Teaching Metacognition Improves Learning
Metacognition is a critically important, yet often overlooked component of learning. Effective learning involves planning and goal-setting, monitoring one's progress, and adapting as needed. All of these activities are metacognitive in nature. By teaching students these skills - all of which can be learned - we can improve student learning. There are three critical steps to teaching metacognition:
- Teaching students that their ability to learn is mutable
- Teaching planning and goal-setting
- Giving students ample opportunities to practice monitoring their learning and adapting as necessary
Expert learners consider their learning goals, plan accordingly, and monitor their own learning as they carry out their plans. Novice learners, in contrast, don't have explicit learning goals, fail to plan, and often have only one learning strategy, which they apply without thinking about whether it's appropriate to the situation. Not surprisingly, novice learners are often disappointed in the results of their studying, while expert learners are generally satisfied with their results (and will make adjustments if not).
Expert learners engage in what we call Self-Regulated Learning. A Self-Regulated Learner begins with goal-setting and planning, taking into account his or her time constraints, strengths and weaknesses relevant to the learning task, and motivation for learning. Having set reasonable goals and planned his or her learning strategies, the Self-Regulated Learner then implements his or her plan, monitoring the results as he or she studies. If the chosen strategies are working well, he or she continues; if not, he or she makes adjustments and monitors the results until they are in line with his or her learning goals.
Expert Learners Can Be Made
Although early attempts to teach students metacognitive skills were unsuccessful, more recent studies demonstrate that metacognition can be taught and learned.
Step 1: Teach students that the ability to learn is not a fixed quantity
The key to a student's ability to become a self-regulated (i.e., metacognitive) learner is understanding that one's ability to learn is a skill that develops over time rather than a fixed trait, inherited at birth. Students who believe that the ability to learn can improve over time earn higher grades, even after controlling for prior achievement (Henderson and Dweck, 1990). These students set reasonable learning goals for themselves and have the self-efficacy to choose and use productive learning strategies. These strategies then result in learning gains. Moreover, students can be taught that their ability to learn can improve over time; those who learn this simple lesson show increased motivation to learn and improved grades (Aronson et al., 2002; Blackwell et al., 2007).
Step 2: Teach students how to set goals and plan to meet them
Many students don't set explicit learning goals for themselves, or make plans to meet any goals they might have. Yet students who received as little as half an hour of training (in the form of one-to-one tutoring) on the process of self-regulated learning outperformed students who did not receive the training in several important ways. First and foremost, they learned more. In addition, they planned how they would spend their time in the learning task, spent more of their time in goal-oriented searching, and periodically reminded themselves of their current goal (Azevedo and Cromley, 2004).
Step 3: Give students opportunities to practice self-monitoring and adapting
Accurate self-monitoring is quite difficult. Many first-year college students, in particular, are over-confident. For example, first-year students at Carnegie Mellon University were asked what grades they anticipated earning in their science and math courses. While results varied somewhat by subject area, more than 90% of students in biology, chemistry, physics and calculus courses expected to earn A's or B's. These expectations were clearly not realistic and suggested some problems on the horizon for these students.
Teaching Self-Monitoring Strategies
Monitoring and adapting strategies can be taught as learning habits. A wrapper is one tool for teaching self-monitoring behavior. A wrapper is an activity that surrounds an existing assignment or activity and encourages metacognition. For example, wrappers can be used with lectures, homework assignments, or exams. Wrappers require just a few extra minutes of time, but can have a big impact. They are effective because they integrate metacognitive behavior where it is needed - when the student is in a learning situation where self-monitoring can be helpful. Students can also get immediate feedback on the accuracy of their perceptions, thus alleviating the problem of over-confidence. Finally, wrappers require minimal faculty time.
Example: lecture wrappers
Prior to beginning the day's lecture, the instructor gives students some tips on active listening. In particular, students are encouraged to think about the key points of the lecture as they listen and take notes. At the end of the lecture, students write what they think the three most important ideas of the lecture were on an index card. After they hand those in, the instructor reveals the three most important ideas from the lecture. This immediate feedback allows students to monitor their active listening strategies. After three successive lecture wrappers (with successively less faculty support, from a mini-lecture on active listening to no advance warning), student responses increasingly matched the instructor's: 45% the first time, 68% the second time, and 75% the third (Lovett, 2008).
Example: homework wrappers
Before beginning a homework assignment, students answer a brief set of self-assessment questions focusing on skills they should be monitoring. Students complete the homework as usual, and then answer a follow-up set of self-assessment questions. For example, for a homework assignment about vector arithmetic, a student may be asked (beforehand) "How quickly and easily can you solve problems that involve vector subtraction?" and (afterward) "Now that you have completed this homework, how quickly and easily can you solve problems that involve vector subtraction?" Student reports from the homework wrappers ranged from noting that the practice exercises were helpful to them to commenting that they were probably overconfident before doing the homework problems.
When graded exams are returned (as soon as possible after the exam was given), students complete an exam reflection sheet. They describe their study strategies, analyze the mistakes they made, and plan their study strategies for the next exam. These reflection sheets are returned to students before the next exam, so that they can make use of the ideas they had when the previous exam was still fresh in their minds. Students identified several new approaches they would use in future exam preparation.
- "Metacognitive skills and beliefs about learning have consequences for students' learning and performance.
- "Teaching metacognition - introducing these new skills and beliefs, and giving students practice at applying them - improves students' learning.
- "Low-cost interventions can have big payoffs."
Aronson, J., Fried, C. & Good, C., 2002. Reducing the Effects of Stereotype Threat on African American College Students by Shaping Theories of Intelligence. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 38, 113-125.
Azevedo and Cromley, 2004. Does Training on Self-Regulated Learning Facilitate Students' Learning with Hypermedia? Journal of Educational Psychology, 96 (3), 523-535.
Blackwell, L., Trzesniewski, K. & Dweck, C. S., 2007. Implicit Theories of Intelligence Predict Achievement Across an Adolescent Transition: A Longitudinal Study and an Intervention. Child Development, 78, 246-263.
Henderson and Dweck, 1990. Achievement and Motivation in Adolescence: A New Model and Data. In S. Feldman and G. Elliott (Eds.), At the Threshold: The Developing Adolescent. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Lovett, 2008. Teaching Metacognition: Presentation to the Educause Learning Initiative Annual Meeting, 29 January 2008.


What Is VLSM (Variable Length Subnet Mask)?
Definition Of VLSM
VLSM, standing for Variable Length Subnet Mask, occurs when subnet design uses multiple masks in the same network. It means that more than one mask is used for various subnets of a network or a single class A, B, C.
VLSM is equivalent to subnetting subnets, which means that VLSM enables network engineers to divide the IP address space into subnet hierarchies of different sizes. So VLSM allows network engineers to create subnets with varying host counts with only small numbers of addresses being wasted.
VLSM is used to increase the availability of subnets because subnets can be variable in size. It is also defined as a subnetting process for a subnet.
Implementation Process Of VLSM
In VLSM, subnets use block sizes as required, so subnetting needs to be used multiple times.
If the administrator has the IP 192.168.1.0/24, you can assign the department’s wise IP by following these steps:
Step 1. For each segment, select the block size, which is greater than or equal to the actual requirement. The essential requirement is the sum of the host address, broadcast address, and network address. List possible subnets:
Step 2. Arrange all segments in descending order according to the block size from highest to lowest requirements.
Step 3. The available highest IP must be assigned to the highest requirement, so Sales and Purchasing receive 192.168.1.0/25.
Step 4. The next segment requires IP to handle 50 hosts. The IP subnet with network number 192.168.1.128/26 is the second-highest and can be assigned to 62 hosts.
Step 5. The next IP subnet 192.168.1.192/27 meets the account department’s requirements because it has 30 valid host IP that can be assigned to 26 computers.
Step 6. The last segment needs 5 valid host IP, and the subnet 192.168.1.224/29 meets the subnet, with a mask of 255.255.255.248 as required.
VLSM VS FLSM
- Subnets: In VLSM, subnets are variable in size with a variable number of hosts, making the IP addressing more efficient. But in FLSM, all subnets are equal in size with an equal number of hosts.
- Waste of IP addresses: VLSM wastes fewer IP addresses than FLSM.
- The corresponding IP addresses: VLSM is the best choice for public IP addresses, while FLSM is the first option for private IP addresses.
- Usage of subnet mask: VLSM uses various subnet masks, while FLSM uses the same mask.
- Configuration and management: VLSM is simple in configuration and management, but FLSM is complicated.
- Routing protocols: VLSM supports classless routing protocols, while FLSM supports both classless and classful routing protocols.
VLSM is a critical technology in modern network design. After reading this article, you must have a general understanding of VLSM, including its definition, implementation procedures, and the difference between VLSM and FLSM.
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A team of investigators discovered that amyloid precursor protein (APP) interacts with another protein known as Reelin to promote formation and maintenance of dendrites. Results are reported in the June 10 issue of the Journal of Neuroscience.
Reelin has been thought to be involved in stimulating growth of neuronal dendrites. It also has been implicated in some brain disorders, but up until now, little was known about how the protein interacts with APP, the scientists point out.
Trying to understand how APP works in the brain and the interplay with Reelin, the researchers studied neurons in culture. They found that adding Reelin increased the number of neurite connections that these cells sent out from the cell body to communicate with each other. However, these branches did not grow if APP was not available.
In mice experiments, they found that animals born without APP had increased levels of Reelin, and mice that overproduced APP had less Reelin. “This suggests that two molecules are necessary for a single function, and if you get rid of one of them, the other increases in order to drive that function,” says the study's senior author, G. William Rebeck, Ph.D., associate professor in the department of neuroscience at Georgetown University Medical Center.
While Dr. Rebeck’s previous research found that APP is important for the stability of dendrites, this study shows that it is also key to their formation and maintenance. Findings may not be immediately applicable to the treatment of Alzheimer’s but help elucidate the workings of components related to the disease, he adds.
Two Proteins Working in Tandem Leads to Amyloid Beta Buildup in Alzheimer’s (Dec. 22, 2008)
miRNA Implicated in Inflammation Integral to Alzheimer’s Disease (Nov. 14, 2008)
Fatty-Acid Regulator Associated with Cognitive Function in Alzheimer’s Disease (Oct. 20, 2008)
Variations in Tau Gene Linked to Earlier Onset of Alzheimer's Symptoms (June 10, 2008)
Inhibiting TGF-beta Improves Immune Response to Alzheimer’s Plaques (May 30, 2008)


