- Author: Surendra K. Dara
Adult spotted lanternfly (Lycorma delicatula). Source http://hojae.net/520.
The Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture recently reported the first detection of yet another invasive hemipteran pest in the US. While efforts to have a good grip over other invasive hemipterans like the Asian citrus psyllid, the Bagrada bug, and the brown marmorated stink bug is still underway, there is a new pest that could potentially impact industries ranging from lumber to wine.
An exotic pest known as the spotted lanternfly, Lycorma delicatula (White) was recently detected in Berks County, PA. Spotted lanternfly, which is actually not a fly, but a planthopper is also referred to as “spot clothing wax cicada” or “Chinese blistering cicada” in the literature. It belongs to the family Fulgoridae in the order Hemiptera. Fulgorids or members of the family Fulgoridae are moderate to large planthoppers generally referred to as lanternflies because of the inflated front portion of the head that was thought to be luminous. Spotted lanternfly is regarded as a poisonous insect in Chinese medicine and used for relief from swelling.
Origin and distribution
Spotted lanternfly is native to China and is present in Southeast Asia. It was first reported in South Korea in 2006 and rapidly spread to different parts of the country.
Spotted lanternfly feeds on a variety of host plants including fruit trees, ornamental trees, woody trees, and vines. Apples, birch, cherry, dogwood, grapes, Korean Evodia, lilac, maple, poplar, stone fruits, and tree-of-heaven are among more than 70 species of hosts attacked by this pest. Tree-of-heaven, which contains high concentrations of cytotoxic alkaloids, is one of the favorite hosts. This is probably why spotted lanternfly is considered poisonous and used in traditional Chinese medicine. Other preferred hosts such as Korean Evodia (Bebe tree) are also used in oriental medicine suggesting that spotted lanternfly has a high preference for hosts that contain toxic secondary metabolites. Observations in South Korea also indicate that spotted lanternfly appears to have a wider host range early in life as young nymphs and a narrow range as they grow older, especially before egg laying. Choosing plants with toxic metabolites for egg laying is thought to be a mechanism of defense to protect from natural enemies. Although grape vine does not have toxic metabolites like these other hosts, spotted lanternfly showed a strong preference in studies conducted in South Korea. Sugar content of the host plant also appears to play a role in their choice with a preference for hosts containing high sucrose and fructose content.
Eggs are laid on tree trunks in ootheca (egg case) in groups of 30-50 and are covered in a yellowish brown waxy deposit. Eggs usually hatch during the early hours of the day. Waxy deposit disappears on old egg masses which look like brown seeds. There are four nymphal instars. Nymphs have a black body. The first three instars have white spots while the fourth instar has red wing pads and upper body. Nymphs start climbing up the trees after they emerge and fall off when there is a physical obstacle or disturbance from wind or other factors and start climbing up again. This falling and ascending cycle is thought to be a means of host selection and dispersal. Adult males are 20.5-22 mm (0.81-0.87 inches) long from head to the end of the folded wing and females are 24-26.5 mm (0.94-1.04 inches) long. Forewings are greyish with black spots in different patterns. Part of the hind wing is red with black spots and the rest is white and black. Tips of the wings show a network of veins (reticulated). Abdomen is yellowish with black bands. Legs are black and have white spots during nymphal stages. Length of the legs varies from 15-18 mm (0.59-0.71 inches) in adult males and 18-22 mm (0.71-0.87 inches) in adult females. Adults are weak flyers, but good hoppers. Head is black with piercing and sucking mouthparts. Life cycle is typically univoltine (one generation per year) and spotted lanternfly overwinters as eggs.
Adults and nymphs feed on phloem tissues of foliage and young stems with their piercing and sucking mouthparts and excrete large quantities of liquid. Due to the sugar content of the liquid, plant parts covered with spotted lanternfly excretion harbor mold growth, which could hinder plant growth or even cause death.
Neonicotinoids, pyrethrins, and organophosphates are among the chemical insecticides effective against spotted lanternfly. Adults and 2nd-4th instar nymphs appear to be attracted to spearmint oil which could be used in their control. Using sticky traps at the base of the tree trunks also appears to be a good management strategy. Parasitic wasp, Anastatus orientalis is reported to parasitize up to 69% of spotted lanternfly eggs in China. This egg parasitoid is considered a potential biocontrol agent for release against the spotted lanternfly in South Korea.
