Dumbarton dəmbär´tən [key], town (1991 pop. 23,550), West Dunbartonshire, W Scotland, at the confluence of the Leven and Clyde rivers. It is a shipbuilding center (the Cutty Sark was fitted out there) and has engineering works. Whisky (distilling and blending) is a major industry. Historical Scottish castles were built on Dumbarton Rock, a 250-ft-high (76-m) hill of basalt, from at least the 5th cent., when Dumbarton was the capital of the kingdom of Strathclyde. It became the capital of the earldom of Lennox in the 12th cent. and was granted a royal charter in 1222. Sir John de Monteith, the governor of Dumbarton Castle, betrayed William Wallace in 1305. As a result, Wallace was imprisoned in the castle.
The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved.
See more Encyclopedia articles on: British and Irish Political Geography


Many people falsely believe that marijuana can’t cause addiction; this belief comes from the fact that marijuana withdrawal is not as dramatic as other drugs. But research over the last 15 years suggests that marijuana does have a potential for addiction, especially in teenagers. Current estimates indicate that 1 out of 10 regular cannabis users develops a psychological addiction to the substance.
People who abuse marijuana regularly for long periods of time – several months to years – often experience marijuana withdrawal symptoms when they suddenly stop. And such effects are a sign of physical dependence. Cannabis withdrawal is a legitimate problem, and that it involves both psychological and physical addiction.
What Causes Marijuana Withdrawal
Marijuana does have a potential for addiction, especially for teens and individuals who frequently use the substance. There are few legitimate studies on the physically addictive qualities of the active ingredient in marijuana – tetrahydrocannabinol or THC. But this is largely because there have been so few legitimate studies on cannabis use, due to repressive U.S. federal restrictions that prevented researchers from having access to the drug to test it.
What is known is that unlike most other drugs, for example alcohol, THC is stored in fat cells and it takes longer for the body to fully eliminate it than other common drugs. It means that some body parts will still retain THC even after several months, unlike water-soluble drugs, which require just a couple of days or weeks for elimination.
Also, it’s known that addiction is a brain disease, which means that marijuana use chemically alters the brain to make it believe that THC is a necessary substance, one that it not only wants but needs. These chemical changes are why a person might start having mental health issues and uncontrollable cravings to use marijuana and why their body may have violent reactions when they stop using it. Such reactions are part of weed withdrawal, which occurs during detoxification or detox, the body’s natural process of removing a toxic substance from the system.
Marijuana Withdrawal Symptoms
According to the National Institute on Drug Abuse, about one-third of those who abuse marijuana have reported withdrawal symptoms. THC is the primary psychoactive ingredient of cannabis. If it is consumed repeatedly over an extended period, the brain will develop a tolerance to the drug.
In response to this growing tolerance to THC, the user needs higher and higher doses to achieve similar effects. The brain and the body become accustomed to regular marijuana intake and begin to rely on the drug. This is how physical dependency becomes a reality. From that point forward, the weed user will experience unpleasant effects when they go too long without the drug: weed withdrawal symptoms.
Symptoms Of Withdrawal From Marijuana Include:
- Troubled sleep
- Loss of focus
- Cravings for resumed cannabis use
- Excessive sweating
- Stomach pain and/or nausea
- Low appetite or loss of weight
- Depressive states of mind
- Dysphoria, a feeling of general unease or dissatisfaction
- Tiredness during the day
These sensations are similar to the experience of breaking a tobacco addiction. They are not life-threatening but can be disruptive enough that the user may have a difficult time being fully functional until the symptoms stop.
Marijuana Withdrawal Timeline
The weed withdrawal timeline begins one day after the last intake of the drug. The most difficult symptoms of withdrawal from marijuana will occur on the second and third days and may include headaches, cravings, sweating, chills, and gastrointestinal distress. They will continue for up to two weeks until the symptoms slowly fade.
|Day 1||Troubled Sleep
Loss of focus
|At this point, the first symptoms begin to kick in, typically several hours after the last marijuana dose, or at latest the following day.|
Sweating and chills
Risk of relapse
|The period of peak withdrawal symptoms occurs between 48 and 72 hours after the last cannabis use. During this period strong cravings appear, along with other symptoms.|
|Days 4-14||Depressive states
|Symptoms start to fade gradually, but some may persist, including depression and cravings.|
|After two weeks, most of the symptoms should disappear. However, some symptoms may continue for several months until they fully dissipate. That is especially the case for severe addiction.|
The first symptoms of weed withdrawal appear immediately after the active molecules of THC have been processed. The body and the brain expect another dose, having learned to rely on a regular drug supply. Not receiving the expected dose of cannabis, the body’s expected chemical balance is disrupted.
The most common symptom of marijuana withdrawal is insomnia. Insomnia can manifest itself as a complete inability to sleep or as waking up regularly during the night. During the early THC detox process, people may experience very vivid dreams or nightmares, making relaxation at night very difficult.
The lack of proper sleep and relaxation during weed detox can make people more likely to lose control over their emotions. Irritation is common, as people become tired but are unable to sleep. They may experience a wide range of previously-suppressed aggressive feelings. Some may experience outbursts, others irritation, and still others episodes of rage. These negative emotions are often accompanied by a lack of humor and a decreased sex drive.
It is quite common for individuals at the beginning of their cannabis withdrawal to experience anxiety attacks. The soothing marijuana effects are no longer active, so some react the opposite way and feel uneasy and anxious. After the initial shock of withdrawal, almost every marijuana user will begin to crave the drug.
Headaches are common during the detoxification stage, usually during the first three days. They usually weaken over time and ultimately fade away. Many users suffer from night sweats and chills during detox from weed, which should fade after a few days. The sweating is triggered by the body attempting to rid itself of toxins.The discomfort and cravings can be strong marijuana relapse triggers.
Most symptoms disappear after day 15. However, speaking about severe addictions, some symptoms may stay and cause discomfort. After two weeks, people may begin coughing up phlegm. This is a result of the body attempting to clear the lungs after extended abuse.
Insomnia usually stops after two weeks to a month. But it can take up to two months until a person can return to a regular sleep cycle. Depression and anxiety can go on for several months. If so, this may indicate that the user has an underlying mental issue and should see a therapist. Do not hesitate to get help.
So the question “How long does it take to detox from weed?” cannot be clearly answered, as the detox timeline varies for each user.
Factors That Affect Marijuana Withdrawal Symptoms
Many factors can impact the duration and intensity of the withdrawal phase. Not every person will necessarily experience all the same symptoms as others.
Factors That Affect Marijuana Withdrawal Symptoms Include:
- Frequency and length of use. The longer an individual uses marijuana, the more it builds up in their body.
- Consumption rate. The amount of cannabis that the person typically consumes in one intake session. People using the drug often, and who have developed a greater physical dependency on marijuana will need to expect more intense weed withdrawal. The weed consumed strain can also affect the withdrawal – for example, Charlotte’s Web marijuana strain is low in THC; hence, the withdrawal might be relatively mild.
- Emotional and physical vulnerability. People who are less able to handle stress will likely experience more severe weed withdrawal symptoms.
- General health and metabolism. The healthier the person and the better their metabolism, the quicker the toxins will leave the body.
- Body type. Fat tissues store THC molecules; thus, the more fat that one has in the body, the more storage space one provides for toxic cannabis molecules. Most women naturally have a higher fat content than men and are likely to retain more THC in their bodies than men. As a result, their marijuana withdrawal can be more severe.
How To Reduce The Weed Withdrawal Discomfort
Fortunately, quitting marijuana is not as difficult as withdrawing from other drugs. However, trying to manage the symptoms on your own carries a greater risk of relapse. Marijuana withdrawal symptoms are not life-threatening but quite uncomfortable. With the right treatment and support of medical professionals and peers, users are more likely to handle this process and achieve full recovery.
Although there are no FDA-approved medications for the treatment of weed withdrawal, some medications are used to relieve the symptoms if they become too severe. Depending on the situation, there is a lot one can do to ease the withdrawal period.
MA Recommends the Following Tips During Marijuana Withdrawal:
- Stay hydrated by drinking 2-3 liters of water per day. Avoid sodas and drinks with sugar or other artificial sweeteners.
- Avoid coffee and caffeine until the sleep cycle returns to normal
- Do not use other substances while detoxing from marijuana. That means: stop drinking alcohol, smoking cigarettes, and consuming other drugs. If someone is taking medication, talk with a medical doctor about cannabis detox
- Eat healthy foods. These will replenish potassium and other minerals an individual loses through sweat. Avoid processed foods as much as possible. If a patient has digestive problems, cut down on fats and sugars considerably.
- Exercise regularly. By exercising, one will 1) boost mental health, and 2) increase the speed at which the body removes toxins through sweat.
- Treat to a nice warm bath to relax and improve mood
- Surround with supportive people, whether they are family or friends or online forums and local support groups
Get Professional Help
If one can’t deal with the withdrawal period alone, don’t hesitate to seek professional medical help.
Here Are Some Tips For The Treatment For Weed Withdrawal:
- Medical assistance. If a person experiences debilitating pain or gastrointestinal issues, they should ask a doctor to prescribe specific medications. These medications can include treatment for drug abusers with digestive problems, sleeping pills to counter insomnia, or anxiolytics to reduce restlessness and anxiety.
- Get therapy. Individual counseling is always helpful during any step of recovery. Look for psychologists specializing in behavioral therapy. There are also various support groups in every major town, such as Narcotics Anonymous or Marijuana Anonymous.
- Go to an addiction rehabilitation center. For people who find that they are really struggling to deal with withdrawal symptoms or additional substance abuse, the best option may be to go to marijuana rehab. Naturally, people dealing with co-occurring mental or physical health issues should also consult medical professionals. Often such individuals will receive a referral to an inpatient rehab center. These facilities are well equipped to help users recover from marijuana dependence and addiction.
The first step is to admit there is a problem. Various addiction treatment centers are there to provide help for those in need.
- Lee D., Schroeder J. R., Karschner E. L., et al. Cannabis withdrawal in chronic, frequent cannabis smokers during sustained abstinence within a closed residential environment. The American Journal on Addictions. 2014. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3986824/
- Bonnet U., Preuss U. W. The cannabis withdrawal syndrome: current insights. Substance Abuse and Rehabilitation. 2017. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5414724/
- National Institute on Drug Abuse for Teens. Marijuana Withdrawal Is Real. 2015. https://teens.drugabuse.gov/blog/post/marijuana-withdrawal-real
- Markus Kathman, Karsten Flau, Agnes Redmer, Christian Tränkle, Eberhard Schlicker. Cannabidiol is an allosteric modulator at mu- and delta-opioid receptors. 2006. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16489449/
- Francesca M. Filbey, Joseph Dunlop, and Ursula S. Myers. Neural Effects of Positive and Negative Incentives during Marijuana Withdrawal. 2013. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3655173/
- Morten Hesse and Birgitte Thylstrup. Time-course of the DSM-5 cannabis withdrawal symptoms in poly-substance abusers. 2013. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4015312/
- A.M. Weinstein, and David A. Gorelick. Pharmacological Treatment of Cannabis Dependence. 2011. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3171994/
- Marijuana Ananymous. Detoxing from marijuana. https://marijuana-anonymous.org/pamphlets/detoxing-from-marijuana/
- Drug And Alcohol Services. A brief guide to the management of alcohol and other drug withdrawal. 2018. https://www.mhc.wa.gov.au/media/2992/a-brief-guide-to-the-management-of-alcohol-and-other-drug-withdrawal.pdf
- Marcel O.Bonn-Miller, Michael J.Zvolensky, Amit Bernstein. Marijuana use motives: Concurrent relations to frequency of past 30-day use and anxiety sensitivity among young adult marijuana smokers. 2007. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0306460306000888


