Leflore County, Mississippi
Leflore County Courthouse
Location within the U.S. state of Mississippi
Mississippi's location within the U.S.
|Named for||Greenwood LeFlore|
|• Total||606 sq mi (1,570 km2)|
|• Land||593 sq mi (1,540 km2)|
|• Water||14 sq mi (40 km2) 2.3%|
| • Estimate |
|• Density||53/sq mi (21/km2)|
|Time zone||UTC−6 (Central)|
|• Summer (DST)||UTC−5 (CDT)|
Leflore County is a county located in the U.S. state of Mississippi. As of the 2010 census, the population was 32,317. The county seat is Greenwood. The county is named for Choctaw leader Greenwood LeFlore, who signed a treaty to cede his people's land to the United States in exchange for land in Indian Territory. LeFlore stayed in Mississippi, settling on land reserved for him in Tallahatchie County.
Leflore County is part of the Greenwood, MS Micropolitan Statistical Area. It is located in the Mississippi Delta region, with its southern border formed by the Yazoo River. Its riverfront lands were developed before the Civil War as cotton plantations. More inland areas were developed in the later 19th century.
Leflore County, which is still largely rural, is noted for having the highest level of child poverty of any county in the United States. Mechanization of agriculture reduced jobs available for many workers in the 20th century, and there are few opportunities. The population has declined dramatically since its peak in 1930 as people continue to leave for opportunities elsewhere.
Leflore County was formed in 1871 during the Reconstruction era from portions of Carroll County, Sunflower County and Tallahatchie County. It was named for Greenwood Leflore, a Choctaw chief. During the period of Indian Removal in the 1830s, he was one of the chiefs who signed the Treaty of 1830, by the terms of which the Choctaw sold to the US their remaining lands east of the Mississippi River. Most Choctaw migrated to the Indian Territory (now Oklahoma), but Leflore and some others remained in Mississippi. He became a state and US citizen, a planter owning African-American slaves, and at times served as a politician.
Following the American Civil War, during Reconstruction the majority-black population of freedmen in the county gained emancipation and suffrage, participating for the first time in formal politics. They supported the Republican Party, as President Abraham Lincoln had gained their freedom. In the mid-1870s, the Red Shirts, a white paramilitary organization working on behalf of the Democratic Party, developed chapters in Mississippi. They worked to disrupt Republican meetings, suppress the black vote, and turn Republicans out of office so that white Democrats could regain control of the state legislature.
In the period from 1877 to 1950, Leflore County had 48 documented lynchings of African Americans, by far the highest number in the state. Most occurred around the turn of the 20th century, as part of white imposition of Jim Crow conditions and suppression of black voting. Mississippi is the state in the South (and in the nation) with the highest number of lynchings. In general, they were a means of white terrorist control of the African-American population.
In 1890 the state legislature passed a new constitution that had a variety of devices to disenfranchise blacks; they developed ways around court cases that tried to dismantle these, and kept blacks excluded from the political system and racially segregated into the 1960s.
20th century to present
In the first half of the 20th century, many blacks left rural counties such as Leflore, in the Great Migration to northern and midwestern industrial cities in search of jobs and education: many people went north by train to Chicago, taking their music with them and changing the big city forever. Many more people left Mississippi from 1940 to 1970, often migrating to the West Coast for defense industry jobs.
As with other parts of the majority-black Delta, Leflore County was a major site of activism and white violence during the Civil Rights Movement. In 1955, the events leading up to the lynching of 14-year-old Emmett Till unfolded in the unincorporated community of Money, Mississippi. Till, a teenage African-American, was visiting from Chicago and staying with relatives in Money where Bryant's Grocery and Meat Market was located. At this store, Till encountered Carolyn Bryant and was accused of flirtatious behavior. Bryant's husband, Roy Bryant, and another white man, J.W. Milam, abducted Till later that evening from Money and beat and tortured him at several locations in Leflore and neighboring counties before shooting him and dumping his body in the river in Tallahatchie County, Mississippi. Bryant and Milam were acquitted by an all-white jury of Till's murder at the Tallahatchie County Courthouse, in Sumner, Mississippi. During a 2007 interview—made public in 2017—Carolyn Bryant disclosed that she had fabricated her testimony of Till's actions.
In 1963, the county had more than 13,000 blacks of legal voting age, but fewer than 270 were registered because of discrimination and suppression by whites. Blacks had been essentially disfranchised since implementation of Mississippi's new constitution in 1890, establishing poll taxes, literacy tests and other registration barriers. Meanwhile, 95% of eligible white voters were registered.
The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee had moved its headquarters to Greenwood in early 1963, and by late March of that year, eight SNCC members were arrested while trying to register voters. The United States Department of Justice Civil Rights Division filed suit against the city of Greenwood and Leflore County to obtain their release. The petition was denied by a local court, but the city of Greenwood entered into a voluntary agreement to release the students. In June 1963, 45 residents of Itta Bena were arrested in Leflore County while protesting an attack on churches where voter registration drives were being held. The Civil Rights Division filed suit against the county to obtain their release as well, but to no avail. Passage of national civil rights legislation by Congress in 1964 and 1965 began to change the ground rules.
Organizers and marchers returned to the county in 1966 as part of the March Against Fear, initiated by James Meredith, who was shot and wounded by a white man two days into the march. Major civil rights leaders and marchers from a variety of organizations vowed to continue his march of more than 220 miles from Memphis, Tennessee to Jackson, Mississippi. By the time they reached Greenwood, several hundred persons were in the group. They worked to organize and register voters, as most blacks in the county still lived in fear and had not registered. After previous registration drives, the white county board had cut off federal commodity subsidies to the black community, threatening the survival of numerous poor families. SNCC helped organize a national gathering of food for county residents to overcome the boycott.
In 1966, Stokley Carmichael, a new leader of SNCC, spoke in Greenwood for "Black Power", saying that blacks had to build their own bases of political and economic power, as had communities of Irish, Italian and Jewish immigrants to the United States.
L.C. Green was one of several notable blues guitarists who came from Leflore County, Mississippi. Other natives and one-time residents of the county were (in alphabetical order) David "Honeyboy" Edwards, Guitar Slim, Luther Johnson (Guitar Junior), Richard "Hacksaw" Harney, Robert Johnson, Rubin Lacey, Furry Lewis, Tommy McClennan, Dion Payton, Robert Petway, Brewer Phillips, Fenton Robinson, Hubert Sumlin, and Hound Dog Taylor.
- Tallahatchie County (north)
- Grenada County (northeast)
- Carroll County (east)
- Holmes County (southeast)
- Humphreys County (southwest)
- Sunflower County (west)
National protected area
|U.S. Decennial Census|
As of the 2010 United States Census, there were 32,317 people living in the county. 72.2% were Black or African American, 24.9% White, 0.6% Asian, 0.2% Native American, 1.5% of some other race and 0.6% of two or more races. 2.3% were Hispanic or Latino (of any race).
As of the census of 2000, there were 37,947 people, 12,956 households, and 8,887 families living in the county. The population density was 64 people per square mile (25/km²). There were 14,097 housing units at an average density of 24 per square mile (9/km²). The racial makeup of the county was 67.73% Black or African American, 30.00% White, 0.11% Native American, 0.65% Asian, 0.04% Pacific Islander, 0.98% from other races, and 0.50% from two or more races. 1.90% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.
There were 12,956 households out of which 35.40% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 36.00% were married couples living together, 27.60% had a female householder with no husband present, and 31.40% were non-families. 28.20% of all households were made up of individuals and 11.60% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.70 and the average family size was 3.33.
In the county, the population was spread out with 29.70% under the age of 18, 13.10% from 18 to 24, 27.00% from 25 to 44, 18.20% from 45 to 64, and 11.90% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 30 years. For every 100 females, there were 92.50 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87.50 males.
The median income for a household in the county was $21,518, and the median income for a family was $26,059. Males had a median income of $25,959 versus $18,497 for females. The per capita income for the county was $12,553. About 29.10% of families and 34.80% of the population were below the poverty line, including 48.00% of those under age 18 and 24.50% of those age 65 or over.
Government and infrastructure
- Colleges and Universities
- Public School Districts
- Private Schools
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- Carroll, Rory (27 January 2017). "Woman at center of Emmett Till case tells author she fabricated testimony". The Guardian. Retrieved 28 January 2017.
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NASA's Ingenuity helicopter survives first night alone on Mars
NASA's Ingenuity mini-helicopter has survived its first night alone on the frigid surface of Mars, the US space agency said, hailing it as "a major milestone" for the tiny craft as it prepares for its first flight, AFP reports.
The ultra-light aircraft was dropped on the surface on Saturday after detaching from the belly of the Perseverance rover, which touched down on the Red Planet on February 18.
Detached from the Perseverance, Ingenuity had to rely on its own solar-powered battery to run a vital heater to protect its unshielded electrical components from freezing and cracking during the bitter Martian night, where temperatures can plunge as low as minus 130 degrees Fahrenheit (minus 90 degrees Celsius).
Making it through the frigid Martian night was "a major milestone for the small rotorcraft," NASA said in a statement Monday.
"This is the first time that Ingenuity has been on its own on the surface of Mars," said MiMi Aung, Ingenuity project manager at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory.
"But we now have confirmation that we have the right insulation, the right heaters, and enough energy in its battery to survive the cold night, which is a big win for the team. We're excited to continue to prepare Ingenuity for its first flight test."
Over the coming days, Ingenuity will undergo tests of its rotor blades and motors.
If all goes well, Ingenuity is expected to make its first flight attempt no earlier than the evening of April 11, the Jet Propulsion Laboratory said.
It will be the first aircraft to attempt powered, controlled flight on another planet.
Ingenuity is carrying a small piece of cloth that covered one of the wings of the Wright brothers' first aircraft which achieved the first powered flight on Earth at Kitty Hawk in 1903, to pay tribute to the milestone.
Its attempt will also coincide with the 60th anniversary of the first human space flight, by Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin on April 12, 1961, and 40th anniversary of the April 12, 1981 launch of the first space shuttle, Columbia.


