Clear, simple, memorable phrases so others will repeat your Big Idea for you.
Talking Next-Gen Energy
A proverb is a short sentence based on long experience.
– Miguel de Cervantes
In 1954, Lewis Strauss gave a speech. As Chairman of the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, he spoke to the National Association of Science Writers.
In his remarks, Strauss addressed the challenges of communicating atomic advancements to the public and the important role science writers played. He covered security, newly declassified findings, the end of wars, and the possibilities of the future.
From this speech, a single line made it into the zeitgeist.
“Energy too cheap to meter.”
He only mentioned this idea once. Yet, it was picked up and repeated by supporters and critics alike. Media outlets and science writers wondered at the possibilities. Today, the phrase continues to capture our imagination.
Why does a phrase like this survive for nearly 70 years?
“Too cheap to meter” became a proverb. A clear, simple, memorable phrase that captures a Big Idea.
A proverb boils all the stories, facts, data, talking points, and examples down to their essence. Proverbs help listeners understand and remember the Big Idea.
A good proverb is also wise. It is not a banal talking point. It captures your Big Idea in a way that resonates with your audience and shares an insight.
Consider these examples:
- “Imagination is more important than knowledge.” Albert Einstein stresses the importance of creative thinking over rote memorization.
- “We are made of star stuff.” This simple statement from Carl Sagan captures the profound idea that the elements composing our bodies were forged in the cores of stars.
- “Mathematics is the queen of the sciences.” Carl Friedrich Gauss, often referred to as the “Prince of Mathematicians,” speaks to the central role of mathematics in scientific disciplines.
It takes effort and iteration to develop a quality proverb. Here are examples and tactics to help.
1. Be clear.
In 1953, a year before Lewis Strauss’s remarks, President Eisenhower addressed the United Nations. He laid out the current situation of nuclear armament and proposed a path forward.
More and more countries were developing nuclear weapons, but Eisenhower had an optimistic message. The incredible scientific and engineering advances of the last decade could be used for peace.
He created a dichotomy: atoms for war or atoms for peace?
The “atoms for peace” proverb is clear. It connected directly to Eisenhower’s Big Idea. “We can use this new technology to make the entire world more peaceful, healthier, more comfortable, and safer.”
This is the first and most important principle of your proverb. It must be clear. It must capture and illuminate your Big Idea.
Without a clear connection to your Big Idea, what’s the point in sharing your proverb? The goal is to get your Big Idea into listeners’ heads. Not to score takedowns on Twitter by confusing people.
On a recent trip back from Guatemala, I saw a public health advertisement while waiting at customs. I didn’t get the chance to grab a picture, so I recreated the ad below.
The proverb here is “don’t forget your hat.” It was compelling enough that it got me to stop and look at it for about a minute. Unfortunately, I spent that entire minute trying to figure out what it was talking about.
What does advice to seek medical attention have to do with forgetting my hat? It feels more like a sun exposure recommendation than anything to do with illness.
It finally hit me that “hat” was an acronym for “health after travel.” The message, or Big Idea, was “keep an eye out for sickness after you’ve traveled internationally.”
But, a mnemonic device is not the same as a proverb. It can’t stand alone. It doesn’t deliver any meaning to your audience and might just confuse them.
On the other hand, someone who heard the phrase “atoms for peace” could describe with some accuracy the Big Idea behind it. Even more so if they heard a full speech using that proverb.
Gold standard: a listener will understand the gist of your Big Idea, even if they’ve only heard your proverb.
Use these tactics to make your proverb clear:
- Remove jargon. I.e. any word that a relative at Thanksgiving dinner wouldn’t know. For example, “economic prosperity” is jargon for “people have more money.”
- Cut extra words. Adverbs, words ending in -ly, are the most common offender. These are bald-faced qualifiers and have no place in your proverb.
- Use active voice. Passive voice obscures the meaning and action. Avoid words that end in “ing”.
Any proverb you craft will be clear to you. Your brain built the connection between your proverb and Big Idea, so of course you can see it! This is the curse of knowledge. And it’s difficult to overcome.
Test your proverb out on a variety of people to improve its clarity. If someone gets confused, ask them why. Listen to them and iterate based on their feedback.
Incidentally, President Eisenhower never used the phrase “atoms for peace” in his speech although it was his title.
At least in this, you can do better than Eisenhower. Use your proverb every opportunity you get. The more you use it, the more it will stick in your audience’s head.
2. Be simple.
Nicholas Negroponte is credited with coining the phrase “move bits, not atoms” in his 1995 book Being Digital. This was early in the excitement to invest and build in the digital space. Tools like Paypal, Facebook, and ChatGPT have been built on this concept.
This proverb “atoms vs bits” has simplified the broader question of how to invest time and money into three words. And no word is more than five letters.
Simplicity in communication is the aim. Your thinking and your ideas are complex. Boiling these ideas down into a simple phrase is the hallmark of clear understanding.
If you cannot explain something in simple terms, you don’t understand it.
– Richard Feynman
Use these tactics to simplify your proverb:
- Use short, grade-school-level words. The Hemingway App is a great tool to test the reading level of your proverb.
- Keep it tight. Strive for fewer than 7 words.
- Convey a single thought. Avoid compound sentences like the plague. If your proverb needs to have multiple parts, go back to your Big Idea. Clarify it until you have a single, overarching point.
Be careful to maintain a positive message as you simplify. While a message of “atoms, not bits” may speak to your tribe, it alienates another tribe. Be intentional with this kind of either/or.
As always, focus on bridge-building rather than drawing arbitrary lines in the sand.
3. Be memorable.
Posters, coffee mugs, t-shirts, socks. Imagine if someone could, with a couple of clicks, buy one of these with your proverb plastered on it. And not because you’re the one selling it.
Tim Latimer, CEO of Fervo Energy, is bringing back the phrase to advocate for more geothermal. That we can tap into tremendous natural and renewing heat sources within the Earth’s crust to provide abundant, emissions-free energy.
Palin and Latimer’s proverb is memorable because it has a beat to it. It uses repetition in the word “drill.” Plus, the casual language “baby” is unexpected coming from a Presidential candidate (in 2008) or a CEO.
Once you have a clear, simple proverb, try out some of these tactics to make it memorable.
- Use repetition. Repeat words and sounds. “Crisis? What Crisis?” “Keep calm and carry on.” Or a personal favorite: “absolute power corrupts absolutely.”
- Make it tangible. Use language your audience can see, feel, taste, or touch. “Wrap the pill in some tasties” reminds speakers to use stories to explain their Big Idea. You can imagine needing to give a dog (i.e. your audience) a pill (your Big Idea) and wrapping it in cheese (your proverb or story) to make it delicious.
- Be unexpected. Use opposites or break a pattern. “United we stand, divided we fall.” “Take the path of resistance.” The change makes your listener pause. The more your listeners stop and consider your words rather than gloss over them, the more likely they will remember.
If you’re having fun with these stylistic tactics, get your hands on a copy of Mark Forsyth’s Elements of Eloquence. It’s packed with more techniques to make your speaking and writing more engaging and memorable.
What are your proverbs? What will people remember about you and your talk an hour later? A day? A year? A century?
Don’t just share your Big Idea. Make it matter. Craft a proverb to capture the essence of your point.
Obama asked his wife, who was sitting on the stairs watching his ad taping. Michelle shook her head. “Not corny.”
This proverb became the leading idea of Obama’s campaign. A rallying cry that carried him all the way to the White House.
Follow Michelle Obama’s lead. Accept and lean into proverbs that bring your Big Idea to life. Help your audience understand and remember.
Because if understanding and remembering isn’t the point, why are you talking?
For a great example of what to do, check out Packy McCormick’s and Julia DeWahl’s new podcast Age of Miracles.
In the first episode, they demonstrate many principles of good communication. Including at least using two proverbs. “More energy means more human flourishing.” “Megatons for megawatts.”


An American-invented sport that dates back to 1942, kickball involves a minimum of nine players, who play both infield and outfield positions. The recreational sport follows many of the same rules as baseball, except that kickball uses a large rubber ball instead of a smaller, hard ball and feet instead of bats. The following are the basic rules of the sport.
1. Kickball is played in six innings. Each team comes up to the plate to kick the ball once per inning and continues kicking until the team accrues three outs. An out occurs when a kicker fails to put a ball into play after three good pitches. Kickers can also fly out, be tagged out, or forced out, as in baseball.
2. Double kicking is not allowed. Likewise, a player may not kick a ball above their knees. The latter is considered a foul.
3. The kicker can run through first base and not be tagged out by the first baseman for being off-base.
4. Pitchers must toss the ball in a fashion that allows it to roll before reaching the plate. Alternatively, the pitcher can throw the ball so it bounces at least twice before making it to the kicker.
5. The ball must cross the plate before a kicker attempts to kick.


