Abstract: A brief summary; also used to refer to a type of periodical index that includes abstracts of articles.
Affiliation: A person or group of persons associated with another as a member of that organization or group.
Bias: A preference or an inclination which may induce impartial judgment.
Bibliographical Network: Groups of libraries joined together in a computer environment to share resources.
Bibliography: A list of references or works cited, usually given at the end of a scholarly article or other research material
Biographical: Pertaining to peoples' lives.
Bookmark: An electronic marker you make in a Web browser to permit you to gain quick access to frequently used Web pages.
Boolean: Combining search terms to either narrow or broaden a search of a computer database. Named after the 19th Century English mathematician Sir George Boole. See also Boolean Operators.
Boolean operators: The words AND, OR, and NOT, which are used to combine search terms.
Bound Periodicals: A collection of periodical issues (often, one year's worth) fastened together in a hard cover. In Perry Library, many volumes of periodicals have been bound and are available by call number on the second floor.
Browser: Software used to access Internet resources; Netscape and Internet Explorer are examples of Web browsers.
Bulletin Board: An E-mail messaging facility from which postings can be read by all subscribers.
Button (Radio): A graphical link on a Web page which will automatically perform a certain function or link to another Web page.
Call Number: The number used to identify a book or other library resource, its position on the library shelves, and its position relative to other books. The number appears on a label placed either on the spine or the front of a book.
CD-ROM: Compact Disc, Read-only Memory -a metal disc with information that cannot be changed, its capacity is equivalent to 1500 floppy disks. Many databases are published in this format.
Circulating material: A library item such as a book, sound recording, government publication, etc. that can be borrowed by a library user for use outside the library building.
Circulation Services: A library department which is in charge of checking materials in and out of the library and which issues library cards, maintains the order of shelving, maintains the Reserve area, collects fines, places search requests and recalls library items for library users.
Citation: The information necessary to find a specific article, book, etc. For articles, it usually includes author, title, journal title with volume, issue, and page numbers. For books, it usually includes author, title, publisher, place of publication, and year.
Cite (Citing): To quote an authority or example.
Computer Network: A group of computers interconnected using the same language or protocol to communicate with one another.
Controlled Vocabulary: Subject terms associated with a particular database or index - When doing a computer search, you often have the choice of using the database's own controlled vocabulary or thesaurus or using your own natural language in a keyword search.
Copyright: A procedure whereby the author of a book, article, piece of music, etc. has the exclusive rights to use that work.
Database: An electronic collection of information, usually in the form of individual records broken down into specific fields: PsycLIT is a database of materials about psychology. The Old Dominion University Libraries' online catalog is a database of all the materials owned by the library.
Digitization (digital, digitized): Converting analog information to a digital format - often refers to the process of converting an image (map, photograph, document), using a scanner, into digital representation so that it can be displayed on a computer screen and/or manipulated.
Domain: In a Web address or URL, it is the part of the address which lists the name of the computer where the Web site is stored.
Download: Transfer of data from a remote computer to a local machine or disk.
Electronic: Pertaining to material available on CD-ROM or over a computer network (such as the Internet).
Electronic Journal: A journal which is distributed and for which the full product is available over a computer network on in any other electronic form.
Electronic Mail (E-mail): A method of communicating rapidly and globally, using the Internet.
Evaluative Site: Web search tool which applies rating or evaluative criteria to the Web sites, including such factors as size, growth rate and currency of the database. Also referred to as a selective site.
File Transfer Protocol (FTP): The method used to transfer (copy) files from one computer to another on the Internet.
Floppy Disks: A mechanism to store data. The disk is 3.5 inches encased in a hard plastic case and coated with magnetic material. You will need a floppy disk drive on your computer in order to read and store the data.
Footer: Printed matter positioned in the margin at the bottom of a document which will be repeated on each page.
Full-Text: The full content of an article; the article itself.
General Collection: A title referring to a group of materials owned by Perry Library spanning the whole field of knowledge. This group of materials are available for check out by library users.
Government Publications: A title used in the Perry Library to denote all governmental materials sent to the library by the federal depository program.
Header: Printed matter positioned in the top margin of a document which will be repeated on each page.
Holdings: Materials owned by a library, including books, journals, videos, etc.
Home Page: The initial page of a World Wide Web site. The Old Dominion University Library's home page is at http://www.lib.odu.edu and leads to hundreds of additional pages on the library's Web server.
Hot Link (Link): A hypertext connection on the Internet which allows you to click on a highlighted word or words and move to another place on that page or elsewhere on the Internet.
Hypertext: The software technology on which the World Wide Web is based. It presents information in which selected words in the text can be linked to other related information on the Web. Hypertext allows you to follow information in a nonlinear way.
Hypertext Markup Language (html): The programming language used to create Web documents.
Hypertext Transfer Protocol (http): The set of rules (protocol) which enables the Web browser to communicate on the Web.
ILL: Abbreviation for Interlibrary Loan (see below)
Implied Operator: Refers to the absence of a Boolean operator when more than one word is used in a search tool. The space between each word defaults to either OR logic or AND logic depending on the search tool.
Imprint: The publisher, place of publication, and copyright date of a book
Index: A printed or electronic list of citations, usually arranged by subject and/or author, used to identify relevant research materials
InfoTrac: A commonly-used set of databases including Expanded Academic ASAP, General Business File, Health Reference Center, and others for which 30-40% of the articles listed are available in full-text format on the computer screen
Interlibrary Loan: A service that allows you to borrow materials from another library through your own library.
Internet: A widespread, worldwide network of educational, commercial, organizational, governmental and other networks.
Journal: A type of periodical, often issued by a society or institution, containing news, proceedings, transactions, and articles about work carried out in a particular discipline and intended for a scholarly audience.
Juvenile Collection: This collection refers to Perry Library's collection of children's books.
Keyword: Any word in a database (as opposed to subject headings that are selected from a controlled vocabulary, or thesaurus, and assigned to each record) - Keyword searching involves using your own words.
Link: A hypertext connection on the Internet which allows you to click on a highlighted word or words and move to another place on that page or elsewhere on the Internet - Sometimes called a hot link.
Location Box: The white form box used in a Web browser to indicate the URL (address) of a Web page or site. This box will also allow a searcher to type in a URL to go to another site or page.
Magazine: A type of serial publication that is intended for a general reading audience and which contains articles of popular interest - Examples: Time, Redbook, People, Newsweek.
Meta-Search Engines: A Web search tool which allows the searcher to run a search simultaneously in a number of search engines and compare the results. Also referred to as multi-engine search sites.
Microforms: A generic term for any medium, such as microfilm or microfiche, that contains images too small to be read by the human eye without the aid of a machine.
Microsoft Explorer: A popular Web browser developed by Microsoft.
Multi-Engine Search Sites: See meta-search engines definition.
Multimedia Computer: A computer which has allows the user to view and/or listen to video, high resolution color graphics, animation, and sound which is integrated into an interactive learning environment.
Music Score: The printed or written version of a musical work showing the parts for the participating voices or instruments on two or more musical staffs.
Netscape: A company that produces a popular Web browser.
News: A messaging system that encompasses thousands of ongoing discussions, called newsgroups, covering any topic. People can subscribe to any of these discussions or read them without participating. Also referred to as USENET.
Online Computer Library Center (OCLC): Established in 1967, OCLC was originally used to share resources and reduce costs of academic libraries in the state of Ohio. Today, there are over 15,000 participants worldwide. Their services include a union catalog (WorldCat) which contains over 27 million items owned by libraries around the world, an interlibrary loan system, a cataloging system, and reference services.
Online: Access to a computer system via telecommunications links - Access to online information is therefore different from access to information on CD-ROM or on paper.
Periodical: Material that is published or issued on a continual basis throughout the year, including magazines, journals, and newspapers.
Personal Identification Number (PIN): A set of up to thirty characters used to identify a library user at Perry Library. This number will allow access to certain library services such as Interlibrary Loan and enable users to access their own library records. Library users must create their own PINs by accessing the library's home page and following the directions for creating a PIN.
Plagiarism: The act of copying another person's work as your own without proper citation.
Primary Source: Definition 1: A report of original research written by the researcher
Definition 2: Original manuscripts, contemporary records, or documents created at the time an event occurred (newspaper accounts of an event, diaries, correspondence, etc.)
Ready Reference: A separate area behind the reference desk that contains reference works which are used frequently to answer questions of a factual nature.
Recall: A service used in Circulation Services which allows a library user to request the return of a library item which is currently out on loan.
Refereed Journal: A journal that uses a process in which research articles are reviewed and critiqued by a panel of experts in that field before publication.
Reference List: The listing of all the source material cited in a research paper. This listing is typed in accordance with the format of the style manual used throughout the paper.
Reserve: Course or non-course material set aside by an instructor or administrator of the University for limited use periods. Most materials are for in-library use only and cannot leave the building.
Scholarly Source: Information, especially journal articles, written by and for experts in a particular field of study.
Score: See Music Score definition.
Search tools: Databases created to help index Web pages. There are different types of search tools, and none of them will search the entire Web. It is advisable to search more than one tool to get an accurate picture of what is available on your search topic.
Secondary Source: A secondhand report about original research that is usually written by someone other than the original researcher - frequently a book, encyclopedia article, or magazine article.
Selective Sites: See Evaluative Sites for definition.
Serial: A publication that is issued in parts indefinitely over time; includes journals, magazines, almanacs, annual reports, etc.
Sound Recording: A term to indicate any audio recorded for such formats as LP (Long Playing), 45 rpm, and CD (Compact Disc).
Special Collections: An area in the Perry Library which houses archival materials connected with local history, people, university life, etc.
Status Box: The area designated in a online library catalog record that tells whether an item is available in the library or whether it is checked out.
Style Manual: A set of rules or guidelines to describe the format of the punctuation, quotation, and documentation of sources. Produced by scholarly organizations, such as the Modern Language Association (MLA) or American Psychological Association (APA).
Subject Directory: A search tool arranged in subject categories and using hierarchical menus. These tools include search boxes to allow searching within the structured database. Such directories involve a human element, which limits the size of the database and provides a level of quality control.
Subject Trees: A concept of indexing subject categories into sub-categories in a treelike structure. Searching in this type of structure proceeds via only one path, subdividing at a series of branches.
Superintendent of Documents Classification System: An alphanumeric system devised by the Superintendent of Documents and used to catalog and classify each government publication.
Telnet: A software program that uses a terminal emulation protocol for use over the Internet. This program enables a person to log in to networked computer systems.
Thesaurus: A list of standardized subject terms associated with a particular database or index.
Tilde: The symbol ~ located in the upper left of a standard computer keyboard and used frequently in Web addresses (Uniform resource Locators, URLs).
Truncation: A search technique that allows a symbol to substitute for any number of characters at the end of a word root. Example: comput* = computer, computers, computerization, computing, etc.
Uniform Resource Locator (URL): An address of a page on the World Wide Web.
USENET: See definition for News.
Virtual Library of Virginia (VIVA): A consortium of the libraries of the 39 state-assisted colleges and universities (at 52 campuses) within the Commonwealth of Virginia. This includes: 6 doctoral universities, 9 comprehensive institutions, and 24 community and two-year branch colleges. In addition, 32 independent (private, nonprofit) institutions participate where possible as full VIVA members, and The Library of Virginia participates as an Associate Member. VIVA's mission is to provide, in an equitable, cooperative and cost-effective manner, enhanced access to library and information resources for the Commonwealth of Virginia's academic libraries serving the higher education community.
Web Page: An html document as it appears in a Web browser.
Web Site: The group of html documents which includes all of the pages on a particular site represented by its home page.
World Wide Web (Web): A hypermedia-based system for accessing Internet resources.