How to Strike Through Text on a MacBook
Mac OS X users can create custom keyboard shortcuts in System Preferences to perform specific actions. For instance, you can set up a shortcut for strikethrough text, similar to "Command-B" for bold and "Command-I" for italics; however, this hot key may not work in certain applications. To strike through text on a MacBook, add Strike Through to your favorite styles in TextEdit and then select the style from the Styles pane in your current application.
Create the Style
Open a document in TextEdit. Highlight a passage of text, click "Format," point to "Font," and then click "Show Fonts."
Click "Strike-Through" -- the second "T" from the left -- and choose single- or double-strike from the drop-down menu.
Close the window. Click "Format," point to "Font," and then click "Styles." Click the "Add to Favorites" button.
Name the style "Strike Through," "Struck Through" or some other identifying label. Click "Add."
Apply the Style
Highlight the desired text; then hold "Ctrl" and select the highlighted text.
Point to "Font" and select "Styles" from the context menu. Click "Favorite Styles."
Select "Struck Through" from the drop-down menu. Click "Apply" and "Done" to strike through the text.


An altazimuth or alt-azimuth mount is a simple two-axis mount for supporting and rotating an instrument about two mutually perpendicular axes; one vertical and the other horizontal. Rotation about the vertical axis varies the azimuth (compass bearing) of the pointing direction of the instrument. Rotation about the horizontal axis varies the altitude (angle of elevation) of the pointing direction.
Several names are given to this kind of mount, including altitude-azimuth, azimuth-elevation and various abbreviations thereof. A gun turret is essentially an alt-azimuth mount for a gun, with some armour to protect the weapon and its operators.
Astronomical telescope altazimuth mounts
When used as an astronomical telescope mount, the biggest advantage of an alt-azimuth mount is the simplicity of its mechanical design. The primary disadvantage is its inability to follow astronomical objects in the night sky as the Earth spins on its axis the way that an equatorial mount can. Equatorial mounts only need to be rotated about a single axis, at a constant rate, to follow the rotation of the night sky (diurnal motion). Altazimuth mounts need to be rotated about both axes at variable rates, achieved via microprocessor based two-axis drive systems, to track equatorial motion. This imparts an uneven rotation to the field of view that also has to be corrected via a microprocessor based counter rotation system. On smaller telescopes an equatorial platform is sometimes used to add a third "polar axis" to overcome these problems, providing an hour or more of motion in the direction of right ascension to allow for astronomical tracking. The design also does not allow for the use of mechanical setting circles to locate astronomical objects although modern digital setting circles have removed this shortcoming.
Typical current applications of altazimuth mounts include:
- Research telescopes
- Mounts for very large telescopes. In the largest telescopes the mass and cost of an equatorial mount is prohibitive and they have been superseded by computer controlled Altazimuth mounts. The simple structure of an alt-azimuth mount allows significant cost reductions, in spite of the additional cost associated with the more complex tracking and image-orienting mechanisms. An altazimuth mount also reduces the cost in the dome structure covering the telescope since the simplified motion of the telescope means the structure can be more compact.
- Amateur astronomical telescopes
- Beginner telescopes. Altazimuth mounts are cheap and simple to use.
- Dobsonian telescopes. John Dobson popularized a simplified altazimuth mount design for Newtonian reflectors because of its ease of construction; Dobson's innovation was to use non-machined parts for the mount that could be found in any hardware store such as plywood, formica, and plastic plumbing parts combined with modern materials such as nylon or teflon.
- "Goto telescopes". It has often proved more convenient to build a simple alt-azimuth mount and use a computer to manipulate both axes to track an object, than to build a more mechanically complex equatorial mount that employs only a single motor. When astrophotography is involved, a further motor has to be used to rotate the camera to match the field of view for long exposure photographs.
- Mahra, H. S.; Karkera, B. N. (1985). "Field rotation with altazimuth mounting telescope". Bulletin of the Astronomical Society of India 13: 88.
- Vogel, Reiner (2007). "Circle Segment Platform". Retrieved 16 January 2014.
- Léna, Pierre; Lebrun, François; Mignard, François (1998-01-01). Observational astrophysics. p. 147. ISBN 9783540634829.
- Dawe, J. A.; Watson, F. G. (1985). "Design for a large altazimuth Schmidt telescope". Occasional Reports of the Royal Observatory, Edinburgh 16: 15–18. Bibcode:1985ORROE..16...15D.
- Marx, Siegfried; Pfau, Werner (1992-06-11). Astrophotography with the Schmidt telescope. p. 18. ISBN 9780521395496.