To understand the drivers and consequences of climate change on timescales important to humans, the paleoclimate of ice cores, the glacial system and local climate patterns were analysed from the Gawn Ice Piedmont Glacier. A GPR/GPS (8, 35, 200 and 500MHz) survey was carried out to provide an image of the internal layering of the glacier and the topography of the ice-rock interface beneath. A 13m firn core was recovered and analysed for oxygen and hydrogen isotope ratios, major cations, anions and methylsulfonates, trace elements and cations, dust concentration and mineralogy.
The IGS global system of satellite tracking stations, Data Centers, and Analysis Centers puts high-quality GPS data and data products on line in near real time to meet the objectives of a wide range of scientific and engineering applications and studies.
The ice reader database hosts basic data from ice cores of the Antarctic Continent. The goal is to compile a complete list of cores by name, site, location and as much other information as possible
Publishing Network for Geoscientific & Environmental Data This database contains information regarding stable oxygen isotopes of snow pits at four sites: Polar Plateau, Victoria Lower Glacier, Wilson Piedmont Glacier and Baldwin Valley Glacier


The University of Derby (UoD) MSc Advanced Materials and Additive Manufacturing programme addresses current and emerging manufacturing technologies. The entry requirement is normally a first degree in materials / manufacturing / mechanical engineering. However, some graduates who wish to join the course may hold BSc or BEng qualifications in other branches of engineering or the physical sciences, for example mathematics, electrical engineering, physics, computing, chemistry or chemical engineering. These degrees do not necessarily match the breadth and combination of subjects required for the programme and the module Introduction to Materials and Additive Manufacturing aims to prepare students holding non-specialist BSc/BEng honours degrees for entry to the MSc Advanced Materials and Additive Manufacture.
In particular the module aims to:
- Provide the academic underpinning required in technical areas for entry to the MSc Advanced Materials and Additive Manufacture;
- Provide the underpinning design skills and software skills required for entry into specialist subject areas for entry to the MSc Advanced Materials and Additive Manufacture;
You will study a variety of module content, some of which may be familiar to you.
3D Parametric CAD modelling
- Part modelling, Assembly modelling, Engineering Drawing Standards, Basic Engineering Analysis
Product Design and Development Methodologies
- Defining a product need and production of the Product Design Specification, Technology Readiness Levels (TRL) – Hype Cycle – Product Design Cycle, Innovation principles (models of innovation, diffusion of innovation)
Introduction to Material and Manufacturing Science
- Classification of Engineering Materials, Mechanical and Process Characteristics and Materials Testing, Failure modes, Material Selection tools.
Introduction to Engineering Mathematics
- Applications of the following: Calculus (Integration, Differentiation), Algebra (Quadratic Equations, Simultaneous Equations) Trigonometry, Matrices, Statistics.
Principles of Design for Manufacture.
- Economies of Scale, Flexibility V’s Productivity, Manufacturing limitations, Total Quality Management (TQM), Manufacturing Optimisation (Cost, Processes, Standardisation, Sustainability)
Manufacturing Process Categorisation.
- Subtractive, Formative and Additive. Impact of Production Volume. Personal Development Planning
- Self Analysis, CPD, Time Management


Re: chicken pox vaccine effectiveness
Here is the CDC's information on the varicella vaccine.
While there is certainly differing opinions here on DS regarding vaccination and how effective or long lasting they are, I recommend starting with the CDC and from there looking at the studies that they publish rather than individuals' "beliefs" on how well they work or how long they last.
Very few routine vaccines have boosters (they have a specific course whether it is 1 or 3 or more shots over a period of time). Immunity is increased in the population or built up over time with the specific course of the vaccination. Once the course of the immunization is complete, few have any additional recommended boosters due to the potential for waning immunity.
Last edited by z2akids; 10-03-2012 at 09:33 PM.


What is it used for?
- Dilating the pupil to aid examination of the inside of the eyeball, eg the fundus and retina.
- Paralysing the ciliary muscle in eye tests to determine the true refractive error of the lens (cycloplegic refraction), particularly in children. This helps the eye specialist to decide what sort of lens will be needed to correct vision.
- Treating a lazy eye (amblyopia) in children.
- Anterior uveitis. In this condition there is inflammation of the iris (the coloured part of the eye) and the ciliary body. Atropine eye drops are used to prevent painful spasms in the ciliary muscle and to prevent a complication where the iris can stick to the lens.
How does it work?
Minims atropine sulphate are single-use preservative-free eye drops that contain the active ingredient atropine. This is a type of medicine called an antimuscarinic. It is also known as a mydriatic (which means it dilates the pupil) and a cycloplegic (which means it temporarily paralyses the muscles that help your eyes focus).
Atropine works by blocking muscarinic receptors that are found in the muscles of the eye. These receptors are involved in controlling the size of the pupil and the shape of the lens.
By blocking the muscarinic receptors in the eye, atropine causes the pupil to dilate. It also temporarily paralyses the muscle that normally changes the shape of the lens so that the eyes can focus on an object.
Atropine eye drops are used to dilate the pupil and relax the lens so that eye examinations can be carried out thoroughly. They are often used to aid eye examinations in young children.
Atropine eye drops may also be used to treat a lazy eye in children. The drops are used in the good eye to dilate the pupil and blur near vision in the good eye, which encourages the lazy eye to work properly. The effect in the good eye is not permanent and vision in the good eye will return to normal once your child stops using the atropine.
Atropine eye drops are also used to relax the ciliary muscle in a condition called anterior uveitis. In this condition the iris (the coloured part of the eye) and the ciliary body are inflamed. The inflammation can cause painful spasms in the ciliary muscle and can result in the iris sticking to the lens. Atropine eye drops are used to prevent these problems. They are usually used in conjunction with steroid eye drops that reduce the inflammation in the iris and ciliary body.
How do I use it?
- Your doctor or eye specialist will usually put these drops in for you if they are being used in an eye examination.
- If you are using the drops as part of a treatment programme you should follow the instructions given by your doctor.
- Wash your hands before using the eye drops.
- Twist off the cap from the minim. Pull your lower eyelid down gently, and then gently squeeze the minim until one drop falls inside your lower eyelid. Make sure the dropper does not touch any parts of your eye or any other surface. Close your eyes to let the drop spread over the eyeball.
- You can minimise the amount of medicine that is absorbed into the bloodstream by pressing on the tear duct while putting in the drops, and for a few minutes after. The tear duct is at the corner of the eye closest to your nose. It is particularly important to do this if the drops are being used in children or elderly people.
- Repeat for the other eye if necessary, then throw away the minim even if some solution is left.
- These eye drops may give you blurred vision and your pupils may be bigger than normal for a few hours after the drops are put in, which can make your eyes more sensitive to light. You may want to wear sunglasses to protect your eyes while your pupils are bigger than normal. Do not drive or perform hazardous activities until these effects have worn off and your vision is clear again.
- When you stop using atropine as part of a treatment programme it can take about a week for pupil size in the treated eye to return to normal.
- Each minim is sterile and for single use only. It should contain enough solution to treat both eyes if required. If there is any solution left in the minim after use it should be discarded and not kept for future use, as it is likely to become contaminated with dirt or germs.
Use with caution in
- Elderly people (see above).
- Children (see above).
- People with raised pressure within the eyeball (raised intraocular pressure) or who could experience this when the pupil is dilated by these eye drops.
Not to be used in
- Closed angle glaucoma.
This medicine should not be used if you are allergic to one or any of its ingredients. Please inform your doctor or pharmacist if you have previously experienced such an allergy.
If you feel you have experienced an allergic reaction, stop using this medicine and inform your doctor or pharmacist immediately.
Pregnancy and breastfeeding
Certain medicines should not be used during pregnancy or breastfeeding. However, other medicines may be safely used in pregnancy or breastfeeding providing the benefits to the mother outweigh the risks to the unborn baby. Always inform your doctor if you are pregnant or planning a pregnancy, before using any medicine.
- The safety of this medicine for use uring pregnancy has not been established. Tell your doctor if you are or think you could be pregnant before using these eye drops.
- The safety of this medicine during breastfeeding has not been established. It may pass into breast milk. Tell your doctor if you are breastfeeding before using this medicine.
Medicines and their possible side effects can affect individual people in different ways. The following are some of the side effects that are known to be associated with this medicine. Just because a side effect is stated here, it does not mean that all people using this medicine will experience that or any side effect.
- Temporary stinging after putting in the drops.
- Temporary blurred vision and dilated pupils (see warning section above).
- Raised pressure inside the eye.
- With prolonged use, eye irritation, conjunctivitis, or redness or swelling of the eye or eyelid may occur.
- Dry mouth.
- Flushing or dryness of the skin.
- Increased body temperature.
- Difficulty passing urine.
- Increased heart rate.
The side effects listed above may not include all of the side effects reported by the medicine's manufacturer.
For more information about any other possible risks associated with this medicine, please read the information provided with the medicine or consult your doctor or pharmacist.
How can this medicine affect other medicines?
It is important to tell your doctor or pharmacist what medicines you are already taking, including those bought without a prescription and herbal medicines, before you start treatment with this medicine. Similarly, check with your doctor or pharmacist before taking any new medicines while using this one, to make sure that the combination is safe.
If you are using more than one type of eye drop you should administer them at least five minutes apart, to prevent the subsequent drops washing away the first. Use eye gels or ointments last.
Other medicines containing the same active ingredient
|Atropine eye drops|


