the effect of carbon dioxide. Solar variability could also play an important role in controlling climate. In observing the correlation between temperature increase and carbon dioxide emissions, Dr. Singer noted that temperature has historically increased before the rise in carbon dioxide levels. He went so far as to argue that a mildly warmer climate could be beneficial.
Other scientists could undoubtedly bring counterarguments to the stage. They would argue that cyclical warming and cooling cannot explain the current rise in temperature and that the presences of greenhouse gases account for the difference. They would add that computer models remain our best predictor of climate and that the effects of solar variability and water vapor remain uncertain. Dr. Singer himself admitted that scientists differ in their interpretations of the data regarding global warming.
These differences in interpretation among scientists, however, should be a call for an open-minded evaluation of alternate theories. Dr. Steven Hayward, senior fellow in Environmental Studies at the Pacific Research Institute argues in his movie “An Incovenient Truth… or Convenient Fiction?” that climate change is “one of the most complicated phenomena the world has ever studied” and mentions the presence of evidence which “confounds our grasp of the issue.” Despite the uncertainty in the evidence, he offers examples of how emotional and politicized the climate change issue has become, concluding that people have become either “alarmists” or “skeptics”; being uncertain is simply “bad faith.”
Emotionalism is easy to understand given the dire consequences portrayed of global warming. In Al Gore’s movie “An Inconvenient Truth,” he envisions glaciers melting, polar bears drowning, fatal heat waves, floods, droughts, the rise of invasive species and infectious diseases, among other expected catastrophes due to global warming. His persuasion techniques reflect those used in campaign adds, rooted strongly in emotional appeal. He suggests that taking action to prevent human-induced global warming has become a moral issue. A high court judge in the United Kingdom recently found that nine of Gore’s claims were exaggerated or erroneous, while agreeing with Gore’s overall message. His verdict again emphasizes the importance of questioning sources of data and the conclusions presented.
Assuming that even some of Gore’s predictions are true, the possibility that humans are causing global warming may merit a preemptive strike to cut greenhouse gases. In fact, developing alternate sources of energy would be beneficial for other reasons such as national security and pollution control, in addition to global warming. At the same time, policy decisions regarding global warming should be made taking into consideration all of the scientific evidence. Because radical policies to “correct” global warming could have enormous political and economic effects, considering all of the interpretations of the data becomes even more critical.
The problem with adopting an emotional stance toward the causes of global warming is that it prevents people from changing their opinion. The evidence, even if presented with hesitations and uncertainty, becomes incontrovertible fact, to be dealt with in only one way. It is possible that people are missing options by believing without question that human-produced greenhouse gases produce global warming and that cutting them will reverse it. Understanding the complexities and assumptions underlying the claims behind global warming introduces the possibility of other creative solutions. It means analyzing the issue from its basis in science rather than considering it through the film of an entrenched ideology.


The osprey is unique in that it migrates from western Africa to Scotland each spring and feeds mainly on fish. This unmistakable bird, a vision in black and white, surprised wildlife experts when it returned to breed in Scotland of its own accord in the 1950s after decades of apparent absence. Since then, the population has recovered and currently stands at around 200 pairs.
The Scottish Wildlife Trust
reserve at Loch of the Lowes
is home to a pair of breeding ospreys which nest just 150 metres from the observation hide, over the years the pair have become much loved local celebrities. A webcam
overlooking the Osprey hide is watched by many, this is a great way to watch nature at its best especially when the chicks hatch!
Ospreys tend to arrive back at their nesting sites during April, just in time to lay their eggs, remaining here throughout the summer, returning south to their wintering grounds in August or September.
Look up to the skies above Highland Perthshire through the summer months and you may get a glimpse of these spectacular raptors gliding through the sky, you will then understand why they have captured the hearts of locals and are now a Scottish icon.
The powerful osprey can raise itself and a fish weighing as much as 2kg out of the water to its tree top nest. Ospreys only weigh about the same as a small chicken but have a very large wingspan, between 1.5m - 1.7m, and is adapted for living exclusively on fish.


WORD DAYS is now available for the first time in paperback!
Today is the birthday of Edith Hamilton whose writings on ancient civilization and mythology have been read by generations of students.
Born in Dresden, Germany in 1867, Hamilton immigrated to the United States with her family as a child. At the age of seven, she began studying Latin and committing biblical passages to memory. She completed her education in classics at Bryn Mawr College in Baltimore where she later became headmistress. She gained a reputation as an excellent teacher, storyteller, translator, and interpreter of Greek tragedies. Encouraged by her friends to write, she published her first book, The Greek Way (1930), in her 60s.