Reality Therapy is based on a concept called Choice Theory (originally called Control Theory). It has become well established in the US and internationally,
and it has also been widely applied in education.
Definition of Reality Therapy
Reality Therapy is a particular approach in psychotherapy and counseling. Reality therapy was developed by William
Glasser, a psychiatrist. Glasser believes that people who are behaving in inappropriate ways do not need help to find a defense for their behavior. Instead, they need help to acknowledge
their behavior as being inappropriate and then to learn how to act in a more logical and productive manner. Reality therapy attempts to help people control the world around them more
effectively so that they are better able to satisfy their needs.
The Reality Therapy approach to counseling and problem-solving focuses on the here-and-now of the client and how to create a better future, instead of concentrating at length on the past. It emphasizes making decisions, and taking action and control of one's own life. Typically, clients seek to discover what they really want and whether what they are currently doing (how they are
choosing to behave) is actually bringing them nearer to, or further away from, that goal.
Reality Therapy is a considered a cognitive-behavioral approach to therapy; that is, it focuses on facilitating the client to become aware of, and if necessary, change, his/her thoughts and actions.
More about Reality Therapy
The following outlines some of the critical concepts of Reality Therapy.
Establishing a relationship with the client is believed to be the most important factor in all types of therapy. Without this relationship, the other steps will not be effective.
Emotions are a source of information about how we are doing and whether we are happy with what is going on in our lives. But it is very hard
to choose and to change our emotions directly. It is easier to change our thinking and our behavior. So Reality Therapists approach changing "what we do" as a key to changing
how we feel and to getting what we want.
Current behavior and evaluating your behavior
While traditional psychoanalytic
and counseling often focus on past events, Reality Therapy and Choice theory solutions lie in the present and the future. The focus of the practitioner of Reality Therapy is to learn
what needs to be learned about the past but to move as quickly as feasible to empowering the client to satisfy his or her needs and wants in the present and in the future. The
therapist asks the client to make a value judgment about his current behavior which presumably is not helping, otherwise the client may not have negative consequences from
behavior motivating enough to seek therapy. In many cases the therapist must press the client to examine the effects of his behavior, but it is important that the judgment be made by
the client and not the therapist.
Make plans and perform actions
Plans for making better choices are at the heart of successful Reality Therapy. The counselor helps the client to make a workable plan to get what he or she wants. It is and must be
the client's plan; not the counselor's. The essence of a workable plan, in Reality Therapy, is that it is a plan the client can implement - in other words, it concentrates on the things
that are in the client's control to do. The client is likely to need some suggestions and prompting from the therapist, but it helps if the plan itself comes from the client. It
is important that the initial steps be small enough that the client is almost certain to succeed, in order to build confidence.
Commitment to the plan
The client must make a commitment to carry out the plan. This is important because many clients will do things for the therapist that they would not do just for themselves. In
some cases it can be helpful to make the commitment in writing.
No Excuses, No Punishment, Never Give Up
If there is no punishment, then there is no reason to accept excuses. The therapist insists that the client either carry out the plan, or come up with a more feasible plan. If the therapist
maintains a good relationship with the client, it can be very hard to resist carrying out a plan that the client has agreed would be feasible. If the plan is too ambitious for the client's
current abilities, then the therapist and the client work out a different plan.
Control is considered a key issue in Reality Therapy. To meet their needs human beings need control. Control can be very positive and helpful but it gets us
into trouble in two primary ways: when we try to control other people, and when we use drugs and alcohol to give us a false sense of control. At the very heart of Choice Theory is the
core belief that the only person I can really control is myself.
Practical Principles of Reality Therapy:
Focus on the present and avoid discussing the past because all human problems are caused by unsatisfying present relationships.
Avoid discussing symptoms and complaints as much as possible since these are often the ineffective ways that counselees choose to deal with (and hold on to) unsatisfying relationships.
Understand the concept of total behavior, which means focus on what counselees can do directly-act and think. Spend less time on what they cannot do directly; that is, changing their
feelings and physiology.
Feelings and physiology can be changed indirectly, but only if there is a change in the acting and thinking.
Avoid criticizing, blaming and/or complaining and help counselees to do the same. By doing this, they learn to avoid these extremely harmful external control behaviors that destroy relationships.
Remain non-judgmental and non-coercive, but encourage people to judge all they are doing by the Choice Theory axiom: Is what I am doing getting me closer to the people I need? If the
choice of behaviors is not getting people closer, then the counselor works to help them find new behaviors that lead to a better connection.
Teach counselees that legitimate or not, excuses stand directly in the way of their making needed connections.
Focus on specifics. Find out as soon as possible who counselees are disconnected from and work to help them choose reconnecting behaviors. If they are completely disconnected, focus
on helping them find a new connection.
Help them make specific, workable plans to reconnect with the people they need, and then follow through on what was planned by helping them evaluate their progress. Based on their experience,
counselors may suggest plans, but should not give the message that there is only one plan. A plan is always open to revision or rejection by the counselee.
Be patient and supportive but keep focusing on the source of the problem.
information about Reality Therapy and other therapeutic approaches, please click on the linked websites listed below.
Would You Like Personal Assistance?
If you really want help dealing with your feelings and emotions, changing your behavior, and improving your life and the approach and office hours of typical therapists and counselors do not fit your life style or personal needs, I may have a solution.
By using very flexible office appointments, telephone consultations, email, teleconferences, and the willingness to travel and meet with you personally in your home, office, or other location, I can be available to help you anytime and anywhere.
Feel free to contact me now for your free initial consultation. Once you become an existing client, you will be given a pager number where you can reach me whenever you need.


A new academic paper was recently published by Saga University in Japan. It looks into the production of Ulva prolifera, commonly known as “sea lettuce” or “grass kelp” in the US and “sujiaonori” in Japan, using deep ocean water (DOW) on Kumejima. The sea plant is often used as a seasoning in Japanese dishes such as yakisoba. DOW is nutrient-rich and cold. The paper examines production techniques utilizing high-nutrient DOW in the case of an on-shore deployment of an Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) system.
According to the paper, due to high-demand and failing production in Tokushima and Kochi Prefectures, the price for dried Sea Lettuce has reached 30,000-40,000 JPY/kg, and 3,000-4,000 JPY/kg when raw. Comparatively, Okinawa Mozuku, another type of favored local sea plant generally is 100-200 JPY/kg. This makes sea lettuce commercially attractive. Based on other research cited in the paper, it is also potentially viable for reducing nutrients in DOW prior to discharge.
This research was carried out jointly between Saga University and the Okinawa Prefecture Deep Ocean Water Research Center (ODRC), were various inputs such as sunlight, temperature, etc. were measured against production speed. Utilizing a cooling bath for maturing samples, and then high exposure to UV, research suggests the production volume can be increased 1.8 times the current onshore production method.
The full paper (in Japanese) can be viewed here:
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Small businesses play an especially vital role in rural America, creating roughly two-thirds of jobs. However, entrepreneurs in these communities face different challenges than those in metropolitan areas.
Employers in rural areas have a harder time accessing important technology, transportation, and services. This can make competing with larger businesses in more urban areas much more difficult. Business owners in rural areas must also worry about issues like poor infrastructure that can prevent expansion; problems accessing affordable, reliable energy; the loss of skilled workers to higher paying jobs in metropolitan areas; and fewer opportunities to access capital.
Given their important contributions to rural communities, Congress must pay particular attention to helping these small business owners overcome their unique challenges.


April 3, 2020
Answered by: Stephen Wolfram
Could there be more than one correct rule?
Yes, the concept of rule space relativity suggests that many rules can be equivalent, but each different rule will be appropriate for a different “observer”, or, more specifically, will be the rule suitable for an observer using a certain language to describe the universe. Our particular description language—based on our sensory experience, and the formal descriptions of existing physics—may well have enough freedom that it allows several possible consistent rules.


Beyond The Blues: The Blues Harmonica In Jazz
In the mid-1800s, a German harmonica manufacturer named Hohner started exporting his product to North America. Being relatively inexpensive, relatively easy to play and extremely portable, the harmonica (commonly called a "harp") was the perfect instrument for a nation on the move. Everybody from Abraham Lincoln to Billy the Kid had one.
Over time, its popularity has waxed and waned, and it's now heard most often in the context of blues music. But ever since Marion "Little Walter" Jacobs began playing saxophone lines on his harmonica in the late 1940s, the instrument has occasionally crossed over into the jazz world. Here, then, is a list of five great blues-harmonica players who have applied their skills and their instrument to jazz songs.


Thanksgiving time travel
Turkey, cranberry sauce, and pumpkin pie. These were the trimmings of the first Thanksgiving, right? Wrong!Skip to next paragraph
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Researchers from National Geographic have teamed with the staff of Plimoth Plantation to give a more accurate view of that Indian and Pilgrim gathering in "1621: A New Look At Thanksgiving."
Every year, Pilmoth Plantation, a popular living museum in Massachusetts, reenacts the gathering in well-documented style. The photos that adorn this book were taken during last year's event, and they will correct some misconceptions.
Thanksgiving wasn't one large meal; it was a series of meals over three days. It wasn't primarily a Pilgrim party, with invitations going to Indians; it was a time of mutual celebration. It wasn't even called Thanksgiving; it was simply a harvest celebration. And Pilgrims weren't calling themselves Pilgrims at that point. This striking book offers a balanced account of what might have occurred in the fall of 1621, an account in which the Wampanoag Indians played a more important role than the myths of succeeding centuries have acknowledged.
Karen Carden reviews children's books for the Monitor.


For two-semester courses in Organic Chemistry taken primarily by science and pre-health majors. Organized around functional groups, Wade's text is ... Show synopsis For two-semester courses in Organic Chemistry taken primarily by science and pre-health majors. Organized around functional groups, Wade's text is known for its student-oriented approach--incorporating problem solving help, orientation features, and complete discussions of mechanisms. Wade explains concepts without taking the unnecessary short cuts that often lead to misconceptions. Wade's hallmark problem-solving approach includes unique strategies and hints to help students focus on the individual steps of each reaction and how they contribute to the overall reaction. Wade also employs the most pedagogically efficient method of mechanism boxes with its two-tiered approach: Mechanism and Key Mechanism Boxes. Because there are over 100 mechanisms boxed in every text, Wade delineates the 20 "Key" mechanisms that comprise nearly all of the mechanisms students will encounter. This means Wade goes one additional and important step in helping students identify and grapple with the smallest number of the most important concepts to understand.


