The concept of entrepreneurship is not new, considering 19th-century entrepreneurship as risk-taking, facing uncertainties, and establishing an enterprise. It gave the human being a way of new hope, a passage to solve problems, and think out of the box. The concept of entrepreneurship gave the human being a solution to a problem.
Although the terms “entrepreneur” and “entrepreneurship” have been around for a while, they are currently more often used. But not everyone is aware of what entrepreneurship is.
How to become an entrepreneur It is extremely difficult. It is rife with challenges and requires the entrepreneur to make several sacrifices. This indicates that a lot of individuals don’t know why these folks started this atmosphere. Nevertheless, despite all the challenges and dangers, more and more people set out on this trip to pursue their ambitions.
However, since the beginning of the 20th century, the entrepreneur was also acceptable as an inventor. As such, entrepreneurial perceptions have changed over time and space. Yet, finding opportunities from the weaknesses and threats is a basic concept of entrepreneurship.
Entrepreneurship is the job of setting yourself up and starting a business rather than working for someone else in his or her business. Although entrepreneurs have to deal with more obstacles and fear than frequent or paid workers, the salary may be much higher.
What is entrepreneurship?
It follows that the entrepreneurial involves creating a company or other commercial entity with the goal of turning a profit in the future. This is connected to the entrepreneur. This describes a person or group that has an original concept and is prepared to take whatever necessary steps to make it a reality, risk or no risk. These dangers may be monetary, psychological, or societal in nature.
These definitions are a little old right now. undertake Above all, it is a mindset issue. Specifically, someone who craves freedom and personal fulfillment in the typical sense. As a result, these people take a risk by starting a business, ignoring the concept of success and the possibility of failure, in order to create something useful for society through its output.
Business owners are essential to both the national and global economies. These are in charge of reducing unemployment and creating new jobs. Additionally, the inventive aspect will place the nation in a higher bracket of global competitiveness. These, however, do much more than just create jobs.
entrepreneurs They are among the strongest transformers in existence. Through his unconventional viewpoint, the globe may adopt new trends. Steve Jobs and Bill Gates are two of the top developers. The first changed the world by introducing the first mobile phone with a touch screen, and the second created the Windows operating system, which has been among the most widely used in the world today for a long time.
Definition of entrepreneurship today
- Entrepreneurship is the process of creating something new and acknowledging the risks.
- Reflects strong emotions from being independent.
- Persistently tries to do something good.
- Focused on the future.
- Face to face face to face
- Converting a situation into an opportunity
- Unsatisfied with routine activities.
- Ready to endure hard life.
- Scheduled but patient
- She is a person who develops and owns her own initiative
- Display the feelings of leadership
- Also, show a sense of competition
- Takes personal responsibility
- She is working under uncertainty for a moderate risk taker and raunchy achievement.
- She is innovative
- She peruses deviant pursuits
Entrepreneur’s four aspects
- An entrepreneur is involved in awards.
- Requires necessary risk estimates
- The process involved in the creation.
- Devotion to time and effort is required.
Concept of entrepreneurship
From the modern point of view, entrepreneurs are involved with the enterprise, management control, instruction, innovation, various new improvements, and product changes.
In a nutshell, the following ideas of entrepreneurship are as follows:
1. Concept of managerial skills
The scholars who support this genre have become entrepreneurial in their ability to managerial skills. J.S. Entrepreneurship has been seen as a skill for inspection, control, and direction of the mill.
Similarly, a well-known economist, Marshall considered entrepreneurship as the ability to carry risk with management skills.
2. Concept of risk tolerance
This is the premier and most popular concept. According to French economist Richard Kantian, “entrepreneurship is an act of taking unlimited risks.”
It has revealed that the entrepreneur has to carry a variety of risks to establish a new entrepreneur and manage it. These risks are related to time changes and price fluctuations.
Frank and Knight’s ideas have considered entrepreneurship as the uncertainty of power concerns. Further, it has created a slight difference between risk and uncertainty.
According to them, “uncertainty risks risk, which cannot be predicted or insured. The entrepreneur’s ability to carry risk and provide a guarantee against uncertainty.”
3. Consequently Oriented Concepts
According to this concept, entrepreneurship is called outcome-oriented in the modern age.
Now, it is not very important, what efforts have been made to achieve the goal or how hard it has worked, what is more, important than that? In the business world, being successful in achieving goals is recognized as an entrepreneur.
4. Innovative ideas
Joseph Schumpeter is the propounder of innovative concepts. His idea is that “entrepreneurship is the advanced economy, the person whose parents do something new in the economy.”
In 1934, he turned this concept into innovation. Peter F. Drucker also supports this concept. He said in the scene that “Entrepreneur of Innovation is a definite tool.”
In this concept, the idea of entrepreneurship, new production methods or strategies, new products, new markets, new marketing methods, new raw materials products, new packaging, and new mixing of the method has been considered as the adaptation of innovation.
Therefore, it is regarded as a modern entrepreneurial concept.
5. Creative and leadership concepts
Among the supporters of this concept, J. Shumpert has considered entrepreneurship as a creative activity. According to Richman and Koppen, “entrepreneurship is the work of progressive leadership.”
Likewise, Frederick Harbinson states that “the quality of the entrepreneurial organization’s resource development, human capacity development, performing creative activities and coordinating new thinking.”
Creativity creates new ideas, which he believes can be linked to economic use through effective leadership. Creativity activities also expand due to the high level of entrepreneurship.
6. Professional Concepts
Modern management experts take entrepreneurship as a professional idea. They feel that entrepreneurship can be improved through education and training.
As managerial training can be learned through education and training, the entrepreneurial spirit can be improved through education and training. For this reason, the government and private organizations conduct various training programs to develop entrepreneurial skills.
7. Concept of personality, identity, or role transformation process
According to Professors Uday Park and Nadkarni, “Entrepreneurship is not only about accepting new tasks and behaviors, but also transforming personality and establishing new identities through it.”
8. The idea of organization and coordination
According to JB Say, who is a strong supporter of the project, “Entrepreneurship is an economic component that organizes and coordinates different sources of production.” Jay Spinnick has been considered an entrepreneur with “the ability to organize an enterprise.”
9. Business-based concepts
Under this concept, entrepreneurship is expressed as a business-oriented entrepreneurial spirit, which motivates them to be entrepreneurs, to think in business, to formulate plans and programs, and to establish initiatives.
10. High Achievement Capacity
This theory is accepted among McClelland’s important theorists. He notes that “entrepreneurship is the concept of high achievement capacity, for which the ability to create innovation and the ability to make decisions at risk is essential.” According to the idea, he mentions two characteristics of entrepreneurs:
Ability to perform tasks with the latest methods.
Ability to make decisions during uncertainty.
Besides, he was taken over to believe that the motivation for achieving a high level makes an entrepreneur a man.
Importance of the concept of entrepreneurship
Entrepreneurship is crucial to comprehend the significance of this idea in society today. As a result, its popularity has likewise rapidly increased in recent years. The key characteristics that characterize the significance of entrepreneurship are then mentioned in order to comprehend this phenomenon.
1. Higher national income
O entrepreneurship increases the economy’s wealth. The majority of ideas are creative, which helps to open up new markets and puts the nation in a position of increased global rivalry. Additionally, when employment rises, so does the nation’s income.
2. Job creation
Entrepreneurs have a significant role in a nation’s capacity to find employment. These people need to recruit more and more specialists in order to put their ideas into practice and make this develop. This translates into a decline in the unemployment rate.
3. Improved society
Successful company owners typically prefer to give back to the community with the money they make. If an entrepreneur is successful, they will pay more taxes and contribute to the funding of the nation’s social services. However, the entrepreneurs’ sense of camaraderie is what makes them the biggest supporters of charity and nonprofits.
4. Creating change
Entrepreneurs typically hunt for company concepts that address societal issues already at hand or else foray into uncharted territory in an effort to have a global influence. They think they can transform the world with this ideology.
Tips to grow the concept of entrepreneurship
Entrepreneurs will have to deal with more obstacles and fear than frequent or paid workers, but the salary can be much higher. Good entrepreneurs have the interest and vision, the ability to start a business and start investing.
1. Organization and Delegation
Although many new businesses start as one-man shows, successful entrepreneurs are characterized by rapid and steady growth. This means hiring other people to do special tasks. Because of this, entrepreneurial work requires extensive organization and delegation.
It is important for entrepreneurs to focus on what goes on in their company, but if they want their companies to succeed, they must hire the right people for the right things and work them through less interference from their work.
2. Many areas of expertise
Interest and vision cannot make up for the total lack of all applicable skills. As the head of a company, whether or not its employee is an entrepreneur, able to wear many hats and so effective. For example, if he wants to start a business that produces mobile games, he must have specialized knowledge in mobile technology, the gaming industry, game design, mobile app marketing, or programming.
3. Financial and emotional investments
An entrepreneur will have to invest in his company. This investment may be less meaningful, such as the time he spends or the skill or reputation he brings with it, but it may include significant investments in assets with a clear value, be it cash, real estate, or intellectual property. An entrepreneur who can not invest in his company or else the other can not expect to do so and can not expect to be successful.
4. Interest and vision
The first factor of interest is entrepreneur success. Since the entrepreneur closes according to performance over the time spent by special efforts, an entrepreneur will work in such areas of his interest. Otherwise, he would not be able to maintain a high level of work ethic, and he would probably fail. This interest must also be translated into a vision for the company’s growth.
If the day-to-day operations of a business are attractive to an entrepreneur, it is not enough to succeed unless it can turn this interest into a vision for growth and expansion. This vision can be powerful enough that they can communicate to investors and employees.
5. Risk and reward
Entrepreneurship requires risk. This risk measure equals the amount of time and money you invest in your business. However, this risk also remains directly correlated to the reward involved.
An entrepreneur investing in a friendship pays for someone else’s business plan and earns a respectable income, while an entrepreneur who manages groundbreaking innovations endangers everything in his idea that a revolutionary market will work. If such a revolutionary mistake goes, he can lose everything. However, if he is right, he may suddenly become extremely wealthy. It is one of the determinants of entrepreneurship.
The Myths of the entrepreneurs
Myth 1: Entrepreneurs are dockers, not thinkers
Myth 2: Entrepreneurs are not born
Myth 3: Entrepreneurs are always inventive
Myth 4: Entrepreneurship is an academic and social misfit
Myth 5: Entrepreneurs must “Profile”
Myth 6: All entrepreneurs need money
Myth 7: All entrepreneurs need luck
Myth 8: Ignorance is the joy for entrepreneurs
Myth 9: Entrepreneurs seek success but experience high failure rates
Myth 10: Entrepreneurs are extreme risk-takers (gambling)
The aptitude and preparedness to create, plan and manage a commercial enterprise—along with all of its uncertainties—in order to turn a profit is what is meant by entrepreneurship. The creation of new firms is the most visible illustration of entrepreneurship. The French term “entreprendre,” which means to accomplish something, is where the word “entrepreneur” first appeared in the 13th century. The 1700s are when the idea of entrepreneurship first emerged.
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Learning Pedagogy in Physics Documents
Hilary A. Dwyer, and
Julie A. Bianchini
We report on an adapted version of the Physics and Everyday Thinking (PET) curriculum. A unique aspect of PET is its inclusion of special activities that focus on Learning about Learning (LAL) in which undergraduates analyze videos of children talking about science and explicitly consider the nature of science. To create a course that intentionally linked science content, children's ideas, and strategies for science instruction, we augmented the existing LAL activities with discussions about teaching, and added activities focused on LAL from companion curricula such as Physical Science and Everyday Thinking (PSET) and Learning Physical Science (LEPS). To compensate for the additional time on LAL, we reduced the content activities to only those that directly supported LAL activities. We found that students made significant gains on the CLASS and expressed beliefs about teaching consistent with the PET pedagogy.
- Download PERC2010_Harlow.pdf - 148kb Adobe PDF Document
Published August 24, 2010
Last Modified October 25, 2010
This file is included in the full-text index.


