This article explores a series of Supreme Court decisions making it more difficult for disabled individuals to assert rights under the employment discrimination provisions of the Americans with Disabilities Act. The Court first held that ADA claimants must have their disabilities considered in their corrected or medicated condition. So long as they are able to use prostheses, hearing aids, medication, or other means to control their conditions, they are not to be considered disabled. The Court further held that persons will only be considered disabled if they have conditions that severely limit them with respect to a major life activity. These limitations must be so substantial, that if they qualify as disabled, they will most likely be unable to demonstrate that they are otherwise qualified individuals who can perform the essential functions of the job with or without a reasonable accommodation. To demonstrate that they are regarded as disabled - a second part of the definition of disabled - they must show that the employer regards them as having a condition that, if they had it, would substantially limit them with respect to a major life activity. If employers merely refuse to hire them due to provincial stereotypes of non-disabling conditions, they will not be covered. The article suggests that the definition of disabled individuals should be expanded to include less debilitating conditions that employers may use to deny positions to otherwise qualified persons.
GW Paper Series
GWU Law School Public Law Research Paper No. 274; GWU Legal Studies Research Paper No. 274
Charles B. Craver, The Judicial Disabling of the Employment Discrimination Provisions of the Americans with Disabilities Act, 18 Lab. Law. 417 (2003).


Part 2. Journalist and author, Paul Roberts continues his argument that developing an alternative food system will not be quick, nor will it be easy to accomplish. It will require substantial support from the government in order to develop and take hold, and require a systematic approach to creating holistic solutions. Roberts points out, risk is the necessary accompaniment to innovation, and as experimentation takes place toward finding creative solutions, we must expect there will be failures along the way. Food prices will likely increase, and remain higher over time; consumers may have to readjust to certain foods being only available in their respective seasons. Clearly, this is not an utopian vision of change for our agricultural future, if convenience, year-round availability, and lowest possible food prices are our main objectives.
As Roberts points out, the problems with our industrial food system, is within the entire system itself. Living organisms require diversity and redundancy in order to maximize survival opportunities. Industrial practices are by nature, designed to root out redundancy (unnecessary costs) and diversity (lower efficiency, hence costlier); the ultimate goal being to produce maximum economic profit over desired human timescales.
Modern industrial agriculture practices over the past half-century have produced remarkable achievements in terms of production yields and greater cost efficiencies. Unfortunately, on nature’s timescale, this experiment has hardly proven itself viable. As we struggle to find replacements for oil, and other fossil fuels to meet our future energy needs, we may also find ourselves looking for a new agricultural model that can feed the world, and protect the environment. Some are arguing that sustainability embodies the right agricultural approach to fuel our next food revolution.


Twist! Untwist! Replicate! Transcribe! Now students can do it ALL with the new Dynamic DNA Kit©!
Whether making health care decisions for themselves and their families or preparing for careers in medicine, research or drug development, today's students need to understand DNA. Research shows that while students know DNA contains genetic information, they have trouble understanding how that genetic information is revealed and used. Using the Dynamic DNA Kit,students will assemble the nucleotides, feel the hydrogen bonding of the A-T and G-C base pairs and discover the double helical structure of DNA - just as James Watson and Francis Crick did in 1953. PLUS, they will twist and unwind the double helix to model DNA replication and RNA transcription. Additional pieces allow them to make ATP and much more.
Magnets are used to simulate the bond connections between the A-T and G-C nucleotides.


Investment in systems to promote collaboration is vital for health, say Shri J P Nadda and Nikolai Astrup
Six million women, children, and adolescents die from preventable causes every year. [1-3] The 2030 Agenda and the sustainable development goals (SDGs) encourage new ways of tackling this and other challenges, through partnerships and multisectoral collaboration.
It is well recognised that progress across many sectors contributes to health and development goals. We know that outcomes in areas such as education, nutrition, water and sanitation, contribute to improved health outcomes, and vice versa. Health is not only a universal right for individuals but also a key driver of sustainable socioeconomic development, as we have seen in our countries. Some of our most intractable challenges can be solved only by public sectors working with the private sector, multilateral organisations, non-governmental organisations, and others. This integrated way of working is at the heart of the 2030 Agenda.
We know that funding for programme activities does not always extend to the collaborative processes that make them happen. We encourage greater investment in partnerships, and in joint planning, implementation, and accountability. An important initiative in this respect is the recently launched Global Action Plan for Healthy Lives and Wellbeing for All, which identifies three strategic approaches: align, accelerate, and account as well as cross-cutting areas where more innovative, synergistic efforts can greatly accelerate progress in global health.
The real world examples in this BMJ series describing how countries have designed and implemented multisectoral collaborations enable us to learn about the commonalities as well as the challenges.  We would like to share some of our own examples of efforts to improve the lives of the most vulnerable through country-led initiatives and global and national partnerships.
Success in India
India has made progress, with an increase in its human development indicators from 0.427 in 1990 to 0.640 in 2017.  However, much more needs to done to improve human development outcomes. The Intensified Mission Indradhanush strategy described in the series is one example of how multisectoral participation can improve service coverage for hard-to-reach populations.  To build on this progress, the prime minister launched the “aspirational districts” initiative in January 2018.  A total of 117 districts in 28 states were identified as aspirational districts using a composite index comprising health, nutrition, education, basic infrastructure, and poverty. States are the main driver of the programme, which involves multisectoral collaboration at central, state, and district levels. Using real time monitoring, districts are encouraged to catch up with the best ranked district in their state, and aspire to be the highest ranking district nationwide. This spirit of competition, learning, and cooperation has resulted in a rapid rise in human development indicators.
The Norway-India Partnership Initiative (NIPI), launched in 2006, aims to reduce maternal and child mortality by providing strategic, catalytic, and innovative support to India’s National Health Mission. A recent evaluation shows that it has strengthened health systems—for example, through higher quality nursing and midwifery education and improvements in home based healthcare for infants and young children.  We are proud that this collaboration has proved fruitful and provides a model for others to follow. A key factor in NIPI’s success is India’s commitment to, and investment in, maternal, newborn, and child health.
We recognise that many countries face critical shortfalls in domestic resources for health, which threatens to push the SDG health goals out of their reach. There is also room for improving efficiency, as estimates show that 20-40% of all health resources are wasted.  Norway was one of the partners that launched the Global Financing Facility for Every Woman Every Child at the Addis Ababa summit on financing for development in July 2015.  The aim is to bring together multisectoral stakeholders to enhance investment in health and nutrition. In November this year, Norway co-hosted a replenishment conference that mobilised $1bn and several domestic resource pledges.  The next goal is to mobilise an additional $1bn for 2018-23. Working in partnership, we can jointly help to save 35 million lives by 2030.
As these examples show, the SDGs give us a powerful stimulus for using multisectoral collaboration to work more effectively and achieve common goals. We can begin by investing in systems and mechanisms to promote partnerships with national stakeholders that endure through changing political landscapes. Political leaders must continue to show the political will to embrace new ways of working in partnership and to share our experience and achieve our goals.
Shri J P Nadda has served as the union minister for health and family welfare in the Government of India since 2014.
Nikolai Astrup is a Norwegian politician from the Conservative party who has served as minister of international development since January 2018.
Competing interests: We have read and understood BMJ policy on declaration of interests and have no relevant interests to declare.
Provenance and peer review: Commissioned; not externally peer reviewed.
1 World Health Organization. Maternal mortality. Key facts. 2018. http://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/maternal-mortality
2 Unicef. Under five mortality. 2018. https://data.unicef.org/topic/child-survival/under-five-mortality/
3 World Health Organization. Adolescents: health risks and solutions. 2018. http://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/adolescents-health-risks-and-solutions
4 World Health Organization. Global action plan for healthy lives and well-being. WHO, 2018. http://www.who.int/sdg/global-action-plan
5 Making multisectoral collaboration work. www.bmj.com/multisectoral-collaboration.
6 UNDP. Human Development Reports. 2018. http://hdr.undp.org/en/countries/profiles/IND
7 Gurnani V, Haldar P, Aggarwal MK, et al. Improving vaccination coverage in India: lessons from Intensified Mission Indradhanush, a cross-sectoral systems strengthening strategy. BMJ 2018;363:k4782. doi:10.1136/bmj.k4782
8 National Institution for Transforming India. About the Aspirational Districts programme. 2018. http://niti.gov.in/content/about-aspirational-districts-programme
9 Oxford Policy Management. The Norway-India Partnership Initiative Phase II: impact evaluation of five interventions. Norad, 2018. https://norad.no/om-bistand/publikasjon/2018/the-norway-india-partnership-initiative-phase-ii-impact-evaluation-of-five-interventions/
10 World Health Organization. The World Health Report. WHO, 2010. http://www.who.int/healthsystems/topics/financing/healthreport/whr_background/en/
11 Global Financing Facility. About us. 2017. https://www.globalfinancingfacility.org/introduction
12 Global Financing Facility. World leaders pledge US$1 billion to transform health and nutrition of world’s poorest women, children and adolescents. Press release, 6 Nov 2018. https://www.globalfinancingfacility.org/world-leaders-pledge-us1-billion-transform-health-and-nutrition-world%E2%80%99s-poorest-women-children-and
13 Global Financing Facility. Study: GFF-supported countries can save as many as 35 million lives by 2030. Press release, 3 Oct 2018. https://www.globalfinancingfacility.org/study-gff-supported-countries-can-save-many-35-million-lives-2030


