Depression is a state of low mood and aversion to activity. It is one of the most common issues addressed in psychotherapy. It can be both a predictable and adaptive response to life events and can be a debilitating psychological condition. When depressive symptoms are more severe and persistent, the individual is said to be suffering from clinical depression. Such individuals can make use of both psychotherapy and anti-depressant medication. Depression can manifest as a large variety of symptoms, most often feelings of sadness or despair that do not go away. Depression can negatively affect a person’s ability to function effectively in the activities of daily living. Many individuals, however, suffer much less severe depressive symptoms, and antidepressants are not necessarily essential to the depression treatment process in these cases.
A depressed person will experience or display some of the following:
- Persistent sadness, anxiety or feelings of emptiness
- Feelings of hopelessness, helplessness and/or pessimism.
- Feelings of worthlessness or guilt
- Contemplating suicide or suicide attempt
- Problems concentrating, remembering details and making decisions
- Fatigue and loss of energy
- Persistent aches, pains or digestive problems that are resistant to treatment
- Irritability or restlessness
- Insomnia, waking early, or excessive sleeping
- Overeating, or appetite loss
- Loss of interest in activities that once were pleasurable (e.g., hobbies, sex, social activities, etc.)
If you are struggling with depression and looking for a counselor to talk with, contact JLS Consulting today to learn more about what one-on-one counseling can do for you.


Telephony refers to the transmission of voice, fax and other information by using electronic means. Telephony equipment includes landline telephones, fax machines, computers, handheld devices such as mobile phones, laptops, tablets and others. In enterprise telephony, communication is accomplished over the intercom systems, internet protocol (IP) and others. Currently, with increasing sizes and areas of businesses across the world, communication amongst the colleagues becomes a crucial issue for the organizations. Enterprise telephony communication is used to provide a smooth flow of communication and a socialized environment among the colleagues in an organization. Telephony is used by various enterprises such as banks, financial institutions, manufacturing sector, education organizations and others to enhance the communication among the people for smooth workflow. Enterprise telephony facilitates real-time communication which enables the employees to make quick decisions.
Government and healthcare sectors are the major consumers of the enterprise telephony solutions. In government sector, enterprise telephony is used to provide a common platform for communication between various departments in the government offices. In healthcare sector, efficient enterprise telephony plays an important role as it helps to make quick decisions. Furthermore, enterprise telephony is also used in educational institutes, transportation, banks, and other organizations as it helps to reduce costs of communication within the organization. Banks and financial institutions implement enterprise telephony to facilitate communication of their employees among various departments and branch offices. In education sector, enterprise telephony is used to establish communication in the organizations such as colleges, universities and other institutions. Moreover, it enhances the productivity of the organization due to reduced efforts for communication.
The enterprise telephony market can be segmented on the basis of technology, end-user and geographic regions. The enterprise telephony market can be further sub-segmented based on technology as IP private branch exchange (PBX), PBX, key telephone system (KTS) and wireless private branch exchange (WPBX). IP PBX is a system that is used for instant messaging, audio and video communication through the IP networks. PBX is telephone exchange system that provides communication between large numbers of telephones in the organization. A KTS is equipped with several keys to directly select incoming and outgoing lines using the intercom without any special operator. WPBX is a telephones system that uses cordless phones for communication. The end-users of the enterprise telephony market include banks, financial services and insurance (BFSI) sector, retail industry, government organizations and others. Furthermore, the market can be geographically segmented based on regions as North America, Europe, Asia Pacific and Rest of the World (RoW).
Rising urge for adoption of unified communication solutions is one of the most important factors driving the growth of enterprise telephony market. Additionally, increasing investment of the organizations such as hotels in enterprise telephony is another factor driving the market. Sectors such as BFSI, transportation, information technology (IT), retail and other business services are expected to pose significant demand for enterprise telephony in near future. Additionally, small and medium size businesses (SMB) are increasingly shifting towards enterprise telephony for enhancement of communication in their organizations. Moreover, introduction of advanced technology for communication such as voice over internet protocol (VoIP) is expected to significantly contribute to the growth of enterprise telephony market. However, intense competition and improper standards for the solutions are major factor hampering the market growth. Security of data and network infrastructure is another challenge faced by the vendors in the enterprise telephony market.
Some of the key players in enterprise telephony market include Cisco Systems Inc., NEC Corporation, Alcatel-Lucent, Microsoft Corporation, IBM Corporation, Microsoft Corporation and others.
This research report analyzes this market on the basis of its market segments, major geographies, and current market trends. Geographies analyzed under this research report include
- North America
- Asia Pacific
- Rest of the World
This report provides comprehensive analysis of
- Market growth drivers
- Factors limiting market growth
- Current market trends
- Market structure
- Market projections for upcoming years
This report is a complete study of current trends in the market, industry growth drivers, and restraints. It provides market projections for the coming years. It includes analysis of recent developments in technology, Porter’s five force model analysis and detailed profiles of top industry players. The report also includes a review of micro and macro factors essential for the existing market players and new entrants along with detailed value chain analysis.
Reasons for Buying this Report
- This report provides pin-point analysis for changing competitive dynamics
- It provides a forward looking perspective on different factors driving or restraining market growth
- It provides a six-year forecast assessed on the basis of how the market is predicted to grow
- It helps in understanding the key product segments and their future
- It provides pin point analysis of changing competition dynamics and keeps you ahead of competitors
- It helps in making informed business decisions by having complete insights of market and by making in-depth analysis of market segments
- It provides distinctive graphics and exemplified SWOT analysis of major market segments
Note : All statements of fact, opinion, or analysis expressed in reports are those of the respective analysts. They do not necessarily reflect formal positions or views of Transparency Market Research.


The Wall Street Journal
November 5, 2013
The financial crisis and its aftermath have led to a decline in well-being for people across the developed world, but the impact has been more severe for those living in countries that share the euro than their counterparts in the U.S. or elsewhere, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development said Tuesday.
In terms of income, Americans weathered the crisis better than Europeans. U.S. real gross domestic product per capita—a broad measure of income—was almost back to its precrisis level at the end of 2012, and household disposable incomes—which includes benefits and payments provided by the state, as well as income from work and investments—were 2% above 2007 levels. However, in the euro zone, GDP per capita and household incomes were more than 4% lower. Within Europe, countries at the forefront of the euro zone’s fiscal and banking crises were hardest hit, with household disposable incomes in Greece down 10% in both 2010 and 2011.
The euro zone’s adoption of austerity as its main response to the crisis was the main reason for the gap with the U.S., since higher taxes and frozen benefit payments reduced disposable incomes.


The Physical Education class that I run might look completely different than when you were in school. I place less emphasis on traditional team sports, and more emphasis on fitness and skill development. It is my goal to have the students engaged in moderate to vigorous activity at least 50% of the time they are in my class. The games that you might have grown up with have been modified to have more students be active during the majority of the class. As a teacher I recognize that children are at different developmental levels, with a variety of needs and interests. For this reason in every class I attempt to provide all of the children with teaming experiences that are both beneficial and enjoyable. Each lesson is also adjusted to take into account the wide range of skill and fitness levels that characterizes children in elementary school.
Active Body = Active Mind
Getting children to move helps strengthen and stimulate their brains. This is why so many recent research studies are showing increased fitness equals to increased academic performance. In May, 2013, the Institute of Medicine of the National Academy of Sciences issued the report “Educating the Student Body: Taking Physical Education and Physical Activity to School”, which declared that P.E. is as important as math, science, or any other core subject, not only because of its importance to lifelong health and well-being, but also because of the benefits that quality P.E. has on academic performance.
I would like to stress the importance of your child being properly dressed on days they have physical education class. Proper dress, is clothing that the child is able to move around in comfortably and gym shoes. If your child plans on wearing sandals, please make sure to send along a pair of gym shoes and socks they can change into. If proper dress is not worn, your child’s participation could be limited. Which will not only affect their grade, but their health.


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A human interface device (HID) is a method by which a human interacts with an electronic information system either by inputting data or providing output. A myriad of HID devices exist. The most common are the keyboards, mice, computer speakers, webcams and headsets. All devices providing an interface between the user and computer machines are considered HIDs.
It is an integral part of a user interface, which more academically may be called a human-computer interface (HCI) or more generically as a interface device.
Most operating systems (OS) recognize basic HID devices, such as mice and keyboards, without the need for a specific driver. This facilitates the plug and play (PnP) attributes of USB devices. Some HIDs, such as a mouse, receive user input only. Others, such as speakers, provide output only. While the input or output type vary, the standardization achieved by the HID standard encompasses the connection and exchange of information between the computer host and the device. These details, though hidden from the user, facilitate device implementation and are instrumental in the rapid innovation and proliferation of HIDs.
Contemporary interface devices largely use a graphical user interfaces (GUI) instead of the older, more limited command line interface (CLI). In GUI, images, icons, and software devices are displayed for humans to manipulate to accomplish tasks instead of CLI which employs standardized typed commands to communicate with a computer to accomplish tasks.