Views: 6 Author: Site Editor Publish Time: 2018-04-02 Origin: Site
Under a normal condition, the operation and exit of the HV capacitor need to be determined according to the reactive power flow of the system, the power factor of the load or the voltage and so on. For example, if the power factor of the circuit is lower than 0.85, the power factor of the high-voltage capacitor must be greater than or equal to 0.95, and a rising trend is required. High voltage capacitor banks should be withdrawn from operation; when the system voltage is low, it can also be put into high voltage capacitor banks.
In some working or environmental conditions require a high voltage capacitor timely exit operation, such as when the use of environmental temperature exceeding 40 degrees Celsius, then need to strengthen the working environment ventilation effect. For example, when the voltage of the busbar connected by the high-voltage capacitor exceeds 1.1 times of the rated voltage of the capacitor or the current of the capacitor exceeds 1.3 times of its rated current, the high-voltage capacitor also needs to stop running in time.
In addition to the above, some unexpected accidents need to be timely high-voltage capacitor out of operation:
A. Capacitor fire, explosion.
B. Serious discharge and flashover of porcelain casing.
C, contact severely overheated or melted.
D. Serious abnormal sound from the inside of the capacitor or discharge equipment and expansion of the shell of the high-voltage capacitor before the use of the high-voltage capacitor, it is necessary to inspect it, and the capacitor shall operate at rated current, And the current should not exceed 1.3 times the rating, otherwise, when the operation is stopped. There is whether the capacitor shell expansion, oil leakage and other phenomena, whether there is heat inside the capacitor, if the above situation, should be dealt with in time.


Good aseptic technique is superior to the use of antibiotics in tissue culture. In certain cases, however, the prophylactic use of antibiotics is invaluable. Antibiotics should be used when the starting material for primary cultures is not sterile, e.g., tissue obtained from the abattoir, human tissue obtained during surgery or postmortem, and tissue from nasal passages, gastrointestinal and urogenital tract, and skin. In such cases, the tissue should be bathed in a solution containing a high concentration of antibiotics before initiating cultures. Antibiotics can also be used in the cultures, but for as short a period of time as possible, up to a maximum of 2 wk of culturing. Antibiotics can also be used prophylactically in experiments in which the cultures are terminated at the end of the experiment. In exceptional cases, antibiotics may be used to decontaminate irreplaceable cultures (see below).
KeywordsWater Purification System Laminar Flow Hood Fungal Contamination Streptomycin Solution Tissue Culture Laboratory
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Forum of Caesar
History and museums
The Forum of Caesar, also known as Forum Iulium or Forum Julium, Forum Caesaris, is a forum (or plaza) built by Julius Caesar near the Forum Romanum in Rome in 46 BC.
Caesar decided to construct a forum bearing his name in the northeast section of the Forum Romanum, of which he purchased a very expensive, select amount of parcels of land in that area. Forum construction began in 54 BC, and it was dedicated to Caesar and his deeds in 46 BC upon completion. Some scholars, however, believe that Augustus furnished the west side with the shops and offices that were considered part of the Forum of Caesar, therefore being the one to see its completion. The Forum spanned from the Argiletum on the southeast side of the Forum Romanum to the Atrium Libertatis and spanned 160 meters by 75 meters. As part of the dedication, lavish games were offered and funded by Caesar, indicating the staggering cost and thus the personal interest that Caesar had invested in the project.
The Forum of Caesar originally meant an expansion of the Forum Romanum. The Forum, however, evolved so that it served two additional purposes. As Caesar became more and more involved in this project, the Forum became a place for public business that was related to the Senate in addition to a shrine for Caesar himself as well as Venus Genetrix.
Before his assassination, Caesar would have the Senate meet him before his temple, an act deemed very unpopular by the Senate. The Forum of Caesar also had an effect on the Curia, which Caesar began to reconstruct in 44 BC. This reconstruction moved the Forum of Caesar much closer to the Curia. The ten tabernae located on the western side of the Forum and its now close approximation to the Senate house symbolized the unity that Caesar felt between himself and the Senate.
Caesar also placed a statue of his favourite horse in front of the temple. Following his assassination, a statue of Caesar riding this horse was added. Caesar (gens Julia) claimed descent from Venus through his ancestor Julus. The Temple of Venus Genetrix was completed after Caesar's assassination by Roman senators, which included lavish games in reference to Caesar's original dedication to the Forum. Caesar had plans for this temple well in advance, having dedicated the construction of a temple to Venus Victrix at the climactic Battle of Pharsalus in 48 BC, though never being able to see its completion. This original dedication was done because it was Pompey's favourite goddess, and Caesar hoped to gain the goddess's favour before the battle against Pompey.
The temple was re-built after the removal of the gap between the Capitoline Hill and the Quirinal Hill, under the reigns of Domitian and Trajan; during the adaptation of the gap, a second floor of tabernae was created behind the west portico of the square and a building with pillars made of tuff blocks, named Basilica Argentaria, was erected. The new temple was inaugurated in the same day as the Trajan's Column, on May 12, 113, as attested by an inscription in the Fasti Ostienses.
The Temple of Venus Genetrix contained an important collection of statues, paintings and engravings. A gilded statue of Cleopatra VII was erected, setting a precedent for dedications to notable women in the precinct. Paintings in the forum included one of Medea, mythological Greek hero of Euripides' play Medea, as well as one of Ajax, mythological Greek hero of Sophocles' Ajax, done by Timomachus. Perhaps more personal to Caesar were six collections of engraved gems. These surpassed in number the collection of Mithridates dedicated by Caesar's rival Pompey. It is not known where or how Caesar obtained these six collections.
Following the reigns of Caesar and Augustus, a total reconstruction of the Forum took place, headed by the Roman Emperor Domitian. Why this reconstruction occurred is not exactly known. Under the reign of Titus, a massive fire ravaged the city in AD 80, including the Forum Romanum. The Forum of Caesar was not rebuilt until AD 95, however, indicating that perhaps Domitian had a personal interest in the reconstruction. This could be seen in the separation of the Curia from the Forum, symbolizing a reversal of Caesar's wish to have the Senate closely connected with him. Not much senatorial business took place in the Forum afterwards, except for the secretarium senatus in the 4th century.
In late May 2006, a team of archaeologists under the direction of Anna de Santis and Paola Catalano unearthed an inhumation tomb dating from the 10th century BC in the Forum of Caesar, in comparison to the previous five cremation tombs unearthed there from July 1999 to April 2006.


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Americans are familiar with the removal of Cherokees in the infamous “Trail of Tears,” but the involvement of African American slaves is far less known. When the U.S. Indian Removal Act forced Native Americans to relinquish their native land and move west, countless slaves followed them into the frontier, bound and shackled. In 1866, after U.S. lawmakers amended the Constitution to bar slavery, the Cherokee Nation entered into a treaty with the federal government, granting perpetual freedom and full tribal membership to Cherokee slaves and their descendants — newly minted Cherokee members — the “Freedmen.”
By Blood picks up 150 years later. The Cherokee Nation — a wealthy tribe, with land, casinos and various business holdings — argues that Freedmen descendants are not members of their tribe “by blood” because they descended from the tribe’s former slaves. The Cherokee Nation and another former slave-holding nation, the Seminole Nation, began denying tribal rights to Freedmen descendants more than a decade ago.
By 1920, Tulsa had become home to many successful black entrepreneurs. Tensions between the city’s white residents over the success of African Americans in Jim Crow Oklahoma grew intense and on June 1, 1921 they erupted into the Tulsa Race Riots. Sparked by a dubious conflict and led by the Ku Klux Klan, it destroyed Tulsa’s then-booming African American community of 30 city blocks including the area known as Black Wall Street. The film examines the region’s present-day lingering racial tensions, particularly on Tulsa’s north side: a predominately African American neighborhood that is also Cherokee Territory and home to many Freedmen who are struggling economically.
By Blood chronicles Freedmen descendants Roshon Jones, Sylvia Davis, and Marilyn Vann, as well as civil rights advocates David Cornsilk and Jon Velie, whose roles illustrate tenuous race relations across Oklahoma. Ultimately, the documentary illustrates how federal encroachment over Indian territories led to Oklahoma’s statehood and fueled its violent history, as well as the divisive legacy of racial classification by the one-drop rule.