Photos of the pest
Pictures of the spotted lanternfly can be found at the following sources:
Fourth instar nymph: https://www.flickr.com/photos/itchydogimages/6984394006/in/pool-lanternbugs
Early instar nymphs: https://www.flickr.com/photos/itchydogimages/6197213287/
Barringer, L. 2014. Pest alert: Spotted lanternfly, Lycorma delicatula (White) (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae). Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture.
Choi, M.-Y., Z.-Q. Yang, X.-Y. Wang, Y.-L. Tang, Z.-R. Hou. 2014. Parasitism rate of egg parasitoid Anastatus orientalis (Hymenoptera: Eupelmidae) on Lycorma delicatula (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae) in China. Korean J. Appl. Entomol. 53: 135-139.
Ding J., Y. Wu, H. Zheng, W. Fu, R. Reardon, and M. Liu. 2006. Assessing potential biological
control of the invasive plant, tree-of-heaven, Ailanthus altissima. Biocontrol Sci. Technol. 16:547-566
Han, J. M., H. Kim, E. J. Lim, S. Lee, Y.-J. Kwon, and S. Cho. 2008. Lycorma delicatula (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Fulgoridae: Aphaeninae) finally, but suddenly arrived in Korea. Entomol. Res. 38: 281-286.
Kim, J. G., E.-H. Lee, Y.-M. Seo, and N.-Y. Kim. 2011. Cyclic behavior of Lycorma delicatula (Insecta: Hemiptera: Fulgoridae) on host plants. J. Insect Behav. 24: 423-435.
Frantsevich L., A. Ji, Z. Dai, J. Wang, L. Frantsevich, and S. N. Gorb. 2008. Adhesive properties of the arolium of a lantern-fly, Lycorma delicatula (Auchenorrhyncha, Fulgoridae). J. Insect Physiol 54: 818– 827.
Lee, J.-E., S.-R. Moon, H.-G. Ahn, S.-R. Cho, J.-O. Yang, C. Yoon, and G.-H. Kim. 2009. Feeding behavior of Lycorma delicatula (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae) and response on feeding stimulants of some plants. Korean J. Appl. Entomol. 48: 467-477
Moon. S.-R., S.-R. Cho, J.-W. Jeong, Y.-H. Shin, J.-O. Yang, K.-S. Ahn, C. Yoon, and G.H. Kim. 2011. Attraction response of spot clothing wax cicada, Lycorma delicatula (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae) to spearmint oil. Korean Soc. Appl. Biol. Chem. 54: 558-567./span>


On World Book Day, two London street names with strong book connections: Askew Road in West London and Falcon Court, off Fleet Street.
Askew Road is named not because of any lack of symmetry, but for Anthony Askew, an 18th-century local landowner who studied medicine and had a good practice – serving as a physician in St Bartholomew’s and Christ’s hospitals and as registrar of the College of Physicians. He later became known more as a classical scholar rather than a doctor, helping to develop people’s tastes for curious manuscripts, rare editions, and well-preserved books.
Askew’s house was a bibliophile’s delight, piled high with books; after his death in 1774 the sale of his library lasted 20 days and fetched the princely sum of £3,993 (and sixpence) – around half a million pounds today. Among the keen buyers of his books were George III, Louis XV, and the British Museum.
Falcon Court takes its name from a 16th century shop sign, but which was is unclear. The falcon was a common symbol in heraldry; it appeared in the Stationers arms, and was thus popular with booksellers. According to some sources, Wynkyn de Worde had a shop in the court, though that is disputed.
Jan van Wynkyn (de Worde was a place name) was an apprentice to the printer William Caxton and on Caxton’s death in 1491 continued the business. He believed in mass production: success, he decided, lay in producing popular books for the general public rather than large, expensive folios for rich people. The output of his press was greater than any other pre-1600 printer, and included the second edition of the Morte d’Arthur and the third edition of the Canterbury Tales.
Whether or not he had a shop in Falcon Court, it is undisputed that the falcon appeared often in the book world. The first edition of Gorboduc, a play by Norton Thomas (who wrote the first three acts) and Thomas Sackville, Earl of Dorset, was “Imprinted at London in Flete Street at the sign of the Faucon by William Griffith”. Described as a “masterpiece of dullness” Gorboduc is considered to be both the first play in verse and the first regular English tragedy.