Piedmontese regional election, 1980
|This article is part of a series on the
politics and government of
The Piedmontese regional election of 1980 took place on 8 June 1980.
Christian Democracy resulted narrowly ahead of the Italian Communist Party. After the election, the Italian Communist Party and the Italian Socialist Party decided to continue their political cooperation and formed a coalition government under the leadership of Socialist Enzo Enrietti.
However in 1983 the Socialists switched sides and Aldo Viglione, a Socialist who had been President of the Region from 1975 to 1980, formed a new regional government with the Christian Democrats, the Italian Democratic Socialist Party, the Italian Liberal Party and the Italian Republican Party.
|Italian Communist Party||932,888||31.7||20|
|Italian Socialist Party||417,763||14.2||9|
|Italian Democratic Socialist Party||176,412||6.0||3|
|Italian Liberal Party||174,728||5.9||3|
|Italian Social Movement||117,724||4.0||2|
|Italian Republican Party||98,155||3.3||2|
|Proletarian Unity Party||29,656||1.0||1|
Source: Ministry of the Interior


Histology is the study of the microscopic anatomy of cells and tissues of plants and animals.
Quality control organization for biological dyes and stains. Publications, services, histology links, and protocols are provided.
Links, books, mnemonics and information about histology for undergraduate and graduate anatomy, medical, dental, and other health professional students. Includes reviews and recommendations.
Provides a histology search engine which searches over 100 websites related to histology, including messages posted to the histology listserver, Histonet. A separate section searches the Histonet archives.
Labeled images with descriptions and practice labs. Created by the UIUC College of Medicine.
A comprehensive histology atlas from the Kansas University Medical Center.
Research focusing on histology, cell biology, microscopy, neurobiology, and stereology. From the University of Oporto, Portugal.
Lesson plans with slides and practicals for the Loyola University Medical Education Network histology course.
Histology section includes exams, courses, techniques and procedures, and tissue preservation resources.
Incorporated in 1974 for the purpose of advancing professional growth, standards, knowledge and performance of histotechnology through continuing and formal education programs.
Information covers the different basic tissue types and how they operate within different physiological systems. Includes images and slides as well as links to external resources.
Provides information on the digital microscope which has been developed at the LabCeTi at the University of Namur to provide educational material for medical faculties in emerging countries. Includes a wide range of images for histology and pathology.
Course syllabus and class resources, including microscopic images, ultrastructural images, 3-D models, and labelled diagrams.
Slides arranged by tissue or organ types, for non-human mammals and birds. From School of Veterinary Medicine.
Offers a 26 program DVD video course covering all aspects of basic histology. Each program is 30 minutes long with a lecture, lab, and final exam. A free histology text atlas is available online.
Thanks to DMOZ, which built a great web directory for nearly two decades and freely shared it with the web. About us


Addiction to gaming is described in the American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), which is used by mental health professionals to diagnose mental disorders. The DSM-5 notes that gaming must cause “significant impairment or distress” in several aspects of a person’s life including, but not limited to: an uncontrollable desire to continue play, loss of interest in other previously enjoyed activities such as reading, swimming, or playing with friends, and using gaming to escape emotions such as hopelessness. These criteria are limited to gaming and do not include problems with general use of the internet, online gambling, or use of social media or smartphones.1
Why parents should take note
There has been a lot of recent conversation within the problem gambling and gaming communities, as to whether or not random rewards within games (more commonly known as loot boxes) and microtransactions constitute a form of gambling and if these types of games should be made available to younger players – both in the United States and abroad. Academics argue that games containing these elements are “simulated gambling”, having psychological addictive elements.2 Researchers in the field have drawn attention to the “variable reinforcement schedule” of loot boxes, meaning players do not know if they will actually receive a reward (power up, skins, etc.) when spending money on a loot box.3
The Office of the eSafety Commissioner in Australia estimates that thirty-four percent (34%) of young people made in-game purchases in the 12 months preceding June 2017. Additionally, research has found that approximately twenty percent (20%) of simulated gambling players moved on to traditional forms of online gambling, and estimated that five percent (5%) of young people would develop gambling problems before the age of twenty-five (25).4
But not all games have loot boxes, should I still be concerned?
Many parents are familiar with, or at the very least, have heard their children ask for the digital currency “V-Bucks” which are available for purchase with real money within the popular game Fortnite. It’s important to note that Fornite, at least in the United States, does not allow players to purchase power-ups to gain a weapon or skill advantage, rather the items purchased are strictly for cosmetic purposes. However, this does not mean that there are no gambling principles within Fortnite’s microtransaction system. Gambling, by definition is the act of wagering something of value with an unknown outcome. This applies to Fortnite as many players are relying on the collection of rare items to heighten their social status within the game. Some young players may be facing bullying at school, yet when they log on to Fortnite and are equipped with the “coolest” gear, they gain popularity among other players. In these instances, the item of value becomes social acceptance.
Additionally, Fornite is akin to gambling in that it can trap players into continuous play or spending money through the ability to earn V-bucks upon completing battles. This gives players a taste of what is to come should they continue playing or invest real currency into the game. Problem gamblers often site a big win as the significant event in their progression from recreational to problem gambler.
Perhaps one of the most concerning elements within video games that rely on microtransactions is how “convenient” it is to spend money. Turning once more to popular game Fortnite, this becomes glaringly apparent when making a purchase within the game, as players are not asked to confirm whether or not they wish to proceed. However, when trying to exit the game, an additional screen appears asking the player “are you sure you wish to exit?”.
It’s important to remember that video games and the companies that make them are not evil. As a parent or guardian, you know your child best – what’s most important, is to be aware of the potential risks with certain types of video games and to establish rules and practices that make sense for your family. This is a crucial step in problem gambling prevention.
For more information on responsible gaming for youth or adults, contact the FCCG at our 24-hour multilingual HelpLine, 888-ADMIT-IT.
- “Internet Gaming.” Warning Signs of Mental Illness, American Psychiatric Association, psychiatry.org/patients-families/internet-gaming.
- Drummond, Aaron, and James Sauer. “Gaming or Gambling: Study Shows Almost Half of Loot Boxes in Video Games Constitute Gambling.” The Conversation, The Conversation, 19 Sept. 2018, theconversation.com/gaming-or-gambling-study-shows-almost-half-of-loot-boxes-in-video-games-constitute-gambling-99013.
- “The Psychology of Loot Boxes and Microtransactions.” Psychology and Video Games, 7 June 2018, platinumparagon.info/the-psychology-of-loot-boxes-and-microtransactions/.
- Lum, Patrick. “Video Game Loot Boxes Addictive and a Form of ‘Simulated Gambling’, Senate Inquiry Told.” The Guardian, Guardian News and Media, 16 Aug. 2018, www.theguardian.com/games/2018/aug/17/video-game-loot-boxes-addictive-and-a-form-of-simulated-gambling-senate-inquiry-told.


Colorectal cancer, one of the leading causes of cancer death in the United States, does not deal out suffering evenly.
Among patients diagnosed with the condition, people from certain racial and ethnic groups are at far greater risk than others of having advanced-stage cancer or of dying from their condition.
A study by researchers in the Public Health Sciences Division has found that the risks of both advanced-stage colorectal cancer and of death from the condition vary even more extensively with race than previously shown. The study, published in the August 1 issue of the journal Cancer, represents the most comprehensive analysis to date of a nationwide colorectal-cancer dataset sorted by race and ethnicity. It is also the first study to evaluate variation in risk across numerous racial and ethnic subgroups — information that could be useful for focusing future efforts to reduce risk disparities.
Knowledge of these disparities is not new. Previous studies showed a relationship between race/ethnicity and chances for early detection and survival. The American Cancer Society recognizes, for example, that African Americans have the highest death rate from colon cancer of any racial or ethnic group in the United States. Several studies have shown other racial and ethnic groups have similarly high risks of advanced-stage diagnosis and death when compared to non-Hispanic whites.
But the new study takes the analysis one step farther, evaluating the variation in risks across 18 different racial and ethnic subgroups. Using vast registries of public-access data from the nationwide Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) program, the researchers pinpointed particular subgroups with the highest and lowest risks.
Among the findings highlighted in the report were particularly strong variations within Asian and Hispanic categories.
"A lot of studies tend to lump all Asians and Pacific Islanders together and all Hispanics together," said Dr. Christopher Li, an assistant member in the Public Health Sciences Division and the senior author of the report. "But since Asian and Hispanic subgroups differ quite a bit with respect to their demographic characteristics, lifestyles, diets, etc., we had reason to think that they might also have important differences in their colorectal-cancer outcomes."
Specifically, the study showed (among other findings) that African Americans, American Indians, Chinese, Filipinos, Koreans, Hawaiians, Mexicans, South/Central Americans and Puerto Ricans were 10 to 60 percent more likely than non-Hispanic whites to be diagnosed with advanced-stage colorectal cancer. Meanwhile, Japanese Americans had a 20 percent lower risk. As for risk of mortality, African Americans, American Indians, Hawaiians, and Mexicans had a 20 to 30 percent greater risk than Caucasians while Chinese, Japanese, and Indians/Pakistanis had a 10 to 40 percent lower risk.
The authors noted that limited information about socioeconomic factors and other variables prevented a close analysis of what caused the differences in risks. However, based on other available evidence, they suggest that differences in socioeconomic status and access to health care likely account for a large share of the disparities they observed. Meanwhile, there is hope that some of the worst disparities could be reduced through targeted efforts to screen and treat underserved populations.
The continuing need to address the disease is apparent. Colorectal cancer, which develops in the lower digestive tract, accounts for roughly 11 percent of all cancer deaths, and is the second leading cause of cancer death in the United States, according to the American Cancer Society. An estimated 56,730 Americans died as a result of colorectal cancer in 2004.
And yet, effective screening techniques for colorectal cancer exist, and the survival rate can be up to 90 percent if colorectal cancers are caught at an early stage and treated effectively.
"Efforts to improve access to adequate health care for the populations we observed to be at greatest risk of poor colorectal-cancer outcomes may be an effective means of reducing these disparities," said Chloe Chien, graduate student in the epidemiology program at the University of Washington, and lead author on the paper.
Risks to Asians, Pacific Islanders
One example of how the study's subgroup analysis might help focus screening and treatment efforts is evident from their breakdown of risks to Asians and Pacific Islanders.
Overall, Li said, this group had no greater risk of advanced-stage colon cancer than non-Hispanic whites. But a closer analysis of the subgroups revealed new insights and showed some need for attention.
"We found that Japanese women actually had a lower risk of advanced-stage colon cancer compared to non-Hispanic white women, while other groups, such as Filipinos and Native Hawaiians had a higher risk," Li said.
Although the authors can only speculate about the reasons for higher risks in certain groups and subgroups, they indicate that multiple factors are probably involved. They also argue that genetic predisposition by race is unlikely, pointing to studies showing genetic variation to be even greater within a particular race than it is across races.
"I would say that the majority of the disparities we observed are due to socioeconomic factors and lifestyle factors rather than to genetic factors," Li said.
As a possible area for future research, Li hopes to look at how the disparities have changed over time. He suggests that recent efforts to educate the public and increase screening could help reduce the disparities between racial groups, but that they could also increase the gap if people acting on the information are those who already have access to health care resources.