National Contingency Plan
In the event of a major pollution incident in UK waters arising from shipping or offshore oil and gas operations, the UK National Contingency Plan (NCP) is implemented. The plan can be viewed on the Maritime and Coastguard Agency (MCA) website.
Pollution Incidents in Scottish Waters
Under the NCP, Marine Scotland provides a 24-hour emergency response through a duty officer service. In the event of an emergency, the duty officer works in collaboration with staff from Scottish Natural Heritage (SNH) and/or the Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC). Together they provide advice to primary responders on the overall environmental benefit of using dispersants to treat spilled oil in particular situations.
To report any pollution incidents please contact the Scottish Environment Protection Agency (SEPA).
Pollution Response in Emergencies: Post-Incident Monitoring Guidelines
A set of new guidelines has been developed to strengthen the response to oil and chemical spills at sea. The post-incident monitoring guidelines are a key output from the PREMIAM project (Pollution Response in Emergencies: Marine Impact Assessment and Monitoring) which was initiated in 2009.
The guidelines provide the principles upon which effective post-spill monitoring and impact assessment in UK waters will be based and is supported by 19 UK government partners. The guidelines cover a wide range of issues including:
- planning surveys
- sampling practices (including handling and storage)
- chemical analysis
- ecological assessment
Marine Scotland staff would play a key role in the Environment Group established as described by the NCP. Marine Scotland co-chairs the Environment Group within SNH.


Pat of Silver Bush
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Pat of Silver Bush (1933) is a novel written by Lucy Maud Montgomery, noted for her Anne of Green Gables series. The protagonist, Patricia Gardiner (called Pat), hates change of any kind and loves her home, Silver Bush, more than anything else in the world. She is very devoted to her family: her father and mother, her brothers Joe and Sid, and her sisters Winnie and Rachel (who everyone in the family calls Cuddles). The book begins when Pat is 7 years old and ends when she is 18.
Throughout the text, various members of Pat's family are lost from Silver Bush (Aunt Hazel to marriage, Joe to life as a sailor, and Winnie to marriage). Pat is sustained through these losses due to her enduring love for her home. She is "unlike other children" and has few close friends. She maintains a strong friendship with Hilary "Jingle" Gordon, and later befriends Elizabeth "Bets" Wilcox, who eventually dies of the flu.
Like most of Montgomery's texts, Pat is a domestic tale. Unlike Anne Shirley or Emily Starr, the only other Montgomery heroines whose stories are told in multiple texts, Pat is not ambitious nor a writer. She also has a conventional family and home life, unlike the others, who are orphans.
The book's sequel, Mistress Pat, describes her later years.
Patricia (Pat) Gardiner: The heroine of the novel. Loyal and loving, and overly sensitive to any perceived slight to her home.
Joe Gardiner: The oldest child. Joe is not interested in farming and ultimately runs off to sea.
Winnie Gardiner: The oldest girl. Winnie is a beauty. Pat has a difficult time dealing with her marriage and her leaving the family home.
Sid Gardiner: Pat's closest sibling both in age and relationship. He is interested in farming and has a childhood crush on Pat's friend Bets.
Rachel Gardiner (called "Cuddles"): The youngest child. She is born early in the novel and grows into an inquisitive child.
Aunt Hazel: Pat's beloved aunt, who marries early in the book.
Long Alec Gardiner: The father of all the Gardiner children.
Mrs. Gardiner: The mother of all the Gardiner children. Her health is never very good and is significantly affected by the birth of Cuddles.
Judy Plum: The family's live-in housekeeper who has lived at Silver Bush for years and is regarded almost as a second mother to all the children. She speaks with an Irish brogue and tells the children stories, feeds them well, and generally mothers all members of the household.
Elizabeth "Bets" Wilcox: Pat's best friend, who ultimately succumbs to the flu.
Hilary "Jingle" Gordon: A local boy who lives nearby with his not-very-loving aunt and uncle after his mother abandoned him. As they grow up together, Hilary grows to realize he loves Pat, but Pat does not believe she loves him.


Using Ozobot color codes for making simple geometry drawings. Finish all tasks!
AUTHOR FEEDBACK AFTER IMPLEMENTING THE LESSON PLAN:
How did the implementation of the lesson plan go?
All planned parts went without problems. Students were happy to learn geometry with this interactive method and this lesson plan. Tasks where they needed to solve problems made by their friends were good for collaboration and developing friendships.
What would you change if you had to implement the lesson plan again?
Problems were in the collaboration parts, because students could not make groups by themselves. Next time, I will form groups to avoid spending time on this. Next time I implement the lesson plan, I will also plan more time, because some groups of students were solving tasks slower than planned. Some practice and production parts were too short for certain groups, but I think it all depends on students' preknowledge.
What other advice would you give to someone who would like to use your lesson plan?
Before you use this plan in Maths or another subject where you teach geometry, explain to students how to use Ozobot robots. Prepare printed colour codes for them.