Education & Training > Footprints in the Field
The world has serious problems to solve and it needs your help. Sustaining agriculture to provide quality food, fiber, and landscape beauty for our planet is not just about training new farmers. Farmers require a variety of support systems to be successful. Knowledge of agriculture is integral to a wide range of careers. Rutgers is dedicated to providing individuals with the tools to solve the difficult problems facing our state, nation, and world.
Our students and farm interns come from diverse backgrounds and go on to serve the changing needs of agriculture and all related fields. As active participants in cutting-edge research and its direct application, they gain character building experiences, comprehensive knowledge, leadership skills, and develop life long relationships. Rutgers School of Environmental and Biological Sciences and the Rutgers Research and Extension Farms are a unique combination because together they provide experiential education where classroom studies are applied in the field. There is no better way to learn than working side-by-side in the field with renowned Rutgers professors and successful urban fringe farmers. Interested in being part of the solution to major world problems? Come get your hands dirty with us.
Want to get a taste of a career related to agriculture?
Sustainable Agriculture: This Junior/Senior Colloquium is offered through the Rutgers School of Environmental and Biological Sciences. Get out of the classroom and into the field. Walk the rows with successful farmers of our state. Critically dissect controversial topics important to food and fiber production. Discuss sustainable agriculture issues with the movers and shakers of our region. Find your passion.


from The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia
- n. A back door; a postern.
- n. The term used by Vitruvius, and adopted from him in English, for the open vestibule of an ancient temple in the rear of the cella, corresponding to the pronaos at the front of the temple.
- n. Eccles., a reredos.
- n. [pl. postica (-kä).] In Rauff's terminology of sponge morphology, the cloacal openings of the exhalant canals or aporrhysa.
Sorry, no etymologies found.
On the right hand of the peristyle, near the entrance, is a private door, or _posticum_, leading into the Street of the Theatres, by which the master of the house might escape his importunate clients.
_ Obscure viridis (mas) aut niger (foem.), facie pectoreque albidis, antennis piceis, abdomine nigro-cupreo basi obscure testaceo, pedibus anterioribus tibiisque posticis basi obscure testaceis, pedibus posticis nigris, alis nigricantibus apud marginem posticum pallidioribus, halteribus testaceis.
_ Atra, nitens, brevissima, latissima; capite transverso, subruguloso; thorace scitissime punctato; abdomine cyaneo; tarsis flavis; alis nigris albido punctatis apud marginem posticum obscure cinereis.
Together these formed a windowless structure called the _cella_, beyond which was the rear porch, the _posticum_ or _epinaos_.
The vein must be drawn to the outside, and the thread passed round the artery, which lies close to the bone, on the ligamentum posticum of Winslowe.
[(\223it is so defended by) 29.8 (the lig) 9.8 (amentum superius anterium, and the lig) 9.8 (amentum posticum,)] TJ
a rectangular enclosed space for holding the statue of the god; second of the pronaos, a portico or vestibule in front of the cella with which it was connected by a door, while to the front it had open columns with rows of spaces between; third, the posticum, a portico behind the cella, and corresponding to the pronaos.


The battles started in 1982, when Missouri, Iowa and Nebraska challenged a government contract allowing water to be drawn from the Missouri River in South Dakota to flush coal through a pipeline to power plants in the southeast. The U.S. Supreme Court blocked the project, but other lawsuits followed, including an effort by upstream states to reduce the water released from dams in an attempt to boost sport fishing in the reservoirs.
Missouri, meanwhile, sued the Army Corps of Engineers when it held back water because of droughts and shortened the navigation season. Environmental groups also joined the court battles, advocating for spring surges and summer declines in downstream river levels to help threatened species of birds and fish.
So far, no lawsuits have been filed in the current competition for water. But battle lines have been drawn.
In May, North Dakota Sen. John Hoeven teamed up with Sen. Roy Blunt of Missouri to tour dams and levees along the Missouri River a year after devastating floods in 2011. The Republicans stressed their desire to work together to improve flood control and river management. Now they are on opposing sides.
“There are times when they need to get rid of water, and we need to appreciate what we have to do about that,” Blunt said. “And there are times when we need water, and they need to appreciate the fact that we need that water, even though they’d rather not get rid of it.”
Said Hoeven: “Obviously, we’re not going to be in agreement all the time.”
Senators from 17 states along the Mississippi and Ohio rivers sent Obama a letter urging him to intervene and release water from Missouri River reservoirs. A day later, 15 officeholders from upstream Missouri River states countered with a letter warning the White House that intervention would be unlawful and would “only exacerbate the drought-related losses already experienced” by towns, Native American tribes and industries that rely on the Missouri River.
The Corps of Engineers, which manages both the Missouri and Mississippi rivers, says its guidelines prohibit it from releasing water from the Missouri River reservoirs for the primary purpose of improving navigation on the Mississippi. That position was backed up by a 1990 report from the federal government’s General Accounting Office, though officials from downstream states believe Obama could trump that by declaring an emergency to avoid an “economic calamity.”
Martell says it’s hard to envision a truce in the water wars.
“The years we’ve really needed the water to stay here, it’s gone,” Martell said. “And then when we let it go, they complain about that, too. I don’t think there’s any happy medium.”


- Mexico is a country of huge potential that has demonstrated predictable stable economic growth. It is a dynamic market and analysts predict that its economy will be larger than the UK's by 2040.
- It covers an area (1,958 thousand sq km) about the same size as the whole of Western Europe and occupies a strategic global position, being the natural bridge between Latin America to the south and the United States and Canada to the north.
- With a population of Mexico 107.6 million (2009) is the largest trading nation in Latin America and one of the world's top 15. GDP has grown strongly since 1996 and the country has high levels of foreign direct investment. This has been driven by Mexico's competitive production costs, and since 1994 its membership of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA).
- As the economy has grown so has the demand for imports.
- Mexico is the only Latin American member of the OECD and is also a founding member of the World Trade Organisation.
- Mexico is also one of the WTO members with the greatest number of Free Trade Agreements (it currently has a network of 12 FTAs with 44 countries).
The Australian Government is working actively to promote and facilitate bilateral trade. The Australian Embassy and Austrade work closely with Australian companies in a range of sectors to help enhance new market opportunities in Mexico. Promotional events are conducted regularly to boost sales of Australian food and wine, education, tourism and mining technology and services.
In most sectors, Australian exporters face competition from other sources that benefit from significantly lower tariffs, due to Mexico's existing free trade agreements. However, Mexican companies are continually looking at diversifying their trade relationship and doing business with Australia is now a viable option for many. In addition, the Australian Government devotes considerable effort to improving the regulatory environment for Australian exporters and investors and in assisting Australian exporters to resolve market access issues as they arise.


During her first days at school in America, Ut experiences alienation and separation. Later, she finds understanding and acceptance. With his first encounters with a child from Vietnam, Raymond sees only her differences. Later, through closer encounters, he is able to see similarities in their needs and feelings. (McGraw-Hill Open Court, 2002)
This lesson was created as part of the Basal Alignment Project, during which teachers created CCSS-aligned lessons for existing literary and information texts in basal readers. All page numbers and unit/week designations found in this lesson relate to the edition of the basal reader named above. If you are using a trade book or different edition of this title, the page/unit/week references in this lesson will not match. Consult the content referenced in the body of the lesson to determine appropriate page numbers for your text.