January 6, 2011 | News
Every year in the early weeks of the fall semester, Jean-Jacques Strayer, Assistant Professor of Hunter College, witnessed a familiar scene at the college library. A crush of freshmen milled around the reference desk, waiting for help with their first research assignment. Their patience was rewarded, and after a quick consultation with the librarian, the students walked away with a slightly hazy blueprint for their paper. Other students never made it, missing out on an opportunity to learn valuable skills. Strayer was determined to change this scenario.
At CUNY, information literacy—the ability to find, evaluate, contextualize and communicate information using technology—is the focus of a wide range of instruction on each college campus. Teaching this critical set of skills early on in students’ careers has not only has helped boost their GPA scores but has also proved to be a powerful intervention tool for improving student retention and graduation rates. At Hunter, freshmen courses might touch upon information literacy, but the real task of introducing it falls largely to librarians, who offer high-tech information literacy workshops and one-on-one consultations throughout the year. In fact, the foundational English 120 course links its 90 sections to specific librarians. But how can a handful of librarians impart their useful knowledge to students when there are 1800 freshmen in the English 120 course alone?
As Strayer stared at this conundrum, the answer came to him in the form of a logistical objective. If he could open the bottleneck that formed at the reference desk each fall when students come seeking help with their first research assignment, he would have found a way to better support their learning.
Together with a team of Hunter College library faculty—Associate Professor Brian Lym and Assistant Professor Lauren Yannotta— Strayer set out to design a new resource and he focused on the group that could make the greatest impact: the adjuncts that teach the 90 sections of the English 120 course. The resource, a digital repository of educational media, would help instructors teach information literacy and share best practices with one another. The site is also intended to be the locus of an interactive learning community designed to promote collaborative research sharing, teaching and assessment across the curriculum. Moreover, the tutorials would conform to standards set by the Middle States Commission on Higher Education, CUNY’s accrediting body.
“We wanted to make a rich, interactive site that will have potential to reach the greatest audience,” says Strayer. “We knew that if we succeed in engaging instructors, our primary audience, students will have greater exposure to learning information literacy.” Adds Yannotta: “It’s teaching teachers to teach information literacy. Our premise is to start with fundamentals, so that librarians can then expand on the complexities.”
In the summer of 2009, the team received a Faculty Innovations in Teaching with Technology grant from Hunter College President Jennifer Raab. In December, they launched the information commons on the Hunter College homepage.
Teaching Your Teachers Well
The Web 2.0 information commons contains the best educational multimedia tools in information literacy today. Tutorial topics include plagiarism, evaluating sources, locating materials in the library—and other basic concerns of college undergraduates. What is more, each tutorial comes in the form of a so-called digital learning object, which is permutable with other digital resources—files, audio and images. The objects can be copied and pasted and strung together in any combination on the Blackboard site, at which point the e-learning product is ready for classroom dissemination.
Strayer, Yannotta and Lym identified the best peer-reviewed sites and wrote reviews on each site’s interactivity. “We saw this project as an effective way of establishing our presence online and connecting with faculty and students on a very large campus,” says Lym.
Yannotta believes the information commons gives students a grounding in research before they make their visit to the library. She advises the teachers she works with to prepare students for the library by assigning a tutorial on a subject such as primary versus secondary sources. “Come to the library with this knowledge and we’ll show the students how an expert would do it,” she says.
The team understood that it wasn’t enough to develop a resource without getting faculty to integrate it into the curriculum, so they designed course-specific Libguides, software for transmitting course content, and made all of commons freely accessible to the world.
Marketing the commons was the next step, and the librarians have been each reaching out to faculty at other departments. This spring before the start of a new semester they will be conducting a workshop for the English 120 adjunct community on using the LibGuides to teach information literacy.
As word of it spreads, the commons has been winning adherents. “What I like about the information commons is that my explanation might not be the one that could help the students,” says Assistant Professor Wendy Hayden about using the interactive tutorials in her English 120 course. “The commons helps you bring your message home in a variety of formats in styles that appeal to every learning style.” The commons can also help students how to think. “At this point only teachers can comment on the space in the information commons,” notes Hayden. “I’d like students to use them. We teach students to think critically about everything on the Web.”
The next challenge is to cultivate a wider community of users by creating a site that addresses the needs of everyone at Hunter. “You can’t just put it on the Web and walk away,” says Lym. “It’s going to be a project that will never have an end.”


Preschoolers are reminded to "Bee Their Best" by designing this frame with some nifty bees. Jesus reminds us to always be our best and do well in the world; this activity will be a reminder to the children.
- To teach and remind children about being their best
- To use the frame as a reminder that Jesus wants us to be our best
- To help develop their fine motor skills by painting, gluing and assembling their frame
Before You Start: Gather materials needed: An assortment of BioColor®, especially yellow, black fine tip marker, beads, glue, paintbrushes, cardboard frames, wiggly eyes, wooden mini craft sticks.
Let's Get Started! Step 1. Talk with the children about being their best and how the picture frame with their picture in it will be a reminder at home.
Step 2. Have the children go around and comment on ways they can be their best or what it means to them.
Step 3. Have the children choose a frame and let them paint it.
Step 4. While the frame is drying, give the children three craft sticks to paint yellow, these will be their bees.
Step 5. On the frame have the children take a fine tip black marker and make a dotted line flight pattern for their bees around the frame.
Step 6. Have the children take a fine tip black marker and make zigzag lines on the yellow craft stick for the bee's body.
Step 7. Have the children glue eyes on their bees.
Step 8. Have the children glue the bees to the frame with a glass bead resembling their wings on each side.
Step 9. If desired, "Bee Your Best" can be written on the frame.
Furthermore: Have the children take home their frames and with the help of their parents pick out a picture where they are being their best. Have them display the picture frame at home as a constant reminder that Jesus wants us to always "Bee our Best."
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As we watch the news unfold, remember that our kids are watching us. Children expect adults in their lives to provide protection and security. When current events are disturbing or worrisome to us, children may pick up on our emotional cues and respond behaviorally. This can look like an increase in challenging behaviors, talking back, withdrawing, or crying more easily. As parents, we may also experience higher levels of anxiety and stress, causing us to be less patient and more reactive.
However, there is also an opportunity embedded in crisis moments. Rather than avoid the news, we can choose to connect and engage with children, in age-appropriate ways, about difficult events and stressful situations.Here are a few strategies for supporting our children and teens during uncertain and turbulent times:
- For Younger Children: Keep your comments appropriate to the age of the child. Young children may only need minimal information upfront. Begin with a short summary, “You may be hearing us talk about what’s going on in the world right now. Some people are upset, and they are protesting. Would you like to talk about this?” Answer any follow-up questions briefly and succinctly. It is okay to tell them you are not sure how current events will resolve. If a child seems emotional, provide hugs and reassurance that you are there for them. If they are not interested, it is not necessary to pursue the conversation. You can always revisit it later.
- For Tweens and Teens: Adolescents are ready for more complex discussions. Invite them to share what they know and how they feel about current events. Then, listen to their thoughts, concerns, and questions. When we listen to our teens, we signal that their opinion and contribution matters. Be curious and encourage reflection by leaving space for them to think and respond, before jumping in with your opinion.
Disruptive times present unique opportunities to talk more explicitly with your family about values. What is integrity in leadership? What is our obligation to the community? How do we demonstrate compassion and respect for those who are different from us? What are the responsibilities of citizenship in a democracy?
As the saying goes, “world peace begins in the home.” Children are reassured when parents address difficult or scary situations openly and honestly. By inviting our children to engage in thoughtfulconversations about current events, we nurture their self-esteem, build critical thinking skills, and strengthen family relationships.
Posted with permission from Parent's Place


In 2012 Alden Yépez carried out a survey on the southern slopes of the highest mountain in Ecuador, the Chimborazo, providing new insights into the nature of twelve archaeological sites. These sites are close to a historical pathway that was tracked by GPS. This path gives access to a group of sites which the ancient Inca most probably used for worshipping. This path serves as a reference for identifying the appropriate method to reconstruct past movement patterns. For additional verification of the results, younger pathways of the same region were analyzed. The early movement patterns derived from this analysis are used to create an accessibility map. However, one group of sites in the vicinity of a cave is not well accessible. We assume that visibility issues played an important role in this case.


After the Egyptian dictator Hosni Mubarak stepped down in February, Google executive Wael Ghonim tweeted: “Good morning, Egypt. I truly missed you for the past 30 years!” This revolution, which was nonviolent and democratic, was an entirely modern phenomenon. But the backdrop of the Great Pyramids and the frequent references to Mubarak as the Last Pharaoh bring to mind a time span much longer than 30 years. The rule of the pharaohs in Egypt began around 3000 B.C.E. In the big picture we’re talking about 5,000 years of authoritarian rule by pharaohs, kings, emperors and dictators. In this long span, it is natural to think of the Biblical Exodus as in some ways a precursor of the latest revolution in Egypt. The plea to Pharaoh, “Let my people go,” would be an apt caption to the scenes of popular demonstrations in Cairo’s Liberation Square.
Of course, unlike the recent events in Egypt, the Exodus was neither a popular movement nor a democratic revolution. According to the Biblical account, this movement was in fact largely opposed by the Hebrew slaves, who had been worn down by their slave existence and slave mentality. Moses, the liberator chosen by God, had to force them to be free. Even after their liberation, the people were nostalgic about their Egyptian bondage, where at least they had had enough to eat. The stiff-necked Hebrews were not democrats. They essentially exchanged one king—Pharaoh—for another, to whom they owed absolute obedience. Their new king was God, who gave them laws and made them his people.