- What’s On
The Kirghiz are a semi-nomadic Turki-speaking people from the old Turkistan borderlands of China, old Russia and Afghanistan. Stalin, in a spirit of divide et impera, drew the borders of Kyrgyzstan, as he did with the other Soviet Central Asian republics, right across the ethnic divides, scattering the Kirghiz between Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Kazakhstan.
The Kirghiz do not migrate great distances. In the summer they take their flocks and wooden-framed felt yurts (boz ooy up to the high mountain pastures of the Pamirs or the Tien Shan. When the approaching winter snows drive them down, they spend the winter in their solid stone-built houses, usually not more than thirty miles or so from the summer grazing grounds.
A much longer migration was made by a small group of Kirghiz from the Lesser Pamir in modern Tajikistan. In the 1920s the Bolsheviks started picking off the Kirghiz khans one by one. When they captured the last of them, Hajji Jabbar Kul Khan, they gave him and his son the choice of death by bullet or by poison. The two took poison and the Russians left them to die. Jabbar Kul Khan and his son crawled to a nearby house, where they were given bowls of kurut (dried yoghurt) mixed with water. They drank long draughts of it and managed to recover.
The two men had no wish to see their flocks collectivised, and they led their tribe, about 1,500-strong, to refuge in China among the Uighurs of Eastern Turkistan (Xinjiang). In 1933 the Russians invaded Chinese Turkistan, at the invitation of the Chinese, to put down a Basmachi revolt. The tribe went back to the Pamirs. More Russian attacks followed. In 1942 Jabbar Kul Khan died. His son Rahman Kul took his tribe to refuge once more in Chinese Turkistan, where they stayed until the arrival of the Communists in 1949. Again they had to move, this time to the Wakhan, the one place that was safe from Communists.
The Wakhan is the panhandle of Afghanistan high up in the Pamirs that formed a barrier between Russia, India and China. In 1891 the British had forced Amir Abdul Rahman of Afghanistan to take responsibility for the Wakhan, which had previously been an unmapped no-man’s-land. He had no desire to take charge of such a remote place, “full of bandits” as he said, but the English required him to provide a neutral buffer between Russia and India.
Although safe from Stalin to the north and Mao to the south, the Wakhan was not an ideal refuge. It is all high summer pasture, far too cold for the winter, far from cultivation and civilisation and with little to feed livestock on. The sheltered winter grounds were inaccessible, low down beyond the borders on either side. In winter the Kirghiz shivered hungrily in their boz ooys. In the early 1970s André Singer made a very good documentary about Rahman Kul and his tribe in Afghanistan.
In 1978 the Kirghiz of the Wakhan were alarmed by the arrival of Russian surveyors. Not waiting to be dispossessed once more, Rahman Kul led his people and their flocks down into Gilgit in Pakistan, where they had trading connections. About 300 of them died on the way. Shortly afterwards the Russians invaded Afghanistan, treating the remaining Kirghiz remarkably well. Although Rahman Kul’s men were safe in Gilgit, the climate was too hot and unhealthy for these mountain people, and there was no grazing for their sheep. Rahman Kul had to sell most of them, keeping charge of the money himself.
With no means of livelihood left to them, the Kirghiz needed somewhere more suitable to live. An idea was briefly mooted by a UN wildlife conservationist that Alaska might be suitable, but it came to nothing. In 1982 Rahman Kul negotiated with the presidents Zia ul-Haq of Pakistan and Kenan Evren of Turkey, who arranged an airlift for the Kirghiz and the remainder of their flocks to Turkey. They were flown in military transports to Adana and from there were taken to the earthquake relief village of Karagündüz near Van, where they were allotted nearby grazing grounds.
This was not an ideal solution. The very basic earthquake shelters were empty because the local villagers found them suitable only for storage or sheep sheds. The grazing grounds allotted to the new arrivals by the local authorities were the traditional pastures of the local Kurds, who did not feel disposed to welcome the new arrivals. In 1987 the Özal government arranged for the 300 Kirghiz families to be moved to Zilandere near Erciş, where the new village of Ulu Pamir was built for them. Rahman Kul Khan spent the last four years of his life in Ulu Pamir and died there aged seventy-seven. It is remarkable how easy the Turki spoken by the Kirghiz was for Turkish speakers to follow, unlike Kazakh or Uzbek.
The 200-odd Kirghiz families who remained in Afghanistan are in a sorry state. They are illiterate, and they and their khans are given to smoking opium grown in Badakhshan. They are prevented by the Russian border guards in Tajikistan from crossing the Oxus border to visit their kinsmen to trade. The Little Pamir Kirghiz in Tajikistan are better off and able to trade with Gilgit in Pakistan and Tash Kurgan in Xinjiang. Two Kirghiz mullahs came back from Turkey to encourage them in the faith, but they quickly succumbed to the charms of the opium pipe.
The Kirghiz herdsmen who remained under Soviet rule did not do badly. Once the Russians had got rid of their khans, they provided them with education and healthcare. The Kirghiz even fought loyally for Russia in the Panfilovski Brigade at Stalingrad. Unless the Americans have just had them pulled down, the statues of Lenin, Panfilov and General Frunze, who won Turkistan back for the Russians after the Bolshevik Revolution, still stand in the Kyrgyzstan capital of Bishkek.
Kate Clow, creator of Turkey’s first official walking route, has done it again. Caroline Finkel joined her on the new St Paul Trail, which crosses southern Turkey’s giant Taurus range. The photographs in this stunning 14-page article are by Kate Clow with Terry Richardson
The börek has an extensive place in Turkey’s culinary repertoire, and the choice of fillings is infinite. From cheese to spicy ground meat or suateéd meat cubes with nuts and raisins; from chicken or turkey to fish and lentils; from offal such as brain or tripe to vegetables – the list is almost endless.
More cookery features
Brave new wines from Turkey. Kevin Gould on the independent spirit of Turkish wine makers. Photograph by Berrin Torolsan
Old favourites and new attractions: Andrew Finkel samples Istanbul’s best meyhanes. Photographs by Simon Wheeler
After years of wandering in western China, Afghanistan and Pakistan, a group of Kirghiz have finally made a lasting home in the highlands of eastern Anatolia. The historian Hasan Ali Karasar, who as a boy in Van witnessed their arrival, recounts their extraordinary tale. Photographs by Jonathan Henderson
The most wondrous tiled dome, the biggest and best-ever food bazaar, the most handsome man in the world… Uzbekistan, as Min Hogg discovers, inspires a profusion of superlatives, even if she tangles with the transport. In Samarkand, Tamerlane’s fabled capital, she finds herself lost for words. Photographs by Min Hogg
After years of delving deep into the origins of writing and language Kâzım Mirşan has put forward an astonishing claim: that at the root of it all is an ancient, proto-Turkish mother tongue. Genius or dreamer? Christian Tyler meets a man whose hypotheses threaten to turn the very history of man on its head.
A special report on the Royal Academy’s amazing ‘Turks’ exhibition
Cornucopia has joined forces with the digital publishing platform Exact Editions to offer individual and institutional subscribers unlimited access to a searchable archive of fascinating back issues and every newly published issue. This brand new resource is available cross-platform on web, iOS and Android and offers a comprehensive search function, allowing the title’s cultural content to be delved into at the touch of a button.
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Julius Caesar's Tragedy
This is an essay I did in High School for English. It is about Julius Caesar and his terrible tragedy!
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Preview of the essay: Julius Caesar's Tragedy
Why do tragedies happen? Why do we all have different opinions about what goes on in the world? Why do we have different religions, languages, and music even? Well nobody likes to do ...
... in the family, a house that gets burned down, or even suicide, so tragedies can happen to other people and not tragic heroes in stories or even heroes in real life.
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In behavioral circles it is common to hear expressions like “the child emitted the response” or “the rat emitted a bar press.” Use of the verb “emit” comes from an old distinction in psychology.
We learn very early in our training as behavior analysts that there are two types of conditioning: classical, or Pavlovian, conditioning and operant conditioning. (Sometimes the term ‘learning” is substituted for conditioning, especially in the case of operant behavior, but the meaning of the two terms is, practically speaking, similar if not identical). In Pavlovian conditioning, the response is labeled the unconditional response if it is elicited by some stimulus, like the salivary response of a dog is elicited by meat powder. The conditional response is elicited by a (previously) neutral stimulus is repeatedly paired with the unconditional stimulus (meat powder, in the classic [so to speak] example). The operative word here is “elicited,” suggesting that the stimulus – US or CS -is automatically calling forth either the unconditional or conditional response or conditioned response. Pavlovian conditioning historically is associated with biologically wired reflexes, things like the salivary reflex whereby our bodies automatically salivate when food is placed in the mouth or the knee-jerk reflex that sometimes is tested when we go to doctors. It frequently is described as an automatic, or non-voluntary, response to the kinds of stimuli noted.
Operant conditioning often is characterized as involving non-reflexive behavior, which also has been called “voluntary” behavior. Thought of in this way the organism does not “have” to automatically or reflexively make the operant response when presented with a stimulus. The implication can be taken to be that the response occurs not because it is “wired” into the nervous system, but because the organism chooses to make it. Thus, the response is said to be emitted and the organism is said to emit a response. In a similar vein, the operant response also is described as a free operant, basically meaning that it is not an automatically elicited reflexive response. Emitted suggests that the response is voluntary and contrasts to the elicited, involuntary nature of reflexive or classically conditioned behavior.
The problem is that the whole involuntary/voluntary distinction has always been tricky. Reflexive behavior is automatically elicited by the stimulus, but well-trained operant behavior is as automatic as reflexive behavior in that it occurs reliably under the prescribed conditions. The source of its automaticity, however, is not biological but rather is the result of particular learning histories. So, the question is whether the organism really is choosing to respond, or is it responding based on a long history of reinforcement of such responding?