Feverfew, or Chrysanthemum parthenium, is a biennial or perennial herb that is native to parts of Europe and Asia. It requires very little care and will thrive in ordinary garden soil in full sun to partial shade. Plants can be started from seeds and mature plants can also be divided, but since feverfew will self-sow enthusiastically, you may want to dead-head most of the flowers to keep this herb under control.
The most recognizable feverfew flowers look like small daisies with their white petals and yellow centers. However, I have found that if you plant several packets of purchased commercially-grown feverfew seeds, the results may be quite unexpected. All the seeds I planted were labeled as feverfew, and all the leaves look exactly the same, but the flowers look very different.
To date I have at least seven different-looking feverfew types that range from the typical daisy feverfew in two sizes to round balls with tubular florets and no petals. This year there is even a group of feverfew plants that are producing small yellow balls, half the size of the white balls I just described. I also have two types of double-flowered feverfew and some with irregular-length thin petals. I have them all growing in the same area, and I find it very interesting to compare the various types.
Feverfew has a long history of use as a medicinal herb. For a while it was thought to be effective against fevers, but more recently it has been used as an anti-inflammatory for arthritis and as a remedy for migraines. Many people believe that eating a few small feverfew leaves each day will prevent a reoccurrence of headaches. Feverfew has a very pungent odor, and this is thought to be pyrethrin, which may explain why feverfew is also used as an insecticide and as an insect repellant. Supposedly bees will not come near feverfew or other plants if they are planted near feverfew, but certainly this is not true in my garden, and many times I have even seen bees on the feverfew flowers.


Technology for treating and managing diabetes is progressing rapidly these days. Just a sample of some high-tech advancements: iPhone applications for monitoring glucose readings, implantable RFID chip sensors, and even a "robotic pancreas" that could regulate blood glucose levels.
But while the cutting-edge developments may make headlines, they are not yet enough to make a serious dent in the $174 billion that diabetes costs the country each year. Diabetes management is challenging for hospitals and health systems because it is a complicated chronic disease that requires a great deal of ongoing provider coordination and cooperation. Better and smarter tools may help at the margins, but the real key to tackling diabetes is making care more coordinated and patient-centered.
The technology that will make a difference in that area is more familiar and less flashy: electronic health records, telemedicine, and basic information networks for sharing and collecting data. Smart devices that can send glucose data to an information network will only be effective when there is an established and interconnected network for them to talk to. Many hospitals and health systems aren't there yet, but building that base is becoming a priority.
That's why the bulk of the $220 million that the Department of Health and Human Services awarded in grants through its Beacon Community Program is for piloting health information technology programs being used either directly or indirectly to improve diabetes care. These networks aren't easy to build, but the federal government—as well as a lot of hospitals, payers, and physicians—is convinced that the return on investment is worthwhile, if the burden is shared.
Consider the deep impact of the disease: Nearly one out of every five hospitalizations in the United States is diabetes-related, totaling more than 7.7 million hospital stays and $83 billion in hospitalization costs. That's 23% of all hospital costs in the country, according to the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. Patients with diabetes have longer lengths of stay and are more likely than the general population to enter through the emergency room. In an era of runaway costs, these are troubling statistics for most hospital executives.
Although patient-centered, interconnected care is an eventual goal for all healthcare, diabetes is an ideal starting point for building the IT backbone because of its prevalence and the improvement potential of data sharing, says John Hennessey, director of patient management systems for Kaleida Health, a five-hospital system based in Buffalo, NY. "I think from an IT perspective, having the infrastructure to share information is really the impetus."


Report: Horseshoe crab hatchlings settle near Cape May, with help from Rutgers
A quarter-million new residents are quietly burrowing into their winter homes along the Cape May Canal, though it's unclear yet how many of them will survive.
The Press of Atlantic City reports on a Rutgers University program through which 250,000 tiny hatchling horseshoe crabs were planted in the mud along the Cape May Canal. It's part of an effort by the university's Aquaculture Innovation Lab to increase the overall horseshoe crab population, writes Sarah Watson:
The hatchlings, about half the size of a pinkie fingernail, were part of an ongoing experiment at Rutgers University's Aquaculture Innovation Center in Lower Township designed to better understand how to increase the crab population in the Delaware Bay.
The idea is simple: collect wild eggs and let those eggs hatch in the safety of a tank, away from predators or extreme weather. The goal also is to better understand the life cycle of an ecologically critical and commercially important species at the center of intense political debate.
"What we're trying here with the release is to get them through that first three- to four-month period, when predation is extremely high and mortality is extremely high," said Michael De Luca, director of the Aquaculture Innovation Center.
It's hard to overestimate the value of those odd-looking creatures, as I wrote a few years back in the Inquirer:
According to the Press story, the team had students from the Cape May Technical School help them release some of the hatchlings, giving students a firsthand view of science at work in their community. Another way the Rutgers effort is planting seeds for the future.
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Bottled water has become increasingly popular over the past several years for convenience and safety. In some areas where publicly supplied tap water is contaminated or contains bacteria, this assumption is valid. However, in areas with clean tap water, the presence of bottled water can be controversial because it might be less clean than the local tap. This article discusses the analysis of inorganic contaminants in bottled water, including regulated contaminants and bromate. Detection limit considerations and speed of analysis also are discussed.
Drinking water is essential for life and, in its most desirable form, is free of bacteria and chemical contaminants. Often, we assume that bottled water is cleaner than tap water, and in some parts of the world, that is certainly the case. Bottled water is popular in the U.S., outselling milk for the first time in 2006 (1). The largest consumer of bottled water (per capita) is Italy, hardly a developing nation (2). In the U.S., bottled water and drinking water contaminant regulations have been harmonized, so that both types of water should be of the same quality. However, in places with inadequate regulations or regulations that are not well enforced, bottled water can be more contaminated than expected.
Water testing is critical to ensuring quality. Even though standards have been set and implemented to ensure the initial quality for a water, the bottling process can have unexpected consequences. For example, a famous bottled water was recalled after benzene was unexpectedly detected (3). A recent report found that 10% of bottled water in Shanghai, China, does not meet sanitary standards (4). Earlier this year, bottled water from Armenia was recalled because of contamination with more than 50 times the Food and Drug Administration–regulated amount of arsenic (5). Water is analyzed for three broad classes of contaminants: microbiological, organic, and inorganic. Inorganic contaminants include metals such as lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd), that are clearly toxic. Some elements, such as selenium (Se), might be beneficial at low levels but toxic at higher concentrations. U.S.-regulated primary and secondary drinking water inorganic contaminant levels are shown in Table I.
Table I: U.S. primary and secondary drinking water contaminants
Bottled water from around the world has been collected and analyzed to compare the inorganic contaminants to those allowed in the U.S. Several analytical techniques are suitable for the measurements, and in this case, inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) was chosen for speed and detection level, using Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) method 200.8 (6). Detection limits 10 times below the concentration at which decision-making is required generally are recommended. Consensus methods and U.S. EPA methods generally require a number of quality control tests interspersed with samples for analysis to ensure high-quality data results for these important measurements.
Table II shows a variety of bottled water results. The results are below the regulatory limit in all cases. For many elements, the concentration is below the detection limit as measured using the EPA definition. For several bottled water samples, it is interesting to note the presence of uranium. Although it is below the regulatory limit, it is clearly present and can be detected at very low levels by ICP-MS.
Table II: Drinking water contaminants measured in a variety of bottled waters (Î¼g/L) using the PerkinElmer Sciex ELAN DRC II ICP-MS
Disinfection with ozone rather than chlorine is becoming more popular for bottled water because it does not leave a residual smell or taste. Because bottled water is sealed after production, there is less chance that recontamination with bacteria will take place than in piped delivery systems. Because bromide (Br–) is present naturally in some water, ozone disinfection will promote the formation of bromate (BrO3–), a carcinogen. Although total bromine can be measured with ICP-MS, it is not possible to tell how much of the bromine is present in the bromate form. Inorganic speciation is a growing area of analysis in which a separation of the various forms of the same element takes place before the elemental measurement. Several of the bottled waters reported earlier also were analyzed for bromate using ICP-MS coupled with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), which separated the Br– and BrO3– before the metal determination. The U.S. and European regulated bromate level is 10 μg/L (ppb).
Since the development of U.S. EPA method 321.8 in 1998, advances in speciation have taken place, allowing the method to be improved for ruggedness and speed. Figure 1 shows a chromatogram of 1 μg/L of bromate, showing that even at very low concentrations, it can be distinguished from the background levels (7).
Figure 1: Chromatogram (isocratic LC method) of a standard containing 1 Î¼g/L (ppb) of bromate and bromide. Measured with the PerkinElmer Series 200 HPLC and ELAN DRC II ICP-MS, using Chromera software.
Note that time for analysis is less than 3 min, whereas the method 321.8 chromatographic separation takes 8 min. Figure 2 shows overlaid chromatograms of a Chinese bottled water analyzed 49 times over the course of several hours to examine the short-term precision, which is better than 2%.
Figure 2: Overlay of 49 chromatograms (isocratic LC method) of a Chinese bottled water sample obtained by consecutive injections. The average concentration and standard deviation for each species is shown.
For a few samples with asymmetrical peaks and high bromate values, additional method development was done to ensure that the analyte of interest was separated adequately from any other components that might mistakenly contribute to the bromate measurement. A gradient HPLC method, although slightly longer than the isocratic method developed for routine use, showed that several peaks overlapped the bromate peak in some samples (8). Advanced interference correction on the ICP-MS system showed that the additional peaks did, in fact, contain bromine. Their identification was not investigated further. Figure 3 shows the chromatogram for bottled water purchased in Thailand showing the additional peak, uncovered with the gradient separation method. Table III shows the concentrations of bromide and bromate for a variety of bottled and tap water samples. The samples with suspect peaks or bromate concentrations above the regulatory limit were confirmed with the developed gradient HPLC separation to ensure that only one peak was present at the retention time expected for bromate.
Figure 3: Chromatogram of a bottled water from Thailand with (a) an isocratic HPLC separation method and (b) a gradient HPLC separation method.
Although few elements are regulated by their species, there are many whose form influences their toxicity. For example, chromium VI is known to be much more hazardous than chromium III. So in the future, as inorganic speciated analysis becomes more common, it is likely that measurements will yield more information on water toxicity than at present. Figure 4 shows chromatograms collected simultaneously for four elements and their species. Because ICP-MS is a rapid multielement detector, separation of several elements at once takes advantage of its multielement capability and provides a more efficient analysis (9).
Table III: Quantitative determination of bromide and bromate in bottled and tap water samples confirmed with a gradient HPLC method (all units in Î¼g/L)
Water analysis is critical to a safe and compliant bottled water supply. Measuring inorganic components is an important part of the complete analysis and can be performed efficiently using ICP-MS. Measurements should be performed on a regular basis to account for any changes that might have occurred at the source or in the bottling process.
Figure 4: Simultaneous measurement of Br, As, Cr, and Se species with HPLCâICP-MS.
Speciation measurements are a more recent type of analysis that couples two analytical techniques for the separation and detection of inorganic components. Speciation can be used right now for the determination of the disinfection byproduct bromate and might be further applied in the future as the species of other elements, such as arsenic or selenium, become regulated.
Zoe A. Grosser, Lee Davidowski, and Kenneth R. Neubauer are with PerkinElmer Life and Analytical Sciences, Shelton, Connecticut.
(1) Water Industry News, May 4, 2007, http://www.watertechonline.com/news.asp?N_ID=67248.
(2) The Globalist, July 9, 2006.
(3) George James, New York Times, February 10, 1990.
(4) Water Technology On-line, June 27, 2006.
(5) Water Technology On-line, March 27, 2007.
(6) R. Wolf, E. Denoyer, and Z. Grosser, EPA Method 200.8 for the Analysis of Drinking Waters, PerkinElmer Application Note D-6527, 2001.
(7) K.R. Neubauer, W.M. Reuter, P.A. Perrone, and Z.A. Grosser, Bromate/Bromide Speciation by HPLC-ICP-MS, presentation at PITTCON, Orlando, Florida, March 2006.
(8) K.R. Neubauer, W.M. Reuter, and P.A. Perrone, Application Note 007303A_01, PerkinElmer Corporation, Shelton, Connecticut (2006).
(9) K.R. Neubauer, W.M. Reuter, P.A. Perrone, and Z.A. Grosser, Application Note 007050_01, PerkinElmer Corporation, Shelton, Connecticut (2004).


