Speed limit enforcement is a major focus by police and traffic agencies globally. There are a number of reasons for this: faster speeds mean you are less likely to survive an accident and (in general) more likely to have one, and speed is an easy metric to detect and prosecute against.
Keeping under the limit
Knowing your car’s limitations
Many car’s odometers/speedometers will over-read by up to 5mph. That means that if it’s indicated you are doing 60mph on your speedo, you might only be doing 57mph. Add to this the effect of your tyres being worn. As your tyres wear, the circumference diminishes and therefore the wheels have to turn more times to travel the same distance. Your speedo does not factor this in. Both of these work in your favour, meaning you will actually be travelling at a slower speed than is indicated.
Vehicle manufacturers do this deliberately because they don’t want thousands of lawsuits from drivers who thought they were travelling at or under the speed limit, but subsequently get a speeding ticket.
Where you can strike problems is if you put on a set of tyres that has a larger circumference than the original specification. This will mean that your actual speed might be more than the indicated speed.
Almost all new cars come with cruise control nowadays. Cruise control allows you to set your car at a certain speed and the vehicle will do its best to maintain that speed, applying more power on uphill stretches and reducing power on downhill sections.
You do need to be cautious with cruise control, though. It will never maintain an absolutely consistent speed because it doesn’t react fast enough. On uphill sections you might drop 5mph before it kicks in and adds power to bring you back up to speed. On downhill sections most cars will gain speed if the gradient is sufficiently steep. A few modern cars have braking systems built into their cruise control either by applying the brakes or changing down one or more gears, but almost all older vehicles don’t have this.
Once you brake to slow your car on a downhill section you will cancel the cruise control. You can use the RES (resume) function to reactivate it at the previously set speed.
Advanced cruise control systems come with a speed limiter function. Setting the speed limiter means that the maximum speed the vehicle will go is the limit you set it at. Obviously, the same issues can apply as with cruise control, but mainly on downhill roads.
Speed limiters almost always have a ‘switch’ at the bottom of the accelerator pedal travel which overrides the limiter. This is for safety (sometimes you need to accelerate to avoid an object, and when you press the accelerator to the floor it will override the limiter).
Some vehicles (particularly heavy vehicles) are fitted as standard with a speed limiter. You can find Highway Code questions on speeds limits and other road rules here.
Some cars allow you to set a speed limit warning or an ‘overspeed’ warning. This is usually an audible warning that sounds when you exceed a certain speed limit. Japanese import cars from the 1990s often have one built in that is a continual bell or chime that is set to around 115kph (around 70mph); modern cars will just give you one or two warnings.
Many satellite navigation systems will give you a much more accurate speed reading than your vehicle’s speedometer. Rather than using the wheels to determine the speed (which we’ve already discovered can be flawed because of tyre wear), it uses the GPS signal to detect how fast you are going. They are often accurate to within 1mph.
Newer satellite navigation systems can be set to warn you when you are entering a 30mph zone from a 60mph zone, or to change colour or provide an audible warning if it thinks you are exceeding the local speed limit.
Knowing your speed by your engine’s pitch is something you get used to. This technique works only on vehicles where you can hear the engine’s tone, and only with automatic or manual gearboxes, not CVT. With CVT, the revs rise and fall as the engine needs more torque, not necessarily in relation to speed.
The more experience you have in your car, the more likely you are to be able to detect your engine’s pitch and know roughly how fast you are going. Here’s a video about how CVT works for all your tech-heads out there. If you don’t reckon you’ll be awake at the end of the 5 minutes, scroll down a bit further to finish reading the article.
Glancing at the speedometer
Getting in the habit of glancing at your speedometer every minute helps you stay under the limit.
To be safe, it’s best to use systems that don’t require you to take your eyes off the road. Cruise control and speed limiters are excellent like this. If you don’t have those systems, aim to travel at just under the speed limit so that you have a buffer; if you accidentally speed up a few miles per hour, you are not going to be ticketed for speeding (unless the prevailing conditions mean that you are driving dangerously).


There are several
topologies suitable for the access network: tree, ring, or bus. A PON can also
be deployed in redundant configuration as double ring or doubletree; or redundancy
may be added only to a part of the PON, say the trunk of the tree. For the rest
of this article, we will focus our attention on the tree topology; however, most
of the conclusions made are equally relevant to other topologies
transmissions in a PON are performed between Optical Line Terminal (OLT) and Optical
Network Units (ONU). Therefore, in the downstream direction (from OLT to ONUs),
a PON is a point-to-multipoint network, and in the upstream direction it is a
multipoint-to-point network. The OLT resides in the local exchange (central office),
connecting the optical access network to an IP, ATM, or SONET backbone. The ONU
is located either at the curb (FTTC solution), or at the end-user location (FTTH,
FTTB solutions), and provides broadband voice, data, and video services. In the
downstream direction, a PON is a P2MP network, and in the upstream direction it
is a MP2P network.
The advantages of using
PONs in subscriber access networks are numerous.
1. PONs allow for long reach
between central offices and customer premises, operating at distances over 20km.
PONs minimizes fiber deployment in both the local exchange office and local loop.
PONs provides higher bandwidth due to deeper fiber penetration, offering gigabit
per second solutions.
4. Operating in the downstream as a broadcast network,
PONs allow for video broadcasting as either IP video or analog video using a separate
5. PONs eliminate the necessity to install active multiplexer
at splitting locations thus relieving network operators
6. Being optically
transparent end to end PONs allow upgrades to higher bit rates or additional wavelengths.
One possible way of separating the channels is to use wavelength
division multiplexing (WDM) in which each ONU operates at a different wavelength.
While a simple solution, it remains cost prohibitive for an access network.
WDM solution would require either tunable receiver or a receiver array at the
OLT to receive multiple channels. An even more serious problem for network operators
would be wavelength-specific ONU inventory instead of having just one type of
ONU, there would be multiple types of ONUs based on their laser wavelength .It
would also be more problematic for an unqualified user to replace a defective
ONU. Using tunable lasers in ONUs is too expensive at the current state of technology.
For these reasons a WDM PON network is not an attractive solution in today's environment.