A study on malaria control measures among community members in Lusaka urban
Sikazwe, George Mweupe
MetadataShow full item record
Malaria is an illness caused by Plasmodium of the falciparum, maiariae, vivax and ovale species. 90% to 95% of the malaria cases occurring in Zambia are due to Plasmodium falciparum. The malaria parasites are transmitted by the vector mosquito. The important malaria vectors in Zambia are Anopheles gamibiae, anopheles Arabiensis and Anopheles funestus, all these are fresh water breeders (Bransby - Williams, 1979). Approximately 500 million cases occur worldwide per year. 90% of these happen in Sub-Saharan Africa. On the Zambian scene, the disease has been identified as one of the leading cause of both morbidity and mortality. By 1999 the incidence rate for malaria was 308.4 per 1,000 people. While the fatality rate among those admitted to health centres and hospitals was 51.3 per 1,000. Malaria has also been documented as the most common cause of both outpatient attendance and hospital admission in all age groups. Figures for 1999 show that 35.1% of total health centre admissions were due to malaria. The disease affects all age groups but is mot serious among younger children and pregnant women.It has been suggested that community involvement and their full participation would provide a solution to bringing the vexing problem down. The questions therefore are, what does the community l<now about malaria prevention and control? What is the community actually doing to malaria? And what is the potential of the community to participate and contribute to the malaria control programme? This study aims at answering these questions in other words it aims at assessing the knowledge attitudes and practices in malaria control measures among community members. To initiate a community based programme it is necessary to have adequate and focused information regarding the community visa-a-vis the given problem. Hence this study would be useful in the planning and implementation of partnership based malaria control activities. The study would be useful especially now when there is new vigour to control malaria under the Roll Back Malaria initiative.This was a cross sectional survey targeting randomly sampled household. The sample was drawn from 3 residential clusters.(a)Low cost high density (b)Medium cost medium density and;(c)High cost low density areasA representative sample of 10% of the households was drawn from the three residential areas. Specifically the areas were Olympia, Libala Stage II and Old Kanyama. The major findings were that people generally found definitions of things like what is malaria or what is malaria prevention, cumbersome. However upon probing they came up with more or less the correct answers. It was also found that people in Lusaka urban appreciated the severity of malaria (69%) as well as recognized the importance of taking preventive measures (61%) (However practice of control measures were low at 48% x^=3.2, P < 0.05). What could be near a fresh finding is the discovery of a very strong association of high temperature and fever to malaria. 55% of the respondents across the education strata and residential areas defined as high temperature and fever. On the other hand clinicians also heavily rely on temperature and fever to diagnose the disease. The argument that arises is could there be an exaggeration in our estimation of malaria incidence in view of the fact that high temperature and fever could be brought about by a myriad of other causes?


January 11, 2010
Disconnect Between Brain Regions In ADHD
Two brain areas fail to connect when children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder attempt a task that measures attention, according to researchers at the UC Davis Center for Mind and Brain and M.I.N.D. Institute.
"This is the first time that we have direct evidence that this connectivity is missing in ADHD," said Ali Mazaheri, postdoctoral researcher at the Center for Mind and Brain. Mazaheri and his colleagues made the discovery by analyzing the brain activity in children with ADHD. The paper appears in the current online issue of the journal Biological Psychiatry.The researchers measured electrical rhythms from the brains of volunteers, especially the alpha rhythm. When part of the brain is emitting alpha rhythms, it shows that it is disengaged from the rest of the brain and not receiving or processing information optimally, Mazaheri said.
In the experiments, children with diagnosed ADHD and normal children were given a simple attention test while their brain waves were measured. The test consisted of being shown a red or blue image, or hearing a high or low sound, and having to react by pressing a button. Immediately before the test, the children were shown either a letter "V" to alert them that the test would involve a picture (visual), or an inverted "V" representing the letter "A" to alert them that they would hear a sound (auditory).
The experiments were conducted by researchers in the laboratories of Ron Mangun, professor of psychology and neurology, and Blythe Corbett, associate clinical professor of psychiatry and behavioral sciences and a researcher at the M.I.N.D. Institute.
According to current models of how the brain allocates attention, signals from the frontal cortex -- such as the "V" and "A" cues -- should alert other parts of the brain, such as the visual processing area at the back of the head, to prepare to pay attention to something. That should be reflected in a drop in alpha wave activity in the visual area, Mazaheri said.
And that is what the researchers found in the brain waves of children without ADHD. But children with the disorder showed no such drop in activity, indicating a disconnection between the center of the brain that allocates attention and the visual processing regions, Mazaheri said.
"The brains of the children with ADHD apparently prepare to attend to upcoming stimuli differently than do typically developing children," he said.
Children with ADHD did improve their reaction times when properly cued, but they don't seem to allocate resources as efficiently, Mazaheri said.
This is the first evidence from brain electrical patterns for a functional disconnection in cortical attention systems in ADHD, he said. Current definitions of ADHD are based only on behavior.
The research was originally inspired by a desire to combine laboratory and clinical research to go beyond existing measures of ADHD and get a better understanding of the condition, Corbett said.
"Clearly the crosstalk from bedside to bench has been fruitful," she said.
Other co-authors on the paper are staff research associate Sharon Corina, postdoctoral fellow Evelijn Bekker and research assistant Anne Berry.
The study was funded by the grants from the National Institutes of Health, the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research, the Perry Family Foundation, the Debber Family Foundation and the Aristos Academy.
About UC Davis
For more than 100 years, UC Davis has engaged in teaching, research and public service that matter to California and transform the world. Located close to the state capital, UC Davis has 32,000 students, an annual research budget that exceeds $600 million, a comprehensive health system and 13 specialized research centers. The university offers interdisciplinary graduate study and more than 100 undergraduate majors in four colleges -- Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Biological Sciences, Engineering, and Letters and Science. It also houses six professional schools -- Education, Law, Management, Medicine, Veterinary Medicine and the Betty Irene Moore School of Nursing.
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1976 Carter VS. Ford
The Living Room Candidate
"Essence," Carter, 1976
CARTER: Hi. Governor Carter from Georgia.
MAN: How you doing?
CARTER: I'm running for President; I want to ask you to help me next year.
MALE NARRATOR: In the beginning, Jimmy Carter's campaign was a lonely one. But through the months, more and more people recognized him as a new leader, a man who will change the way this government is run, a competent man who can make our government open and efficient. But above all, an understanding man, who can make ours a government of the people, once again. Jimmy Carter. A leader, for a change.
"Essence," 1976 Democratic Presidential Campaign Committee, Inc., 1976
Maker: Gerald RafshoonVideo courtesy of the Jimmy Carter Library.
From Museum of the Moving Image, The Living Room Candidate: Presidential Campaign Commercials 1952-2012.
www.livingroomcandidate.org/commercials/1976/essence (accessed December 10, 2016).
On August 9, 1974, after a Senate investigation revealed his direct involvement in the cover-up of the Watergate break-in, Richard Nixon became the first president in American history to resign from office. Nixon was succeeded by Gerald Ford, who had been appointed vice president after a bribery scandal forced Spiro Agnew’s resignation in October 1973. These scandals and the televised Watergate hearings, which resulted in the conviction and imprisonment of 25 Nixon administration officials, shattered the public's trust in the government. In a 1974 poll, 43 percent of respondents said that they had "hardly any" faith in the executive branch. As a result, the 1976 election was dominated by issues of integrity and character. Hoping to put the Watergate affair to rest, President Ford unconditionally pardoned Nixon in September 1974, but the move hurt Ford’s political standing. Ford won the Republican nomination only after fighting off a strong challenge from Ronald Reagan.
The Democrats nominated Georgia Governor Jimmy Carter, a former naval officer and peanut farmer. Carter, who promised, "I will never tell a lie to the American people," ran a brilliant campaign as an outsider, offering a fresh change from Washington politics as usual.
Walter Mondale for vice president
"Leadership for a Change"
Jimmy Carter was campaigning to become the first president from the Deep South since 1849. His ads, created by Atlanta advertising executive Gerald Rafshoon, skillfully made use of his heritage. They portrayed him as honest, hardworking, untainted by Washington politics, and almost mythically connected to America’s agricultural past--a non-lawyer who knew the value of manual labor. His campaign is best summarized by the five-minute
Yet establishing a farming background was not enough to qualify a candidate for the presidency. As the campaign progressed, Carter was made to look more and more presidential. Having emphasized his southern roots in his early ads, Carter appeared in a series of spots, produced late in the campaign, in a formal indoor setting wearing a suit and tie.
Robert Dole for vice president
"He’s Making Us Proud Again"
As a candidate, President Ford was in the unenviable position of being the incumbent at a time when Americans had lost their faith in the presidency. Not surprisingly, Ford’s ads pictured him as a different kind of leader from Richard Nixon. They consistently portrayed him as a regular guy and a nonimperial president. Spots filmed inside the White House showed him dressed casually, with an open collar and no tie. They also claimed that Ford was responsible for turning the country around and leading it out of the Watergate nightmare.
With the Vietnam war over, inflation beginning to ease, and the country in its bicentennial year, the Ford campaign produced a series of ads showing a montage of happy Americans accompanied by an upbeat song featuring the lyrics, "I’m feeling good about America, I’m feeling good about me."
Largely because of his pardon of Nixon, Ford found himself trailing in the polls through much of the campaign. As a result, the Republicans ran ads that capitalized on voters' doubts about the relatively unknown Jimmy Carter. In one series of man-in-the-street ads filmed in Atlanta, the Georgia voters who were presumably most familiar with Carter criticized his record as governor. Carter would use the same technique during his 1980 campaign against former California Governor Ronald Reagan.