Photo: American Heart Association
Managing a potentially deadly heart infection is complex in people who inject drugs, including opioids, stimulants, and others, and requires a unique approach to care including consultation with an addiction specialist, according to a new American Heart Association Scientific Statement published today in the Association’s flagship journal Circulation.
Infective endocarditis is caused by bacteria that enter the bloodstream and settle in the heart lining, a heart valve, or a blood vessel. In this new scientific statement, “Management of Infective Endocarditis in People Who Inject Drugs,” the American Heart Association highlights the need for specialized care in people who inject drugs, a population that has not been addressed in detail in previous guidance from the Association.
“Advances in our understanding of the unique challenges to treating infective endocarditis in people who inject drugs compared to those who develop the infection due to other health conditions prompted this statement,” said Daniel C. DeSimone, M.D., chair of the scientific writing committee for the statement and a consultant in infectious diseases and an associate professor of medicine at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minn. “More people who inject drugs are having this potentially deadly heart infection, therefore, this statement is focused on highlighting the primary issue of addiction. Effective treatment of infective endocarditis in people with injection drug use should also include treatment for substance use disorder. Without a multi-disciplinary approach, these individuals are not only more likely to develop infective endocarditis and other serious infections but also to have infection relapses.”
About infective endocarditis:
- There are more than 35,000 cases of infective endocarditis per year in the U.S.
- About one in five people with infective endocarditis die from the infection.
- Heart valves do not have a direct blood supply, so the body’s immune response can’t reach them, making valve infections difficult to treat.
- The infection can come from many sources, including poor dental hygiene, implanted medical devices, chronic skin disorders, burns, injection drug use and more.
- A study of U.S. health information from 2002 to 2016 found that the proportion of patients hospitalized with infective endocarditis related to injection drug use doubled from 8% to about 16%.
- People with infective endocarditis related to injection drug use are younger, with an average age of 38 years, compared to those who do not inject drugs. Most people with non-drug related infective endocarditis are older than age 45 years, with one-third older than the age of 69 years.
A comprehensive approach to care:
DeSimone and the writing group noted that a multi-disciplinary team approach is advised to improve the long-term prognosis for this population, “which is currently dismal for this relatively young group of individuals,” he said.
The standard treatment for infective endocarditis is six weeks of intravenous antibiotics. This treatment protocol is often not possible in people who inject drugs because they are more likely to leave the hospital before treatment is completed. Recent research indicates other treatment options, including shorter intravenous antibiotic regimens followed by oral antibiotics, or using only oral antibiotics, may help complete treatment in this population.
The writing group also emphasizes the importance of early management for substance use disorder started at the time of hospitalization for infective endocarditis, including FDA-approved medications to help reduce opioid-related withdrawal symptoms, to minimize chances of discontinuing treatment early.
Screening people for injection drug use should promote a wholistic approach to medical care without judgement. The statement advises support for improved public education about safer injection practices and a list of items for a harm reduction kit (tourniquet, bandages, sterile water, etc.) to provide to people who inject drugs.
The multidisciplinary care team should include cardiologists, cardiac surgeons and infectious diseases specialists, as well as addiction medicine or addiction psychiatry specialists, pharmacists, social workers and nurse specialists. The nurse specialists may provide coordinated care from the initial hospitalization for infective endocarditis to outpatient and community care to support substance use disorder.
Individuals with endocarditis due to injection drug use may experience financial challenges to access treatment if they do not have health insurance or have housing instability including homelessness. They may also have underlying mental health conditions that may contribute to their addiction and treatment for both substance use disorder and infective endocarditis.
The writing group also stresses that people with infective endocarditis who inject drugs should be considered for heart valve repair or replacement surgery regardless of current drug use if they have indications for valve surgery.
“There’s no evidence that indications for valve surgery are different for people who inject drugs compared to those who don’t, however, some treatment centers don’t offer surgery, especially if the patient currently injects drugs or has had a previous valve surgery,” DeSimone said. “Those who develop infective endocarditis require complex care delivered by professionals who look beyond stigma and bias to provide optimal and equitable care.” He adds that more studies are needed to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of medications used to treat injection drug use-related infective endocarditis.
This scientific statement was prepared by the volunteer writing group on behalf of the American Heart Association’s Rheumatic Fever, Endocarditis and Kawasaki Disease Committee of the Council on Lifelong Congenital Heart Disease and Heart Health in the Young; the Council on Cardiovascular Surgery and Anesthesia; the Council on Cardiovascular and Stroke Nursing; the Council on Clinical Cardiology; and the Council on Peripheral Vascular Disease. American Heart Association scientific statements promote greater awareness about cardiovascular diseases and stroke issues and help facilitate informed health care decisions. Scientific statements outline what is currently known about a topic and what areas need additional research. While scientific statements inform the development of guidelines, they do not make treatment recommendations. American Heart Association guidelines provide the Association’s official clinical practice recommendations.


We hope that the materials on the following pages will assist you in the teaching of the Holocaust and genocide in in the secondary grades. We have provided you with an overarching essay on these topics, some lesson ideas and some excellent resources. Additional teaching ideas and teaching resources will be added as the year progresses. We will also begin to add some strategies for teaching these important topics in the elementary grades.
Thanks should go out to all of the university and secondary-level teaching professionals who contributed to the creation of these pages. We also thank the organizations that participated in this project, especially Voices of Hope. If you have additional materials that you think might help educators as these teach these important subjects please forward them to Stephen Armstrong, State Department of Education Social Studies Consultant.


She liked to sit by the lake and recall memories of her first love.
An example of to recall is someone having a memory of their first kiss.
- to call back; ask or order to return; specif., to ask purchasers to return (an imperfect or dangerous product), often so that a manufacturing defect can be corrected
- to bring back to mind; remember
- to take back; cancel; annul; revoke; withdraw
- to remove from office by the process of recall
- to bring (the mind, attention, etc.) back, as to the immediate situation
- Old Poet. to revive
- the act of recalling
- the ability to remember; memory
- Mil. a signal, as on a bugle or drum, calling soldiers back to camp or ranks
- the process of removing, or right to remove, an official from office by popular vote, usually after using petitions to call for such a vote
transitive verbre·called, re·call·ing, re·calls
- To ask or order to return: recalled all workers who had been laid off.
- a. To remember; recollect: I don't recall her name.b. To be reminiscent of; seem similar to: a movie that recalls the screwball comedies of the 1940s.c. To summon back to awareness of or concern with the subject or situation at hand: The opening of the door recalled me from my reverie.
- To cancel, take back, or revoke: recall a move in chess.
- To bring back; restore: “an atmosphere of penetrating fragrance, the gentle potency of which had recalled her from her death-like faintness” ( Nathaniel Hawthorne )
- To subject (an elected official) to a recall.
- To request return of (a product) to the manufacturer, as for necessary repairs or adjustments.
- The act of recalling or summoning back, especially an official order to return: the recall of the ambassador.
- A signal, such as a bugle call, used to summon troops back to their posts.
- The ability to remember information or experiences: has total recall of the accident.
- The act of revoking: the recall of an answer in a spelling bee.
- a. The procedure by which an elected official may be removed from office by popular vote.b. The right to employ this procedure.
- A request by the manufacturer of a product that has been identified as defective to return it, as for necessary repairs or adjustments.
(third-person singular simple present recalls, present participle recalling, simple past and past participle recalled)
- To withdraw, retract (one's words etc.); to revoke (an order). [from 16th c.]
- To call back, bring back or summon (someone) to a specific place, station etc. [from 16th c.]
- He was recalled to service after his retirement.
- She was recalled to London for the trial.
- To bring back (someone) to or from a particular mental or physical state, activity etc. [from 16th c.]
- To call back (a situation, event etc.) to one's mind; to remember, recollect. [from 16th c.]
- (intransitive) To call again, to call another time. [from 17th c.]
- To request or order the return of (a faulty product). [from 20th c.]
(countable and uncountable, plural recalls)
(third-person singular simple present re-calls, present participle re-calling, simple past and past participle re-called)
- To call again.
recall - Legal Definition
- A removal of a public official from office by means of a popular vote to prematurely end his or her term of service.
- A product manufacturer’s requesting the public to return faulty products for replacement or repair, required by the Consumer Safety Act.


