This chapter begins with a discussion of how sacrifice is the most primary and basic form of ritual. The elimination of animal sacrifice from contemporary Western religious life came about as a result of a cataclysmic moment. The chapter also explores how love is a noninstrumental relationship outside of what appears to be the sphere of exchange. The mark of love as noninstrumental is attentiveness. Attentiveness as a form of affirmation is what makes love so precious. The remainder of the chapter talks about how the sacrificial system itself was replaced in Jewish life after the temple's destruction. The rabbis devised alternatives to the sacrificial functions in ways that struggle and deal with the fears and stress inherent in sacrifice.
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Here’s the thing – New England is pretty much the best place on Earth. Oh sure, there are more beautiful places and there are places with less aggressive drivers and less fun-to-imitate accents, but to me New England is home (even though I haven’t actually lived there for almost two decades), and I love to talk about the region and brag about it when good things happen there. Like the 2004 Red Sox. So, please indulge a Massachusetts boy’s parochialism.
Today, our friends at Save the Sound, a part of the Connecticut Fund for the Environment, are releasing a report they commissioned to evaluate the feasibility of addressing a critical water pollution source by implementing green infrastructure -- design strategies that mimic natural hydrology and capture rain where it falls.
In Connecticut, several cities have “combined” sewer systems, meaning that sewage flushed from homes and businesses is carried by the same pipes that receive runoff when it rains. These systems – of which there are over 700 nationwide -- were originally constructed many decades ago, and are designed to allow the mix of raw sewage and runoff to overflow into our rivers when we have a significant enough rainfall.
Photo: Combined sewer overflow, Newtown Creek, Brooklyn. Courtesy of Riverkeeper
The report discusses how green infrastructure techniques can prevent stormwater from reaching the combined sewer system and reduce pollution from overflows in Bridgeport and New Haven. NRDC served as a consultant and steering committee member, and a reviewer of the report. It’s a serious effort, so kudos to the folks at Save the Sound and the various people they worked with, from non-profit groups, to state agencies, municipalities, and city water pollution control authorities. I particularly like how the analysis pencils out specific green infrastructure installations, to give readers a sense of how the techniques can be weaved into the urban and suburban landscape, and how they will function. Pictured here is an example from the report of how a New Haven school parking lot could be sustainably re-engineered to keep runoff from loading into the combined sewer.
The other reason this analysis deserves to be highlighted is that it shows how green infrastructure solutions are gaining mainstream momentum. The folks in Connecticut are taking steps to join a nationwide movement towards the use of green infrastructure to address sewer overflows and other stormwater-related pollution problems. This movement is spotlighted by “Rooftops to Rivers II,” NRDC's recent report, which provides detailed case studies analyzing how 14 cities of varying size and geography are using these methods, and which highlights how using green infrastructure often saves money compared to traditional “gray” approaches and how the green approaches deliver significant community benefits.
The pilot program envisioned by the report could be the next critical step toward driving New Haven and Bridgeport to incorporate green infrastructure into their long term combined sewer overflow control plans required under the Clean Water Act. They’ll join the likes of green infrastracture champions such as New York and Philadelphia, as well as smaller cities like Cleveland and Kansas City. And that effort could provide the roadmap for making Connecticut a leader in New England on green infrastructure solutions.
Likewise, the report recognizes that a critical component of the green infrastructure movement is understanding how stormwater fees and related programs can incentivize private parties to implement and invest in green infrastructure. NRDC recently addressed this issue in a groundbreaking analysis of innovative financing approaches for green infrastructure retrofits. The report uses Philadelphia as a test case to explore ways in which innovative financing mechanisms, currently being used for energy efficiency retrofits, can be adapted for stormwater management.
As New Haven and Bridgeport step forward, we have some ideas for them. For the “Rooftops to Rivers” report, NRDC created the “Emerald City Scale,” a guideline for assessing communities’ commitment to green infrastructure. The six-point scale identifies core criteria every city can undertake to maximize their green infrastructure investment, including: a long term green infrastructure plan for the city, a requirement to retain a defined amount of runoff from development projects, a requirement to reduce existing impervious surfaces using green infrastructure, incentives for private-party installation of green infrastructure, guidance or other assistance in deploying green infrastructure, and a dedicated funding source to help ensure that green infrastructure projects keep going. We’ve also created a function on our website that allows municipalities to submit information about local green initiatives. We hope that, following the direction that Save the Sound and other Connecticut leaders have provided, Bridgeport and New Haven will soon add their names to the growing list of cities aggressively and widely adopting green infrastructure.
So, here’s to my New England friends – thanks for protecting the wahtah with green infrahstructah.


We’ve heard so much about SpaceX’s failed Falcon 9 rocket landings – not to mention the explosion mid-flight on the way to the International Space Station in June – that it’s easy to forget that they’re not the only game in town.
Amazon founder Jeff Bezos, for example, runs his own privately-funded aerospace outfit by the name of Blue Origin. His company recently succeeded in the very area that Elon Musk’s SpaceX has struggled so much with – safely landing a spent rocket.
Blue Origin on Tuesday said its New Shepard flew a test mission to an altitude of 330,000 – reaching nearly four times the speed of sound in the process – before both the rocket and its unmanned capsule returned for a safe landing.
As The Wall Street Journal notes, the rocket landed just four feet from where it took off at in West Texas. It let gravity take over until about 5,000 feet when the engine reignited to help with the landing. It touched down in an upright position traveling at a speed of 4.4 miles per hour – about the average walking speed.
Companies like Blue Origin and SpaceX are in a race to create the first reusable commercial rocket. Such a luxury would drastically reduce the cost of space travel, thus making it more financially feasible to fund resupply missions to the ISS, launch satellites and create a commercial space tourism business.
Image courtesy Phelan M. Ebenhack, Associated Press


POTD: Bell Microwave Site
I believe it was early one morning, in 2005 on a weekend all day exploration that we came across this site on the way East to explore some other sites in Eastern Ontario. It would have been about 6 am or so when we came across this gloomy looking site near Highway 7 on the way to Peterborough, Ontario. Initially we thought it might have had something to do with aircraft navigation or some sort of Pinetree Line early warning system, but it turned out to be nothing more than a Bell Relay site. A local ham radio tower now occupies the site and is the sole user of the tower.
These Microwave Relay sites used to be the primary means of long distance calling before Optical Carrier lines (fiber-optics) took over. Microwave stations were point to point, and line of sight, using radio waves at a very high frequency to communicate. These were the backbone of the trunked communications networks in North America and Europe from the 50's onward into the 80's. Due to the line of sight nature, relay stations such as this had to be located along the path of a signal between the various CO's. In this case it was between Toronto and Peterborough, eventually continuing on to Ottawa. There were 9 such relay sites along the route from Toronto to Ottawa, to give you an example of the infrastructure needed to maintain this system. Below is a map of the area. I believe this site was either Bethany or Hastings.
The Optical Carrier lines which now replace these microwave stations mostly travel long distances along side railways. In Canada, CN Rail was given an incentive to lay several fiber optic cables along each mainline for Bell Telephone use. In return CN was able to use several strands for their own purposes.