There was also a tavern that stood nearby by in Fleet Street; in 1547, along with four houses in Falcon Court, it was bequeathed to the Cordwainers Company by John Fisher. The reason for the bequest was gratitude – inspired, evidently, by the large number of excellent dinners that Fisher had enjoyed as a guest of the Company. In fairness to Mr Fisher, he had also decreed that the income from the property should provide the poor of the local parish with 12 pence per annum.
There was, however, a catch to this generosity: in return a sermon had to be preached every year, on 10 July, in the parish church of St Dunstan in the West. Luckily this obligation was not too much of a strain, as for many years sack posset (a drink of hot milk curdled with alcohol and flavoured with spices) was drunk to Fisher’s memory in the church vestry. This custom, alas, has been discontinued.


The History Harvest is an innovative new authentic learning initiative in the Department of History at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln. This collaborative, team-oriented, student-centered and community-based project seeks to create a popular movement to democratize and open American history by utilizing digital technologies to share the experiences and artifacts of everyday people and local historical institutions. At each “harvest,” community-members are invited to bring and share their letters, photographs, objects and stories, and participate in a conversation about the significance and meaning of their materials. Each artifact is digitally captured and then shared in this free web-based archive for general educational use and study. Overall, the History Harvest project aims to raise visibility and public conversation about history and its meaning, as well as provide a new foundation of publicly available material for historical study, K-12 instruction, and life-long learning.
It is the collaborative, community-based approach to history, and the shared experience of giving, that is at the heart of the History Harvest concept. The project makes invisible histories and materials more visible by working with and within local communities to collect, preserve and share previously unknown or under-appreciated artifacts and stories. Initial "harvests" are taking place in a series of communities across the Great Plains region, but ultimately we hope others nationwide will join this movement by hosting “harvests” in their areas and contributing the artifacts they collect to this expanding national web-archive.
The artifact-based approach to this project elevates family and local histories by making them more available and, in the process, challenges the supremacy of traditional elite sources by dramatically expanding the pool of historical artifacts easily accessible to students, scholars and everyday people seeking to learn more about our collective past. The harvesting of local artifacts will reveal important new historical materials that are currently buried in attics, basements and archives. Both individuals and institutions can participate in this effort. For instance, a museum may wish to offer rarely seen items from its collection, or ones that attract the most attention locally; a community historical society might share a sampling of its holdings for digitization; or, an individual or family may bring their letters, photos or other interesting historical objects.
The History Harvest also provides students a unique and often transformative hands-on experience with historical work. Students, with the guidance of a faculty member, work as a team to plan, organize and promote each harvest and then process and analyze the artifacts and oral history interviews they collect. As a digital initiative, the project takes advantage of innovative new technologies to engage students in building history, reflecting on historical change, collaborating to create interpretive accounts of the materials they collect and sharing what they find with others. The History Harvest project, then, is designed explicitly to develop the online space for history and to support a new pedagogical model of teaching and learning that allows undergraduates to create and participate in a "community of scholars." With the opportunity for other institutions to participate and federate with us, we envision the project as experiential, collaborative, authentic, scalable, embedded with new knowledge creation, public-spirited, locally oriented, and flexible.
We are excited for what the History Harvest movement could mean for the way the American past is collected, preserved and shared. Join us!
In addition to the contributors to the archive, a number of institutions and individuals have provided invaluable assistance to The History Harvest. See the Acknowledgements page for the complete list.


Stomach problems and obesity have increased in many countries in the world. One of the main reasons for this is unhealthy and junk food introduced in our diet. This leads to conditions like bloating and fat deposits.
People often confuse the terms ‘bloating’ and ‘fat’ but they are different and should be treated accordingly. They have different causes and so require different medical solutions.
Bloating vs Fat
The main difference between bloating and fat is that bloating can occur when your belly becomes big with fluid or gas while fat develops when you are consuming food too high in calories and are not burning enough of them.
It is easy to note the difference between them because you can physically hold your belly fat while this is not the case with bloating.
Belly fat does not cause the stomach to expand greatly but bloat does make your belly expand. Other features that differentiate between bloating and fat is given in the comparison table below.