We are pleased to announce that here at The Physio Hub we are now running a hydrotherapy service!
What is Hydrotherapy?
‘Hydrotherapy’ also known as ‘Aquatic Therapy’ involves therapy with the use of water/hydrotherapy pool as a treatment intervention.
Hydrotherapy is defined as:
” A physiotherapy program utilising the properties of water, designed by a suitably qualified Physiotherapist. The program should be specific for an indivdual to maximise function, which can be physical, physiological, or psychological. Treatments should be carried out by appropriately trained personnel, ideally in a purpose built, and suitably heated Aquatic Physiotherapy Pool“
Hydrotherapy pools are heated to a constant temperature of between 34 and 35 degrees to allow maximum physiological benefits. Hydrotherapy reduces the load on the joints and can be used to increase joint range of movement, stability and muscle strength in a warm environment. Hydrotherapy can also be effective in improving general mobility, balance and core stability.
So what are the benefits?
There are a number of benefits which can be both physical and psychological.
Therapeutic effects of exercise in the water:
- Pain Relief
- Maintenance or an increase in joint range of movement
- Increase in muscle strength
- Re-education of movement patterns
- Improvements in circulation
- Encouragement of functional activities
- Maintenance and improvements of balance
- Maintenance and improvments of co-ordination
Can my child access hydrotherapy and land based therapy?
Yes, hydrotherapy can be used in conjunction to land based therapies. The water provides an environment to allow specific movements which are often difficult to gain in a land based session.
Does my child need to be able to swim?
No, your child doesn’t need to be able to swim to access the hydrotherapy pool. Your child will be supervised by a therapist at all times. The sessions are ran on a 1:1 basis, dependent on client need.
How long will the sessions be?
Hydrotherapy sessions usually last between 25-30 minutes (this is time in the water) but this is dependent on a childs individual needs.
What assessments will take place?
The hydrotherapy sessions will take place 8 weeks of x1 session per week. We will run the sessions in 8 week blocks. An initial land based assessment will take place prior to sessions in the pool. Details of relevant medical information will be assessed, as most importantly we need to assess if the hydrotherapy pool is appropriate for your child. On completion of a block course of hydrotherapy, a dry land review will take place to review outcome measures and goals set on initial assessment.
“Hydrotherapy is fun and gives children freedom of movement only experienced in warm water”
We currently have time slots available!
Please contact clinic to speak to a member of our team on: 01429 872722.
Our sessions are currently taking place at the Pioneering Care Centre in Newton Aycliffe. The centre has great facilities with wheelchair access and changing facilities. The hydrotherapy pool has seated hoist access and also a ceiling track hoist to enter the pool.
If you require any futher information regarding this service or would like to speak to a therapist regarding hydrotherapy for your child, then please do not hesitate to contact clinic.
Hypermobility is a term commonly used. Hypermobility is the term used to describe the ability to move joints beyond the normal range of movement.
‘I think my child is Double-jointed, they are very bendy’
So what does it actually mean?
Joints are connected and supported by structures called ligaments. In children that are hypermobile these ligaments are more ‘stretchy’.
Hypermobility is relatively common. In fact it is just a normal variation of how our bodies are put together. Joint hypermobility is often of no medical consequence most children don’t even have any symptoms. Some children use hypermobility as an advantage. For example dancers, musicians and athletes.
Because the joints are more lax, hypermobile children can be prone to injury affecting these joints.These injuries may cause immediate pain and sometimes also lead to longer-term pain.Other problems with hypermobility include:
- Joint Pain
- Reduced Muscle Length
- Reduced Muscle Strength
- Reduced Joint Stability
- Recurrent soft tissue injuries
- Joint Contractures
At the Physio Hub with specific tailored exercise programmes we aim to:
- Reduce Pain
- Increase Muscle Length
- Increase Muscle Strength
- Increase Joint Stability
- Increase Proprioception
- Increase Co-ordination
A tailored therapy programme can improve function, independence and performance of individuals affected by hypermobility.
Do not hesitate to get in touch. 01429 872722
Reports of back pain in children is relatively common. Back pain or back ache can be caused by a number things. It is important however to assess the root cause of this problem. One thing it could be related to, is a possible scoliosis. Scoliosis in children is relatively common.Scoliosis occurs in approximately 3 out of every 100 people. For the majority of children, it’s not much of a problem.
Does your child have?
- Uneven shoulders
- Have one hip more raised than the other
- Do they lean to one side
- Do their ribs look asymmetrical
Scoliosis: What does it mean?
Scoliosis is an abnormal curve of the spine, it can be described as a ‘C’ or ‘S’ shape. Usually a scoliosis is diagnosed in early childhood or early adolescence.
What causes Scoliosis?
There are two types of Scoliosis:
Idiopathic: Which is the most common type of scoliosis. It means that there is no underlying cause.
Congenital/Neuromuscular: Which iscaused or related to a neurological condition.
Scoliosis affects both boys and girls equally. However, in girls they are x8 times more likely to require surgical or bracing interventions.
Early diagnosis is key and treatment helps to prevent any further progression.In around 90% of cases, no surgical or bracing intervention treatment is required because the spine corrects itself as the child grows.It is important however that strength and mobility is maintained within the spine during this process.
How can we help?
Here at the Physio Hub we aim to address the key issues:
- Find the Root Cause
- Assess the effect of Gravity
- Maintain Flexibility
- Increase Strength
As previously mentioned, many children with a scoliosis don’t have any symptoms. If there any other symptoms that your child presents with related to back pain, it is important to rule out any other causes.
If you have any queries regarding scoliosis or any concerns regarding your child’s back in general,then please don’t hesitate to contact us.
Does your child struggle to keep up with his peers or appear awkward in the way he moves when playing? Here at The Physio Hub we see many children who struggle with every day activities such as riding a bike, writing and P.E. Often professionals may use the term Dyspraxic.
What is Dyspraxia and what does it mean for my child?
Dyspraxia – now formally named Developmental Co-ordination Disorder (DCD), is a common but significant difficulty that affects a child’s movement skills. Problems include difficulty with being able to organise, plan and carry out an activity, children can appear awkward and clumsy and will often be reluctant to participate in activities that are unfamiliar to them.
What causes DCD?
There is no known cause for Developmental Co-ordination Disorder but it can have a significant effect on occupational performance such as writing, P.E and play skill which impacts greatly on self esteem and social participation.
Signs and Symptoms:
- Late Milestones
- Difficulty hopping, skipping, jumping, catching and riding a bike
- Poor hand writing and self care skills
- Hesitant to learn new tasks
- Anxious and distracted
- Poor organisation
- Reduced spatial awareness
- Reduced postural stability
Developmental Co-ordination Disorder can be identified by recognising that the child’s ability to acquire or carry out a co-ordinated motor skill is substantially below that expected for their age and skill opportunity and that it cannot be explained by any other neurological disorder or medical condition.
DCD might initially be identified through a child’s difficulty with hand writing which leads to further investigation or assessment into motor skills. A childs learning ability is not affected by Developmental Co-ordination Disorder, but the ability to place ideas and thoughts on paper can be if hand writing is a problem. Social participation and self esteem can also be reduced because poor movement skills decrease the likelihood of being involved in the same activities as their peers.
How can we help?
Children do not grow out Developmental Co-ordination disorder, it continues into adulthood if left undetected. Occupational Therapy at The Physio Hub offers both formal and informal assessment of your child’s movement skills including:
- Body awareness
- Motor Planning
- Postural control and stability
- Visual Perception
- Visual Motor Integration
Treatment programmes and intervention will focus on play activities that have been specifically analysed to incorporate both fine and gross movements to work on your child’s specific motor skills problems.
We cover a wide area across the North East of England, treating children from, Hartlepool, Stockton on Tees, Durham and further afield.
If you have any queries then please don’t hesitate to contact us.
Selective dorsal rhizotomy (SDR) is an operation used to improve / remove spasticity (muscle stiffness) in children with cerebral palsy.
Cerebral palsy occurs when a child sustains a brain injury early in life. It most commonly occurs at birth. Although the brain injury remains static throughout the child’s life, the difficulties associated with the condition can cause changes as the child is growing. In a child with cerebral palsy the damage to the brain tends to be in the area that controls muscle tone and movement of the arms and legs. There are several different types of cerebral palsy. SDR is a procedure which is increasingly being used to treat children with spastic cerebral palsy.
Spasticity refers to increased tone in a muscle. Normally, muscles have enough tone to maintain posture or movement against the force of gravity, while at the same time providing flexibility and speed of movement in order for us to move. In children with cerebral palsy the way in which the sensory nerve fibres work is abnormal, resulting in spasticity.
The basis of selective dorsal rhizotomy (SDR) involves dividing and cutting some of the sensory fibres in the spine to reduce spasticity, by decreasing the sensory stimulation whilst preserving voluntary movement.
What does it involve?
Selective Dorsal Rhizotomy (SDR) is a surgical procedure that involves making an incision in the lower back, to allow access to the end of the spinal cord and sensory nerve roots. It is performed under a general anaesthetic and the nerve roots that contribute to spasticity are divided. The reduction in spasticity is permanent.
Did you know?
SDR is most commonly used for children with diplegia (spasticity of 2 limbs).
Diplegia accounts for 25-30% of children born with cerebral palsy.
The technique was first developed in early 1900’s but is now much more advanced.
I’ve heard it isn’t available in the UK?
The surgery is not routinely commissioned by the NHS but is currently under review.
At present SDR is available in the UK. However, it is only commissioned in 5 hospitals:
– Alder Hey Children’s NHS Foundation Trust
– Great Ormond Street Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust
– Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust
– Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust
– University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust
Each hospital where SDR is available, gather data and results from each SDR case within the UK. With these results hopefully SDR will continue to be commissioned in trusts within the UK. At present it is not a definite that SDR will continue to be commissioned.
SDR: United States of America
You may have heard of SDR surgery being carried out in America. A well-known neurosurgeon involved with the SDR procedure is Dr.Parks, who is based at St.Louis Children’s Hospital.
Is my child suitable?
A strict criteria is required for suitable candidates due to the intense nature of physiotherapy required post SDR. The UK criteria is much stricter than in America.
Children between 3 and 12 years of age with typical spastic diplegia.
Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) level II or III.
Children who demonstrate adequate muscle strength in the legs and trunk.
It is recommended that there needs to be at least three months from the last botulinum toxin injection and at least six months from orthopaedic surgery before considering SDR.
It is important to remember that not all children with Cerebral Palsy are suitable for SDR surgery. SDR is a definitive procedure and cannot be reversed.
How can The Physio Hub Help?
The SDR guidelines state intense Physiotherapy is required post SDR. Private funding is normally explored for children who undergo SDR. After discharge the aim of a physiotherapy programme is to continue to develop strength in the child’s lower limbs, trunk and pelvis increase range of movement in the legs and to develop and improve walking. The ongoing local physiotherapy, needs to be discussed and agreed preoperatively. Regular postoperative physiotherapy is essential to obtain the best results after SDR.
Here at The Physio Hub we are specialised paediatric physiotherapists who will help your child every step of the way through the SDR process. The Physio Hub offers physiotherapy to children in the Hartlepool, Stockton and Middlesbrough area. We also cover a broader area within the North East region. We currently have clients who have undergone the SDR who are at present going through the rehabilitation process with us.
The team use up to date evidence based practice and research to ensure the best possible treatment and interventions.
We also work closely with local NHS services following your child’s SDR to ensure joint goal setting.
We can also provide Pre-op physiotherapy for your child. It is recommended that before SDR takes place, a programme of physiotherapy is advised to ensure optimum muscle strength.
Imogen is one of our little superstars here at The Physio Hub. Imogen is now 1 year post-SDR surgery. Pre-surgery Imogen was mobile with her K-Walker and was unable to stand independently. A year of hard work and determination and she is now mobile with x 2 walking sticks. She is also practising her walking, unaided and is continuing to improve everyday.
Well Done Imogen! Keep up your super hard work!
If you require any further information then please don’t hesitate to get in touch.
Following several enquiries from parents requesting information on how private therapy works along side that provided by the NHS we thought you may be interested on the guidance given from the DOH (Department of Health) CSP ( Chartered Society of Physiotherapists) and BAOT (British Association of Occupational Therapists) on how this works. Here at The Physio Hub we strive to work alongside NHS therapists to provide the best care for children and their families.
In 2009 the DOH published guidance for NHS patients who pay for additional private care. Key points included:
you’re still entitled to NHS care free of charge if you choose to pay for additional private services
your position on a waiting list should not be affected when choosing to pay for private services
The CSP states:
Patients who choose to be treated privately are entitled to NHS services on exactly the same basis of clinical need as any other patient and should not have NHS treatment withdrawn or refused because they also have private care. Patients have a right to choose where they seek treatment, and in some cases this can result in patients seeking and receiving concurrent treatment in both the NHS and private sectors.
As with any other patient who moves between NHS and private status, patients who pay for private physiotherapy care should not be put at any advantage or disadvantage in relation to the NHS care they receive. They are entitled to NHS services on exactly the same basis of clinical need as any other patient.
If you and another practitioner are involved in the treatment of the same service user, you
should work co-operatively, liaising with each other and agreeing areas of responsibility. This should be communicated to the service user and all relevant parties
– Are you in the process of transitioning between a Statement of Educational Needs and an Educational Health Care Plan (EHC)?
– Do you require further independent advice regarding your child’s therapy needs?
– Have you been told that you can not gather an independent opinion because it will not be accepted by the local authority?
Section 6 quotes that: Where the local authority secures an EHC needs assessment for a child or young person, it must seek the following advice and information, on the needs of the child or young person, and what provision may be required to meet such needs and the outcomes that are intended to be achieved by the child or young person receiving that provision.
A) Advice and information from the child’s parent
B) Educational advice and information
D) Psychological advice from an educational psychologist
E) Advice and information in relation to social care
F) Any other advice the local authority feels is appropriate
G)Advice and information in relation to transition into adult services for children in year 9 and above
If you require any further advice please do not hesitate to contact the clinic: 01429 872722