The White House has warned that delaying action on climate change would carry a heavy price, racking up an additional 40% in economic losses from climate impacts and other costs over the course of 10 years.
White House officials said the stark finding from the president’s council of economic advisers underlined the urgency of Barack Obama’s efforts to cut carbon pollution.
In addition to a new report on the economic cost of delay, the White House is poised to launch two new initiatives on Tuesday dealing with fast-rising methane emissions from the natural gas industry, and buffering food security against future climate change.
“We are pushing across the board on the elements of the climate action plan,” John Podesta, Obama’s counsellor, told a conference call with reporters.
Several former treasury secretaries and a couple of billionaires have come forward in recent weeks to warn Americans about the economic risks of climate change. By producing its own report on the costs of climate change, the White House appeared to be moving to bolster Obama’s climate agenda from industry attacks.
Industry groups claim that new Environmental Protection Agency rules for power plants will cripple the economy.
In their rebuttal, Obama’s economic team said the costs of delaying action to cut carbon pollution would be far higher in the long term—40% over the course of a decade, in terms of the increased costs of cutting greenhouse gas emissions and dealing with climate impacts.
The costs were projected to rise even more steeply with each additional degree of warming above the 2C threshold for dangerous climate change, the report said.
“Each decade we delay acting results in an added cost of dealing with the problem of an extra 40%,” Jason Furman, chairman of the council of economic advisers, told a conference call with reporters. “The total amount we would have to pay today would be 40% larger if we waited a decade instead of acting now.”
Additional costs of adapting to climate change caused by delaying action to cut emissions
Delaying action would deepen the risks to property and livelihoods. It would also make it more costly to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
A 3C rise above pre-industrial levels would shave about 0.9% a year off global GDP, or about $150 billion a year, the report said. A 4C rise would cost the global economy 3.1% of global GDP a year, it said.
“The cost…ramps up potentially astronomically to the point that even if you want to you couldn’t actually stabilise the temperature,” Furman said.
Furman said the finding was based on an analysis of 16 different economic models, and took into consideration economic damage due to climate change, and lost investment and other opportunities.
The report—and the other interventions—appeared timed to build support around the main pillar of Obama’s climate action plan, regulations limiting carbon pollution from power plants.
The EPA is holding public hearings in Atlanta, Denver, Pittsburgh and Washington DC this week on regulations to cut carbon pollution from power plants by 30% over the next 16 years.
The EPA regulations, which target the country’s largest single source of carbon dioxide emissions, are the main pillar of Obama’s climate plan—one of the signature issues of his second term—and by default contentious.
More than 1,600 people have signed up to speak at the hearings, and 300,000 have sent in written comments. Some 680 groups have signed up to lobby the EPA, according to the Center for Responsive Politics—more than any other government department.
The regulations are critical to Obama’s commitment to the international community to cut greenhouse gas emissions 17% on 2005 levels by 2020.
The EPA Administrator, Gina McCarthy, told reporters on Monday that she expected opponents to focus on the economy. “We are bound to hear this week and beyond that EPA actions are bad for the economy,” she said.
Industry groups, such as the American Petroleum Institute and the American Coalition for Clean Coal Electricity, accuse the EPA of waging a “war on coal” and say the regulations will damage the economy.
A Republican congressman, Mike Kelly, likened the regulations to terrorism, in an event at the conservative Heritage Foundation on Monday. “You talk about terrorism, you can do it in a lot of different ways,” he said. “But you terrorise the people who supply everything this country needs to be great—and you keep them on the sidelines—my goodness what have we become?”
Opponents of the EPA regulations also argue that they will be ineffective unless China and other big emitters also take action on climate change.
But McCarthy told the call America had to take actions at home to cut carbon pollution “or a global solution on climate change won’t make it to the table.”
She said there were already signs that the EPA regulations had encouraged China and other countries to do more to cut their own emissions.
The White House, the EPA Senate Democrats, economists, and environmental groups argue the regulations represent an opportunity–and that it would be far more costly to delay action.
The former treasury secretary, Robert Rubin, wrote in the Washington Post last week that framing the regulations as a trade-off between the environment and the economy was as false choice.
“The real question should be: What is the cost of inaction? In my view—and in the view of a growing group of business people, economists, and other financial and market experts—the cost of inaction over the long term is far greater than the cost of action,” Rubin wrote.
Senate Democrats are expected to expand on that argument at a budget committee hearing on Tuesday called “The costs of inaction: the economic and budgetary consequences of climate change“.
European and British economists have warned for years about the costs of inaction on climate change, with Nicholas Stern coming out with his landmark report in 2006.
But those findings did not get wide airing in the American media until earlier this year when a group of billionaires and former treasury secretaries came out with their report, Risky Business, on the costs of ignoring the climate problem.
Meanwhile, the Obama administration will on Tuesday announce a number of new initiatives on containing fast-rising emissions of methane from the natural gas industry.
The White House is also due to announce a new effort by companies such as Microsoft and Coca Cola on plans to help protect food production.