You may also like this : EDGE, Holographic Data Storage , Integer Fast Fourier Transform, NRAM, Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplplexing , Ovonic Unified Memory, 4G Wireless Systems , Daknet, AC Performance Of Nanoelectronics , High Performance DSP Architectures, Millipede , Free Space Laser Communications, Short Message Service (SMS), Conditional Access System , SyncML, Virtual keyboard, High Altitude Aeronautical Platforms, MANET , Smart Fabrics, Dynamic Virtual Private Network, Blue Tooth, Autonomic Computing , Voice Over Internet Protocol, Artificial Neural Network (ANN) , DNA Based Computing, Digital Subscriber Line , Freenet, Access gateways , Free Space Optics, Introduction to the Internet Protocols, High Altitude Aeronautical Platforms, Fiber Distributed Data Interface , Hyper-Threading technology , IMode, Cyberterrorism Adding Intelligence to Internet, Self-Managing Computing, Unified Modeling Language (UML), Socket Programming, SAM, VoCable , ATM with an Eye,Mind Reading Computer, Blue Brain, 6G Wireless, Touch Screens,IT Seminar Reports, PPT and PDF.


Good sleep is incredibly important.
It helps you feel good and makes your body and brain function properly.
Some people have no problem falling asleep. However, many others have severe difficulty falling and staying asleep through the night.
Poor sleep can have negative effects on many parts of your body and brain, including learning, memory, mood, emotions and various biological functions.
Here are 20 simple ways to fall asleep as fast as possible.
1. Lower the Room Temperature
Your body temperature changes as you fall asleep. Core temperature decreases, while the temperature of your hands and feet increases.
If your room is too warm, you might have a hard time falling asleep. Setting your thermostat to a cool temperature between 15–23°C could help.
Individual preferences will vary, so find the temperature that works best for you.
Taking a warm bath or shower could also help speed up the body’s temperature changes. As your body cools down afterwards, this can help send a signal to your brain to go to sleep.
2. Use the 4-7-8 Breathing Method
The “4-7-8” method is a simple but powerful breathing method that promotes calmness and relaxation. It might also help you unwind before bed.
It consists of a breathing pattern that relaxes the nervous system. It can be practiced anytime you feel anxious or stressed.
Here are the steps:
- First, place the tip of your tongue behind your upper front teeth.
- Exhale completely through your mouth and make a whoosh sound.
- Close your mouth and inhale through your nose while mentally counting to four.
- Hold your breath and mentally count to seven.
- Open your mouth and exhale completely, making a whoosh sound and mentally counting to eight.
- Repeat this cycle at least three more times.
This technique can relax you and help you fall asleep quickly.
3. Get on a Schedule
Many people find that setting a sleep schedule helps them fall asleep easier.
Your body has its own regulatory system called the circadian rhythm. This internal clock cues your body to feel alert during the day but sleepy at night.
Waking up and going to bed at the same times each day can help your internal clock keep a regular schedule. Once your body adjusts to this schedule, it will be easier to fall asleep and wake up around the same time every day.
It is also important to get seven to nine hours of sleep each night. This has been shown to be the optimal sleep duration for adults.
Lastly, give yourself 30 minutes to an hour to wind down in the evening before getting in bed. This allows your body and mind to relax and prepare for sleep.
4. Experience Both Daylight and Darkness
Light can influence your body’s internal clock, which regulates sleep and wakefulness.
Irregular light exposure can lead to disruption of circadian rhythms, making it harder to fall asleep and stay awake.
During the day, exposing your body to bright light tells it to stay alert.
At night, darkness promotes feelings of sleepiness. In fact, research shows that darkness boosts the production of melatonin, an essential hormone for sleep.
Get out and expose your body to sunlight or artificial bright light throughout the day. If possible, use blackout curtains to make your room dark at night.
5. Practice Yoga, Meditation and Mindfulness
When people are stressed, they tend to have difficulty falling asleep.
Yoga, meditation and mindfulness are tools to calm the mind and relax the body. Moreover, they have been shown to improve sleep.
Yoga encourages the practice of breathing patterns and body movements that release stress and tension accumulated in your body.
Meditation can enhance melatonin levels and assist the brain in achieving a specific state where sleep is easily achieved.
Lastly, mindfulness may help you maintain focus on the present and worry less while falling asleep.
Practicing one or all of these techniques can help you get a good night’s rest and wake up reenergized.
6. Do Not Look at Your Clock
It is normal to wake up in the middle of the night. However, the inability to fall back asleep can ruin a good night’s rest.
People who wake up in the middle of the night often tend to watch the clock and obsess about the fact that they cannot fall back asleep.
Clock-watching is common among people suffering from insomnia. This behavior may cause anxiety about sleeplessness.
To make matters worse, waking on a regular basis without falling back asleep may cause your body to develop a routine. As a result, you might find yourself waking up in the middle of the night every night.
If possible, it is best to remove the clock from your room. If you need an alarm in the room, you can turn your clock and avoid watching it when you wake up in the middle of the night.
7. Avoid Naps During the Day
Due to poor sleep at night, people with insomnia tend to be sleepy during the day. This often leads to daytime napping.
While naps of short duration have been linked to improvements in alertness and wellbeing, there are mixed opinions about the effects of napping on nighttime sleep.
Some studies have shown that regular, long (two hours or more) and late naps may lead to poor nighttime sleep quality and even sleep deprivation .
One study showed that among 440 college students, those who reported taking three or more naps per week, those who napped more than two hours and those who napped late (between 6 and 9 p.m.) had the poorest nighttime sleep quality.
Another study found that older adults who napped frequently had lower quality nighttime sleep, more depressive symptoms, more limited physical activity and were more likely to be overweight than those who rarely took a nap.
Other studies have revealed that naps do not affect nighttime sleep.
To find out if naps are affecting your sleep, try either eliminating naps altogether or limiting yourself to a short nap (30 minutes or less) early in the day.
8. Watch What and When You Eat
It seems that the food you eat before bed may affect your sleep. For example, research has shown that high-carb meals may be detrimental to a good night’s rest.
A review of studies concluded that even though a high-carb diet can get you to fall asleep faster, it will not be restful sleep. Instead, high-fat meals could promote a deeper and more restful sleep.
In fact, several studies agree that a high-carb/low-fat diet significantly decreased the quality of sleep compared to a low-carb/high-fat diet with the same amount of calories for both diets.
If you still want to eat a high-carb meal for dinner, you should eat it at least four hours before bed, so you have enough time to digest it.
9. Listen to Relaxing Music
Music can significantly improve quality of sleep. It can even be used to improve chronic sleep disorders like insomnia.
A study of 24 young adults demonstrated that sedative music promoted deeper sleep.
Buddhist music is a kind of music created from different Buddhist chants and used for meditation. Listening to it may be a great tool for better sleep.