(Hospice for the Sick)
Translated by Bill Leibner
In September of 1885, a group of well established people in Sosnowiec organized a society under the name of Hevrat Bikur Holim to send helpers or guards to the homes of sick people.
With time, the Society expanded its activities and started to prepare the deceased people for burial. At the time, Sosnowiec did not have a Jewish cemetery or a Jewish burial society. The deceased people were buried at the Jewish cemetery in Bedzin.
Over time, the Society became exclusively involved with burial procedures and neglected the original objective of the Society. A group of people in Sosnowiec organized a society named Linat Holim in 1907.
This Society immediately became involved in helping sick people. It sent helpers to the home of the sick, and also sent doctors to the poor that could not afford the fee. The Society also provided milk and fruit to poor patients, and in some cases provided financial assistance for their recuperation in rest homes.
The Linat Holim Society was so popular in town that it even created
a co-operative bank that was very successful for a period of time.
Unfortunately, it collapsed due to mismanagement by some of the members of the
management committee. A positive change occurred in 1916 due to the series of
epidemics that seriously affected the town's Jewish population that was poorly
nourished and lived in poor sanitary conditions.
|The management committee of Linat Holim in 1939|
The clinic was under the sponsorship of the Linat Holim Society. The highlight of activities was reached in 1937 when the medical clinic moved to a new office on Szienkewicz Street number 9. The new office had modern facilities including a waiting hall, a reception office and two examining rooms. It was also equipped with modern medical instruments necessary for internal and external examinations. The doctors could also perform minor surgery.
Each day the clinic treated between 50-70 patients. It must be stressed that the doctors usually examined about 6 patients an hour; this included examinations, recommendations to doctors for further visits or home visits, and the prescriptions of medications and other needs. Membership dues, donations, and special money campaigns sponsored by the management committee paid for the budget of the Society. Linat Holim received no subsidies.
The management committee in 1939 consisted of: Icek Goldkorn (chairman), Szmuel Aron Pardes (vice chairman), Binem Szpiler (vice chairman), Lipe Klajnman (secretary), Aron Jakob Cygler (treasurer), Mosze Wolf Rozenberg (manager), Szymon Koplowicz, Ajzyk Igra, Jozef Lenczner, Mosze Wrona, Dawid Zilberberg, Mosze Ferens, Henech Weksler, Wolf Ingster, Yeshayahu Fromer, Josel Monczyk, and Jechiel Pasterman.
The review committee consisted of Alter Jasny, Majer Lancman and Mosze
(Supporting the Needy)
Translated by Bill Leibner
In 1933 Jakob Gelbhar created the society called Beth Lechem; the Society was supposed to help on a permanent basis the poor families in the city of Sosnowiec.
The efforts failed, and the Society did not survive the birth pangs. None of the planned activities developed. In 1939, efforts were made to revive the Society. The present initiator was the rabbi Menachem Hager.
At a meeting that took place on April 25th, 1939 in the community hall of the kehila, the rabbi was unanimously elected chairman of the Society. Many city officials, local politicians, and charity officials attended the meeting. The difficult economic situation of the Jewish population in the city, the anti-Jewish atmosphere in the country, and the many Jewish refugees from Germany (for Sosnowiec was on the border), made life very difficult for the renewed society.
About 120 Jewish refugees from Germany remained in Sosnowiec. At first, the
Jewish street was very sympathetic and helped the refugees, but the interest
died down. The committee that was created to help these refugees barely met and
hardly functioned. Its tasks were soon assumed by the Beth Lechem
Society. The latter opened its doors to the refugees and helped them in every
possible way. A public kitchen was opened in the Talmud Torah building for the
refugees. Those that could not reach the kitchen for various reasons were
provided with food packages at their places of stay.
Chairman of the Beth Lechem Society and member
of the management committee of the Jewish high
school in Sosnowiec. Delegate to many Zionist
conferences, member of the administrative council
of the Jewish Agency, member of the administrative
council of the Mizrahi world Zionist organization.
Well-known leader of the Polish Mizrahi movement.
Founding member and member of the presidium of
Mizrahi assembly of rabbis. Former head of the
Judicial council of Halicz (1909-1914). Rabbi of the
Galician Jewish refugees during WWI (1915-1918) in
Porlitz, Bohemia. Chairman of the Mizrahi and the
Polish Hebrew school system M'zion Tetse Torah
in Lemberg (1919-1923). Rabbi of Neustadt, Galicia
(1923-1930). Since 1930, Rabbi and active in social
matters in Sosnowiec.
A special problem was presented by impoverished known families who refused to apply for charity. Some of these families even give some charity while the family was starving. The Society tried to reach these special families by sending them weekly food packages without publicizing the event. In this manner the Society fulfilled its obligation to help the poor Jews in town. The Society did not receive subsidies, and depended basically on contributions from the people of the town. The popularity of the Society could be measured by the fact that it had 500 people who contributed weekly donations for the food program.
The logistics of the organization were greatly assisted by the local WIZO of Sosnowiec. The members of this organization worked very hard in their drives to collect food for the Beth Lechem Society. Very active was the chairman of the WIZO branch in Sosnowiec, Gucia Langer, and the member of the management committee of the Beth Lechem Society, Dwora Mauritz. The latter devoted most of her free time to assist in the kitchen or enlist donors for the food program. The Jewish academic society Ogniska also helped to enlist food donors as did the Zionist youth organization Hanoar Hatzioni.
The general secretary of the Society, Emil Leopold Mestel, handled the technical and managerial staff of Beth Lechem.
The management committee of the Beth Lechem Society in 1939 consisted of: Rabbi Menachem Hager (chairman), dentist Jozef Rotsztajn and Dr. Ala Kenigsberg (vice-chairmen), Israel Marianka (treasurer), Emil Leopold Mestel (secretary), Josef Grochowine (manager), Zalman Koszoch, Jakob Gelbhar, Mosze Meryn, Lajbisz Szancer, Mosze Friszman, Ajzyk Soldin, and the ladies, Gucia Langer, Dwora Mauritz, and Lodzia Oliner.
Stand-by were Pinchas Granadapel, Mosze Windman, Chaim Kuperminc, Ruwen Czapnik, Mendel Jakob Garfinkel, and Izrael Szwajcer.
The review committee consisted of: engineer Baruch Firstenberg, Aszer
Klajnberg, and Lajbisz Szwajcer.
|A group of Jewish refugees from Germany eating in the
dining hall of the Beth Lechem Society
JewishGen, Inc. makes no representations regarding the accuracy of
the translation. The reader may wish to refer to the original material
JewishGen is not responsible for inaccuracies or omissions in the original work and cannot rewrite or edit the text to correct inaccuracies and/or omissions.
Our mission is to produce a translation of the original work and we cannot verify the accuracy of statements or alter facts cited.
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Updated 27 Mar 2006 by LA