In Lango, Northern Uganda, 20 years of war, cattle rustling and HIV/AIDS have resulted in widespread loss of life, population displacement, and loss of property. In spite of this turmoil, some traditional cultural practi
In Lango, Northern Uganda, 20 years of war, cattle rustling and HIV/AIDS have resulted in widespread loss of life, population displacement, and loss of property. In spite of this turmoil, some traditional cultural practices, such as widow inheritance, early child marriage, and widow cleansing continued, although they were increasingly seen to conflict with ‘modern’ development thinking, especially when infringing women and children’s rights. External development actors first tried to address this situation by ‘sensitising’ communities, but with limited success. It however soon became evident that clan leaders were instrumental in perpetuating cultural practices: in the early 2000’s, they became increasingly identified as key actors to address harmful traditions and to resolve conflicts. With the many trials faced by local communities, women’s roles in supporting the family institution and upholding cultural values had however expanded too. Several development organisations were established to address the challenges related to these changes and one was the Lango Female Clan Leaders’ Association, with a focus on promoting girls’ education and access to justice for women. This case study examines the role that these female clan leaders have successfully played in tackling current gender- related challenges. It explores the interface between traditional and modern gender concepts and the value of working with cultural resource persons to address cultural challenges. The study involved desk research, field based semistructure interviews, focus group discussions with 30 respondents and key informants, and a validation write-shop, all held in the course of 2008.


The jigsaw is a revolutionary addition into the world of carpentering. This little device brings a lot of power into the hands of its user with the help of lightweight yet effective machinery. The jigsaw has an enormous amount of power and control on the specimen being dealt with and is easy to use at the same time. However, like every sharp object, a jigsaw is slightly dangerous too. It needs to be handled with care when going onboard with wood or other objects. This article is all about bringing to light, the method of cutting wood using a jigsaw. Let us go on and see what it has.
First things first
For almost all cutters that occupy this world, a workspace stands out as a necessity. But jigsaw remains an exception as it does not quite require any. Many of you might not have an elaborate garage for working with things. But there is no need to worry as all you need for your jigsaw are two sawhorses over which plywood can be balanced.
A requirement that need not be overlooked
You need to properly harness your wood to the base you are using. This is the most vital aspect of cutting wood with a jigsaw. Not doing it may lead to unwanted hindrances and distorted results.
How to make a cut
It is necessary that you proceed with caution when using a gadget like this. We advise that you do not miss any of the steps that we have listed down while dealing with wood.
- Make sure that you have fastened the piece of wood with the base.
- Fit in the blade carefully before beginning to cut.
- Load the batteries into your device to give it power.
- Bring the blade of the instrument closer to the piece of wood but keep the blade not in contact with the wood as yet.
- Kickstart the device by pulling the trigger. Allow the blade to run and attain full speed prior to bringing the jigsaw and wood in contact.
- In case you cannot cut a straight line without help, get yourself a small peck of wood or an edge guide to help.
- After the blades are running at full speed, allow the connection between the jigsaw and the piece of wood.
- Go on to make a cut in the shape desired. Make sure you have all the necessary safety gear around you to avoid any unlikely but possible mishap while handling the machine.
- When you have achieved the desired shape of your cut, allow the blades to stop running fully before terminating the contact between the device and the piece of wood being worked upon. This step prevents any damage that may be caused to the blades of the machine.
- If you plan on keeping the device aside after making the cut, consider removing the batteries from it for obvious safety reasons.
Do take care that you concentrate well on what you do with the jigsaw. Happy cutting! …


Most Americans are overweight, according to a new study looking at overweight and obesity rates in the United States.
In a report published in JAMA Internal Medicine, researchers from Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis studied data from 2007 to 2012 of a nationally representative group of 15,208 people ages 25 or older.
The researchers estimate that during that time period, 40% of men were overweight and 35% of men were obese. They estimate that 30% of women were overweight and 37% were obese. The numbers are similar to those estimated by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)., which suggest that one third of American adults are obese.
“Our estimates are very close to CDC’s estimates, and there is clearly not a trend of decline on the prevalence of overweight and obesity in the United States,” says study author Lin Yang, a postdoc researcher at Division of Public Health Sciences in the Department of Surgery in an email. “Thus, we strengthen the case for implementing policies and practices that span multiple sections and [are] designed to combat overweight and obesity. This will need a political will to support multi-level approaches through individual, health professional, community, environment and policy engagement to address this epidemic as a whole.”
The new data show Americans’ waistlines have continued to grow over the last 20 years, the study authors write. People who are overweight or obese are also at a greater risk of other chronic diseases like heart disease and type 2 diabetes. According to the CDC, the estimated yearly medical costs of obesity in the U.S. reached $147 billion in 2008, the latest data available.
The researchers conclude that interventions should prioritize healthy diet, physical activity and healthy social norms to get Americans back in shape.


Some workplace accidents happen suddenly and without warning, such as when a machine malfunctions or a worker slips and falls. Fortunately, many workplace injuries can be prevented by understanding the effects of overexertion. Overexertion occurs when a worker expends too much energy over an extended period of time. The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) maintains that overexertion is the leading cause of non-fatal work injury reported in the United States. In order to improve these statistics and lessen the likelihood of overexertion in the workplace, it is important that workers understand the signs and symptoms that they are in danger.
During physical exertion, the heart pumps faster thus requiring higher oxygen levels. In response to oxygen depletion, muscles fill with lactic acid. The resulting soreness and burning experienced by workers who carry, hold, throw or pull heavy objects is indicative of muscle overuse. When these same workers push through their discomfort, it can result in delayed onset muscle soreness which can, in turn, prevent them from performing their job duties. Similarly, overexertion can exacerbate preexisting conditions such as tendinitis or stress fractures.
Pain is an indicator of overexertion that is easy to identify. However, every individual perceives pain differently. In some cases, overexertion may be less obvious, though it is no less dangerous. Chest pain, difficulty breathing, and dizziness are all indicative of overexertion. When a worker who is exhibiting these symptoms is not given adequate time to rest, their physical distress can lead to a heart attack.
Few workers are more at risk of suffering from overexertion than those who must work long hours under the sun and in warm temperatures. These conditions can quickly cause dehydration, which is itself a form of overexertion. When allowed to persist, dehydration can cause muscle cramps, disorientation, fainting, and even shock. As a result of these risk factors, certain workers are more at risk of experiencing an overexertion injury than others. These occupations include:
Most overexertion injuries will involve the muscles of the back, including strains and pulls. Overexertion in extreme cases can result in herniated or ruptured discs. According to the BLS, most acute overexertion injuries are caused by lifting objects that are too heavy; and men are more likely than women to suffer from overexertion. Frequently, overexertion can lead to secondary injuries if a worker collapses and falls.
Although employers may encourage or pressure employees to work through pain and discomfort, workers should listen to their bodies. If overexertion is suspected, workers should always take a break, and if necessary, see a doctor as soon as possible. It is important to note however, that overexertion is not limited to extreme physical stress. Instead, overexertion can result from chronic overuse of any muscle or body part. Carpal tunnel syndrome and osteoarthritis are frequently caused by overexertion of the muscles and tendons of the hand and arm.
It can be difficult to establish that a worker is entitled to Workers’ Compensation benefits in connection with an overexertion injury. The Philadelphia Workers’ Compensation lawyers of Gross & Kenny, LLP, have a demonstrated history of succeeding where others have failed. If overexertion is preventing you or a loved one from working, contact us at 267-589-0090 or 215-512-1500, or complete our online form to schedule a free initial consultation at our Philadelphia offices, where we represent clients throughout Pennsylvania.