Another study revealed that 25 participants had a more restful and deeper sleep when they were exposed to soothing music for 45 minutes at bedtime, compared to those not listening to music.
Lastly, if relaxing music is not available, blocking all noise could also help you fall asleep faster and promote uninterrupted sleep.
10. Exercise During The Day
Physical activity is often considered beneficial to healthy sleep.
Exercise can increase the duration and quality of sleep by boosting the production of serotonin in the brain and decreasing levels of cortisol, the stress hormone.
However, it is important to maintain a moderate-intensity exercise routine and not overdo it. Excessive training has been linked to poor sleep.
The time of the day when you exercise is also critical. To promote better quality sleep, working out early in the morning appears to be better than working out later in the day.
Therefore, moderate-to-vigorous exercise in the morning could significantly improve the quality and quantity of your sleep.
11. Get Comfortable
It has been shown that having a comfortable mattress and bedding can have a remarkable effect on the depth and quality of sleep.
A medium-firm mattress has been shown to positively affect sleep quality and prevent sleep disturbances and muscular discomfort.
The quality of your pillow is also crucial. It can affect your neck curve, temperature and comfort. A study determined that orthopedic pillows may be better than feather or memory foam pillows.
Additionally, the use of a weighted blanket could reduce body stress and help improve your sleep.
Lastly, the fabric of the clothes you wear to bed can affect how well you sleep. It is crucial you choose comfortable clothing made of fabric that help you keep a pleasant temperature throughout the night.
12. Turn Off All Electronics
Using electronic devices late at night is terrible for sleep.
Watching TV, playing video games, using a mobile phone and social networking can make it significantly harder for you to fall and stay asleep.
It is recommended that you disconnect all electronics and put away computers and mobile phones so you can ensure a quiet place, free of distractions. You will be able to fall asleep much faster.
13. Try Aromatherapy
Aromatherapy involves the use of essential oils.
Aromatherapy is commonly used by those who have trouble falling asleep, as it may help with relaxation.
A systematic review of 12 studies revealed that the use of aromatherapy was effective in improving sleep quality.
Additionally, it seems that lavender and damask rose are popular scents with positive effects on sleep.
An essential oil diffuser could be helpful in infusing your room with relaxing scents that encourage sleep.
14. Practice Journaling
Some people have difficulty falling asleep because their thoughts keep running in circles. Research has shown that this can produce anxiety and stress, which can generate negative emotions and disturb sleep.
Research has shown that journaling and focusing on positive thoughts can calm the mind and help you sleep better.
Writing down the positive events that happened during the day can create a state of gratitude and happiness, downgrade stressful events and promote more relaxation at bedtime.
In fact, a study of 41 college students found that journaling resulted in reduced bedtime worry and stress, increased sleep time and improved sleep quality.
Try practicing this technique by setting aside 15 minutes every night to write about your day. It is important to focus not only on the positive events of the day but also on how you feel at the time.
15. Limit Caffeine and Drink a Soothing Beverage
Caffeine is widely used among people to fight fatigue and stimulate alertness. It can be found in foods and beverages like chocolate, coffee, sodas and energy drinks.
Unfortunately, caffeine can have disastrous effects on your sleep.
Although the effects of caffeine vary from person to person, it is recommended that you refrain from consuming caffeine at least six hours before bedtime.
Instead, you could drink a soothing tea like chamomile tea, which has been shown to promote sleep and relaxation.
16. Adjust Your Sleep Position
Good quality sleep may depend on your body position during the night.
There are three main sleeping positions: back, stomach or side. Traditionally, it was believed that back sleepers had a better quality of sleep.
However, research has shown that this might not be the best position to sleep in, as it could lead to blocked airways, sleep apnea and snoring.
In fact, a study done on 16 people determined that the participants who reported consistent poor sleep spent more time on their back.
Although individual preferences play an important role in choosing sleep position, the side position seems to be linked to high-quality sleep.
17. Read Something
Reading could be a good activity to help you wind down before bed. At least for kids, it seems that bedtime reading may promote longer sleep.
However, it is important to understand the difference between reading from an electronic book and a traditional paper book.
Electronic books emit a kind of light that can reduce melatonin secretion, making it harder for you to fall asleep and causing you to feel tired the next day.
Therefore, it is recommended to read from a physical book in order to relax and improve your sleep.
18. Focus on Trying to Stay Awake
It is believed that if you go to bed and try to force yourself to fall asleep, your chances of succeeding drop dramatically.
Instead, you can try paradoxical intention. This technique recommends trying to stay awake instead of forcing yourself to sleep.
This technique is based on the idea that the stress and anxiety produced by forcing yourself to fall asleep can prevent you from relaxing and snoozing off.
A study showed that people who try this technique paradoxically tend to fall asleep faster.
19. Visualize Things That Make You Happy
Instead of lying in bed worrying and thinking about stressful things, visualize a place that makes you feel happy and calm.
41 participants suffering from insomnia were able to fall asleep faster after they were instructed to use an imaginary distraction.
This technique helped them occupy their mind with good thoughts instead of engaging with worries and concerns during the pre-sleep time.
Picturing and concentrating on an environment that makes you feel peaceful and relaxed can take your mind away from the thoughts that keep you up at night.
20. Try Sleep-Enhancing Supplements
Certain supplements can help you fall asleep faster.
They have been shown to encourage sleep either by boosting the production of sleep-promoting hormones or by calming brain activity.
Supplements that can help you fall asleep include:
- Magnesium helps activate the neurotransmitters responsible for sleep. Doses of 200–400 mg per day, taken with food, have been shown to improve sleep.
- 5 HTP (5-hydroxytryptophan) boosts the production of serotonin, which has been linked to the regulation of sleep. Doses of 300–500 mg per day, taken either once daily or in divided doses, seem to be effective in treating insomnia.
- Melatonin is a hormone naturally produced by the body, but it can also be taken as a supplement to help regulate your sleep. Doses of 0.5–5 mg taken 30 minutes before bed seem to improve sleep quality.
- Theanine is an amino acid with sedative properties. Although it has not been shown to induce sleep, it could help with relaxation. Doses of 200 mg per day seem to be useful.
- GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) is a compound produced in the brain that inhibits certain transmitters and may help the central nervous system relax. Doses of 250–500 mg and no more than 1,000 mg are recommended.


I vividly recall our teachers having Wartime Savings Stamps that were offered for sale once a week at 25 cents each.