Among the dead were the family of Charles Costa, union organizer at Aguilar, and the family of Mrs Chavez, a Mexican woman, comprising herself, two girls of 4 and 6 years old, a baby 6 months old, and a nephew, 9. The family of Costa comprised himself, his wife and two children, Lucy, 4, and Orafrio, 6. Under the mass of charred bedding at the bottom of the safety pit, from which all of the bodies were recovered, were also those of two children of Mrs Marcellino Pedrigon - Clardillo, 4, and Rogerio 6, and the three Petrucci children, Lucy, 3; Joe, 4, and Frank, 6 months. The children were clasped in each other's arms, and over them lay the bodies of the two women, both badly charred. Both of the women were to be mothers soon.
– Rocky Mountain News, 23 April, 1914
Prior to the catastrophic breakdown in 1914 in industrial relations between striking Colorado Fuel and Iron Company miners and their paymasters, the previous summer of 1913 saw coal miners throughout Colorado working in desperate conditions that were increasingly intolerable. This was especially true for employees of the largest coal mining operation in Southern Colorado, the aforementioned Colorado Fuel and Iron Company (CF and I), which was owned by John D Rockefeller, Jr
Miners, frequently working on their knees or on their stomachs, constantly inhaling coal dust, usually had to bring their own blasting powder and drag their own timber into the mines to lay their own tracks and shore up mine walls. The time spent laying the tracks and shoring up the walls, while vital to their ability to mine coal, was unpaid labour. They were paid only based on the weight of the coal that they dug out of the earth. Company weighmen, therefore, determined how much money a worker made. It was in the interest of those weighmen to short the weight of the coal, increasing the company's profits.
The average gross wages for a Colorado coal miner was about $3.50 per day. Deductions from these gross wages included charges for explosive powder, blacksmithing, medical expenses, any outstanding bill from the company store and rent for his company-owned housing. CF and I miners took home $1.68 a day. This $1.68 was paid in company scrip, redeemable only at company stores, rather than in United States Currency. The company stores were able to set their own prices for consumer goods, and did not hesitate to gouge the miners and their families, who had no money that would be honoured anywhere else. Prices were typically about 30 percent higher than in other stores, located away from the mining camps.
Within the mining camps, some of which were incorporated as towns, police officers, doctors, ministers and teachers were all company employees. If there was a library or movie theatre, the company decided what books and films were available.
Coal miners in Colorado died at more than double the national average. Of 42,898 coal miners who died in mine accidents in the United States between 1884 and 1912, 1,708 died in Colorado mines.
In August of 1913, a labour organizer was shot and killed by men working for the coal companies. This was ruled 'justifiable homicide' by a coroner's jury that was comprised of local businessmen. On 15 September, 1913, delegates representing Colorado coal miners attending a special convention of the United Mine Workers Union in Trinidad, Colorado, voted to strike. The actual strike began on 23 September, 1913. Over 8,000 miners and their families left the coal camps and set up housekeeping in tent colonies near those camps. One of the largest tent colonies, with more than 1,000 inhabitants, was at Ludlow. Communication within the tent colony was challenging, with a total of 24 different languages being spoken by the miners living there.
The demands of the striking workers were as follows:
- Recognition of the United Mine Workers union
- A ten percent increase on the tonnage rate (remembering that workers were paid based on the total weight of the coal mined)
- An eight-hour work day
- Payment for 'dead work', such as shoring the mine, timbering and laying track
- The right to elect their own check-weightmen, to ensure an honest measure of the amount of coal actually mined
- The right to trade in any store, choose their own boarding places and choose their own doctors
- Enforcement of Colorado mining laws and an end to the system of company guards at the worksite
It's worth noting that existing law already stated that the miners were entitled to items three, five and seven, as well as parts of item six.
The coal operators moved quickly, bringing in detectives from the Baldwin-Felts Detective Agency, specialists in breaking coal strikes, and 'replacement workers'. A harassment campaign was initiated against the striking miners. Powerful searchlights shone on the tent colonies at night and, more ominously, a Gatling-type machine gun was affixed to an improvised armoured car, which was dubbed the 'Death Special'.
The 'Death Special' saw its first use on 17 October, 1913. The Forbes tent colony, just south of Ludlow, was peppered with gunfire. One striking miner was killed. A child received nine bullet wounds in the leg. A total of 148 bullet holes were found in a single tent. Some of the striking miners dug pits under their tents as a place where they and their families could take refuge from gunfire.
On 26 October the county sheriff, a representative of the Baldwin-Felts Detective Agency, a contingent of mine guards and local militiamen travelled by train to Ludlow, armed with machine guns. The miners learned about the train and hid on a hill about a mile south of Ludlow. They forced the train to retreat after killing the engineer. The next day, the striking miners attacked some mine buildings where guards were stationed.
On 28 October Colorado's governor Elias M Ammons sent in the National Guard. The National Guard was to have been impartial, protecting both the mine owners' property and the striking miners. Many of the National Guardsmen, however, had been strikebreakers from an earlier coal strike in 1904. Those National Guardsmen who did not have this history had their loyalty purchased by CF and I, which stationed the troops in company buildings and gave them goods from company stores. On a visit to the strike zone, Colorado state senator Helen Ring Robinson observed Guardsmen entering CF and I Offices to receive their paychecks.
With the presence of the National Guard leading to more violence, Governor Ammons recalled most of his troops, leaving only one small company, known as Company B, assigned to patrol the Ludlow area, which had been the site of innumerable company/striker confrontations. The local coal companies created a second company, made up of loyal employees and dubbed this company 'Company A'. Company A gained official recognition almost immediately and its members were sworn in as official militia personnel.
The strike continued under these conditions, with frequent violence, through the winter and into the spring of 1914.
At about 10am on 20 April, 1914, what sounded like two bombs were heard to explode. It is believed that the noise of these bombs was intended as a signal to the National Guardsmen to open fire, a provocation for the strikers to open fire on the National Guard, or a signal to alert the mine guards at the Delagua, Berwin and Tabasco mines, up-canyon from Ludlow, that fighting was about to commence.
Whatever the reason for the detonation of those bombs, within a matter of minutes the guardsmen of Company B and striking miners were engaged in a heated gun battle. Although the striking miners heavily outnumbered the National Guardsmen, the guardsmen had a better location and a machine gun. Members of Company A came in as reinforcements, providing a second machine gun as well as additional manpower. Estimates of the total number of National Guardsmen and militiamen on the scene range from 150 to 200. The battle lasted 14 hours.
Louis Tikas, one of the union organizers, tried to go up into the hills where the guardsmen and militiamen were located, to arrange a truce. He never returned. Tikas was arrested by Lt Linderfelt of the Colorado National Guard. Sometime after the initial arrest, Linderfelt struck Tikas with the butt end of his Springfield rifle, breaking the stock in two and fracturing Tikas' skull. Tikas was then shot three times. Reports vary on the question of whether he was trying to escape or was simply executed along with two other prisoners, James Fyler and Frank Rubino.
Many of the striking miners retreated into the surrounding hills with their families. Others sought refuge from the gunfire in the pits they had dug under their tents for that purpose. Around sunset a passing freight train stopped near the camp, positioned between the two sides involved in the battle. This allowed most of the remaining striking miners and their families to escape into the hills. Guardsmen soon forced the train's engineer to move along.
That evening, the militiamen entered the camp, began looting, and set fire to the tents. An investigation found that kerosene had been poured on the tents. The bodies of Mary Petrucci, Alcarita Pedregone and the 11 children who had died of asphyxiation in what became known as the 'Death Pit', were found the next morning by a telephone linesman who unwittingly uncovered the pit by moving the charred remains of an iron cot. The final death toll was at least 25 — including Louis Tikas, three militiamen and one uninvolved passerby.
On 21 April, 1914, the day after the massacre, the New York Times ran the following description of the scene:
The Ludlow camp is a mass of charred debris, and buried beneath it is a story of horror imparalleled [sic] in the history of industrial warfare. In the holes which had been dug for their protection against the rifles' fire the women and children died like trapped rats when the flames swept over them. One pit, uncovered [the day after the massacre] disclosed the bodies of ten children and two women.
On 10 June, 1914, John D Rockefeller Jr provided his own version of what happened:
There was no Ludlow massacre. The engagement started as a desperate fight for life by two small squads of militia against the entire tent colony... There were no women or children shot by the authorities of the State or representatives of the operators... While this loss of life is profoundly to be regretted, it is unjust in the extreme to lay it at the door of the defenders of law and property, who were in no slightest way responsible for it.
Remarkably, the strike continued until December, but ended with the striking miners failing in their demands and being replaced with non-union workers. After the strike ended, 408 of the miners were arrested, of whom 332 were indicted for murder. The trials lasted until 1920. The Colorado National Guard court-martialed ten officers and 12 enlisted men. No strikers or Guardsmen were convicted of any crime due to their actions at Ludlow.
The United Mine Workers' Association purchased the site of the Ludlow massacre and, in 1918, erected a monument dedicated to Ludlow's dead. The names and ages of the dead are inscribed on the monument, which also preserved the 'Death Pit', which has now been lined with concrete and into which people can walk today.
It was in 1935 that workers attained the right of being paid for 'dead work', the right to live off of company land and better housing.
In December 2008 the US Department of the Interior designated the Ludlow site as a National Historic Landmark.