What is the True Purpose of NGOs?
These days, we seem to hear the term ‘NGO’ more and more often. Sometimes it is used in a positive, and sometimes in a negative context. They are becoming the talk of the town – just like online gambling, for example – countless people are choosing to have fun in their free time with the William Hill Promo Code. Similarly, people are talking about NGOs more and more. This text should try and explain what is it that NGOs are supposed to be, as well as what their purpose is.
What are NGOs, anyway?
NGO is short for a non-governmental organization, that is, an organization that is free of the influence of the government of a country. Although they are free from the influence, non-governmental organizations can still be funded (or partially funded) by the government of a country. They usually function as clubs or associations that provide services, both educational and otherwise, to both their members and outside people. Although they do not have a limited field of work, they are most commonly based around doing humanitarian work, as well as social science or psychology. There is very little difference between NGOs and non-profit organizations (NPOs), as most non-governmental organizations function in such a way. The World Bank also makes a difference between two types of NGOs, operational and advocacy. Operational NGOs focus on projects of development, while advocacy NGOs are dedicated to promoting a particular cause. Although these organizations might sound relatively new to you, they have quite a bit of history behind them.
The history of NGOs
As previously mentioned, the term NGO can refer to any civic organization that is not funded by the government, which is why we can observe many organizations in history that functioned in such a way, and which were mainly concerned with women’s suffrage, the abolition of slavery, and other problems. However, the term itself became used only after the founding of the United Nations in 1945. The United Nations Charter, in Article 71, officially recognizes the existence of such organizations and defines them as entities that operate on a nonprofit basis, which are not opposition political parties, and which are free of any influence of the government of the country they operate in. NGOs, by that definition, can be local, national, or international.
How do they work?
Due to the fact that they are mostly nonprofit organizations, an issue of funding is crucial for their existence. They are mostly funded by donations, but there are cases in which NGOs are (partially) funded by the government. Due to these ways of funding, most NGOs operate as volunteer groups, as there are not enough funds for paid staff. However, due to controversies about their funding, some organizations, like Greenpeace, decline any donations that are government-related.
What is the purpose of NGOs?
NGOs’ primary goals are connected to humanitarian work –they usually work to help people who are impoverished, or who suffered some sort of natural disaster. This is usually done by collecting resources, or by engaging with other organizations in common projects for resolving these types of situations. They can also run smaller-scale projects which are directly focused on helping communities that are underdeveloped.


If you search online for what checks can I have for breast cancer?, the results will overwhelmingly encourage you to either self-examine or to have a mammogram.
To all intents and purposes, the scale of that message is so great that you would be forgiven for believing those two screening methods are the only options available if you really want to protect yourself from cancer.
There are all sorts of arguments that support self-examination and mammography and certainly a regular and frequent self-check of your breast health is a good habit to get into (and if you’re unsure how to check for lumps, this video is a useful practical guide).
But let’s be honest here: neither checking your breast health nor a mammogram is going to protect you from getting the disease – they’ll only tell you that you’ve already got it.
Even then, a mammogram is only accurate in 60% of screenings, with compelling evidence of high numbers of false positive screenings – where a mammogram gives a positive detection of cancer when, in fact, there is no cancer in the breast – a recurring theme in the ongoing debate around the suitability of mammography in the fight against cancer).
Yet for all the risks a false positive screening can bring – the likelihood of subsequent needless and risky biopsy procedures and the possibility of unnecessary and often catastrophically invasive treatments like chemotherapy and, in extreme cases, mastectomy – there are other disadvantages to this approach which are less well known and which the traditional cancer industry is less willing to talk about.
There is now strong evidence to suggest that not only can mammography play a role in causing cancer due to the aggressive manipulation the breasts undergo during screening, but also that it can encourage an existing tumour to metastasize – or spread – more quickly in other parts of the body.
Writing in the European Journal of Radiology in 2012, Dr Katharina Pachmann of the University of Jena, Germany, revealed the results of a clinical research experiment involving a broad range of women with and without a known case of breast cancer and with and without a history of mammography.
The results showed that of those women who had never undergone mammography, only 20% were shown to have disseminated tumour cells – in other words, cancerous cells circulating in the body.
By contrast, 91% (44 of 48) of those women who had previously undergone mammograms were shown to have rapidly circulating tumour cells.
This research is supported by other studies, suggesting the risks associated with mammography are not limited merely to inaccurate detection – which is bad enough – but also to a more rapid development of the disease where a tumour has been accurately identified in the breast.
A year ago, following three years of research, the Swiss Medical Board agreed to abolish the use of screening mammography in Switzerland due to concerns that the risks the procedure presented outweighed the potential benefits. Earlier this year a Danish study raised further questions about the value of mammography. America is also considering its position where breast cancer prevention is concerned.
Mammography is also bypassing a large number of women who are at genuine risk of cancer either because of the density of their breast tissue, or their age, or both.
Yet despite the apparently compelling reasons why mammography might not be the only way to tackle the challenge of breast cancer, the risk-free alternatives to mammography which could, at the very least, complement and augment existing screening process, are simply not part of any of the cancer industry’s communications strategy.
We are now in October, the month when, each year, the NHS and national charities beat the awareness drum, urging us to talk about breast cancer and to raise money to continue the fight against it.
Yet the irony is that the steadfast refusal of charities and the medical community to put information about natural, non-invasive and risk-free methods of screening in the public domain means the majority of women remain oblivious to the risks associated with the cancer industry’s preferred method of screening.
Perhaps, instead of Breast Cancer Awareness Month, October should instead be renamed Breast Cancer Unawareness Month.
To find out more about our risk-free, computer assisted Thermocheck breast thermography, visit our information page here


Looking for ways to be a great Tooth Fairy for your kids? GEDC sent us some awesome tips for being the best you can be!!
February 28th is National Tooth Fairy Day!
For hundreds of years, mystical legends, stories, and traditions have been shared about the loss of baby teeth. In some cultures, children’s teeth were buried in order to hide them from witches and evil spirits who would use the tooth’s powers for voodoo. The Vikings believed that children’s teeth had a magical power in them that would help them fight in battle. They would even pay their children for their lost baby teeth so that they could be used to string onto battle necklaces and other jewelry.
Over time, people began to share stories about a Tooth Mouse who would scamper around town and steal children’s teeth in the middle of the night. This story of the mouse soon transformed into the story of the Tooth Fairy, who would leave treasures under the children’s pillows in exchange for their lost teeth.
The traditions and legend of the Tooth Fairy are still practiced today all around the world. It is considered a useful practice by many parents because it gives their children something to look forward to when they lose their teeth. And so year after year, baby teeth are placed under children’s pillows at night in hopes of waking up to a wonderful surprise from none other than the Tooth Fairy!
- Leave Notes! The Tooth Fairy’s job begins before a tooth even falls out. Share brushing and flossing tips by leaving little notes on the bathroom mirror or send a Tooth Fairy note with lunch to remind your children to floss after their meal.
- Be fun with it and get creative! Make your children excited about the Tooth Fairy visiting! Try leaving a glitter trail from the window to the bed or leave a fun receipt. Consider leaving something extra special for teeth in good condition to encourage your children to take care of their teeth before they fall out.
- Encourage healthy eating! Educate your children on healthy foods for their teeth by having the Tooth Fairy leave a sample shopping list and recipes. Take your child to the store and have them help pick out the items to encourage healthy eating habits.
- Make dentist visits fun! Many young children fear the dentist, but use the Tooth Fairy to ease the fear. Have the Tooth Fairy send them a new tooth brush and toothpaste and practice so they become comfortable before their visit.