We were given cards that had 12 spaces allotted for the stamps. When these were filled we would turn them in at the Post Office and, through the government, would receive a certificate in the amount of Five Dollars. Gee, not bad, invest Four Dollars and get five back in return when the certificates come due.
The students of Victoria & Haliburton elementary schools had one goal in mind - to purchase enough stamps to buy a Spitfire Aircraft to help defeat the Nazi tyranny that was threatening our freedom.
Eventually we had reached our goal and the big day came when children from all over the two counties gathered in Fenelon Falls. Here, with a vast number of politicians gathered, we made a make formal presentation of the aircraft we were so proud to call "ours".
I often felt the system teachers used to mark our progress was, to say the least, embarrassing for some of the students. They placed a large piece of white cardboard on a blackboard on one side of the room and for every stamp a student bought, a red star was placed beside his or her name. When the student had purchased enough stamps to qualify for a certificate a lovely gold stamp took up spot number 16!
As you will probably recall, money was hard to come by in those years and families with one child could afford a quarter or more a week, but for those who had several children it was next to impossible for their youngsters to ever qualify for a gold star.
It was not uncommon, on the days stamps were sold and stars stuck beside the students' names, to see many youngsters lower their heads in shame because they didn't have the money to buy a stamp to help the war effort.
They did, however, help in many other ways by gathering tin foil, newspapers, etc. to help our boys win the war.


A Field Guide to Gettysburg, Second Edition
An updated boots-on-the-ground guide.
This second, updated edition of the acclaimed A Field Guide to Gettysburg will lead visitors to every important site across the battlefield and also give them ways to envision the action and empathize with the soldiers involved and the local people into whose lives and lands the battle intruded. Both Carol Reardon and Tom Vossler are themselves experienced guides who understand what visitors to Gettysburg are interested in, but they also bring the unique perspectives of a scholar and a former army officer. Divided into three day-long tours, this newly improved and expanded edition offers important historical background and context for the reader while providing answers to six key questions: What happened here? Who fought here? Who commanded here? Who fell here? Who lived here? And what did the participants have to say about it later?
With new stops, maps, and illustrations, the second edition of A Field Guide to Gettysburg remains the most comprehensive guide to the events and history of this pivotal battle of the Civil War.
- 488 pages.


Artist and Athens School of Fine Arts Professor Marios Spiliopoulos was faced with something of a quandary when approached to hold an exhibition at the Mosque of the Janissaries (Yiali Tzami) in Hania, Crete. How, he thought, could he create a show that was not overwhelmed by the historical importance of the site of worship?
The installation, “The 700 Names of God,” which runs to Sunday, is based on an earlier work by Spiliopoulos and consists of hundreds of pairs of shoes donated by Hania residents in response to an invitation from the city’s municipal gallery, which lead the visitor to the entrance of the monument.
The mosque’s entrance hall does indeed display 700 names for God printed in blue in an arched recess, while the floor has been covered in sand and a few pairs of shoes lead the way into the recess. The aim of the installation is to encourage viewers to think about the divine as a force that offers support, but also as the standard by which we live our lives.
The central idea behind the project was inspired by the 700 names given to God that were recorded by Byzantine Emperor Theodore II in 1254.
The journey of self-awareness on which Spiliopoulos invites the public is enhanced by a video project inside the monument showing waves meeting the sand, and more shoes. Here, visitors are also treated to phrases from Heraclitus, the 6th century BC Greek philosopher who was the first to shed intellectual light onto the then black-and-white understanding of the divine.
“Now, especially, when lifejackets and shoes wash up on our shores, from the sea, together with the bodies of small children, when ISIS is blowing up Palmyra, the mind appears to go silent and art seems too small to have a voice,” says Spiliopoulos.
The exhibition is on display at the Mosque of the Janissaries on Akti Tombazi through September 25. Opening hours are 11 a.m. to 11 p.m. daily.


“Chances are, you have never thought of your garden – indeed, of all the space on your property – as a wildlife preserve that represents the last chance we have for sustaining plants and animals that were once common throughout the U.S. But that is exactly the role our suburban landscapes are playing and will play even more into the near future.” – Douglas W. Tallamy.
I do not usually begin newspaper articles with quotes, but this one by Doug Tallamy from "Bringing Nature Home: How You Can Sustain Wildlife with Native Plants," says what I want to say better than any words I can conjure. We used this quote to introduce how important our Florida yards can be for wildlife when we revised the Florida Wildlife Commission’s publication, Planting a Refuge for Wildlife.
Many Tallahassee neighborhoods are blessed with a rich canopy of tall native trees – pines, oaks, wild cherries, hickories and sweetgums. However, the remaining aspects of the landscape (small trees, shrubs, groundcovers and lawn) in most neighborhoods are made up primarily of plants that are native to Asia and other distant parts of the world.
Research has shown that non-native plants have considerably less value to wildlife than native plants, mainly because they have not evolved with our native insects which cannot digest the protein of foreign plants. Since insects are the base of the food chain, it is important to include native plantings in your yard.
In our yard, which we purchased over 25 years ago we have converted slowly over the years to a mostly native yard by doing three things. First, we removed invasive non-native plants such as nandina, female podocarpus, Oregon grape, coral ardisia and others.
This is ongoing because neighboring yards harbor berries which are spread by birds and through stormwater run-off. We remove seedlings of ligustrum, Chinese privet, camphor, Chinese tallow and others when they are young since they pull up quite easily. We patrol the woodland borders and hedges periodically and pluck the seedlings from the ground.
Secondly, we increase the percentage of native plants in our yard every year. This is easily done by even planting just one native plant per year! We tuck them in between the lovely non-native plants that were already here when we moved in – camellias, azaleas, hydrangeas and a Japanese magnolia. The border between our yard and a neighbor is a mix of large white blooming sasanqua camellias and native plants – agarista, needle palm, Florida anise, wild azalea, American beautyberry, witch-hazel and silverbell – all planted over the 25 year period.
Finally, we removed some of the lawn in a sunny area to include a very productive pollinator garden. It is quite colorful and provides nectar and habitat for honeybees, native bees, butterflies and other pollinating insects, and hummingbirds as well as forage for caterpillars. This is a good spot for some great non-native flowering plants too like Mexican sunflower, African blue basil and porterweed which supplement our base of natives – purple coneflower, horsemint, dwarf ironweed, asters, salt and pepper bush, Heliopsis and other wildflowers.