In wars around the globe, thousands of children were front-line targets, used as human shields and recruited to fight this year on “a shocking scale,” Unicef said on Thursday. The United Nations agency warned against normalizing the brutality, a sentiment it has echoed in reports year after year.
Our correspondents have followed the plight of children caught up in war, as well as those suffering from the fall out of these conflicts. Here is a selection of their stories, from the countries outlined in Unicef’s report.
Two paths for Yemen’s children
Saudi Arabia and its allies have bombed Yemen for more than two years, hoping to oust Iranian-aligned rebels who seized power. The conflict has left the country in ruins and impoverished, and has starved its population. Many desperate families see two ways out for their children: selling them off as brides or allowing their recruitment as soldiers.
Unicef said the fighting left more than 5,000 children dead or injured, and 11 million in need for humanitarian assistance.
Indiscriminate violence in Afghanistan
At least 700 children were killed in the first nine months of the year in Afghanistan, Unicef said. As violence in civilian populated areas of the country intensified, children were often caught in the crossfire.
After an explosion at a playground killed five children, our correspondents reported on how “indiscriminate improvised explosive devices” are the biggest cause of casualties among children in Afghanistan.
Renewed fighting in the Central African Republic
Fighting flared anew in the Central African Republic, forcing more than 150,000 people from their homes, the highest level since conflict in the country peaked three years ago. Children have been killed, raped, abducted or recruited by armed groups, Unicef said.
Separately, Ugandan troops, on a mission to catch Joseph Kony, the leader of the notorious Lord’s Resistance Army, are facing accusations of rape, sexual slavery and exploitation of young girls.
Schools offer kittle sanctuary in Congo
Conflict in the Kasai region of central Congo began in mid-2016, after the government refused to recognize the appointment of a new traditional chief. Unicef estimates that the fighting that has erupted since that time has forced 850,000 children to flee their homes.
Several hundred children were also killed in combat or held hostage by armed groups as human shields, a United Nations agency reported this year. More than 600 schools have been attacked, and hundreds of thousands of children are at risk of starvation because farmers have missed two planting seasons in a row, according to aid groups.
The fighting also has a political backdrop: Among President Joseph Kabila’s strongest foes is Moïse Katumbi, a businessman from Kasai who has made no secret of his presidential ambitions. Mr. Kabila’s second term as president of Congo expired at the end of 2016, but his government has twice punted the presidential poll, now scheduled for 2018.
Surviving suicide missions for Boko Haram
The story of the Chibok schoolgirls abducted by Boko Haram in 2014 ricocheted around the world. Some were freed in a prisoner swap, but the group’s atrocities against children did not end with the release, and the victims embarked on a slow process of healing.
In northeast Nigeria and Cameroon, Boko Haram forced at least 135 children to act as suicide bombers this year, Unicef said. The New York Times tracked down and interviewed Maryam, 16, above, and 17 other girls who survived those missions.
Human shields in Iraq
Our correspondents analyzed reports, which surfaced in March, that claimed scores of civilians — many of them children — had been killed by United States airstrikes in Mosul. An American-led coalition had been fighting in an attempt to take back Iraq’s second-largest city from Islamic State fighters.
After the Iraqi government declared victory over the Islamic State in Mosul in July, a photographer for The New York Times documented the devastation caused by the brutal combat. He came across abandoned and traumatized children suspected of being used as human shields by ISIS fighters. Many of them had lost their families in the violence and were taken to camps for the displaced.
Lost childhood in war-torn Syria
As the Syrian civil war entered its sixth year in March, Unicef announced that 2016 had been the worst year for Syrian children, reporting at least 652 died as a result of intense bombardment and violence.
Children growing up in areas controlled by Islamic State militants have been exposed to astonishing levels of brutality. Our correspondents visited Syrian families in Beirut who described the violence their children witnessed while trying to flee from the extremist group and how they risked being recruited by their fighters.
On the first day of school in Syria in September, The New York Times looked at what it was like for children in rebel-controlled areas to return to classrooms amid destruction, with war still raging around them.
Life as Rohingya refugees
Almost 60 percent of the more than half a million Rohingya people violently driven out of their homes in Myanmar’s Rakhine State are children, Unicef said. Many of them were separated from their families or fled on their own after being attacked or having witnessed brutal violence.
A Times correspondent visited a refugee camp in Bangladesh near the border with Myanmar, where Rohingya refugees recounted the atrocities committed by Myanmar government soldiers.
One woman described how they had snatched her baby from her arms and threw him into a fire before raping her. Other survivors recalled seeing government soldiers stabbing babies, gang-raping girls and beheading young boys.
Child soldiers in South Sudan
South Sudan, one of the world’s youngest countries, is mired in conflict. What began as a feud between the country’s two top politicians erupted four years ago into an outright war, often fought along ethnic lines. It is ripping the country apart.
Our correspondent visited South Sudan in February, where he witnessed a former child soldier, now a teenager, reuniting with his family. Unicef said more than 19,000 children had been recruited to fight and over 2,300 children had been killed or injured since the conflict began.
The conflict has displaced four million South Sudanese — roughly one-third of the country’s population. More than half of them are children.
The 4-year-old who lost her whole family
Rise in child recruitment in Somalia
Nearly 200 children were brought into armed groups every month this year in Somalia, according to Unicef. That figure fits a trend that began in 2015, documented earlier by the United Nations Secretary General’s Office, of an increase in the use of children by armed groups.
Some are recruited with promises of school fees or jobs; others are kidnapped and pressed into service. The vast majority of child soldiers are forced into the ranks of Al Shabab, which is allied with Al Qaeda, although 15 percent of known child soldiers are serving in the Somali National Army, according to the report.
Explosives in Ukraine
Rebel-held eastern Ukraine is home to 220,000 children who live under the threat of mines and other explosives from nearly four years of conflict between separatists and the government in Kiev.
The fighting there escalated sharply in mid-December. A Ukrainian village and a town were hit with rocket-artillery barrages, wounding eight people and damaging about 50 homes.
Click Here to watch the full episode: Yemen's Children of war


Reindeer were domesticated much earlier than previously thought, new study suggests. By Geoff McMaster, University of Alberta
Source: Phys.org. A University of Alberta anthropologist has found what might be the earliest evidence for domestication of reindeer in the Eurasian Arctic. While examining the remains of ancient dogs at a site called Ust'-Polui near Salekhard in northern Siberia, Robert Losey and his team unearthed a number of artifacts that appeared to relate to reindeer harnesses, which radiocarbon dating has determined to be about 2,000 years old.
In May and June of 2019, Losey's team spent a month living with contemporary Indigenous Nenets reindeer herders on the Iamal tundra above the Arctic Circle. The Nenets scrutinized replicas of the artifacts and identified them as headgear parts for training young reindeer in pulling sleds.
"We weren't sure about any of these artifacts—what this stuff was, or how it works," he said. "It's just a bunch of straps, and antler pieces and swivels—a confusing mess."
Previous studies have suggested that reindeer domestication started only a few hundred years ago in northern Europe, perhaps as early as the 11th century in northern Siberia, based on evidence of genetic changes in reindeer, said Losey.
However, many have long suspected domestication began much earlier.
After examining the barbed headgear parts, the Nenets concluded they must have been used for training, since they would have been far too uncomfortable for reindeer to wear for long.
"The animal would learn once that headgear is on to stop resisting; then you could forgo the training gear and use a simpler set of headgear meant to be worn all the time," said Losey.
Reindeer contribute to the lives of contemporary, pastoralist Nenets "in almost every way possible," said Losey, forming the basis of their pastoral economy. They are sold on the market to buy snowmobiles, other forms of food, even cellphones and computers.
People still herd reindeer from northern China, "all the way through Russia into the Arctic," he said.
In his study, published last May in the Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory, Losey argued that anthropologists have tended to focus too narrowly on changes in the bodies of animals as evidence of domestication.
Equally important is understanding the relationship between humans and the animals in question, argued the study's authors, since domestication will "not necessarily be marked by detectable morphological or genetic change.
"Domestication is a human-animal relationship involving practices, materials, socialization and, as we highlight here, mutual enskilment," they wrote.
"We need to look for evidence for all parts of the process of domestication—the bodily changes, but also the material things that people use in working with animals and training them to live in that particular domestic environment," said Losey.
He pointed out that the Nenets have worked with reindeer their entire lives and are familiar with how the animals' behaviour changes during different life stages and in different seasons—all of which can be "read into the artifacts placed before them," said Losey.
"If you want to learn about how domestication occurs, talking to people who know those animals best is critical."
He added that consulting with Indigenous people about how material objects may have been used will also help to "decolonize archeological practice" and create "novel opportunities for collaboration, and profound new insights on the past."
Photo credit: Robert Losey