There is a growing market for locally grown food produced without the use of synthetic chemicals.
In Antigo, the 100-year-old Grandview Orchard in Antigo is slowly being transformed to organic production.
Jim Skibo continues our We Live Up Here series with the story.
Have you ever dreamed of quitting your job and buying a farm? Lisa Rettinger has done just that. Four years ago, she quit her job in the Twin Cities and purchased a 110-year-old apple orchard just a few miles east of Antigo.
Lisa worked for about 20 years in St Paul, Minnesota as a soil scientist after graduation from UW-River Falls with a degree in agronomy. Working in the GMO industry and in chemical regulation, she dreamed of farming without synthetic chemicals. With the encouragement of her family from Antigo, she decided to, in her words, “take the leap because what I was doing was really not that fulfilling.” She followed her passion and purchased orchard.
She found that transforming an orchard completely away from synthetic chemicals was not easy. Ironically, 110 years ago when a Swedish immigrant planted the first apple tree on the site, he was using methods not that different from what Lisa is doing today. What she calls the “holistic approach” to the orchard.
The key to the holistic approach, according to Rettinger, is to stop using herbicides, which create a plant monoculture. When she first came to the orchard there was nothing growing around the apple trees. As Lisa notes, “if you are an apple pest or apple disease it is a pretty good place to be.” Monocultures, she goes on to say, “are not a thing in nature,” which consists of a “diversity of plants, insects, animals, soil microbes, and mycorrhizal fingi underground.” The use of chemicals destroys this important diversity.
Besides introducing a lot of plants that grow beneath the trees, the holistic approach also involves introducing pigs and chickens to the orchard.
The chickens are brought to the orchard in the spring when there are a lot of pests emerging from the soil. The chickens help control these unwanted visitors, and the chickens also scratch the ground, which interrupts the cycle of many pests that winter in the leaves. Lisa also notes that “the chickens are helping to add some fertility to the soil,” as her goal is to completely fertilize the orchard without bringing in any outside nutrients.
One of her most successful offshoots of the holistic approach is the sale of the free-range chickens and pigs. There is a growing market for livestock grown nitrate free. Lisa gets rave reviews from her customers who enjoy the apple fed pork.
Although, she employs one part-time employee and an apple picking crew, Lisa does most of the work herself. She notes that the “workload is pretty tremendous.” The year round work includes, “pruning in winter, spring planting, training branches, thinning fruit,” not to mention picking the apples and making cider.
Her mom and dad pitch in when they can. Her dad often works the booth at the Antigo Famers Market and her mother bakes the apple pies sold at the Antigo and Wausau Famers Market.
Like many in the organic food field, Lisa approaches this work with a missionary zeal. She offers clinics on pruning trees, natural fruit tree care, tours, and pick-it-yourself options after Labor Day. Here, visitors can see firsthand how the holistic approach works. Much to the surprise of Lisa, the pigs are a big hit. They run free in the orchard and people pet and play with them. One thing that she likes to show people is that pastured pigs do not have the noxious odor we associate with confined pigs.
She also started two events that will go on again this coming summer that she hopes will be become a tradition. On August 3rd there is the second annual sustainable farm tour in Antigo, and the Grandview Orchard is one of five organic farms participating. The Grandview Orchard will also be hosting a farm-to-table dinner on August 17th.
Despite all the hard work, Lisa finds this lifestyle very gratifying. The best part, she notes, is not sitting at a desk 10 hours a day. She also meets many interesting people involved in organic farming. The work is constant but what gets her up in the morning is not just the fresh air but also her sincere interest in learning how to grow apples organically.
This past year she has noticed a considerable improvement in the orchard’s health. Her hard work has been paying off. She gets together often with other organic fruit growers where they share stories of the successes and failures. Her advice to someone thinking about starting an organic farm would be to “work on someone else’s farm for a while and get to know the ropes because there is a lot to growing and marketing your product.”
In addition to selling apples, cider, a cider syrup used as a salad dressing or a meat glaze, she sells nursery stock. Beginning on April 20th, she will have fruit trees for sale. Each one is sold with advice on how to grow it successfully without chemicals.
Jim Skibo and his wife, Becky, are junior high basketball coaches, he is also a writer and retired archaeology professor and they live in White Lake, Wisconsin with their dog, Lucky.
This story was written by Jim Skibo and produced for radio by Mackenzie Martin. Music for this story came from Blue Dot Sessions: Closer by Blue Dot Sessions (www.sessions.blue).
This story was funded in part by a grant from the Wisconsin Humanities Council, with funds from the National Endowment for the Humanities and the State of Wisconsin. Any views, findings, conclusions or recommendations expressed in this project do not necessarily represent those of the National Endowment for the Humanities. The Wisconsin Humanities Council supports and creates programs that use history, culture, and discussion to strengthen community life for everyone in Wisconsin.


24 Mar Learn Quick Tips Regarding How to Complete Homework Faster
Students daily get loads of homework. During some days the quantity of homework is so much that they hardly get any time for themselves. But they cannot escape this routine because it is a necessary part of their academic curriculum. Their grades are dependent on how they do their homework. But think about a situation where you can complete your homework in a faster manner than before. It will save a lot of time that you can devote for yourselves. How to complete homework faster will give you certain ways that can really help you in completing your homework much more quickly. You just have to follow these tricks and see the results for yourself.
Here is a list of certain ways by which you can complete your homework faster-
- Make your concepts clear before starting your homework
It is one of the important methods by which you can complete your homework faster. If your concepts are not clear and you start doing homework, then you will get stuck in between and will become frustrated and end up wasting a lot of time. First, revise the concepts that you have learned in the school and make them clear in your head. After this start doing your homework. You will see that you will be able to complete your work faster than before.
- Focus on that work first which is high in priority
Many assignments need to be submitted later on. First of all, try to start with those tasks that are required to be submitted the next day. By doingthis, you will be able to complete your work on time. Decide the priority on the basis of submission date and if you are left with sufficient time you can do other tasks as well.
- Set out a schedule and follow it
Always set a schedule which will enable you to complete your homework in a faster manner. Set a schedule allocating time for each and every subject for which you have got homework. Follow this time routine and you can also keep an alarm clock to remind you that you give the allocated time to each subject. Also, make sure that you are not spending too much time on just one subject.So, in this way, you will get to learn that how to complete homework faster.
- Study with your friends
Studying with your friends is a very good idea. You can complete homework in a fast way by this method. You can clear each other’s doubts and problems. Also, there will be a competition amongst you all to see that that completes the work first. By following this spirit you will do work very quickly and efficiently.You can also get some good ideas from your friend regarding how to complete homework faster.
- Take professional help
If you are constantly stuck with doubts while doing homework then take some professional help. Find a good tutor who can help you with your homework and can guide you in clearing your doubts. You can gain a lot of advantage using your tutor’s experience and knowledge. You can also go for the option of online tuitions if you want to save time and money.
- Find your favourite spot in your house
Find the most comfortable area in your house to do homework. You will work more efficiently if the area is free from any distractions and is a comfortable spot to complete your work. Keep all your material that you need near you so that you can save time and try to stay away from any kind of distractions.
- Search over the internet
Internet can be a very useful medium to complete the tasks in a faster way. Whenever you are stuck with something that you are not able to find in books or lack clarity, and then search for it on the internet. You can find some really useful information and ideas that can help you a lot in completing your homework.
- Give yourself small breaks in between
When you complete one subject’s work reward yourself with a small break after that. Eat something in that break and try to relax. It will refresh you and will double your energy to complete the rest of your homework at a fast pace.
Thus all the above steps will work in the best manner if students follow them nicely which will further help them to complete the assignment fast along with getting good grades in entire subjects. They can also use these tips for solving difficult question like how to complete homework in less time.
Taking help from online resources like online expert will be best as they are working hard for the students to make their concepts easy by taking less time. All the above factors will prove best if students follow them step by step for completion of their work.
These factors will also help them to get good grades in entire subjects by learning important and basic concepts in less time. Thus, you will also come across with best tips regarding how to complete homework faster?


As nicer weather abounds, the school year wraps up, and constant outdoor activities increase, it can be hard to prioritize healthy cooking for you and your family. While enjoying the beautiful sunny weather, here’s some things to keep in mind.
Six tips to cooking healthier:
1) Use healthy fats when cooking such as olive oil or coconut oil when sautéing, and nuts and avocados in salads and sandwiches.
2) Incorporate more fruits and vegetables into meals. Pick produce in a variety of colors to get a range of vitamins and nutrients.
Examples: Eat fruits and vegetables such as apples and celery with a serving of natural peanut butter or hummus for a snack. When dinner rolls around, roast, grill, or stir-fry assorted veggies as a delicious side dish.
3) Stick to lean meats, and incorporate more fish and poultry in your diet. For more added nutrients, vitamins and taste while being more environmentally friendly, stick with organic and grass fed meats.
4) Use more natural, unrefined sweeteners such as stevia, agave nectar, sucanat, local honey, and raw cane sugar. The less processed, the better for you.
5) Keep sodium to a minimum. The recommended daily intake is no more than 2,300 mg of salt per day. Most store bought and restaurant foods already contain a significant amount, so be aware and use sparingly when cooking and baking.
6) Enhance flavor with healthy yet delicious ingredients such as fresh herbs, spices, and citrus. Certain combinations such as chili powder with cumin or pepper with lemon can really go a long way in adding bursts of flavor.


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Governments Call for Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights in Development Policies
The 47th session of the UN Commission on Population and Development ended early Saturday morning with a call from governments to promote gender equality and sexual and reproductive health and rights as key priorities for sustainable development. The Commission urged world leaders to integrate these rights into the new, post-2015 development framework that will replace the Millennium Development Goals, which are set to expire in 2015.
The weeklong Commission was convened to assess twenty years of progress since the groundbreaking agreements made at the International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD) in Cairo in 1994. To move the vision of Cairo forward, the Commission called on governments to respect, protect, and fulfill the human rights of women and girls—including sexual and reproductive health and reproductive rights—and to address persistent inequalities and “discrimination on any grounds.”
The Commission also called on governments to train and equip health providers to ensure that—in circumstances where abortion is legally permitted—abortion is safe and accessible, and to intensify efforts to achieve universal access to HIV prevention, treatment, care, and support without stigma and discrimination.
IPPF Director General Tewodros Melesse said that while the agreement further recognized the centrality of the Cairo Programme of Action to sustainable development, the Commission could have done more to promote and protect the sexual and reproductive health and rights of women, men, and young people.
“At this critical juncture in the post-2015 process, governments have renewed the commitments made in Cairo in 1994 and since. The right to control one’s fertility and sexuality is fundamental to social and sustainable development, and governments have agreed it should be a core part of the next development agenda. Now, we need strong leadership from governments to lead us into the next twenty years.”
Throughout the week’s negotiations, many governments expressed strong support for advancing sexual rights, and fifty-nine governments explicitly called for action to end discrimination and violence on the basis of sexual orientation and gender identity. These calls came from countries as diverse as the Philippines, South Africa, Nepal, Mongolia, Suriname, Australia, Norway, and most Latin American countries. These calls build on similar agreements made during regional reviews of ICPD in Latin America and the Caribbean and Asia and the Pacific in 2013.
Despite this strong support for sexual and reproductive health and rights, a small but vocal group of countries blocked language on sexual rights from the final agreement—a move that elicited strong rebukes from several government delegations during the closing plenary. Governments will reconvene in September at the UN General Assembly to renew political support for the actions required to achieve the goals of the ICPD Programme of action.