Hamilton continued writing into her 90s, publishing a total of nine books. Although she wrote about ancient Rome and Israel, the civilization she seemed to admire the most was ancient Greece:
The fundamental fact about the Greek was that he had to use his mind. The ancient priests had said, “Thus far and no farther. We set the limits of thought.” The Greek said, “All things are to be examined and called into question. There are no limits set on thought.”
Hamilton’s best known and most widely read book is Mythology (1942), which she wrote as an overview of Greek, Roman, and Norse mythology. This book is known by generations of middle school and high school students who read it as a primer on the myths.
Prior to her death in 1963 at the age of 96, Hamilton received several honorary degrees in the U.S. and was also honored internationally as an official citizen of Athens, Greece in 1957 (1).
Words from the Gods
Many common English words spring from the stories that Hamilton told of the ancient Greek and Roman gods. Given the eight clues below, see if you can name the words.
- This word for any grain, such as wheat or oats comes from the name of the Roman goddess of agriculture.
- This word for a repeating sound comes from the name of a nymph who loved Narcissus.
- This word for maintaining health and preventing disease comes from the name of the Greek goddess of health.
- This word for psychically induced sleep comes from the name for the Greek god of sleep.
- This word for being full of happiness and playfulness comes from the name of the most powerful Roman god.
- This word for being changeable or volatile comes from the name for the Roman messenger of the gods.
- This word for sudden fear comes from the name of the Greek god of fields, forests, and wild animals.
- This word, used to refer to something that induces sleep, comes from the name of the Roman god of sleep.
In addition to being embedded in the etymology of English words, the characters from mythology and their stories are frequently alluded to by many writers. The works of Edith Hamilton are one the best ways for students to become familiar with these fascinating stories as well as to become familiar with allusions – indirect or passing references – to these characters that are made throughout our culture, both past and present.
Here is a list of a few prominent figures from Greek Mythology:
What characters and stories from mythology to you think are the most captivating? Brainstorm a list of characters from mythology that come to mind. Identify which one character you think has the most captivating and fascinating story. Then, tell the story of that character and explain what makes it such a captivating story. (Common Core Writing 2 and 3)
Today’s Quote: It has always seemed strange to me that in our endless discussions about education so little stress is laid on the pleasure of becoming an educated person, the enormous interest it adds to life. To be able to be caught up into the world of thought — that is to be educated. –Edith Hamilton
Answers: 1. cereal 2. echo 3. hygiene 4. hypnosis 5. jovial 6. mercurial 7. panic 8. somniferous
1 – Sicherman, Barbara. “Edith Hamilton.” The Reader’s Companion to American History, Eric Foner and John A. Garraty, Editors, published by Houghton Mifflin Company


The tips below have been provided by Europol’s European Cybercrime Centre (EC3) as part of the European Cyber Security Month (ECMS) aimed at helping you to stay safe online. The ECMS is an EU awareness campaign that promotes cyber security among citizens and organisations, highlighting simple steps that can be taken to protect their personal, financial and professional data.
The internet can be a dangerous place as Cybercriminals are constantly looking for ways to make money at your expense. You can protect yourself be keeping alert when online and by being aware of the basic steps you can take to stay safe online.
Always be vigilant!
- Check your online accounts regularly.
- Check your bank account regularly and report any suspicious activity to your bank.
- Perform online payments only on secure websites (check the URL bar for the padlock and https) and using secure connections (choose a mobile network instead of public Wi-Fi).
- Your bank will never ask you for sensitive information such as your online account credentials over the phone or email.
- If an offer sounds too good to be true, it’s almost always a scam.
- Keep your personal information safe and secure.
- Be very careful about how much personal information you share on social network sites. Fraudsters can use your information and pictures to create a fake identity or to target you with a scam.
- If you think that you have provided your account details to a scammer, contact your bank immediately.
- Always report any suspected fraud attempt to the police, even if you did not fall victim to the scam
For tips on how to use an ATM (or other terminal) safely see the Cardholder Security Tips on this website


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Description: I know I gave you all a wicked cool tutorial on a skateboarder, but what about a lesson on “how to draw skateboards step by step“? Well for those of you that have been waiting for a tutorial on this particular subject. In the description for the skateboarder, I spoke about the history and creation of the sport. With this lesson I am at a loss because I don’t know what to talk about except who made the first skateboard. The sport started around 1950 when regular California surfers wanted to try surfing the pavement like they surf their waves. The idea started to spread like wildfire and a bunch of heads started designing a board that we know and use as a skateboard today. Since no one really knows who designed the very first skateboard, the unit was created from all different angles. Did you know that when kids started experimenting with skateboards they used wooden boxes and boards with roller skate wheels attached to them? The art or sport of skateboarding started getting really popular during the early to mid sixties but later crashed and burned. It wasn’t until the year of 1975 that the sport took a turn that would make skateboarding the sport it is today. In Del Mar California, there was a freestyle contest and a team named “Zephyr” took the sport to the next level. They showed the world what true skateboarding was and three boarders made the sport what it is today. Those kids were Tony Alva, Jay Adams, and Stacy Peralta. If you want to watch a depiction of how skateboarding came to be, you should rent or buy the movie “Dogtown” it was so awesome. Anyway, I have to go now because I have a lot more work to do. I will leave you with this tutorial on “how to draw skateboards step by step. Peace out and happy drawing peeps.