Drawing in Perspective using Adobe Illustrator
For all of you who have endeavored to draw street scenes in Illustrator, there’s good news. Adobe Illustrator makes it a breeze to draw in perspective. All it needs is to become familiar with the underlying concepts and the tools provided and you are ready to go. Here’s a quick synopsis of the tools and concepts. For detailed understanding there’s a full tutorial in downloadable PDF file explaining how a drawing of Taj Mahal was drawn in Illustrator.
Let’s start with the basic concepts:
But before we begin, please understand that Perspective Drawing in Adobe Illustrator is NOT a 3-D environment. It is an extension of traditional perspective drawing techniques. Artists have the capability to define a perspective grid (one-point, two-point or three point), define a relative scale, move the grid planes, and draw objects directly in perspective. Or they can attach flat art onto the grids by dragging with the new Perspective Selection tool. There are several operations such as Transform Again that honor Perspective and therefore enable quick drawing in perspective.
Let’s see how one can draw using perspective. The first step is to set up the Perspective Grid. You can render a Perspective Grid via View>Perspective Grid menu or just by selecting the new Perspective Grid (PG) tool (or using the shortcut Cmd/Ctrl + Shift + I to show/hide Perspective Grid).
The Perspective Grid tool in the toolbar is used for fine-tuning this grid though widgets provided on the grid. The Grid Plane widgets allow three state behaviors using Opt/Alt click:
(a) Grid plane
(b) Transparent fill plane, and
(c) No plane view state.
The Perspective Selection Tool
The Plane Selection Widget
Perspective rulers are available and can be turned on or off from View>Perspective Grid>Show Rulers. These rulers display along with the Perspective Grid. You can draw in Perspective using line group tools and rectangle group tools while the grid is visible. The Perspective Selection (PS) tool (available in the same tool group as PG Tool) allows a perspective object to be moved, scaled, duplicated and transformed in perspective–and placing regular objects into perspective (using ‘1’, ‘2’ or ‘3’ keys to select the desired plane while dragging). It is also possible to move/duplicate objects from one plane to the other using PS tool. Grid opacity can be controlled in the Perspective Grid Presets. ‘View->Perspective Grid->Snap To Grid‘ enables snapping to Grid. Scale can be defined–to be used in displaying readouts to give the real world dimensions of an object (honoring the scale of grid). While Perspective Grid is visible you can easily switch to Perspective Selection Tool using Cmd/Ctrl from rectangle/line group tools and the PS Tool. Text and Symbols can be placed in Perspective, text being editable using the button given in the Control Panel. Placing objects on perspective grid plane works for most objects except raster images. Pattern-fills will not honor perspective.
You can also do:
(a) Perpendicular Movement of Perspective Objects (enabling move/duplication of objects such that the move happens towards a plane parallel to it). Pressing ‘5’ key on the keyboard’s top row of keys before or during the movement using PS Tool would enable regular Perspective movement into Perpendicular Movement of Object.
(b) Marquee selection (You can select between normal marquee and Perspective marquee after starting to drag the PS tool and then switch between different plane of current grid using ‘1’, ‘2’, ‘3’ or ‘4’ keys),
(c) Real-world measurements in Control Panel and
(d) Arrow keys movement in Perspective for Perspective Objects.
You can switch the active plane by clicking on the cube’s planes in the on-screen widget while having ‘Perspective Selection‘ or ‘Perspective Grid‘ tools selected and also have a ‘No Plane‘ active state. A context/object menu is available to attach an object to the currently active plane in Perspective. Similarly a Perspective Object can be released from Perspective using the ‘Release with Perspective‘ item in Context/Object menu, without affecting the appearance of the object.
Objects are aware of the height/depth at which they belong in perspective. This means that by doing a Perpendicular movement of object the dimensions reported in Info/Control panel will remain true. The Perspective Selection tool works in object’s plane i.e. Scale/Move takes place in plane where the object belongs and not in current plane height/distance. Multiple bounding boxes are shown in case objects selected are at different heights (even if they are in the same plane). Move operation (with PS tool) would work fine for multiple selections, i.e. each object would move in its own plane and the relative positioning would be maintained. Transform Again (Cmd/Ctrl+D) works for Perpendicular Movement. Scale would scale the objects whose bounding box is used for scaling even when multiple objects are selected.
Before drawing/placing object you can infer plane positioning from (Smart Guides have to be ON for this):
a. Other objects by going to one of the anchor point (getting the ‘anchor’ label) and pressing Shift key. This would temporarily hide other planes.
b. Grid Lines by going to ‘Intersect’ point and again pressing Shift key. Changing plane in this state would bring that plane to appropriate offset.
Once the object is drawn/placed the inference mode would be reset and all planes would get restored to normal visibility/offset. A plane can be moved to match an object’s depth/height. To do this select the object and then use ‘Object->Perspective->Show Object Grid Plane‘. ‘Opt/Alt+Drag’ a plane would make a copy of the object
on the plane to new location. If nothing is selected on plane all objects would be copied else only the selected once would be copied. For precise Perpendicular movement any plane can be moved to any specified depth by doing a ‘Shift+Click’ on plane widget. The dialog would have options to move/copy objects along with the plane. This would come only with Perspective Selection tool and not the grid tool. When multiple objects across the plane are selected the info/control panel won’t show any information. Moving a plane with Shift key pressed would snap the plane to the next available grid line. There’s a Plane Switching widget available that activates whenever Perspective Grid is visible. It works with all the Perspective aware tools and can be used to switch planes. View->Perspective Grid -> Define Grid functionality allow to numerically manipulate the currently defined grid in the document and also one can save the grid as a Preset from the same dialog.
Double-clicking on the on Perspective Selection tool opens a dialog that provides fine control over the various parameters for this tool.
Here’s a step-by-step guide explaining how the Taj was created (best downloaded and viewed in Adobe Acrobat):
The Taj drawing file:
Contributed by Anil Ahuja, Adobe Illustrator Engineering Team