The military history of North Central Ohio abounds in most inspiring narratives of patriotic devotion. The heritage
of courage and patriotic fidelity is a glorious one. A book compiled under the direction of an Ohio Daughters of
the American Revolution, reveals that of the more than 3,000 soldiers of the American Revolution buried in Ohio
are 200 in the seven counties in this section of the state. Graves of that number have been listed and since the
publication of the book additions have been made to the list and it is believed that further research will result
in the discovery of the burial places of still more of the sturdy Continentals. When land grants were given to
soldiers at the time of the settlement of Ohio, hardy New Englanders came to the Western Reserve, the Lake Erie
region and sturdy Pennsylvanians crossed over into North Central Ohio and, as some one has said, they were the
fathers of a race who inherited the invincible courage and sterling qualities of these Revolutionary ancestors
and took up the burden of founding a greater nation by pressing forward. We are giving the names of as many of
these Revolutionary soldiers, buried in North Central Ohio, as we have been able to find and appreciate assistance
given in this work by regents of various D. A. R. chapters. In other chapters we have told of the War of 1812 as
it related to this section of the state. Many who participated in this war afterwards settled in Medina County.
The influence of the glorious patriotic traditions is seen all through our history; it is worthy of study. It is
said that in the War of 1812, over half of the males of the state subject to military duty were in service; in
the Mexican War, Ohio furnished more than any other northern state and thousands more offered their services but
were not needed. In the Civil War, as one writer has said, our state in addition to furnishing nearly half the
prominent Union commanders, contributed 340,000 of the 2,668,000 soldiers in the northern armies.
In the Spanish-American War, 15,200 of the 200,000 volunteers furnished by all the states, were from Ohio, and
the glorious record of Ohio's sons in the great World War is fresh in memory. We shall refer to these more in detail
General training days were colorful events of early day Ohio. Dr. Hill, Ashland County historian, tells of the
regimental musters, which for many years were held near the banks of the Blackfork, south of the village of Petersburg,
now Mifflin. Men subject to military duties could either participate in these musters or work two days on the public
highway. About 1824 a regiment of ten full companies of militia "first regiment, first brigade of the Eleventh
Division of Ohio militia" was formed in Richland County, which at that time included part of what is now Ashland
County. The colonel was John Oldshue. In 1834 the regiment was reorganized with Colonel Alexander Miller in command.
About 1826 there was rifle regiment in what are now Ashland, Morrow and Richland counties. In 1836, Charles Colerick
organized in Knox County, a company of riflemen, outfitted them in green uniforms and took them to Texas to aid
in the fight of the Texans for freedom from Mexico.
A distinguished citizen of Mt. Vernon, who as a lad of sixteen left college for the Texas war of independence,
was General George W. Morgan, who served in two later wars, practiced law in Mt. Vernon and was United States minister
to Portugal. Entering the United States Military Academy at West Point in 1841, he left two years later, practiced
law in Mt. Vernon and at the beginning of the Mexican War, was made colonel of the Second Regiment, Ohio Volunteers
and later of the Fifteenth United States Infantry. The General Assembly of Ohio gave him a vote of thanks for gallantry
at Centeras and Churubusco. Appointed United States council at Versailes in 1856, became United States minister
to Portugal and returning home when the Civil War broke out, he was made a brigadier general. He commanded the
Seventh Division of Ohio, was with General Sherman at Vicksburg and later led the expedition that captured Ft.
Hindman in Arkansas. Defeated as Democratic candidate for Governor of Ohio in 1865, he served from 1869 to 1873
in Congress. This distinguished Mt. Vernonite, who for many years lived on East Gambier Street, passed away in
1893 at the age of seventy three years.
In a company which General Morgan organized at Mt. Vernon for the Mexican War, was a seventeen year old youth who
enlisted as a private and was afterwards United States Senator from Minnesota, Daniel S. Norton. Another was Robert
B. Mitchell, who also enlisted as a private. After serving in the Mexican War he removed to Kansas, rose to the
rank of brigadier general by distinguished service in the Civil War and later became Governor of New Mexico. James
E. Harle was captain of the second company, organized at Mt. Vernon for the Mexican War. Simon B. Kenton, who became
captain of Company B, Second Ohio Volunteer Infantry, was first lieutenant of the company when Morgan organized
it. The captain of Company A, Third Ohio Infantry, William McLaughlin, and Capt. Thomas H. Ford of Company C, both
of whom years later served in the Civil War, were from Mansfield; Capt. David Moore of Company E was from Wooster
and Capt. Chauncey Woodruff of Company G was from Norwalk.
Scenes in Mansfield shortly after the outbreak of the Mexican War are narrated by A. A. Graham in history of Richland
County. Near the east end of Park Avenue, East, then East Market Street, a stand had been erected in a large grove
of maples. To this meeting came Shelby and Plymouth people in a train of small box cars over the old Mansfield
& New Haven Railroad, just reaching completion. "The old war horse," Major McLaughlin, and Thomas
H. Ford, then a young attorney in Mansfield, gave rousing patriotic addresses, and others spoke. "As the excitement
increased," says Historian Graham, "Major McLaughlin sprang from the stand, mounted his horse and rode
about urging the men to come forward. Finally, springing from his saddle, he let his horse go its own way and called
upon all who desired to enlist to form themselves into a group and join him in the march to Mexico."
A company under McLaughlin and one under Ford were easily raised. It being thought the war would be brief, enlistment
was for one year.
"Our company left Mansfield June 9, 1846," said the late Dr. William Smith of Van Wert, who more than
half a century ago wrote in detail of the Mexican War service of McLaughlin's company in which he served. "As
there were no railroads at that time we marched via Beilville and Mt. Vernon to Columbus, then took canal boat
to Portsmouth, thence by steamboat to Cincinnati and Camp Washington, where we were organized into regiments. We
were put into the Third Regiment under Col. Samuel R. Curtis, who was General Curtis of the War of the Rebellion."
The narrative tells of the seven days' passage to New Orleans, the trip across the Gulf of Mexico and the fighting
in Mexico. Before the first two companies returned George Weaver started enlistments for another company but found
it slow work, especially when some of the soldiers returning from Mexico gave discouraging reports. The company
was not filled when the men started for the war late in May, 1847. At Cincinnati men recruited there were added
to the company which became Company D of the Fourth Regiment, which was in Mexico when peace was declared. A little
over half of the men who went to the war returned. Captain Weaver served, also, in the Civil War, being the first
man to raise a company in Hardin County.
Historian Hill says the regiment of militia in Richland County continued until about 1844 when the militia system
of Ohio practically expired. One of the prize possessions of Elmer Smalley of Rowsburg, Ashland County, is the
muster roll of the First Company, First Regiment, Eleventh Division of Ohio Militia. The commission of Richard
Smalley as captain of this company bears date of Dec. 20, 1838. Wilson Shannon was Governor and Carter B. Harlan,
Secretary of State. William Sheets was lieutenant of the company and Joseph L. Brown, ensign. Enrolled in this
company were eighty one young pioneers of this section of Ohio, some of whom rose to more than local prominence.
Here are the names as they appear on the roster, several of the first names being illegible: Ezekiel Robison, Jacob
Spoon, George Yisley, James S. Brown, Daniel Withington, Thomas S. Sutherland, Moses King, Henry Vantilburg, John
Vantilburg, Nathan Vantilburg, Jacob Crall, John Cline, Sam Jacobs, David McComahay, Zachariah Figley, Hugh White,
William Feagley, Ben Shearer, Jacob Mykrantz, John Springer, George Figley, Willis Elderage, William Brown, Jacob
Richards, Christian Miller, S. W. McCluer, William Millington, Edward More, John More, John L. Burwell, John Haden,
Sam Smith, Charles Wigans, Philip Yisley, A. C. McClellan, James Sotherland, Reuben Hart, Andrew Proudfit, Isaac
Crouse, Leander Carter, Dan Carter, Jr., Dan Kaufman, Jacob Ritter, Isaac Bolton, Isaac Zimmerman, John Hannah,
Burr Kellogg, S. L. Johnson, Edward L. Warner, Robert McMurray, Phineas Powers, Rufus Brown, William McClellan,
George Wate, Sam Shearer, William Kitter, Joel Markley, James Long, Robert McConahey, Anderson Dean, Christian
Reaser, Charles Bell, Dan Vantilburg, Rufus Brown, Jacob Richars, Lorin Andrews, Chamberland, Thomas Stringer,
Martin Gorham, Peter Risser, Mike Ritter, James Jackson, Daniel Lavda, Johnson Carson, Silas Robbins, Jr., William
Wyatt, ____ Willard and S. W. Benton.
NORTH CENTRAL OHIO REVOLUTIONARY SOLDIERS.
Ashland County: The graves of a number of Revolutionary soldiers buried in Ashland County have been marked by
Sarah Copus Chapter, D. A. R., among them being those of William Anderson, Ashland cemetery; Patrick Murray and
John Tilton, Nankin cemetery; Jeremiah Conine, Perrysville cemetery; James Loudon Priest, Loudonville.
The following is a list of other Revolutionary soldiers: Christian Fast, Fast cemetery, Orange Township; Jacob
Heiffner, farm a mile north of Nankin; Joseph Jones, Green Township; Martin Mason, Sr., Nankin; Burwell and Snyder,
McFall cemetery; James Gray and Cornell, Pioneer cemetery; Andrew Weyman, Loudonville; Abijah Marsh, Sullivan Township;
Jonathan Crapo, Close Street cemetery, Sullivan Township; Zoura Palmer, Sullivan Township; George Snyder, Solomon
Hill and Abraham Hassinger, Old cemetery near Perrysville; Noah Castor, Allen Oliver, Perrysville; John Carr, John
Shriner, John Scott, Perry Township; Peter VanOstrand, Sr., Clearcreek Township; Vachel Metcalf, Sullivan Township;
Melzor Tannehill, Green Township; Adam Luck, Frederick Sulzer, Henry Church, Milton Township; Henry Sheller, Mifflin
Township; Edward Whitington, Redhaw. Information has been received of four or five others said to have been Revolutionary
soldiers buried in cemeteries of the county but the graves have not been identified.
Huron County: Soldiers of the Revolutionary War who are buried in Huron County follow: William Johnston, New Haven;
Abner Baker, Woodlawn cemetery, Norwalk; Rev. David Higgins, Woodlawn cemetery, Norwalk; Michael Parks, Episcopal
cemetery, Norwalk; David Underhill, Episcopal cemetery, Norwalk; William Furnace, Olena; Benjamin Drake, North
Monroeville; Alva Palmer, Fitchville; Ebenezer Cook, Fitchville; Aseph Cook, Ephraim Fish, Joseph Cook, all at
North Monroeville; Daniel Bishop, Asa Wheeler, Sr., Michael Mead, Methodist Episcopal cemetery, Clarksfield Township;
Noah Norton, Butterfield cemetery, New London Township; Moses Sutton, Thaddeus Raymond, Shadren Husted, all at
Sutton's graveyard, Hunt Corners, near Monroeville; Luther Cooley, Sr., Bissell farm, Clarksfield Township; John
Sowers, Riverside cemetery, Monroeville; David Jaffrey, old Methodist Episcopal graveyard, Ripley Township, near
Greenwich; Ira S. Barre, Greenwich; Julius Terry, Townsend; Prince Haskell, Peru Township; Martin Kellogg, Bronson
cemetery; Aaron Fay, Bronson cemetery; James (or John) Brooks, field near Wakeman; Timothy Taylor, St. Paul's cemetery,
Norwalk; Daniel Carpenter, Houfstatter cemetery, Ripley Township or in New Haven; Henry Cherry, probably Bronson
Township; John (or Jonathan) Church, probably Bronson cemetery; Isaac Curtis (or Custis), probably Fitchville;
Moses Kimball, Agur Hoyt, Episcopal cemetery, Norwalk; Abraham Hand, Fitchville; Luke Rowland, Day cemetery, Clarksfield
Township; Solomon Cortwright, Samuel Hilldreth, Joel Bishop, Timothy Foote, Amaziah Barber, John Carney, Isaac
Sampson, Lemuel Raymond, Joseph Waldron, Wilcox, ______ Pond, not definite but probably in this county.
Knox County: Revolutionary War soldiers who are buried in Knox County are as follows: John Cowden, farm owned by
Leroy Squires on crossroad, one and one half miles north of Mt Liberty; Nathaniel Critchfield, old cemetery, Jelloway;
Zarah Curtis, Mound View cemetery, Mt. Vernon; John Ewalt, Jr., Mound View cemetery, Mt. Vernon; Levi Harrod, Union
Grove cemetery, Harrison Township; Robert Huston, Martinsburg; Daniel Jackson, near Fredericktown; Cary McClelland,
Bell Church cemetery; Abraham Blair, Jehiel Bouton, Jr., Lemuel Chapman, Stephen Cook, Joseph Critchfield, Stephen
Griffin, John Ackerman, William Johnstone, Edward Landon, Minard Lefever, William McWilliams, John Molt, Jacon
Phifer, John Pierson, William Spry, William Thrift, Sr., Zephaniah Wade, Rufus Ward, Isaac Young and Isaac Young,
Lorain County: The following list of graves have been marked by Western Reserve Chapter, D. A. R., Lorain County:
John Barnum, Ridgeville Center cemetery; David Beebe, North Ridgeville; James Brooks, LaPorte; Samuel Eldred, Ridgeville;
Albis Foster, Butternut Ridge cemetery; Daniel Gibson, Jr., John Lawrence, Pioneer cemetery, Wellington; Abner
Loveland, Greenwood cemetery; Joseph Moore, Avon-on-the-Lake; Seth Morse, George Bacon, Brownhelm cemetery; Samuel
Pelton, Pioneer cemetery, Wellington; Ezra Sexton, Pioneer cemetery, Wellington; Martin Sheihouse, North Ridgeville;
Oliver Terrell, Butternut cemetery, Field's Corners; Elihu Terrell, Columbia Station; Abraham Wellman, South Amherst.
The following are names of soldiers who formerly lived in this county and are buried here and others who are probably
buried in this county: Moses Allis, Carlisle; Nathan Bassett, Evergreen cemetery, South Amherst; Aaron Burt, Grafton
cemetery; John Prentiss Calkins, Avon-on-the-Lake; John Ferris, Pittsfield; John Kelly, Huntington Center; Marshall
Merriman, Lagrange; Charles Rounds, Pittsfield Township; marked by Elyria Chapter, D. A. R.; John Howard, Columbia
Township; Peter Laboni, John Smith, William Young, all at Huntington cemetery; Adna Clark, Betsey Squires, Jonathan
Crapo, Jonah Hanchett, Submit Langden, Jesse Morgan, Eli Pember, Zachariah Beers, Elisha Brown, Eleazer Crawford,
Calvin Dyke, Gershom Rickerson, John Taylor, Johnny Campbell, Jonathan Buck, Josiah Ward, Justice Battle, Joseph
Kingsbury, Thomas Williams, Ben Rising, Noah Bouton, Phinney Kellogg, L. Langden, John McManners, Sam Sanford,
Ephraim Slauter, Ezra Squire.
The following are names of Revolutionary soldiers listed as being buried in Medina County: Joseph Deacon, Middlebury;
Benjamin Bentley, Sharon cemetery; S. E. Michael Brouse, Woodlawn cemetery, Wadsworth; Ben Cotton, Seville; Timothy
Eggleston, Benntle's Corners, Brunswick Township; John Flint, Beach cemetery; Rufus Freeman, Seville; James Gifford,
Woodlawn cemetery, Wadsworth; Major Seth Goodwin, Reed Hill cemetery; Christopher Hain, Spencer cemetery; Eden
Hamilton, Hamilton Corners; Capt. Elisha Himsdale, Woodlawn cemetery, Wadsworth; William Hosmer, Seville; John
Hulet, Brunswick Center; Philemon Kirkum, Woodlawn cemetery, Wadsworth; Thomas Leland, Seville; Elijah Porter,
River Styx; Ebenezer Shaw, Chatham; Capt. John Stearns, Brunswick; Freegift Taylor, Spencer; John Thompson, Seville;
Peter Truman, Hinckley; John Weard, Weymouth; Michael Walt, Sharon; John Ward, Brunswick; Deliverance Eastman,
Friendsville; Foster Sharon, Ansel Brainerd, Henry Disbrow, Abda Dolph, Nathaniel Gray, Frederick Jones, David
Nichols, Ben Parker.
Richland County: Names of Revolutionary War soldiers listed as buried in Richland County: William Bodley, Adams
cemetery; George Coffinberry, Springfield cemetery; Noah Cook, Lexington cemetery; Peter Erving, Old cemetery,
Plymouth; James Gamble, Old cemetery, Shelby; John Gates, Sr., Windsor; William Gillispie, Bellville; John Henry,
Adams cemetery; Benjamin Jackson, Beilville; John Jacobs, Catholic cemetery, Mansfield; James McDermott, Koogle
cemetery; Amassa Fleeharty, John Hiller, William McKelvey, John Mann, Henry Nail, Sr., William Oldfield, Samuel
Poppleton, David Post, Christian Riblet, John Stoner, Thomas Taylor, Amariah Watson, Thomas Willis and Adam Wolfe;
Joseph Mann, Moses Baeman, Samuel Physs, Worthington; Charles Young, Mathias Young; Monroe; Jesse Edington, Springfield
Township, seven miles west of Mansfield.
Wayne County: Fred B. Barnhart, Wooster; Augustus Case, Sr., Maple Grove cemetery; Michael Cobler, Shreve cemetery;
Ezekiel Conkey, Knupp's cemetery, one mile west of Rittman; John Davidson, Old cemetery, Smithville; John Dulin,
Old Congress cemetery; Peter Edmonds, Warner cemetery, two miles west of Wooster; Henry Fike, Zion Church cemetery;
Henry Franks, Chippewa; Martin Fritz, East End cemetery, near Rittman; Masson Metcalf, Old cemetery near Millbrook,
Plain Township; Conrad Mitsco, Old cemetery in Marshallville; James Morgan, Old burying ground on the Jacob Beecher
farm south of Moreland, Franklin Township; Robert Patterson, Old Congress cemetery; Conrad Peterson, Old Congress
cemetery; Frederick Rice, Wooster cemetery; Alex Shankland, Canaan cemetery, Canaan Township; George Sharp, Old
cemetery east of Apple Creek; Ezra Tryon, Fairview cemetery; John Yocum, private graveyard, one mile west of Congress;
Benjamin Miller Canaan Bend cemetery, Canaan Township; George Pungher, Old cemetery at Madisonburg.
The following are also listed as being buried in this county: William McCaughey, William Marshall, Christian Meyer,
Isaac Munson, William Naylor, Nathaniel Walker, Michael Waltz, Peter Waltz, Barnet Hagerman, Michael Brouse, Rufus
Freeman, Christian Franks, Isaac Underwood, Benjamin Foster, Benjamin Cotton, Conrad Metsker, Jesse Richardson,
Simon Goodspeed, Robert Cain.
History of North Central Ohio
Embracing Richland, Ashland, Wayne,
Medina, Lorin, Huron and Knox Counties
BY: William A. Duff
Historical Publishing Company
North Central Ohio Biographies
Names A to C
Names D to G
Names H to K
Names L to P
Names Q to S
Names T to Z
For all your genealogy needs visit Linkpendium