The Korean War
In the initial stages of the Korean War, American and South Korean forces were ill-prepared and were forced to fall back hurriedly in the face of the communist onslaught. Air bases in forward areas were suddenly overrun by the enemy.
The most significant tragedy was at Kimpo Air Base, Korea, which was overrun by a numerically superior Chinese communist force. The Air Police Squadron was so overwhelmed that they were forced to fight a rear guard action before being annihilated. The general base population was then easily defeated before reinforcements arrived to drive the enemy back. The remaining personnel found alive by the Chinese were hung in the main hangar on Kimpo. This hangar still stands today as a memorial to those who died without a chance to fight.
In many instances, AP was the only armed force on the base. These experiences led to the decision that the Air Force needed to develop a more extensive base defense capability by concentrating on the training of AP who would then train other members of the Air Force.
The first Air Police deaths of the Korean War occurred in November 1950. On November 1, twenty-two-year-old Corporal
Joseph R. Morin of Taegu’s 6149th Air Police Squadron was returning from a search detail looking for a downed pilot when he and an ROKA soldier left their jeep not far from Heyp Chen to “prepare food and to relieve themselves.”30 One of the two stepped on a land mine and both were killed. Five days later, while defending the 5th Air Force advance headquarters at K-23 near Pyongang, North Korea, Sgt Ira F. Lord, Jr. of the headquarters security detachment was killed in an engagement with enemy guerillas. Lord was awarded a Presidential Accolade posthumously.
The "Kempo Massacre"
Before Chinese forces recaptured Kimpo AB near Seoul, its aircraft had been evacuated and reportedly a force of Air Police and Airmen remained to defend the base. These defenders were outnumbered and outgunned and were quickly overrun. Word soon spread throughout the Air Force that the Chinese executed the captured Airmen and hung their bodies (skinned, depending on the source) on meat hooks from the rafters of a building or hanger that was then burned. The “Kimp’o Massacre” never occurred, but the story was used as an example of the human cost of being unprepared by those who advocated that the Air Force in general and the Air Police in particular needed to be responsible for, and trained and equipped to provide for, the defense of air bases.
Some also date the start of Air Force marksmanship training from the “Kimpo Massacre.” One apocryphal account had SAC commander Gen Curtis LeMay viewing the American dead upon Kimp’o’s recapture and finding Airmen shot dead in the act of vainly trying to fit .45 caliber pistol magazines into their .30 caliber M-2 carbines. LeMay supposedly swore that if he had anything to do with it, all Airmen would know how to handle a weapon in defense of their bases.


The Madonna of Catholic kings illustrates the Virgin Mary holding the child Jesus being adored by prominent Catholic figures around the time of the composition of this painting. Mary and Jesus, prominently sitting on an ornate throne and garbed in rich vestments, watch over and protect those who pray to them.
King Ferdinand V is kneeling on the left with St. Thomas Aquinas
standing (holding the church); a young Don Juan kneels to the right of Ferdinand. Queen Isabelle is kneeling on the right with Saint Dominic above her, holding the lily and book.
A primary point to be drawn from the painting is the idea that authority comes from God first—then temporal and spiritual leaders. The King, Queen and Saints in this image all testify to the fact by showing the due respect to God and His mother.
Title: Madonna of Catholic Kings | Artist: Gallego


A historic grizzly bear population study got underway June 15, ranging from Glacier’s northern border to the Blackfoot River basin—a region approximately the size of Austria.
U.S. Geological Survey scientist Kate Kendall, project leader, says the epic study aims to determine whether the status of grizzlies has improved since they were listed as a threatened species in 1975.
“There’s been so much effort into managing grizzlies, but we’ve had no way to measure whether policies and regulations have been effective,” Kendall says.
Kendall’s team will count bears by sampling DNA from bear hair caught on barbed-wire snags. Luring the bears to the snags requires bait, and that bait, it turns out, is one of the most foul concoctions imaginable. Interns Pat Olson, a University of Illinois student, and Nick Anhorn of the University of Victoria ready the potent “bear’s brew” in a barn on the outskirts of Columbia Falls.
On Wednesday, June 9, the pair wore white suits akin to those found in nuclear power plants and carefully “burped” (to let air pressure out) hundreds of bottles containing congealed cow’s blood from a nearby butcher shop and liquified fish that have been allowed to rot for six months. This recipe—which smells so putrid that volunteer and UM student Sam McKay almost vomited upon one barrel-opening—is an attractive scent to bears.
Anhorn and Olson have already completed the unenviable task of sifting maggots out of the rotten fish. Now they let rank air out of the bottles, one at a time, as flies descend upon the hideous feast. Upon some “burps,” the maroon gunk inside starts to gurgle up and ooze out of its container.
“See, that’s what we’re trying to stop,” Olson says.
But one gets desensitized to the stench after a while, right?
“No,” says Olson with deadpan resignation. “It’s torture, but it’s all for the bears.”


This course examines the history and current politics of the international political economy of food with a focus on how agriculture and food provisioning have been transformed through imperialism and globalization. We examine the interactions of corporations, nation-states, multilateral international organizations, non-governmental organizations, and social movements in the formation of a globalized food system. Topics include the historical antecedents of our present system, plantation agriculture, the influences of war and settler colonialism on global food production, Cold War transformations in the international food system, the origins of sustainable development discourse, international anti-hunger programs, fair trade and other labeling schemes, labor migration, the antiglobalization and local food movements, and neoliberalism. We will pay particular attention to theories about how producers and consumers are connected to one other through the political economy of food. The reading assignments are drawn from the fields of environmental, food, and policy history, and we will also read works from political scientists, international relations scholars, geographers, anthropologists, and advocacy organizations.
Grading: no pass/fail option,
no fifth course option
oral presentations with handouts; 2 short concept papers (3-4 pages); 2 research papers (5-7 pages)
Environmental Studies majors and concentrators
ENVI Environmental Policy