Signal processing and transmission
Soon after its introduction in Europe it became apparent that the American Morse Code was inadequate for the transmission of much non-English text because it lacked letters with diacritical marks. A variant that ultimately became known as the International Morse Code was adopted in 1851 for use on cables, for land telegraph lines except in North America, and later for wireless telegraphy. Except for some minor improvements in 1938, the International Morse Code has remained unchanged. It is no longer a major means of commercial or maritime communications, but it is still used by amateur radio operators.
New technology and devices kept appearing and led to a continual evolution of the telegraph industry during the latter half of the 19th century and the first half of the 20th century. By 1856 the register in the Morse system was replaced by a sounder, and the code was transcribed directly from the sounds by the operator. In 1871 J.B. Stearns of the United States completed refinement of the duplex transmission system originated in Germany by Wilhelm Gintl, which allowed the same line to be used simultaneously for sending and receiving, thus doubling its capacity. This system was further improved by the American inventor Thomas Alva Edison, who patented a quadraplex telegraph system in 1874 that permitted the simultaneous transmission of two signals in each direction on a single line. A major new concept was introduced in 1871 by Jean-Maurice-Émile Baudot in France. Baudot devised a system for multiplexing (switching) a single line among a number of simultaneous users. The heart of the system was a distributor consisting of a stationary face plate containing concentric circular copper rings that were swept by brushes mounted on a rotating assembly. The face plate was divided into sectors depending on the number of users. Each sector could produce a sequence of five on or off connections that represented a transmitted letter or symbol. The on/off connections were referred to as marks or spaces—in modern terminology, binary digits, or bits, consisting of ones or zeros—and the 32 possible symbols that they encoded came to be known as the Baudot Code. In the Baudot system, the transmitter and receiver had to be operated in synchrony so that the correct transmitter and receiver were connected at the same time. The first systems used manual transmission, but this was soon replaced with perforated tape. Variations of this system were used well into the 20th century; and it was the forerunner of what is now known as time-division multiplexing.
During this time of rapid change in the telegraph industry a new device, the telephone, was patented by Alexander Graham Bell in 1876. Although the telephone was originally expected to replace the telegraph completely, this turned out not to be the case: both industries thrived side by side for many decades. Much of the technology developed for telephony had parallel applications in telegraphy. A number of systems were developed that allowed simultaneous transmission of telegraph and telephone signals on the same lines. In 1882 the Western Electric Company was acquired from Western Union by the American Bell Telephone Company. Western Electric had started as a telegraph manufacturing company but later became a major contributor to both the telephone and telegraph industries.
The vacuum tube, patented by Lee De Forest in the United States in 1907, led to several improvements in telegraph performance and greatly intensified research efforts in telegraphy, telephony, and the emerging field of wireless communication. In 1918 modulated carriers with frequency-division multiplexing, in which several different frequencies are transmitted simultaneously over the same line, were introduced. At the receiving end the different signals were separated from one another by frequency-selective filters and sent to separate decoding units, thus allowing as many as 24 telegraph signals to be transmitted over a single telephone channel. Vacuum tube circuits were used to amplify and regenerate weak signals in a manner not previously possible. The development of new magnetic materials enabled more effective loading of transmission lines, thereby improving transmission speeds. In 1928 loading was first successfully applied to submarine cables to allow duplex operation, but it was not until 1950 that Western Union installed the first successful underwater vacuum tube repeater.
In 1903 the British inventor Donald Murray, following the ideas of Baudot, devised a time-division multiplex system for the British Post Office. The transmitter used a typewriter keyboard that punched tape, and the receiver printed text. He modified the Baudot Code by assigning code combinations with the fewest punched holes to the most frequently encountered letters and symbols. Murray sold the patent rights to Western Union and Western Electric in 1912, and this formed the basis of the printing telegraph systems that came into use in the 1920s.
In 1924 the American Telephone & Telegraph Company (AT&T) introduced a printing telegraph system called the Teletype, which became widely used for business communication. The unit consisted of a typewriter keyboard and a simplex printer. Each keystroke generated a series of coded electric impulses that were then sent over the transmission line to the receiving system. There the receiver decoded the pulses and printed the message on a paper tape or other medium.
For many years teleprinters used the five-bit Baudot Code and, in some cases, other specialized codes. With the advent of computers, however, it became apparent that the Baudot Code was no longer adequate, and in 1966 the American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII) was established. ASCII consisted of seven bits, compared with five bits for the Baudot Code; these allowed 128 different coded letters or symbols, as compared with 32 for the Baudot Code. Code speeds of 150 words per minute were possible with teleprinter systems using the ASCII code, as compared with 75 words per minute for those using the Baudot Code.
In 1932 AT&T inaugurated the Teletypewriter Exchange Service (TWX), a switched teleprinter network. Switching was accomplished manually until it was automated after World War II. In Europe a similar service called Telex was inaugurated in the early 1930s and was partially automated in Germany before World War II. In 1962 Western Union introduced Telex in the United States as an international teleprinter service, and in 1970 it acquired TWX from AT&T. It was not possible for the Telex and TWX instruments to communicate directly with one another because of differences in transmission codes and transmission speeds. Western Union linked the two services through a network of processing centres that made the necessary conversions between the two systems.


Plastic materials usage is growing across the automotive industry. Some of the statistics says that plastics makes up to 50% of modern automobile volume but weighs only 10%. So, it would have been surprising if design engineers would not have looked at plastics as a means of reduction in cost and weight. One of the main drivers in USA for increasing adoption of plastics in automotive was the Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) standard and help boost fuel mileage of the vehicle.
Automotive manufacturers started embracing plastic for making many parts of the automotive. Knowledge about plastic components and their manufacturing has become essential for someone who wants to work for an automotive manufacturer or a company which manufactures plastic components.
Let us try to delve into little more details about these plastic components manufacturing.
Reasons to use Plastic/Polymers in automotive
Earlier many automotive components were made up of metals, glass, wood etc. Now these are made from plastic. Here are the reasons.
Lower Cost and Ease of manufacturing
Plastic components can be manufactured within very few stages. Most of the components require only a couple of stages unlike other materials like metal. They can be made at lower cost due to less production time and less involvement of machines.
Plastic components have lesser density and lesser wall thickness compared to any other material. Hence the weight of such components in significantly less. And this is very crucial aspect not only for cars but for manufacturing of ships and aeroplanes too.
Plastic and polymers play a vital role in increasing safety of the car. Seat belts, airbags, thin layer of plastic put between two layers of glass to make windshields are some of the examples. External part like bumper made from polymer can absorb four to five times more energy during the impact as compared to any other alternative material.
The process waste in terms of material being created during machining of plastic components etc. is very less.
Plastic processing is much reliable as compared to other manufacturing processes like sand casting, machining. Here, chances of rejection are less.
Easy creation of many Surface Textures
Typically, the metal components need surface processing after being manufactured. Plastic components do not need such separate surface processing operation. In the main process itself one can obtain plain surface or textured surfaces like hammer tone texture, wrinkled texture, non-gloss texture, leather surface texture etc.
Better scope for Recycling
In case of plastic components, the in-process wastage and other scrappage is easily convertible to a useful component as compared to other materials like metals or wood.
Ease of processing Complex Shapes
Complex and intricate shapes can be easily obtained using plastic materials.
Transparency or Colour Choices
The plastic components can inherently have transparency, opaqueness or any colour combination without undergoing any additional processing.
Enables more innovative designs
Designers use more innovative ideas to enhance functionality of automotive. Paint protection film which is thicker and more resistant to scratches than traditional paint, new-generation lithium-polymer batteries, fuel cells for hydrogen cars are some of the examples of such innovations which use polymers.
Limitations of plastics
Though there are many advantages of using plastic as raw material, it has certain limitations. They are poor in strength, poor thermal stability, poor rigidity etc. Hence, they should be chosen based on the design requirement specifications.
Why it matters to a mechanical design engineer?
Mechanical engineering graduate can get job opportunities in the companies working in different domains like automobile, plastic, heavy machine, aviation etc. The foundation skills which are focused in the selection test and an interview are related to engineering drawing. One need to be good at reading engineering drawing, basic concepts of tolerances and GD&T to clear the CAD test.
Beyond this, it would be unique advantage if one knows about materials and their properties. Company working in plastic domain would surely be interested in knowing what kind of understanding a fresh graduate has about plastics. Knowledge of some of the basic things about plastic materials and design considerations would make you stand out from the crowd.
What should I do to standout?
Along with your graduation, expanding your knowledge horizon with engineering domains like plastic, casting, sheet metal etc. is very crucial. An easy and certain way of doing expansion of your knowledge horizon is to join a most comprehensive course like Product and Tool Design Engineer from CADCAMGURU.


A lottery is a game in which numbers are drawn at random to determine a prize winner. The prize may be cash or goods, services, or land. The lottery is a form of gambling and has the same legal status as other forms of gambling, such as slot machines or video poker. The game is played by individuals who pay a fee for the opportunity to win the prize money. Many state lotteries also raise money for public purposes through the sale of tickets. This revenue is typically not a significant part of state budgets. The money that states make from the sale of tickets to their lotteries is generally considered a form of taxation.
The lottery is a popular form of entertainment and it can provide great fun for its participants. However, there are certain things that you should keep in mind before playing the lottery. First of all, you should understand the odds involved in winning the lottery. Moreover, you should also know how much the taxes will be on your winnings. These factors will play a major role in how much you are able to win in the lottery.
In the US, people spend more than $100 billion on lottery tickets each year, making it the most popular form of gambling in the country. The lottery has become a fixture of American society and it’s not necessarily evil, but it does have some costs that should be examined.
Lotteries are a popular way to raise money for a variety of purposes, including public education and social services. In the past, they have been a primary source of funding for cultural institutions and other civic projects. The word “lottery” comes from the Dutch word for “fate” or “chance.” The earliest state-sponsored lotteries were in the Netherlands in the 1500s, and they spread to other parts of Europe quickly. In the early American colonies, Benjamin Franklin organized a lottery to help finance the building of the British Museum and to purchase cannons for defense of Philadelphia. Other lotteries were used to fund colonial wars, public works, and even slavery.
Some of the biggest winners in the history of the lottery have been poor and disadvantaged people. These people have a deep and sometimes romanticized attachment to the idea that winning the lottery, in whatever way it happens, will bring them a new start. They believe that they are one of the lucky few and that this is their last, best, or only chance at getting out of their circumstances.
In reality, the odds of winning the lottery are long and it is not a good investment for most people. The best advice is to play it only with the money that you can afford to lose. You should also treat it as a form of entertainment and not as an investment. In fact, you should save the money that you intend to use for the lottery just as you would save money to go to a movie.