Did you know that man’s best friend may just be man’s best co-worker as well? According to both scientific and anecdotal evidence, pets in the work environment reduce stress levels and improve general wellness of employees.
A 2012 study by Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU) found that dogs and cats in the workplace can reduce a pet owner’s stress levels by as much as 11 percent by the end of a normal work day. While still numbering under 20 percent of all workplaces, a growing number of American employers are allowing pets to come to work.
The VCU study, which was conducted at a North Carolina dinnerware company, found that employees who brought their dogs to work produced lower levels of cortisol, a stress hormone. Participants in the study also reported other benefits of having pets in the workplace: higher perceived support from management, increased productivity, higher employee morale and increased cooperation with co-workers.
A 2010 study conducted by Central Michigan University for the Humane Society of the United States showed that employees were more likely to trust each other and collaborate more with each other when dogs were present in the office.
Many well-known companies, including Amazon, Google, Tumblr and Ben & Jerry’s, have experimented with a pet-friendly workplace policy. Some companies encourage employees to use their breaks to play with their animals or take them for walks. According to studies by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, pets can decrease workers’ blood pressure and cholesterol levels and increase opportunities for both exercise and socialization.
If your company is considering such a plan, here are some factors to first consider:
Factors to consider for pet-friendly office
Allergies. An estimated 10 percent of our population is allergic to animals. Among people who suffer from asthma, the incidence of those who suffer from pet allergy symptoms is 20 to 30 percent higher. Pet dander, or skin flakes, in addition to pet saliva and urine, can cause an allergic reaction in many people. In addition, pet hair and pet fur can collect allergens such as pollen, dust and mold.
Dog walking space. Before instituting a pet policy, make sure there is adequate outdoor space near your office for pet walking. Otherwise, you may actually lose worker productivity as pet owners search for a spot for Fido to relieve himself. If cats are part of the policy, consider where litter pans could be safely and unobtrusively placed.
Pet behavior. While you may think it is just great to have purring kitty in your lap, you co-worker may not feel the same way. Consider how pets will be kept from invading other workers’ space and privacy.
Safety. Even the best-trained animals are still animals. If visitors and guests enter your workplace, can you be sure an animal will not snap at them or be aggressive with them in any way?
While there clearly are some benefits to having pets in the workplace, you may want to consider a company policy that gives clear rules and guidelines for pet owners to adhere to before you initiate the policy.
To assist employers in creating a positive pet friendly office environment, the Humane Society has a guidebook available called Dogs at Work: A Practical Guide to Creating Dog-Friendly Workplaces. The book, written by Jennifer Fearing and Liz Palika, provides advice for procedures and protocols and offers policy samples for dog-friendly workplaces.
“Our canine companions can make excellent colleagues, even at big companies,” writes Fearing.
The Oregon Research Institute (ORI), an independent behavioral research center based in Eugene, Oregon is a pet friendly environment, and dogs, cats, fish and even an occasional snake can be seen alongside their owners. ORI also has a strict policy in place that includes vaccine regulations, a “no biting” policy and housekeeping rules.
Some 44 million American households include a dog, according to the American Pet Products Manufacturers Association. To encourage pet adoption, Pet Sitters International created Take Your Dog to Work Day in 1999. This year’s event will take place on June 14. Maybe it will be a good day to give pets at your workplace a try.
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SEVENTH DAY OF NAVRATRI WORSHIP DEVI KALARATRI
Kaalratri (sometimes spelled Kalaratri) is the seventh form amongst the Navadurga (ie. the nine forms of Hindu Mother Goddess referenced in Durga Saptashati, Chapters 81-93 of the Markandeya Purana, the earliest known literature on Goddess Durga). Goddess Kaalratri is widely regarded as one of the many destructive forms of Mother Goddess Kali, Mahakali, Bhadrakali, Bhairavi, Mrityu, Rudrani, Chamunda, Chandi and Durga.
It is important to note that it is not uncommon to find the names, Kali and Kaalratri being used interchangeably, although these two deities are argued to be separate entities by some. According to David Kinsley, Kali is first mentioned in Hinduism as a distinct goddess around 600 CE. Chronologically then, Kaalratri (described textually in the Mahabharata, dated 300 BCE - 300 CE) predates but most likely, informs, present representations of Kali.
Kaalratri is traditionally worshipped during the nine nights of Navratri celebrations.The seventh day of Navratri pooja (Hindu prayer ritual) in particular is dedicated to her and she is considered the fiercest form of the Mother Goddess, her appearance itself invoking fear. This form of Goddess is believed to be the destroyer of all demon entities, ghosts, spirits and negative energies, who flee upon knowing of her arrival.
The Saudhikagama, an ancient Tantric text referenced in the Silpa Prakasha, describes Goddess Kalaratri as being the goddess that rules the night portion of every day and night. She is also associated with the crown chakra (also known as the sahasrara chakra), thereby giving the invoker, siddhis and niddhis (particularly, knowledge, power and wealth).
Kaalratri is also known as Shubankari - meaning auspicious/doing good in Sanskrit, due to the belief that she always provides auspicious results to her devotees. Hence, it is believed that she makes her devotees fearless.
Other less well-known names of Goddess Kaalratri include Raudri and Dhumorna


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Assignment sample - Lesson Plan for Pain Management
Pages 8 (2008 words)
Lesson plan: PAIN MANAGEMENT Introduction: According to Marcia L. Meldrum (2003), “pain is the oldest medical problem and the universal affliction of mankind” (pp. 2470-2475). It is both a curse and a gift, since it also serves to alert us to changes in, or damages to, our body…
The American Pain Society labeled it as the “5th Vital Sign” (Campbell, 1995, as cited in Smeltzer & Bare, 2003, p. 217). As with all vital signs, doctors and allied health personnel continuously strive to keep it within acceptable parameters to maintain homeostasis. Pain management “encompasses all interventions used to understand and ease pain, and, if possible, to alleviate the cause of pain” (Krapp, 2002, p. 1804). It means that pain management is not just the intervention but also the assessment, evaluation, and continuous monitoring of pain. To better understand and treat pain, it is important to know how it is produced and transmitted to the brain. Elaine Marieb and Katja Hoehn (2006) talk about “noxious stimuli – a term for anything that damages the body” (A closer look section, "Pain: Sound the Alarm, But Pain Me Not!", Pain reception, para. 1), and how it can start a whole avalanche of chemical and neurological reactions which, reaching the brain, translate into pain. Different pain management techniques affect various body parts which may be involved in that reaction. Understanding specifically how an intervention works on pain is a key to choosing the best intervention for all kinds of pain. ...
Not exactly what


Agar vs Agarose
Agar and agarose are two kinds of polysaccharide products which comes from red algae or seaweed, which is usually cultivated in parts of Asia and the United states. Agar and agarose both are very useful in many ways such as in culturing micro-organisms, as culinary ingredient, among other.
What is Agar?
Agar, or agar-agar, is produced from kinds of red algae such as Gracilaria and Gelidium. It is usually a gelatinous substance and is used as an element in the preparation of growth media for culturing an assorted bacteria, fungi and microorganism for scientific and medicinal research. Agar contains galactose and is a polymer which can be used also as gelatine- like food which vegans can substitute for meat.
What is Agarose?
Agarose is obtained from agar, which has undergone purification of polysaccharide and is very useful in bacteria culture as it does not have protein which is the food of the bacteria. It is also used in electrophoresis, a process to separate proteins usually done in studying DNA because agarose usually forms a neutral gel matrix which can easily be liquefied in high temperatures but easily reverts in gel form when cooled.
Difference between Agar and Agarose
Agar and agarose are both very useful in a variety of fields, ranging from the kitchen, as food, to the chemistry labs, as culture for bacteria growth. Agarose is obtained by purifying agar while agar is directly obtained from red algae. Agar is also a lot cheaper than agarose, although both of these materials are used in the field of microbiological studies due to its gel-like nature and provides some nutrients to bacteria also. Furthermore, agar is usually used in the food industry as ingredients for jellies, ice creams, mizuyokan, and gulaman while agarose is mostly used in gel electrophoresis.
Agar and agarose have been used extensively by humans since the development of microbiology. And due to this, we now have more knowledge on how bacteria works and we now know how to counteract its ill-effects.
• Agar is obtained from red algae and seaweed such as Gracilaria and Gelidium.
• Agarose is a purified form of agar.
• Agarose is more expensive than agar.
• Agar and agarose are extensively used in microbiological studies and for culturing bacteria.
• Agar is also used in the food industry for making jellies, ice cream, and other culinary dishes while agarose is usually used in electrophoresis.
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Mathematical Economics at the University of Kentucky
B.A. or B.S. with a major in Mathematical Economics
The Mathematical Economics major offers students a degree program that combines mathematics, statistics, and economics. In today’s increasingly complicated international business world, a strong preparation in the fundamentals of both economics and mathematics is crucial to success. This degree program is designed to prepare a student to go directly into the business world with skills that are in high demand or to go on to graduate study in economics or finance. A degree in Mathematical Economics would, for example, prepare a student for the beginning of a career in operations research or actuarial science.
In many ways, the Mathematical Economics program parallels the engineering philosophy. It combines the quantitative methods of mathematics with an applied science in order to solve real problems. As an example, operations research is used to optimize costs for extremely complicated systems such as airline scheduling. A major problem in business and economics is decision making under uncertainty. Efficient inventory control for large national retail chains can mean the difference between success and failure. A business will improve its bottom line if it can effectively control cost of inventory under the uncertainty of consumer demand. The solution of control problems of this type requires knowledge of relatively sophisticated mathematics and statistics as well as knowledge of basic economic principles.
There is currently a serious shortage of individuals who have sufficient training in mathematics and statistics as well as an understanding of business and economics. Companies that employ operations research analysts or actuaries cannot fill their positions. Mathematical Economics and related areas have often been referred to as engineering for the service sector or “financial engineering”. With the ever increasing importance of the service sector in our economy, the Math-Econ degree will prove to be a valuable asset. The program will give the student an opportunity to study a fascinating collection of ideas and it will also provide the student with very marketable skills.
For more information about the program, you can contact Dr. Adib Bagh at firstname.lastname@example.org


You can culture some species of fungi by simply “running” the mycellium on cardboard. Oyster (varieties of the genus Pluerotus), King Stropharia, Wood Blewitt, Nameko among others are amenable to this technique. It is a way of cloning a mushroom by creating the conditions for the mycellium to continue growing the cardboard. as a substrate cardboard is nutrient poor containing mostly cellulose and lignin. This gives the fungus an advantage over competitor organisms.
Ideally you can use the “stem butts” of the mushroom but you can also use mycellium growing on another substrate. for instance directly from an outdoor woodchip bed or grain spawn. Most species that are adaptable to this technique a strong “basal rhizomorphs” visible root-like threads of mycellium (of course this is, in fact, hundreds if not thousands of hyphae banded together). The regenerative power of these species is such that the stem butt will revert to a mycellial vegetative stage if layered on the moist cardboard.
Once the cardboard is fully myceliated is can be used an an inoculum for pasteurised substrate or directly applied to an outdoor bed.
There are two simple methods; layering the cardboard in a plastic container; or making a cardboard “burrito”. Below we detail the Burrito technique but you can simply applying the layer method to a plastic container, just miss out the use of thicker card for the “wrap”.
- hot water
- Large pot
- Plastic bag
- sharp knife
- chopping board
Method (Spawn Burrito):
- soak the cardboard overnight
- drain, pour boiling water over the cardboard in a pot, cover leave for 30 mins
- drain thoroughly and cool to below 36c
- take a thinker piece of the card, this will be your wrap
- use the softer corrugated pieces, be sure they are not dripping wet
- take stem butts, thinly slice them and layer them on the corrugated card
- repeat this layering until you have a size that is easily rolled into a Burrito
- put the roll of card in a plastic bag, fold the top over once and staple (do not seal completely)
- incubate at around 20c for week or so; or if you are concerned about potential contamination start the incubation in a refrigerator for 2-3 weeks
- Once the mycellium has fully run throughout the card you can use it to inoculate a suitable growing substrate or expand further on cardboard.