Notes For Spraying Enamel Slurry or Powder
Spraying Enameling is an enameling method in which enamel slurry or enamel powder is sprayed onto the body with compressed air. The first invented spray enamel is to spray the enamel slurry onto the green body with the aid of compressed air in a spray gun, which is called wet spray enamel. In the middle of the 20th century, it was invented that the dry powder of enamel sprayed by the spray gun was adsorbed on the body to be sprayed by electrostatic attraction, which was called dry spray enamel. There are three types of wet spraying: manual spraying, automatic mechanical spraying, and electrostatic spraying. The dry method has only one type of electrostatic spraying.
Manual spray enamelling is suitable for almost all products, especially those with fine decorative patterns and complicated shapes. The disadvantage is that the production capacity is low, the labor intensity of the workers is greater, and the product quality largely depends on the proficiency of the workers.
In wet spray enamel, the caliber of the spray gun can be adjusted according to the type of enamel products and the properties of the enamel slurry. The enamel slurry can be supplied by a enamel slurry cup attached to the spray gun or an external pressure tank. When the amount of enamel slurry is small and the varieties are frequently changed, it is advisable to use the glaze cup attached to the spray gun. For example, for daily use enamel products to spray multi-color decorative patterns; when the amount of enamel slurry is large and the variety is single, use the external pressure tank as Appropriate, such as single-color grill shell, cast iron cooking utensils and spray coating of large flat building components. Since the enamel slurry is easy to precipitate, the enamel slurry in the pressure tank needs to be continuously stirred to maintain the uniformity of the enamel slurry and prevent the precipitation of the enamel slurry from affecting the spraying.
The compressed air needs to go through a multi-stage oil-water separation device before use, and even connect a condenser behind the air compressor to enhance the effect of removing oil and water. The appropriate air source pressure is 0.4~0.6MPa. In order to keep the air pressure in the spray gun stable, it is best to configure a small air tank with a certain capacity at the front end of the spraying station, and an air pressure regulator to facilitate the adjustment of the spray gun to the best working condition.
In order to achieve the best atomization effect of the enamel slurry used in wet spraying, its thickness should be finer than that of the dipping enamel. However, attention should be paid to the quality after drying and firing. The enamel slurry should not be cracked or burnt due to the fineness of the enamel slurry. Reduce defects. The enamel slurry used for spraying can ensure that the coating meets the requirements. A higher density will be beneficial, because a higher density can reduce the spraying time. For a single surface sprayed workpiece, the gun nozzle will pass very little above it. The required thickness can be achieved in a few times.
During production, the residual powder in the spray cabinet is increasing, and the forced flow of air causes the rapid volatilization of moisture to form dry enamel glaze dust. Therefore, the residual powder must be cleaned in time to maintain a good dust removal effect in the spray cabinet and reduce boiling. The city contaminates the workpieces that are still spraying enamel.
Large factories should eliminate human factors as much as possible and implement automated operations. The workpiece can be sprayed horizontally by reciprocating multiple spray guns, or it can be hung on the track and sprayed with vertical reciprocating spray guns.
Pot products are placed flat on the transmission line and sprayed with multiple fixed spray guns. Each spray gun is fixed after adjusting the spray angle as required, so that the coating on each surface of the same workpiece can meet the specified standards. When the workpiece passes through the spraying range of the spray gun, in addition to advancing along the direction of the transmission line, the workpiece is also rotating to ensure uniform spraying of the entire product.
The material supply system of mechanical spray enamel usually includes pressure tank, pipeline, liquid level control, filter screen, etc. The feeding system transports the enamel slurry to the spray gun via the pipeline. The traditional material supply adopts pressure tank, which not only serves as a material supply barrel, but also provides high-pressure transmission power. Later, it was developed into an atmospheric supply tank and a diaphragm pump to transport the enamel slurry, making it more convenient to continue the supply of enamel slurry or to change the varieties of enamel slurry and to clean up after shifts.


Active radar homing is a missile guidance method in which a guided missile contains a radar transceiver and the electronics necessary for it to find and track its target autonomously. NATO brevity code for an air-to-air active radar homing missile launch is Fox Three.
There are two major advantages to active radar homing:
- Because the missile is tracking the target, and the missile is typically going to be much closer to the target than the launching platform during the terminal phase, the tracking can be much more accurate and also have better resistance to ECM. Active radar homing missiles have some of the best kill probabilities, along with missiles employing track-via-missile guidance.
- Because the missile is totally autonomous during the terminal phase, the launch platform does not need to have its radar enabled at all during this phase, and in the case of a mobile launching platform like an aircraft, can actually exit the scene or undertake other actions while the missile homes in on its target. This is often referred to as fire-and-forget capability and is a great advantage that modern air-to-air missiles have over their predecessors.
There are three major disadvantages to active radar homing:
- Since the missile has to contain an entire radar transceiver and electronics, it was until recently difficult to fit all of this into a missile without unacceptably increasing its size and weight. Even with today's miniaturisation making this possible, it is quite expensive to make these missiles since the sophisticated electronics within the missile are inevitably destroyed upon impact.
- There is very little chance that targets with capable modern radar warning receiver would be unaware that an incoming missile is approaching them. This gives them sufficient time to take evasive action and deploy countermeasures. However, given the accuracy of this homing method, unless the target is especially maneuverable or the missile is not, there may not be much they can do to avoid being intercepted.
- ARH-type missiles lose their effectiveness the closer the target is. Therefore, these types of missiles with this mounted equipment are only effective in long range confrontations.
Passive radiation homing
Many missiles employing this type of guidance have an extra trick up their sleeves; If the target does attempt to use noise jamming, they can in effect turn into an anti-radiation missile and home in on the target's radiation passively. This makes such missiles practically immune to noise jamming, in addition to removing the second disadvantage. Since they already have the radar receiver on board, this should not be a difficult feature to add (at least, it requires extra processing logic but little extra hardware).
Active radar homing is rarely employed as the only guidance method of a missile. It is most often used during the terminal phase of the engagement, mainly because since the radar transceiver has to be small enough to fit inside a missile and has to be powered from batteries, therefore having a relatively low ERP, its range is limited. To overcome this, most such missiles use a combination of command guidance with an inertial navigation system (INS) in order to fly from the launch point until the target is close enough to be detected and tracked by the missile. The missile therefore requires guidance updates via a datalink from the launching platform up until this point, in case the target is maneuvering, otherwise the missile may get to the projected interception point and find that the target is not there. Sometimes the launching platform (especially if it is an aircraft) may be in danger while continuing to guide the missile in this way until it 'goes active'; In this case it may turn around and leave it to luck that the target ends up in the projected "acquisition basket" when the missile goes active. It is possible for a system other than the launching platform to provide guidance to the missile before it switches its radar on; This may be other, similar fighter aircraft or perhaps an AWACS.
List of missiles
Examples of missiles known to use active radar homing (all in their terminal phase) include:
- MBDA Meteor air-to-air missile (With contribution from France, Germany, Italy, Spain, Sweden and United Kingdom)
- EADS AS.34 Kormoran anti-ship missile
- DRDO-Astra BVRAAM air-to-air missile
- Type 80 Air-to-Ship Missile
- Type 81 Surface-to-air Missile (SAM-1C only)
- Type 88 Surface-to-Ship Missile
- Type 90 Ship-to-Ship Missile
- Type 91 Air-to-Ship Missile
- Type 99 air-to-air missile (Mitsubishi AAM-4, AAM-4Kai)
- Type 03 Medium-Range Surface-to-Air Missile
- Type 11 Surface-to-air Missile
- NPO Novator and DRDO R-172 long range air-to-air missile
- Vympel NPO R-37 (AA-13 Arrow) long range air-to-air missile
- Vympel NPO R-77 (AA-12 Adder) medium range air-to-air missile
- Vympel NPO R-27 (AA-10 Alamo) medium range air-to-air missile (R-27AE version only)
- Tactical Missiles Corporation Kh-31 (AS-17 Krypton) anti-shipping missile (Kh-31A only)
- Raduga Kh-15 (AS-16 Kickback) air-to-surface missile (Kh-15S only)
- Raduga Kh-59 (AS-13 Kingbolt) air-to-surface missile (Kh-59MK only)
- Tactical Missiles Corporation Kh-25 (AS-10 Karen) air-to-surface missile (Kh-25MA only)
- Raduga KSR-5 (AS-6 Kingfish) anti-shipping missile
- Raduga KSR-2 (AS-5 Kelt) anti-shipping missile
- Raduga Kh-22 (AS-4 Kitchen) anti-shipping missile
- KBM Khrizantema (AT-15 Springer) anti-tank missile (9M123-2 and 9M123F-2 variants only)
- NPO Almaz S-400 Triumf (SA-21 Growler) surface-to-air missile
- NPO Mashinostroyeniya P-500 Bazalt (SS-N-12 Sandbox) anti-ship missile
- NPO Mashinostroyeniya P-700 Granit (SS-N-19 Shipwreck) anti-ship missile
- Raduga P-270 Moskit (SS-N-22 Sunburn) anti-ship missile
- Tactical Missiles Corporation Kh-35 (SS-N-25 Switchblade) anti-ship missile
- NPO Mashinostroyeniya P-800 Oniks (SS-N-26) anti-ship missile
- NPO Novator 3M-54 Klub (SS-N-27 Sizzler) anti-ship missile
- Saab Bofors Dynamics RBS-15 anti-ship missile
- Sky Sword II air-to-air missile
- Boeing Harpoon anti-ship missile
- Lockheed Martin AGM-114L Hellfire Longbow air-to-surface missile
- Lockheed Martin MIM-104 PATRIOT surface-to-air missile (PAC-3 version only)
- Raytheon AIM-54 Phoenix long range air-to-air missile
- Raytheon AIM-120 AMRAAM air-to-air missile and surface-to-air missile
- Raytheon RIM-174 Standard ERAM (Standard Missile 6) surface-to-air missile
- The U.S. Navy's Bat radar-guided glide bomb of World War II, world's earliest munition design known to use an active radar homing system.
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National Sanctity of Human Life Day is an observance declared by several United States Presidents who opposed abortion typically proclaimed on or near the anniversary of the Supreme Court’s decision in Roe v. Wade. This day is also known as Pro-Life Day.
National Sanctity of Human Life Day
We cannot deminish the value of one category of human life – the unburn – without diminishing the value of all human life.President Ronald Reagan
President Ronald Reagan issued a presidential proclamation on January 13, 1984, designating Sunday, January 22, 1984, as National Sanctity of Human Life Day, noting that it was the 11th anniversary of Roe v. Wade, in which the Supreme Court issued a ruling that guaranteed women access to abortion. President Reagan was a strong pro-life advocate who said that in Roe v. Wade the Supreme Court “Truck down our laws protecting the lives of unborn children” He continued declare a proclamation annually there after.
President Barack Obama never issued a National Sanctity of Human Life proclamation during his presidency.
Every person — the born and unborn, the poor, the downcast, the disabled, the infirm, and the elderly — has inherent value. Although each journey is different, no life is without worth or is inconsequential; the rights of all people must be defended. On National Sanctity of Human Life Day, our Nation proudly and strongly reaffirms our commitment to protect the precious gift of life at every stage, from conception to natural death.President Donald Trump – Start of the 2020 Proclamation
However, President Donald Trump did issue a proclamation declaring January 22, 2018, to be National Sanctity of Human Life Day. In 2019, I believe I saw he set it for January 20, 2019. HE set it again on January 22, 2020 and for 2021.
Every human life is a gift to the world. Whether born or unborn, young or old, healthy or sick, every person is made in the holy image of God. The Almighty Creator gives unique talents, beautiful dreams, and a great purpose to every person. On National Sanctity of Human Life Day, we celebrate the wonder of human existence and renew our resolve to build a culture of life where every person of every age is protected, valued, and cherished.President Donald Trump – Start of the 2021 Proclamation – His last proclamation of his termTrending
So this day is held annually on January 22.
O GOD our Creator, we give thanks to thee, who alone hast the power to impart the breath of life as thou dost form each of us in our mother’s womb: grant, we pray; that we, whom thou hast made stewards of creation, may remain faithful to this sacred trust and constant in safeguarding the dignity of every human life; through Jesus Christ thy Son our Lord, who liveth and reigneth with thee, in the unity of the Holy Spirit, ever one God, world without end. AmenDivine Worship: The Missal (Translated into English)
First published January 2019. Last updated or republished January 20, 2021.