Comparison Table Between Bloating and Fat (in Tabular Form)
|Parameter of Comparison||Bloating||Fat|
|Definition||Bloating occurs when your stomach feels swelled from over-eating.||Excess fat near your abdomen due to high-calorie foods.|
|Causes||High fiber foods, overeating, salt consumption||Over-consumption of fatty foods, sugar and calories intake|
|Remedies||Water intake, less carbonated drinks, and salt, slow eating||Exercise, more fruits, and vegetables|
|Extreme conditions||Diarrhea, vomiting, stomach pain||Heart disease, diabetes, high blood pressure|
|Signs||Tight stomach||Bulgy stomach|
What is Bloating?
Bloating occurs when your stomach gets swelled up with air or gas by overeating. It is often described as a feeling of hardened and tight stomach.
It is accompanied by burping, excessive gas, pain, and rumbling in the belly. So bloating can sometimes interfere with your work and social activities.
The most common causes of bloating include overeating, swallowing air, salt consumption, and chewing gum.
The main cause is that when you are eating food, you also swallow air and that is how gas builds up in your digestive tract.
There are a lot of remedies that can help overcome this problem. Avoid chewing gum because it causes you to swallow extra air. Less intake of carbonated drinks and avoiding foods that cause bloating also helps.
Also, it is advised to eat slowly and avoid drinking using a straw. There might also be some extreme conditions linked to bloating.
Some hormonal changes, bowel disorder, mental factors such as anxiety or stress, kidney disease, ovarian cancer can also cause bloating.
Abdominal massages also help relieve abdominal pain and bloating. Doctors suggest that a 15 min massage can release stress, bloating, and improve the overall well-being of a person.
What is Fat?
We are referring to fat here as abdominal fat. It is the excess amount of fat surrounding our abdomen.
There are three types of fat:
- The fat that circulates in the blood
- The fat that is layered over the skin
- Dangerous belly fat
Belly fat is often regarded as dangerous for the human body and mind. It is estimated that obesity kills thousands of people every year and is the leading cause of death around the world.
Fat can cause you to have a hormonal imbalance, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and even cancer.
There are many ways that you can get rid of belly fat. Exercising regularly 3-4 times a week, eating vegetables and fruits and drinking lots of water can help you stay fit.
The intake of sugar-loaded beverages has become common these days. Many soft drinks and sports drinks contain a high amount of sugar.
Sugar contains glucose and fructose – both in equal amounts. While glucose is used up by the body, excess fructose can build up fat in your body.
The ideal fat in your body is not bad. Instead, it helps control insulin and regulates your appetite. But the problem arises when the fat level rises to a high level.
This dangerous fat secretes hormones and chemicals that impact the system of the human body. These chemicals are more than what the human body demands and thus increase the risk of stroke.
Protein has been linked to combating abdominal fat. It reduces cravings and increases your metabolism. Protein is found in beans and lentils.
Main Differences Between Bloating and Fat
Some of the features that differentiate between bloating and fat are given below:
- Bloating is the excessive swelling in the abdomen while abdominal fat is the excessive fat surrounding your abdomen.
- Bloating can be caused due to high fiber foods, salt consumption, and overeating while fat can be caused due to the consumption of fatty foods, high-calorie foods, and sugar intake.
- The remedies of bloating include water intake, less consumption of carbonated drinks and salt, and slow eating. The remedies of fat include exercise and more fruits and vegetables.
- Extreme conditions of bloating include diarrhea, vomiting, and stomach pain whereas extreme conditions of fat include heart diseases, diabetes, and high blood pressure.
- The signs of bloating include a tight stomach while the signs of fat include a bulgy stomach.
Whether it is bloating or fat, there are certain diseases linked to it. It is advised not to take these conditions on a lighter note and consult your doctor immediately in case of extreme conditions.
Also, mental health is linked to these conditions so it affects the overall well being of a person. By introducing some key lifestyle changes in your life, you can stay healthy and avoid any diseases that may cause permanent harm to the human body.
Many fitness experts have spread awareness of these conditions and upload fitness content to help the layman stay fit. The TV shows also invite guests to talk about human health and ways to keep you healthy.
|AskAnyDifference Home||Click here|
I’ve put so much effort writing this blog post to provide value to you. It’ll be very helpful for me, if you consider sharing it on social media or with your friends/family. SHARING IS ♥
Table of Contents


“Eat like a king for breakfast, eat like a prince for lunch, and eat like a pauper for dinner,” is a saying I was brought up on.