Gravity: the well of spacetimeliness
Early last century Einstein tackled a problem that everyone else thought was already solved: gravity.
Ever since Newton published his universal law of gravitation in 1687, anyone with a slide rule and a half decent education could calculate the force of gravity on a falling body or a planet in orbit.
Newton saw gravity as an attractive force between all bits of matter. So every speck of matter in the universe is literally attracting every other speck of matter to it. The heavier a thing is, the more attractive it is, and the force always gets stronger up close.
So you and planet Earth pull on each other equally, but because it's such a heavy lump of a planet, you're stuck to the Earth while even your most Newtonian attraction doesn't make it budge noticeably. But if a decent sized planet swung our way you'd soon see Earth moving towards the thing. So fickle.
Newton's gravity was beautifully simple, and his law had worked spectacularly well for calculating gravitational force for a couple of centuries. Obviously something had to be done!
Einstein tackled gravity from a completely different angle. Already on a roll with special relativity, where he showed that mass and energy were really two versions of the same thing (read more about E=mc2), he couldn't get the idea that gravity wasn't any different from uniform acceleration out of his head.
It started with an elevator in space.
Relativity, gravity and space elevators
Einstein's thinking went like this. If you're in a stationary elevator and you drop a ball (theoretical physicists never travel without one), the ball will fall to the floor of the lift at 9.8 metres per second per second — that's the rate of gravitational acceleration for everything that falls to Earth.
Now if some nefarious fiend cut the cables on your elevator, you and the ball would go into freefall. For a few seconds you'd both float in the elevator, because it's falling away beneath you just as fast as you're falling towards Earth. You'd experience the majesty of weightlessness, right up until your thigh bones rammed through your shoulders. But focus on the weightlessness people!
Meanwhile someone else is in another elevator way out in space that's accelerating upwards at 9.8 metres per second per second (clearly for all his genius the man couldn't imagine a rocket, let alone a Tardis). When they drop their compulsory travel ball, it will fall to the floor of their speeding elevator exactly the same way yours did — even though there's no gravity in sight. And if their space elevator came to a halt, your mate and their ball would go into weightlessness that looks and feels exactly like your freefall, minus the imminent skeletal realignment.
Most of us would just leave an idea like that right where we found it, maybe dragging it out for the odd philosophical dinner party. But Einstein wasn't one for leaving well enough alone. The idea that there's no difference between the effect of gravity and the effect of uniform acceleration became known as the equivalence principle. And together with the idea of spacetime, it's the basis of Einstein's take on gravity — his theory of general relativity.
Spacetime is where (and when) it's at, man
In Newton's world it's a gravitational force that causes bits of matter to accelerate towards each another. Einstein put the acceleration down to the fact that matter warps spacetime.
Spacetime isn't an actual thing, it's the geometry that the universe works in.
We're all used to space and to time — events always involve a where and a when. So the idea of four dimensions (the up/down, left/right and front/back of space, plus time) seems pretty straightforward.
But spacetime is more than just a bundling of coordinates. Space and time are part of the same deal: they mix and match and morph into one another. If you change space, you affect time. And the one thing that's guaranteed to mess with spacetime is matter.
Every bit of matter in the universe is distorting the bit of spacetime it exists in. And distortions in spacetime affect the way matter and energy (like light) move through space and time.
It's the mass of matter that's the real spacetime bender, so the heavier matter is, the more it distorts (or warps, curves or bends) spacetime. And thanks to E=mc2, the more energy a thing has, the more mass, so energy distorts spacetime too.
Planets make big dents in spacetime, and massive things like stars cause enormous wells — like the one in the two-dimensional diagram at the start of the story. It's hard to find a graphics program that renders four-dimensional spacetime accurately, but for our 2D-loving brains, this image shows how curved spacetime draws things towards massive objects. The rocket passing the star, and all who sail in her, will feel a strong pull towards it. That tug isn't a force, it's the acceleration you get when you scoot along a curved bit of spacetime. It's gravity. (Get your Play School craft gear and follow these instructions for a hands-on version of curved spacetime).
Curvy spacetime is a pretty out there explanation for gravity, and in science the wackier the idea, the more hard core the maths you need to back it up. Einstein had the heavy duty equations to explain his theory for anyone who could follow them. And in most situations his calculations gave the same results as Newton's much simpler law. But Einstein's gravity did much more.
Relativistic gravity applied beautifully when things got very fast (near light speed), or very massive (star size), where Newton's law was a dud. And it accounted for why light bends near massive objects (it does pretty much the same thing the alien tennis ball does in the diagram above). Newtonian gravity only applied to objects with mass — matter, not energy like light.
More impressive still, general relativity predicted the effect that gravity has on the time part of spacetime: time literally slows down in curvy spacetime. The curvier the spacetime, the stronger the gravity, the slower the time. It's called gravitational time dilation, and along with the other predictions it's been well and truly checked off the 'things to prove' list. In 2010 a couple of ridiculously accurate atomic clocks were set at slightly different heights, with one 33 centimetres higher than the other. The difference in the curvature of spacetime due to the Earth's mass was noticeable even over that ridiculously small distance — the higher clock will gain the equivalent of 90 billionths of a second over the next 80 years.
And there's another relativistic gravitational time dilation experiment that you conduct every time you use a GPS.
GPS relies on satellites orbiting high above us, where Earth's gravity is weaker (spacetime is less warped by Earth's mass the further away you go). So the ultra-precise atomic clocks in the satellites run 45 millionths of a second faster per day than clocks here on the ground, deep in the Earth's gravitational well. If those millionths of a second weren't taken into account when the satellite signals were synced, your GPS coordinates would be out by more than 10 kilometres. Between that and the annoying voices GPS would never have taken off.
Einstein's take on gravity has been incredibly successful from our dashboards to our space programs. It's gone where no Newtonian equation could go. And it might have been the end of the "what exactly is gravity?" question if it wasn't for one thing — it doesn't work or play well with the physics at the other end of the scale: the laws of quantum mechanics.
The two theories can't both be right. And no doubt Einstein would be happy to know that thousands of research physicists have been tackling the mismatch for almost a century, and the hunt for a single explanation of the massive and the tiny is still on. More on that next time.
Thanks to Prof David Jamieson from the School of Physics at The University of Melbourne.
Published 25 April 2012


Enjoy screenings and discussions of films featuring Buster Keaton, the acclaimed American film actor and director best known for his physical comedy, elaborate stunts and deadpan expression during silent films from the 1920s.
Learn about Keaton's unique approach to the art of motion pictures in this class led by Dr Richard J. Meyer, in cooperation with the Seattle International Film Festival, Scarecrow Video and Continuing Education at Seattle Central College.
Born into a vaudeville family in 1895, Keaton made 12 feature films and 19 two-reel comedies from 1920 to 1929.
It wasn't until the late 1950's that Keaton was rediscovered and then acknowledged significantly as Charlie Chaplin's only serious rival among the masters of silent comedy.
His reputation and persona was that of an extremely shy and private person and he became known as the "Great Stone Face."
His artistic principle was "getting a laugh without being too ridiculous."
In this class, explore the art of this fascinating artist, as well as the artistry of the early days of motion pictures during the heyday of silent films.
We will view and discuss early shorts and feature films including "Our Hospitality," "Sherlock, Jr.," and "The General."
- Become familiar with the art of Buster Keaton
- Understand the role of physical comedy in film
- Appreciate the medium of film and its early history originating in silent and black and white films
Who Should Take This Class?
- Movie lovers and film students and anyone interested in viewing and discussing films with others
- Anyone interested in comedy, character development and physical humor
- People interested in exploring early 20th century history and culture as depicted in film