When he was young, Jack London was a very strong man and an oyster pirate on San Francisco bay. He initially believed in might makes right. However, he worked in many different occupations and noticed many strong, decent, hard working men destroyed by accidents, diseases, the fickle hand of fate or the toxic, dangerous and harsh environments of the capitalist’s factories and mines. Jack London became similar to Upton Sinclair, who wrote about the destruction of Jurgis Rudkus’s Lithuanian family in the meat packing plants of Chicago in a book called The Jungle. Jack London, besides writing novels like The Call of The Wild and White Fang, also wrote books critical of his former ideology and of capitalism such as The Sea Wolf and The Iron Heel. Much to his credit, Jack London became a socialist.
In Jack London’s book The Sea Wolf the main character is a captain named Wolf Larsen aboard a sailing vessel called the Ghost. He is on a seal hunting expedition off the coast of Japan and is the ideal example of Nietzsche’ s superman hero. He is so powerful physically that no one on the ship can challenge him. He is callous, brutal, selfish, indifferent to others suffering and believes that life is only a ferment where the strong survive and the weak perish. He intends to survive. At the same time he has educated himself in the classics of literature and philosophy and loves discussing philosophy with a shipwreck victim he has picked up named Humphrey Van Weyden. Although he clings tenaciously to his theory of existence, he still has doubts about the meaning of life and whether there is a soul or such concepts as right and wrong. Wolf Larsen like Hitler and others have a misunderstanding of Darwin’s theory of natural selection and do not realize that many living organisms gain a selective advantage over other organisms not only by strength, but by cooperation, even between different species living together. It is called symbiosis.
Wolf Larsen develops terrible headaches, which get progressively worse and eventually disable him through some undiagnosed brain disease, making all his great physical prowess useless. He becomes blind and progressively more paralyzed Shakespeare talks about the thousand natural shocks the flesh is heir to in the famous lines stated by Hamlet. Shakespeare, obviously, realized the numerous calamities which could befall human life in spite of physical strength, while Wolf Larsen is completely oblivious to these things, until the end.
There are those like Hitler who subscribed to this superman theory of individuals or races of people. However, for an ironic bit of humor look at four of the individuals who supposedly personified this Aryan superiority- Hitler, Goebbels, Goering and Himmler. None of these people were great physical specimens or indeed intellectual specimens. They were one of the greatest examples of human egotism and hypocrisy in world history. Hitler and Goebbels were small and weak. In fact, Goebbels was a cripple. Goering was grossly obese and Himmler was like a bespectacled human scarecrow. Also, he was a mass murderer. He was a former chicken farmer and was a thin and far from broad shouldered man. Obviously, they were far departures from Nietzsche’s supermen. There were many German soldiers who indeed were so tall, well muscled and proportioned so that ancient sculptors could have made statues of them. But many of them were killed off at the Russian front or somewhere else. Bullets are equal opportunity killers. They don’t care if you look like Hercules or a midget. They will kill if the right organ is hit. If the rise of the Third Reich proves anything, it is that people who are cruel, deceitful, clever propagandists and have the backing of large industrialists and bankers can come to power and cause untold destruction, suffering and bloodshed, without being outstanding examples of either brains or brawn and definitely not superior human beings in any way. In fact, the exact opposite.
Now, let us come to the present time and look at those people who essentially rule much of the world, as they have a majority of the world’s wealth. I am talking about the owners of the large corporations and banks. Are they superior in any way to the rest of us? I have seen bankers and corporation executives paraded before Congress, and if these balding, obese, lying, arrogant, ignorant, greedy, deceitful, thieving, hypocritical individuals are in any way examples of a higher order of human beings, then we may as well throw in the towel. However, I believe the rabble or mob as rich people like to call ordinary workers have more morality and common sense than these rulers of society. It is time for the nationalization of banks and corporations and let the workers run them. At least they wouldn’t concoct schemes to defraud themselves or lower their wages or lay themselves off. Capitalism has failed. We need to try compassionate cooperation, instead of dog eat dog competition coupled with an everyday theft of labor’s value. By the way, having capitalistic insurance companies run the health care system is like putting the fox in charge of the chicken coop. People will suffer and die needlessly. Capitalism is like Wolf Larsen. It is a cruel anachronism.


If you haven't gotten on a bike since you were in middle school, you're seriously missing out. Biking's low-impact and burns serious calories, but it also comes with loads of other health benefits. Check them out:
It Helps You Stay at a Healthy Weight
According to a study from the Archives of Internal Medicine, biking can help with long-term weight maintenance: Women who rode a bike for four hours a week were less likely to gain weight over the course of 16 years than women who didn't.
It May Reduce Heart-Disease Risk
Getting on a bicycle can drastically improve heart health: According to the British Medical Association, women who ride 20 miles a week may slash their risk of cardiovascular disease by up to 50 percent.
It Improves Your Mood
In a survey conducted by Portland State University, respondents who biked to work reported the highest levels of wellbeing—even higher than those who walked to work.
It May Lower Your Breast Cancer Risk
According to a study published in the European Journal of Epidemiology, women who walked or biked more than 30 minutes to work had a slightly lower risk of breast cancer than those who worked from home or took a vehicle.
It Can Prevent Illness
One study published in the journal Preventive Medicine found that people who bike to work typically take fewer sick days. What's more, the bikers in the study also experienced significantly fewer chronic health complaints—even though the average bike commute lasted just 20 minutes one way (on average).


- What is Rousseau state of nature?
- What was the main idea of Rousseau?
- Why is Rousseau important today?
- What is Rousseau’s theory?
- What was Rousseau’s view on human nature?
- What is the contribution of Rousseau in education?
- What government did Rousseau believe?
- What did Rousseau say about education?
- What are the major themes of romanticism?
- What are the 5 characteristics of romanticism?
- What are the contributions of Rousseau?
- Who is the father of Romanticism?
- How did Rousseau influence the constitution?
- Who is the father of naturalism in education?
- How did Rousseau impact the world?
- What are the themes of Romanticism?
- What influenced the Romantic movement?
- Why is Rousseau the father of Romanticism?
What is Rousseau state of nature?
The state of nature, for Rousseau, is a morally neutral and peaceful condition in which (mainly) solitary individuals act according to their basic urges (for instance, hunger) as well as their natural desire for self-preservation..
What was the main idea of Rousseau?
Jean-Jacques RousseauSchoolSocial contract RomanticismMain interestsPolitical philosophy, music, education, literature, autobiographyNotable ideasGeneral will, amour de soi, amour-propre, moral simplicity of humanity, child-centered learning, civil religion, popular sovereignty, positive liberty, public opinion11 more rows
Why is Rousseau important today?
Lines of inquiry include: 1) the timeliness of Rousseau’s work in the current context of deepening political, social, economic, and moral crises in the western world; 2) Rousseau’s pioneering work in On Inequality between Men (1755), which still speaks to the scandalous social disparities, which modern society is host …
What is Rousseau’s theory?
Rousseau believed modern man’s enslavement to his own needs was responsible for all sorts of societal ills, from exploitation and domination of others to poor self-esteem and depression. Rousseau believed that good government must have the freedom of all its citizens as its most fundamental objective.
What was Rousseau’s view on human nature?
Rousseau proclaimed the natural goodness of man and believed that one man by nature is just as good as any other. For Rousseau, a man could be just without virtue and good without effort. According to Rousseau, man in the state of nature was free, wise, and good and the laws of nature were benevolent.
What is the contribution of Rousseau in education?
Rousseau�s theory of education emphasized the importance of expression to produce a well-balanced, freethinking child. He believed that if children are allowed to develop naturally without constraints imposed on them by society they will develop towards their fullest potential, both educationally and morally.
What government did Rousseau believe?
Rousseau argued that the general will of the people could not be decided by elected representatives. He believed in a direct democracy in which everyone voted to express the general will and to make the laws of the land. Rousseau had in mind a democracy on a small scale, a city-state like his native Geneva.
What did Rousseau say about education?
He founded a school, also on his own estate, incorporating what he believed were Rousseau’s ideas on education: that knowledge should be applied in a critical way, grades and class distinctions should be abolished, and students should learn from experience without correction.
What are the major themes of romanticism?
The four major themes of Romanticism are emotion and imagination, nature, and social class. Romantic writers were influenced greatly by the evolving and changing world around them.
What are the 5 characteristics of romanticism?
Terms in this set (5)Interest in the common man and childhood.Strong senses, emotions, and feelings.Awe of nature.Celebration of the individual.Importance of imagination.
What are the contributions of Rousseau?
Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712 – 1778) was a French philosopher and writer of the Age of Enlightenment. His Political Philosophy, particularly his formulation of social contract theory (or Contractarianism), strongly influenced the French Revolution and the development of Liberal, Conservative and Socialist theory.
Who is the father of Romanticism?
Jean Jacques RousseauJean Jacques Rousseau, the father of romanticism, (Immortals of literature) Hardcover – January 1, 1970.
How did Rousseau influence the constitution?
Jean-Jacques Rousseau impacted governments around the world with his idea of the social contract and the importance of individual freedoms. Rousseau argued that the people and the government form a social contract. The people allow the government to have power over them, they consent to be governed.
Who is the father of naturalism in education?
Émile ZolaNative Parisian Émile Zola (1840–1902) is widely regarded as the “father of naturalism”, along with being a journalist and a…
How did Rousseau impact the world?
Rousseau was the least academic of modern philosophers and in many ways was the most influential. His thought marked the end of the Age of Reason. He propelled political and ethical thinking into new channels. His reforms revolutionized taste, first in music, then in the other arts.
What are the themes of Romanticism?
Key themes of the Romantic PeriodRevolution, democracy, and republicanism. … The Sublime and Transcendence. … The power of the imagination, genius, and the source of inspiration. … Proto-psychology & extreme mental states. … Nature and the Natural.
What influenced the Romantic movement?
In England, the Romantic poets were at the very heart of this movement. They were inspired by a desire for liberty, and they denounced the exploitation of the poor. There was an emphasis on the importance of the individual; a conviction that people should follow ideals rather than imposed conventions and rules.
Why is Rousseau the father of Romanticism?
The description Rousseau gave of his life, and the little reservations he had about retelling it, would have influenced the Romantic period greatly as his autobiography did not follow the societal rules and constructs of the Enlightenment period. …