Invisible but real barrier through which the next stage or level of advancement can be seen, but cannot be reached by a section of qualified and deserving employees. Such barriers exist due to implicit prejudice on the basis of age, ethnicity, political or religious affiliation, and/or sex. Although generally illegal, such practices prevalent in most countries.
While the phrase glass ceiling is metaphorical, many women who find themselves bumping their heads on it find it very real indeed. It is most often used to describe the sexist attitude many women run into at the workplace. In a discussion of ascending the corporate ladder, the word “ceiling” implies that there is a limit to how far someone can climb it. Along with this implied barrier is the idea that it is glass, meaning that, while it is very real, it is transparent and not obvious to the observer. The term glass ceiling is most often applied in business situations in which women feel, either accurately or not, that men are deeply entrenched in the upper echelons of power, and women, try as they might, find it nearly impossible to break through.
Reasons for the glass ceiling:
-women lacked required skills and experience.
- They were restricted to clerical and other support services jobs.
-Trends started to change
-more women took up higher education in management
- looked for careers in operating area
-debate over the existence of the glass ceiling began.
* Cultural issues
* -male chauvinism
* Corporate organisations do not favour women
* Unwritten rule of not employing women.
Women managers are today praised for:
-good team work
-good communication skills
-style of management
Types of glass ceiling barriers include:
1) Different pay for comparable work
2) Sexual, ethnic, racial, religious discrimination or harassment in the work... [continues]
Cite This Essay
(2013, 01). Glass Ceiling Effect. StudyMode.com. Retrieved 01, 2013, from http://www.studymode.com/course-notes/Glass-Ceiling-Effect-1337336.html
"Glass Ceiling Effect" StudyMode.com. 01 2013. 2013. 01 2013 <http://www.studymode.com/course-notes/Glass-Ceiling-Effect-1337336.html>.
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School Library Journal: Slavery comes to a halt when the dead on Civil War battlefields begin to rise and eat their compatriots. The north and south put aside their philosophical differences and join forces against the undead. They are aided in their efforts by the passage of the Native and Negro Reeducation Act which forces African American boys and girls into combat schools. Graduates from these schools are a buffer between the living and the undead.
Jane McKeen is a biracial girl sent to Ms. Preston’s school of combat…about to graduate when her friend, Red Jack, asks for help locating his sister Lily. Jane’s attempts to discover Lily’s whereabouts land her in a survivalist colony. Survivalists advocate a disordered view of natural selection that places Jane firmly under the thumb of a vicious sheriff and his psychopathic family. She must make some unlikely alliances of her own if she is to survive long enough to find her own path to freedom.
This is a fictional exploration of the chattel slavery and American Indian boarding school systems. Ireland skillfully works in the different forms of enslavement, mental and physical, into a complex and engaging story.
A perfect blend of horrors real and imagined, perfect for public and school libraries and fans of The Walking Dead.