Greatly influenced by Doug Tallamy’s book, fellow Audubon member and friend Rob Williams has been converting his Foxcroft yard from mostly non-native to mostly native plants over the years. He has taken his passion one step further. There is a 7.98 acre unmanaged wetland preserve behind his house.
Unfortunately, like so many other green spaces in town, this forest had been taken over by invasive plants beneath the canopy of large native trees. He has made it his mission to remove these invasive plants, thus making room for the natural regeneration of native species and improving wildlife habitat in the preserve and in his yard. He also gets good exercise while working on this project. You can tour his yard on the Audubon Wildlife Friendly Yard Tour in February.
Improving your yard for wildlife can be a fun family project. Get started today by planting a native plant or removing an invasive plant from your yard.


Democracy is a system of government, where the whole population gets to vote for representatives that will represent their area. The area could be from a city, to a whole country. In different countries such as Ancient Greece, only citizens that are men are allowed to vote for representatives for their country. Equality and freedom have both been identified as characteristics for democracy, since Ancient times. In many countries, democracy is the most popular form of government.
In Ancient Greece, democracy helped to pick a leader among the citizens. For the reason that there was democracy, people couldn't just be a leader, they had to be elected by the citizens first. In Ancient Greece, democracy was the reason why they had no dictator or tyrant. People in Ancient Greece believed that citizens should choose rulers, and vote on matters themselves. Anyone could propose a new law in Ancient Greece.
What is the process of Democracy? (Ancient Greece)
There was two types of democracy in Ancient Athens: Assembly & Council. The Assembly was made of male citizens, which made the laws of the land. They attended most meetings about making new laws. The Assembly could exile unpopular or dishonest leaders. The Assembly was made up of six thousand citizens. If there weren't exactly 6000 citizens, the police would round up more people. The police would use a rope dipped in red paint to indicate which men did not attend. The red paint would be dragged against the man's clothes. The Council was made up of five hundred citizens, chosen every year by lot names drawn from all Athenian citizens. Members of the Council serve for one year; they prepare laws for the Assembly to consider.
Who can vote in Ancient Greece?
In Ancient Greece, only citizens could vote. Children & slaves were not considered citizens, so they could not vote. All citizens have to take part in government. In old times, they believed all Greek men, rich or poor, had the right to vote. Women were citizens, but without political rights, so they could not vote. Slaves were not considered to be citizens, so they had only some basic rights.
Democracy in Ancient Greece is a fair way of choosing a leader. It gives a chance for poor men to lead in the government. All men had the right to speak for themselves, be fairly treated, take part in the decisions, and vote. Democracy gave the Greek men these rights. It can cause fewer arguments about the laws being made in Ancient Greece. It prevented Ancient Greece from having any bad leaders that would not help the people in any way.
Who can vote in Canada?
In Canada, it is too large for everyone to have a direct voice in government decisions; instead we elect representatives to speak on behalf of us. For example, we have city councillors. Instead of an Assembly & Council, we have a lead/head Prime Minister for all of Canada. In addition, for every province we have Premiers. People of ages 18 and over can vote for their representatives. You must also be a registered Canadian citizen to vote.
How is democracy used in our world today?
Today, democracy prevents people for just becoming leader of the people, just because of their family history. Democracy also prevents there from being any dictators. It gives citizens the freedom to vote for who they want to be the leader of their province and/or country. It lets us vote for people who can represent us in a respectful way.


Usually salt is absorbed from liquid on the surface of the lungs to stop fluid building up there. In cystic fibrosis too much salt is absorbed and there is little liquid left on the airway surfaces. As a result people with cystic fibrosis have problems clearing their lungs of sticky secretions. Thus the lungs are left open to infection. Drugs applied directly to the lungs may prevent too much salt being absorbed. This may lead to better clearance of mucus and less lung infection and damage. The review includes five studies with a total of 226 participants. All studies looked at short-acting drugs applied directly to the lungs compared to placebo. When the results from three studies over six months were combined, the placebo group showed a slower rate of decline in forced vital capacity than the treatment group. However, each of these differed in their results. A further study showed that people receiving a sodium channel blocker before receiving hypertonic saline did not achieve better lung function or mucus clearance than those receiving placebo before hypertonic saline. We found no evidence that short-acting sodium channel blockers administered directly to the lungs improve respiratory status in people with cystic fibrosis. There was even some limited evidence of a decline in lung function. Trials of long-acting sodium channel blockers are ongoing.
We found no evidence that the topical administration of a short-acting sodium channel blocker improves respiratory condition in people with cystic fibrosis and some limited evidence of deterioration in lung function.
People with cystic fibrosis (CF) have increased transport of the salt, sodium across their airway lining. Over-absorption of sodium results in the dehydration of the liquid that lines the airway surface and (along with defective chloride secretion) is a primary defect in people with CF.
To determine whether the topical administration of drugs that block sodium transport improves the respiratory condition of people with CF.
We searched the Cochrane Cystic Fibrosis and Genetic Disorders Group Trials Register comprising references identified from comprehensive electronic database searches, handsearching relevant journals and abstract books of conference proceedings. We contacted principal investigators known to work in the field, previous authors and pharmaceutical companies who manufacture ion transport agents for unpublished or follow-up data.
Most recent search of the Group's register: 19 December 2013.
Published or unpublished randomised controlled trials (RCTs) or quasi-randomised controlled trials of sodium channel blockers compared to placebo or another sodium channel blocker or the same sodium channel blocker at a different dosing regimen.
Two authors independently extracted data. Meta-analysis was limited due to differing study designs.
Five RCTs, with a total of 226 participants, examining the topical administration of the short-acting sodium channel blocker, amiloride, compared to placebo were identified as eligible for inclusion in the review. In three studies over six months, there was a significant difference found in the difference in relative change in FVC in favour of placebo (weighted mean difference 1.51% (95% confidence interval -2.77 to -0.25), although heterogeneity was evident. A two-week study demonstrated that hypertonic saline with amiloride pre-treatment did not result in a significant improvement in respiratory function or mucus clearance, in contrast to pre-treatment with placebo. There were no significant differences identified in other clinically relevant outcomes.


The types of glass used for the railings, canopy, glass structures.