The presence of water is an essential requirement for the development of excessive power concrete.Cement through itself doesn’t have any binding homes. However, the reaction of cement and water produces a compound calcium silicate hydrate( higher referred to as the C-S-H gel) that is the pleasant binder.
Water used in concrete should be free from any impurities and should be portable water which is clean and match for drinking. Since the presence of acidic and fundamental salts can affect the electricity of concrete. However, if not anything can be achieved to make clean water to be had than sea water also can be used deliberating the strength losses incurred by the usage of the former.
The presence of water imparts a natural glide to the concrete making it simpler to be used and carried out to the floor of the masonry.
The water cement ratio is an important property for a prepared mix design; masons have a terrible habit of growing the share of water content material in cement as compared to the requirements which beautify the workability and makes it less difficult to move, manage, blend, location and consolidate. However, excessive water content material decreases the compressive energy of concrete, in keeping with the inverse relation of water cement ratio and strength of concrete given by means of Abraham.
A huge use of water is within the curing of concrete. Curing is the method of keeping concrete in contact with water for a minimum duration of 7 days for its ultimate strength increase. Since water has a excessive unique gravity, it is able to take the heat escaping out from the floor of concrete and assist inside the prevention of thermal cracks shaped because of the immoderate warmth evolved during the process of hydration. The tests performed through satisfactory manipulate unit entails trying out the compressive power of a a hundred and fifty mm concrete cube kept in a curing tank for three,7,14 and 28 days respectively. A comparable test technique for flexural electricity involves curing the briquettes in water and backbone of its electricity.
Concrete is robust in compression, however vulnerable in anxiety and therefore the tensile energy comes out to be negligible. However, its take a look at is suggested to calculate the quantity of reinforcement needed underneath neutral axis at zones subjected to excessive tensile stresses and within the development of prestressed concrete. For a newly created structure, the surface is stored wet for numerous days with the aid of setting burlaps and jute sacks over the columns and staircases and enclosing a area full of water for curing the roof, this permits sluggish break out of heat from the shape and forestalls the improvement of any cracks. Researchers have experimentally found out that steam curing is the nice shape of curing for remaining electricity improvement of concrete.
The elements cited above prove the significance of water in concrete to be essential.


- Jishnu Vijayan C K, Nasim s, Shiyad A
- Consumption of energy and predict failure in electronic equipment's and provide monthly current usage .
- predict the circuit failure.
- Read the energy use.
- Sending monthly current usage.
- Indicate over usage of energy.
- Check regular usage
- Assign each devise have specific amount of energy unit.
- Indicate user the energy details.
Our device was place between the object.and it will check the average usage and assign the current. If the object was using higher amount, that we assigned, it will will indicate the user. The device also store this values in cloud and available for further reference. At the last of month it will calculate the amount of energy uasage.
Current systems only detect the current/voltage.
Our module communicate with user. And inform failure.
Data storage on cloud.
Calculate monthly electricity bill.
Inform over load.