Bartholomew was one of Jesus‘ disciples who, unlike the strong-willed Peter and skeptical Thomas, pretty much stayed in the background. Not much is known about Bartholomew’s life before and during Jesus’ ministry, and most of what we can glean about his life after the Lord’s death were based on the accounts of other writers. Passages that mention Bartholomew are too few (Matthew 10:3; Mark 3:18; Luke 6:14; and Acts 1:13), but he was also associated with the disciple called Nathanael mentioned only in the Gospel of John (Bartholomew was never mentioned in the book of John).
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If Bartholomew and Nathanael were one and the same, then this disciple was born in Cana in the region of Galilee. Nathanael scoffed after Philip told him about Jesus of Nazareth for the first time, but changed his mind after Jesus demonstrated his power to him(John 1:43-51). The name “Bartholomew” was mentioned once again after the death and resurrection of Jesus in Acts 1:13 and what we know about his life post-resurrection can only be patched together from tradition.
Missionary to India and Armenia
According to Eusebius of Caesarea in the Ecclesiastical History, Bartholomew traveled to India and preached about Jesus to the people who lived in the northeast portion of the realm. He left a copy of the Gospel of Matthew in India and went on with Jude the Apostle to the Roman province of Armenia. The men gained a lot of converts for Christ in the region and even convinced the Armenian King Polymius to turn to Christianity. According to Movses of Khorenatsi in the History of Armenia, Bartholomew preached in the Ararat region but was later martyred at a place called Albacus around 68 AD by the order of King Sanatruces of Adiabene (Arbela). Before his death by crucifixion or decapitation, it was said that Bartholomew was also flayed alive. His feast day is held every August 24.
Picture By José de Ribera – http://www.nga.gov/fcgi-bin/tinfo_f?object=72037 http://admirersofbaroqueart.blogspot.com/2007_04_01_archive.html, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=17344420
Eusebius, and G. A. Williamson. The History of the Church from Christ to Constantine. Baltimore: Penguin Books, 1967.
Movses of Khorenatsi “Full Text of “The History of the Armenian People, from the Remotest times to the Present Day”” Accessed July 19, 2016. https://archive.org/stream/historyofarmenia00morg/historyofarmenia00morg_djvu.txt.
“The Book of Saints : A Dictionary of Servants of God Canonized by the Catholic Church :.” The Book of Saints : A Dictionary of Servants of God Canonized by the Catholic Church :. Accessed July 19, 2016. https://archive.org/stream/bookofsaintsdict00stau#page/39/mode/1up.
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Contractions: Delete contracted words such as don’t, won’t, can’t, it’ll, it’s, and so on. These not only look awkward “in print,” but make for a bumpy ride in the reader’s mind. The best time to use contracted words is for conversation when trying to represent how a character speaks—or directly quoting someone. Nevertheless, these words are fine when used in speaking, but when written, they scream amateur writer and must be removed at all costs.
It is easy to do a clean sweep. Do a search in your document for Apostrophe n’t and apostrophe ‘ll and apostrophe ‘ve. Then delete and replace by spelling both words completely. If you never use contractions, you are “off the hook” on this one! Sometimes it will seem awkward to not use a contraction. If that is the case, throw one in on purpose, now and then again, but do it sparingly, for effect! There now, your writing’s already 10% better.
Spaces: Remove spaces after periods. Before computers, we were all taught in school that proper writing included two blank spaces at the end of every sentence after the period. We may have even found our writing pieces marked down for that. However, since we started writing blogs, magazines, and e-books online, the standard is only one space after the period. When publishing a book for print, our standard is to remove the space, as well, since most of the information in the book will also find its way to online in the form of e-books, Kindle books, or blogs. Be consistent and remove one space after the period in sentences. The writing looks much neater both online and in print with one space after the period at the end of sentences. It is easy. Search for a period followed by two spaces. The replace it with a period followed by one space.
Exclamation Points: Limit your use of exclamation points. Exclamation points on the page visually create an unattractive look and feel; and tend to appear a bit aggressive. Limit your use of exclamation points to one per page, or one per every two pages. Besides cluttering the look of the page, too much use of exclamation points tends to diminish their effect. For the same reason, limit your use of all capitals.
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Cognitive behavioral therapy for trauma
Trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy (TF-CBT) addresses the mental health needs of children, adolescents, and families suffering from the destructive effects of early trauma. The treatment is particularly sensitive to the unique problems of youth with post-traumatic stress and mood disorders resulting from sexual abuse, as well as from physical abuse, violence, or grief. Because the client is usually a child, TF-CBT often brings non-offending parents or other caregivers into treatment and incorporates principles of family therapy.
The trauma-focused approach to therapy was first developed in the 1990s by psychiatrist Judith Cohen and psychologists Esther Deblinger and Anthony Mannarino, whose original intent was to better serve children and adolescents who had experienced sexual abuse. TF-CBT has expanded over the years to include services for youths who have experienced many forms of severe trauma or abuse.
Is CBT Effective for PTSD?
While cognitive behavioral therapy research continues to grow, it is one of the most widely-researched psychotherapy treatments and has been found to be effective in short- and long-term approaches as well as with a variety of populations, ranging from PTSD in young children to older adults.2,4
Here are several studies highlighting the effectiveness of CBT for PTSD:
- CBT has been researched and observed to be as effective as a number of other therapy types, and research indicates that it has been culturally validated across a variety of populations.
- Compared to a placebo, CBT was reported to be moderately helpful in treating anxiety-related disorders. The researchers did note that drop out rates were higher in PTSD samples, especially in the exposure therapy group, which infers a need for more specialized types of CBT for PTSD.
- A research review notes that CBT can be an appropriate, safe, and helpful intervention in the presentation of acute and chronic PTSD for people of any age.
- Research noted a significant improvement and significant reduction in symptoms of PTSD, in addition to feelings of depression and anxiety.
- After reviewing clinical trials ranging from 1980 to 2005, researchers noted that CBT had significantly maintained healthy behaviors after treatment in comparison to EMDR and therapies that are more supportive. CBT was equal to exposure therapy and cognitive therapy in reducing PTSD symptoms and the maintenance of healthy behaviors.
Examples of CBT for PTSD
There are a variety of CBT treatments that exist to help someone dealing with PTSD. Everyone experiences mental health differently and PTSD is not an exception to this.
Here are a few examples regarding specific treatment options as well as how they apply to each example’s experience of PTSD:
CBT for PTSD in a Veteran
Jamie, a 36-year-old Iraq war veteran, reports having had symptoms of PTSD for the past six and a half years. He continuously avoids thoughts, memories, or images (even in media) that could be connected with the experience of his fellow unit members and himself driving over an explosive device while traveling to another base.
Jamie reports a history of difficulties attending work for a number of days out of the week, repeated nightmares of the event, higher levels of depressive moods along with some irritability, and difficulty feeling connected with his spouse and other family members.
Jamie goes to 12 to 16 sessions of cognitive behavioral therapy with a focus on prolonged exposure to process these emotions and thoughts to reduce avoidance. During these sessions, the therapist assigns Jamie weekly homework assignments to regularly practice coping skills. The therapist encourages Jamie to journal his anxiety levels each day to increase awareness of stress, anxiety, and his other symptoms. In doing so, Jamie’s therapist hopes that he will increase self-expression about how he is feeling to be able to rely both on himself and a support system. This helps Jamie to monitor and reduce the impact of his symptoms by becoming aware of his warning signs and the need to initiate his coping skills.
CBT for PTSD From Witnessing Violence
Sarah, a 22-year-old who witnessed her younger brother’s murder by gunshot, has been experiencing symptoms of PTSD for 3 years. She has recurrent nightmares of the murder, and she avoids the place where her brother died and thoughts about her brother’s death. She reports continuous increasing ruminative thought and guilt surrounding her lack of protection of her brother, as well as irritability and depression throughout the year.
Sarah’s PTSD symptoms have begun to seriously impact her work relationships and with her family. After being assessed for comorbid symptoms of grief and depression in addition to PTSD, Sarah would benefit from about 12 sessions of a combination of CBT and cognitive processing therapy.
Sarah begins seeing a therapist to process her symptoms and her traumatic experience. Her therapist begins challenging her in each session to use more healthy thinking patterns and to engage in coping techniques. When Sarah’s anxiety levels rise, the therapist helps her by pointing out the unhealthy thought or increased stress response and allowing her time to practice restructuring her thoughts and engaging in a breathing activity or to relax her muscles.
Sarah’s therapist also assigns her weekly homework of journaling her anxiety and symptom levels; she is encouraged to keep practicing thought restructuring and coping mechanisms outside of sessions and to log them as well. As Sarah and her therapist work on these tasks together, Sarah begins to communicate more about her emotions and become more aware of how blaming herself impacts her thoughts.
CBT for PTSD Caused by Abuse
Bill, a 40-year-old who was physically abused by his parents until he was 18, reports a history of PTSD symptoms beginning in his early 20’s. He experienced a heightened startle reflex to any sudden movement, avoidance of talking about the abuse he experienced, constant tenseness in his body, and significant anger with people in his life.
At around 17 years old, Bill began drinking alcohol to cope with the abuse he was experiencing at home. This led to alcohol charges for a minor for which he was placed in juvenile detention. He now drinks daily, generally at least twelve 16-oz cans of beer in a day, and has been arrested for disorderly conduct. He works infrequently but in the last three months has been unsuccessfully attempting to cut back on drinking and find regular work.
Bill agrees to complete an assessment with a local therapist who is trained in trauma and substance use treatment. The therapist diagnoses Bill with PTSD and an alcohol use disorder and informs Bill that they would like to try applying acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) in their sessions. Bill’s therapist helps him by encouraging him to accept feelings or thoughts that come up during sessions; he hopes that Bill will begin to be able to do this at home, becoming accepting of himself in and out of session.
Bill and his therapist regularly practice mindful meditation and muscle relaxation in each session, especially if Bill’s therapist notices that he’s tense, talking about drinking cravings, or having difficulty calming his anger and anxiety in session. Over time, the therapist helps Bill to become more comfortable talking about the events of his past and his feelings. Bill begins to regularly engage in coping techniques independently in and out of session; he has begun to engage in more healthy self-expression instead of letting his anger explode onto others, and reducing his drinking as his avoidance symptoms have begun to reduce by using coping techniques.
4 At-Home CBT Exercises for PTSD
While it’s always best to find a licensed therapist if you’re experiencing PTSD symptoms, the therapist may recommend some at-home exercises to keep your symptoms under control.
Here are four CBT exercises you can use at home to reduce symptoms of PTSD:10
1. Try Practicing Cognitive Restructuring on Your Own
It can be helpful to challenge or reframe your thinking in the moment on a regular basis. It can be difficult, but it’s important to challenge negative thoughts as they come up. You can also start to notice when these thoughts come up to learn what may be triggering your PTSD symptoms.
2. Practice the ABC Technique
The ABC Model allows you to explore more about how or where a negative or maladaptive belief began.
Here are the first three steps:
- Identify the (A) activating event: The trigger that would lead to a significant emotional response or maladaptive thinking
- Identify the (B) belief: The negative thought that you experienced during this trigger or event
- Identify the (C) consequences: The negative emotions or actions that happened as a result of A & B
This gives you the chance to challenge your interpretation of the trigger or belief that influenced the consequences. By engaging in this practice in a journal, you can actively track the cognitive restructuring in a more structured manner, giving you the opportunity to challenge a belief or emotional response that may have started following a traumatic event.
As a follow up, keeping a journal of your thoughts, feelings, and behaviors each day may be helpful. Through writing and monitoring your thoughts and beliefs, you may begin to learn more about yourself, about the ABC’s that may be a trigger for your PTSD symptoms. You may also identify ways that have helped manage your symptoms in the past.
4. Meditation & Progressive Body Relaxation
Meditation has become highly popular in the last few years in the physical and mental health fields. When dealing with PTSD symptoms, it may be common for you to struggle with constant tenseness in your body that you feel like you can’t release.
By engaging in guided meditations, guided breathing, grounding exercises, or guided progressive relaxation, you should be able to relax your body and maybe even your anxiety levels, especially if you’ve recently experienced a trigger.