Washington: Ultra-cool dwarfs - defined as stars with a temperature below 2500 K - are the most ancient objects in our galaxy and, therefore, they can provide information about its primitive chemical composition.
This is one of the objectives of the Gaia mission, which will be launched at the end of 2013 by the European Space Agency.
The group of stars includes ultra-cool dwarfs and brown dwarfs. When observing them, they seem quite similar, but there are clear differences between brown dwarfs and ultra-cool dwarfs: brown dwarfs do not reach the temperature they need to produce the nuclear reactions, which characterize ultra-cool dwarfs. It could be said that brown dwarfs are failed stars because they lack mass.
A study led by the National University of Distance Education (UNED, Spain) and in which researchers from the Institute of Cosmos Sciences of the University of Barcelona (ICCUB) participated, has developed a method that will allow Gaia to detect tens of ultra-cool dwarfs in the Milky Way.
The study published in the journal Astronomy and Astrophysics.
The method to estimate physical parameters of these objects, such as temperature or gravity, has also been validated. Researchers have used data-mining techniques to make estimations taking into account the parameters that Gaia can measure and its design characteristics.
This method highly improves the accuracy of data, so the estimation of ultra-cool dwarfs` temperature will have little margin of error. This improvement in accuracy will also increase considerably the number of ultra-cool dwarfs detected. However, only few tens of those, which show a temperature lower than 1500 K and weak brightness in the wavelengths observed by Gaia could be detected.
The National University of Distance Education, the Astrobiology Center (CSIC-INTA), the University of Cadiz, and the German-Spanish Calar Alto Observatory participated in the research too.
Gaia will conduct a census of a thousand million stars in our galaxy, monitoring each of its target stars about 70 times over a five-year period. It will precisely chart their positions, distances, movements, and changes in brightness. The launch of the satellite, currently on trial, will take place at the end of 2013, on a Soyuz-Fregat rocket.
During this period of time, it is expected to discover hundreds of thousands of new celestial objects. Gaia instruments are so precise that, if it was on the Earth, it would be able to measure the thumb of a person who is on the Moon`s surface.
Gaia will provide information about different parameters (position, speed, distance, physical properties, etc.) for each object, so a map of our galaxy will be obtained. Gaia mission will generate more than one petabyte of information, in other words, one million gigabytes, which will have to be processed and analyzed in order to get results.
About 400 scientists collaborate in the project in which thirty researchers and technicians from the Department of Astronomy and Meteorology of the UB and from the ICCUB had an important role in creating and designing the instrument, as well as in processing and simulating the data to be obtained during the mission.


- Used in traditional Chinese medicine as a source of nutrition to replenish the body
- Source of antioxidants for the maintenance of good health
- Mainly composed of resin, wax, essential oils and pollen which are rich in vitamins and minerals
- Contains other organic compounds including various flavonoids. The flavonoids are thought to be the main components for the activity of propolis
The Blackmores difference
Used in traditional Chinese medicine as a source of nutrition to replenish the body.
Blackmores Propolis 1000 is a source of antioxidants to help maintain good health.


Every person in sport, in every role, has the right to participate in an environment that is fun, safe and healthy, and to be treated with respect, dignity and fairness.
Bullying has been defined as behaviour that is intentional, harmful, repetitive, and reflects an abuse of power. Bullying behaviours can be physical (hitting, kicking, pushing), verbal (teasing, threatening), or relational (social exclusion, harming friendships, spreading rumours).
What is Cyber Bullying?
Cyber bullying is a form of bullying, which is carried out through an internet service such as email, a chat room, discussion group, instant messaging or web pages. It can also include bullying through mobile phone technologies such as SMS. The number of reports of cyber bullying to the Netalert Hotline has been increasing, particularly since 2006.
Examples of cyber bullying behaviour are:
- teasing and being made fun of;
- spreading rumours online;
- sending unwanted messages; and
Anyone can be bullied online and the bully can act anonymously if he or she desires.
What is Cyber Stalking?
Cyber stalking describes when a person is stalked or harassed by another person using a service of the internet such as email, instant messaging or via a posting in a discussion group. Stalking behaviours can include threats, cryptic messages and sexual innuendo that occur in a frequent and intrusive manner. The usual goal for stalking is to create a sense of fear in the recipient and the motivation is based on control and intimidation.
What Activities can I report?
Under certain circumstances (such as harassment and making threats) cyber bullying maybe a criminal activity and illegal. If you feel your immediate safety is at risk, contact '000' in an emergency situation or your local police. Police around Australia work together to reduce this type of crime and there are serious consequences if people participate in such activities.You can report to the authorities any personal threat that you consider to be stalking. Personal threats are considered as an assault, even when no physical contact has been made.
How can you protect yourself from Cyber Stalking?
Find out what is already published about you on the internet. Type your name into one of the Google services (web, images, groups, directory or news) and see if anything is already online.Stay anonymous. Only use your ISP email for official communication and create other email accounts, for example when you enter an online competition.
Choose a name that you wish to use online which is different to your real name and not specifically a male or female name.
Refrain from submitting any personal information others will be able to see online (e.g., when signing up for an online service such as chat or instant messaging).
Be careful where you display any real life photos. It is easy for others to save these photos and display them on other parts of the internet. Be aware of the online services that people can contact you on and take any precautions necessary to protect yourself and your machine from any attacks when using these services. Only add ‘friends’ who you know are real people and actually exist.
How you stop cyber bullies?
Keep a record including time and date. This may help you, or the police, to find out who is sending the messages.Tell someone. Talk to someone you trust, a parent, friend, Team Manager, Coach or Club Secretary. Contact your telephone or Internet service provider and report what is happening. They can help you block messages or calls from certain senders.
If messages are threatening or serious get in touch with the police. Cyber-bullying, if it's threatening, is illegal.
Don't reply to bullying messages - it'll only get worse if you do. By replying the bully gets what he or she wants. Often if you don't reply the bully will leave you alone.
Change your contact details. Get a new user name for the Internet, a new e-mail account, a new mobile phone number and only give them out to your closest friends.Keep your username and passwords secret. Keep your personal information private so it doesn't fall into the hands of someone who'll mis-use it.
If you’re a parent, what can you do about cyber bullying?
Discuss the incident with your child, assure them that you can help even if you know less about mobiles/internet than they do!
Help your child implement strategies to minimise the harassment.Make your child’s Team Manager or Club Secretary aware of the problem. This will be reported to appropriate authorities to ensure this is investigated.
Share your experiences with other parents, and raise concerns through your child’s Team Manager and Club Secretary in which they’re involved. Remember the law is on your side and it is a criminal offence to use a mobile phone and electronic media to menace or harass another person.
What can my Club/Zone do to help?
All Country Junior Clubs and Zones should promote their organisation as one that will not allow or tolerate cyber bullying or bullying in general. Our Union has policies in place with regards to the Code of Conduct and there are policies that addresses a range of inappropriate behaviours including discrimination, harassment and abuse and provides a complaints process for dealing with incidents.
Cyber Bullying Policy NSW Country Junior Rugby Union advises all participants, including players, parents, Supporters and administrators that cyber bullying in any format is totally unacceptable behaviour within our Union. This includes any form of discrimination, harassment and abuse utilizing the following:
- SMS, Social Media, including Facebook, Myspace and Twitter
- Blogging sites/ForumsClub Websites and forums
This message needs to get out to every person, that cyber bullying is a breach of our code of conduct, and that it is an illegal activity within our State.All Clubs and Zones are to ensure that our Members are aware of this and any breach is to be investigated and appropriate citings and penalties be awarded for this type of behaviour.
All incidents that are reported to your Club or Zone is to be treated seriously and investigated fully. A special email address has been setup for reports to be sent through, this email address can be promoted throughout the clubs, and Zones to use to report incidents of cyber bullying. Or if parents wish to contact and advise of any incidents.
NSW Country Juniors wish to express the importance of this new policy and ensure that it gets the widest distribution.
(Source information from: Australian Sporting Commission website.)