In the summer of 1965 at the California Institute of Technology, calculations revealed that, due to a rare alignment of the outer planets of our Solar System, it was possible to launch a spacecraft which could visit all four giant outer planets by using the gravity of each one in order to 'sling-shot' the spacecraft onto the next. Such an alignment of planets would only occur once every 176 years.
Two Voyager spacecraft were built and launched. Voyager 2 launched first on August 20, 1977, whilst Voyager 1 launched on September 5, 1977. Both craft flew past Jupiter in 1979, and then Saturn in late 1980. By 1986, Voyager 2 passed Uranus, and then Neptune in 1989. From there, Voyager 2 began its trajectory out of our solar system below the plane of the planets.
By 1998, Voyager 1 became the farthest-reaching human-made object from earth. In December 2004, Voyager 1 crossed the 'Termination Shock' where the Solar winds meet the interstellar winds entering the Heliasheath. Voyager 2 made this crossing in 2007.Finally, in 2012, Voyager 1 entered Interstellar Space, passing beyond the heliopause, crossing for the first time the threshold into interstellar space.
Across this span of time, consider the profound quantum of change that has occurred across the spectrum of humanity's joint endeavours, be they political, technological, societal etc. Whilst those two Voyager craft have gone about travelling further than any man-guided object has ever done, the world they left behind is vastly different to the one from which they launched.
The computing of Voyager craft should be considered. Although state of the art at the time, Voyager's computing is vintage 1974/5, and your IPhone has about 100,000 times the memory of the Voyager spacecraft. Nonetheless, there both craft are, trackable on the NASA app, travelling at 10 miles/second into Interstellar Space, still reporting back to the The Deep Space Network at the three locations approximately 120 longitudinal degrees apart, in Madrid, Goldstone California and Canberra. All three stations continue to receive transmissions from both Voyager craft. Interestingly, from an Australian perspective, Canberra is the only station powerful enough to transmit instructions back to the Voyager crafts.
One should not overlook the key passengers and these two craft, objects intended to contain a profound knowledge of humanity's development and achievement. The Voyager Golden Records are two phonograph records that were included aboard both Voyager spacecraft. The records contain sounds and images selected to portray the diversity of life and culture on Earth, and were intended for any intelligent extra-terrestrial life form that might find them. The records are a sort of time capsule, a curriculum, if you will, of the significance of what has been thought, crafted, said and sung by mankind. Contained are the recordings of fifty four languages, as well as music spanning J.S. Bach, Mozart, Beethoven, and Stravinsky, blues such as Blind Willie Johnson and Chuck Berry, Azerbaijani bagpipes, percussion from Senegal, Australian Aboriginal songs and Peruvian wedding songs.
In a very real way, the two spacecraft and their golden passengers offer an unique expression and representation of the juxtaposition between inevitably propulsive change and essentially enduring human and societal values. The Golden Records are intended as educational tools, demonstrations of what is important to humanity. Yet their possible audience is utterly futuristic in the most extreme and improbable sense (Voyager will take 40,000 years to even approach the next closest star). If ever a human-made object has witnessed change, the Voyagers have surely experienced it. Yet simultaneously their Golden Records maintain an intellectual and cultural stability as they drift endlessly through interstellar space.
Back on our own planet in 2018, we seem to be living in an age in which we are continually conscious of change. In such periods, there can be individuals, institutions, movements and even nations, which react on the hop to the prevailing winds. Sweeping reforms often are advanced as forward-thinking strides into an (apparently) new era, sometimes to the detriment of enduring intellectual and societal values.
Periods of change are just as exciting as they are troubling; excitingly, they afford societal transitions in which such individuals, institutions, movements and even nations can be empowered to make prescient decisions borne of a wisdom grounded in history, logic and guided experience. Troublingly, such periods are sometimes at the mercy of slap-dash pseudo-thinkers and short-term-target politicians.