Every person (man or woman) should take care of his or her health. But why getting STD testing remains rare? As a rule, it is done already when there are real reasons for the diagnosis. Let's find out what is STD testing and should you do it or not.
STD - the term means Sexually Transmitted Disease. Or it's also called a STI (sexually transmitted infections).
The term STD is used for any illness that is passed from one person to another through vaginal, anal, or oral sex. This does not mean that sex is the only way that STDs can be transmitted. Depending on the STD, an infection may also be transmitted through:
Talking about STD testing might feel awkward, but try not to be embarrassed. Most people get an STD test at least once in their lives. It means they’re taking care of their health. If you’re concerned about a particular infection or symptom, talk to your doctor about it. Unfortunately, many people don’t receive prompt treatment for STIs. Because many STIs have no symptoms or very non-specific symptoms, which can make them hard to notice. The stigma around STIs also discourages some people from getting tested. But testing is the only way to know for sure if you have an STI.
More about STD testing
Common STD symptoms include:
Depending on the type of disease, the doctor can prescribe a different kind of STD test. Because there is no single method of diagnosis for all types of diseases. The doctor will choose the appropriate test, depending on your symptoms or suspicions. Also, you should also tell your doctor about:
The most common STD are: chlamydia, gonorrhea, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B, syphilis, trichomoniasis.
Also, it is useful to know, that STD testing Brooklyn is quick, easy, and it usually doesn’t hurt. STD testing may include:
STIs are common, and the testing is widely available. The tests can vary, depending on which STIs your doctor is checking for. Talk to your doctor about your sexual history and ask which tests you should get. They can help you understand the potential benefits and risks of different STI tests. They can also recommend appropriate treatment options if you test positive for any STIs.


Noun: Georgian jor-jun
Adjective: Georgian jor-jun
- A native or inhabitant of Georgia in Asia
- A native or resident of the American state of Georgia
- A southern Caucasian language with 3 million speakers and a long literary tradition
- Of or relating to or characteristic of the Asian republic of Georgia or its people or language
"the Georgian capital is Tbilisi"; "Georgian farmers"; "Georgian vowels"
- Of or relating to the Hanoverian kings of England
"the first Georgian monarch"
- Of or relating to the former British colony of Georgia
"the Georgian colony"
- Of or relating to or characteristic of the American state of Georgia or its inhabitants
"the Georgian state capital is Atlanta"; "Georgian peach farmers"
Derived forms: Georgians
Type of: American, Caucasian, Caucasian language, Russian
Part of: Georgia, Sakartvelo


Suppose you are stranded in the Tadoba National Park with darkness falling. You are not able to find any help close by. Would you be able to get out of this precarious situation fast before encountering any wild animals or the elements? Obviously, you would like to safeguard yourself from all sorts of dangers and any potential harm. It is always best to master the typical jungle survival skills before heading into the wilderness.
Here are some of the top wilderness survival strategies and skills you must know and remember before venturing out into the jungle.
Mastering a Proactive Attitude
A survival situation in the jungle is certainly not an opportunity to lose your calm and panic. You need to get out of this crisis situation with a strong willpower and solid determination. You must definitely concentrate on a proactive and a positive attitude. Once you realize that you are lost in the woods you must start by
- Developing a concrete plan.
- Listing all the resources in hand.
- Identifying the crucial tasks that are essential for survival like finding drinking water, insulated shelter, and some warmth.
- Going about with sheer grit and determination.
- Realizing that feelings are not associated with facts. In reality, you may be feeling pretty hopeless but the fact is you need to keep all your thoughts truly focused on getting away from this dangerous situation and getting back to the safety and comfort of your Tadoba accommodation.
Constructing an Insulated Shelter for the Night
- You need to build a well-insulated shelter to safeguard yourself from the elements.
- Think in terms of your body basics. No need to think about a big shelter. Simply make a shelter just big enough to fit in your body in lying down posture.
- Smartly construct the basic framework using whatever is available at the site. You could use a strong branch or a fallen tree. Allow the solid branch to rest securely against the robust standing tree.
- You could block the sides with sticks put close together. Use relatively smaller sticks to fill up gaps in between.
- You may add proper insulation by covering the sides effectively with leaves, bark moss, thorny bushes, etc. Use thick materials for added protection. You may also add same kind of insulation to the floor, it is better to find something thick for extra protection.
Locating Clean Water
- You could get some uncontaminated and clean rainwater. Look for it. Collect rainwater and store it for drinking later on. It is best to boil whatever water you have found. This is essential for destroying the pathogens.
- You need to think in terms of the topography. Look for indentations and outcropping where water could be accumulating. If you are using water from puddles and streams, you better boil it before consumption.
- Collect dew drops that form on grass and leaves.
Learning an Advanced Way of Lighting a Fire
You must learn how to light a fire in the jungle with the help of a battery before you step out on your wildlife vacation to the Tadoba National Park in India. With the help of your car or jeep battery, you could light up a fire. Attach steel wool or wires for connecting the negative and positive posts. This would be igniting the wool or inducing a spark.
If you wish to survive while you are lost in the jungle, you may additionally consider making a spear to catch fish or any other small game to keep you going for the time being. You must be equipped with survival kit including a lighter, folding knife, hydration bag, a cell phone, and a completely waterproof thermal sack that could be used for effectively retaining your body heat and avoiding any kind of skin exposure to cold wind at night in the jungle.
Source : www.doomsdaymoose.com
Other Survival Solutions(This are the most reliable survival books that you can find)


Questions about smog
What is smog?
Smog is a term used to describe the mixture of pollutants in the air that we breathe. The main contributors to smog in Nova Scotia are ground level ozone (O3) and fine particulate matter (PM2.5). While we measure and talk about individual pollutants for simplicity's sake, it is more likely that we are affected by the "atmospheric soup" of all the different pollutants present in the air we breathe.
How is smog formed?
Smog begins to form when smog-forming pollutants [PM, sulphur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx), ammonia (NH3), and volatile organic compounds (VOCs)] are released into the air. Further chemical reactions involving these pollutants can lead to the formation of O3 and more PM.
NOx + VOCs + (sunlight + heat) O3
NH3 + NOx + SO2 + VOCs more PM
PM and O3 are the main components of smog.
Smog remains in an area until rain washes most of the pollutants out of the air, winds blow the pollutants away, or it undergoes further chemical reactions. Because it takes time for smog to form from precursor emissions, the highest levels are usually found in suburban and rural areas downwind of major emission sources.
Is smog a concern in Nova Scotia?
When we think about the air in Nova Scotia, phrases such as "refreshing ocean breezes" and "fresh, clear air" most often come to mind. However, air quality in the province may vary depending on location, time, season and weather conditions. There are some days where smog may cause health concerns for many Nova Scotians.
These two pictures compare the visibility on a clear day with that of a smoggy one. The clear day had an ozone concentration of 25 parts per billion, and a fine particulate concentration of about 2.5 micrograms per cubic metre of air. On the smoggy day we measured ozone concentrations of 50 parts per billion, and fine particulate concentrations of 50 micrograms per cubic metre.
In the winter, poor air quality tends to be more of a localized issue. This is especially a problem in areas where there is a high concentration of wood-burning homes.
Where does Nova Scotia's smog come from?
Smog in Nova Scotia is based on three factors:
- emissions from outside our region that are blown our way
- our own emissions
- weather conditions which transform these emissions into other pollutants that are more harmful to health.
We most often picture smog as something that hangs over large cities and large industrial sites. While it is true that most smog comes from these places, it does not stay there. Nova Scotia is downwind of some of the largest cities and industrial centres in North America. If you watch a weather forecast on television and see the directions that our weather patterns come from, it should not be surprising that air pollution follows the jet stream in the same way.
Nova Scotia does not have the same population or industrial base of upwind jurisdictions. However, our large per capita energy consumption, a strong dependence on fossil fuels, emissions from industrial and institutional sources, a heavy dependence on automobiles, and the use of other gas powered items contribute to air pollution locally and globally.
Certain weather and geographical conditions tend to increase the effect of pollutants leaving smokestacks and tailpipes. In the summer, high temperatures and strong sunshine increase the formation of ground level ozone, while still air allows it to accumulate rather than disperse. This means most of our high smog days come in the summer time. Valleys are especially susceptible to high smog, as they slow down dispersion.
What effects does smog have?
The main human health concern about smog is its potential to affect the heart and lungs. This is of special concern to Nova Scotians. According to Statistics Canada's National Population Health Survey, Nova Scotia has among the highest rates of asthma and heart disease in Canada. While more research has to be done to determine whether air pollution is the cause of lung disease, there is little doubt that air pollution aggravates existing heart and lung conditions.
Young children, the elderly, and anyone with heart or lung disease such as asthma, bronchitis and emphysema are particularly sensitive to the effects of air pollution. Children and adults engaged in physical activities are also at risk because they breathe deeper and faster. Further information on the health effects from poor air quality is available from Environment Canada and Health Canada.
In addition to the impacts on human health, smog can harm vegetation, cause premature degradation of many materials, and affect visibility. This can lead to reduced production in resource sectors such as forestry, fisheries and agriculture. Hospital admissions and visits to physicians and emergency rooms involve direct costs to the health care system, as well as societal costs which are more difficult to quantify. Reduced productivity due to work and school absenteeism adversely affects the economy.
The SO2 and NOx emissions which lead to the formation of smog are also the main pollutants which cause acid rain.