Using new isotope analysis tools, University of Alaska Anchorage scientists were able to analyze and measure the passage of an arctic cyclone in real-time from 100 miles away.
Arctic Cyclone Discovered By Isotope Experiment
Step out of the lab and head to Toolik Field Station in the remote foothills of North Alaska. There, new laser-based technology allows Dr. Jeff Welker, Fulbright Distinguished US Arctic Chair and professor of Ecology in the Department of Biological Sciences at the University of Alaska Anchorage, and his team to collected water vapor samples continuously one-time per second, measuring isotopic ratios as well as levels of greenhouse gasses carbon dioxide and methane. “What we discovered is: we’re actually able to monitor arctic sea ice conditions 100 miles south of the actual arctic coast, and do this in real-time,” Welker said.
Dr. Eric Klein, research scientist at the University of Alaska Anchorage in the Department of Biological Sciences and the Arctic Domain Awareness Center, stated “We actually were able to analyze and measure the passage of an arctic cyclone.” Welker explained “The cyclone built and developed itself over in Eurasia and it spun and came across northern Alaska and it fractured the ice across that area. In doing so it also brought wind down into the foothills of Alaska where we were able to capture this event in real time because the isotope properties had changed.”
Isotope experiment discovers measures distant arctic cyclone
Arctic Cyclone Discovered By Isotope Experiment video | Frontier Scientists YouTube
(Isotope experiment discovers measures distant arctic cyclone)
Frontier Scientists: presenting scientific discovery in the Arctic and beyond
Sniffing The Arctic — Warming Arctic temperatures, sea ice changes, and upsets in atmospheric trends can alter the jet stream and impact weather systems in North America. Now through new advances in isotope science we can sniff Arctic air to better quantify water cycle changes and their impacts. For the past 20 years Dr. Jeff Welker, a... Read More >


Bell Curve - Explained
What is a Bell Curve?
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Table of ContentsWhat is a Bell Curve?How does a Bell Curve Work? Bell Curves in FinanceAcademic Research on Bell Curve Portfolio
What is a Bell Curve?
A bell curve is referred to as a normal distribution because it is the most common type of distribution for a variable. The term bell curve' is derived from the graph depicting a normal distribution because it consists of a bell-shaped line. The highest point in the curve represents the most probable events in a series of data. All the other possible occurrences are distributed equally around the most probable event and end up forming a downward sloping line on either side of the peak.
How does a Bell Curve Work?
A bell curve refers to the graphical representation of normal probability distribution. The underlying standard deviations of this distribution from the median or the highest point of the curve give it the shape of a curved bell. The standard deviation is a measurement that is utilized in the quantification of the variability of data dispersion in a given set of values, while the mean gives the average of the total data points in the data set. The calculation of standard deviation is done after that of the mean, and it represents a percentage of the total data. For example, if a series of 100 test scores are collected and used in a normal probability distribution, 68% of the entire test scores are expected to fall below the mean or within one standard deviation. When two standard deviations are moved away from the mean, 95% of the test scores are included. 99.7% of the test scores are represented when three standard deviations are moved away from the mean. Text scores which are extreme outliers are considered as long tail data points they lie outside the range of the three standard deviations. Such outliers include 100 or 0.
Bell Curves in Finance
When analyzing the returns of the overall market or a security sensitivity, financial analysts and investors usually use a normal probability distribution. In finance, volatility is used to refer to standard deviations that show the returns of security. For example, blue chip stocks are the ones usually depicting a bell curve, and they have predictable low volatility. By using the normal probability distribution of the past returns of stock, investors can make assumptions with regards to the expected future returns. In some cases though, stocks and other securities display distributions that are non-normal. Fatter tails than normal ones characterize these non-normal distributions. When the fatter tail is skewed negative, it signals to the investors that there is a higher probability of negative returns. The converse is also true.
Academic Research on Bell Curve Portfolio
- A multifractal walk down Wall Street, Mandelbrot, B. B. (1999). Scientific American, 280(2), 70-73. This paper explains that individual investors and professional stock traders are aware that the prices usually quoted in any financial market can change very quickly.
- A focus on the exceptions that prove the rule, Mandelbrot, B., & Taleb, N. (2006). Financial Times, 23. This article presents how the current studies of uncertainty, such as economics and statistics, have been staying close to the bell curve which represents a probability distribution.
- Six ways companies mismanage risk, Stulz, R. M. (2009). Harvard Business Review, 87(3), 86-94. This paper presents six ways through which companies mismanage risk and also suggests solutions to these problems.
- Power laws and the new science of complexity management, Buchanan, M. (2004). Strategy+ Business, 34(Spring), 70-79. This is research that is aimed at gathering attention in the world of business since executives and scholars alike are starting to understand that the conventional theories of management forged in the industrialization era cannot cope anymore with the highly complex organizations that have emerged in the last two decades of increasing globalization and decentralization.
- Implementation issues in project web sites: a practioner's viewpoint, O'Brien, W. J. (2000). Journal of management in engineering, 16(3), 34-39. This study uses the observations of a practitioner involved in the development and use of the first generation of project web sites to summarize the critical issues in implementing the sites on projects.
- On modified BlackScholes equation, Ahmed, E., & Abdusalam, H. A. (2004). Chaos, Solitons & Fractals, 22(3), 583-587. This paper explains that since it is argued that from several points of view the telegraph equation is more suitable. The Black-Scholes equation is modified and then proposed.
- How Fractals Can Explain What's Wrong with Wall Street, Mandelbrot, B. B. (2008). Sci. Am, 15. This paper presents the modern portfolio theory as a cornerstone of finance that tries to maximize returns given a specific level of risk.
- The Bell curve is wrong: so what?, Embrechts, P. (2000). Extremes and Integrated Risk Management, xxv-xxviii. This paper explains that the bell curve is considered as erroneous since various studies in different fields have shown that apparently, rare events are more common than predicted by the curve
- Rethinking modern portfolio theory, Warner, J. (2010). Bank Investment Consulting. This study shows how different investors are trying to decide whether to repair or abandon the theoretical foundations on which their portfolios are developed.
- A rational approach to pricing of catastrophe insurance, Dong, W., Shah, H., & Wong, F. (1996). This paper describes a methodology for rational pricing which contains solvency and a stability-based framework as well as a formula to quantify the loss variability driving solvency and stability.
- Portfolio crash testing: making sense of extreme event exposures, Novosyolov, A., & Satchkov, D. (2010). The Journal of Risk Model Validation, 4(3), 53. This article addresses various misunderstandings about stress testing which are common and then provides for its inclusion into the risk process as a supplement to risk measures like value-at-risk and tracking error.


Learning to avoid harmful consequences can be a costly trial-and-error process. In such situations, social information can be leveraged to improve individual learning outcomes. Here, we investigated how participants used their own experiences and others’ social cues to avoid harm. Participants made repeated choices between harmful and safe options, each with different probabilities of generating shocks, while also seeing the image of a social partner. Some partners made predictive gaze cues towards the harmful choice option while others cued an option at random, and did so using neutral or fearful facial expressions. We tested how learned social information about partner reliability transferred across contexts by letting participants encounter the same partner in multiple trial blocks while facing novel choice options. Participants’ decisions were best explained by a reinforcement learning model that independently learned the probabilities of options being safe and of partners being reliable and combined these combined these estimates to generate choices. Advice from partners making a fearful facial expression influenced participants’ decisions more than advice from partners with neutral expressions. Our results showed that participants made better decisions when facing predictive partners and that they cached and transferred partner reliability estimates into new blocks. Using simulations we show that participants’ transfer of social information into novel contexts is better adapted to variable social environments where social partners may change their cuing strategy or become untrustworthy. Finally, we found no relation between autism questionnaire scores and performance in our task, but do find autism trait related differences in learning rate parameters.


Definition - What does Drill Collar mean?
A Drill Collar is a tubular piece of a drill string which provides weight on the bit for the purpose of drilling. While drill pipes make up the majority length of drill strings, drill collars make only a small amount. They have thick walls machined from the solid bars of steel. The steel bars are usually of plain steel but are sometimes of non-magnetic nickel-copper alloy or of other non-magnetic premium alloys. These bars are drilled from end-to-end in order to provide a path for pumping drilling fluid via the collars.
Petropedia explains Drill Collar
Gravity acts on a large mass of the drill collars to offer the downward force required for bits to break rocks efficiently. To control the force applied to bits accurately, a driller has to carefully monitor the surface weight measured when the bit is just off the bottom of a borehole. The drill collars are available in spiral and slick designs with some additional features which can be used for trouble free and safe operations. The spiral collars are designed to help in preventing drill strings from getting stuck in holes by allowing lubricant and drilling debris to pass freely around the drill collars.