Types of glass:
Tempered glassThe process of tempering glass exerts an enormous influence on its mechanical strength: ie. Breakage, bending and thermal resistance, eg. Sudden cooling or heating of the glass. The strength of tempered glass is higher even 6 times of ordinary glass. Tempered glass is also known as safety glass, as in the case of breakage, shatters into hundreds of pieces of secure ultra-compact. In the process of quenching the glass is heated to a temperature of about 700 degrees Celsius, and then rapidly cooling it with compressed air. The advantage of this process is that it does not affect the appearance and only changing the internal structure of the material. There is a possibility of painting and firing of safety glass in the quenching process. Thermally toughened safety glass is widely used in construction, the furniture industry, automotive, railways, aviation, shipbuilding many other industries.
Float glassFloat glass is a product of the base used in the production of tempered glass, laminated, satin, sanded, varnished, etc. Treated Fire has a perfectly smooth surface, devoid of optical distortion. Float glass which is transparent, has a greenish or blue-green hue, particularly noticeable at the edges of the glass. Light transmittance depends on the thickness of glass and depends on the content of iron oxides in the glass body.
- - glass walls, glass doors, sliding doors
- - walls, shower cabins
- - glass design elements
- - glass stairs, glass floors, railings
White glassSuch glass is virtually colorless and greenish coloration characteristic of ordinary float glass has been entirely eliminated. A characteristic feature of a glass of white high permeability light and excellent transmission of solar energy. It is used wherever its aesthetic and optical properties, especially translucency are particularly useful.
- - glass walls, sliding doors, shower cabins
- - glass in kitchen
- - glass design elements
- - glass wall
- - glass floor
Sandblasted glassSandblasted glass is subjected to a mechanical process that involves interaction of the surface of the glass stream of fine sand (corundum) coming out of the nozzle at high pressure. This causes the surface of the glass then becomes rough and non-transparent (as a result of tearing by sand microscopic glass particles). In the case of sealing the glass part of the protective foil prior to matting, you can grind only in exposed places. This way you can compose formulas to perform blasted subtitles etc.
Satin glass (milk)Satin glass has a durable, uniform, matt surface which does not lose its properties over time. The matt surface is easy to clean and does not cause problems in maintaining proper hygiene. Satin glass has a high light transmittance, for maximum illumination of the interior while maintaining privacy. Matt surface effect is obtained by tarnishing (using etching) one of the parties glass. Acid etched glass meets, among others, in terms of thermal and acoustic insulation.
- - swinging and sliding doors
- - railings
- - partition walls for balconies
- - stair treads, floor plates
- - shower enclosures and bath screens
Glass doors have enjoyed in recent years more and more popular. This is mainly due to the numerous aesthetic and hygienic, which is why designers are more and more often, particularly in public buildings, bring solutions in which one of the elements of fixed partitions are glass doors. They can stand alone or as a component of internal walls of glass (ie. partition) or external (eg. in the building storefront).
Behind the glass doors is given to those whose wings - with the exception of hardware, or other accessories, they are made entirely of glass panels (glass single - single or layered glued or with double glazing).
Construction material is glass. Glass doors may comprise frames (usually made of aluminum) or can be a door without frames in which the wings are hinged mounted directly on the wall, usually the glass, or they are hinged spindle, fixed to the floor and the ceiling (in particular doors to rooms in office buildings).
Regarding the regulations, at the moment there are no standards and normative documents of national as well as European standards relating directly to the inner glass door. Recently published standard (EN 14351-1 Windows and doors - Product standard, performance characteristics - Part 1: Windows and exterior doors without resistance to fire and / or smoke control) controls while the external glass doors.
This standard makes reference to the glass doors without frames, but in its content there is no distinction between a glass door from the traditional door where the glass acts only fill the wings rather than design. It should also be noted that compared to the traditional door glass in the door it is necessary to position much greater emphasis on issues of safe operation. This involves technical characteristics of glass such as transparency and fragility that can cause harm, eg. At the falling man at the door (due to their omission) or hitting a hard drive or enjoy a glass. Door in recent years more and more popular. This is mainly due to the numerous aesthetic and hygienic, which is why designers are more and more often, particularly in public buildings, bring solutions in which one of the elements of fixed partitions are glass doors. They can stand alone or as a component of internal walls of glass (ie. Partition) or external (eg. in the building storefront).
Recommended use of safety glass and glass construction with increased resistance to break-in the table below:


The number of pregnant women diagnosed with cancer has increased over the past couple of decades, a new study from Australia suggests.
In 2007, the most recent year studied, researchers found 192 out of every 100,000 pregnant and postpartum women received a cancer diagnosis — up from 112 per 100,000 women in 1994.
Researchers couldn't determine what was behind that increase in risk, but said it could be due in part to the older average age of expectant moms combined with better cancer detection.
Another explanation could be "the increased interaction with health services during pregnancy," said Christine Roberts, an obstetrics researcher at the University of Sydney who worked on the study.
Roberts said some doctors in her department had seen a few cases of expectant moms with cancer and wanted to know whether this was indicative of any increase in risk.
To try to answer that question, her group collected information from three large databases on births, cancer cases and hospital admissions in New South Wales, Australia. That included data on roughly 780,000 women who gave birth more than 1.3 million times between 1994 and 2008.
During the same period, there were about 1,800 new cancers diagnosed in moms-to-be and those who'd given birth within the last year.
As diagnoses became more common over the years, pregnant women also got older, on average, the researchers noted in the obstetrics and gynecology journal BJOG.
For example, in 1994, 13 percent of pregnant women were over age 35, compared to almost 24 percent in 2007.
The risk of cancer is known to increase with age — and 35-plus women in the study were over three times more likely to get cancer compared to those under 30 in 2007.
But age only accounted for a fraction of the increased cancer risk over time, the researchers found.
Dr. Lloyd Smith, who treats gynecologic cancers at the University of California, Davis, agreed that improved detection likely accounts for some portion of the increase in cases.
He pointed out that melanoma was the most common cancer diagnosed, affecting 45 out of every 100,000 pregnant or postpartum women.
Australia claims the highest rate of melanoma diagnoses in the world.
Given increasing awareness of the problem of melanoma in Australia, "they probably also have ramped up their surveillance of melanoma, so they're going to detect more," Smith, who wasn't involved in the new study, told Reuters Health.
Roberts said that despite the increase in cancer risk, it is still considered a rare event among pregnant or postpartum women.
Women in the study with cancer were more likely to plan an early birth, but "importantly there was no evidence of harm to the babies of women with cancer — they were not at increased risk of reduced growth or death," Roberts wrote in an email to Reuters Health.
She said more research on cancer treatments for pregnant women is needed.