Journal article Open Access
Bacteriocins are antimicrobial peptides or proteins produced by strains of diverse bacterial species. The antimicrobial activity of this group of natural substances against food borne pathogenic, as well as spoilage bacteria has raised considerable interest for their application in food preservation. Depending on the raw materials, processing conditions, distribution, and consumption, the different types of foods offer a great variety of scenarios where food poisoning, pathogenic, or spoilage bacteria may proliferate. Application of bacteriocins may help reduce the use of chemical preservatives and/or the intensity of heat and other physical treatments, satisfying the demands of consumers for foods that are fresh tasting, ready to eat, and lightly preserved. In recent years, considerable effort has been made to develop food applications for many different bacteriocins and bacteriocinogenic strains. Antibacterial metabolites of lactic acid bacteria have potential as natural preservatives to control the growth of spoilage and pathogenic bacteria in food. Among them, bacteriocin is used as a preservative in food due to its heat stability, wider pH tolerance and its proteolytic activity. Due to thermo stability and pH tolerance. it can withstand heat and acidity/alkanity of food during storage condition. Bacteriocin are ribosomally synthesized peptides originally defined as proteinaceous compound affecting growth or viability of closely related organisms. Hence, issues an overview of bacteriocins and their applications in food preservations are addressed in this review.


The United States of America is no longer the land of the (economically) free. In fact, according to the newly released Economic Freedom of the World Report, we’re not even in the top ten.
This worrisome trend began a little over 10 years ago, when the United States was ranked the world’s second-most economically free country, behind Hong Kong. The U.S. had been enjoying a long reign atop the list; from the early 1980s until 2000, the U.S. was consistently ranked in the top three.
However, the U.S. is now ranked 18th in the world, down from 10th last year. We’re behind Canada, Finland, Denmark, Chile, Estonia — even Qatar. Hong Kong and Singapore have been ranked as the top two most economically free countries in the world almost every year for the past two decades.
The report ranks countries on five broad metrics: government size; the strength and soundness of the legal and property rights system; the soundness of the monetary system; the freedom to trade internationally; and regulation of credit, labor and business. As the United States has become more heavily regulated and indebted, its ranking has fallen precipitously. And because the 2012 report is based on 2010 data, and the federal and local governments have become bigger and more intrusive since 2010, we can expect the U.S.’s ranking to decline even further in future economic freedom reports.
We shouldn’t casually dismiss these findings. Studies have shown that people’s lives are vastly improved by economic freedom. In countries with greater economic freedom not only do we see higher levels of prosperity, entrepreneurship, innovation, business creation and investment, but we also see more political and civil liberties, less social and political instability, cleaner environments, higher levels of literacy, higher life expectancy and better health overall.
People living in countries such as South Korea and China have seen their lives progressively improved in recent decades as their economies have become freer. On the other hand, people living in the United States and some European countries have seen their lives worsen as their governments have grown increasingly meddlesome.
Moreover, as economist Nathan Ashby has shown, economic freedom attracts talent to our shores. Ashby’s work (along with Robert Lawson and J.R. Clark’s study on the Hayek-Friedman hypothesis) confirms that political freedom is only economically beneficial if it’s accompanied by economic freedom, as political freedom doesn’t provide any direct economic benefits. Over the long run, then, the U.S.’s declining economic freedom will make it harder for the U.S. to compete with more economically free countries, which will have an easier time attracting smart immigrants. We’re already seeing smart Americans like Facebook co-founder Eduardo Saverin denouncing their U.S. citizenship so that they can move to more economically free countries (Saverin moved to Singapore).
The proper response to recessions and debt crises is not more government regulation and government spending — it’s more economic freedom. The United States must reverse course and re-embrace one of the values that long made it so attractive to the rest of the world: economic freedom.
Alexandre Padilla is an associate professor of economics at Metropolitan State University of Denver.


Jean-Laurent Casanova Unité Inserm 980 "Génétique humaine des maladies infectieuses" / Université Paris Descartes
Only 10% of individuals infected by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which causes tuberculosis, go on to develop the disease. Why this should be is one of the questions Jean-Laurent Casanova and his team at Inserm Unit 980, “Human genetics of infectious diseases”/Université Paris Descartes, and their fellow researchers at New York’s Rockefeller University, asked themselves. To try and find an answer to this question, they set about studying the genetic components of human susceptibility to mycobacteria. The results of the study, published in this week’s issue of Science, reveal the key role played by a specific protein called ISG15 in immunity against mycobacteria
Tuberculosis is caused by a mycobacterium, chiefly Mycobacterium tuberculosis, also known as Koch’s bacillus. An estimated 25% of the world’s population is infected by tuberculosis. Of this number, 233 million men, women and children (10%) will develop clinical signs of the disease. Tuberculosis is currently responsible for 1.4 million deaths a year. Existing antibiotic treatments are becoming less effective and many vaccination campaigns end in failure. At least 50% of people who have been vaccinated do not develop any immunity. New strategies are therefore needed to combat tuberculosis effectively.
The question Jean-Laurent Casanova and his team have been trying to answer for more than 15 years is why all infected individuals do not go on to develop the disease. It was demonstrated a hundred years ago that identical twins, who share the same genetic material and an identical environment, are far more likely to both develop the disease than fraternal twins who are living in the same environment. That’s why the research team set out to prove that the likelihood of an infected individual developing the disease was determined by genetic factors.
The latest complete human genome sequencing techniques, combined with all the material resources at Rockefeller University, were put to work to identify these genetic components in children suffering from mycobacterial infections.
In 2010, the team identified the genetic etiology behind the illness in three children from two separate families. Two mutations in the ISG15 gene, resulting in a total loss of function, were observed.
Until then, the role played by ISG15 had primarily been described in vitro and in vivo in mice in antiviral immunity studies. ISG15-deficient laboratory mice were more likely to be infected by M. tuberculosis than wild mice.
In the article published in Science on 2 August, Jean-Laurent Casanova’s team explain how the ISG515 protein works. They show that it is a molecule secreted in response to the mycobacterial infection which induces the production of IFN-γ. This research puts the spotlight on ISG15, a new player in the fight against mycobacterial diseases.
The new discovery opens up many new possibilities. From the medical angle, screening for new patients is underway and IFN-γ injections could provide an alternative therapeutic approach. From the scientific research point of view, gaining detailed insight into ISG15’s action mechanism and regulations will definitely teach us more about immunity against mycobacteria, which is a vital step forward in the fight against tuberculosis.
 A “messenger” produced by the immunity system in response to a viral or bacterial attack. The crucial role of this messenger in combating mycobacteria has already been demonstrated.
Monalizumab ouvre de nouvelles perspectives dans le traitement des cancers par immunothérapie. ...
The dengue virus – like all other viruses – hijacks many of the host cell's functions to accomplish its infectious cycle. For the very first time, researchers from Inserm, CNRS and Université Paris Diderot have recently identified all of the cellular factors ...
Mycobacterial disease and impaired IFN-γ immunity in humans with inherited ISG15 deficiency Dusan Bogunovic1, Minji Byun1, Larissa A. Durfee2,#, Avinash Abhyankar1,#, Ozden Sanal3, #, Davood Mansouri4, #, Sandra Salem5,#, Irena Radovanovic5, Audrey V. Grant6, Parisa Adimi4, Nahal Mansouri1,4, Satoshi Okada1, Vanessa L. Bryant1, Xiao-Fei Kong1, Alexandra Kreins1, Marcela Moncada Velez1, Bertrand Boisson1,Soheila Khalilzadeh4, Ugur Ozcelik3, Ilad Alavi Darazam4, John W. Schoggins7, Charles M. Rice7, Saleh Al-Muhsen8,9, Marcel Behr10, Guillaume Vogt1,6, Anne Puel6, Jacinta Bustamante6,11*, Philippe Gros5,*, Jon M. Huibregtse2,*, Laurent Abel1,6,*, Stéphanie Boisson-Dupuis1,6 and Jean-Laurent Casanova1,6,12,& 1. St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA 2. Section of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA 3. Immunology Division, and Pediatric Chest Disease Department, Hacettepe University Children’s Hospital, 06100 Ankara, Turkey 4. Division of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Immunology, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Teheran, Iran 5. Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Canada 6. Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U980, University Paris Descartes, Necker Medical School, 75015 Paris, France, EU 7. Center for the Study of Hepatitis C, Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA 8. Prince Naif Center for Immunology Research, Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11211, Saudi Arabia 9. Department of Pediatrics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, 11211, Saudi Arabia 10. Research Institute, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Canada 11. Center for the Study of Primary Immunodeficiencies, AP-HP, Necker Hospital, Paris, France, EU 12. Pediatric Hematology-Immunology Unit, Necker Hospital, 75015 Paris, France, EU & Correspondence (firstname.lastname@example.org) #,* These authors contributed equally to this study Science Express, 2 août 2012