Learn Persian alphabet with top Persian tutorials and videos to practice reading and writing in Farsi for non-Persian speakers. Learn how to read and write in Farsi with Persian-speaking teachers.
Table of Contents
Learn Persian alphabet with videos
At LELB Society, our Farsi learners can access tons of top Persian lessons developed by our Persian teachers and team members. We have made video tutorials on Persian alphabet in two different versions, i.e. Farsi and English. So, if you don’t know Farsi yet, you can watch our English tutorials.
Watch this video
In addition, our Farsi learners can communicate with our bilingual Persian teachers who are fluent in English as well. You can learn Persian alphabet with our Farsi videos on YouTube embedded in our Persian language resources.
Learn Farsi alphabet with digital boards
In our teachings based on flipped learning, we have used digital boards to facilitate learning Persian alphabet. The conscious usage of digital boards to teach Farsi alphabet is because of its special characteristic. Unlike English, in Farsi, some letters are attached to each other, while some others are written separately.
This can make non-Persian speakers, even adult Persian learners, rather confused. Consequently, using digital boards in our Farsi teachings is rationalized. Our years of experience has suggested that this technique in our teachings and online Persian classes is quite efficient.
Reading practice in Farsi
When our Persian learners get to know the Persian alphabet and the 32 Persian letters well enough, they can practice reading comprehension in Farsi with our full support based on asynchronous learning. To be more exact, our Farsi students can interact with their Persian teachers constantly by leaving text and voice messages to them in our Persian forums or Persian chat rooms.
Learn Farsi alphabet by yourself
With the help of our lessons and videos on Persian alphabet, you won’t necessarily need any further classes because most probably our Persian lessons would be sufficient for you. However, if you still end up having questions, you can always talk and write to your teacher asynchronously.
Then again without attending any online Persian classes, you can practice reading and writing in Farsi asynchronously. For example, you can submit your Persian essays or compositions to us for complete analysis and evaluation. Furthermore, you can send us your Persian handwritings as attached photos for deep analysis and error correction.
Another activity to practice reading and writing in Farsi is summary writing. Our Farsi members or students can read hundreds of Persian stories on our website, hence practicing reading in Farsi. Then they can write a summary of the Persian stories in the form of comments and submit it to us.
Learn Persian alphabet for kids
Our lessons and classes on Persian alphabet are suitable for all levels and age groups, particularly young learners. We use special activities and methods for teaching kids Persian alphabet, such as Persian songs, music, games, animation, and interesting videos.
We also have a special group class on Farsi alphabet exclusively for kids and young learners with free trial. Our young Persian students can enjoy learning Farsi in a friendly and inviting environment with bilingual teachers knowing both English and Persian equally well.
In our group class on reading and writing in Farsi, young learners can practice reading out a text usually from Persian stories en masse or collectively. This can bring positive competition among the young learners and they are encouraged to correct each other if there is a mispronunciation.
Persian alphabet vs. English alphabet
Non-Persian speakers might find it rather confusing to learn Persian alphabet for the following reasons:
In Farsi, some letters are written separately, whereas some others are attached to each other. For example, the word اردک which means duck is written with separate letters. However, the word شهر which means city is composed of attached letters.
Some letters take various forms depending on their location in each word. For instance, the letter ع which is called /ein/ takes 4 different forms as the following:
- عینک /ei nak/ = glasses (for low vision people)
- بعد از ظهر /ba’d az zohr/ = afternoon
- وضع /vaz’/ = condition, mood
- شروع /sho ru:/ = beginning, start. For more information about the letter ع click here.
Various letters with the same sound
To learn Persian alphabet, you should know that there are some sounds that take different letters. In other words, these letters make the same sounds but are spelled differently. For instance, we have 3 individual letters for the sound /s/ and 4 individual letters for the sound /z/.
- صابون /sa: bu:n/ = soap
- سرما /sar ma:/ = coldness, chilliness
- لثه /la se/ = gum (in mouth)
- پاییز /pa: i:z/ = autumn, fall (season)
- ظهر /zohr/ = noon
- لذیذ /la ziz/ = delicious
- مریض /ma ri:z/ = sick
Short and long vowels in Farsi
In Farsi, short vowels like -َ /a/, -ِ /e/ and -ُ /o/ are not spelled out except for native elementary students or young learners. This makes it extremely difficult for non-Persian speakers to be able to read Persian texts correctly in terms of pronunciation.
At LELB Society, we have taught all of the Persian language resources and these lessons come with videos. Therefore, our Persian students and members can practice reading the text and listening to the podcasts or videos at the same time. This unique feature at LELB Society can make our Persian learners genuinely autonomous or independent learners.
Silent letters in Farsi
Like in English and some other languages, in Farsi, sometimes, there are some letters that are written in some words, but they are not pronounced. In other words, they are silent. For more clarity, pay attention to the following examples:
- خواهر /kha: har/ = sister
- خوابیدن /kha: bi dan/ = sleep
- خویشاوند /khi sha: vand/ = relative
- خواندن /kha:n dan/ = to read
Ironically, this items is supposed to be written on top of the other elements, but we consciously put it here as it is extremely self-evident. This has something to do with the direction of letters in written Persian.
To learn Persian alphabet, you need to know that you should read and write from right to left, which is the opposite of western languages, such as English, French, German, Spanish, and the like.
Some Persian letters are so similar
Our years of experience in teaching Farsi online has suggested that foreigners have major difficulties distinguishing the Persian letters from each other which resemble each other. As the above photo indicates, the 3 Persian letters ر – ز – ژ are very similar to each other and the only difference between them lies in their dots.
We have taught all the Persian letters and alphabet in pairs so that our students could easily differentiate them from each other. Our Persian alphabet lessons taught in both Farsi and English are technically among the best Persian language resources for non-Persian speakers with our full support 24/7.


Addressing Power Dynamics
For many people, restrictive gender norms and imbalances in power, stand in the way of receiving the information and knowledge needed to make well-informed choices. A growing body of evidence shows that this harms the sexuality of young people, women and people with diverse gender identities, as well as men themselves. Therefore we address this the various fields we work in, from comprehensive sexuality education (CSE) and youth-friendly services, to the prevention of violence, making sure the institutions we work with take this approach on board too.
“When boys pass their initiation, they no longer respect me as a teacher because I am a woman. This makes teaching them impossible. I really want these harmful norms to change, so that both boys and girls are no longer hurt by them and can enjoy their youth and right to education. A gender transformative approach helps them talk more freely about gender, sexuality and power abuse in our sexuality education at school.” - Zambian School Teacher
We know gender transformative approaches work. For example, if a CSE programme pays explicit attention to gender and power, it’s five times more likely to be successful in preventing unintended pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections. Another recent study reveals targeted, gender transformative programming on health and violence leads to 40% less violence against a partner and increased contraceptive use. In the MenCare programme we also saw greater involvement of women in the decision-making in the household.
Working across levels
When addressing the rigid gender norms that prevent good SRHR outcomes, Rutgers’ international programmes work on the different levels simultaneously of the socio-ecological model. This means our interventions do not focus solely on norm changes in individuals, but also in their environment, such as schools, work or media. SRHR programmes that work on these levels simultaneously are proven to be better than interventions focussing on one level. We also work closely with institutions, such as police forces, prisons and local government offices, making sure they incorporate GTA as partners. Addressing gender norms on all levels yields better results.
Gender Transformative Approaches in our Work
Rutgers considers all individuals gendered. Men, boys and people with diverse gender identities and sexual orientations, have often been left out of traditional gender mainstreaming, even though they have vital roles to play in the process of gender equality. Addressing these norms at the individual, institutional and societal level changes inequalities and facilitates sustainable social change. We have a special focus on institutions.
“We share ideas and discuss on various issues affecting us as youths and how we can come up with lasting solutions. We talk about gender norms and why they seem not to go away, but stick around generation after generation.” - Zopher (GUSO Programme)
Need Support with GTA?
Not only do we incorporate GTA in all our own work, we also offer support to organisations wishing to include this approach in their SRHR work. A toolkit has been created that sets out the best ways to work with GTA at different levels of the socio-ecological model. The different modules of this toolkit are available for download for free on our site. We also host trainings and workshops in GTA and support organisations that want to integrate our proven approaches in their organisation, SRHR and GBV prevention programming. Around the globe, we work with skilled Master Trainers who are experienced in using our toolkit in different contexts.
Always aiming to improve and add to our approach, we invite other organisations to exchange knowledge on the most effective ways of working. We also conduct research aimed at expanding our evidence base.
For various resources on our Gender Transformative Approach, check our Resources page.
For Operational Research on Rutgers' gender transformative approach in SRHR in programmes, check here.