Ask Dr. SETI ®
I have been told that a SETI candidate signal analyzed by Dr. Ragbir Bhathal in Australia came from the vicinity of Gliese 581g, a recently discovered Earth-like planet. Is there any truth to this?
The Doctor Responds:
Consider that the Milky Way galaxy contains 400 billion stars, more or less. Consider that the largest radio telescope on Earth, the Arecibo Observatory, can view only one part in 16 million of the sky at any given time. Divide the one number by the other, and you can see that, for any observation, there are, on average, about 25 thousand stars within its field of view -- most of which are (a) invisible to us on Earth, and (b) completely unknown to us, not even appearing in our star catalogs. The same principle is true, more or less, for any telescope, optical or radio. So, should a signal be detected coming from any direction, we have perhaps about a one in 25 thousand chance of saying which star was the source of that signal!
By the way, notwithstanding the comments of Steve Vogt, the discoverer of the exoplanet in question, Gliese 581g is not particularly Earthlike. Yes, it happens to be in its star's habitable zone, but there the similarity ends. This planet is tidally locked, with one side always facing its Sun, and the other side always pointed away from it. If Earth were in a similar predicament, we wouldn't even be having this conversation.
To be sure, Gliese 581g is a noteworthy discovery, being in its star's Habitable Zone. Unfortunately, the publicity and speculation surrounding this discovery is a fine example of journalistic exaggeration.
entire website copyright © The SETI League, Inc.; Maintained by Microcomm
this page last updated 9 October 2010
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Developers who use Visual Basic (VB) to build Windows applications are familiar with the concept of module-scope variables. If a variable is declared module-scope within a form, the variable exists and retains its value as long as the form is loaded into memory. Module-scope variables make it a trivial matter for a Windows application to retain data between interactions with the user. However, retaining this data, typically called state information or sometimes context information, is not a trivial matter for Web application developers.
HTTP and State Information
Retaining state information in Web applications is difficult because Web browsers use the HTTP protocol for communicating with Web servers; and HTTP is a stateless, request-response protocol. This means that the following processes happen each time a user clicks a hyperlink on a Web page:
The browser client establishes a connection to the Web server.
The browser sends the server a request.
The server processes the request.
The server sends a response back to the client.
The connection between the client and server is promptly closed.
The server forgets everything about the request it just processed, so it has no way of associating a request from a client with any previous requests from the same client. The server doesn't know when a user first enters a site or when the user leaves the site. When all a Web server had to do was to send static HTML pages, HTTP worked fine. But imagine trying to write a Windows application using nothing but event procedures and local-scope variables, and you get an idea of why this is problematic for Web application developers.
Any real Web application will need to retain state information, so Web application developers use several coding techniques to retain state. In this article, I'll discuss the five state retention techniques that are commonly used, along with the relative advantages and disadvantages of each.


The Field Experience Journal
Papers accepted for presentation at the National Field Experience Conference and other manuscripts may be submitted to Dr. Kim Creasy for review and consideration for publication in The Field Experience Journal.
The Man in the Maze is a type of unicursual labyrinth, represented in the basket making and silversmithing of the American Southwest, especially among the Tohono O’odham nation, characterized by seven concentric circles.
The twin themes of Life and Choice are commonly depicted in this type of labyrinth. The “Man in the Maze” was originally created as an illustration of the emergence story by the Tohono O’odham or Papago Indians of Southern Arizona.
The Man in the Maze has been adopted by many groups of people because of its symbolism of life’s cycles and eternal motion, and also of the choices we are confronted with. The right choices lead us to a point of harmony with all things, no matter how hard or long the road taken.
The O'odham began employing the man-in-the-maze pattern in their basketry in the early 1900s. The motif has come to serve as an icon for the O’odham people. The human-like figure is the O’odham Elder Brother, I’itoi.


Parents Should Lead By Example in Weight Loss, Study Finds
When parents shed pounds, overweight kids on weight-loss plan slimmed down, too
THURSDAY, March 22, 2012 (HealthDay News) -- Losing weight themselves is the best way for parents to help their children shed excess pounds, new research suggests.
The study included 80 parent-child sets with an overweight or obese 8- to 12-year-old. The participants took part in a parent-only or parent/child treatment program for five months.
The researchers assessed the effectiveness of three types of parenting skills taught in the family-based treatment programs for childhood obesity. The skills included: leading by example, or parents who took steps to lose weight themselves; changing the home food environment; and parenting style, such as encouraging the child to take part in the weight-loss program or helping limit what the child ate.
As in previous studies, this one found that parents' weight loss was the only significant predictor of children's weight loss.
"The No. 1 way in which parents can help an obese child lose weight? Lose weight themselves," Kerri Boutelle, an associate professor of pediatrics and psychiatry at the University of California, San Diego, said in a UCSD Health Sciences news release. "In this study, it was the most important predictor of child weight loss."
The findings were published online in the journal Obesity.
"Parents are the most significant people in a child's environment, serving as the first and most important teachers," said Boutelle, who is also head of the eating disorders behavioral treatment program at Rady Children's Hospital in San Diego. "They play a significant role in any weight-loss program for children, and this study confirms the importance of their example in establishing healthy eating and exercise behaviors for their kids."
About 31 percent of children in the United States -- between 4 million and 5 million kids -- are overweight or obese, according to recent data.
The U.S. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases explains how parents can help overweight children.


This article reviews the economics literature on the impacts of forced migration. The literature is divided into two parts: impacts on forced migrants and impacts on host communities. Studies exploring the impact of forced migration due to WWII suggest that the long-term impact is often positive. The literature for developing countries suggests that there are serious consequences of forced migration for those forced to migrate. These consequences range from worse labour market outcomes to less consumption smoothing. The impact on host communities seems to be mixed and there are winners and losers. The article provides suggestions for future research.
Ruiza, Isabel and Carlos Vargas-Silva (2013) ‘The Economics of Forced Migration‘, The Journal of Development Studies 49(6): 772-784


L.3 Apply knowledge of language to understand how language functions in different contexts, to make effective choices for meaning or style, and to comprehend more fully when reading or listening.
L.4 Determine and/or clarify the meaning of unknown and multiple-meaning words and phrases by using context clues, analyzing meaningful word parts, word relationships, and consulting general and specialized reference materials, as appropriate.
L.1.4 Determine and/or clarify the meaning of unknown and multiple-meaning words and phrases based on grade 1 reading and content, choosing flexibly from an array of strategies: context clues, word parts and word relationships.
L.6 Acquire and use accurately a range of general academic and domain-specific words and phrases sufficient for reading, writing, speaking, and listening at the college and career readiness level; demonstrate independence in developing vocabulary knowledge when encountering an unknown term important to comprehension or expression.
L.1.6 Use words and phrases learned through conversations, reading, and being read to, including common conjunctions.


Testing of chemical weapons occured at a cite called B2-Namous in Algeria [possibly located at 33°56'N 2°25'E]. No other locations associated with the French chemical weapons program are reported in the readily available open literature, though surely there must have been many.
France probably destroyed its chemical weapon stockpile before signing the Chemical Weapons Convention. French President, Mitterrand claimed in a 1988 speech to the United Nations that France had no chemical weapons, and would produce none.
The Office of Technology Assessment included France in a list of countries that have admitted to having had "offensive [biological] weapon munition supplies or development programs in the past."


A driver, or hardware driver, is needed so that computer devices like the mouse, monitor or video card, can communicate with the operating system. The Windows operating system ships with a huge number of drivers, which means that some users do not have to install a single third party driver to get all of their hardware properly working during and after installation.
If Microsoft would not include support for thousands of devices by default, you would have to supply those drivers during installation. Last time I had to do that was when I installed Windows XP SP2 on a SATA hard drive. I had to load the SATA driver during installation so that Windows identified the hard drive correctly.
Default drivers may be all you need to work with your operating system, but if you experience device related problems, or want additional functionality, then third party drivers and driver updates are your best bet. One example: While it is perfectly fine to use the standard Windows keyboard driver with your shiny new media keyboard, you may want to use the media or macro keys on your keyboard, which you probably can't with the standard driver. That's where you may want to update the hardware driver of the keyboard to get that functionality.
But it is not all about new functionality. It can also be about performance or stability. Video card drivers usually improve the card's performance with every update. Gamers benefit from those updates, as do users who rely on their video cards for other tasks, for instance video editing or recording.
The first thing that you need to do is to identify the manufacturer and model of the device. The model is especially important, as manufacturers often release different versions of a hardware which may use different Windows drivers.
I'm going to show you manual and automatic ways of looking up model and manufacturer of devices in Windows.
Manual hardware identification
The information about model and manufacturer may be out in the open, for instance engraved on the computer mouse or wireless router, or hidden from sight if the hardware is internal. The receipt or instructions manual may reveal information about hardware as well. Still, there is usually no way around diving into the Windows Device Manager to get detailed information about the PC's hardware and devices.
The following guide is based on the Windows 7 and 10 operating systems. Users of previous Windows operating systems will however find lots of similarities.
You find a listing of all devices that are currently connected to the PC. The devices are sorted into various categories like network adapters, display adapters or DVD/CD-Rom devices. You need to double-click on the name of the hardware group or a single-click on the arrow.
Sometimes, that is all you need to do to identify the hardware model right away. If you look at the screenshot above, you see that my computer has an NVIDIA GeForce GTX 470 display adapter. Now, this does not really tell you anything about the manufacturer of the card, only that it is based on NVIDIA hardware. This is different from other hardware like the devices listed under disk drives, where you see the manufacturer directly.
Display drivers are special, as you often have the choice between NVIDIA's reference drivers that get updated frequently, or drivers by the card's manufacturer who may not update the drivers that frequently but sometimes have additional features built-in that are not available if the reference drivers are installed.
Keep the device manager window open and fire up a web browser to find and download the drivers.
I tend to install the reference drivers because of frequent updates. Now that you have found the name and model of your hardware you need to locate the latest drivers on the Internet.
A good start is an Internet search for that name and model number followed by drivers, for instance Geforce GTX 470 drivers. You can also search for manufacturer and drivers, for instance Logitech drivers or Ati drivers. Another possibility is to search for the homepage of the manufacturer instead, e.g. Samsung homepage or Intel homepage.
The domain names usually include the company name, e.g. nvidia.com or logitech.com. These sites usually link to drivers on their homepage. If you cannot find a drivers link try the downloads section or support section instead.
Locate the driver for your device and operating system, and compare its version number to the version installed on your computer. Sometimes you do not know which driver version you have installed. You can find that out under the Drivers tab of the device properties.
Compare the driver version and date to the latest version displayed on the driver download website. If the version on the website appears to be newer, download it to your computer.
You can alternatively use a third party website like Driver Zone to locate the right device drivers for your hardware.
You can simply double-click on the downloaded driver to install it on the system. That's usually all it takes. Some cautious users may want to uninstall the active device driver first before they install the new one. This can be done by selecting Driver > Uninstall from the hardware's properties dialog in the Windows Device Manager. Sometimes you may need to restart the computer after you have installed the new driver.
Software can assist you greatly when it comes to updating device drivers. A free program like Hardware Info 32 displays valuable information that the Windows device manager does not. You get information like the name of the company that sold the video card, or the exact motherboard version.
This makes it a lot easier to find the appropriate drivers on the Internet.
There is also software that can scan the computer for hardware and drivers, and compare those drivers versions to an online database. Device Doctor is a free application that can do that. Just start the program, select Scan from the list and you get a list of available driver updates with download buttons.
Some words of advice though. You should compare the drivers that are offered by applications like Device Doctor with the version and model installed on your computer to avoid installing the wrong or outdated drivers. I'd also refrain from installing chipset drivers this way.
Let me know how you update your hardware drivers in Windows.Advertisement
Ghacks is a technology news blog that was founded in 2005 by Martin Brinkmann. It has since then become one of the most popular tech news sites on the Internet with five authors and regular contributions from freelance writers.