Mankind has not always been successful when given the challenge of interpreting social, technological and cultural change. The 20th century father of the fiscal stimulus John Maynard Keynes foretold in 1930 that "in the 21st century a 15-hour work week will suffice, as we turn instead to how to use freedom from ressing economic cares". And yet, despite significant productivity gains since the Keynes' 1930 treatise, we still all work on average around 40 hours a week. Further, in the late 1970s, the historian Ian Turner presided over a major symposium on what new technologies would mean tor the worker. He predicted an imminent period of change as significant as the Neolithic or Industrial Revolutions, claiming that "by 1988, at least a quarter of the Australian workforce would be made redundant by technological change."
Change needs sensible, educated guidance from those who have studied the patterns of humanities achievements and are thus well placed to deliver on the basis of a well-informed, well-grounded expertise. The worrying dichotomy between the ineffectual, bland politician and the firebrand demagogue is familiar to most of us. The great Irish writer W B Yeats noted in his famous poem The Second Coming':
'The best lack all conviction, while the worst Are full of passionate intensity.'
In 2016 the then UK Justice Secretary and major pro-Brexit campaigner Michael Gove offered up to the political narrative a nugget of painfully ironic 'wisdom' which will resonate for years as a terrible repudiation of educated guidance. At the time, some commentators had noted that Brexit proposals were economically unsound and perhaps even fraudulently costed, particularly the claim that the UK paid £350 million per week to the EU. Amidst these concerns, the Rnancial Times on June 4th, 2016 noted that 'Michael Gove has refused to name any economists who back Britain's exit from the European Union, saying that "people in this country have had enough of experts."' Of course, on June 23rd the UK voted in favour of Brexit by the slender margin of 52% for and 48% against. With startling haste, the chief Brexiteers Boris Johnson and Nigel Farage promptly resigned from their involvement with Brexit, as news emerged that the tamed £350 million figure was essentially fictitious.
In NSW in 2018, as readers will know, our Education Authority NESA has commenced a review of the state's entire curriculum. NSW Education Minister Rob Stokes said that 'this is a once in a generation chance to examine, declutter, and improve the NSW curriculum to make it simpler to understand and to teach.' At first glance, this is certainly a laudable aim. There is a range of questions being asked in the current online submission form, chief amongst which is the key one: what should the purpose of school be in the 21st century? This is an impressively profound question, but also one that is suggestive of significant change. Educational curricula are powerful beasts, capable equally of empowering or undermining the development of young minds. Of note is the suggestion (at an initial panel level) that the review's focus should be on students becoming work-ready, that subjects should be linked to what are often referred to as 'real world applications'.
Such a pursuit of these 'real world applications' can sound tempting. Still, immediately functional relevance can disproportionately overshadow the long-term relevance of deep subject knowledge and the intellectual rigour that comes with the mastery of challenging subjects and disciplines. This problematic cross-over is one familiar to HSC Science teachers. Indeed, to their frustration, a number of years ago the HSC curricula, particularly in the disciplines of Chemistry and Physics, had been significantly revised to make them more accessible and to achieve some semblance of relevance. Promisingly, the new syllabus documents for these two sciences (commenced this year) have turned back in the direction of core scientific 'expertise'. One Master in our Chemistry Department notes that a 'NESA Science Inspector…..calls this "giving chemists their chemistry back".' One hopes that the spirit of these new syllabi (which have come into effect for this year's Form V boys) will be a sign of things to come in terms of NESA's whole-scale revision of education in NSW.
NSW Premier, Gladys Berejiklian, said in relation to this NESA review that the world had "changed rapidly" since the last comprehensive review of the NSW curriculum, which took place in 1989. Almost without doubt, the world of work is going to look significantly different in various sectors across the coming decades (it also looked significantly different several decades ago in many sectors). Assuming this is the case, to bend and contort pure subject knowledge in the direction of probable relevance seems speculative at best, at this or any time. It is revealing to note that Deloitte have published their thoughts about The Open Talent Economy, stating that 'Careers [are] built around learning, not around jobs'.1
Yes, the world has changed technologically since 1989, no question. But a curriculum is not simply about adjusting to the latest technology Voyager's Golden Record isn't somehow now wildly out of date since its compilation in the mid-1970s. J. S. Bach and pure Mathematics still are essential. A curriculum is about the stuff that matters, the stuff that nourishes our children's appreciation of the world and informs their judgement.
Education is important because it gives each of us the human tools of judgement and sensibility to be a prosperous member of society; education is not simply a manufacturer of workers for jobs. Education is about intellectual growth and the fostering of curiosity for the benefit and betterment of the individual and his or her society. Education is not simply about achieving 'skills'. 'Skills' and the readiness for the workplace are an important result of a true education, but not solely the ends in themselves.