Pulcheria the Empress
The holy, right-believing Pulcheria the Empress (also Poulcheria) was the daughter of Arcadius, the emperor of the eastern part of the Roman Empire, and his wife Aelia Eudoxia. As regent for her younger brother Theodosius II and empress in her own name, she strongly influenced the direction of the government in its relations with Christianity, especially during the Nestorian controversies in the fifth century. Her feast day is September 10; she also shares a feast day with her husband Marcian on February 17.
Aelia Pulcheria was born on January 19, 399. Aelia Pulcheria should not be confused with her aunt Pulcheria, who was the daughter of Theodosius I and Aelian Flaccilla and died in 385 at the age of eight. Arcadius, who was the elder son of Theodosius I, died in 408. At the death of his father, and at a very young age, seven years old, Theodosius II became emperor under the tutelage of the eunuch Antiochus.
Pulcheria was a devout Christian and at an early age she expressed her devotion to the Theotokos and took a vow of virginity to avoid being forced into marriage. As the elder sister of Theodosius II (her older sister, Flaccilla, died young, probably before 408), she held much of the power when he became emperor. She was involved extensively in the education of her brother even though she was only two years older than him and maintained enormous influence over him for much of his reign. Sources recorded that in 412 at the age of thirteen she dismissed her brother's tutor, Antiochus, and herself assumed the role of her brother's tutor.
The court quickly assumed a pious and austere atmosphere under her influence, befitting her almost monastic life style. On July 4, 414, the Senate proclaimed her augusta (empress) and made her regent for her brother. When Theodosius became capable of ruling by himself in 416, Pulcheria continued to strongly influence over her brother and of the course of the empire. Through her influence Theodosius removed all pagans from the civil service. Under her influence Theodosius and his wife Aelia Eudoxia, who had been a pagan, became devout Christians.
Pulcheria used her wealth for the Church. In doing so she inspired her brother to do likewise. While she appeared to be indifferent to the Arianism as practiced by the German tribes, she took a firm position on the heretical teaching of Nestorius. She almost immediately showed her antagonism towards him when he became patriarch in 428. Whether the downgrading of the status of the Virgin Mary from Theotokos to Christotokos under Nestorianism was involved, Pulcheria greatly influenced her brother's position in the controversies that led up to the Council in Ephesus in 431. At first he was a supporter of Nestorius before acceding to his sister's position. In this controversy Patr. Cyril of Alexandria believed Pulcheria's influence was important in the downfall of his rival.
In 441, Pulcheria's influence on her brother began to wane as the eunuch Chrysaphius convinced Theodosius to dismiss his sister. But soon the Monophysite controversy was raised by the archimandrite Eutyches and supported by Theodosius as well as by Cyril's successor as patriarch of Alexandria, Dioscorus. When Eutyches' views were validated at the 'Robber Council' of 449 in Ephesus, Pope Leo I of Rome included Pulcheria among those he approached for help in reversing the council's decisions.
On July 28, 450, Theodosius suddenly died, and Pulcheria returned to the court as the wife of the new emperor, Marcian. She agreed to the marriage with the understanding that her vow of chastity would be honored. In 451, the Council of Chalcedon, presided over by Marcian, was convened. It condemned both Nestorianism and the Robber Council of 449 that had supported the Monophysite heresy. The heretic Eutyches was deposed and exiled.
Pulcheria died not long afterwards, in July 453. In addition to her defense of Orthodoxy, Pulcheria is remembered for her zeal in promoting other interests of the Church. She had the relics of St. John Chrysostom returned from where he had died in exile and buried in the Church of the Apostles in Constantinople on January 27, 438. She had three churches built in Constantinople that honored Mary the Theotokos. She built many hospitals, houses for pilgrims, and bequeathed her wealth to charity.