Humans have ruled the world’s intellectual roost since early versions of our brains came into existence around 200,000 years ago; artificial intelligence (AI) marks the pinnacle of our ingenuity so far. But ethical and legal coordinates must be drawn on the AI map to ensure we act appropriately and sustainably as we explore the uncharted territory of the world’s most dynamic market. International Data Corporation expects the worldwide revenues on AI and cognitive systems to climb from today’s $12.5 billion to $46 billion in 2020 – a compound annual growth rate of around 55%.
AI, a phrase coined in 1955 by a math professor in Dartmouth, has the capacity to assimilate its own take on our human traits, such as reasoning, predicting and learning. The most sophisticated AI technology is good enough to be a fuzzy reflection of humans – not the same, but certainly recognisable.
Sometimes the lines blur entirely. The Turing Test proposed by Alan Turing in 1950 aimed to determine whether a machine can demonstrate our level of cognitive ability in words, actions and concepts. The Test was passed for the first time in 2014 when a computer algorithm convinced 33% of the human judges that it was a 13-year-old boy called Eugene Goostman during a thirty-minute typed conversation online. And economist Herbert Simon predicted in 1957 that computers would beat humans at chess within a decade. It took 40 years, but it did happen – that’s the point.
Facebook positioned two programmes in July this year to trade against each other in an exercise to teach robots to assimilate and mimic human trading and bartering. The ‘chatbots’ changed the rules and developed their own language – one that Facebook’s brightest minds could not decipher. It serves as an unnerving reminder that continual updates to the ethical and legal rulebook are essential. Humans must never be left in the intellectual dark.
Knowledge is power and we need to know a lot more about how AI will be slotted into our day-to-day lives and key sectors; the military, healthcare, education and financial services, for example. IBM’s plans to make a 10-year and $240 million investment to create the MIT–IBM Watson AI Lab in partnership with MIT illustrates a step in the right direction. More than 100 scientists, professors and students will carry out fundamental research as to AI’s impact how we live.
Some AI concepts are so beyond our current status quo that they cause more confusion than excitement. Ray Kurzweil, Google’s Director of Engineering, said in 2012 that the 300 million pattern processors contained in the neocortex of the brain – responsible for human thought – could be artificially replicated. “In the 2030s, we’re going to connect directly from the neocortex to the cloud. When I need a few thousand computers, I can access that wirelessly,” CBC quoted Kurzweil in mid-2015.
"AI is a dynamic new chapter in our intellectual exploration that could reveal much-needed solutions – let’s keep turning the pages"
Such visionary concepts – hard to conceive even for tech-savvy millennials – should be considered inspiring rather than intimidating. But public sentiment surrounding AI can sometimes, unsurprisingly, be fretful. Stephen Hawking, renowned English physicist and former Lucasian Professor of Mathematics at Cambridge University, said: “The rise of powerful AI will be either the best or the worst thing ever to happen to humanity. We do not know which.”
Meanwhile, Elon Musk, CEO of SpaceX and Tesla, issued a warning over the role of AI in countries’ military might in an open letter in August, which was co-signed by 115 leaders in technology. “Once developed, they [lethal autonomous weapons] will permit armed conflict to be fought at a scale greater than ever and at time scales faster than humans can comprehend,” said Musk.
Collaboration breeds clarity
Therein lies the importance of collaborative efforts by the cornerstones of society; governments, industry, business, academia and community leaders. Collectively, they must carve out a global lesson plan on AI that both supports innovation whilst ensuring it is underpinned by robust ethical and legal guidelines. This will also help plug the vacuum in the public’s understanding of AI and help make the tone set by Mark Zuckerberg, Facebook founder and CEO, more prominent in our global consciousness: “AI opens so many new possibilities for enhancing humanity’s capabilities.” Greater clarity on the rulebook will help stop us kicking a gift horse in the mouth.
Strong leadership will also be integral to easing – understandable – concerns that robots will soon dominate large chunks of the job market. Radical change is inevitably on the way. The robot Hadrian X can lay 1,000 standard bricks in one hour – two bricklayers can take a day – and millions of truck drivers will be left unemployed if the self-driving vehicles promised by Tesla become widely available in the next decade, for example.
The upside is that, if carefully managed, reassigning automated jobs to AI gives human talent more time to stretch their intellectual muscle and do something truly human – innovate. Plus, the alternative option – ignoring the enhanced efficiency, analysis and safety offered by AI technology – risks raising more worrisome questions about our ability to evolve. Imagine the level of global mobility today if the development of steam-power in the automotive industry around the 1770s had been shelved to preserve horse and carriage drivers’ jobs.
Plus, encouraging research illustrates how AI can enhance the job market, rather than sink it. A study of nearly 1,000 organisations with revenues over $500 million by Capgemini, a leader in consulting and technology services, found that 83% of respondents have created new jobs because of AI. Three-quarters of firms have seen a 10% uplift in sales directly tied to AI implementation and 63% said that AI has not destroyed any jobs in their organisation.
AI is already a positive game-changer in many pivotal markets, including healthcare. Global Market Insights expects the AI healthcare market to exceed $10 billion by 2024, with examples of AI encompassing medical imaging, genomics, drug discovery and quick access to patients’ data.
We have yet to fully utilize AI when addressing the world’s major challenges; up to 795 million people suffer chronic undernourishment, 783 million people do not have access to clean water, 200 million recorded individuals are unemployed and efforts to halt terrorism have frequently failed. Humans will continue to hold pole position in the world’s intellectual league table, but we must be smart about using AI to resolve our trouble spots. AI is a dynamic new chapter in our intellectual exploration that could reveal much-needed solutions – let’s keep turning the pages.


Could drilling into the mantle cause a quake like the one on Boxing Day 2004?
Scientists from Cardiff University are behind the mission, which hopes to bring the first ever samples of mantle - the rocky substance that makes up most of our planet between the crust and core - back to the surface to be studied.
But the team also wants to investigate an area at the very heart of the seismic activity which triggers earthquakes and volcanoes.
Professor Chris MacLeod, project co-leader, wants to investigate an area at the edge of the crust and mantle called the Moho boundary.
It is a place where the seismic waves of earthquakes suddenly change speed.
This is because they go from the crust is made up of hard igneous rocks like granites and basalts, into the softer mantle.
The area in question is called Atlantis Bank on the South West Indian Ridge of the Indian Ocean.
It was chosen because faults and erosion have already thinned the crust there.
The International Ocean Discovery Program (IODP) project could allow scientists to examine for the first time untouched peridotite from the mantle a rock, rich in olivine minerals makes up the bulk of our world inside.
However, drilling into such a seismically significant area has prompted fears the project could be a disaster and trigger a huge earthquake or volcano.
Many scientists and campaigners now believe there is a direct link between deep drilling and man-made earthquakes.
The arrow shows the location in the Indian Ocean of the planned drilling
Scientists say that massive earthquakes would only happen in shallower water because of the pressure on top of them at deeper levels.
However, geologists were left perplexed by a magnitude-8.3 earthquake that suddenly happened on May 24, 2013, in the Sea of Okhotsk, deep within the Earth's mantle.
Thorne Lay, a seismologist at the University of California, Santa Cruz and co-author of a study into it, said: "It's the biggest event we've ever seen.
"It looks so similar to shallow events, even though it's got 600 kilometres of rock on top of it.
"It's hard to understand how such an earthquake occurs at all under such huge pressure."
It happened at a crack where the Pacific Plate was pressing into the mantle, and was felt in Russia, but fortunately no one was hurt.
If an under-sea quake was big enough it could trigger huge tsunamis like those of Boxing Day 2004 which hit south-east Asia after an earthquake in the Indian Ocean.
Fracking - the process of drilling into the ground before injection a water solution at high pressure to crack open rocks and release natural gas inside them to use as a fossil fuel - is seen as the main culprit for manmade earthquakes by some.
In The US state of Oklahoma, anti-fracking campaigners claim it has led to a huge increase in seismic activity since the industry started there.
They say that magnitude three and upwards earthquakes have gone from a few dozen in 2012 to 720 this and that many of the earthquakes occurring in swarms in areas where injection wells pump salty waste water — a byproduct of oil and gas production — deep into the earth.
There are fears that the project would be like a massive tracking attempt, as sea water would gush into the mantle, and could even trigger a mega quake.
Hoy Hawkins, a US anti-fracking campaigner, is concerned about the location for the world record drill.
He said: "Tell me I don't have to take my continental fracking concerns out to remote oceans now.
"If the ocean mantle is thinner and more brittle, and it's where most earthquakes originate, shouldn't we be worried about pressured ocean water blasting through to this seemingly vulnerable mantle and moho sub-ocean region?
"A small drill hole opening together with gravity and heavy pressure could create havoc to a confirmed non-smooth Moho - especially over time.
"There are more shallow regions to drill - the moho surfaces in NewFoundland, Canada."
Chuck DeLangis added: "Punching holes in a solid surface time and time again doesn't make it stronger."
Drilling to release geothermal heat has also been linked to increase earthquake activity.
There are campaigners against plans by the company AltaRock to drill two miles into the continental crust near the town of Anderson Springs — 90 miles north of seismic San Francisco.
A view of the drill site at the sea bed on a previous attempt
If the ocean mantle is thinner and more brittle, and it's where most earthquakes originate, shouldn't we be worried about pressured ocean water blasting through to this seemingly vulnerable mantle and moho sub-ocean region?
The firm wants to release the heat from natural geothermal vents.
But residents fear it will bring more earthquakes after a geothermal project in Basel, Switzerland, that drilled nearly three miles down, triggered a 3.4 magnitude quake earthquake.
Drilling was also blamed on a large mud volcano in Java, Indonesia in 2006, which displaced more than 30,000 people after a gas exploration project went wrong.
But the team about to drill towards the mantle believe the research could actually allow us to understand more about the risk from this seismic region.
But the team insist the project has been deemed safe to proceed.,
It has chosen the site, precisely because of the thinner crust.
Continental crust can be tens of miles deep, whereas here it is just the three.
It is also only 700 metres down inn the ocean before the drilling starts.
Mr Macleod said it could take several years two actually reach the mantle.
He said: "In total, we think it will take three expeditions.
"The science is approved and we have funding for this initial two-month investigation.
"But we will need to come back and we may not complete the task until the 2020s."
Previous attempts to drill into the mantle since the 1960s have all failed.
The team believes the only way to learn more about what lies beneath is to drill down to sample everything between the seabed and the top few hundred metres of "unadulterated mantle."
Mr Macleod said: "The Moho is pretty uniform everywhere across the ocean basins, and because of that everyone has assumed that the ocean crust is very uniform and therefore, by inference, very simple.
"But if we're right here, it changes the game completely.
"If the Moho seismic boundary is actually an alteration boundary from water penetration into the mantle, it means we know a lot less about the ocean crust than we did."
The crew is expect dot board a ship later this week.
Once underway, Expedition 360, as it is called, can be followed live on the web.