Still, there is good cause to be positive. NESA's own Terms of Reference includes the following aim to "prepare each student with strong foundations of knowledge, capabilities and values to be lifelong learners, and to be flourishing and contributing citizens in a world in which rapid technological advances are contributing to unprecedented economic and social change in unpredictable ways".2
So, in conclusion, consider again those two Voyager Spacecraft. The world has changed greatly since they were launched in 1977. They exist as profound and triumphant embodiments of mankind's expertise, carrying with them in record form a dedication to the knowledge of human history and achievement, whilst simultaneously experiencing and contributing to unprecedented change and discovery.
Depth of expertise in traditional intellectual disciplines, be it in Mathematics, the sciences, humanities, languages and the arts, has underpinned the wisdom and development of individuals and their societies for centuries, through periods of both stability and the turbulence of change. We owe it to young people of the future that they have access to that wisdom, and that such access not be suffocated amidst myopically functional assertions of 'relevance'.
Dr RB Malpass


Salpiglossis Growing Guide
Crop Rotation Group
Solanaceae (Potato and tomato family) ●
Fertile, well-drained soil that holds moisture well.
Full sun to partial afternoon shade in warm areas.
Very slight. Established plants in a sheltered location can sometimes survive winter in milder areas.
Mix a standard application of a balanced organic fertiliser into the soil prior to planting. In midsummer, drench plants with a liquid plant food to stimulate new growth.
Showy salpiglossis blossoms look even better when the plants are framed with fine-textured flowers like frothy white sweet alyssum or dainty blue lobelia.
Single Plants: 30cm (11") each way (minimum)
Rows: 30cm (11") with 30cm (11") row gap (minimum)
Sow and Plant
Sow seeds in warm, moist seed starting mix, in early spring, or start with purchased plants. Seedlings grow slowly at first, so be patient.
Our Garden Planner can produce a personalised calendar of when to sow, plant and harvest for your area.
Salpiglossis stems are not very stiff, so the plants often benefit from staking. Most varieties produce intricately veined, bicoloured flowers. A mixture of colours is fun to grow and lets you experiment with this comely flower.
Snip off spent blossoms to keep plants looking neat, and to prolong flowering.
Salpiglossis does not do well in very hot, humid weather. It grows best in areas with cool nights.
Planting and Harvesting Calendar
< Back to All Plants


The right to freely assemble can be exercised by organizing or participating in any of the following:
The right to freedom of assembly can be enjoyed by every person; individuals, groups, associations (whether registered or unregistered), religious bodies, legal entities, and trade unions. It also extends to children, refugees, stateless persons, temporary visitors, migrants, and foreign nationals.
Section 40 CFRN: “Every person shall be entitled to assemble freely and associate with other persons, and in particular he may form or belong to any political party, trade union or any other association for the protection of his interest.”
The right to Freedom of assembly is not absolute. Various laws that seek to protect this right also lay down certain circumstances in which this right can be limited and not enjoyed in total. These limitations include:
An example of limitation for the protection of public health is the COVID 19 pandemic, because of the pandemic, government laid down policies to reduce the transmission of the virus. These policies included the ban of gatherings above ten people as well as a ban on religious gatherings. These measures clearly restrict the individual’s right to freely assemble but is in line with the provisions of the law.
Similarly, an example of limitation in the interest of national security is the restriction of public gatherings in certain locations of the North-East in Nigeria in an effort to curb the insurgency and acts of terrorism. As a means to protect citizens, government made policies that tend to limit the right to freely assemble.
The Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria in Section 45 (1) provides that;
“Nothing in sections 37, 38, 39, 40 and 41 of this Constitution shall invalidate any law that is reasonably justifiable in a democratic society.
(a) in the interest of defence, public safety, public order, public morality, or public health; or
(b) for the purpose of protecting the rights and freedom or other persons.”
The right to freedom of assembly can be breached by individuals as well as government agencies in any of the following ways:


The emissary veins connect the extracranial venous system with the intracranial venous sinuses. They connect the veins outside the cranium to the venous sinuses inside the cranium. They drain from the scalp, through the skull, into the larger meningeal veins and dural venous sinuses. They are common in children.
Emissary veins have an important role in selective cooling of the head. They also serve as routes where infections are carried into the cranial cavity from the extracranial veins to the intrecranial veins.
There are several types of emissary veins including posterior condyloid, mastoid, occipital, and parietal emissary vein.