Sir James George Frazer (18541941). The Golden Bough. 1922.
equinoxes. Nor do they agree with the principal seasons of the agricultural year, the sowing in spring and the reaping in autumn. For when May Day comes, the seed has long been committed to the earth; and when November opens, the harvest has long been reaped and garnered, the fields lie bare, the fruit-trees are stripped, and even the yellow leaves are fast fluttering to the ground. Yet the first of May and the first of November mark turning-points of the year in Europe; the one ushers in the genial heat and the rich vegetation of summer, the other heralds, if it does not share, the cold and barrenness of winter. Now these particular points of the year, as has been well pointed out by a learned and ingenious writer, while they are of comparatively little moment to the European husbandman, do deeply concern the European herdsman; for it is on the approach of summer that he drives his cattle out into the open to crop the fresh grass, and it is on the approach of winter that he leads them back to the safety and shelter of the stall. Accordingly it seems not improbable that the Celtic bisection of the year into two halves at the beginning of May and the beginning of November dates from a time when the Celts were mainly a pastoral people, dependent for their subsistence on their herds, and when accordingly the great epochs of the year for them were the days on which the cattle went forth from the homestead in early summer and returned to it again in early winter. Even in Central Europe, remote from the region now occupied by the Celts, a similar bisection of the year may be clearly traced in the great popularity, on the one hand, of May Day and its Eve (Walpurgis Night), and, on the other hand, of the Feast of All Souls at the beginning of November, which under a thin Christian cloak conceals an ancient pagan festival of the dead. Hence we may conjecture that everywhere throughout Europe the celestial division of the year according to the solstices was preceded by what we may call a terrestrial division of the year according to the beginning of summer and the beginning of winter.
Be that as it may, the two great Celtic festivals of May Day and the first of November or, to be more accurate, the Eves of these two days, closely resemble each other in the manner of their celebration and in the superstitions associated with them, and alike, by the antique character impressed upon both, betray a remote and purely pagan origin. The festival of May Day or Beltane, as the Celts called it, which ushered in summer, has already been described; it remains to give some account of the corresponding festival of Halloween, which announced the arrival of winter.
Of the two feasts Halloween was perhaps of old the more important, since the Celts would seem to have dated the beginning of the year from it rather than from Beltane. In the Isle of Man, one of the fortresses in which the Celtic language and lore longest held out against the siege of the Saxon invaders, the first of November, Old Style, has been regarded as New Years day down to recent times. Thus Manx mummers used to go round on Halloween (Old Style), singing, in the


Copper slag is a by-product created during the copper smelting and refining process. As refineries draw metal out of copper ore, they produce a large volume of non-metallic dust, soot, and rock. Collectively, these materials make up slag, which can be used for a surprising number of applications in the building and industrial fields.
This material represents a popular alternative to sand as a blasting medium in industrial cleaning. Using blasting or high-pressure spraying techniques, companies can use copper slag to clean large smelting furnaces or equipment. Slag blasting is also used to remove rust, paint, and other materials from the surface of metal or stone. This helps to prep the surface for painting, or simply to remove unwanted finishes or residue.
Copper slag has also gained popularity in the building industry for use as a fill material. Unlike many other fill materials, it poses relatively little threat to the environment. This means it can be used to build up the earth to support roads, buildings, or other surfaces.
Contractors may also use copper slag in place of sand during concrete construction. The slag serves as a fine, or binding agent, which helps hold the larger gravel particles within the concrete together. When used in this manner, the slag helps to improve the properties of the concrete, and also serves as a form of recycling.
One of the primary advantages to copper slag is the low risk it poses to health and the environment. Silica sand, which represents the most popular blasting medium and concrete fine currently in use, poses serious health risks when inhaled. It may also contribute to pollution and other environmental concerns.
Copper slag also has a high strength-to-weight ratio, making it an effective option in concrete, or as a fill material under the roadway. When added to concrete, it makes the paved surface less porous, which minimizes problems with moisture and freezing. It also makes concrete more fire resistant, and helps to slow the spread of heat and flames.
This material also has several limitations that users should be aware of before using copper slag. Some versions may contain heavy metal traces, which can contribute to air and water pollution. It's commonly classified as hazardous waste due to this risk. Another issue to consider is the shear volume of slag produced during copper refining. Typically, refineries end up with two units of slag for every one unit of copper produced during smelting.