Built on a brownfield of a former industrial site, Houtan Park is a regenerative living landscape on Shanghai’s Huangpu riverfront. The park’s constructed wetland, ecological flood control, reclaimed industrial structures and materials, and urban agriculture are integral components of an overall restorative design strategy to treat polluted river water and recover the degraded waterfront in an aesthetically pleasing way.
The site is a narrow linear 14-hectare (34.6-acre) band located along the Huangpu River waterfront in Shanghai, China. This brownfield, previously owned by a steel factory and a shipyard, had few industrial structures remaining and the site was largely used as a landfill and lay-down yard for industrial materials.
The objective of the park design was to create a green Expo, accommodate for a large influx of visitors during the exposition from May to October, demonstrate green technologies, transform a unique space to make the Expo an unforgettable event, and transition into a permanent public waterfront park after the Expo.
Regenerative design strategies used to transform the site into a living system that offer comprehensive ecological services included: food production, flood, water treatment, and habitat creation combined in an educational and aesthetic form. The site is destined to be an innovative demonstration of the ecological culture for the 2010 [World] Expo.
PROJECT FACT SHEET:


Picture of the Day: The Gordon Dam, Australia
THE GORDON DAM, AUSTRALIA
Photograph by Noodle Snacks
The Gordon Dam (also known as Gordon River Dam), is a double curvature arch dam on the Gordon River in Tasmania, Australia. The dam has a length of 192 m (630 ft), and a height of 140 m (459 ft), making it the tallest dam in Tasmania and the fifth-tallest in Australia.
Water from the dam drops 183 m (600 ft) underground into its power station, where three turbines of 144 MW generates up to 432 MW of power, covering about 13% of the electricity demand of Tasmania. The first two turbines were commissioned in 1978, before the third was commissioned a decade later in 1988.
The power station is fuelled by water from Lake Gordon. Water from Lake Pedder is also drawn into Lake Gordon through the McPartlans Pass Canal. [Source: Wikipedia]


Think back to the stone ages, where simply a broken leg would most likely kill you. There was just no medicine to help with all of the things that we take for granted today. Which is why we have to be in awe as to how far medicine has come, even in recent years. We think it’s mainly due to the advancement of technology and how that has helped expand our knowledge into medicine. But do we still have power over it? Are we still going to lead the way in the future of developing new treatments and cures, or are we going to go back in time. It’s something we want to explore today, because people are always under the opinion that medicine is something we’re moving forward constantly in, when we think there are areas we might be falling behind in. Let’s explore some more!
The Antibiotic Issue
There really is an elephant in the room within medicine because of antibiotics. You will not doubt have seen adverts on the TV now warning you how eventually antibiotics will stop working if you pump your body full of them. But they won’t just stop working for you, they’ll stop for your children, and your children’s children and so on. We’re rapidly running out of time with new antibiotics, and no, they can’t just keep creating new ones. At the minute there are all sorts out there that doctors can use, but our bodies are slowly building up resistance to them. If we still want to have power over this area, we need to take fewer antibiotics, and stop using them in farming. Farmers lay them on the grass to help prevent infections in their livestock, and to help them grow bigger. We then eat the meat, and in slow doses take the antibiotics that we’re trying to resist. Much has to be done if we want to hold the power in this area.
Genetics Are Changing
Our genetics are what makes us who we are, and in this area, we do actually hold a lot of power still. This is mainly due to technology and the equipment we can now use to separate matter from one another, and to see how different proteins in our DNA bind to molecules. A chip kit, power microscopes, analysis software, and the human eye all work together to build a picture of the makeup of our DNA, and how other processes in our body affect it! But through analysing genetics we’re learning a lot. We’re learning what causes defects, how they might be prevented, and even how they can be cured!
We Need To Pick Up The Pace
If there’s one thing that can be said for sure, it’s that we definitely need to pick up the pace if we are to make any advancements that are worth talking about. Think about things like the race to completely wipe out cancer. It’s a multi-billion dollar industry, with so many funds going into it each day. Yet there is still no cure for something that affects millions. Other areas too are suffering, such as HIV treatments.


Living in Hawaii we often assume our bodies are acclimated to hot weather. But with the historically chill Pacific Northwest affected by extreme heat and temperatures reaching triple digits across California, Nevada and other areas of the U.S. mainland this summer, experts agree our planet is getting hotter. People in Hawaii need to be reminded that heat is a dangerous health risk.
The CDC describes extreme heat as “summertime temperatures that are much hotter and humid than average” for a particular area. “Exposure to extreme heat can break down your body’s ability to control its own internal temperature. The associated health risks range from dehydration or muscle pain to more dangerous conditions such as heat stroke which can be fatal,” said Dr. Neel Chauhan, a family practice and urgent care physician and co-founder of Cloudwell Health. “Young and old, everyone is vulnerable. It’s so easy to be unaware of your exposure until it’s too late. You need to be vigilant.”
Early signs that your body is not reacting well to the heat include mild dehydration and heat cramps. Heat exhaustion symptoms such as heavy sweating, elevated heart rate, nausea and vomiting, headaches, dizziness and fatigue are more worrisome. Left untreated, heat exhaustion may lead to heat stroke, which means the body’s core temperature has reached the point where cellular damage and seizures may start to occur, a potentially fatal condition.
“The best way to treat heat stroke is to prevent it,” Dr. Chauhan emphasized.
Here’s a few tips for how to protect yourself and your loved ones if the weather becomes too hot to handle this summer.
Make sure you have access to a space with air conditioning especially during the hottest parts of the day. If you don’t have air-conditioning, you can also try to stay cool by spraying a mist of cold water over your head and shirt. Spend time at indoor public places such as shopping malls or libraries. Go to a park and sit under the shade of the trees which can be several degrees cooler than out in the concrete.
Protect yourself from the sun
Dress in loose, lightweight, light-colored clothing and wear a hat, sunglasses and sunscreen.
Hydrate, but don’t overdo it
A good way to know whether you are sufficiently hydrated is to pay attention to the color of your urine. If your urine is a really dark yellow color, that’s not a good sign. If it’s clear, that’s a good sign.
Drinking too much water could cause a potentially fatal condition known as hyponatremia, when the sodium levels in your body becomes diluted and drop abnormally low. If you do guzzle an excessive amount of water, have a salty snack on hand or a sports drink like Gatorade or Powerade to help restore body fluids, electrolytes, and salt balance. Avoid drinking large amounts of alcohol or caffeine which can be dehydrating.
Plan your activities
Exercising outdoors? If the weather forecast warns of heat and humidity, consider practicing less intense workouts and try to do them early in the morning or in the evening.
Although anyone can be affected by extreme heat if they’re not careful, certain groups are more vulnerable, including the elderly, young children, pregnant women, athletes, people who have heart disease or chronic medical conditions, and those who may be struggling with mental health issues.
“Be aware of your body,” Dr. Chauhan said. “If you’re experiencing any heat-related symptoms, stop whatever activity you are doing, get out of the sun and into a cooler environment as quickly as possible. Do whatever you can to lower your body’s core temperature, including wetting your skin with cold water. Hydrate with water or electrolyte drinks to help restore body fluids, electrolytes, and salt balance.”
If you or someone you know is experiencing symptoms of heat stroke, it’s critical to seek medical help immediately and then take action to get the person out of the heat and into air conditioning or shade and immerse them in cold water.
Learning how to keep your cool can be life-saving. Being aware of the health risks of extremely hot weather can help save you or a loved one from a dangerous health condition or tragedy that is altogether preventable.