Smith said that in his experience, treating pregnant patients has been extremely difficult.
"When you have a pregnant woman who has cancer, the infant's at risk, the woman's at risk, the family is in extreme distress and they're seeking the best advice, which is often confused because no one knows quite what to do," Smith said.
One recent study found that chemotherapy does not appear to harm the fetus, while planning an early delivery to avoid chemo exposure to the baby is actually more risky.


This straw hat measures 13" in diameter and has a low crown of about 1 1/2". These hats were meant to sit on top of the head. To keep your hat on, the women would use a silk ribbon that attaches to the hat on the crown and tied under the chin or behind your neck. Sometimes a hat pin was used pushed threw the crown and into the hair to assist the silk tie. These hats were often decorated with wide silk ribbons around the crown and occasionally birds or silk flowers. Most commonly the hat is covered in black or white silk (and sometimes other colors) usually the underside is lined in the same color of silk but sometimes red, white, blue lined the underside regardless if the top is covered. This hat is shown plain and sold this way for you to decorate as you like. Women of the 18th century wore these hats over their linen or cotton cap when outside most commonly in the early to mid century. Bonnets were also worn over the cap while outside but became more common after the 1760s although hats remained common. For example as found in Wives, Slaves, and Servant Girls in the Pennsylvania Packet of 1775 "Ran Away . . . a servant girl . . . had one when she went away, a . . . straw hat.".
In the picture the 13" is at the top with a 15" bellow it. Both are sitting on dark grey silk with blue 2" ribbon.
This product was added to our catalog on Sunday 20 December, 2020.


In this demonstration we are using this video; https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gTUcziYS1lk
12 seconds into the first clip you can see the car crash into the front yard of a house. Now, this is a very easy example as there is a lot of information available. However, this should give you a good example of just how much information is available, you just have to open your eyes.
At the very start of the video you can tell what side of the road the driver is on and what side of the car the driver is sitting based on the angle the GPS device is facing. Knowing what side of the road the driver is on and what position the driver is in can help you narrow down what country the video is in.
In this case, we could narrow down the location very quickly thanks to the GPS device.
I used warchframebyframe.com for this example, the direct link with this video is http://www.watchframebyframe.com/watch/yt/gTUcziYS1lk
Watchframebyframe.com is a very good tool for video intelligence gathering techniques. It allows you to slow down the video and, well, as mentioned in the name of the website. View the video frame by frame.
Watch the video to see the process used to locate where this video was taken.


The Billings ovulation method is based on the cervical mucus sign, the main fertility sign if you desire to have children. Because the cervical mucus significantly changes its quality before ovulation, so that with proper interpretation and sex you can get pregnant more easily and quickly in the most fertile period.
How does the cervical mucus change in the cycle?
The cervical mucus is formed in the crypts of the cervix. It is one of a woman’s most significant body secretions, as it can perform four different tasks.
1. Protection of sperm from the acidic vaginal environment
2. Nourishment of Sperm
3. Transport of sperm from the vagina to the uterus
4. Filtering out abnormal, malformed sperm
Now, the cervical mucus can only perform these tasks if it changes its appearance and perceived texture over the course of the cycle. The changes are briefly summarized here, in phases.
Dry days – Cervical mucus shortly after menstruation
Shortly after menstruation, only a little cervical mucus is produced, which is usually not visible and the vagina feels dry. The sperm cannot survive in the acidic vaginal environment without cervical mucus. Nor are they supposed to, as ovulation is still far away.
Lumpy days – cervical mucus before ovulation
The cervical mucus is visible and has a lumpy to creamy/cloudy texture. Sperm can now survive in the vulva, but they have a slightly harder time getting into the uterus. It doesn’t swim as well in a viscous liquid.
Wet days – cervical mucus during ovulation
The cervical mucus is now transparent, the vaginal entrance feels wet. In most cases, you can pull the cervical mucus to long threads between your fingers. Now is the optimal time for sexual intercourse if you want to get pregnant. The mucus nourishes the sperm and they can swim very well in it. Because the water content in the mucus is high and through water it floats more easily than through a viscid lumpy fluid. On the picture left you can see a typical picture of the glasy, spinnable cervical mucus during ovulation.
Decreasing days – cervical mucus after ovulation
After ovulation, both the amount of cervical mucus and its quality decreases. This is also logical – why should sperm be able to survive in the vulva when they can no longer fertilize eggs at all.
Now a woman doesn’t have to fear that she can’t get pregnant if she feels a maximum moist sensation at the vagina and can barely observe mucus. No, dear women, it’s not like that. You could rather say that mucus is the fast food eating category for the sperm. While wet, glassy spinnable mucus of the best quality is something of a multiple course candlelight dinner. Every woman has her own best mucus quality to observe for herself. Importantly, the woman assesses her mucus by the sensation between her fingers, the sensation at the vagina and the appearance.
Determine Fertile Days with Billings ovulation method – But How?
I would now like to summarise the most important rules of Billings ovulation method for the desire to have children. Contentious rules, such as the “basic infertile pattern,“ which are not listed for extensive consultation.
Menstruation rule of the Billings ovulation method
The change in the cervical mucus sign does not make it clear whether ovulation has taken place. Bleeding could therefore be a possible intermenstrual bleeding. Furthermore, the woman can have a very forward-shifted ovulation, so that the time of the high-quality cervical mucus correlates with menstruation. In this case, the woman can distinguish poorly between menstruation and mucus. In general, menstruation does not protect against pregnancy.
During menstruation, the woman is always fertile according to the Billings ovulation method.
Dry days rule of Billings ovulation method
As already discussed, the sperm cannot survive in the acidic environment of the vagina without cervical mucus. For this reason, the following rule must be valid:
A woman is infertile according to the Billings ovulation method if she can’t observe cervical mucus and the vagina feels dry.
Visible mucus rule
The other way around, the woman must, of course, be fertile according to the Billings ovulation method, once she can see or feel cervical mucus, as the sperm in the cervical mucus can remain fertile.
A woman is fertile according to the billings ovulation method when cervical mucus appears visible or noticeable for the first time.
Cervical mucus peak – rule
The cervical mucus peak is the last day with the individual best mucus quality followed by 3 days of lower quality.
The fertile period ends according to the billings ovulation method on the morning of the 4th day after the mucus peak.
The Billings ovulation method assumes that ovulation occurred exactly when the cervical mucus sign has undergone a significant change. This is the case according to Billings, if after the last day of best cervical mucus quality – 3 days mucus of inferior quality can be observed.