Because the emissary veins are valveless, they are an important part in selective brain cooling through bidirectional flow of cooler blood from the evaporating surface of the head. In general, blood flow is from external to internal but the flow can be altered by increased intracranial pressure
This is an important route for spread of infection because cranial nerve VI and the internal carotid pass through the cavernous sinus, with cranial nerves III, IV, V1, and V2 passing alongside the lateral wall of the sinus. Subsequent infection or inflammation in the cavernous sinus can result in damage to any of the cranial nerves that pass through it or meningitis. Also, rupturing the emissary veins will result in a subdural hematoma which will compress the brain.


If you have been through the Giving Garden lately, you may have noticed it is looking a little over grown and weedy. We want you to know why.
Despite our Giving Garden volunteer’s best efforts to keep the weeds at bay and keep the garden looking nice, it has unfortunately been overrun by a very aggressive, noxious weed known as Wild Parsnip.
If you are not familiar, here’s some information on Wild Parsnip and why it’s so difficult to handle:
“Everyone is sensitive to wild parsnip and you do not need to be sensitized by a prior exposure to develop burns or blisters. You can brush against wild parsnip plants and not be affected. Parsnip is only dangerous when the plant sap from broken leaves or stems gets on your skin.” ( https://fyi.uwex.edu/weedsci/2001/07/04/wild-parsnip-3/ )
“Tips to avoid exposure include wearing gloves, long pants, and long-sleeved shirts. Planning control activities for the early evening will minimize sunlight and thus activation of the blistering process. If you are exposed to the plant juice, wash the contaminated areas thoroughly as soon as possible.”
We want you to know that we are working hard on this and we have enlisted the help of the Town of New Glasgow and the Dept of Agriculture to find a long term solution as it is beyond the capacity of our volunteer group to safely handle.
We are very thankful to the crew with the Town of New Glasgow who were at the garden weeding yesterday and will be weeding regularly. They are diligently working to help us try and keep on top of this.
Of course, this saddens us, but it really is beyond anyone’s control and our area is not the only one affected, this is a province and nationwide issue.
We will have signs posted at the entry ways of the garden for awareness. We want you to be aware that it is present and know what it looks like. We ask you to refrain from touching anything in the garden or pathways to remain as safe as possible and to supervise children at all times. This is good practice for any public space/pathway in the province or beyond. Should you come into contact with Wild Parsnip, DO NOT touch your eyes and wash your hands thoroughly.
We thank you for your understanding and co-operation while we continue to work hard rectify this situation.
More on Wild Parsnip from around North America:


What language(s) did the Messiah and other Jews speak during the late Second Temple Period? Most students of the Bible will be quick to volunteer Greek and Aramaic, but is this the whole story? Mel Gibson apparently thought so when he had the script for his Passion film translated into Aramaic, presumably because that was the language of the time. There is a small but growing awareness, however, that Hebrew was also a living language during this time. We are going to investigate this claim, but let’s begin with a little background about the Aramaic language.
Aramaic is the language of the descendants of Aram, the fifth son of Shem, Noah’s eldest son. By the 7-8th century B.C.E. Aramaic was the “imperial language” of the Assyrian and Babylonian empires, and was used by the Persians who succeeded them for ruling their western provinces. During this period it was the predominant language of the Fertile Crescent. References to the use of Aramaic speech can be found in places such as 2 Kings 18:26, Ezra 4:7, Isaiah 36:11 and Daniel 2:4.
11 Then Eliakim, Shebna and Joah said to the field commander, “Please speak to your servants in Aramaic, since we understand it. Don’t speak to us in Hebrew in the hearing of the people on the wall.”
12 But the commander replied, “Was it only to your master and you that my master sent me to say these things, and not to the men sitting on the wall–who, like you, will have to eat their own filth and drink their own urine?”
13 Then the commander stood and called out in Hebrew, “Hear the words of the great king, the king of Assyria!
14 This is what the king says: Do not let Hezekiah deceive you. He cannot deliver you!
Several lengthy passages in Ezra and Daniel, some of the “later” books of the Old Testament, were written in Aramaic. Among Jews in the Babylonian exile and during the centuries that followed, both Hebrew and Aramaic were used, though Hebrew seems to have remained predominant among the tribes exiled in 586 B.C.E. when the Temple was destroyed. The Hebrew writings of the exilic and post-exilic prophets during the next few centuries up through Malachi (or Daniel) attest to this. Aramaic also remained in use throughout these centuries and up through the time of Jesus, most especially in Syria and Babylon. (As an interesting aside, Aramaic remains in use as a living language even up to the present day in several remote villages of Syria and Iraq.)