Human leukocyte antigen (hla) typing is a way to tell how closely the tissues of one person match the tissues of another person it is important in bone marrow and stem cell transplants to know how closely the transplant recipient matches their donor. The human leukocyte antigen (hla) system or complex is a gene complex encoding the major histocompatibility complex (mhc) proteins in humans these cell-surface proteins are responsible for the regulation of the immune system in humans the hla gene complex resides on a 3 mbp stretch within chromosome 6p21. Want a full history search for b-hla dating back to 1998 buy now get it within one hour. Most providers base their science on hla (human leukocyte antigen) genes to establish genetic compatibility these genes produce hla molecules which determine the strength of our immune system, and which we can sense from another person when in close contact, albeit at a subconscious level. Genotyping of hla-b58:01 whole blood (2 ml) was collected from each participant in a monovette tube and stored at 4-12°c, and each sample was sent to the central lab on the day obtained.
Hla-b27 is a serologically-defined allele of the human hla-b locus the presence of the hla-b27 antigen is strongly associated with ankylosing spondylitis and related disorders the performance characteristics of this test were determined by arup laboratories, inc. Hla typing and matching the outcomes of related and unrelated donor hematopoietic cell transplantation (hct) are strongly affected by the degree of human leukocyte antigen (hla) matching between the transplant recipient and the hematopoietic cell graft. Hla basics human leukocyte antigen (hla) typing is used to match patients and donors for bone marrow or cord blood transplants hla are proteins -- or markers -- found on most cells in your body your immune system uses these markers to recognize which cells belong in your body and which do not. Dna romance is an online dating services company that matches customers based on the compatibility of their dna, thereby providing evidence-based matchmaking that goes beyond appearance and questionnaires.
1970’s: hla testing in the mid 1970’s, scientists focused on tissue typing and discovered the human leukocyte antigen (hla), a protein present through out the body except for red cells white cells found in blood were found to have a high concentration of hla. A greater variety in hla genes offers a greater variety in possible immune responses in terms of evolution, this makes perfect sense: children of couples with a higher variety in their hla genes (and hence, immune responses) will have better protection from a greater variety of diseases. But studies of hutterite spouses showed that partners didn’t tend to have very similar hla genes the researchers wanted to find out if women were sniffing out men with just-right hla profiles. Hla and cross-reactive antigen group matching for cadaver kidney allocation starzl, te and eliasziw, m and gjertson, d and terasaki, pi and fung, jj and trucco, m and martell, j and mcmichael, j and scantlebury, v and shapiro, r and donner, a (1997) hla and cross-reactive antigen group matching for cadaver kidney allocation.
The human leukocyte antigen (hla) is the most polymorphic region of the genome, coding for proteins that mediate human immune response this polymorphism may be maintained by balancing selection and certain populations show deviations. Hla typing for transplant market is set to exceed usd 720 million by 2024 as increasing number of individuals afflicted with terminal and irreversible organ failure rises, says latest study by global market insights, inc. A genetic component of the immune system is major histocompatibility complex (called hla in humans) the premise is that people with a greater diversity of hla genes are more likely to be attracted to each other.
The site at _____, dating to about 25,000 years ago in the czech republic, is one of the first for which there is an entire settlement plan b) dolni vestonice 6. Instantchemistrycom is doing a simple dna test of couples to let them know their relation compatibility so just order your kit of tubes and spit in it, send it to them and know your result. Dating sites can now find your perfect match based on dna numerous studies have revealed that chemistry, in particular body odor, plays a big part in the art of attraction, but such physical. As can be seen in the figure above, hla types and immunologic compatibility make a difference in (1) partnership satisfaction, (2) sexual satisfaction, and (3) the wish to have children in general, the people who were in a relationship with a partner with dissimilar hla types were most satisfied.
It is important to know that hla is inherited as a set of the three hla groups, a, b, dr this set is known as a haplotype below you will notice the father has 2 distinct hla haplotypes this child does not match at all with his/her sibling. A positive test means hla-b27 is present it suggests a greater-than-average risk for developing or having certain autoimmune disorders an autoimmune disorder is a condition that occurs when the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys healthy body tissue. Hlamatchmaker hlamatchmaker is a structurally based computer algorithm to determine hla matching at the epitope level it focuses on epitopes recognized by hla antibodies and the determination of epitope-based mismatch acceptability for sensitized patients considered for organ transplantation or in need of compatible platelet transfusions. Background information for celiac disease (hla-dq2, and hla-dq8) genotyping: characteristics : celiac disease is a systemic autoimmune disorder that may be associated with gastrointestinal symptoms including: diarrhea, weight loss, anorexia, lactose intolerance, and abdominal distention and discomfort.
While we do our best to provide additional matchmaking criteria, people are all individuals and like any dating service we short list people for face to face dates, our customers then meet for a first date and mutually see if there is a meaningful connection. Diving a bit deeper into the genetic pool, pheramones are controlled by each person's type of human leukocyte antigen, or hla and, it says, the greater difference in hla types, the stronger the chemistry is between two people, which is why pheramor states, ‘opposites attract’ is the basis for attraction. Substantial scientific evidence suggests that a group of related genes that make up part of our immune system or human leukocyte antigen (hla) complex can be predictive of physical attraction and long-term relationship satisfaction. 13) if the same stem cell line could be induced to produce hematopoietic cells for transplant and the tissue of interest for therapy, the mixed chimerism approach could be used to provide patients with cell-based therapies from stem cells without extensive immunosuppression or the need for hla matching.
Apparently, dna dating is a thing we somehow missed this trend of course, based on our romancing skills—we are a bunch of mbas, after all—we vaguely recall a website launched back around 2000 called hot or not that harkens back to a simpler time of objectifying the opposite sex (or same sex. Updated on april 29, 2018 introduction hla dr is a simple blood test that is done to determine if you’re one of the 24% of the population that has genes that are susceptible to getting very sick from the super tiny biotoxins (bio meaning from living organisms) and inflammagens (agents that.


When fields are ready for harvest, the wind gently moves among the crops creating a wave-like ripple.
After 33 days with no land in sight, the 90 sailors aboard the Nina, Pinto, and Santa Maria watched the water change color and flocks of birds appear. Land! America was discovered.
Imagination has no limits. It reveals the indistinct yearning of the soul. To describe it, we have to deploy a paraphrase or a metaphor. This is the only we can capture an elusive reality.
The artist has to set a trap for the imperceptible. Using a conventional image, he is at pains to get as close as possible to a certain mystery. There is a feeling of unrest as he approaches it.
A road and infinity-two seemingly incompatible motions that can be brought together by abandoning everyday reasoning for the projective geometry that uses an infinite straight line where parallels merge. Accepting its existence, the artist treats is as an artifact.
In the painting, a girl walks along an endless road in the midst of the sea. She motions with her hand as if to tame the waves so they will let her pass. It is as in the bible’s Book of Exodus where God parted the waters so Moses and the Israelites could miraculously cross the Red Sea as if walking on dry land.
The girl’s calming gesture follows the smooth flight of the white birds above the sea. Their appearance is a sign of a way out-salvation-and reveals the welcome proximity of land so dear to every seafarer.


Discover the cosmos! Each day a different image or photograph of our fascinating universe is featured, along with a brief explanation written by a professional astronomer.
2004 August 3
Explanation: What if you saw your shadow on Mars and it wasn't human? Then you might be the Opportunity rover currently exploring Mars. Opportunity and sister robot Spirit have been probing the red planet since January, finding evidence of ancient water, and sending breathtaking images across the inner Solar System. Pictured above, Opportunity looks opposite the Sun into Endurance Crater and sees its own shadow. Two wheels are visible on the lower left and right, while the floor and walls of the unusual crater are visible in the background. Opportunity is cautiously edging its way into this enigmatic crater, hoping to find new clues into the wet ancient past of our Solar System's second most habitable planet.
Authors & editors:
NASA Web Site Statements, Warnings, and Disclaimers
NASA Official: Jay Norris. Specific rights apply.
A service of: LHEA at NASA / GSFC
& Michigan Tech. U.


Objects in Maple 16
With the addition of objects to the language, Maple users can write code that integrates much more closely with Maple. For a general overview of objects see the object help page. For details on declaring new objects, see the object,create page. Objects can implement methods (see object,methods), overload built-ins (see object,builtins) and various operators (see object,operators) that will be invoked when those objects appear in standard Maple syntax. This allows user defined objects to integrate into Maple as naturally as built-in Maple types. In the following example, we implement an object that represents an integer modulo n.
Create a new instance of the IntMod class using the IntMod object factory.
i0m5 ≔ IntMod 0, 5 ;
i0m5:=0 mod 5
Notice the nicely printed form.
We can also create a new object by copying an existing one. In this case we will specify a new value, but the base will be copied from the given object.
i1m5 ≔ Object i0m5, 1 ;
i1m5:=1 mod 5
We can test that these newly create objects are instances of the IntMod class
type i1m5, 'IntMod' ;
The ModuleType procedure allows the IntMod type check to support specifying a base.
type i1m5, 'IntMod'3 ;
type i1m5, 'IntMod'5 ;
ModInt implements a '+' operator. We can use this to generate the rest of the integers mod 5
i2m5 ≔ i1m5 + 1;
i2m5:=2 mod 5
i3m5 ≔ i2m5 + 1;
i3m5:=3 mod 5
i4m5 ≔ i3m5 + 1;
i4m5:=4 mod 5
i4m5 + 1;
0 mod 5
2 mod 5
The implementation of + also supports non-integer values, by leaving them alone.
4 + i1m5 + 18 + i2m5 + 3 + fx + y;
3 mod 5+fx+y
IntMod overloads the * and ^ operators.
i3m5 * i4m5 * y * fx;
2 mod 5yfx
Note that the ^ does not get called in the 0 case, automatic simplification gets in the way.
4 mod 5
3 mod 5
1 mod 5
The ModInt object also overloads the convert function. This allows the conversion of IntMods to integers.
convert i3m5, 'integer' ;
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