The Key to Balancing Extracurricular Activities and Homework
When a student is still young, balancing hobbies and sports is not difficult. Parents are usually available to take their child to the activity, and the sport or hobby is probably not serious enough to cause conflict with school assignments.
But in high school or college, extracurricular activities may have greater importance. Some students become more involved because such pursuits may be their ticket to a scholarship in college or even a way to turn pro. If not scholarship or career-related, then such activities may be important because of the relationships within the club, making each project meaningful.
The problem, however, is balancing time for homework and such extracurricular activities. If that is you, the following are some things you can do.
- Do your assignments right away
If you want to ensure that homework does not interfere with your extracurricular activities and vice-versa, do your assignments right away. As soon as you get home and have a refreshing snack, it is best to start. This should be the case even if the assignment’s due date is still several days or weeks away - something that happens a lot in college. The faster you finish, the fewer worries you will have.
- Plan your days
The key to starting right away is planning your daily or even weekly schedule. Similar to a busy business executive, you need to plan when you will practice and how you can squeeze homework in during your free time. In high school, this may mean setting aside evenings and even a good part of your weekend to ensure work is done. In college, this means taking advantage of the breaks between classes to complete work for each subject before more homework is assigned in another class.
- Think of the bigger picture
The older you get, the more distractions there are. As you balance assignments and team practices, many people will invite you out for some fun. It can be very tempting to feel that you are not making the most out of school because of your assignments. Should this be the case, remind yourself constantly about the bigger picture.
This might mean staying on the team, as some sports programs require athletes to maintain certain grades, or graduating with honors, which can boost your chances of getting a high-paying job. So sacrifice a bit now so that you can reap the benefits in the future.
- Get enough rest
Many older students think the best way to get everything done is to sacrifice their sleep. So they continue to practice, attend meetings, do their homework, and squeeze in some fun instead of sleeping early. While you might be able to survive for a few days or maybe even for a week or two, the lack of sleep will eventually catch up with you, causing your body to break down. So ensure you get enough rest so that you can truly manage everything.
It is a blessing to be a student involved in important activities at school. But if you want to maintain what you are doing while still doing well in your studies, consider the key points above to ensure you can do both.


Whether you do this activity at the beginning of the school year for a back to school icebreaker, or in fall, for October or November, this owl craftivity, is a wonderful way to get to know your students, or for students to get to know their classmates better. Completed projects make an adorable bulletin board. A caption could be: "Owl Stars!"
Have your current students make this owl writing prompt "craftivity" for your next year's students. Packet includes bookmarks, with templates for preschool through 3rd grade, plus a blank pattern.
This owl craftivity is an interesting and fun alternative to making a school memory booklet. Packet includes templates for preschool through 3rd grade, plus a blank one to fill in with whatever.
Review shapes on Earth Day with this sweet owl. Packet includes the patterns to make the owl poster and a writing prompt to glue to the back, plus color or black and white Give a hoot owl bookmarks.
Here are 5 more fall-themed shape matching games. Print, laminate and trim. Students place the colored shape tile on to the matching shape on the leaf, spider, bat, owl, or turkey card. I've included a blank template for each theme, so you can program with more shapes or whatever.
Here are 5 more fall-themed, matching number to number word games. Print, laminate and trim. Students clip a clothespin to the number that matches the number word on the card. These are great for Daily 5 word work activities. I've included a blank set of cards for each theme, so that you can program them with higher numbers or whatever else you'd like your kiddo's to practice.
Help reinforce number (1-10) recognition, sequencing, and skip counting by 10's, as students use fine motor skills and advanced thinking, to put the numbered fall puzzles together. You can also use the puzzles to make an autumn flip and find booklet. (See photo.) There are 12 different puzzles, with numbers 1-10, as well as 12 matching puzzles, with skip-counted numbers by 10's.
8 pages. Common Core State Stadards: 1.MD.3a
Print, laminate and trim for a wonderful review & assessment tool. This digital owl clock, makes a nice companion to the analog owl clock.
Why not have your students help create the decorations for your classroom with this cute owl-themed banner. On the 1st day of school, when things are hectic, it's nice to have an independent activity that students can do.
This is a quick and easy icebreaker for the 1st week of school, that will help students learn about each other, or later in the year, when kiddos writing skills have improved. Completed projects make a cute bulletin board. I've provided a large owl with the questions, for you to display in the middle of the board with your students' owls surrounding it.


THE MANDELA EFFECT
Remembering Something That Didn’t Happen
There are many mysteries in the world.
Some ancient ones, some we haven’t even discovered yet, but the one thing that’s true about all of them is that they make for fascinating stories and questions.
Here we explain a phenomenon you may have experienced without even realizing it.
It is called the “Mandela effect” and is one of the world's mysteries, still visible today.
Origins And Examples
The Mandela Effect is the situation in which multiple people believe something has happened when in reality, it hasn’t.
This strange occurrence of mass misconception can be seen in as few as two people and as many as thousands.
The term itself was first coined in 2009 and carried the name of the famous African president Nelson Mandela.
A woman shared her belief that he had died in the 1980s in prison, and she found that a very large group of people believed the same.
They all had identical memories of the tragic event being covered in the news as well as his wife’s speech.
However, this never happened, and at the time, Nelson Mandela was very much alive.
After she shared what she had found, many more examples of similar misconceptions surfaced.
As it turns out, people often confuse the spelling or wording of famous people’s names or art.
For instance, you may think that the famous line from Snow White is “Mirror, mirror on the wall, who’s the fairest of them all?” however, the original starts with “Magic mirror on the wall” instead.
A different example is the spelling of the Berenstain Bears - some people are sure that the first word has an “e” instead of an “a.”
Perhaps one of the weirder phenomena, however, is that a large group of people are sure that New Zealand is located northeast of Australia instead of southeast.
It turns out that something as big as an entire landmass isn’t safe from being misremembered.
Possible Explanations And Theories
So, how and why does this happen?
The creation and usage of false memories are likely what causes the Mandela Effect.
How this works is rather complicated, but we will try to explain it briefly here.
The storing and retrieving of memories similar to each other happens in relatively the same place in the brain.
The “storage space” for a set of similar memories (like the names of different rivers and lakes) is called the schema, and it works by creating groups of information that are somehow linked.
So when we try to remember the specific name of a river, for example, we work with relatively the same neurons as those connected with the names of lakes.
This is why we may confuse the two without ever considering it - because they are so similar, we virtually make no difference between the two.
In the case of Berenstein or Berenstain, our brains might just make the deduction that it is spelled in a first way because it looks more organic or because there are many other words with that suffix.
Another important fact is that when memories are recalled instead of reestablished perfectly, they are more easily changed.
Hence the more we misremember something, the more likely it is that we will continue to do so.
As a bonus, it has been shown that our brains tend to go through a process called confabulation.
This is the scientific term for when we fill in blanks from our memories to make more sense of them.
For instance, if we try to recall a trip from 20 years ago, we will likely remember the time spent there instead of the road itself.
Sometimes our brains fill in these gaps with the most likely option.
In this case for instance we might remember that we traveled by car, even though it was actually a bus, simply if we usually travel with one over the other.
Our brains consider the probability of certain possible facts, and if we don’t have a specific memory, they tend to go for the option, most likely even if it isn’t actually true.
Another important detail we should mention is the process known as “priming.”
This is the difference between asking, “Did you see the black cat?” and “Did you see a cat?”.
When we hear the first question, we will subconsciously try to prove that all of the information is correct, while with the second, this is not the case.
Therefore we might answer “Yes.” to the first one even though the cat we actually saw was orange.
So what exactly is the Mandela Effect?
It is the phenomenon of the false collective memories of a group of people.
It can occur with seemingly anything - from letters and numbers to facts about events and people.
There is no definite and concise explanation for why this occurs. However, it is most likely a mix of a few mechanisms in our psychology.
Regardless of what the Mandela Effect reaches, however, it is still a fascinating occurrence, reminding us that our memory is far from perfect.