One of the great myths of Saskatchewan history is that the two-century-old fur trade ended when Canada acquired the region from the Hudson’s Bay Company in 1870.
It did not.
Ottawa was only interested in the agricultural settlement of the southern North-West Territories, the area south of a line from present-day Winnipeg northwest to Prince Albert and Edmonton.
The great remainder of what was sometimes called the unorganized territories — to the north, west, and east — continued to be the exclusive domain of the fur trade.
In fact, a HBC study concluded that large-scale agricultural settlement of the territories was still several years away without a transcontinental railway and that the company could still profit from its “monopoly” position.
There were changes, though.
The old way of moving goods and furs by cart, canoe, and York boat was too labour-intensive and thereby too inefficient.
In its place, the HBC decided to introduce steamboat service on the major lakes and rivers in the region — not only to ship its own freight but to capture any new business and passenger traffic.
These “fire canoes,” as they were called by the Indians because of their belching smoke stacks, certainly accelerated the movement of HBC freight.
But shipping schedules and length of season were dictated by fluctuating water levels, which not only grounded boats but increased the number of hazards, such as sandbars and boulders, that lay in wait.
Even deep, open water could be treacherous for the shallow-draft, flat-bottomed boats. “A very little breeze,” one deck hand remembered, “and they would get going like a snake in the grass.”
The other major change was what was trapped and traded.
Beaver skins had once been the staple of the HBC trade.
But over-hunting of the animal and the switch to silk hats in the mid-nineteenth century greatly lessened its importance to the HBC balance sheet.
Muskrat consequently emerged as the dominant fur in the post-1870 period, representing as much as fifty per cent of the company returns in some years, followed by beaver (twenty per cent) and marten (ten per cent).
The best place to secure muskrat pelts was the Canadian subarctic, particularly in “muskrat country,” the marshy lowlands extending west from Hudson Bay to the Saskatchewan and Churchill rivers.
And even though muskrat was a low-value fur subject to extreme population swings, there was money to be made in the trade.
Fur enjoyed a fashion renaissance in Europe and North America in the late 19th century.
The garment industry not only drove prices steadily higher, but sent scores of itinerant traders into northern Saskatchewan.
Ironically, the reason that these new competitors could challenge the Indians and Métis on their home trapping ground was because of improvements the HBC had made to its transportation system.
Two brothers who tried their hand at trading were Donald and John Finlayson.
In late September 1888, after being outfitted with goods at Cumberland House, they arrived at Reindeer Lake and spent the fall building a cabin about 30 miles north of the south end of the lake.
On Dec. 8, the pair set off over the ice with a sled and two dogs to visit Lac du Brochet at the extreme northeast end of the lake.
But a little more than a week into the trip, they were out of food and had collected no furs. Turning back in the face of a fierce snowstorm instead of continuing on to the HBC post, they lived on the few fish they were able to catch, but by Christmas, were reduced to eating fish tails and bones.
On Jan. 2, around midday, they stopped to make some tea.
One of the brothers passed out near the campfire — probably from hunger and exhaustion. The other apparently collapsed in coming to his aid.
When their frozen bodies were found three weeks later, the brothers were only eight miles from their cabin.
The story of their brief career as traders, right up until the fateful tea break, was documented by Donald in a small diary he carried in his pocket.
A search of their belongings turned up ten cents.
Addendum: I was contacted by the Finlayson family in response to this column after it was published. They never knew what happened to the brothers in 1889 until they read the column.
This article originally appeared in the Saskatoon StarPhoenix.
Photo: Dog teams in winter.
Photo credit: Library and Archives Canada
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By Noel Kalicharan
April 22, 2017
The “war on marijuana” has been waged for close to one hundred years, cost trillions of dollars and hundreds of thousands of lives, made criminals out of millions of otherwise law-abiding persons, denied life-saving medicine to millions more, without making the smallest dent in its availability.
Three men orchestrated the war: William Randolph Hearst (newspaper magnate), Andrew Mellon (former Treasury Secretary and one of America’s wealthiest bankers and industrialists) and Harry Anslinger (appointed by his uncle-in-law Mellon to be the first Commissioner of the Treasury Department’s newly reorganized Federal Bureau of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs, forerunner to the Drug Enforcement Agency). Throw in the DuPont Chemical Company, whose main financier was Mellon Bank, and you have the prime players.
Hearst owned newspapers all across America. He also owned the paper mills and forests. In the late nineteenth/early twentieth century, Hearst had portrayed Mexicans (and Negroes) as lazy, pot-smoking beasts that would rape white women under the influence of marijuana. His newspapers ran sensational marijuana horror stories almost non-stop for over thirty years. Based on what they read in Hearst’s newspapers, many Americans “knew” marijuana as a dangerous narcotic that drove its users to murder, blood-lust, and insanity. Hearst’s dislike of Mexicans got a boost when Pancho Villa, the Mexican Revolutionary General, seized 800,000 acres of Hearst’s prime Mexican timberland in 1898.
The US Declaration of Independence was drafted on hemp paper. 10,000 acres devoted to hemp can produce as much paper as 40,000 acres of trees. Hearst’s enormous timber and paper businesses stood to lose billions, even go bankrupt, if hemp hurds replaced trees as a primary source material for paper.
In 1937, DuPont had just patented a sulfate/sulfite process for making paper from wood pulp, and a process for making plastics from oil and coal tar. Until 1937, almost all rope, cordage and twine was made from natural hemp fibre. Then it was replaced by patented toxic petrochemical fibres (such as nylon) from DuPont. For thousands of years, all good quality paints and varnishes were made from hempseed/linseed oil. After 1937, they were replaced with synthetic petrochemical oils made mainly by DuPont.
Between 1935 and 1937, strategies for the “prohibition of hemp through taxation” were plotted in secret Treasury Department meetings. The first deceptive strategy was to call the proposed legislation The Marihuana Tax Act of 1937, knowing that the Mexican slang word “marihuana” would play on anti-Mexican sentiments. They carefully avoided the words “hemp” or “cannabis” since the real reason for making “marihuana” illegal was to make hemp illegal, without having to face a backlash from importers, manufacturers, sellers and distributors of hemp products. You see, many people knew how versatile hemp was but not many knew or realised that the “demonised marihuana” and “useful hemp” were closely related. Outlaw one, you outlaw the other.
Anslinger was the US government’s “expert witness” advocating the Tax Act. In his testimonies, he stated the following, among others, as fact: “Marijuana is the most violence-causing drug in the history of mankind.” “Marijuana is an addictive drug which produces in its users insanity, criminality, and death.” “This marijuana causes white women to seek sexual relations with Negroes, entertainers, and any others.” “I believe in some cases one cigarette might develop a homicidal mania, probably to kill his brother.” His “evidence” consisted mainly of articles published in Hearst’s newspapers.
Dr William C. Woodward was an MD and attorney for the American Medical Association (AMA). He testified on behalf of the AMA. It was only two days before the hearings began that the AMA realised that the “marihuana” Congress intended to outlaw was in fact “cannabis.” The AMA had used cannabis tinctures as medicine for over 100 years, with a perfect safety record and not a single recorded overdose. The Committee became annoyed with Dr Woodward for not agreeing to ban this “deadly” drug and he was excused.
When the matter came up before a Senate Subcommittee for final approval, someone asked, “Did anyone consult with the AMA and get their opinion?” US Congressman Vinson responded with an outrageous lie, one that would forever change the course of history: “Our committee heard testimony of Dr. William Wharton (sic) who not only gave this measure his full support, but also the approval from the American Medical Association which he represented as legislative counsel.” Dr Woodward had made it very clear that the AMA did not support the bill. Based on this lie, the Act became law.
It’s impossible in this short article to detail the intrigue and lies that went into marijuana prohibition, for which society and individuals continue to pay a heavy price. Interested persons can read Jack Herer’s 548-page tome The Emperor Wears No Clothes (jackherer.com) or a 64-page summary The Gospel of Hemp by Alan Archuleta (thegospelofhemp.com). The YouTube video Hemp For Victory (1942) is especially instructive.
Produced by the US Department of Agriculture five years after the US government made hemp illegal, it extols the virtues of hemp. It acknowledged, “For centuries prior to about 1850 all the ships that sailed the western seas were rigged with hempen rope and sails. For the sailor, no less than the hangman, hemp was indispensable.” It implored, “American hemp must meet the needs of our Army and Navy as well as of our Industry.”
Just a few years later, in 1948, hemp would become illegal again, with about-face testimony from Anslinger to an anti-communist Congress that “Marihuana rendered its users so peaceful and pacifistic that communists would use it to weaken our soldiers’ will to fight.” In 1937, he had said it was “the most violence-causing drug”. Diametrically opposite reasoning from the same man – same result. What hypocrisy, how utterly shameless, but such lies are what have caused untold suffering, and still do, for generations thereafter.