- Prayer and Worship
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- Issues and Action
- Catholic Giving
- About USCCB
As a result of our conversations on the eucharist, we Roman Catholic and Lutheran theologians wish to record, chiefly and first of all, our profound gratitude to God for the growing unity on this subject which we see in our day.
Our responsibility is to try to articulate and explain this increasing agreement to the people and leadership of our churches, so that they may test for themselves what we have discussed and draw whatever conclusions in thought and action they find appropriate. What we have to report is not so much original with us as simply one manifestation of a growing consensus among many Christian traditions on the Lord's supper.1
Ours, however, is a specifically Roman Catholic-Lutheran contribution. It attempts to go beyond the more general ecumenical discussion of the eucharist to an examination of the particular agreements and disagreements of our two traditions. While we have considered the biblical and patristic sources of eucharistic doctrine and practice in our preparatory conversations, this statement deals with problems that have become particularly acute for Lutherans and Roman Catholics as a result of the sixteenth-century controversies. It does not try to treat the sacrament of the altar comprehensively.
Our attention has focused on two issues: the eucharist as sacrifice, and the presence of Christ in the sacrament. These issues have been especially divisive in the past and are involved in most of our historical disagreements on eucharistic doctrine and practice. For this reason it seems to us important to enunciate our growing agreement on these two points, even though there are other aspects of the sacrament of the altar we have not yet discussed.
I. THE EUCHARIST AS SACRIFICE2 With reference to the eucharist as sacrifice, two affirmations have not been denied by either confession; four aspects of the problem have been major points of divergence.
II. THE PRESENCE OF CHRIST IN THE LORD'S SUPPER
Here, too, there are areas in which this group believes that Roman Catholics and Lutherans can make the same affirmations, and others in which our agreement is not yet complete.
Today, however, when Lutheran theologians read contemporary Catholic expositions,35 it becomes clear to them that the dogma of transubstantiation intends to affirm the fact of Christ's presence and of the change which takes place, and is not an attempt to explain how Christ becomes present. When the dogma is understood in this way, Lutherans find that they also must acknowledge that it is a legitimate way of attempting to express the mystery, even though they continue to believe that the conceptuality associated with "transubstantiation" is misleading and therefore prefer to avoid the term.
Our conversations have persuaded us of both the legitimacy and the limits of theological efforts to explore the mystery of Christ's presence in the sacrament. We are also persuaded that no single vocabulary or conceptual framework can be adequate, exclusive or final in this theological enterprise. We are convinced that current theological trends in both traditions give great promise for increasing convergence and deepened understanding of the eucharistic mystery.
There are still other questions that must be examined before we Catholic and Lutheran participants in these conversations would be prepared to assess our over-all agreements and disagreements on the doctrine of the sacrament of the altar. To mention two important omissions, we have not yet attempted to clarify our respective positions on the roles of the laity and the clergy, the "general" and "special" priesthood, in sacramental celebrations, nor have we discussed the pressing problem of the possibilities of intercommunion apart from full doctrinal and ecclesiastical fellowship.
On the two major issues which we have discussed at length, however, the progress has been immense. Despite all remaining differences in the ways we speak and think of the eucharistic sacrifice and our Lord's presence in his supper, we are no longer able to regard ourselves as divided in the one holy catholic and apostolic faith on these two points. We therefore prayerfully ask our fellow Lutherans and Catholics to examine their consciences and root out many ways of thinking, speaking and acting, both individually and as churches, which have obscured their unity in Christ on these as on many other matters.
October 1, 1967
1Various terms are current in the different Christian traditions for this sacrament: e.g., eucharist, holy communion, sacrament of the altar, mass. We shall use them interchangeably. Further, in order to mark the way our statement shares in the growing ecumenical consensus, we shall, on occasion, use language from the documents of the ecumenical movement to express our own convictions.
2Scripture and the history of theology contain many ways of describing Christ's sacrifice and therefore also the sacrificial character of the memorial of that sacrifice which is the eucharist. The most general meaning of "sacrifice" is broader than any current in contemporary usage-or in that of the sixteenth century. Thus, according to the Second World Conference on Faith and Order (Edinburgh, 1937), "If sacrifice is understood as it was by our Lord and His followers and in the early Church, it includes, not His death only, but the obedience of His earthly ministry, and His risen and ascended life, in which He still does His Father's will and ever liveth to make intercession for us" (L. Vischer, ed., A Documentary History of the Faith and Order Movement, 1927-1963 [St. Louis: Bethany Press, 1963] p. 57). In what follows, however, no particular theory of "sacrifice" or of related terms such as "propitiation" is presupposed.
3Consultation on Church Union: Principles (Cincinnati: Foreward Movement Press, 1967) p. 50. See also the Montreal Faith and Order affirmation: the Lord's supper is "a sacrament of the presence of the crucified and glorified Christ until he come, and a means whereby the sacrifice of the cross, which we proclaim, is operative within the church" (P.C. Rodger, ed., The Fourth World Conference on Faith and Order: Montreal, 1963, p. 73).
4Rodger, op. cit., pp. 73-74. See also the Apology of the Augsburg Confession XXIV, 30-88, esp. 33, 35, 74-75, 87. References to the Lutheran Confessions are based on Die Bekenntnisschriften der Evangelisch-Lutherischen Kirche (5th ed.; Gottingen, 1964.)
5Rodger, op. cit., p. 73.
6Luther says: "not that we offer Christ as a sacrifice, but that Christ offers us"; but he also holds that this involves a sense in which "we offer Christ": "Through it (faith), in connection with the sacrament, we offer ourselves, our need, our prayer, praise and thanksgiving in Christ, and thereby we offer Christ.. . . I also offer Christ in that I desire and believe that he accepts me and my prayer and praise and presents it to God in his own person" (A Treatise on the New Testament, in Luther's Works 35 [Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1961] 98-101). This agrees with the testimony of the Second Vatican Council, which, quoting St. Augustine, says that the "aim" of the sacrifice offered in the eucharist is that "the entire commonwealth of the redeemed, that is, the community and the society of the saints, be offered as a universal sacrifice to God through the High Priest who in His Passion offered His very Self for us that we might be the body of so exalted a Head" (Decree on the Ministry and Life of Priests, no. 2; tr. W.M. Abbott and J. Gallagher, 'eds., The Documents of Vatican II [New York: Guild Press, 1966] pp. 535-36; quotation from Augustine's City of God 10, 6). The continuation of this quotation is paraphrased in the 1947 encyclical i, no. 125: "in the sacrament of the altar which she [the church] offers, she herself is also offered." The contemporary Catholic theologian Karl Rahner explains this point by saying that the eucharistic offering of Christ inseparably involves "the believing, inner 'yes' of men to the movement of loving obedience of Christ to the Father." He goes on to speak directly to the fears which Protestants have expressed regarding the notion of the "sacrifice of the mass": "The sacrifice of the mass creates no new gracious and saving will in God vis-a-vis the world which did not already exist through the cross (and only through the cross!)." "We can speak of 'moving' God to forgiveness, reconciliation, mercy and assistance through the sacrifice of the mass only in the sense that the gracious will a God, founded exclusively on the reconciliation of the cross, becomes visible in the sacrifice of the mass, comes to man ... and takes hold of him"-producing, Rahner goes on to suggest, manifold effects in the worshipers and, through their actions and prayers, in the world ("Die vielen Messen and das eine Opfer," Zeitschrift für katholische Theologie 71  267 and 288).
7A question can still be raised whether the word "propitiatory," given its usual connotations, correctly describes the Father's action in Christ on Calvary. Cf. C.F.D. Moule, The Sacrifice of Christ (Philadelphia, Fortress Press, 1964), pp. vi-viii, 33 f., and the literature cited on p. 46.
8Denzinger-Schönmetzer 1753 (950).
10A. Vonier, Collected Works 2 (London, 1952) 343. It should be noted that Vonier does not regard such a statement as irreconcilable with his own insistence on the uniqueness and sufficiency of Christ's sacrifice.
11Cf. Constitution on the Sacred Liturgy, nos. 26 and 27.
12Cf. Constitution on the Sacred Liturgy, no. 7; St. Augustine, Treatise on the Gospel of John 6, 1, 7 (PL 35, 1428).
13Cf. Constitution on the Sacred Liturgy, no. 7; Instruction on Eucharistic Worship (May 25, 1967) no. 9; FC (= Formula of Concord) SD (= Solid Declaration) VIII, 76-84.
141 Cor. 11:27. Cf. Denzinger-Schönmetzer (hereafter DS) 1636, 1640 f., 1651, 1653. Writing of the eucharistic presence, E. Schlink states: "The divine nature of Christ is not without the human nature and the human nature is not without the divine nature" (Theology of the Lutheran Confessions [Philadelphia, 1961] p. 158.) See also FC SD VII, 60; VIII, 76-84.
15Cf. DS 1636; Ap ( = Apology of the Augsburg Confession) X, 1, 4; FC Ep (= Epitome) VII, 6, 34; SD VII, 88, 126.
16DS 1636. Cf. FC SD VII, 38.
17Cf. DS 1636; FC Ep VII, 16 f.; SD VII, 97-103, 106.
18DS 1636. Cf. FC Ep VII, 15; SD VII, 63.
19FC Ep VII, 14 f. In the context of the Formula of Concord, it is clear that "spiritual" here is not opposed to "real." Cf. SD VII, 94-106, 118.
20Cf AC (= Augsburg Confession) X; Ap X, 1 ff.; FC Ep VII, 6 f., 26 ff., 34; SD VII, 2-11, 38, 48 f.; DS 1636, 1651.
21Cf. DS 1651; FD SD VII, 7, 49, 116; Constitution on the Sacred Liturgy, nos. 33, 59; Instruction on Eucharistic Worship, no. 6.
22Consultation on Church Union: Principles, p. 49.
23Cf. LC ( = Large Catechism) V, 9f. , 14; FC Ep VII, 9, 35; SD VII, 73-82, 89, 121; DS 1636 f.;1640. See also DS 1612; FC Ep VII, 8; SD VII, 16, 32, 89; LC IV, 52, and V, 4 ff., 15-18. Catholics see in these affirmations of the Lutheran Confessions the essential content of the Catholic doctrine of the ex opere operato working of the sacraments. In some of the pre-Tridentine Confessions, Lutherans rejected a concept of opus operatum which Catholics do not recognize as their own. Cf. DS 1606 ff., 1612.
24Cf. AC X, 1; FC SD VII, 14; Ep VII, 6: "We believe ... that in the holy supper the body and blood of Christ are truly and essentially present and are truly distributed and received (wahrhaftig ausgeteilet und empfangen werde). . ." In his Sermon on the Sacrament of the Body and Blood of Christ (1526; WA [ = Weimar edition] 19, 491, 13), Luther declared: "As soon as Christ says: 'This is my body,' his body is present through the Word and the power of the Holy Spirit" (tr. F. Ahrens, American edition 36, 341). Cf. WA 30/1, 53, 122.-Trent (DS 1654) refers to Christ's presence before reception as "ante (usum)." For Trent usus means the actual reception by the communicant: "in usu, dum sumitur" (ibid.). Lutherans speak of the whole liturgical action as usus: the consecration, distribution and reception (sumptio) of the sacrament (FC SD VII, 85 f.). If, therefore, Lutherans do not speak of Christ being present before or apart from "use," this is not to be understood as contradicting Trent; for the Lutheran Confessions agree that Jesus is present (adesse) in the sacrament before he is received (sumi), that is, ante sumptionem. It is "the body and blood of Christ" which "are distributed to us to eat and to drink.. .." (SD VII, 82).
25DS 1643: "(sacramentum) quod fuerit a Christo Domino, ut sumatur, institutum."
26Cf. Phil 2:10.
27Cf. DS 1643, 1656; FC SD VII, 126: one must not "deny that Christ himself, true God and man, who is truly and essentially present in the Supper when it is rightly used, should be adored in spirit and in truth in all places but especially where his community is assembled" (ed. T.G. Tappert). See also Luther, WA 11, 447 (Amer. ed. 36, 294); St. Augustine, On Psalm 98, 9 (PL 37, 1264).
28Instruction on Eucharistic Worship, no. 49.
29Cf. ibid. As Dom Lambert Beauduin has expressed it, the eucharist was not reserved in order to be adored; rather, because it was reserved, it was adored (cf. Melanges liturgiques . . . de Dom L. Beauduin [Louvain, 1954] p. 265). It should be noted, however, that adoration of the reserved sacrament has been very much a part of Catholic life and a meaningful form of devotion to Catholics for many centuries.
30Instruction on Eucharistic Worship, no. 58; cf. Constitution on the Sacred Liturgy, no. 13.
31AC XXII, 1.
32Cf. Constitution on the Sacred Liturgy. no. 55. It should be noted that some scholars hold that communion under both kinds has not always been the practice within the church even in ancient times. For example, J. Jeremias (The Eucharistic Words of Jesus [New York, 1964] p. 115) suggests that "the breaking of the bread" in the New Testament refers to communion under one species. Other scholars disagree.
33Cf. Instruction on Eucharistic Worship, no. 32.
34Lutherans traditionally speak of the change that takes place in the elements as involving a sacramental union with the body and blood of Christ analogous to the hypostatic union of the human and divine natures in Christ; cf. FC SD VII, 36 f Coupled with this affirmation is the statement that the bread and wine are essentially untransformed (unvorwandelten); cf. SD VII, 35 In Ep VII, 22 the Roman Catholic affirmation of transubstantiation is understood to involve an annihilation (zunicht werden) of the bread and wine. It should be noted, however, that Trent's understanding of transubstantiation has nothing to do with the idea of annihilation of the elements. Catholic theologians emphasize today that the substantial change of bread and wine is a sacramental change which involves no change in "the chemical, physical or botanical reality of bread and wine" (E. Schillebeeckx, "Transubstantiation, Transfinalization, Transignification," Worship 40  337). Further, on the basis of Ap X, 2, which cites with approval the Greek tradition that the bread is truly changed into the body of Christ ("mutato pane"; "panem…vere mutari"), there is a certain sense in which "one can stand on Lutheran ground and talk about a transformation of the elements (Verwandlung der Elemente). Cf. Fr. Brunstaed, Theologie der lutherischen Bekenntnisschrifien (Guetersloh, 1951) p. 156.
35Cf. K. Rahner, "The Presence of Christ in the Sacrament of the Lord's Supper," in Theological Investigations 4 (Baltimore, 1966) 287-311; E. Schillebeeckx, "Christus tegenwoordigheid in de Eucharistie," Tijdschrift voor Theologie 5 (1965) 136-72.
[Louvain, 1954] p. 265). It should be noted, however, that adoration of the reserved sacrament has been very much a part of Catholic life and a meaningful form of devotion to Catholics for many centuries.
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‘It’s Christmastime. There’s no need to be afraid.
At Christmastime, we let in light and we banish shade…’
Those immortal lyrics from the original, 1984, release of Do They Know It’s Christmas is the opening of a song that reminds us all to spare a thought for those around the world less fortunate than us over the holiday season.
The song's message primarily concerns itself with those in developing nations but, with Christmas only a few days away, perhaps it rings true for many people in our local neighbourhood.
Whilst for most Christmas is a time of presents, lights, trees, over indulgence, Bucks Fizz and rubbish TV, for others it can be a challenging and lonely time of year.
This sense of isolation can come from an individual’s personal circumstances making it difficult for them to join in with the traditional Christmas activities.
Financial restraints can make individuals feel inadequate because they are unable to be as generous as others. This makes them susceptible to financial abuse from loan sharks or short term loan companies, some of whom charge in excess of 1000% interest (no, that’s not a typo).
Isolation from loved ones, particularly for those in a residential setting, is a real problem that can cause depression, low self-esteem and in extreme cases thoughts of being better off dead.
Christmas is not necessarily the most wonderful time of the year.
So what can you do either as someone facing challenges or as a part of their support circle to make sure they’re simply having a wonderful Christmas time?
More people get into debt during the Christmas period than at any other time of the year. The commercialisation of Christmas has meant that generosity and a giving spirit means ‘stuff’. And lots of it. Throw in retailers going into Christmas sales earlier and earlier and we are all encouraged to spend to almost orgiastic levels.
Don’t give in. Work out how much you can spend and divide that up amongst the people you want to buy gifts for. It’s advisable to start saving before the big day but we also appreciate that’s not always possible.
Be pragmatic. If you and a friend have a tradition of spending £10 on each other just agree not to bother. That £10 can be better spent elsewhere and you can guarantee they could do with the money too.
If you can’t afford presents be honest about it. Your family and friends won’t thank you for getting into debt for them. Pennies to pounds say they would happily return the gifts and get you your money back. Christmas is about more than presents.
Budgeting also goes for food too. The sheer array of treats, snacks, sweets, desserts and nibbles that floods the supermarkets this time of year tests even the most nutrition conscious individuals. Focus on needs over wants and remember the supermarkets are not closed for ever!
As Alexander Pope once wrote: unchosen solitude is the most lethal kind.
Admittedly avoiding isolation is easier said than done but making sure you’re not alone for Christmas Day is, for many people, incredibly important.
For people who are alone, many believe that they’ll be imposing themselves on family or friends but that isn’t the case. Remember, not asking a question is robbing someone of the chance to say yes.
If you have the space (or even if you don’t) invite friends and family to your home for Christmas. It may be cramped but it’ll be fun filled and unforgettable (hopefully for the right reasons!)
Look out for events that are going on in your local community, for example many coastal towns have a Christmas Day swim across the local harbour. We’re not suggesting everyone dives into the sea in an attempt to embrace the festive spirit but it does present an opportunity to be around other people who are enjoying the spectacle, this can be very uplifting.
If you are on your own…
If you aren’t able to spend your day with family or friends, make your day as fun as possible:
Decorate! As much as you are able, make your home a winter wonderland.
If you can afford it, book a table at a pub or restaurant for Christmas dinner. Admittedly a table for one isn’t always ideal but you’ll be amongst people and the staff will be willing to chat.
Volunteer at a drop in centre or homeless shelter. An extra pair of hands is always appreciated and chances are you will meet some nice people, which may even lead to other opportunities in the months to come and open up a whole new network!
Go for a Christmas Day walk. Whilst most places are closed on Christmas day, nature is not and a festive stroll can do you the world of good.
Pamper yourself! Have a lie in. Have a long relaxing bath. Read a book with the fire on and music playing in the background.
Phone/FaceTime/Skype those who matter most to you.
The most important thing to remember about Christmas, whether you are a practicing Christian or not, alone or not is it’s a day of hope. Keep focused on that simple message and make your Christmas, whatever you’re doing, wherever you are, a hope filled one.