1930 - 1939
Puget Sound Pulp and Timber Company is built at the foot of 26th Street, once the site of the Everett Flour Mill Company, beginning more than 80 years of pulp and paper production in Everett. But hard economic times during the Great Depression force the company to later sell to Soundview Paper Company, which continues into the 1950s under that name. The site later becomes Scott Paper Company, then the Kimberly-Clark mill.
The Everett Yacht Club opens a new clubhouse on land leased from the Port. The two-story building sits on a bayside site just west of the Great Northern Railway Depot, near Pier 2/City Dock. A lighthouse tower (replete with a blue and white blinker light) anchors the club’s northeast corner.
Local morale gets a boost when the USS Constitution (“Old Ironsides”), on a tour of Pacific Coast ports, visits Everett — docking at Pier 1 from July 7th to the 14th. The striking, wooden-hulled, three-masted heavy frigate is on a three-year tour around the country as a public “thank you” to everyone who, from 1925 to 1930, helped raise nearly $1 million to restore the deteriorating vessel, which was built in 1797. Nearly 56,000 people visit the frigate during its time in Everett. (The Constitution, the oldest commissioned ship in the United States Navy and a National Historic Landmark, is now harbored in Boston.)
The Everett Yacht Club buys the Black Prince from the American Tug Boat Company for one dollar. The sternwheel steamer is placed on a permanent cradle next to the club’s building; in 1936 it becomes the Yacht Club’s official meeting room.
An immense fire razes the shuttered Clough-Hartley Shingle Mill located at the foot of 18th Street on the bayfront. A 40-mile per hour gale wind reportedly whips flames through the structure; it takes firefighters several hours to control them. The building was mostly empty — the business closed in 1929 and its machinery had been removed. The flame’s sparks landed in a log basin between 14th and 18th streets.
Local commercial fishermen, based near the Everett Yacht Club and the old City Dock (at the Port’s Tract M) at the time, propose that the Port build a net drying and storage shed. The Port agrees and sets them up with facilities at Tract O, at the foot of 21st Street.
Pacific Coast members of the American Federation of Labor’s International Longshoremen's Association (ILA) form the International Longshoremen’s and Warehousemen’s Union (ILWU).
After the bayfront Weyerhaeuser Mill A is converted to a pulp mill, the Gothic-style Weyerhaeuser Office Building is saved — and moved by barge to the company’s Mill B site on the Snohomish River on the north side of Everett. (The building will serve as office space until that mill closes in 1979.)
The Fishermen’s Packing Corporation co-op, organized on the Everett waterfront in 1928, relocates north to Anacortes, Washington.
The new Norton Avenue viaduct over the Great Northern Railway tracks at 22nd Street is built for $60,000, easing vehicle access to the waterfront.
The Port Commission approves $190,000 in bonds for the enlargement of Tract O, the new commercial fishing moorage site.
Adjusting to the Great Depression
The Great Depression took its toll on the people and businesses along the Everett waterfront, along with the rest of the country. Some new businesses, such as the Puget Sound Pulp and Timber Company, joined the waterfront. Others, such as Weyerhaeuser Mill A, adjusted their operations. And some industries floundered; by 1937, Super Shingle (later named Super Mill Company) was the only remaining mill
on the 14th Street Dock. The Port of Everett saw opportunity though, and began acquiring property along the dock from private owners.
The 1930s brought an end to most of the “Mosquito Fleet” steamers, which became obsolete because of their outdated machinery, as well as the addition of new roads throughout the region. And the privately owned Black Ball Line offered diesel/electric-powered car and passenger ferries; they established regular routes, including one that docked at Mukilteo, where the Port owned a landing.
Interest in recreational boating grew steadily and the Everett Yacht Club responded, building a two-story clubhouse at the south waterfront in 1931 (today the site of the Port’s cement storage dome). The Yacht Club later tacked onto the structure the retired steamer the Black Prince, putting the dry-docked vessel into service as a distinctive meeting room and annex.
The commercial fishing industry was settled in nearby, too, west of the Great Northern Railway between Piers 1 and 2 at what was called “Tract M.” In the 1930s, reportedly more than 800 men earned their living at sea, trolling for the area’s rich catch, which included salmon, halibut, ling cod and crab. Around 100 purse seiners, tenders and scows operated for the Fishermen’s Packing Corporation co-op, which
had organized on the south bayfront in 1928 — though by the end of the 1930s the group had moved to Anacortes, Washington, to save on costs.
Discussions between the fishermen and the Port on how to improve their base at Tract M were ongoing throughout the decade, however. In 1932, fishing boat owners asked about improving their mooring facilities and adding storage. The Port’s facilities at Tract M were used by the purse seine fleet for winter storage, and boats were hauled up to dry and undergo repairs there as well. But the area was crowded,
so in 1937 fishermen lobbied for a net shed — a space for them to stash and work on their seine nets and other fishing gear. The Port agreed to provide some sheds, and in 1938 it did so when it moved the fishing operation north to “Tract O” bayside at the foot of 21st Street (now part of Naval Station Everett).
Dredging and filling projects ramped up throughout the decade as well; federal funding was used to remove silt from the basin south of the 14th Street Dock, creating a deep harbor. (That silt, as with many other dredging projects, was pumped over to Jetty Island.) The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers also helped with the removal of shoaling in the upper harbor. This material was used to fill in the area underneath and around the old wooden pilings of the Norton Avenue trestle, creating a smoother, more permanent waterfront thoroughfare. And in 1938, a new Norton Avenue viaduct over the Great Northern Railway tracks at 22nd Street was built, furthering improvement to the flow of waterfront traffic.
And finally, at the Seaport, in 1937 the International Longshoremen’s and Warehousemen’s Union (ILWU) was formed — a group that brought together a mix of former Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) and International Longshoremen’s Association (ILA) members. The ILWU primarily represents dock workers on the West Coast of the mainland United States, and in Hawaii, Alaska and British Columbia, Canada. Today, more than 14,200 ILWU workers are employed at West Coast ports, and Locals 32, 98 and 52 all serve the
Port of Everett, respectively as longshoremen, walking bosses/foremen, and marine clerks.


The Conception Calculator assesses the conception windows and the corresponding due date based on your personal biological cycles. Conception is the initiation of pregnancy, or when an egg and sperm form a union. It normally occurs in the ampulla of the uterine tube. In vitro fertilization (IVF) is a process by which conception occurs outside the body. If conception occurs via sexual intercourse, sperm can normally live inside a woman for three to five days, or up to seven days. However, sperm mobility decreases after three days. The best time to get pregnant is during the three-day "window", or two days before to the ovulation day.
|Best Intercourse Days||Possible|
|06/08/2016 - 06/12/2016||06/06/2016 - 06/12/2016||06/06/2016 - 06/16/2016||03/03/2017|
|07/06/2016 - 07/10/2016||07/04/2016 - 07/10/2016||07/04/2016 - 07/14/2016||04/01/2017|
|08/03/2016 - 08/07/2016||08/01/2016 - 08/07/2016||08/01/2016 - 08/11/2016||04/29/2017|
|08/31/2016 - 09/04/2016||08/29/2016 - 09/04/2016||08/29/2016 - 09/08/2016||05/27/2017|
|09/28/2016 - 10/02/2016||09/26/2016 - 10/02/2016||09/26/2016 - 10/06/2016||06/24/2017|
|10/26/2016 - 10/30/2016||10/24/2016 - 10/30/2016||10/24/2016 - 11/03/2016||07/22/2017|
The results of this calculator are estimation based on average.
Understanding the Fertility Window
The "fertility window" is a scientific fact: You have a better chance of becoming pregnant during the three-day "window,", or two days before the ovulation day. But it's all part of a much bigger process.
Love and Childbearing
The desire to have a child is all about love, for your partner, and for the child you will watch grow up.
Deep as this desire is in most couples, life often gets in the way. We suffer stress and worry from our work; we have little time as we try to deal with the day-to-day distractions and chores. The result is, we do not find time or have the feeling for making love as much as we might like to.
Yet, the first thing to know when you are trying to have a baby is that regular sex with your partner is the best preparation of all. When you are trying to have a baby, you should make love regularly - at least 2 to 3 times a week - even when you do not necessarily believe you are fertile or are near your ovulation day.
Regular lovemaking prepares the woman's body for childbearing, and raises the hormonal level associated with it. Low fertility itself is directly associated with lowered feelings of sexuality. Lifestyle and relationships all enhance the chances of conception.
Regular lovemaking also creates more favorable conditions in the vagina. The presence of fertile-quality (or egg-white) cervical mucus fosters fertility. Moreover, the favorable vaginal conditions will assist in protecting the sperm and extending sperm life-span. In effect, fertile cervical fluids should extend the fertile window by creating a "sperm-friendly" environment in your vagina.
Making the Fertility Window Work for You
With a pattern of regular lovemaking achieved, the next thing to do is identify that handful of days directly prior to, and including the day of ovulation. Identifying this "window" will significantly boost your chances of conception.
This means tracking your personal biological cycle. One of the most effective ways to do this is with our conception calculator. Note the first day of your last period. Then note the length of the cycle to the next period. With those data, you can input the numbers into the calculator and get a list of the best days for intercourse and conception.
You can help the process along by keeping a basal body temperature chart. Tracking your basal body temperature and your cervical mucus can help you get pregnant. The patterns you see month after month can help you predict ovulation – and once you know when you're likely to ovulate, you can have sex (or plan insemination) at the best time for conceiving.
Your basal body temperature is the lowest body temperature in a 24-hour period. To get an accurate reading, you must take your temperature when you first wake up in the morning, before you even sit up in bed. And you'll need to use a basal thermometer (available at most pharmacies) which is sensitive enough to measure minute changes in body temperature. Try to wake up and take a reading at about the same time each morning.
Before ovulation, your basal body temperature will be in normal range – from about 97.2 degrees to about 97.7 degrees Fahrenheit. Two or three days after you ovulate, the temperature will rise by about one-half to one degree, and it will remain at that level until you have your period.
As for your cervical mucus, when your period is over, you'll most likely be dry for several days. After that, you'll start to have cloudy mucus that's a bit like sticky paste.
A few days before ovulation, the mucus will become clear and slippery, very much like raw egg white, and you'll have more of it. This lasts until the day of ovulation.
As you track these changes in both body temperature and cervical mucus, you'll begin to make out your own biological pattern. You'll know, more or less, when to expect these changes. Working with the calculator, and this tracking, you'll be able to vastly increase your chances of becoming pregnant.
If you've been keeping track for a few months and you find that you ovulate on a different day each month of the cycle, (for example, day 14, then day 17, then day 12), you need to make use of a combination of the signals. Perhaps your cervical mucus changes on a certain day before you ovulate. Or you note a particular change in temperature. A pattern of one type or another usually emerges if you track carefully and accurately.
Follow Your Feelings
Many women find the tracking process attractive, as a means to get closer to their own bodies.
But some women find the charting too stressful. With so many things to worry about in life, they may not care to add another.
If stress is an issue, experts say that you should just try to have sex every two days as a minimum. If you can keep that going, you have an excellent chance of hitting a day when your body conditions are favorable. Sperm live up to seven days in the woman's body, so increased contact can only work in your favor.
After all, feeling good and loving is an essential part of the process, and perhaps the most important part.