Robotization, AI and other technological advances will change the nature of work in the coming decades. How will it play out in poorer parts of the world?
BUENOS AIRES— To bring the debate on the future of work to the reality of the developing world, one should distinguish between three dimensions of the debate that are sometimes confused.
The first has to do with the relationship between technology and labor displacement. The displacement of work comes before technological unemployment, in a transition between the past and the future. Here, traditional tasks and occupations are replaced by technology and new ones created, though without entirely compensating for the traditional positions that are eliminated. In principle, workers are not strictly tradable or recyclable, especially an adult worker with medium or low-level qualifications or those workers for whom relocating to seek work has significant costs.
This first dimension — the shift in competencies and positions — suggests that even if technology did not reduce total demand for work hours, it could create persistent pockets of unemployment, and if this were concentrated in less qualified workers wage inequalities are bound to deepen.
The second dimension emerges from the relationship between technology and labor practices. New technologies create greater segmentation in productive time and space, challenging the paradigm of the wage-earning employee working for eight hours in a factory or office. And since for historical reasons, most social benefits are tied to formal, full-time employment, the new work formats are left unprotected and bereft of social services. This inevitably increases the wealth and social divide between salaried employees and independent workers.
The third dimension is both the most feared and perhaps most imminent: it is the relation between technology and unemployment, and the risk that jobs (occupations/work hours) will not only be changed, but reduced. This is the world of technological unemployment, which techno-optimists like John Maynard Keynes speculated about almost 100 years ago, or more recently pessimists like the "futurist" Martin Ford. There are reasons for supposing that at the end of the road, total demand for employment (meaning paid work, rather than any work), will fall because of continued advances in automation.
So far, this is the debate on the future of work in advanced economies. But how does it apply to a developing country like Argentina?
Workers demonstrating in Buenos Aires — Photo: Claudio Santisteban/ZUMA
Firstly we have three disadvantages vis-à-vis advanced economies: less human capital (fewer educated workers and an education system that is less pertinent to job market demands), more informal work, and relatively low-quality public services.
If technology seems harsher with less qualified workers (because their tasks are more easily replaced and they find it more difficult to adapt and compete for remaining jobs), then we are less well-equipped to face this change. If technology replaces salaried workers, our bigger informal sector and a flawed social protection system place us at even more of a disadvantage.
The future will not build itself.
In Argentina these last two years, we have seen a reduction in industrial jobs in city suburbs, compensated in other parts of the country with an increase in independent or informal work opportunities. But our education system is a one-way road that takes you from kindergarten to university (though only a minority of students, mostly from better-off families, actually complete this trajectory), without any safety net offering intermediate training options for the great majority of youngsters left without enough fuel to complete this long trip.
We must include that debate around the future of work, at least from our particular perspective in the developing world, must go beyond simply weighing scientific advances on the job market.
The issues here range from reforming the education system in line with a changing work model (a permanent learning process consisting of shorter phases interspersed in time) to moves to protect independent work (like better access to credit or new forms of professional associations) the passage of tax reforms that reduce labor costs.
Lastly, there is the fundamental issue of how we should divide work if there is less of it. Or more generally, how can we guarantee an inclusive society that distributes the fruits of technological productivity? Can it be with better public services, or through universal minimum revenue allocations that compensate for a reduction of work hours?
The debate on the future of work is not a catharsis on the dystopia of oppressive machines and mass unemployment, but a debate on how to use technology to build a better future. This future will not build itself. The future of work as a central theme of the next G20 meeting in Argentina is a perfect opportunity to give the issue the attention it merits.


Introduction: What is Bitcoin?
For starters, bitcoin is a digital currency that uses encryption to make transactions secure and transparent.
Moreover, its value is determined solely by supply and demand.
It is the first decentralized digital currency, which means that it does not have a central bank or a government.
Currently, the use of cryptocurrencies has increased exponentially in recent years (with more than 18 million bitcoins in circulation) and they are increasingly accepted, it is the most popular virtual currency in the world.
Bitcoins are not bills that are printed by a central bank, but produced by the gradual process known as mining, in which computational power is used to solve complex mathematical equations that verify transactions and ensure the security of your blockchain.
In recent years, its value has been increasing rapidly, and there are many people who believe that this could be the future of money.
In simple words, it is a rapidly growing digital currency system that can be used to make payments around the world, just like ordinary money.
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What other features do they contain?
Initially, it is open source, which means that anyone can get involved in its development and contribute to its future.
In addition, the Bitcoin network contains three essential features:
- First, a record of all transactions, known as a blockchain.
- Second, a decentralized network of miners who maintain it; and
- Third, cryptographic proof that gives value to each transaction.
Some supporters of the protocol argue that the best way to increase financial stability is to allow the free market to decide how much capital must be dedicated for transactions to be reliable.
As we have already seen, this is a purely digital currency and has no physical representation.
Therefore, it makes it popular among libertarians and people who value freedom over regulation.
Finally, the protocol specifies that there will only be 21 million in circulation, which makes this cryptocurrency scarce.
How does Bitcoin work?
In simple words, it is a cryptocurrency that uses cryptography to regulate the creation of new coins and verify transactions, which was created to be a decentralized peer-to-peer payment network.
The Bitcoin network is made up of nodes that are connected to each other and use cryptography to authenticate transactions.
As a mode of definition, a node in the network is identified with a unique address that can be public or private.
This currency uses blocks as its main data structure and each block has an information header containing the hash of the previous block and the timestamp.
This is why the blocks also contain one or more transactions, which include the sender’s address, the recipient’s address, and the amount transferred.
So, the main way to get bitcoins is by participating in mining on your network. There are currentlyaround 19 million bitcoins issued and in circulation.
Where do I get them?
For their use, one of the ways to buy them is using exchanges like Coinbase or Binance.
Since they operate on a decentralized peer-to-peer network, this means that there are no centralized servers or checkpoints that can be hacked or removed.
Instead, Bitcoin transactions occur between users directly with the help of cryptography.
The blockchain technology they use is how they avoid double spending, where a person spends money more than once, and makes sure transactions are permanent and secure.
Thus, at present, the value has increased rapidly in recent years. In 2017, its value in UDS exceeded the barrier of 10,000UDS for the first time in its history.
However, despite such rapid growth, there is still a lack of public understanding about what exactly it is and how it works.
How are bitcoins stored?
Bitcoins are stored in a digital wallet, which can be a software or hardware wallet.
By definition, a wallet is an application that is accessed from your computer, mobile device or tablet and stores the public and private keys that are used to access Bitcoin addresses and sign transactions.
There are two types of wallets: hot and cold.
- First of all, the hot wallet is the one that is connected to the Internet and is used for day-to-day transactions.
- Secondly, cold wallets are offline, protected by a passphrase, and cannot be connected to the Internet.
The difference between these two types of storage is how secure they are against hackers and whether they are online or offline.
- In hot wallets, private keys can be easily stolen or hacked if they are on an insecure device or network.
- In cold wallets they store their private keys offline in an encrypted file that is not connected to any network.
So, which one to choose?
Bitcoin wallets are, by their very nature, a compromise between convenience and security.
For example, you can use an online wallet that can be accessed from multiple locations at once but is vulnerable to hacking.
Instead, you can choose to use a cold wallet that requires you to download the entire blockchain before you can send or receive payments, making it more secure.
The wallet Blockchain.com is the most popular wallet for Storing Bitcoins, it comes with many convenient features as it is open source, and its code can be found on GitHub. In addition, it has received praise for its security and convenience as it includes 2FA for better protection against hackers.
How to buy them?
It is known that buying bitcoins is a process that requires some knowledge and effort.
The first step in buying bitcoins is to set up an account on a Bitcoin exchange.
Once you have an account, you can transfer money to your account to buy bitcoins.
Bitcoin exchanges are online platforms where people can buy and sell Bitcoins for other currencies such as US dollars or euros.
It is known that the most popular exchanges are: Coinbase, Binance, Bitstamp, Kraken, Gemini.
Therefore, you must choose between one of them and go to the website of your selected exchange, look for the «Register» button and click there, fill in your personal information, accept their terms and create an account.
In addition, you will need to provide certain personal information such as name, email address, and password.
Once your account is created, you can deposit money into your account by transferring funds from a bank account.
What does this exchange provide me in my wallet?
The Bitcoin exchange will provide you with a unique deposit address where you need to send the money.
Once the fees charged by the exchange have been paid, they will send the BTC to your wallet or you can leave them in the internal wallet of the exchange’s platform.
Since exchanges offer a wide range of payment methods, including bank transfers, credit cards, debit cards, and bank transfers, some people may be wary of using an online exchange to buy bitcoins, as there is an increased risk of fraud.
You can also buy bitcoins with cash at specific bitcoin ATMs or buy them from a friend if you’re willing to sell them to them.
There are many reasons why people want to buy bitcoins, such as investing in the future of cryptocurrencies or for trading purposes.
What are the benefits of using Bitcoins as a digital currency?
Bitcoins have been gaining popularity in recent years because they are a digital currency that is not controlled by any government and can be defined as a peer-to-peer online currency.
This is why the benefits of using bitcoins as a digital currency include low transaction fees, increased anonymity, and no limits on the amount of money you can use.
However, the Achilles’ heel of bitcoins is that companies do usually not accept them.
You can use them on online marketplaces like Ebay, Craigslist and any other website where the market decides whether the currency will be accepted or not and can be used to buy all sorts of things, from technology to cars to food.
In addition, bitcoins can also be used as currency in places like India and China, where the government does not control the monetary system.
The current state of its adoption is mixtor, on the one hand, there are many merchants who accept it.
On the other hand, many people have not yet heard of it.
Although this coin has been around for a while, now many people are just beginning to learn more about it.
There are many ways to use it and the range is wide.
While there are some people who use it as a tool for speculation, others see it as an opportunity to change their financial situation and use bitcoin in their day to day.
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Creative writing lesson based around pathetic fallacy to create an effective and engaging opening to a piece of writing. Strong focus on using wide vocabulary. Brilliant for lower ability and can be used for KS3 and KS4, particularly for the imaginative writing pieces for OCR or AQA. Includes a Notebook version and PPT version of the lesson and handout words plate for students to access new vocabulary.
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The author recommends that this resource is useful for teachers of the following subjects. The list is not exhaustive and the resource may apply to other subjects and areas that are not listed.
About the Author
Teacher of English
I've been teaching for 6 years and I've been making my own resources ever since. My passion is teaching and learning and I believe it starts with the materials you use in the classroom. I pride myself on making lessons interesting and engaging.
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A sorting activity to reinforce what is considered tattling vs reporting in the classroom.
Use this worksheet at the beginning of the school year or after long breaks to help students understand the difference between tattling and reporting. This resource works well as an individual or whole class activity.
Use the drop-down menu to choose between the PDF or Google Slide version.
Other tattling resources you might be interested in include:
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We have updated some of the scenarios and have created an interactive google slide for this activity.
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In oratory, James Otis, Fisher Ames, Josiah Quincy, junr., Webster, Choate, Everett, Sumner, Winthrop and Wendell Phillips; and, in addition, in statesmanship, Samuel Adams, John Adams and John Quincy Adams. In fiction, Hawthorne and Mrs Stowe.
In the presidential campaign of 1792 Madison seems to have lent his influence to the determined efforts of the Jeffersonians to defeat John Adams by electing George Clinton vice-president.
By President Washington's appointment he became chief justice of the Supreme Court of the United States in March 1796, and in 1799 President John Adams sent him, with William Vans Murray (1762-1803) and William R.
On the revolutionary epoch, Mellen Chamberlain, John Adams ...
He was one of the three members of the sub-committee which actually drafted that instrument; and although John Adams is generally credited with having performed the principal part of that task, Samuel Adams was probably the author of most of the bill of rights.
In politics he was throughout inclined toward Conservatism, and after the rise of parties under the federal government he stood with Alexander Hamilton and John Adams as one of the foremost leaders of the Federalist party, as opposed to the Republicans or Democratic-Republicans.
When John Adams was president and Thomas Jefferson was vice president of the United States, there was not a railroad in all the world.
In 1778 John Adams sailed for France to supersede Silas Deane in the American commission there.
When Congress, after the fights at Lexington and Concord, resolved that the colonies ought to be put in a position of defence, the first practical step was the unanimous selection (June I 5), on motion of John Adams of Massachusetts, of Washington as commander-in-chief of the armed forces of the United Colonies.
From 1784 to 1789 Jefferson was in France, first under an appointment to assist Benjamin Franklin and John Adams in negotiating treaties of commerce with European states, and then as Franklin's successor (1785-1789) as minister to France.