|African American History|
"As long as I am firm and whole
Over the past century, African Americans have emerged from the shadows to claim their place in Chicago's sun. Before World War I, blacks in Chicago lived in several neighborhoods and made up a small proportion of the city's residents. The Great Migration of the late 1910s and 1920s changed their inconspicuous presence as thousands of African Americans arrived from the south in search of new jobs and freedoms. At best, the white population reacted to these migrants with tolerance, but more often, with hostility as exemplified in the 1919 riot. Segregation and restrictive covenants hemmed middle-class blacks into circumscribed areas and the poor were forced to live in substandard housing where landlords took brownstones and cut them up into tiny kitchenette apartments. Despite this treatment, African Americans in Chicago made segregation into congregation (to borrow a phrase from the historian Earl Lewis) by creating their own businesses, commercial areas, art venues, and churches, social and political organizations. Then, in the Depression decade, working-class blacks helped found industrial unions and their collective actions made strikes, boycotts, and marches respectable means to demand first-class citizenship. All of this activity amounted to a feeling of proud industriousness among many blacks on the South Side of Chicago. Indeed, by the 1940s, social scientists Horace Cayton and St. Clair Drake would call Chicago the "Black Metropolis."
Beginning in the 1940s, an even greater migration of African Americans to Chicago occurred. The collapse of the southern farm tenant system and war-time jobs in northern industries caused them to head north for the "Promised Land." What they found was even less appealing than the earlier migrants: segregated neighborhoods, overcrowded schools, widespread job discrimination, and city officials and politicians who seemed to care more about delivering the black vote in their areas than about the people who lived within them. A new expressway built in the 1950s divided white and black neighborhoods and served as a symbol of a larger government supported racism. Public housing, despite the work of some dedicated public servants, became largely segregated and under-funded. Blacks moving into previously all-white neighborhoods faced intimidation and violence, and when African Americans remained steadfast in their right to live anywhere, whites fled. Other black Chicagoans who often worked just as hard remained impoverished. By the 1980s, deindustrialization, suburbanization, and a crisis in the public schools contributed to the emergence of high crime rates and blighted neighborhoods.
Yet the history of African-Americans in Chicago over the second half of the 20th century is one of achievement and struggle as well as oppression. African Americans helped organize strong integrated unions in both the industrial and service sectors that demanded anti-discrimination policies, seniority, better hours, and job mobility. Increasing numbers of black college graduates added to a growing middle class that moved to suburbs or middle-class neighborhoods (due to their successful fight against restrictive covenants). Activists led grassroots community efforts that directly confronted racism and fought for access to better jobs, education, housing, and fair treatment by the city's police, aldermen, and courts. Elected political power grew as well: while some black politicians joined the Democratic machine, others maintained their independence, formed caucuses, and advanced a progressive agenda. Some tried to do both. Eventually, in 1984, citizens elected the first black major of Chicago, Harold Washington, who opened up the city for all Chicagoans.
Although many scholars have analyzed the complex history of African Americans in the city, much of the story still remains in the shadows. History Fair students can bring these stories to light and address topics that will help explain how black Chicagoans built and sustained communities, confronted challenges, and helped shape the political, economic, and cultural history of the city.
These questions are designed to spark research into important historical questions. Once students begin to do their research, they will want to form a preliminary thesis–their argument–and then investigate deeper. Note: sources listed offer suggestions for beginning research. For full citations of works mentioned, see the select bibliography.
For More on Chicago's African-American neighborhoods, see "The Labor Trail: Chicago's History of Working-Class Life and Struggle" www.labortrail.org.
- Essay and Topics Questions prepared by Erik S. Gellman, Assistant Professor of History, Roosevelt University
Bates, Beth Tompkins. Pullman Porters and the Rise of Protest Politics in Black
Black, Timuel D. Bridges of Memory: Chicago's First Wave of Black Migration.
Blackside Inc. Eyes on the Prize II America at the Racial Crossroads 1965-1985. 8 videocassettes (VHS) (ca. 60 min. each). Alexandria, Va.: PBS Video, 1990. (See episodes on Fred Hampton and Harold Washington)
Branham, Charles, and Chicago Metro History Fair. A Bibliography on the Black Community in Chicago. [Chicago]: C. Branham: Chicago Metro History Fair, 1989.
________. "The Transformation of Black Political Leadership in Chicago, 1864-1942." Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Chicago, 1981.
Brooks, Gwendolyn. Bronzeville Boys and Girls. New York: Harper, 1956.
________. Blacks. Chicago, Ill. (P.O. Box 19355, Chicago, Ill. 60619): David Co., 1987.
Burns, Ken, and Lynn Novick. Baseball. 10 videodiscs. Burbank, Calif.: Public Broadcasting Service; Distributed by Warner Home Video, 2000. (See Inning 5: Shadow Ball).
Burns, Ken and Lynn Novick. Jazz. 10 videodiscs. Burbank, Calif.: Public Broadcasting
Cayton, Horace R., and George Sinclair Mitchell. Black Workers and the New Unions. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 1939.
Chicago 1966: Open Housing Marches, Summit Negotiations, and Operations Breadbasket. Brooklyn, NY: Carlson, 1989.
Chicago Commission on Race Relations. The Negro in Chicago a Study of Race Relations and a Race Riot. Chicago, Ill.: University of Chicago Press, 1923.
Chicago Public Library. Carter G. Woodson Regional Library, and Robert Miller. Harold Washington, 1922-1987: A Select Bibliography. Chicago, Ill.: Chicago Public Library Carter G. Woodson Regional Library, 1989.
Chicago Riot Study, Committee. Report of the Chicago Riot Study Committee, 1968.
Clavel, Pierre, and Wim Wiewel. Harold Washington and the Neighborhoods: Progressive City Government in Chicago, 1983-1987. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1991.
Cohen, Adam, and Elizabeth Taylor. American Pharaoh: Mayor Richard J. Daley: His Battle for Chicago and the Nation. 1st ed. Boston: Little Brown, 2000.
Cohen, Lizabeth. Making a New Deal: Industrial Workers in Chicago, 1919-1939. Cambridge [England]; New York: Cambridge University Press, 1990.
Cohen, Rich. Machers and Rockers: Chess Records and the Business of Rock & Roll. 1st ed. Enterprise. New York: W.W. Norton & Co., 2004.
Cokliss, Harley, and Rhapsody Films. Chicago Blues. 1 videocassette (VHS) (48 min.). New York, N.Y.: Rhapsody Films Inc., 1991.
Daley, Richard J., and Chicago (Ill.). Riot Study Committee. Report of the Chicago Riot Study Committee to the Hon. Richard J. Daley. [s.l.: s.n.], 1968.
Dance, Stanley. The World of Earl Hines The World of Swing; V. 2. New York: Scribner, 1977.
Danns, Dionne. Something Better for Our Children: Black Organizing in Chicago Public Schools, 1963-1971 (New York: Routledge, 2003).
Dawley, David. A Nation of Lords: the Autobiography of the Vice Lords. [1st ] ed. Garden City, N.Y.: Anchor Press, 1973.
Depres, Leon M. Challenging the Daley Machine: a Chicago Alderman's Memoir (Evanston: Northwestern University Press, 2005).
Drake, St Clair, and Horace R. Cayton. Black Metropolis; a Study of Negro Life in a Northern City. Rev. and enl. ed. A Harbinger Book, New York: Harcourt Brace & World, 1970 edition.
Dube, Caleb. "Between Starvation and Stardom: Chicago Blues Musicians as Cultural Workers." Ph. D., Anthropology, Northwestern University, 2001.
Duneier, Mitchell. Slim's Table: Race, Respectability, and Masculinity. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992.
Eastwood, Carolyn. Near West Side Stories: Struggles for Community in Chicago's Maxwell Street Neighborhood. 1st ed. Chicago: Lake Claremont Press, 2002.
Ellis, William W. White Ethics and Black Power; the Emergence of the West Side Organization. Chicago: Aldine Pub. Co., 1969.
Farmer, James. Lay Bare the Heart: an Autobiography of the Civil Rights Movement (New York: Arbor House, 1985).
Flerlage, Raeburn, and Lisa Day. Chicago Blues: As Seen from the Inside: The Photographs of Raeburn Flerlage. Chicago, Ill.: ECW Press, 2000.
Foner, Philip Sheldon. The Black Panthers Speak. 2nd Da Capo Press ed. New York: Da Capo Press, 2002.
Forrest, Leon. The Furious Voice for Freedom: Essays. Wakefield, R.I.: Asphodel Press, 1995.
Grazian, David. Blue Chicago: The Search for Authenticity in Urban Blues Clubs. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003.
Grimshaw, William J. Bitter Fruit: Black Politics and the Chicago Machine, 1931-1991. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992.
Grossman, James R. Land of Hope: Chicago, Black Southerners, and the Great Migration. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1989.
Grossman, James R., Ann Durkin Keating, Janice L. Reiff, Newberry Library, and Chicago History Museum. The Encyclopedia of Chicago. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2004.
Guglielmo, Thomas A. White on Arrival: Italians, Race, Color, and Power in Chicago, 1890-1945. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, 2003.
Halpern, Rick. Down on the Killing Floor: Black and White Workers in Chicago's Packinghouses, 1904-54 The Working Class in American History. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1997.
Halpern, Rick, and Roger Horowitz. Meatpackers: An Oral History of Black Packinghouse Workers and Their Struggle for Racial and Economic Equality Twayne's Oral History Series; No. 25. London: Twayne Publishers, 1996.
Hampton, Fred. You've Got to Make a Commitment! Chicago, Ill.: Peoples Information Center, 1969.
Hirsch, Arnold R. Making the Second Ghetto: Race and Housing in Chicago, 1940-1960 Historical Studies of Urban America. Chicago, Ill.: The University of Chicago Press, 1998.
Jackson, Jesse. Straight from the Heart. Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1987.
Jackson, Jesse and Jesse Jackson, Jr. Legal Lynching: the Death Penalty and America's Future. New York: New Press, 2001.
Kenney, William Howland. Chicago Jazz: A Cultural History, 1904-1930. New York: Oxford University Press, 1993.
Kersten, Andrew Edmund. Race, Jobs, and the War: The FEPC in the Midwest, 1941-46. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2000.
Kotlowitz, Alex. There are no Children Here: The Story of Two Boys Growing up in the Other America. New York: Doubleday, 1991.
Lemann, Nicholas. The Promised Land: The Great Black Migration and How It Changed America. 1st Vintage Books ed. New York: Vintage Books, 1992.
Lewis, Earl. In Their Own Interests: Race, Class, and Power in Twentieth-Century Norfolk, Virginia. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991.
Miller, Wayne. Chicago's South Side, 1946-1948 The George Gund Foundation Imprint in African American Studies. Berkeley: University of California Press published in association with the Graduate School of Journalism Center for Photography University of California Berkeley, 2000.
Muhammad Speaks. Vol. v. 1-15, no. 8; Oct./Nov. 1961-Oct. 31, 1975. Chicago, Ill.: [s.n.], 1961.
Mullen, Bill. Popular Fronts: Chicago and African-American Cultural Politics, 1935-46. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1999.
Mumford, Kevin J. Interzones: Black/White Sex Districts in Chicago and New York in the Early Twentieth Century Popular Cultures, Everyday Lives. New York: Columbia University Press, 1997.
Needleman, Ruth. Black Freedom Fighters in Steel: The Struggle for Democratic Unionism. Ithaca: ILR Press, 2003.
Ottley, Roi. The Lonely Warrior; the Life and Times of Robert S. Abbott. Chicago: H. Regnery Co., 1955.
Pattillo-McCoy, Mary. Black Picket Fences: Privilege and Peril among the Black Middle Class. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999.
Perkins, Useni Eugene. Explosion of Chicago's Black Street Gangs: 1900 to the Present. 1st ed. Chicago: Third World Press, 1987.
PoKempner, Marc, and Wolfgang Schorlau. Down at Theresa's--: Chicago Blues: The Photographs of Marc Pokempner. Munich, Germany; New York, NY: Prestel, 2000.
Ralph, James R. Northern Protest: Martin Luther King, Jr., Chicago, and the Civil Rights Movement. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1993.
Reed, Christopher Robert. The Chicago NAACP and the Rise of Black Professional Leadership, 1910-1966 Blacks in the Diaspora. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1997.
________. "All the World Is Here!": The Black Presence at White City Blacks in the Diaspora. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2000.
Reynolds, Barbara. Jesse Jackson, the Man, the Movement, the Myth. Chicago: Nelson-
Rivlin, Gary. Fire on the Prairie: Chicago's Harold Washington and the Politics of Race. 1st ed. New York: H. Holt, 1992.
Sale, Richard T. The Blackstone Rangers: A Reporter's Account of Time Spent with the Street Gang on Chicago's South Side. New York: Random House, 1971.
Spear, Allan H. Black Chicago: The Making of a Negro Ghetto, 1890-1920. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1967.
Stange, Maren. Bronzeville: Black Chicago in Pictures, 1941-1943. New York: New Press: Distributed by W.W. Norton, 2003.
Strickland, Arvarh E. History of the Chicago Urban League. Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 2001.
Terkel, Studs. Race: How Blacks and Whites Think and Feel About the American Obsession. 1st ed. New York: New Press: Distributed by W.W. Norton, 1992.
Terkel, Studs, and American Council of Learned Societies. Hard Times an Oral History of the Great Depression. Book club ed. New York: Pantheon Books, 1970.
Thompson, Nathan. Kings: The True Story of Chicago's Policy Kings and Numbers Racketeers: An Informal History. Chicago: Bronzeville Press, 2003.
Thompson-Peters, Flossie E. Jean Baptiste Dusable: Father of Chicago. Los Angeles, Ca.: Atlas Press, 1986.
Travis, Dempsey. An Autobiography of Black Chicago. 1st ed. Chicago, IL: Urban Research Institute, 1981.
________. An Autobiography of Black Jazz. 1st ed. Chicago, Ill.: Urban Research Institute, 1983.
________."Harold," the Peoples Mayor: The Authorized Biography of Mayor Harold Washington. Chicago, Ill.: Urban Research Press, 1989.
Tuttle, William M. Race Riot: Chicago in the Red Summer of 1919. Studies in American Negro Life. New York: Atheneum, 1970.
Venkatesh, Sudhir Alladi. American Project: The Rise and Fall of a Modern Ghetto. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2000.
Ward, Geoffrey C. Unforgivable Blackness: The Rise and Fall of Jack Johnson. 1st ed. New York: A.A. Knopf, 2004.
Williams, Linda, and Raul Zaritsky. Maxwell Street Blues. 1 videocassette (VHS) (56 min.). Chicago, Ill.: Facets Video, 1978.
Wilson, William J. The Truly Disadvantaged: The Inner City, the Underclass, and Public Policy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987.
Wright, Richard.Black Boy: (American Hunger): A Record of Childhood and Youth. 1st Perennial Classics ed. New York: Perennial Classics, 1998.
Wright, Richard, Edwin Rosskam, and United States. Farm Security Administration. Twelve Million Black Voices. New York: Thunder's Mouth Press, 1988.
X, Malcolm, and Alex Haley. The Autobiography of Malcolm X. 1st Ballantine Books trade ed. New York: One World/Ballantine Books, 1992.