Department of Biology, Mekelle University, Mekele, Ethiopia
Received: 24 -Mar-2022, Manuscript No. JOB-22-58353 ; Editor assigned: 26-Mar-2022, PreQC No. JOB-22-58353 (PQ); Reviewed: 07-Apr-2022, QC No. JOB-22-58353; Revised: 09-Apr- 2022, Manuscript No. JOB-22- 58353 (R); Published: 14-Apr-2022, DOI: 10.4172/2322- 0066.10.4.004.
Visit for more related articles at Research & Reviews: Research Journal of Biology
In humans and other animals, the abdomen (also known as the belly, tummy, midsection, belly, tucky, or stomach) is the part of the body that lies between the thorax (chest) and the pelvis. The abdomen is the front half of the torso's abdominal section. The abdominal cavity refers to the space occupied by the abdomen. It is the body's posterior tagma in arthropods, and it follows the thorax or cephalothorax.
The thoracic diaphragm connects the thorax to the pelvis, while the pelvic brim connects the two. The pelvic brim is the margin of the pelvic inlet, stretching from the lumbosacral joint (the intervertebral disc between L5 and S1) to the pubic symphysis. The abdominal cavity is the area above this inflow and beneath the thoracic diaphragm. The front of the abdominal cavity is defined by the abdominal wall, while the back is defined by the peritoneal surface.
The abdomen is a huge bodily cavity in vertebrates that is surrounded on both sides by abdominal muscles and on the back by a portion of the vertebral column. Lower ribs can also provide a barrier between the ventral and lateral walls. The abdominal cavity is connected to the pelvic cavity and extends above it. The diaphragm connects it to the thoracic cavity.
The diaphragm is where the aorta, inferior vena cava, and stomach pass through. The parietal peritoneum is a serious membrane that lines the abdominal and pelvic cavities. The visceral peritoneum, which lines the organs, is continuous with this membrane. In vertebrates, the abdomen houses a variety of organs, including those of the digestive, urinary, and muscle function.
Most of the digestive system's organs, including the stomach, small intestine, and colon with its connected appendix, are located in the abdominal cavity. The liver, gallbladder, and pancreas are among the accessory digestive organs, and they connect with the rest of the system via numerous ducts. The spleens, as well as organs of the urinary system such as the kidneys and adrenal glands, as well as many blood veins such as the aorta and inferior vena cava, are all located within the abdomen. The urinary bladder, uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries can all be classified as abdominal or pelvic organs. Finally, the peritoneum is a large membrane found in the abdomen. A pericardial fold may entirely cover some organs, while only one side of organs that are closer to the abdominal wall may be covered. The kidneys and ureters are called retroperitoneal organs because they are located in the retro peritoneum.
Some animals' abdominal organs are highly specific. Ruminants' stomachs, for example, are separated into four chambers: rumen, reticulum, omasum, and abomasum (a suborder of mammals that includes cattle and sheep). The abdominal wall is made up of three layers of muscles. External oblique, internal oblique, and transverse abdominal are the three types, from outside to inside. Between the spinal column, the lower ribs, the iliac crest, and the pubis of the hip are the first three layers. Their nerves all converge at the midline and form a sheath around the rectus abdominis before merging on the opposing side at the anterior surface. The external oblique, which runs downward, and forward, the internal oblique, which runs upward and forward, and the transverse abdominal, which goes horizontally forward, produce strength.
The fibres of the transverse abdominal muscle run horizontally and are flat and triangular. It's located between the internal oblique and the transverse fascia beneath it. The inguinal ligament, costal cartilages 7–12, iliac crest, and thoracolumbar fascia all contributes to it. Inserts into the pubic crest, xiphoid process, linea alba, and conjoint tendon.


In a process known as photosynthesis, plants use the energy of sunlight to produce sugar out of water and carbon dioxide in their leaves. The sugar is transported from the leaves to the other parts of the plant to provide carbon and energy for growth and the synthesis of storage reserves. Franziska Fichtner, John Lunn and colleagues from the working group of Prof. Dr. Mark Stitt from the Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology in Potsdam-Golm, together with scientists from international research institutions, are researching a small molecule that, like insulin in humans and animals, regulates sugar metabolism and transport and the synthesis of storage reserves in plants.
Scheme of sucrose synthesis and transport in the leaf and localization of the T6P synthesizing protein, TPS1, in the shoot and root vasculature and shoot tip. © Fichtner
T6P the “insulin” of plants
Insulin is a hormone that helps humans and other animals to regulate their carbohydrate metabolism. After eating sugary or starchy foods, blood glucose levels rise, triggering release of insulin. This acts as a signal for the muscles and other cells to take up glucose, and for excess sugar to be converted to storage reserves in the liver and fatty tissues. When blood glucose levels fall, another hormone, glucagon, triggers the conversion of these storage reserves back into glucose. Together, these two hormones maintain an optimal level of glucose in the blood. Plants also need to regulate their sugar metabolism, to ensure that they do not starve at night when photosynthesis is not possible, and to make the best use of their carbohydrate supply for growth and reproduction. However, plants do not have insulin. So how do they regulate their sugar metabolism, transport and storage?
How do plants regulate their sugar balance?
Researchers at the Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology in Potsdam have been working on solving this riddle for a long time. John Lunn explains: “We discovered that a small molecule called trehalose 6-phosphate (T6P) plays a similar role to that of insulin in humans.” T6P is an intermediate in the synthesis of a sugar called trehalose. Trehalose is found in bacteria, fungi and lower animals and is used to transport and store carbohydrate, as well as being a stress protectant. Trehalose is also found in primitive plants, like mosses and algae, where it shares these functions with a chemically similar sugar - sucrose. During the evolution of higher plants, sucrose became the most common sugar and took over all the main functions of trehalose. This allowed T6P to evolve a new role in a process known as ‘neofunctionalisation’. Like the insulin response to high blood glucose in animals, T6P levels in plants rise as their sucrose levels increase. If the plant is producing too much sucrose during photosynthesis, rising T6P in the leaves diverts some of the newly fixed carbon to organic and amino acids. At night, when sucrose is made from starch reserves, high T6P inhibits starch breakdown if sucrose is being made faster than the plant can use it for growth. In the growing parts of the plant, the level of T6P signals how much sucrose is available for growth and accumulation of storage reserves. Franziska Fichtner adds: “We know that T6P also affects developmental transitions, such as shoot branching and flowering, which determine the future sugar requirements of the plant. For example, flowering leads to seed formation, which requires sugar and energy so that the seeds can grow and ripen. ” By linking development to the supply of sugar, T6P helps plants maximize seed yield without running out of carbon before seed production is completed.
Investigating the regulation of plant sugar balance with the help of mutants
The insulin-like function of T6P in signalling and regulating sucrose levels in plants is now well established. However, detailed knowledge of how and where T6P signalling operates was lacking. In their article, which has just been published in the renowned journal "The Plant Cell", Dr. Fichtner and her colleagues took an important step in answering these questions. T6P is produced by the enzyme trehalose-6-phosphate synthase 1 (TPS1 for short). The function of TPS1 was investigated in Arabidopsis thaliana, the model plant of many plant researchers. They used two different approaches to “tag” the TPS1 protein with either a fluorescent or enzymatic marker, allowing the location of the protein to be visualized under the microscope. "We were initially very surprised to find that the TPS1 protein is located in specific regions of the leaf where sucrose is moved into the phloem, which is the sugar transport system in plants" explains Dr. Fichtner. “This “phloem-loading zone” connects those parts of the leaf where sucrose is made to the growing parts of the plant where sucrose is consumed, and so is a strategically important site for monitoring how much sugar is being made and how much is being used” adds John Lunn. The scientists next asked which parts of the TPS1 enzyme are necessary for T6P signalling to work correctly. To do this, they modified the TPS1 gene in various ways and introduced the modified gene variants into an Arabidopsis mutant that is unable to grow properly because it has no TPS1. Some variants of the TPS1 gene allowed the plants to grow normally, but others did not. These experiments revealed that, in addition to the catalytic centre, other parts of the TPS1 protein are needed for T6P signalling to function properly. Some of these plants can be likened to insulin-deficient diabetic patients, as they are unable to regulate their sugar levels correctly. These plants will be used to study in more detail how sugar metabolism is controlled by T6P and why it is so disastrous for the plant when this system goes wrong.