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In the greek tragedy, oedipus the king, the irony of fate brings the downfall of oedipus fate, in this story affects three specific characters. In sophocles “oedipus the king,” the concept of fate was initially presented as one that may be defied and avoided through careful planning and analysis. The prophecy had been made about oedipus as soon as he was born this is not an example of the work written by our professional essay writers if you need .
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Oedipus the king: the tragedy of fate essaysin the play oedipus the king, oedipus displays all of the qualities of the greek tragic hero like all tragic heroes,. Although throughout the greek history, stories portray the “hero” realizing that he cannot avert fate, oedipus ignores this and attempts to garner. Free essays from bartleby | laius's murder ironically leads him to unwittingly curse himself oedipus is considered to be a perfect tragedy a good tragedy.
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Baring-Gould dates The Adventure of the Mazarin Stone in the summer of 1903. As only the season is given, dating the Mazarin Stone is a complicated matter. This is especially true when one considers the questions of canonicity that surround the story. We will examine both dates and the story’s authenticity in our analysis. The story was first published in October of 1921.
The Adventure of the Mazarin Stone is an adaptation of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle’s Play, The Crown Diamond. Holmes, commissioned by some of the highest offices in England, sets the stage for the dramatic conclusion of his most recent case; the recovery of the Mazarin Stone, a priceless crown diamond. Written in the third person and containing only a brief appearance by Dr. Watson, The Mazarin Stone does not focus on the case itself, but rather on the stunning recovery of the jewel.
In the entire Canon, no story has occasioned as much speculation (or, indeed, as much controversy) as The Mazarin Stone. An overwhelming majority of scholars dismiss this story as a forgery, and while its authorship remains in dispute, it is quite clear that we cannot assume MAZA’s canonicity.
Indeed, it is your author’s conviction that The Mazarin Stone is a fake. As such, the subtext contained within cannot be properly examined. In its place, then, we shall examine evidence which suggests that this story does not belong amongst Holmes’ cases.
The Adventure of the Mazarin Stone contains several elements which have led scholars to question the story’s authenticity. Here we shall examine each in turn, before turning to the question of authorship.
The dating in this story is quite inconsistent (and while Watson was famous for his random assignment of dates, this story goes above and beyond mere typos and misread notes).
By all accounts The Mazarin Stone should be placed in the later half of Canon (the casual use of a gramophone and the presence of Holmes’ wax bust assures us of this) and yet the presence of Billy the page makes this quite impossible. The reader will undoubtedly recall Billy’s last appearance, which occurred in The Valley of Fear. As this case was set in 1888, Billy, who at best was ten, would now be twenty-five. Odd, is it not, that in MAZA Billy remains an unchanged child. This certainly gives new meaning to Watson’s comment that Billy does not change.
There is, of course, another explanation; that the author was trying, desperately, to make this story as authentic as possible. There is a good deal of evidence to support this theory. The inclusion of Billy, then, can be seen as a mere attempt at duplicating Watson’s earlier work.
In fact, we see this again in the description of Baker Street:
He looked round him at the scientific charts upon the wall, the acid-charred bench of chemicals, the violin-case leaning in the corner, the coal-scuttle, which contained of old the pipes and tobacco.
Surely at this point in Canon there is no need to describe Baker Street in such exacting detail. In fact, the entire sentence reeks of effort.
It is also quite unusual for Holmes’ cases to present elements of familiarity, and yet, The Mazarin Stone does exactly that. A large portion of this story was borrowed from The Adventure of the Empty House. We know it unlikely that Holmes would have occasion to reuse his wax bust (which is oddly lacking in a bullet hole through its skull), but if he had then surely the events warranting its use would differ from EMPT. Holmes, fearful of air riffles for a second time, goes beyond mere coincidence; and here again we see evidence that MAZA is not an authentic story, the borrowed plot simply too convenient, the parallels between the Count (MAZA) and Moran (EMPT) almost laughable.
Holmes’ role in the story, too, only serves to increase our doubt. The Mazarin Stone is not a tale of Holmes using his powers of observation and deduction. It is a story of Holmes outwitting two criminals. While we will concede that Holmes was, on occasion, exceedingly clever, Holmes’ true gift was in the investigation, not the dramatic conclusion. MAZA gives us only the conclusion, suggesting that the story’s author was unfamiliar with the Great Detective’s true work.
As the story progresses, we discover that Holmes anticipates being murdered. In (we will admit) a very Holmes-like fashion, Holmes sends Watson away. There is some protest on Watson’s behalf, but all too soon Watson agrees to take Holmes’ note to Scotland Yard, leaving Holmes in mortal danger. This is perhaps the biggest indication of this story’s falsehood, for Watson would never leave Holmes to face danger alone. As wilful as we know Holmes to be, when it comes to Holmes’ safety, Watson is by far the more stubborn man.
There are also layout problems with Baker Street. At one point, Holmes asks Billy to see the Count in their waiting room, and yet, never before has it been suggested that Baker Street even has a waiting room. The same can be said for Holmes’ mysterious second bedroom door. The entire layout of Baker Street, then, has been changed to suit this story’s plot. Had this story been authentic, this could not have happened.
Gone, too, are Lestrade and Gregson, replaced by Youghal of the C.I.D.. It should be noted that this is the first, and last, time we hear of Youghal (and the C.I.D.).
There are also questions surrounding the case’s plausibility. In the final act, Holmes sneaks out from his bedroom and crosses across the sitting room to displace the wax dummy and sit in its place. Given previous accounts of Baker Street, this is absolutely impossible to accomplish without being seen. Even if Holmes banked on the Count’s distraction, there is no possible way he would have taken so great a risk.
The gramophone, too, brings up several interesting questions. Holmes uses it to stage his violin playing, and yet, at that point in history, finding a recording with an unaccompanied violin would have been next to impossible. Surely Holmes did not expect the Count to believe he was playing an entire orchestra.
Finally, both Holmes and Watson are horribly clichéd. At one point the author tells us:
Holmes seldom laughed, but he got as near it as his old friend Watson could remember.
We have long since dismissed this claim (in fact, at one point Holmes dances and laughs and wrings Watson’s hand –HOUN) and so we must question why it is that, in this story, of all stories, Holmes is known to seldom laugh. Clearly this story was written by one who did not know Holmes well.
We have shown, then, that this story was not written by Watson. We can safely assume that it was not written by Holmes (surely Holmes would have focused on the process of observation and deduction which led him to uncover the Count’s identity). Who, then, did write this story?
We know that The Mazarin Stone is an adaptation of a play written by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. Could it be that Doyle (who had been acting as a literary agent for Watson for some time) wrote this tale? Perhaps Watson (who was now busy with domestic life in Sussex) was unable to meet his publisher’s deadline. Perhaps it was he, then, who requested Doyle’s aid (recalling, of course, Doyle’s successful play).
This is certainly the most popular theory, and yet others have suggested a variety of authors, ranging from Watson’s wife, to Mrs. Hudson, to Billy the Page, to Inspector Lestrade.
Perhaps the most interesting theory of all (and it should be noted that it is by far the least popular theory) is that the entire Casebook of Sherlock Holmes is a forgery. Scholars have speculated that the Casebook was written by an anonymous third party who had access to Watson’s notes. There has been some speculation that Watson, at this point, had died prematurely, leaving Holmes alone with his bees. While this explanation would certainly explain the inconsistencies in the Casebook, it is still your author’s conviction that Watson was alive and well, and that he simply lacked the time to meet a contracted deadline, hence requiring him to seek out Doyle’s aid in throwing together a hastily constructed story.