Fertile days determination – cycle example of the Billings ovulation method
The Billings ovulation method has its very own symbolism. The woman sticks the corresponding sign into a cycle calendar, depending on what she observed. The signs are described in the illustration. However, I would like to briefly evaluate the cycle using the Billings ovulation method and determine the fertile and infertile days in the cycle.
The woman’s cycle begins with the first day of menstrual bleeding and ends a day before the next menstrual period. Your cycle is therefore 23 days long. The first 4 days the woman has the menstrual bleeding, so she has to accept fertility (F) here according to the Billings ovulation method. On the 5th and 6th Cycle Days, she doesn’t observe mucus and has a dry feeling, so she’s infertile these days. From the 7th to the 9th day of the cycle, she can observe how the cervical mucus is getting better and better. She can observe the last day with the best mucus quality on the 11th day of the cycle. This is followed by 3 days when she can observe mucus of lesser category. For this reason, the 11th Cycle Day is their cervical mucus peak. On the 15th day of the Cycle until the 23rd Cycle Day, the woman is infertile due to the mucus peak rule. Thus, there is a fertile period from the 7th to the 14th day of the Cycle, on which the woman can become pregnant. The days 9 to 11 are optimal for conception, as the woman was able to observe mucus of the highest quality level during this time.
Is the Billings ovulation method worthwhile, if you want to get pregnant?
The Billings ovulation method uses cervical mucus as a body sign for fertility. The cervical mucus is the only fertility sign that precedes ovulation somewhat. This means that the cervical mucus of the best quality is close to ovulation. Thus, the woman can make optimal use of the cervical mucus for the correct timing of sexual intercourse.
If you want to get pregnant, you have to have sex exactly when your cervical mucus is the best quality.
The effectiveness of the Billings ovulation method can be proven in studies. In a Study from Australia, the Billings ovulation method achieved a pregnancy rate of 63 percent, although over 60 percent of participating couples over 15 months did not get pregnant. Among over-38-year-olds, the pregnancy rate was still 50 percent. About 93 percent of the study’s participating couples are satisfied with the Billings ovulation method and would apply it again.
What do you have to consider when using the Billings ovulation method?
Please pay attention to the following points when using the Billings Ovulation Method
Billings ovulation method and medication?
The cervical mucus sign may be disturbed by medication (antibiotics) as well as disease (vaginal fungus). Likewise, cervical mucus may be affected immediately after hormonal contraception. In this case, the cervical mucus cannot be evaluated according to the rules of the Billings ovulation method.
Billings ovulation method after Contraceptive pills
After discontinuing pills or other hormonal contraceptives, the woman’s cycle can take up to six months to stabilize again. In rare cases, the influence of the pill and other contraceptives can still be seen after 12 months. As a rule, it takes 2 to 3 cycles for cervical mucus to show an evaluable course after hormonal contraception (Gnoth 2002).
Cervical mucus confusion
Often, women confuse cervical mucus with sperm after sex, as cervical mucus can have similar texture. For this reason, it is advisable to take the cervical mucus before sex and not afterwards. In addition, the cervical mucus can be altered on a beach holiday, as the vaginal wall is constantly flushed in the water. In general, when cleaning the vagina, it should be noted that Cosy sprays and similar artificial detergents can alter the cervical mucus.
Several cervical mucus peaks in the cycle
According to the book NFP Today (German Book: Natürliche Familienplanung heute), several cervical mucus peaks may occur in cycles. In this case, the Billings ovulation method comes to the wrong conclusions, as in the set of rules it starts only from one cervical mucus peak in the cycle.
Cycles without ovulation
It can also happen that there is no ovulation in a cycle. Especially in menopause and puberty, such monophasic cycles are not uncommon. In this case, too, the billings ovulation method comes to the wrong conclusions, as it assumes that the woman always ovulates.
Can ovulation be limited with the Billings ovulation method?
No, it is not possible to limit ovulation with the billings ovulation method, because you cannot determine ovulation based on the cervical mucus. It is only at the basal body temperature curve or ultrasound that ovulation can be limited beyond doubt.
Conclusion: The best for last
The Billings ovulation method is certainly a good way to get pregnant naturally. However, there are better and more effective methods. In contrast to the Billings ovulation method, ovulation can be precisely determined with the Symptothermal Method of ovulation except for a few, detecting pregnancy without pregnancy test, diagnosing luteal insufficiency, etc. How it all works and what you need for the optimal start in the Symptothermal Method, I explain to you in my Get Pregnant Starter Set. With the help of this Set, many women have already become pregnant.
Sending you fertile Greetings


If your "common cold" has been hanging around for more than a week, it may not be a cold at all. It might actually be an allergy disguised as a cold.
Dr. Stanley Goldstein, director of Allergy and Asthma Care of Long Island, in New York, said fall and winter allergies are just as common as spring and summer allergies. What's different about the allergies this time of year, he added, is that most people simply don't know they have them.
"These just don't bring patients out of the woodwork, complaining because many of them are just living with them," Goldstein said. "If you walk around congested very early in life, you don't realize what it means to feel normal."
Or many people may simply think that they're getting a cold — over and over and over again, said Tonya Winders, president and chief executive officer of the Allergy & Asthma Network Mothers of Asthmatics, based in Virginia.
"The most confusing aspect of telling the difference is that the symptoms are so similar," Winders said.
Airborne allergies and common colds both can produce coughs, sneezing, a stuffy nose and a runny nose, she said.
But there are a few differences.
A cold should last less than seven to 10 days, while seasonal allergies tend to last through the entire season. The allergy usually will start at the onset of the season, while the cold could begin at any time, Winders said.
Other ways to tell them apart would be that a cold may start with a sore throat and may be accompanied by a low-grade fever or body aches, while recurrent "colds" that aren't associated with a fever would be allergies, said Dr. Cristina Porch-Curren, allergist with Coastal Allergy Care in California.
Itchy eyes or an itchy nose — or both — also would be hints that the ailment actually may be an allergy, said Dr. Timothy Craig, professor of medicine and pediatrics at Penn State University College of Medicine.
"Thus seasonal distribution, sneezing and itchy eyes often point toward allergies," Craig said.
Winders suggests seeing a primary care physician who can point you in the right direction, and if over-the-counter allergy medications don't work, then an allergist can do a full work-up to figure out exactly which allergies are triggering a reaction.
Danielle Braff, Chicago Tribune