Please note: This information was current at the time of publication. But medical information is always changing, and some information given here may be out of date. For regularly updated information on a variety of health topics, please visit familydoctor.org, the AAFP patient education Web site.
Information from Your Family Doctor
Am Fam Physician. 2009 Aug 15;80(4):371.
See related article on thalassemia.
What is thalassemia?
Thalassemia (THAL-uh-SEE-me-uh) is an inherited blood disorder that affects the types of hemoglobin your body makes. Hemoglobin is the part of your red blood cells that carries oxygen. There are two types of thalassemia: alpha and beta.
What are the symptoms?
It depends on what type of thalassemia you have and how bad it is. If you have a milder form, you may not have any symptoms. If you have a more severe form, you may have anemia (not enough red blood cells) or other serious health problems (for example, heart disease). Some people with the severe form can die in early adulthood.
How is it treated?
If you have a milder form, you may not need treatment. If you have severe anemia, you may need regular blood transfusions. A blood transfusion is a process to transfer blood from one person to another to replace blood that is lost through an injury, surgery, or in this case, a disease.
Children with more severe forms of thalassemia may need blood transfusions starting as early as six months of age. Because the body has no way to remove the iron from transfused red blood cells, extra iron often builds up, especially in the liver and heart. To remove the extra iron, these children will need to take medicine regularly. Some children can be cured of thalassemia with a bone marrow transplant. Others may need treatment their whole life.
How can I prevent it?
Before starting a family, people with thalassemia or with a family history of thalassemia can get genetic counseling to find out their risk of having a child with severe thalassemia.
Where can I get more information?
American Academy of Family Physicians
Web site: http://familydoctor.org
Cooley's Anemia Foundation
This handout is provided to you by your family doctor and the American Academy of Family Physicians. Other health-related information is available from the AAFP online at http://familydoctor.org.
This information provides a general overview and may not apply to everyone. Talk to your family doctor to find out if this information applies to you and to get more information on this subject.
Copyright © 2009 by the American Academy of Family Physicians.
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Think twice before you walk out the door to get your coffee fix…Grab your tumbler or reusable cup.
Did you know?
- Disposable “to-go” coffee cups are NOT recyclable!
- EACH disposable coffee cup is responsible for 0.24 lbs. of carbon (C02) greenhouse gas emissions
The environmental IMPACT of disposable coffee cups is enormous!
- Paper cups are not recyclable because of the plastic liner and coffee contamination.
- Garbage haulers do not accept plastic lids in curbside recycling bins.
- Cardboard sleeves can be recycled and reused, but often are not.
- The clear majority of disposable cups and lids sold at coffee shops eventually arrive at the landfill.
- You can bring your own reusable coffee cup and give it to the barista to fill up your coffee (both hot and cold).
- Only 1-2% of Starbucks customers bring their own cup, even with a 10-cent discount incentive.
- Starbucks estimated the cost of disposable packaging (coffee cup, lid, and insulating sleeve) at 15 cents back in 2000.
How big is this problem?
- If an individual purchases a disposable cup every day, this creates about 23 pounds of waste per year.
- According to a study by Starbucks, each paper cup manufactured is responsible for 0.24 pounds of CO2 emissions.
- Recycling Advocates estimates that 50 MILLION disposable coffee cups are used in the Metro area per year. This equates to 3 MILLION pounds of solid waste being generated and 6,000 metric tons of CO2 being generated. This is equivalent to almost 600,000 gallons of gas consumed, or 6 million pounds of coal burned for one year.
The solution is simple and it starts with you. Remember your reusable cup or tumbler. They have some great options at Klean Kanteen or your local coffee shop.


British wildlife recordings
Coturnix coturnix : Common Quail - Phasianidae
The British Library Board acknowledges the intellectual property rights of those named as contributors to this recording and the rights of those not identified.
Legal and ethical usage »
Wimborne, Dorset: OS Grid Reference(401500,100500)
Quail, Coturnix coturnix
Advertising call of the male quail, recorded at Winbourne, Devon. The quail is a secretive bird that rarely leaves cover during the breeding season, and is more often heard than seen. It is the only migratory British game bird, arriving from Africa in late April, before returning south in autumn. The quail resembles a tiny partridge, with yellowish-brown streaked upperparts and paler underparts. The favoured habitat of the quail is that of open country such as grassland or large cereal fields such as those found on chalk downland. The quail's diet consists of seeds from a variety of plants such as docks, goosefoot species, and poppies, as well as insect larvae, beetles, and grasshoppers. The distinctive call sounds like 'whit-whit-whit' or 'wet-my-lips', but the location is hard to pin down as the male seemingly throws its voice like a ventriloquist. A breeding pair is capable of producing a brood of between six to eighteen chicks and the young stay with the adults for up to 50 days before becoming independent. Approximately 500 birds are heard calling each summer from scattered locations across England, Wales, and south-east Scotland. Protected across Europe, the quail has declined drastically due to agricultural intensification on its breeding grounds, hunting on migration and droughts in its wintering grounds.