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STD tests reveal that nearly 50,000 Americans get infected with HIV annually, according to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Currently, there is no cure for HIV, only antiviral treatments to prolong the patient's life. But new research has found a compound in soybeans that may be a possible treatment for those living with HIV.
A study from George Mason University National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases discovered that genistein, which is a plant-based compound, may help to inhibit the HIV infection. However, the researchers are quick to note that eating large quantities of soy products is not guaranteed to treat HIV.
"Although genistein is rich in several plants such as soybeans, it is still uncertain whether the amount of genistein we consume from eating soy is sufficient to inhibit HIV," said Yuntao Wu, lead author of the study.
HIV infects cells by tricking them into sending signals into their interior in order to change their structure. This enables the virus to enter the cell and spread infection. According to the report, genistein works by blocking the communication between cell's surface sensors and its interior. This is very different than current HIV treatments, which work to stop the virus directly.
"Instead of directly acting on the virus, genistein interferes with the cellular processes that are necessary for the virus to infect cells," Wu said. "Thus, it makes the virus more difficult to become resistant to the drug."
Plant-based treatment and current medications
Wu went on to note that his team's study is still in its early stages, but if the soy compound proves to be effective at inhibiting the virus, it could be developed into a complement treatment. The researchers also hope that using the natural product may help avoid drug toxicity in HIV patients. HIV treatment regimens usually involve multiple drugs, which often lead to adverse side effects.
HIV also mutates to become resistant to traditional treatments, making the need for a new medication much more drastic. The researchers are currently testing to determine how much of the compound is necessary to effectively treat the virus. Wu noted that there may not be enough genistein in plants naturally, so a new drug might need to be developed.
According to the CDC, 1.1 million people in the U.S. are currently living with HIV.
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|Pennsylvania Wiki Topics|
|Local Research Resources|
Online Resources[edit | edit source]
- Maps of Pennsylvania from MapofUS.org. Includes boundary changes map.
- Newberry Library Atlas of Historical County Boundaries
- 19th Century Landowner Maps
[edit | edit source]
- The David Rumsey Map Collection contains 306 Pennsylvania maps.
- Historical Maps of Pennsylvania contains images to over 1,000 historic Pennsylvania maps and links to many more.
- To see the progression of Pennsylvania county borders over time, see the PA Genweb Project's rendition of Department of Internal Affairs. Thomas A. Logue, secretary. Genealogical Maps of the counties of Pennsylvania. Compiled and prepared by the Bureau of Land Records - 1933.
- Ancestor Tracks has posted free, downloadable 19th-century landowner maps and atlases for about 85% of all the counties of PA and will eventually post at least one landowner map or atlas for every county; they have also published books documenting the first landowners of 7 counties which are for sale.
- United States Census Bureau State and County Map. This map will allow you to zoom in on any state or county in the United States and read the names of all of the neighboring counties.
- State map of Pennsylvania showing the location of each Pennsylvania County is on Hearthstone Legacy.
- Historical aerial maps can be used at Penn Pilot. The searches are broken into three time periods: 1937-1942, 1957-1962 and 1967-1972. There is a preview of each aerial view, but downloading maps enables the user to better magnify the area.
Printed Sources[edit | edit source]
The Pennsylvania State Library has an excellent collection of maps and county atlases for almost all counties. Most of these atlases were published from 1850 to 1880. You can write to the library to order a map for a particular town or county.
A helpful guide to the holdings at the State Archives is Martha L. Simonetti, comp., Donald H. Kent and Harry E. Whipkey, eds., Descriptive List of the Map Collection in the Pennsylvania State Archives (Harrisburg, PA; Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission, 1976.FHL book 974.8 E73p and FHL film 1321380 item 2. The university libraries in Pennsylvania also have map collections.
For a listing of topographical maps see United States, Geological Survey, Pennsylvania: Index to Topographic and Other Map Coverage (Reston, Virginia: The Survey, [1983?]. FHL book 974.8 A1 no. 665
Atlases[edit | edit source]
The Family History Library has many maps of Pennsylvania. Atlases for the years 1790, 1810, 1823, 1838, 1857, 1862, 1878, 1884, and 1917 on FHL film 2083 Another useful atlas is H.F. Walling and O.W. Gray, Historical Topographical Atlas of the State of Pennsylvania (1872; reprint, Knightstown, Indiana: Bookmark, 1977. FHL book 974.8 E3w
An excellent atlas, comprehensive in detail, is Atlas of Pennsylvania (Philadelphia, PA: Temple University, 1989. FHL book 974.8 E7ap The historical portion of this work is published separately as Edward K. Muller, ed., A Concise Historical Atlas of Pennsylvania (Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press, 1989. FHL Q book 974.8 E7apa
Maps Showing County Boundaries[edit | edit source]
Long, John H., ed. Pennsylvania: Atlas of Historical County Boundaries. (New York, NY: Charles Scribner's Sons, Simon and Schuster Macmillan, 1996. FHL book 974.8 E3p
Long, John H., ed. Historical Atlas and Chronology of County Boundaries, 1788-1980. Vol. 1, Delaware, Maryland, New Jersey, Pennsylvania. Boston, Mass.: G.K. Hall, 1984. FHL book 973 E7hL, vol. 1 and FHL fiche 6051426
County Historical Maps. Harrisburg, PA: Archives Publishing of Pennsylvania, [19--]. FHL Q book 974.8 E3ch Includes historical annotations for 28 counties.
To locate Philadelphia wards and townships from 1711 to 1965, see John Daly and Allen Weinberg, Genealogy of Philadelphia County Subdivisions, 2nd ed. (Philadelphia, PA: Department of Records, 1966. FHL book 974.811 E3w and FHL fiche 6046613
City ward maps[edit | edit source]
Wards were civil subdivisions of cities that divided services such as police, fire and rescue, utilities, and voting. Ward maps can be helpful when using census records. See Ward Maps of United States Cities: Microfilm Reproduction of 232 Maps Described in Ward Maps of United States Cities. Washington, D. C.: Library of Congress, [1975?]. FHL film 1377700and FHL fiche 6016554 (first of 320 fiche)
- Allegheny, 1867-78 FHL fiche 6016561-66
- Philadelphia, 1802-98 FHL fiche 6016721-36
- Pittsburgh, 1855-98 FHL fiche 6016737-43
Landowner Maps Information about the landowner maps.
References[edit | edit source]


Occurring when cells multiply abnormally, tumors are classified as either malignant or benign. Tumors may become cancerous, although they are uncommon in prairie dogs.
Treatment, if recommended, will depend on the type and location of the tumor or cancer. The outcome for benign tumors and others such as odontomas is generally good, but the general outcome for some tumors or cancers involving the vital organs like the liver is poor and affected prairie dogs may live for only a few weeks after diagnosis.
While tumors in the sinus area of the upper jaw, known as odontomas, are significant causes of upper respiratory signs in prairie dogs and may be related to the constant chewing and grinding action of the upper incisor teeth, and breathing difficulties or gum inflammation.
Other tumors found in prairie dogs include benign kidney tumors, malignant stomach tumors, benign fatty tissue tumors, and malignant tumors of the fibrous tissue of the cartilage at the base of the tongue.
Tumors are essentially an abnormal multiplication of body cells. As these cells grow and spread (metastasize) they may become cancerous.
In the rare case that your prairie dog has a tumor, your veterinarian will make a diagnosis upon seeing the tumor growth externally. Some tumors or cancers found in the internal organs can only be diagnosed after taking an X-ray or scan.
Your veterinarian will likely recommend surgical removal of the tumor to prevent it from growing and spreading to other locations in the body, which often leads to cancer. In fact, the earlier this is done the better the chances the tumor or cancer does not become more serious.
Living and Management
A pet prairie dog in recovery after tumor surgery needs optimum post-operative care. The prairie dog should be provided adequate rest for recuperation. Regular follow-up visits to your veterinarian would be necessary to access the progress made by your pet prairie dog.


Just like humans, dogs sometimes develop tumours. Tumours that develop on a dog's pancreas are called exocrine tumours. Veterinarians aren't sure what causes the tumours to develop in the glandular tissue of the pancreas, but when they do occur, exocrine tumours are almost always malignant. It is very rare for a dog to develop a benign pancreas tumour. Dogs diagnosed with pancreatic tumours often only live a few months from the time they're diagnosed.
Along with abnormalities in the dog's blood tests, earlier signs that a dog may be suffering from a tumour of the pancreas include a failure to eat or loss of appetite, weight loss, listlessness or lethargy.
Diagnoising Pancreatic Tumors in Dogs
If you notice swelling or sensitivity in your dog's stomach that lasts longer than a few days, visit your vet. Your vet will examine your dog and check for a mass or lump in your dog's stomach. To confirm that there is a mass on your dog's pancreas, your vet will order X-rays. Sometimes an ultrasound, the same technology used during pregnancy, is used to pinpoint the type of pancreatic tumour. If your dog has a pancreatic tumour, laboratory tests will often show dehydration, an obstructed bowel and signs of jaundice.
Treating Tumors of the Pancreas in Dogs
Tumours are sometimes treated with surgery, but generally by the time dogs are diagnosed with pancreatic tumours, it is often too late. By this time, the cancer has usually spread beyond the pancreas to nearby organs and lymph nodes. Rarely, when discovered early before it spreads, a tumour can be surgically removed from a dog's pancreas and the dog may go on to recover fully. Chemotherapy treatment is another option, but again, it is often a futile effort since the majority of exocrine tumours of the pancreas in dogs result in death, regardless of chemotherapy treatment.
Caring for a Dog with Tumors of the Pancreas After Sugery
If your dog undergoes surgery for a pancreatic tumour, he will require a few days' stay at the animal hospital. There, your pet can receive food through a feeding tube while his intestine recovers after surgery. Your dog will require medications prescribed by your vet after the surgery, and he may still need the feeding tube when he returns home.
Preventing Tumors of the Pancreas in Dogs
Since scientists do not know what causes tumours of the pancreas in dogs, prevention isn't possible. Early detection is the next best option to prevention when it comes to pancreatic tumours in dogs. This means that you should take your older or middle-aged dog to the vet if she experiences abdominal pain, weight loss, yellowing of the eyes or vomiting. If your dog is unlucky enough to have a pancreatic tumour, you may be able to have it removed if you detect the disease early enough, before it spreads to other organs or overwhelms the pancreas to the point at which surgery is no longer possible.