Knowledge Bases Enable a More Systematic Approach to Feature Engineering
The two most labor-intensive steps in machine learning for natural language are: 1) feature engineering; and 2) labeling of training sets. Supervised machine learning uses these training sets where every point is an input-output pair, mapping an input, which is a feature, to an output, which is the label. The machine learning consists of inferring (“learning”) a function that maps between these inputs and outputs with acceptable predictive power. This learned function can then be applied to previously unseen inputs in order to predict the output label. The technique is particularly suited to problems of regression or of classification.
It is not surprising that the two most labor-intensive tasks in machine learning involve determining the suitable inputs (features) and correctly labeling the output training labels. Elsewhere in this series I discuss training sets and labeling in detail. For this current article, we focus on features.
“Features” are perhaps the least discussed aspect of machine learning. References are made to how to select them; how to construct, extract or learn them; or how even to overall engineer them. But little guidance is provided as to what features exactly are. There really is no listing or inventory for what “features” might even be considered in the various aspects of natural language or text understanding. In part, I think, because we do not have this concrete feel for features, we also don’t tend to understand how to maximize and systematize the role of features in support of our learning tasks. This aspect provides a compelling rationale for the advantages of properly constructed knowledge bases in support of artificial intelligence, what we have been terming as KBAI in this series.
So, before we can understand how to best leverage features in our KBAI efforts, we need to first define and name the feature space. That effort, in turn, enables us to provide a bit of an inventory for what features might contribute to natural language or knowledge base learning. We then organize that inventory a bit to point out the structural and conceptual relationships among these features, which enables us to provide a lightweight taxonomy for the space.
Since many of these features have not been named or exposed before, we conclude the article with some discussion about what next-generation learners may gain by working against this structure. Of course, since much of this thinking is incipient, there are certainly forks and deadends in what may unfold ahead, but there also will likely be unforeseen expansions and opportunities as well. A systematic view of machine learning in relation to knowledge and human language features — coupled with large-scale knowledge bases such as Wikipedia and Wikidata — can lead to faster and cheaper learners across a very broad range of NLP tasks .
What is a Feature?
A “feature is an individual measurable property of a phenomenon being observed” . It is an input to a machine learner, an explanatory variable, sometimes in the form of a function. Features are sometimes equated to attributes, but this is not strictly true, since a feature may be a combination of other features, or a statistical calculation, or an abstraction of other inputs. In any case, a feature must be expressed as a numeric value (including Boolean) upon which the machine learner can calculate its predictions. Machine learner predictions of the output can only be based on these numeric features, though they can be subject to rules and weights depending on the type of learner.
The importance of features and the fact they may be extracted or constructed from other inputs is emphasized in this quote from Pedro Domingos :
Many experienced ML researchers make similar reference to the art or black art of features. In broad strokes, a feature may be a surface form, like terms or syntax or structure (such as hierarchy or connections); it may be derived (such as statistical, frequency, weighted or based on the ML model used); it may be semantic (in terms of meanings or relations); or it may be latent, as either something hidden or abstracted from feature layers below it. Unsupervised learning or deep learning features arise from the latent form.
For a given NLP problem domain, features can number into the millions or more. Concept classification, for example, could use features corresponding to all of the unique words or phrases in that domain. Relations between concepts could also be as numerous. To assign a value to such “high-dimensional” features, some form of vector relationship is calculated over, say, all of the terms in the space so that each term can be represented numerically . Because learners may learn over multiple feature types, the potential combinations to be evaluated for the ML learner can literally be astronomical. This combinatorial problem has been known for decades, and has been termed the curse of dimensionality for more than 50 years .
Of course, just because a feature exists says nothing about whether it is a piece of information that might be useful for ML predictions or not. Features may thus prove to be one of four kinds: 1) strongly relevant; 2) weakly relevant; 3) irrelevant; or 4) redundant . Strongly relevant features should always be considered; weakly relevant may sometimes be combined to improve the overall relevancy. All irrelevant or redundant features should be removed from consideration. Generally, the fewer the features the better, so long as the features used are strongly relevant and orthogonal (that is, they capture different aspects of the prediction space).
A (Partial) Inventory and Taxonomy of Natural Language and KB Features
To make this discussion more tangible, we have assembled a taxonomy of feature types in the context of natural language and knowledge bases. This inventory is drawn from the limited literature on feature engineering and selection in the context of KBAI from the perspectives of ML learning in general [7, 8, 9], ML learning ontologies [10, 11, 12] and knowledge bases [13, 14, 15, 16, 17]. This listing is only partial, but does provide an inventory of more than 200 feature types applicable to natural language.
We have organized this inventory into eight (8) main areas, shown in non-italicized Bold, which tend to cluster into these four groupings:
- Surface features — these are features that one can see within the source documents and knowledge bases. They include Lexical items for the terms and phrases in the domain corpus and knowledge base; Syntactical items that show the word order or syntax of the domain; Structural items that either split the documents and corpus into parts or reflect connections and organizations of the items, such as hierarchies and graphs; or Natural Language items that reflect how the content is expressed in the surface forms of various human languages
- Derived features — are surface features that have been transformed or derived in some manner, such as the direct Statistical items or the Model-based ones reflecting the characteristics of the machine learners used
- Semantic features — these are summarized under the Semantics area, and reflect what the various items mean or how they are conceptually related to one another, and
- Latent features — these features are not observable from the source content. Rather, these are statistically derived abstractions of the features above that are one- to N-levels removed from the initial source features. These Latent items may either be individual features or entire layers of abstraction removed from the surface layer. These features result from applying unsupervised or deep learning machine learners.
Here is the taxonomy, again organized according to those same eight main areas:
|Cut-offs (top N)|
|Parts of speech (POS)|
|Graphs (and ontologies)|
|Metrics (counts, averages, min/max)|
|Semantics||[most also subject to Syntactical and Statistical features above)|
|Grouped concepts (topics)|
|Hypernym-based feature vectors|
|General semantic feature vectors|
|Mereology (part of)|
|Viewpoint (World view)|
|Many; dependent on method|
|Many; dependent on method|
|Many; dependent on method|
|Many; dependent on method|
This compilation exceeds any prior listings. In fact, most of the feature types shown have never been applied to NLP machine learning tasks. We now turn the discussion to why this is.
Mindset and Knowledge Bases
When one sees the breadth of impressive knowledge discovery tasks utilizing large-scale knowledge bases , exemplified by hundreds of research papers regarding NLP tasks utilizing Wikipedia , it is but a small stretch to envision a coherent knowledge base leveraging this content for the express purpose of making text-based machine learning systematic and less expensive. Expressed as an objective function, we now have clear guidance for how to re-organize and -express the source content information (Wikipedia, among others) to better support a ML learning factory. The idea of this and how it is driving Structured Dynamics‘ contracts and research is the mindset.
Rather than the singleton efforts to leverage knowledge bases for background knowledge, as has been the case to date, we can re-structure the knowledge source content underneath a coherent knowledge graph. This re-organization makes the entire knowledge structure computable and amenable to machine learning. It also enables the same learning capability to be turned upon itself (see image here), thereby working to improve the coverage and accuracy of the starting KB, all in a virtuous circle. Because of the mindset, we also can now look at the native structure of the KBs and work to expose still more features, providing still further grist to the next generation ML learners. Fully 50% of the features listed in the inventory in Table 1 above arise from these unique KB aspects, especially in the areas of Semantics and Structural, including graph relationships.
Many, if not most, of these new feature possibilities may prove redundant or only somewhat relevant. Not all features may ever prove useful, though some not generally used in many broader learners, such as case, may be effectively employed for named entity or specialty extractions, such as for copyrights or unique IDs or data types. Because many of these KB features cover quite orthogonal aspects of the source knowledge bases, the likelihood of finding new, strongly relevant features is high. Further, except for the Latent and Model-based areas, each of these feature types may be used singly or in combination to create coherent slices for both positive and negative training sets, helping to reduce the effort for labor-intensive labeling as well. By extension, these capabilities can also be applied to more effectively bootstrap the creation of gold standards, useful when parameters are being tested for the various machine learners.
Though the literature most often points to classification as the primary use of knowledge bases as background knowledge supporting machine learners, in fact many NLP tasks may leverage KBs. Here is but a brief listing of application areas for KBAI:
Surely other applications will emerge as this more systematic KBAI approach to machine learning evolves over the coming years.
Feature Engineering is an Essential Component
As noted, this richness of feature types leads to the combinatorial problem of too many features. Feature engineering is important both to help find the features of strongest relevance while reducing the feature space dimensionality in order to speed the ML learning times.
Initial feature engineering tasks should be to transform input data, regularize them if need be, and to create numeric vectors for new ones. These are basically preparation tasks to convert the source or target data to forms amenable to machine learning. This staging now enables us to discover the most relevant (“strong”) features for the given ML method under investigation.
In a KB context, specific learning tasks as outlined in Table 2 are often highly patterned. The most effective features for training, say, an entity recognizer, will only involve a limited number of strongly relevant feature types. Moreover, the relevant feature types applicable to a given entity type should mostly apply to other entity types, even though the specific weights and individually important features will differ. This patterned aspect means that once a given ML learner is trained for a given entity type, its relevant feature types should be approximately applicable to other related entity types. The lengthy process of initial feature selection can be reduced as training proceeds for similar types. It appears that combinations of feature types, specific ML learners and methods to create training sets and gold standards may be discovered for entire classes of learning tasks. These combinations can be discovered, tested and repeated for new specific tasks within a given application cluster.
Probably the most time-consuming and demanding aspect of these patterned approaches resides in feature selection and feature extraction.
Feature selection is the process of finding a subset of the available feature types that provide the highest predictive value while not overfitting . Feature selection is typically split into three main approaches [6, 21, 22]:
- Filter — select the N most promising features based on a ranking from some form of proxy measure, like mutual information or the Pearson correlation coefficient, which provides a measure of the information gain from using a given feature type
- Wrapper — wherein feature subsets are tested through a greedy search heuristic that either starts with an empty set and adds features (forward selection) keeping the “strongest” ones, or starts with a full set and gradually removes the “weakest” ones (backward selection); the wrapper approach may be computationally expensive, or
- Embedded — wherein feature selection is a part of model construction.
For high-dimensional features, such as terms and term vectors, one may apply stoplists or cut-offs (only considering the top N most frequent terms, for example) to reduce dimensionality. Part of the “art” portion resides in knowing which feature candidates may warrant formal selection or not; this learning can be codified and reused for similar applications. Extractions and some unsupervised learning tests may also be applied at this point in order to discover additional “strong” features.
Feature extraction transforms the data in the high-dimensional space to a space of fewer dimensions. Functions create new features in the form of Latent variables, which are not directly observable. Also, because these are statistically derived values, many input features are reduced to the synthetic measure, which naturally causes a reduction in dimensionality. Advantages from a reduction in dimensionality include:
- Often a better feature set (resulting in better predictions)
- Faster computation and smaller storage
- Reduction in collinearity due to reduction in weakly interacting inputs
- Easier graphing and visualization.
On the other hand, the latent features are abstractions, and so not easily understood as the literal.
In deep learning, multiple layers of these latent features are generated as the system learns. But latent passes may also be combined with observable features, which is one way that evaluations of what a document means can be applied across multiple input forms of the content.
Of course, it is also possible to combine the predictions from multiple ML methods, which then also raises the questions of ensemble scoring. Surely we will also see these more systematic approaches to machine learning themselves be subject to self-learning (that is, metalearning), such that the overall learning process can proceed in a more automated way.
Considerations for a Feature Science
In supervised learning, it is clear that more time and attention has been given to the labeling of the data, what the desired output of the model should be. Much less time and attention has been devoted to features, the input side of the equation. As a result, much needs to be done. The purposeful use of knowledge bases and structuring them properly is one of the ways progress will be made.
But progress also requires some answers to some basic questions. A scientific approach to the feature space would likely need to consider, among other objectives:
- Full understanding of surface, derived and latent features
- Relating various use cases and problems to specific machine learners and classes of learners
- Relating specific machine learners to the usefulness of particular features (see also hyperparameter optimization and model selection)
- Improved methods for feature engineering and construction
- Improved methods for feature selection
- A better understanding of how to select and match supervised and unsupervised ML.
Some tools and utilities would also help to promote this progress. Some of these capabilities include:
- Feature inventories — how to create and document taxonomies of feature types
- Feature generation — methods for codification of leading recipes
- Feature transformations — the same for transformations, up to and including vector creation
- Feature validation — ways to test feature sets in standard ways.
Role of a Platform
The object of these efforts is to systematize how knowledge bases, combined with machine learners, can speed the deployment and lower the cost of creating tailored artificial intelligence applications of natural language for specific domains. This installment in our KBAI series has focused on the role and importance of features. There is an abundance of opportunity in this area, and an abundance of work required, but little systematization.
The good news is that platforms are possible that can build, manage, and grow the knowledge bases and knowledge graphs supporting machine learning. Machine learners can be applied in a pipeline manner to these KBs, including orchestrating the data flows in generating and testing features, running and testing learners, creating positive and negative training sets, and establishing gold standards. The heart of the platform must be an appropriately structured knowledge base organized according to a coherent knowledge graph; this is the present focus of Structured Dynamics’ efforts.
In the real world, engagements always demand unique scope and unique use cases. Platforms should be engineered that enable ready access, extensions, configurations, and learners. It is important to structure the KBs such that slices and modules can be specified, and all surface attributes may be selected and queried. Mapping to external schema is also essential. Background knowledge from a coherent knowledge base is the way to fuel this.