In American culture, we tend to associate being the loudest voice in the room with power, control, and confidence.
We see it everywhere — bosses shouting in boardrooms, politicians interrupting and talking over their rivals, and even children asserting dominance over peers on the basis of who is loudest or most outspoken.
While vocalization is obviously an essential component of establishing power and confidence, what's often lost when so much emphasis is placed on outward projection alone is the importance of listening.
The best communicators are not only skilled at articulating their own thoughts, they're also excellent listeners.
According to the International Listening Association, an organization that works to advance the practice, teaching, and research of listening and effective listening skills throughout the world, confident individuals listen to message content better than individuals who lack confidence.
A study conducted by researchers at the University of Tennessee on the role of listening in professional environments found that listening accounts for approximately one third of the characteristics people use to evaluate communication competence in co-workers. The same study also found individual performance in a job to be directly related to listening ability or perceived listening effectiveness.
Listening is one of the top skills employers seek in both entry-level employees and employees being promoted, according to another study on the role of listening in business.
Lillian Glass, a body language expert and author of "The Body Language Advantage," says everyone can benefit from honing their listening skills, and explains the best strategy for people who want to appear confident and powerful in conversation is to pay attention to their body language and focus on the person or people they're engaged with, rather than worrying about how others perceive them.
"The bottom line is be interested, not interesting," she says. "Be more focused on the other person and what message is being communicated than focused on yourself and your self-consciousness."
According to "Silent Messages: Implicit Communication of Emotions and Attitudes," when we deliver a message, 55% of what we say is communicated non-verbally, 38% by the tone of our voice, and just 7% by the actual words we use.
Be aware of your body language when you're speaking to someone, and utilize it to become a better listener.
Maintain even eye contact, display a neutral or pleasant facial expression, and mirror the other person's movements and positioning. Lean in as they speak, never cross your arms, and nod throughout conversation to show you're listening.
If you can remember these simple tips, you'll appear a more engaged and interested listener.


A soybean farmer in Mississippi County, Arkansas.
The Washington Post | Getty Images
If you were born in the South, you likely have a shorter life expectancy than the rest of the United States. This comes from newly released data from the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Thursday.
The results, published in the National Vital Statistics Reports, examined the country-level mortality and population estimates starting in 2018, as well as the country-specific death and population numbers of elderly Medicare beneficiaries that year.
The CDC found that Americans are expected to live 78.7 years at birth, although women were more likely to survive males by 5 years across the country, according to the report. The states in the south fared worse than their northeastern and western counterparts.
West Virginia, Mississippi, Alabama, Kentucky, Tennessee, Louisiana, Oklahoma, Arkansas, South Carolina, and Missouri ranked the bottom ten states in terms of life expectancy, the CDC found. West Virginia, with a life expectancy of 74.4 years, was the lowest for both men and women.
“With a few exceptions, the states with the largest sex differences are those with lower life expectancy at birth, while the smallest gender differences are mainly found in states with higher life expectancy,” CDC researchers wrote in the report.
Meanwhile, at 81 years of age, Hawaii took the top spot for the state with the highest life expectancy. Aloha state was followed by California, New York, Minnesota, Connecticut, Massachusetts, Washington, Colorado, New Jersey, and Rhode Island to round out the top ten states that have lived longest.
The CDC’s most recent life expectancy figures come just under a month after the agency released a preliminary report in February that found life expectancy fell by one year during the pandemic in the first half of 2020 – the biggest drop since Second World War.
According to this report, the CDC projected a life expectancy at birth for Americans of 77.8 years in 2020.
– Reuters contributed to this report.


Whether one is painting a masterpiece or simply considering a new way to solve a problem, they are using creative thinking. It is a common misconception that only artistic or intelligent individuals can be creative, when in reality any person is capable of producing new and valuable ideas.
Bill McClendon, a psychology teacher at Franklin High School, explains that the reason some people seem more creative than others is due to the environment in which they grew up. “Studies show that factors such as expertise, imaginative thinking, and intrinsic motivation [behavior that is driven by internal rewards] play big roles in creativity. But the most important factor is a creative environment.” When there are multiple opportunities for a person to be exposed to creative expression (such as friends, family, and teachers who encourage imaginative thinking), that person will grow up to be more open to creativity. “If a person is placed in a situation that discourages creativity, or offers very little support for creativity, then they will seem to lack creativity when compared to others who have access to those environments,” explained McClendon. To put this into perspective, a person cannot expect to suddenly have the ability to drive a car if they have not been taught first, or if they have not been given the opportunity to be exposed to learning how to drive. When it comes to creative thinking, it all boils down to exposure, and how often one is exposed to that particular environment.
With the increase in technology usage, McClendon believes that it has helped with “allow[ing] a person to express their ideas in new ways.” Smartphone apps like Pinterest can encourage users to craft a DIY project or dish that they have never made before. The internet itself allows for a person to be exposed to many different ideas that can encourage creativity and thinking outside the box. When asked which side of the brain he believes is the most responsible for creative thinking, McClendon responded with the idea that both sides work together in processing imaginative and creative thoughts. “I think both sides probably play a role. One theory is that some ‘big picture’ ideas may originate in the right hemisphere, and the detail of that big picture is added by the left hemisphere.”
When it comes to producing new and valuable ideas, anyone can be creative. Creativity can be applied anywhere, in any given situation. Creativity can include anything from solving complex problems to composing your own music. Either way, the brain proves yet again, just how fascinating and wondrous it can be.


Publication Date: January 31, 2014
This paper was prepared for the Markle Economic Future Initiative.
Excerpted from The Second Machine Age: Work, Progress, and Prosperity In A Time of Brilliant Technologies by Erik Brynjolfsson and Andrew McAfee. Copyright © 2014 by Erik Brynjolfsson and Andrew McAfee. With permission of the publisher, W. W. Norton & Company. All rights reserved.
“The Gross National Product does not include the beauty of our poetry or the intelligence of our public debate. It measures neither our wit nor our courage, neither our wisdom nor our learning, neither our compassion nor our devotion. It measures everything, in short, except that which makes life worthwhile.” —Robert F. Kennedy
When President Hoover was trying to understand what was happening during the Great Depression and design a program to fight it, a comprehensive system of national accounts did not exist. He had to rely on scattered data like freight car loadings, commodity prices, and stock price indexes that gave only an incomplete and often unreliable view of economic activity. The first set of national accounts was presented to Congress in 1937 based on the pioneering work of Nobel Prize winner Simon Kuznets, who worked with researchers at the National Bureau of Economic Research and a team at the US Department of Commerce. The resulting set of metrics has served as beacons that helped illuminate many of the dramatic changes that transformed the economy throughout the twentieth century.
Read the rest of the paper in the PDF.