Microstereolithography and Other Fabrication Techniques for 3D MEMS
Vijay K. Varadan, Xiaoning Jiang, V. V. Varadan
- 出版商: Wiley
- 出版日期: 2001-03-14
- 售價: $1,200
- 貴賓價: 9.8 折 $1,176
- 語言: 英文
- 頁數: 274
- 裝訂: Hardcover
- ISBN: 047152185X
- ISBN-13: 9780471521853
- A unique and accessible overview of micro-system manufacture using the latest semiconductor processing techniques
- Coverage of the developmental history of MEMS, micro-sensors, actuators and signal processing units.
- Insight to a range of microfabrication techniques from laser ablation to x-ray lithography, silicon micro-machining and micro-moulding.
- Describes the latest fabrication prototypes and applications, including thin-film transistors, antennas, wireless telemetry systems and transducers
Microelectronics engineers will profit form this detailed overview of current technologies. Material technologists and physicists working in industrial and academic research and development will also find this a valuable reference source.
Table of Contents
Fundamentals of Polymer Synthesis for MEMS.
Microstereolithography Techniques I-Scanning Method.
Microstereolithography Techniques II-Projection Method.
Polymeric MEMS Architecture with Silicon, Metal, and Ceramics.
Combined Silicon and Polymeric Structures.
Appendix 1: Some Polymers for MEMS.
Appendix 2: An Example of CAD Model and NC Codes for Microstereolithography.


MRI uses a powerful magnetic field, radiofrequency waves, and a computer to create detailed cross-sectional (2-dimensional) and 3-dimensional images of the inside of your body without using ionizing radiation (like X-rays, computed tomography, or nuclear imaging).The test can show your heart’s structure (muscle, valves and chambers) and how well blood flows through your heart and major vessels. MRI of the heart lets your doctor see if your heart is damaged from a heart attack, or if there is lack of blood flow to the heart muscle because of narrowed or blocked arteries. MRI of the brain is used to diagnose stroke, aneurysm and other brain abnormalities. MRI of the pelvis and legs helps to diagnose peripheral artery disease (PAD).
Computed Tomography (CT) combines X-rays and computer technology to scan the body and produce detailed cross-sectional images of organs, bone, muscle or other tissue. These images, sometimes called “slices” can be horizontal or vertical, because the scanner moves around the body. Multi-slice scanners capture more images per second than conventional CT, resulting in shorter scan times and higher-resolution images.
Radiographs are useful in the detection of pathology of the skeletal system as well as for detecting some disease processes in soft tissue. Some notable examples are the very common chest X-ray, which can be used to identify lung diseases such as pneumonia, lung cancer, or pulmonary edema, and the abdominal x-ray, which can detect bowel (or intestinal) obstruction, free air (from visceral perforations) and free fluid (in ascites). X-rays may also be used to detect pathology such as gallstones (which are rarely radiopaque) or kidney stones which are often (but not always) visible. Traditional plain X-rays are less useful in the imaging of soft tissues such as the brain or muscle.


Measuring the efficiency of health systemsBMJ 2001; 323 doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.323.7308.295 (Published 11 August 2001) Cite this as: BMJ 2001;323:295
The World Health Report sets the agenda, but there's still a long way to go
- Martin McKee, professor of European public health
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT
Papers p 307
In June 2000 the World Health Organization provided a long awaited answer to the question beloved of politicians and journalists: “How does the health system in country X compare with that in country Y?” The results, published in the World Health Report 2000,1 delighted some governments, such as that of France, which came first, but infuriated others, such as Brazil, at 125. The rankings are based on measures of achievement of five health system goals. The achievement of health is seen as a core objective of a health system, so goals are a high level of health and a fair distribution. A health system should also be responsive to popular expectations. This includes respect for individuals (autonomy and confidentiality) and client orientation (prompt service and quality of facilities). As with health, the resulting goals relate to the absolute level of responsiveness and its distribution. The fifth goal is fair financing, with expenditure reflecting ability to pay rather than risk of illness.
In this week's BMJ some of the authors of …


Supta Padangusthasana is an excellent pose for knee health and flexibility demonstrated by Helen Maupin and Candace Propp.
“Dem bones, dem bones, dem dry bones.” Bones become dry when restricted mobility reduces the circulation of blood, nutrients and oxygen, which is why physical activity is so important to our health. Daily physical movement necessitates the uniform use of the entire leg including bones, joints as well as muscles. Our muscles connect our bones to each other, and our joints expand our range of motion to allow for fine-tuned and gross motor activity.
One of the safest ways to protect our leg joints (hips, knees and ankles) is to increase the hips’ flexibility. Open, flexible hips free the heads of the femur (thigh) bones allowing them to settle into the back of the hip socket. By creating space in the hip sockets, the heads of the femurs easily move forward and back, externally and internally, as well as toward and away from the mid-line of the body. However, when the hips’ full range of motion is limited, we are prone to osteoarthritis. How many people do you know who have experienced knee and hip replacement surgery? These individuals typically have extreme difficulty with simple actions like bending over to tie their shoes.
To allow ease across all six hip movements, the adjoining muscles (quadriceps and hamstrings) must be flexible and strong. Most people generally favour either one capability or the other. As an example, Candace’s body is more flexible like that of a plant while Helen’s and Stacy’s bodies are stronger and more compact like stone. The asanas (poses) illustrated below focus on lengthening and strengthening two of the larger connecting muscles in the legs — quadriceps and hamstrings. These muscles become shortened from overuse (tight and bulky) or from underuse (tight and cord-like). Overused muscles generally require lengthening and releasing while underused muscles require lengthening and strengthening.
Action: Inhale breath into the belly of the hamstring muscle. As you exhale, imagine the breath broadening and lengthening the muscle. Find the action in both legs.
For more advanced practitioners, repeat this action for the quadriceps and calf muscles.
Supta Padangusthasana I (Lying down hamstring stretch I)
Come into Supta Padangusthasana I and straighten both legs. Relax your arms and upper body. Find the action in both legs for 5-10 breaths.
Supta Padangusthasana II (Lying down hamstring stretch II)
From Supta Padangusthasana I (photo 1), externally rotate your leg and release it to the side. For a longer hold, Helen supports the thigh to release the muscles and open the hips. Complete the actions and hold for 5-10 breaths.
Supta Padangusthasana III (Lying down hamstring stretch III)
From pose I, internally rotate the leg and release it even to the hip. Allow the right hip to roll over the left. Helen uses the wall as support. Find the action for 5-10 breaths. Repeat all three positions with the other leg.
For more yoga actions, refer to Helen and Candace’s Creating Space: Yoga Actions for Legs & Knees.
Winnipeggers Helen Maupin and Candace Propp are authors of the Creating Space Yoga Actions series.


Meet the small super heroes whose feet talk to their brains
Did you know your child’s feet are packed with as many message-sending neurons as their hands?
This means your kids’ growing brain can get as many vital sensory messages from their feet as their hands, which is why letting kids’ feet feel as much as possible is so important.
Bare feet that can feel send more sensory messages whizzing from kids’ brains around their bodies, ideal for growing active, brainy superheroes.
All this awesome, sparking, feet-brain connectivity isn’t only important for the development of their strength, agility and balance: but also for their creativity too.
Creativity comes from the brain taking disparate, unconnected pieces of information and putting them together in new and incredible ways. So the more active connections sparking between your child’s feet and brains the better!
And for when it just isn’t realistic to go barefoot – which, for most of us, is a lot of the time – Vivobarefoot Kids are designed to be barely-there enough to keep kids’ feet feeling.
Vivo Kids' shoes are created to be thin, wide and bendy: kids’ feet feel, while keeping them protected from climate and terrain. Traditional shoes, however, are stiff, rigid and narrow, dulling the vital sensory feedback your child can get, as well as weakening their growing bones and tendons. Not a good look for a junior superhero.
So let them free to run wild in nature: it’s best for their bodies, brains – and feet!
Active feet mean active brains, so help grow wild, creative small people (which is what our planet really, really needs).


Can you remember how many animals of each kind Moses took onto the ark? If your answer is two, think again. The correct answer is zero. Moses didn't actually take any animals onto the ark, Noah did. If you didn't catch the error, don't worry, you're far from the first to miss it.
In fact, a recent study in Psychology Press notes that failing to register errors in questions like this happens all the time. In the study, participants were asked questions that were both "distorted" with false information, like the Moses example, and questions that had no false information. The participants answered 35% of distorted questions as if they were correct, even after they were told to watch out for false information. But most of us do know that Noah was the one who brought animals aboard the ark.
So then why isn't this prior knowledge enough to detect the error? The study calls this phenomenon "knowledge neglect," which means that prior knowledge about a topic doesn't save us from falling for semantic errors. Some have likened this to absentmindedness. Others may simply see it as being gullible, easily duped, or cheated. But scientists say there might be more to it than that.
BBC: Why are people so incredibly gullible?
Discover Magazine: Why Does the Vaccine/Autism Controversy Live On?
Research Gate: Making The Truth Stick and The Myths Fade: Lessons from Cognitive Psychology