Building batteries and bridges
Thursday 14 June 2012
With moral and monetary support, including a UC Proof of Concept Grant, two UC grads have formed a company to create 'printable' batteries that are efficient, environmentally friendly and could be made as small as a postage stamp.
If you want to get a recent Ph.D. on the phone, it’s usually not too hard. Just call down to a post-doc laboratory and ask for the person who hasn’t been outside in two weeks.
Christine Ho, however, is tougher to catch. Perhaps that’s because as co-founder of a startup called Imprint Energy, she is traveling between meetings with potential investors and her new laboratory and manufacturing bay. Ho is that rare creature – a student inventor who managed to bridge a great idea into a fledgling company.
It all began in 2007, when she took a break from her Ph.D. at UC Berkeley for a three-month fellowship in Japan. Since her undergraduate years, she had been working on a project funded by the California Energy Commission (through the Center for Information Technology Research in the Interest of Society, or CITRIS) to develop tiny wireless sensors to make buildings more energy efficient. Her focus was a new type of tiny battery that would be easy to make and reduce the negative impact batteries tend to have on the environment. The problem was that standard lithium-ion batteries are made from rare Earth materials. Plus, they've been known to explode in one's laptop.
So, she went to Japan for a fresh perspective. However, the lab she was in had neither tools nor the money for lithium-ion battery work. So she changed course.
“We decided to look at zinc technology, which is the oldest type battery chemistry you can think of,” she said. “A majority of our cheap, disposable batteries are made of zinc.”
Brooks Kincaid and Christine Ho, recent UC Berkeley graduate students, co-founded a company to make printable batteries.
In the battery world, a scientist using zinc is like a car manufacturer investigating horse-drawn carriages. Zinc batteries are fine for cheap throwaways, but today’s market is all about rechargeables and you can’t recharge zinc.
Perhaps because zinc had been so ignored, Ho found it was ripe for revolutionary thinking. The reason zinc batteries cannot be recharged is that inside their watery acid chambers they form ugly cone-shaped dendrites on the metal electrodes. Eventually, these growths prevent the battery from working.
“I had a very negative view of zinc batteries prior to Christine’s work. And so does the rest of the world,” said Jim Evans, a UC Berkeley electrochemist and Ho’s advisor. “The zinc electrodes deteriorate over time. You may start off with nice flat zinc and before too long it develops holes and dendrites and all kinds of nastiness.”
Yet Ho realized that zinc is (a) plentiful, (b) environmentally benign and (c) not prone to explosions. The only problem was the dendrites. But, she reasoned, if you can’t change the zinc, why not change the electrolyte? She replaced the battery’s liquid with a polymer film — similar to plastic but far more conductive — and eventually created a new zinc battery.
When she went to recharge it, not only did it work, but it worked again and again — more than 200 times. Better yet, because it didn’t have any dangerous chemicals to house, it could be as small as she wanted. Better still, she could build them with little more than an ink printer.
In most research stories, this would be the end. Ho would get a pat on the back, a Ph.D. and a few lovely papers recommending further research. The gap between innovative research in the university and products that serve society is so wide it's often called “The Valley of Death.” Every year, countless brilliant ideas are lost because there is no mechanism to bring them into the market.
But that’s not what happened to Ho’s “printable” batteries. Moral and monetary support — including contest prize dollars and a significant grant from the UC Office of the President — juiced her battery project,
With encouragement from the California Energy Commission and CITRIS, she met with a few potential investors and enrolled in a class in the Haas Business School called Clean Tech to Market. The class paired promising inventors with business, law and engineering students to discover go-to-market strategies. One of her partners was a MBA student, Brooks Kincaid, who coincidentally had gone to high school with her.
After the class ended, the pair got back together and decided to enter her batteries in a Berkeley Venture Lab competition put on by the College of Engineering’s Center for Entrepreneurship & Technology.
“We got $7,500,” she said. “That wasn’t a lot in the grand scheme of things, but it was a lot to us at the time. It just got the ball rolling. We thought, ‘Maybe we can really do this.’”
They entered more competitions like the UC Berkeley Business Plan Competition (where they won in the Energy track) and even a global entrepreneurship competition. By 2011, they had raised $75,000, and so they started Imprint Energy.
With the help of another advisor, professor and manufacturing specialist Paul Wright, she and Kincaid devised a way to manufacture batteries the size of postage stamps, using the same technology to pattern silkscreen T-shirts.
“It’s like a multi-deck sandwich,” said Wright. “In the printing industry, in magazines, to get all the colors to line up when you are doing multistage printing, that is very difficult. It’s the same thing for this kind of manufacturing.”
In fall of 2011, a $250,000 award to Evans from UC’s Proof of Concept Commercialization Gap grant program provided the critical funding to cross the “Valley of Death” and show that their battery was commercially viable.
With the grant, they were able to conduct the research that would increase manufacturing capability from eight batteries a day to more than a 100 a day. They also addressed ways to make production of the batteries safer for workers and less hazardous to equipment and consumers. Quickly, their idea indeed developed into something marketable and potentially valuable to society.
Thanks to the many UC programs to help entrepreneurs get started, Imprint Energy is in business — literally. They have hired five people and look to bring in a few more by September. They have solid seed money from what Ho calls “a large chemical company” and have moved off campus to their own facility in Alameda.
In April, at a forum in which UC Proof of Concept program grantees presented their innovations to industry and technology venture capitalists and government agency representatives, Ho was a hit. After her presentation, she met with several people interested in the new batteries.
Ho said the transition from university to actual markets is tough. Originally she imagined her printable batteries in tiny wireless devices. But in the real world, she and Kincaid have to narrow down an existing market and specific existing customers within that. She said that never would have happened without all the support she got. In many ways, Imprint Energy is not just a new type of battery but also a new type of bridge — one that spans the Valley of Death.
“There is this phrase, ‘If you invented a better mousetrap the world would beat a path to your door,’” said Evans. “And I think that is sheer nonsense. It may never have been true. It’s always necessary for people who come up with these great discoveries to work very hard to interest people in investing, becoming customers, even just to take the idea seriously. So, no, the world does not beat a path to your door.”


What is Activity-Based Costing?
Activity-based costing is an accounting method that assigns costs to the different activities involved in making a product in order to allocate a company’s funds in a fair way.
For example, a furniture manufacturer makes two types of chairs. One chair is a straight back kitchen chair with a solid, yet plain design. The other chair is an overstuffed, leather easy chair perfect for a recreation room.An accountant using the activity-based costing system to evaluate the costs for these two chairs would find that the easy chair requires more materials, labour hours, and equipment to manufacture than the straight back chair. Therefore, a greater amount of funds must be allocated toward making the overstuffed chair than the simple kitchen chair.
Owners of small- to medium-sized businesses who choose to have their bookkeeping tasks outsourced to Ignite Spot can rely on the work of our capable staff of accountants. We use the most effective accounting methods to serve businesses.
The Benefits of Activity-Based Costing
There are several reasons why activity-based costing is preferable to traditional methods of accounting. One of the advantages of activity-based costing is it allows a business owner to see exactly where money needs to be allocated. This method paints a clear picture of the operations of a business.
Another one of the advantages of activity-based costing is that a business owner is able to see where he or she can cut costs. Perhaps this method of accounting reveals that two activities can be combined to save on expenses. Activity-based costing may show a business owner where to direct more resources in order to increase the quality of a product or speed up the manufacturing process.


One hundred years ago, in October/November 1917, the Canadian Corps was enmeshed in the horrific Battle of Passchendaele. While the Canadians ultimately won a victory at Passchendaele, it came at an enormous cost. There were 15,654 casualties including 20 young men from Central Alberta who were killed in action.
Moreover, Passchendaele was considered a victory only because the small Belgian village of that name was captured. In the larger context of the war, very little was actually accomplished. The front was only moved forward some 9.5 km (six miles). Nothing of true strategic importance was captured.
Sir Winston Churchill later summed up the battle as a, “Forlorn expenditure of valour and life without equal in futility.”
Passchendaele was the third of the Canadian victories in battle in 1917. The first was the Battle of Vimy Ridge in April. In that great assault, the Canadians managed to capture a highly strategic ridge on the edge of the broad plains of Northern France and Belgium.
Vimy Ridge earned the Canadians the reputation of being amongst the very best assault troops on the Western Front – soldiers with enormous fighting ability and courage. Hence, the Allied High Command increasingly turned to the Canadians to tackle incredibly difficult objectives.
The second Canadian victory came in August at Hill 70, the high ground above the French city of Lens. Again, Canadians demonstrated enormous courage and ability in battle. However, just as victory at Vimy Ridge came at a cost of 10,600 casualties, victory at Hill 70 cost the Canadians 9,200 casualties.
These losses were staggering for a small country such as Canada. Recruitment of new troops had already become a problem after the bloodbath of the Battle of the Somme in the summer and fall of 1916. By 1917, there was even a shortage of teenagers, older men and those previously deemed to be medically unfit for service.
The tremendous losses at Vimy Ridge, Hill 70 and now Passchendaele turned the situation into a full-fledged crisis. The Canadian government had already announced in May 1917 that compulsory military service (conscription) would have to be introduced.
Even with the strong public feeling the war must be won, if for no other reason than to justify the enormous losses and sacrifices already made, conscription became an explosive political issue.
Farmers wondered who would plant and harvest the crops if they and/or their remaining sons were forced to go off and fight in the war. Many other essential services faced severe labour shortages.
The Conservative Government of Sir Robert Borden went to extraordinary efforts to win support for conscription. Many opposition Liberal M.P.’s, including Dr. Michael Clark of Red Deer, were convinced to join a pro-conscription Unionist coalition. The franchise was extended to women, but initially only to those who had family already overseas and were therefore more likely to back conscription. Finally, farmers were promised that all those actively involved in food production would not be conscripted.
Despite, all the heated debate, in the election in December 1917, the Unionist Government and Dr. Clark were handily re-elected and their platform of conscription approved.
Nevertheless, the election provided proof of widespread opposition to conscription, primarily in the province of Quebec, but in other parts of the country as well. There were a number of polls in the federal constituency of Red Deer that voted for Dr. Clark’s non-Unionist Liberal opponent, William Puffer.
Conscription failed to provide enough new troops to fill the escalating shortages of front-line soldiers overseas. The promised exemption to farmers was soon broken. A bitter backlash quickly ensued.
In a provincial by-election in Red Deer in 1918, the Unionist candidate, F.W. Galbraith was so badly beaten by his Liberal opponent, J.J. Gaetz, that he lost his deposit. In the 1921 federal election, the Unionist government finished a poor third behind the Liberals and the new western-based Progressive Party. In Red Deer, Alfred Speakman of the Progressives won by a large margin.