Any school that is beginning a 1:1 program, or, for that matter, using technology at all, should know the importance of professional development in creating a cohesive, unified and successful program. Teachers should have regular exposure to not only the technology hardware and software, but to the philosophy and pedagogy that should be at the forefront in any good classroom (with or without technology).
Schools need to develop cohesive Professional Development plans for their teachers and staff so that all adults in the building are thoughtfully engaging with technology. However, as we all know, teachers come to technology with a wide variety of experiences, and PD appropriate for some is not appropriate for all. I can’t imagine what it might feel like to sit in a PD session on creating scripts for Google Spreadsheets if I was a teacher who was just starting to understand email.
This is why it is important for technology leaders and administrators to create “Zones of Proximal Development” within their faculty. Teachers should have regular meeting time to meet with a cohort of other professionals who are within that range of development, so that no one feels bored by the discussion or left behind. Within these groups, even those teachers who do not have the experience or skills of the high flying tech-savvy teachers will have the opportunity to teach what they do know to teachers who are within their zone.
With these professional development cohorts, teachers might be more likely to ask questions of one another or provide assistance to those they feel speak the same language. While there are numerous logistical decisions to be made in terms of topics, oversight, guidance, etc., creating these Zones of Proximal development will likely do more to assist all teachers to improve their pedagogy. It’s the first step of a long process, but one that will allow a faculty to grow collectively, rather than through serendipity.


As the days are getting colder, our research is getting warmer. At the moment our Digital History course at Messiah College is waist deep in our third project for the semester. Over the past few class periods we have been learning a lot about the inner workings of ArcGIS, a digital mapping technology. We take spatial data points, plot them on a “base map,” and then analyze the relationships we see between the coordinates.
This tool has been particularly helpful for my “City Spatial” project as there is a direct correlation between location and my area of interest. The first step to project three is to gather at least ten locations of people or organizations in the city of Harrisburg. As mentioned in an earlier blog post, I have chosen four people, three churches, two schools, and the YMCA to discover the role African Americans played in the early 20th century reform campaign. Additionally Michael Barton’s Harrisburg’s Old Eighth Ward has been very helpful in providing critical information about the two A.M.E. Churches in Harrisburg and William Howard Day’s school system.
Following this step is connecting our digital data to the physical archives. Earlier in the semester we visited the Dauphin County Historical Society where I accumulated a number of helpful photographs of people and buildings associated with the African American reformers known to us. John Paul Scott, an African American teacher and civic leader can be seen in the image to the right. On Story Maps then, an ArcGIS tool for map making, I have plotted the home addresses, churches, and schools where African American reformers spent their time. With each location, a photograph is added to tell the story of these people and places. By the end of the project, I will have analyzed my findings on Story Maps and publicized it to share the research.
ArcGIS has shed interesting light on the African American reformers of 1900s Harrisburg. In class I joined Excel spreadsheet information with a topographic map of Harrisburg to discover all of my addresses were in the Eighth Ward. As seen in the picture below, the five points neatly surround the Capitol Building in a “Big Dipper” shape. The rest of the points were more easily plotted in Story Maps because the construction of the newer Capitol Building destroyed many of the streets, homes, churches, and other establishments in the Old Eighth Ward in Harrisburg.
This ArcGIS map, from left to right, features Second Baptist Church, the Lincoln School, Bethel African Methodist Episcopal Church, the home of John Paul Scott, and Wesley Union African Methodist Episcopal Church. These sites are important for their relationship with the African American community in Harrisburg, especially in the Eighth Ward.
The almost universal proximity to the Eighth Ward is an exciting trend in my analysis on early 20th century African American reformers in Harrisburg. Without preemptively reaching a conclusion, it seems to be suggesting a favored hub of activity for African Americans involved in the beautification movement. I’m looking forward to seeing the final product of my mapping and research for project three.


The chiropractic profession dates back to the late 1800s. It began as a study of the spine’s structure spine and the practice of manipulating the body with the hands. Today, many chiropractors combine spinal adjustments with other treatments. These treatments may include rehabilitation exercises and diet recommendations.
According to the U.S. Department of Labor (DOL), interest in the occupation continues to grow. The chiropractic profession is expected to grow by 28 percent between 2010 and 2020, which is higher than the average for all professions (DOL).
Chiropractors aim to help relieve patients’ pain and improve range of motion in specific areas of the body such as the back and neck. Chiropractors use many tests to help make a diagnosis and tailor a treatment plan.
What Is a Chiropractor?
A chiropractor is a healthcare provider who is specially trained to treat patients with conditions affecting their bones, joints, ligaments, and tendons. They believe in using natural methods—without drugs or surgery—to care for patients.
Chiropractors use spinal manipulation and other techniques to improve problems with the musculoskeletal and nervous systems. Many work independently, rather than for a medical organization. They also may work alone or with a group of providers.
Education and Training Required to Become a Chiropractor
It takes seven to eight years of education and training to become a chiropractor.
After completing high school study, you must take the following steps:
- complete three to four years of undergraduate, pre-medical education
- complete a four-year Doctor of Chiropractic graduate program
- pass national and state licensing exams
This time investment can pay off. The DOL reports that in 2010, the median annual salary for a chiropractor was $67,200 (DOL).
How Do Chiropractors Make a Diagnosis?
Chiropractic doctors use a number of tests to help them reach a diagnosis. After learning about your medical history, they may order imaging tests such as X-rays to evaluate your neck and spine.
They’ll test your muscle strength and instruct you to move into different positions to examine your posture. They might also examine your spine and other parts of your body for structural abnormalities, such as scoliosis (spinal curvature).
Chiropractors might test your range of motion in certain joints. This helps them determine how well you can move or turn parts of your body, such as your neck or back.
How Do Chiropractors Treat Patients?
According to the American Chiropractic Association (ACA), chiropractic doctors use a hands-on approach in examining, diagnosing, and treating patients (ACA).
The purpose of chiropractic treatments is to improve certain health conditions, including back and neck pain and headaches. The treatment methods may also be used to address injuries of the muscles, ligaments, and joints.
The following are common forms of chiropractic treatment:
According to the National Institutes of Health (NIH), adjusting or manipulating the spine is the chiropractor’s principal treatment method. These adjustments often involve using a thrusting or twisting motion to move the spine into alignment.
In one type of thrust adjustment, you lie face down on a special table that is angled downward. The doctor pushes against your spine. In another type of thrust, you lie with your upper body twisted in the opposite direction of your pelvis. The doctor applies short, fast strikes to your spine.
This treatment works to improve the mobility of your neck joints. The doctor uses precise movements and strokes to manipulate the joints of your neck. This helps reduce pressure and tension on your muscles.
Chiropractors can advise patients on other methods that can help reduce pain in their muscles and joints. These include therapeutic exercises, stretches, and physical activities
Chiropractors can also give advice on general health issues. For example, they can recommend diet and lifestyle changes and discuss your physical fitness routine.


Food Culture in Colonial Asia
A Taste of Empire
Routledge – 2011 – 196 pages
Presenting a social history of colonial food practices in India, Malaysia and Singapore, this book discusses the contribution that Asian domestic servants made towards the development of this cuisine between 1858 and 1963. Domestic cookbooks, household management manuals, memoirs, diaries and travelogues are used to investigate the culinary practices in the colonial household, as well as in clubs, hill stations, hotels and restaurants.
Challenging accepted ideas about colonial cuisine, the book argues that a distinctive cuisine emerged as a result of negotiation and collaboration between the expatriate British and local people, and included dishes such as curries, mulligatawny, kedgeree, country captain and pish pash. The cuisine evolved over time, with the indigenous servants preparing both local and European foods. The book highlights both the role and representation of domestic servants in the colonies. It is an important contribution for students and scholars of food history and colonial history, as well as Asian Studies.
"[T]he book yields a well nuanced portrait of one aspect, some would say a key aspect, of colonial life." - Ilsa Sharp; Options, February 13th 2012
"[An] impressive piece of scholarship… this is a remarkable book by any standard: it offers fresh insights on the social history of British colonialism and should be read by students, historians and anyone interested in the British imperial history." - Anne Palmer, University of Newcastle, Singapore; TMC Academic Journal, 2011, 6(1)
"Food Culture in Colonial Asia proposes new ways of looking at the colonial pasts of India, Singapore and Malaysia. Its conclusions challenge many widely-held assumptions about colonist-colonised relations and its primary sources provide an endearingly human balance to the book’s scholarly material. Particularly appreciated by this reviewer was the chapter devoted entirely to curry, which includes an analysis of the word’s etymology, the ‘appropriation’ of the dish by colonists, and the commercialisation of curry powder. I would recommend this book to anyone with an interest in personal narrative, colonial histories and, well, food." - Dr Sally Carlton, The University of Western Australia; Limina: A Journal of Historical and Cultural Studies, Volume 18 (2012)
Introduction 1. What Empire Builders Ate 2. The Colonial Appropriation of Curry 3. Servants of Empire: the Role and Representation of Domestic Servants 4. Leisure and Segregation: Clubs, Hill Stations and Resthouses 5. Dirt and Disease 6. Conclusion
Cecilia Leong-Salobir is Honorary Research Fellow in the History Discipline (School of Humanities) at the University of Western Australia. Her research interests are food, world history through foodways and colonial empires in Asia.