The prevalence of Greek in the centuries leading up to and including the time of Jesus is well documented and universally accepted. Alexander the Great conquered a vast territory in the 330s – 320s B.C.E. and the Greeks made an enormous point of Hellenizing the peoples they conquered, promoting Greek culture and social values. Prominent in this Hellenizing push was the inculcation and spread of the Greek language. Though the Romans conquered much of what had been the Greek Empire, Greek maintained its status as the common language of most of the eastern Mediterranean world.
Most scholars agree Greek and Aramaic were the common spoken languages in Palestine at the time of the Messiah. (Latin proclamations and inscriptions were utilized by the various Roman officials.) While the role of Greek during this period is undisputed and self-evident, the role of Aramaic is a bit murkier. Still more unclear is the rarely discussed role of Hebrew. The roles played by Aramaic and Hebrew are worthy of a closer look. A cursory scan of English New Testament translations provides us with references to “Aramaic” and “Hebrew” such as the following (NIV, 1985):
John 5:2 Now there is in Jerusalem near the Sheep Gate a pool, which in Aramaic is called Bethesda and which is surrounded by five covered colonnades.
John 19:13 When Pilate heard this, he brought Jesus out and sat down on the judge’s seat at a place known as the Stone Pavement (which in Aramaic is Gabbatha).
14 It was the day of Preparation of Passover Week, about the sixth hour. “Here is your king,” Pilate said to the Jews.
15 But they shouted, “Take him away! Take him away! Crucify him!” “Shall I crucify your king?” Pilate asked. “We have no king but Caesar,” the chief priests answered.
16 Finally Pilate handed him over to them to be crucified. So the soldiers took charge of Jesus.
17 Carrying his own cross, he went out to the place of the Skull (which in Aramaic is called Golgotha).
18 Here they crucified him, and with him two others– one on each side and Jesus in the middle.
19 Pilate had a notice prepared and fastened to the cross. It read: JESUS OF NAZARETH, THE KING OF THE JEWS.
20 Many of the Jews read this sign, for the place where Jesus was crucified was near the city, and the sign was written in Aramaic, Latin and Greek.
John 20:16 Jesus said to her, “Mary.” She turned toward him and cried out in Aramaic, “Rabboni!” (which means Teacher).
Acts 21:40-22:3 Having received the commander’s permission, Paul stood on the steps and motioned to the crowd. When they were all silent, he said to them in Aramaic: 22:1”‘Brothers and fathers, listen now to my defense.” 2 When they heard him speak to them in Aramaic, they became very quiet. Then Paul said: 3 “I am a Jew, born in Tarsus of Cilicia, but brought up in this city. Under Gamaliel I was thoroughly trained in the law of our fathers…”
Acts 26:14 We all fell to the ground, and I heard a voice saying to me in Aramaic, “Saul, Saul, why do you persecute me? It is hard for you to kick against the goads’”
Rev 9:11 They had as king over them the angel of the Abyss, whose name in Hebrew is Abaddon, and in Greek, Apollyon.
Rev 16:16 Then they gathered the kings together to the place that in Hebrew is called Armageddon.
As mentioned, Greek was the international language of trade and business at the time of Jesus, and the New Testament documents were passed down to us in Greek. In the passages cited above both Aramaic and Hebrew are mentioned, and on the surface it seems that Aramaic is more prevalent than Hebrew.
Upon closer inspection of the ancient Greek manuscripts of the New Testament, however, every supposed reference to “Aramaic” above actually has some form of the word Εβραιστι which unequivocally means “Hebrew.” Not Συριστι “Aramaic,” which we find in other places in the Bible such as Dan 2:4 (in the Greek OT). In fact, the word Συριστι never appears in the New Testament. The Aramaic language by name simply is not mentioned. This is a case where our translators tried to “help us out” because they were swept along in the wave of conventional wisdom which for many years took for granted that Hebrew couldn’t possibly have been a living language at the time of Jesus.
In fairness to the translators, many were probably confused by the New Testament’s repeated mentions of “Hebrew” which didn’t seem compatible with passages like Jesus’ words on the cross (“Eloi Eloi Lama Sabachthani” – “My G-d my G-d, why have you forsaken me?”) which are in Aramaic. We will come back to this instance and others like it in the second installment of this series. Undoubtedly adding to the confusion of the translators was the appearance of place names with Aramaic forms such as “Golgotha” which John calls Εβραιστι, Hebrew. At first glance this might lead one to think that Εβραιστι is being loosely used to refer to Aramaic rather than actual Hebrew, even though this assumption is counterintuitive. What is actually going on in the case of place names like “Golgotha” is that these terms have undergone the same absorption into Hebrew that place names like San Diego have in English. As a linguist recently explained, “as names, John has every right to call them Hebrew, just like I can write about the English name San Diego (from Santiago, Sant Yago, aka. Giacommo, James, from Sant Yakobos, from Ya`aqov).”