After Mine Dam Collapse, We Cry with Mother Earth
On January 25, 2019, a massive mining dam collapsed in north central Brazil, devastating the nearby community of Brumandinho. Dozens are confirmed dead and hundreds are missing—and the numbers continue to grow. The dam was 280 feet high and nearly a half-mile wide. Learn more about this disaster here.
This tragedy could have been avoided. The company responsible for this disaster, Vale, is the world’s largest producer of nickel and iron ore; it has been destroying the land in the Carajás corridor for decades. The land is stripped, destroyed. The people are marginalized and mistreated. The company is known for its aggressive business practices and the destruction it leaves in its wake.
In 2015 a similar event happened in the Doce River basin—an entire town was destroyed, the rivers and ocean polluted, and 19 lives lost. At the time, it was the worst environmental disaster in Brazil’s history.
The Comboni Missionaries have long fought alongside the marginalized people of the world, sharing in their suffering, offering them hope in Jesus, and working to stop injustice. In 2007, the Comboni Missionaries along with many other groups, created Justiça nos Trilhos—Justice on the Rails—to fight for the people of the Carajás corridor in Brazil.
What is Justiça nos Trilhos?
In 2007, an international coalition of organizations formed to promote accountability for Vale, the world’s second largest mining company. The Brazilian company was labeled the corporation with the most “contempt for the environment and human rights” in the world in 2012. Justiça nos Trilhos’ website explains who they are in these terms:
“It is better to ask why we are. What motivates us to protest and fight the actions of one of the most powerful companies in the world?
We oppose them because we know the truth behind Vale’s propaganda. We try to unveil it, share our experiences, and fight together because we know that behind the company’s public image lurks aggression and destructive power. We know, for example, that its “sustainability” talk tries to cover the irreversible damage it has caused to the environment; that its story of “social responsibility” is told to hide its disregard for the rights of communities affected by its ventures; that spreading the image of satisfied employees does not eliminate a history of contempt for labor laws or intransigence and arrogance in dealing with unionized workers.
Behind the beautiful picture sold on TV and in magazines, behind the slogans that declare the company to be committed to life and the “development” of the country, we see the transnational company’s obsession with profit and maximizing wealth. We see disrespect, injustice, poverty, suffering, death.
That’s why we are.”
Fr. Dario Bossi, mccj, has been fighting with Justice on the Rails since the beginning. After the mining dam collapse on Friday, he wrote this letter:
We cry with Mother Earth tears of mud and blood.
No to impunity!
The Churches and Mining Network cries with the victims of the socio-environmental crime of Brumadinho, Minas Gerais (Brazil). We write today from this violated community, which we know well, after having shared with it several times its life and resistance to the expansion of mining. We also write from the many Latin American communities affected by the arrogant violence of extractivism, today silently embracing the little town of Brumadinho, in tears.
We are in solidarity with the families of the victims and the communities of faith, who will face the hard challenge of rebuilding hope. We also join the Archdiocese of Belo Horizonte, which with the words of the Gospel defined the tragedy as an “abomination of desolation,” referring to the “absurdities born of the [quest for] gains and contempt for the other, the truth, and the good of all.”
We continue accompanying and advising the churches involved in the territories damaged by mining and in all open conflicts between extractive companies and communities (In Brazil alone there are more than 70 dioceses where these conflicts have been mapped).
Impunity encourages crime
The company VALE SA, together with BHP Billiton, was responsible for 19 deaths and the pollution of the entire Doce River basin, in an incident on November 5, 2015. Now the same crime is repeated three years later, with even more deaths, confirming the inability of management to prevent further tragedies and signaling its disinterest and criminal behavior.
This responsibility also rests with the State, which grants licenses to extractive projects and should monitor them to guarantee the safety and dignified life of the communities and the environment.
The State’s responsibility is twofold, because impunity and insufficient reparations for the victims of the Mariana crime in 2015 was one of the main factors that contributed to the new crime of Brumadinho.
When combined with political power, the capital of mining companies facilitates the installation or expansion of large extractive projects, while minimizing restrictions and licensing rules. The “Córrego do Feijão” itself, whose dam was broken, releasing a massive mudslide of toxic waste, just obtained last month an environmental license for the expansion of 88 percent of its activities from the Council of Environmental Policies of the State of Minas. Only the National Civil Society Forum on the Management of Hydrographic Basins (FONASC) voted against the expansion, denouncing “insane” mechanisms to reduce the safety requirements in the licensing of large mining projects.
Disasters caused by the irresponsible behavior of companies allied with political power cannot be called “environmental accidents.”
Organized, but not heeded
Since 2011, the people of Brumadinho and the surrounding region have been demonstrating in an organized way against the mine, its impacts, and its threats. The FONASC, in December 2018, wrote an official communication to the State Secretary of the Environment, requesting the suspension of the licensing of the Córrego do Feijão mine. The International Network of those Affected by Vale denounced at Vale’s Shareholders’ General Assembly in April 2018, “the dangers of the repeated process of reducing expenses and costs in its operations,” making explicit mention of tailings dams.
Those responsible for these crimes cannot claim ignorance. On the contrary, in the name of “progress” and the profit of the few, there is a systematic silencing of dissenting voices.
We enthusiastically echo the words of Pope Francis in his encyclical Laudato Si’: “The local population should have a special place at the table; they are concerned about their own future and that of their children, and can consider goals transcending immediate economic interest.” (LS 183).
Bend it until it breaks
The newly elected president of Brazil, bowing to pressure from those who financed his campaign, expressed the plan to make environmental control and licensing as flexible as possible. He criticized the “environmental fine industry”; his government stripped powers from the environment portfolio, suspended contracts with NGOs committed to defending the environment, and eliminated offices that worked to combat global warming.
Previous governments also facilitated the uncontrolled expansion of mining in the country, promoting the National Mining Plan and reformulating, by decree, the Legal Framework of Mining.
Recent events demonstrate, violently, that these policies are a collective suicide and a threat to the lives of future generations.
This growth model is unsustainable and lethal; you cannot blackmail people who need jobs to survive in regions controlled by mining without guaranteeing safety, health, and social welfare. The problems are not solved “solely on the basis of financial calculations of costs and benefits” (LS, 190, citing Compendium of the Social Doctrine of the Church).
“It is not enough to balance, in the medium term, the protection of nature with financial gain, or the preservation of the environment with progress. Halfway measures simply delay the inevitable disaster. Put simply, it is a matter of redefining our notion of progress” (LS,194).
Frequently, companies and governments make mention of conflict mediation with communities through “dialogue.” They even seek the mediation of the churches, to give these talks greater credibility.
They have also established extrajudicial mediation—an arbitration of sorts that invariably reduces their burden to repair environmental damage or pay fines for legal violations.
However, the lack of mitigation and reparations, the recurrence of new disasters, and the repetition of irresponsible and criminal practices confirm that this is not a true dialogue. It is a corporate strategy to seduce public opinion, guaranteeing a kind of social license to pollute, reduce popular resistance, and avoid large financial penalties under the guise of sustainability and the common good.
Rather than this one-sided and disrespectful “dialogue,” we trust in environmental protection laws and the rights of the people, as well as in authorities that effectively monitor their compliance and punish those who violate them. We support a Binding Treaty for Business and Human Rights at the international level, and a responsible, effective, and prompt judicial response for those who rely on impunity or, at the most, a slight financial inconvenience when the rare fine is levied.
Socio-environmental crime is not an accident!
From Brumadinho and from Latin America, January 26, 2019


Mock Crime Scene
Set up a mock crime scene of your choice and document the evidence that you placed at your scene. Explain how you collected the evidence and what is processed by the crime laboratory.
Submit at least four photos in a PowerPoint presentation with an explanation of the crime scene. Post your presentation in the Unit 3 Assignment Dropbox.
Note: If you do not have access to a digital camera, you may use a camera phone.


How to Play
How To Play Assimilate
Note: This document was written as if the game were completed and may need to be revised over time if the game changes during the development stage.
The Assimilate game will consist of 2 tabs which you can use to edit the game and play the game.
- Edit - In this tab, you can create flashcards by adding questions and answers as well as categorizing the cards (geometry, algebra, etc).
- Play - In this tab, you get to play the game which was created in the edit tab. You will be able to see a question and input an answer.
- Note: The quicker you answer, the more points you will receive. There is a count down timer on the right side showing how many seconds remain before you loose points.
- If you answered correctly, you will be awarded points and given a new question.
- If you answered incorrectly, you will be given the choice to:
- Allow for another guess (worth less points) or
- View the correct answer and go on to the next question.
- On the right side of the screen, you will be able to choose the category of math problems. The change will take effect after you proceed to the next question.
The teacher will be able to view a report with each student's responses and progress. The details of how this will work are unknown at this time. Please update this as the game is developed along with the Teacher Reporting Project.


from the GNU version of the Collaborative International Dictionary of English
- n.pl. A group of Crustacea in which the eyes are without stalks; the Arthrostraca.
from The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia
- The sessile-eyed crustaceans; one of the two great divisions of the higher (malacostracous as distinguished from entomostracous) Crustacea, having fixed sessile eyes not borne upon a movable stalk, as in the Podophthalma (which see), no solid carapace or cephalothorax, the head, thorax, and abdomen distinct, and the thorax segmented like the abdomen.
- In conchology, a tribe of gastropods having the eyes on the outer side of the base of the tentacles. It includes most of the proboscis-bearing forms.
Sorry, no etymologies found.
Sorry, no example sentences found.