(Ivanhoe Newswire) -- When hunger strikes, what’s the first thing you reach for? Research shows the way you store your groceries could affect what and how much you eat!
22 times a day. That’s how many times the average person opens the fridge, but research shows the key to changing your diet could be as simple as re-arranging what’s inside.
The first step: be strategic. Fill your eye-level shelf with fruits and veggies. A Cornell study found you're nearly three-times more likely to eat healthy food if it's in your line of sight.
Second: shop more and buy less. Instead of stocking up on a week’s worth of food, hit the grocery store more often and only buy a few days’ worth of meals. A study in the Journal of Consumer Psychology shows people tend to eat less when resources are scarce.
Finally, pack smart. Those small leftover containers can tempt you to eat more than you planned. Instead, combine your entrees and sides so that each container has a full meal.
One last tip: put your sweet snacks in opaque containers. One Cornell researcher found those who are given chocolates in a clear bowl will eat nearly 70-percent more than when treats are in an opaque bowl.


French Polynesia Conference Focuses on Austral Islands Marine Environment
Scientists and experts gathered in February in Papeete, French Polynesia’s capital city, to present the first results of research for the Austral Islands Science Compendium, a compilation of work that will show the exceptional biodiversity in the waters surrounding the archipelago in the South Pacific.
The 25 experts who presented their findings come from a variety of backgrounds, including research centers, government offices, universities, and environmental associations. They conducted the work at the invitation of the government of French Polynesia. The projects were supported by The Pew Charitable Trusts and coordinated by the Center for Island Research and Observatory of the Environment of French Polynesia (CRIOBE) and the Institute for Pacific Coral Reefs (IRCP). The findings will be compiled to create a science compendium on the marine biodiversity and culture of the Austral archipelago, the southernmost island group in French Polynesia.
Over 70 people took part in the conference, which began with remarks by Maina Sage, a member of the French National Assembly, and Georges Hatitio, the mayor of Rimatara, one of the Austral islands. The research shows the extent of marine biodiversity and its preservation in the waters surrounding the islands.
The findings highlight how the islands’ unusual climate, which ranges from tropical to temperate, and their diversified geological history have led to a remarkable number of native species inhabiting the archipelago. The Austral’s isolation offers a particularly high rate of endemism for species such as certain types of algae, corals, and mollusks.
Other researchers noted that iconic species such as whales have a central place in the culture and tradition of the islands and also play important roles in current economic activities, such as ecotourism. In addition, residents still practice Rāhui, a traditional marine resource management system that restricts access to particular fishing areas. A recent expedition led by National Geographic, in collaboration with Pew, produced research that was also presented at the conference. This research helped prove the effectiveness of the Rāhui in Rapa, the southernmost inhabited island in the archipelago. Together, the findings provide insight into the richness of French Polynesia’s marine ecosystem and its connection to island cultures and practices.
The 200-page compendium of research will be released in June 2015. This multidisciplinary, collaborative study will provide a solid knowledge base for the government and people of the Austral Islands as they consider a strategy to protect the waters surrounding the archipelago.
Pew is working with local communities to identify strategies for ocean conservation that honor traditional Polynesian ways such as Rāhui. Mayors from all five of the inhabited Austral Islands have expressed a willingness to create a large marine park in their waters.


Scientists have used magnetic resonance imaging to show for the first time that fructose can trigger brain changes that may lead to overeating.
Researchers found that after drinking a beverage containing fructose, the brain doesn’t record the feeling of being full as it does when simple glucose is consumed.
Although sugar in its various forms may contain the same amount of calories, they are metabolized differently in the body.
An extra metabolic step for fructose molecules is missing in high-fructose corn syrup which is why the excess fructose is metabolized to produce fat. Glucose, on the other hand, is processed for energy or stored as a carbohydrate called glycogen in the liver and muscles.
Table sugar is sucrose, which is half fructose, half glucose. High-fructose corn syrup is 55 percent fructose and 45 percent glucose, and some nutrition experts say this sweetener may pose special risks.
“Fructose and high-fructose corn syrup are added to virtually all processed foods and beverages, and consumption has risen dramatically since the 1970s along with obesity. A third of U.S. children and teens and more than two-thirds of adults are obese or overweight.”
For the study, scientists used MRI scans to track blood flow in the brain in 20 young, normal-weight people before and after they had drinks containing glucose or fructose in two sessions several weeks apart.
Scans showed that drinking glucose “turns off or suppresses the activity of areas of the brain that are critical for reward and desire for food,” said one study leader, Yale University endocrinologist Dr. Robert Sherwin.
With fructose, “we don’t see those changes,” he said. “As a result, the desire to eat continues – it isn’t turned off.”
What’s convincing, said Dr. Jonathan Purnell, an endocrinologist at Oregon Health & Science University, is that the imaging results mirrored how hungry the people said they felt, as well as what earlier studies found in animals.
“It implies that fructose, at least with regards to promoting food intake and weight gain, is a bad actor compared to glucose,” said Purnell. He wrote a commentary that appears with the federally funded study in Wednesday’s Journal of the American Medical Association.
Last year, a study conducted by researchers at the University of California Los Angeles revealed that a steady diet of high-fructose corn syrup slows the brain, and impairs memory and learning.
The study also showed that omega-3 fatty acids — mainly found in fish and some fruits and vegetables — can counteract the memory and learning disruption caused by elevated levels of high-fructose corn syrup.
“Our findings illustrate that what you eat affects how you think,” said Fernando Gomez-Pinilla, a professor of neurosurgery at the David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA and a professor of integrative biology and physiology in the UCLA College of Letters and Science.
“Eating a high-fructose diet over the long term alters your brain’s ability to learn and remember information. But adding omega-3 fatty acids to your meals can help minimize the damage.”


Early childhood immunization is critical because vaccine-preventable diseases are most likely to strike during early childhood, according to the Mayo Clinic. Early childhood is also the age when such diseases are most likely to cause complications.Continue Reading
The very first exposure to an antigen prompts the immune system to produce antibodies, thus establishing immunity to that antigen, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention notes. Vaccines contain dead or weakened versions of antigens that are potent enough to trigger the production of antibodies without causing illness. Vaccinating children allows them to build immunity without getting sick, which is safer for them and for the communities they inhabit.
Young children are particularly vulnerable to vaccine-preventable diseases because their immune systems may not have developed the ability to fight full-strength antigens. This is why so many children died from diseases such as measles, polio and whooping cough prior to early childhood immunization, the CDC states.
There are those who cannot get vaccinated; some children are too young for it, and some have medical conditions that don't allow it. People in these situations must rely on the immunity of others to stay well, which is another reason why widespread early childhood vaccination is crucial for community health.Learn more about Medications & Vitamins