The simple truth is that the New Testament authors repeatedly and specifically mention people speaking Hebrew because people really were speaking Hebrew. Most or all of the New Testament authors cited also knew Aramaic, and they most certainly knew the difference between Hebrew and Aramaic. The least we can do is take them at their word when they say people were using Hebrew. Josephus, a Jewish contemporary of the New Testament authors who also wrote in Greek, uses the words for both “Hebrew” (Εβραιστι) and “Aramaic” (Συριστι) in his writings and distinguishes between them with casual precision, so we know that Hebrew and Aramaic were both extant and distinct from one another. It also seems evident that knowledge of “Hebrew” was not something specialized and restricted to the educated elite. Quite to the contrary, Paul, for example, actually goes before a crowd and publicly makes his defense in Hebrew! So the New Testament says plainly that Hebrew was being written, read and spoken at the time of the Messiah. Furthermore, many places had either Hebrew names, or Aramaic names which had been absorbed into colloquial Hebrew.
It is worth mentioning that some of the New Testament references to Hebrew are found in what might be characterized as “parenthetical remarks” in the text. Authors use parenthetical remarks to clarify something, in this case to their Greek-reading audience. This suggests very strongly that the Hebrew names of places were more easily recognized or understood than various Greek names for those same places, at least for a significant portion of the author’s audience.
These references are just the tip of the iceberg, shedding light on the linguistic situation in Palestine before the destruction of the Temple, and testifying to the existence of Hebrew as a living language at the time of Jesus. With regard to our English Bibles, it is reassuring to note that in the past two decades many English translations of the passages quoted above have been corrected to read “Hebrew” rather than “Aramaic” where appropriate.
Thus far we have looked primarily at the passages in the New Testament that explicitly mention Hebrew (since as it turned out there was no explicit mention of Aramaic whatsoever). In the next installment we will take a look at some of the instances of actual Hebrew and Aramaic speech being reported by the New Testament writers without its explicit identification as Hebrew or Aramaic. Following that we will proceed to the non-Biblical evidence for the relative usages of Hebrew and Aramaic in the late Second Temple Period. In the meantime, ponder this: at Paul’s Damascus road encounter he was spoken to by the Lord in Hebrew. That implies either Hebrew is G-d’s language of choice or else the Lord was using it because it was Paul’s mother tongue! Either way, what a fascinating insight into the world of the Bible.
Author: E. A. Knapp


Being neither mantids nor flies, the peculiar mantis-flies are in fact predatory lacewings which use their mantis-like forelegs to catch prey. While most mantis-flies are known to feed on spider eggs in their immature stages, the larval lifestyle of one subfamily–the Drepanicinae–has remained a mystery.
That is until James Dorey, an accomplished insect photographer and student of entomology at the University of Queensland, encountered a mass emergence of rarely-seen adults in his father’s macadamia orchard in eastern Australia, as reported in the open access Biodiversity Data Journal.
Right before James’ eyes and camera, the pupae were coming out from under the ground to grasp hold of tree trunks and undergo the final moult to emerge as adults.
Not only did he take some beautiful photos of the insects, but he also managed to capture a stunning time-lapse video of the pupae moulting into the adult stage.
The young researcher then contacted his university lecturer, David Merritt, to find out more about the phenomenon he had encountered. Together, they approached experts on mantis-flies, including Trevor Lambkin who was able to identify the insects as belonging to the mystery group, whose immature stages have so long remained unknown.
James managed to obtain some eggs from a fertile female and observed them hatch to produce tiny larvae that were immediately photographed and described in detail for the first time in a scientific journal.
“It is likely that the immature stage of these mantis-flies’ life cycle takes place underground in moist or forested habitats, perhaps explaining why it has never been recorded before,” explain the authors.
Yet to answer is the question what the immature mantis-flies feed on: is it spider eggs just like their relatives or some other underground-dwelling insect or arachnid?
“Perhaps some digging around in the macadamia orchard at the right time of year will reveal the answer,” say the researchers.
James is currently at Flinders University in Adelaide, carrying out a genetic analysis of the diversification of Fiji’s native bees.
Dorey JB, Merritt DJ (2017) First observations on the life cycle and mass eclosion events in a mantis fly (Family Mantispidae) in the subfamily Drepanicinae. Biodiversity Data Journal 5: e21206. https:/