Combining the cutting-edge technology of whole genome sequencing of bacteria with social networking analysis, public health officials can get a more detailed picture of disease outbreaks that will better help track and stop them, say researchers at the 111th General Meeting of the American Society for Microbiology.
"Public health agencies are now able to harness the power of genome sequencing, which, when combined with the detailed clinical and epidemiological data we have access to, allows us to reconstruct outbreaks and really understand how a pathogen moves through a population," says Jennifer Gardy of the British Columbia Center for Disease Control, presenting a case study where she and her colleagues used this new technique to track and eventually stop a tuberculosis outbreak in the province.
An outbreak of tuberculosis occurred over a three-year period in a medium-sized community in British Columbia. In order to stop the event, public health officials turned to traditional epidemiological methods to identify the source and other contributing factors, but the results were hazy.
The researchers combined two new tools to get a clearer picture of the outbreak: social network analysis, which has become increasingly common in tracking infectious diseases in the past decade, and whole-genome sequencing (analysis of the entire microbe's DNA), which has become cheaper and less time-consuming over the past few years.
"The complete genome sequence of a pathogen is the ultimate DNA fingerprint, and now, with the costs and time associated with genome sequencing dropping almost exponentially, it is possible to sequence most or all of the bacterial isolates taken from and outbreak," says Gardy
And while it may sound like something having to do with Facebook, social network analysis takes traditional epidemiology one step further, asking patients about more than just with whom they have been in contact. In this case Gardy and her colleagues asked patients for a detailed account of their time on a daily basis including where they went and what they did at those places.
"Instead of getting a list of names, you are getting names, places and behaviors, and you can paint a much more detailed picture of the underlying structure. Key people and places and certain behaviors that might be contributing to an outbreak's spread become much more apparent and allow you to adjust your outbreak investigation in real time as this new information becomes available," says Gardy.
Using this new combinatorial technique, the researchers eventually determined that the outbreak was likely not instigated by genetic changes to the pathogen, but was instead likely due to increased usage of crack cocaine in the community. The disease was being transmitted in crack houses where people were coughing often while spending hours together in poorly ventilated rooms.
Additionally they were able to determine that a few key individuals acted as superspreaders, and these people were socially well connected and sympotmatic for long periods of time. This information is being used in a current outbreak investigation where public health officials are trying to target socially popular people for screening as a priority.
"We took an outbreak that was an absolute mystery by traditional methods and solved it using genome sequencing and social network analysis," says Gardy who calls this and other genomic epidemiological studies "a new and exciting direction for epidemiology and the study of infectious disease, particularly for public health agencies."


Online resources for academic support
Creating and Formatting References/Works Cited
Preparing for Exams
Online Collaboration Tools
Organization and Note Taking tools
Search Engines and Forums
The Franklin Pierce DiPietro Library has a wealth of great information that students can access online. Here are a few links to some of the resources that we use most frequently in our office. We encourage students to take the time to look through the other information on their site as well.
There are over a dozen great support guides here on the library website covering everything from citation guidelines to finding scholarly sources to writing support.
You will see that many of your paper assignments come with the instruction to use “scholarly sources.” This library page will tell you what defines a scholarly source and how to find them.
An excellent, quick guide to help you cite television shows, movies or interviews in your academic paper.
Study guides provide 'one-stop shopping' for various topics from American Studies to Physical Therapy to Women’s Studies. Guides include databases related to the topic, as well as useful web links. These guides support majors and degrees offered at both the undergraduate and graduate level.
Information for Graduate and Undergraduate students about library resources relating to writing a thesis or dissertation.
Created by Coordinator of Learning Assistance, Tracy Mendham, of the Center for Academic Services this provides students with a quick guide on why it is important to cite references, a quick how-to for APA, CMS, and MLA as well as a list of websites that help to generate citations.
Created by Coordinator of Learning Assistance, Tracy Mendham, of the Center for Academic Excellence this handout provides information on how to cite sources in MLA format. The document provides examples and step-by-step instructions on how to generate each citation and is written with international students and English language learners in mind.
This handy tool generates a correct ASA citation for students writing a paper for sociology. Students plug in the information that is asked for and the machine creates the citation. This tool is free and the website also generates citations in MLA, APA, Turabian, and Chicago.
A website that generates bibliographies in MLA, APA, Chicago, and Turabian. The website is easy to use and creates the correct bibliography when students either plug in the information asked for or when they search for the reference if there is already a generated bibliography of it.
The library has subscribed to EasyBib School Edition, an online citation service that allows you to create bibliographies and organize research notes. In addition to the tools available in the free version of EasyBib; the premium version includes more citation styles and organization tools.
While on campus, access to EasyBib premium is automatic- even if you reach the site through Google. Off campus you must use this link or the link from our library so that you can log in for full access
This is a great guide with strategies for how to effectively take multiple choice tests. The guide offers advice on how to eliminate answers and provides guessing strategies that actually work.
One of the worst kinds of exams for college students are essay exams. Rushing to write an essay in under an hour panics many student. However, this article provides helpful strategies and tips on how to study for an essay exam and be less worried when test day comes.
This blog post from Hack College suggests ways to study for an exam that will leave students less stressed in the long run. As the post points out cramming for an exam is not the way to go, but by following these tips students will be on the road to success.
The site provides short FREE practice tests for most major national exams that will help get you ready for these tests. The site also includes some test preparation tools and suggestions.
Taking your very first college exam is nerve-racking, but this site offers 5 useful tips on how to prepare for it. Freshmen should check this one out!
With StudyBlue, students can take notes and create flashcards in one easy to access place! Anything added to your FREE account is organized by class and can be accessed anywhere with Internet. Students who have a hard time keeping their notes organized or like using flashcards to study will find that this site becomes their new best friend.
Having trouble getting started on a paper? Struggling to keep track of your thoughts? Use Bubbl.us - a FREE mind-mapping website that lets you create, share, e-mail, and print mind-maps that you create! Students who have a hard time figuring out how to start a paper or an assignment should check-out this easy to use tool!
Need help prepping for the GREs? Or how about that history exam with over 50 identifications? With Quizlet you can study with pre-made flashcards or create your own! There are also games that let you test your knowledge. This saves the time from having to write out your own and it is completely FREE- just log in with your Facebook account or create a new username.
Love them or hate them, it’s hard to get away from exams. All that preparation before the big day, a race against the clock as you sit at the desk, and the aftermath that sometimes feels as stressful as the exam itself.
Effective technique goes beyond the exam hall. You’ll never be stress-free from the examination process, but you can limit it greatly by following these tips
There is more to exams than just studying. This list compiled by University Blog includes previous posts from other bloggers and are key things to remember before and during an exam such as getting enough sleep and reading questions backwards after you’ve taken an exam to see if you missed any key words to the questions.
Getting your study on is no easy task when you live on campus. The library which is supposed to be a quiet place is often jam packed with people trying to print or finish an assignment 5 minutes after it was due. This post from University Blog offers advice on how to create the perfect study place for you.
Preparing for an exam begins in the classroom. This post by LifeHacker offers advice on how to write notes that will benefit a student in the long wrong. Students will learn how to write notes that are creating a study guide at the same time. The method comes from Cornell and the post provides a link that generates a .pdf form of the note pages so students just have to print out copies for that week’s class. You can also print out Cornell notesheets using Microsoft Word – when you open a new document go to templates – minutes – notes.
Taking the GREs? Have an interview? Want to add some new vocabulary words to your repertoire? This site is an easy and fun way to build your vocabulary.
Khan Academy offers students of all ages free video tutorials on everything from Biology to History and is especially strong in Mathematics. There are over 2,000 videos to choose from! The website also provides a practice section where students can test themselves on what they have learned. The videos can also be found on Youtube.com.
Race the clock in this fast-paced game of Mahjong that allows you to test your knowledge in chemistry. Whether a novice in chemistry or an expert this game will keep you on your toes!
The Purdue OWL is a reliable and easy-to-use website that provides grammar and spelling exercises, and explanations of many aspects of college writing, including research, citing sources, organization, and commonly assigned forms such as annotated bibliographies and argument papers.
For students trying to decode an unfamiliar vocabulary word, this website provides a dictionary with images to help students remember words or to better understand them. The website uses the definitions from Wiktionary and combines them with Flickr, Google, and Yahoo! images.
This list of online resources from Skidmore College provides reference materials, search tools, and general information for students taking psychology courses or considering a career in psychology.
Students who enjoy using flashcards will be impressed by this website. This site offers free flashcards, multiple choice questions, and matching for a variety of subjects including foreign languages, literature, and biology. The site also allows students to create their own flashcards to share with their friends and classmates.
There will always be distractions: friends, parties, music, etc. but when it comes down to it students need to stay focused in order to succeed academically. This blog post from Hack College provides hints on how students can finish their reading and assignments and still have time to do other things. By not letting themselves be distracted, students who do the reading will benefit more in the long run because when an exam comes along they will be more prepared.
Provides a guide on how to strengthen presentation skills. Students will learn various ways on how to improve their presentations including how to effectively use the chalkboard, how to use visual aids such as PowerPoint, and useful verbal and non-verbal communication skills. The website is great for students who want to brush up on their presentation skills!
The article lists and evaluates five of the most popular presentation tools to date. These include both free and programs for purchase that offer the tools to create a one-of-a-kind presentation.
Lifehacker which brings you “tips and downloads for getting things done.” walks you through the five most common pitfalls of a bad presentation and how to fix them.
This tool allows anyone to share an idea, problem, or picture online instantly using a multi-user online whiteboard! This can be used for students doing group projects who are unable to meet up, students who are collaborating their thoughts and ideas for an assignment or paper, or for faculty who want to share content with students when they cannot be in class. This site is easy to use and FREE!
Writing text together doesn’t get any easier than this. Go to Dreamfish, and click Create New Pad. Text is saved as you type, and everyone working on your document can make changes. It even keeps track of who wrote what—great for fairness and accountability on group projects.
This article provides a review and link for the Livescribe Echo Pen. This is a great tool for students with disabilities and any student! The pen records everything a student says, writes, and hears. Students are able to access these notes on their computer later on.
A great website for business majors and minors! The website offers a list of 100 useful web tools to excel in their studies. The list is divided into sections based on the type of tool including organization tools such as Google Reader which allows students to organize every blog they read into one easy-to-use reader. Students can refer to this website even after they graduate!
This article offers step-by-step instructions on how to forward school e-mails to a person e-mail account. This is a good option for students who struggle to balance various e-mail accounts or if there is ever trouble connecting to the eRaven page.
Students who struggle to stay focused because of ADHD can use this support website to learn tips for staying on track. The list includes suggestions for organization, how to manage in the workplace, and tips and suggestions for home and family.
For those who have trouble organizing and planning homework time this is a useful tool to help students stay on track. The site is easy to use and when students enter their class information homeworktree plans out a schedule for them to make sure they meet deadlines. The site sends reminder emails and weekly check-lists to print to ensure that students meet their weekly assignment goals.
No student can go wrong with a website that lists 100 search engines for business related topics! The list is broken down by category including Advertising, Social Media, Finance, etc. Each link has a quick description of the search engine. Great for business majors and anyone taking IC212-Challenge of Business in Society!
Pre-med students and those interested in the health field will find this website useful for the multiple forums it offers. Students can discuss their questions about professions, MCATs, internships etc.
Like the title of this article says, these articles are legitimately useful! The list includes sites such as Text Swap where students can swap textbooks for free online! The list also includes useful research engines, and writing sites that give tips and advise from generating a bibliography to a site where students can brainstorm and organize their ideas for an essay. Students will want to bookmark this one!
Deciding whether or not to take online classes is a difficult decision for various reasons. The article discuses characteristics’ that a student should possess if he or she wants to succeed in an online course. The list includes traits such as being able to communicate effectively through writing, as well as being willing to commit to four to 15 hours per week per course. Students who are contemplating taking an online course should read this list!