The winter Olympics are underway in South Korea and a piece of the games early history has roots in Wisconsin’s hidden history. Brittany Falkers introduces us to George Poage, the first African American to win an Olympic medal.
It’s a name you may not recognize, but one you probably should.
“You would have thought that maybe that medal placing would kind of solidify his place in history, that we’d all know George Poage’s name, but somehow we don’t.”
George Coleman Poage was the first African American to win an Olympic medal. His story was recently brought forward by Tod Pritchard through the Wisconsin Foundation and Alumni Association.
“I think George’s story is an amazing story lost to history and I think that re-telling his story will do some justice to what’s been undone for a long time.”
The son of a freed slave, George Poage was born in Hannibal, Missouri, in 1880. At just four-years-old he and his family moved to La Crosse, Wisconsin, where they were taken in by a wealthy white family, providing young George a rare education.
“Going into high school he really blossomed. He became a track star. He graduated second in his class.”
While many reports say Poage was the first African American to graduate from La Crosse High School, author Bruce Mouser says otherwise.
In his biography on Poage’s life, he writes that two women of color graduated before him, making Poage the first African American man to graduate from the high school.
“He gave the graduation speech at La Crosse High School where he talked about racism, that there needs to be more of an equal footing for everyone.”
At the turn of the century , Poage’s talents brought him to the University of Wisconsin- Madison, where he quickly advanced as a track star on an otherwise all white team.
“George broke records left and right. He was a Big Ten champion. The first African American Big Ten champ for track and field.”
Although Poage was respected by his teammates, his ethnicity became highlighted in regional newspapers describing him as the “colored wonder” and “the crack colored sprinter of the Wisconsin team”.
Constant reminders that he was an outsider in a sport that was intended for Wisconsin’s white athletes, according to Mouser.
He graduated UW-Madison with a degree in history and went on to the greatest track meet of his life — the 1904 Olympics — just the third modern Olympiad. But he took the world’s stage at a time deeply embedded in racism.
Spectator facilities were segregated at the games in St. Louis and African American leaders called for a boycott, but Poage chose to run.
“We don’t know why but he decided to compete to go to that Olympics and to compete and we’ll probably never know exactly why, there’s no real written record of that, but he decided to go.”
And his choice to run solidified his place in history. Becoming the first African American to medal at the games, he earned not one, but two bronze medals for the 200 and 400-meter hurdles.
The history of how African Americans reacted is largely undocumented, but Mouser writes, “For some, Poage was a hero who took his status and name-recognition as ‘the colored sprinter’ from Madison to St. Louis, but he was still operating within a white dominated world, and he was risking the possibility by ‘resisting’ the appeals of African American leaders to boycott the games of becoming an outcast in the world of his own race.”
“You can find Poage’s name here, alongside other hall of fame athletes at UW-Madison, but his accomplishments have faded into history.”
“He really got got lost in the pages of history and, you know, we’re not really sure why.”
Poage’s time as a career runner ended with the 1904 games. He went on to teach and work for the postal service in Chicago. He died in 1962 at the age of 82.
“One of the mysteries about George is why a man with such intellect and such talent ended up fading into history and I guess we kind of have to put ourselves in that place and that time and obviously for an African American man there were very few opportunities.”
More than a century later — just two years ago — his adopted hometown of La Crosse, Wisconsin, ensured their community will never forget. In the city you can now find George Poage Park and a statue of their track star honoring his legacy.
“I think now, finally people are recognizing what an amazing man George Poage was and the accomplishments and the firsts. He was a man of many many firsts. I think now we’re finally coming around to the fact that we need to remember this man and celebrate this man. And what an impact he had on the world.”


Guide to Rural Economic Enterprise Development
The Rural Economic and Enterprise Development (REED) approach aims at diversification and innovation of the rural economy, increasing its market orientation, and fostering value addition to rural products. The intensification of agriculture and the transformation of agricultural and natural resource products will lead to additional non-farm employment, increased local incomes, and greater demand for local agricultural and non-farm products. REED therefore aims at stimulating and enhancing the sectoral links between agriculture, agribusiness (which forward and backward links to agriculture) and non-agricultural economic activities (including service provision).
REED views entrepreneurs and the private sector as the main drivers of sustainable rural development, and emphasises the importance of providing an enabling environment for marketoriented economic activities. However, REED also has a public policy element, which focuses on the provision of basic rural infrastructure (soft and hard) and services that foster poverty reduction and economic growth. Rural economic and enterprise development needs a policy environment conducive to fostering investment and increased effectiveness of existing public and private institutions. Public policy needs to strike a balance between the public interest in reducing poverty levels and improving the livelihoods of the majority of the population on the one hand and, on the other, stimulating efficient markets as a basic element of sustainable economic development.
Although agriculture remains the most important livelihood of the rural poor, REED has the potential to help them to diversify their income-generating activities by stimulating engagement in value addition to rural products and in non-farm production and services, which provide additional income opportunities and reduce household risk. It allows people to graduate from subsistence and food security activities to improved, diversified and sustainable livelihoods.
After a chapter covering background details and rationale, chapter 2 presents the ten cornerstones for successful intervention in rural economic and enterprise development:
- An enabling environment that provides for an attractive investment climate and fosters dynamic entrepreneurship;
- Adequate mechanisms and structures that address local needs;
- Active private sector institutions and linkages;
- Functioning and effective infrastructure (hard and soft);
- Access to integrated and open markets;
- Access to effective and efficient support services and resources;
- Adaptive management capacity and entrepreneurial competence within business and enterprises;
- Local organisations, groups and associations (representing the poor) as building blocks;
- Active participation in and ownership of development processes by well-linked stakeholders; and
- Ongoing learning from success and failure by all stakeholders.
Chapter 3 describes how to apply them, and discusses areas and institutional settings where the Guide can make useful contributions to situation analysis, strategy development and evaluation. The Annex provides detailed information on implementation methods and links to case study information and other resources.
- Resource type Guideline
- Author GTZ (Editeur)
- Year of Publication2003
- Keywords Agricultural Marketing, Entrepreneurship, Interventions, Enterprise Development


Throughout the years, the Internet has gradually saturated our lives and turned into an essential piece of it. Cell phones, applications, and WiFi were ideas that we most likely had not known about a couple of decades back. However, today we use it with no ifs or buts. The impact of innovation can likewise be strongly seen in the field of teaching. In spite of the fact that education has remained thoroughly the same for many years, technology is rapidly changing the old ways. Edtech or instruction innovation incorporates the straightforward utilization of a computer to carry out and regulate studies.
By making productive use of the social reach of the Internet, online education platforms can adjust accordingly to the pupil’s learning skill. Edtech can change the eventual fate of training, both for teachers and students. DoubtNut is an online learning platform based in Gurgaon, Haryana which provides real-time interaction between students and tutors. Established in 2016 by the couple Tanushree Nagori and Aditya Sankar, DoubtNut has been helping students all over India with convenient and interactive tuition services. They have become popular by providing the one thing that many other online learning platforms lack – immediate answers to queries.
DoubtNut (1) offers thousands of creative videos that can be used to clear any doubts of the student. These videos have been made by certified tutors who are the best in their subject matter. You can also browse through these large amounts of videos and learn something new every day. DoubtNut has videos in English, Hindi as well as 11 other regional languages. They believe education is a right for students not only from the metro cities but from the most rural areas of India. The students can freely make use of their services during learning to clear any doubt that pops up on their minds. The DoubtNut app has a wide favor with a 4.4 rating and over 1 lakh downloads on Google play. They have around 13 million active customers making use of their services every month.
How does DoubtNut work?
The stage utilizes artificial intelligence technology for picture recognition to give solutions to the students’ doubts regarding maths and science. To discover the answer to a question, one needs to transfer a picture that shows the problem. The application takes out content from the picture and attempts to coordinate it in its database of inquiries which are pre-replied, having recorded video arrangements. After this procedure, the platform finds a match, and at that point, the outcome is given to the user. DoubtNut also poses the choice for the student to post their inquiry openly for mentors accessible on the platform to provide a video clarifying his question.
Every time a student has a concern about a maths or science question, all they need to do is take a picture and upload it into the app. The app finds the exact video that will give them the answer. DoubtNut has a collection of over 90,000 videos to help students of classes 8th to 12th. This system enables them to answer 90 percent of the questions immediately. This allows for an immediate clarification of their doubts. On the off chance that the specific video that the students require has not been made before, the team creates one and sends it to the student within 8 hours of posting the query.
The birth of DoubtNut
The founders of DoubtNut, Tanushree Nagori, and Aditya Sankar are both graduates from IIT, Delhi. They previously worked with many enterprises in India and the USA in the field of strategy and consulting. It was in 2009 that they decided to initiate a tutoring course named Class 21A to help school students. The couple took maths and science tuition for students in classes from 9 to 12.
However, the increasing number of students and the limitations of a physical classroom made it difficult for them to cater to each student’s personal needs. Most of the children were too shy to raise their questions in front of their peers. Giving one to one sessions to clear each student’s doubt was not a practical solution to this problem. Tanushree and Aditya felt the need to make use of technology to make education a more fulfilling experience. The first innovative idea that they came up with was to create videos that could be sent through social media. They asked the students to prepare the doubts regarding the lessons given at school each day. The couple would then make a video to answer their doubts. This individual attention helped to improve the score of each student as well as grow the business of Class 21A.
As this practice went on, the couple started to realize the drawbacks of making several numbers of videos to distribute through an offline class. This led to the idea of developing an app for the same purpose. In that way, they could also keep track of the questions and this did not require them to create a new video each time a question is asked. Thus DoubtNut was established in July 2016 and the couple spent the next six months working on improving the technology and managing videos.
Funding and Investment
Omidyar Network and WaterBridge have contributed about 35 lakh rupees to Doubtnut. They raised a total of 45 lakhs from investors during the seed funding round. DoubtNut used this amount to expand its team, add more regional languages, and come up with more innovative features on the app. Within a year of working, DoubtNut answered more than 5000 questions every day.
In January 2020, the company led a series A funding led by China’s Tencent Holdings in which they raised 15 million dollars. This round also saw participation from prevailing investors Sequoia Capital, AET Japan, Ankit Nagori, and Omidyar Network India. The market estimation of the company is 50 million dollars by now, and they have offices in Delhi and Bangalore. DoubtNut plans to broaden its services to more cities and small towns by utilizing this new funding.