When it comes to health we all know it’s very important as that’s one thing you can’t buy and it has huge impact on your wellbeing and life.
To maintain good health there are many steps you should take like regular light workouts, regular health checkups to detect any health issues before it gets too big to show symptoms, keeping things clean and bacteria & virus free, cure any minor disease or injury so it will not get serious, getting all necessary vitamins regularly…
With all of this it’s hard to control your health at a best level but at least you should do it on “good enough” level.
Do you know what has huge impact on your health? Food. No doubt about it.
We eat every day, several times during the day and food is major source for vitamins, energy and also negative things such as bacteria, viruses, cholesterol and many others that damages our bodies in different ways.
Eating healthy, natural & balanced food is the key to great health!
What is balanced food and why it matters
Balanced food or balanced diet as name suggests is a special eating ratio that includes different kinds of foods, each containing different sorts of vitamins and nutrients needed for your body.
We all have heard many times, vegetables are very healthy and beneficial for any human, but did you know if you’ll only eat vegetables and noting more you’ll not have supreme health? Even more, it increases chances for different diseases.
Also, meat has many necessary vitamins but only meat isn’t great either.
Each food type contains some short of vitamins, not all but you body needs all. The right choice is to eat all sorts of food so your body gets all vitamins.
Ideally, you should eat a lot of vegetables, good chunks of fruits, many milk products and some meat. You should quit eating junk food or fast food that’s made of many unhealthy ingredients in an unhealthy way.
You should take a good look at “unhealthy way” above, yes, how the food is made matter a lot!
You should avoid using too much oil while cooking and never use burnt oil again and again.
Also, you should always pay attention and make sure food is maximally cleaned and is cooked with great cleanliness.
Another side of balanced eating is to control how much you actually eat.
You should count calories and monitor how much calories you get & spend per day.
Generally, for women recommended daily calories is about 2000 cal. (nearly 8400 kilojoules) and for men about 2500 cal. (nearly 10500 kilojoules).
However, it’s important to know that if you’re physically active person, moving too much during the day or doing workouts, it’s recommended to get more calories so you’ll not loose weight(of course if you don’t want to).
If you have lazy daily routine and don’t have many physical activities, it’s recommended to reduce daily calories a bit so you will not get fat.
It should be noted that, being too fat or too sick is also very bad for health, so always look at your body mass index (BMI) and make sure you’re in golden range.
Note: Many people love to have cheese with everything. If you are a cheese lover then check this things which is for for cheese lovers.
What food is best for your health?
You should always eat foods that contain natural minerals and vitamins necessary for your body.
Make sure you eat copper rich foods that give your body minerals & production power for bones and connective tissues. Also copper is helping your body to absorb another necessary mineral – iron.
Some of the foods full of copper include asparagus, mushrooms and dark chocolate.
Iron rich foods are also compulsory for your body as iron is required to produce hemoglobin and hemoglobin is necessary substance red blood cells.
You can get a lot of iron from spinach, red meat and pumpkin seeds.
Protein is another very important product for your body as it’s used for numerous body processes including muscular tissue growth and feeding them.
Eggs, milky products, beans and oats are major source of protein.
It’s always a top priority to be healthy and stay that way, having good diet and eating healthy foods is a great way to avoid diseases, health issues and body weakness.
Always pay attention to what you eat and make sure you get all the components!


In general, cyber security tends to focus on protecting systems and data from attackers. In addition to this, securing communication from accidents and natural disasters is also considered to be an important element of cyber security. In this lecture, we will prepare a LAN (10BASE-T) that causes physical communication failure remotely. Participants will design and implement a robust protocol that enables communication in these faulty LANs, and compete for protocol resilience on various evaluation axes with a remote actual device.
Name: Michihiro Imaoka
Hiro Imaoka is a founder of Imaoca Engineering Office. He is also an FPGA developer, an embedded system developer, and a writer. He has been a Microsoft MVP since 2014 (Windows development), Security Camp lecturer since 2015, Security Camp producer since 2018, and a Sechack365 Trainer since 2020.


Conservation continues to be firmly on the political agenda. It is woven into the Scottish Land Rights and Responsibilities Statement which includes promoting the protection and enhancement of the environment, describing those who hold land rights as ‘stewards of Scotland’s land resource’.
Conservation also has a synergy with the concept of public goods (such as biodiversity, a stable climate, good air quality, flood prevention and mitigation). The increasingly prominent role which conservation has to play in the rural economy was brought into sharper focus in the Scottish Government’s A future strategy for Scottish agriculture: final report (31 May 2018) with its headline recommendation that: ‘Stewardship of the countryside should be a key part of future policy’ and include ‘purely public goods such as wildlife and carbon sequestration’. One of the few certainties arising from Brexit is that conservation and the promotion of public goods will be increasingly significant for rural support schemes in the medium term. Analysis of the Scottish Forestry Strategy Consultation at our seminar in October discussed key measures for the biodiversity and sustainability of Scotland’s forests, which go hand in hand with stewardship of the countryside.
In respect to wildlife, there is also the live question of whether to introduce a licensing scheme for driven grouse moors. Following the publication of a 2017 report by Scottish Natural Heritage analysing the fates of satellite tagged golden eagles in Scotland – which suggested that the disappearance of many tagged eagles was largely due to human intervention – the Scottish Government set up the Grouse Moor Management Group to examine the environmental impact of management practices such as muirburn, the use of medicated grit and mountain hare culls. The aim of the Group is to identify what can be done to balance the important contribution which grouse moors make to the rural economy with environmental sustainability and compliance with the law.
The Group is due to submit its final report by the end of June 2019. By that time we hope to have greater clarity on some of the broader political issues too.
This article appears in the Scottish Land & Business Winter 2018 issue.


As the biofuels industry continues to grow, acceptance within the community grows too.
In spite of this, some myths about ethanol, biodiesel and their renewable stablemates remain. Here we dispel those myths to prove once and for all the efficiency and effectiveness of biofuels.
Incorrect. Biofuels in Australia are produced from waste streams and by-products, so there is no conflict with food production or human consumption.
Fact. The vast majority of vehicles produced after 1986 can use blended fuels. For example, in 2009, 99.44% of the cars produced in Australia could take an ethanol blend. If you are still unsure, check with your vehicle manufacturer for confirmation.
Fact. You should always check with your manufacturer, but you can use blended fuels in virtually all vehicles, trucks and machinery and experience no problems whatsoever.
Incorrect. Biodiesel and diesel fuels burn quite similarly in diesel engines. In fact, biodiesel has some specific advantages, such as better lubricity, reduced engine and fuel pump wear and tear and, quite often, a longer engine life.
Incorrect. Biofuels produce significantly less CO2 emissions over the full life cycle of production through to use.
Incorrect. Biodiesel has a higher cetane number (which means higher ignitability) and actually combusts more completely because it has a higher oxygen content.
Fact: Biodiesel is a good solvent and will clean out the bad diesel fuel residues left in the fuel tank and lines. Because it is such a good solvent, this means that rubber fuel lines and gaskets might be degraded – but since 1990, most vehicles don’t have rubber fuel lines and gaskets.
Fact: In Australia, biofuels are produced from waste streams, so this is not an issue for Australian biofuels. However, the argument is often heard that biofuels are causing the destruction of Amazonian rainforests. The Amazon is as far away from Brazil’s biofuels production areas as the Vatican is from the Kremlin! Remember – what is true in other parts of the world is not true in Australia.
Fact: Biofuels do currently attract a lower excise rate than gasoline and diesel, in the same way as other fuels such as LPG and LNG. However, this lower excise is due to the lower energy content of the product and also to encourage the public to use alternative fuels that are better for the environment and reduce our reliance on the imports of oil. Most of this reduced excise is actually passed straight through to the consumer, so biofuels blended fuels are usually cheaper than non-blended options.
Fact: Incorrect. There are hundreds of other factors that affect food pricing though, including supply and demand, population growth, drought, floods, transport costs, regional pests, diseases, labour costs, taxes, a consumer’s personal choices, costs of oil, corporate profits and the like.
Fact: The opposite is true! Biofuels help your vehicle run more efficiently and cleaner, which results in lower emissions of particulates and noxious gases and better air quality in our cities.
Fact: Ethanol has a much higher octane rating than gasoline and at higher blends there can be a significant increase in power. As an example, the V8 Supercars in Australia use high octane fuels – ethanol fuels –in order to increase their power ratios.
Fact: You might find that a blended fuel increases your fuel consumption by a small amount, perhaps between 1 and 3%. However many other factors can also have an impact such as that percentage – individual driving styles, torque, roof racks and tow bars, tyre pressures and road conditions.
Fact: Most cars manufactured since 1986 to run on regular unleaded petrol (ULP) are recommended by their manufacturer as E10 compatible. In addition, BP in particular guarantees that its E10 product is fully compatible with any vehicle manufactured after 1986 that is designed to use regular ULP. Refer to the BP web site for further details and conditions of the BP fuel guarantee (View Guarantee PDF here). For vehicle manufacturers’ recommendations on the suitability of E10 for particular vehicles and for links to manufacturers’ web sites go to the Federal Chamber of Automotive Industries’ web site. It is important to note that the standard E10 that is available in NSW is a blend of 90% regular grade (91RON) unleaded petrol with 10% ethanol. It is designed as a replacement for regular ULP. Although E10 has a higher octane rating than straight ULP, it is not a substitute for premium unleaded petrol (PULP) which is 95RON or super premium 98RON. If your vehicle requires PULP, you should continue to use 95RON or 98RON petrol as recommended by the vehicle manufacturer. A number of fuel companies also offer premium blends containing 10% ethanol that do meet the requirements of high performance engines. If your vehicle is suitable for 10% ethanol you can safely use these premium ethanol blends.
Fact: It is always important to check with your vehicle manufacturer. However it should be noted that this is a problematic issue as most manufacturers will only warranty against their parts and workmanship. This means they will not warranty against ANY fuel, biofuels or otherwise. Generally warranties won’t cover problems caused by any external sources, but can’t be voided if the problem was unrelated. Most manufacturers do support lower blended fuels, but that doesn’t mean they necessarily prohibit higher blends.