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About the culture in Cameroon
Identification. The name of the country derives from the term used for the Wouri River by Portuguese explorers. Reaching the Cameroon coast near the modern port city of Douala around 1472, those explorers named the river Rio dos Camaroes ("River of Prawns") after the variety of crayfish they found there. This name later was applied to the coastal area between Mount Cameroon and Rio Muni.
Cameroon has distinct regional cultural, religious, and political traditions as well as ethnic variety. The division of the country into British- and French-ruled League of Nations mandates after World War I created Anglophone and Francophone Read full article about Cameroon


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The seat of a titular archbishopric of Thessaly. The city, one of the oldest and richest in Greece, is said to have been founded by Acrisius, who was killed accidentally by his son, Perseus (Stephanus Byzantius, s.v.). There lived Peleus, the hero beloved by the gods, and his son Achilles; however, the city is not mentioned by Homer, unless it be identified with Argissa of the Iliad (II, 738). The constitution of the town was democratic, which explains why it sided with Athens in the Peloponnesian War. In the neighbourhood of Larissa was celebrated a festival which recalled the Roman Saturnalia, and at which the slaves were waited on by their masters. It was taken by the Thebans and afterwards by the Macedonian kings, and Demetrius Poliorcestes gained possession of it for a time, 302 B.C. It was there that Philip V, King of Macedonia, signed in 197 B.C. a shameful treaty with the Romans after his defeat at Cynoscephalae, and it was there also that Antiochus III, the Great, won a great victory, 192 B.C. Larissa is frequently mentioned in connection with the Roman civil wars which preceded the establishment of the empire and Pompey sought refuge there after the defeat of Pharsalus. First Roman, then Greek until the thirteenth century, and afterwards Frankish until 1400, the city fell into the hands of the Turks, who kept it until 1882, when it was ceded to Greece; it suffered greatly from the conflicts between the Greeks and the Turks between 1820 and 1830, and quite recently from the Turkish occupation in 1897. On 6 March, 1770, Aya Pasha massacred there 3000 Christians from Trikala, who had been treacherously brought there.
Very prosperous under the Turkish sovereignty Larissa, which counted 40,000 inhabitants thirty years ago, has now only 14,000, Greeks, Turks, and Jews; the province of which it is the chief town has a population of 140,000. Christianity penetrated early to Larissa, though its first bishop is recorded only in 325 at the Council of Nicaea. We must mention especially, St. Achilius, in the fourth century, whose feast is on 15 May, and who is celebrated for his miracles. Lequien, "Oriens Christ," II, 103-112, cites twenty-nine bishops from the fourth to the eighteenth centuries; the most famous Jermias II, occupied the Patriarch of the West until 733, when the Emperor Leo III the Isaurian annexed it to the Patriarchate of Constantinople. In the first years of the tenth century it had ten suffragen sees (Gelzer, "Ungedruckte. . .Texte der Notitiae episcopatuum", Munich, 1900, 557); subsequently the number increased and about the year 1175 under the Emperor Manuel Commenus, it reached twenty-eight (Parthey, "Hieroclis Synecdemus", Berlin, 1866, 120). At the close of the fifteenth century, under the Turkish, domination, there were only ten suffragan sees (Gelzer, op. cit., 635), which gradually grew less and finally disappeared. Since 1882, when Thessaly was ceded to Greece, the Orthodox Diocese of Larissa has been dependent on the Holy Synod of Athens, not Constantinople. Owing to the law of 1900 which suppressed all the metropolitan sees excepting Athens, Larissa was reduced to the rank of a simple bishopric; its title is united with that of Pharsalus and Platamon, two adjoining bishoprics now suppressed.
APA citation. (1910). Larissa. In The Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09004b.htm
MLA citation. "Larissa." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 9. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1910. <http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09004b.htm>.
Transcription. This article was transcribed for New Advent by Beth Ste-Marie.
Ecclesiastical approbation. Nihil Obstat. October 1, 1910. Remy Lafort, Censor. Imprimatur. +John M. Farley, Archbishop of New York.
Contact information. The editor of New Advent is Kevin Knight. My email address is webmaster at newadvent.org. Regrettably, I can't reply to every letter, but I greatly appreciate your feedback — especially notifications about typographical errors and inappropriate ads.


This storyboard does not have a description.
The Smith family are almost done packing so they can leave to the west.
They are on the trail then Anderson (the dad) gets attacked by an Indian.
After the dad died,Emma (the mom) starts getting sick by a disease.
Then,one of the kids Henry (son) went to go get a cure for the mom while Elizabeth (daughter) was taking care of her.
After, the kids see the river that leads to the west to go to the aunts house.
At last, when they make it to the west they find the aunt's house and rest from their journey.
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In its first session, the 111th Congress enacted an omnibus public lands bill that provided conservation protection for a number of river segments under the Wild and Scenic Rivers Act of 1968 (WSRA). Another omnibus bill is widely expected in the second session and may include additional provisions under the WSRA. Congress enacted the WSRA as part of a myriad of environmental conservation legislation enacted in the 1960s and 1970s. The act provides protection to certain rivers within the United States in order to balance the tendency toward development of the nation's rivers for industry or recreation. The act declares it to be the policy of the United States that certain rivers that possess "outstandingly remarkable scenic, recreational, geologic, fish and wildlife, historic, cultural, or other similar values, shall be preserved in freeflowing condition." The act further provides that "the established national policy of dam and other construction be complemented by a policy that would preserve other selected rivers ... in their free-flowing condition to protect the water quality of such rivers and to fulfill other vital national conservation purposes."
Under the act, rivers meeting certain criteria may be designated for inclusion in a national rivers system and classified for specific protections. A river may be classified as wild (the most primitive rivers with the most restrictive protections), scenic (rivers with some access with intermediate protections), or recreational (rivers with some development with the most lenient protections). Designated federal agencies issue comprehensive management plans to ensure the protected values of the river. In order to accomplish the goals of the act, the WSRA uses two main methods of protection: water rights to maintain flows and restrictions on development for federal projects to preserve the natural path of the rivers.
This report analyzes the federal government's authority under the WSRA to maintain and preserve designated rivers. It provides an overview of the WSRA and the process by which rivers are designated and administered under the act. It also examines the use of federal water rights under the act to ensure instream flows and the prohibitions on development of rivers for federal projects.
Date of Report: February 23, 2010
Number of Pages: 13
Order Number: R41081
Document available electronically as a pdf file or in paper form.
To order, e-mail firstname.lastname@example.org or call us at 301-253-0881.
Thursday, February 25, 2010
The Wild and Scenic Rivers Act (WSRA): Protections, Federal Water Rights, and Development Restrictions