It’s something that has always stuck with me.
To this day, I get up early and start my day with a cooked breakfast, consisting of some form of protein.
Eating this way has always served me well and, as a doctor, it’s one of the things I teach my patients.
Whatever we eat at the start of our day regulates our blood sugars for the day.
So, if you start your day with sugar, your whole day will a sugar ping pong, and you’ll feel like you’re going up and down before crashing into a big case of “three-thirty-itis”.
We need to think of the digestive system as a big furnace which needs to be heated up to get the fire going.
If you put in fuel which is cold, or too sweet, it just bogs the system down; your metabolism just won’t want to work or kick in.
Why Not Eating Breakfast Might Be Killing You
According to new research, not only is eating breakfast beneficial for our health and metabolism, it’s also helping us to live longer.
The research has also shown that eating breakfast every day might help prevent stroke, particularly cerebral haemorrhage.
The study, published in Stroke on January 5, was conducted by a team led by Yasuhiko Kubota, MD, from Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine in Japan.
The researchers noted that several previous reports, from Western and Asian countries, have shown a link between missing breakfast and a higher prevalence of obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and glucose intolerance, which are well-known risk factors for cardiovascular disease.
In the study, 82,772 Japanese men and women, aged from 45 to 74 years old without a history of cardiovascular disease or cancer, were observed from 1995 to 2010. Participants were asked about their breakfast eating habits and were classified as having breakfast either between 0-2 times per week, 3-4 times, 5-6 times, or 7 times per week.
During the 15-year follow-up, there was a total of 3,772 strokes (1,051 cerebral haemorrhages, 417 subarachnoid haemorrhages, and 2,286 cerebral infarctions) and 870 cases of coronary heart disease.
Multivariable analysis showed that participants who never ate breakfast had higher risks for total cardiovascular disease and total stroke, as well as a particularly higher risk for cerebral haemorrhage, compared with those who consumed breakfast every day.
The researchers note that a previous study showed a significant association between the frequency of breakfast and the risk for coronary heart disease in US men.
To those people who regularly skip breakfast: you might want to rethink that choice – for your overall health, and to prolong your life.
If you don’t feel like eating breakfast in the morning there is a reason for it: it’s partly habit, and partly that you need to work on your digestion and metabolism.
To those who are time poor (aren’t we all these days?): maybe it’s time to reprioritise your health, be more loving towards yourself, and get up that little bit earlier to cook yourself some breakfast. It doesn’t take long to pop on two eggs. No more kids’ leftover toast crusts or cereal!
Start your day with some form of protein, and make sure it’s cooked; it’s so important for your overall health and metabolism. But now we know it could save your life too.
What do you eat for breakfast each day?
Recommended Reading: Don’t know what a healthy breakfast looks like? Read Doctor Orr’s 13 suggestions for a delicious and healthy breakfast.
Articles posted on BellyBelly which are not written by Doctor Andrew Orr are the opinions of BellyBelly and not necessarily the opinion of Doctor Andrew Orr.


Aim and objective: To assess awareness and vigilance of oral health and esthetics among the young population. Materials and methods: A web-based, self-constructed, multiple-choice questionnaire consisting of 19 questions prepared on Google forms application was used for the survey and distributed using Gmail, WhatsApp among 246 youngsters with an age group ranging from 15 to 30 years selected adopting a convenient sampling method. Results: The result of the study shows awareness of oral hygiene and esthetics were moderate among the youngsters. Ninety-eight percent think oral cleanliness is required and 58.9% brush only once daily. 73.6% brush only to maintain cleanliness. 90.7% were concerned about the esthetics and 81.7% would like to resolve the problem to enhance esthetics and 35.2% found the treatment expensive. Only 50% of them were aware of a specialist called a periodontist and 54% visit a general dentist and 31.7% like to visit a dentist only in times of any oral problem. Conclusion: The majority of the subjects were unaware of a specialist named a periodontist and would visit a general dentist in times of need. Thus, there is a definite need to focus on spreading awareness among youngsters regarding oral hygiene maintenance and esthetic corrections in compromised conditions.
Kapoor D, Gill S, Singh A, et al. Oral hygiene awareness and practice amongst patients visiting the department of periodontology at a dental college and hospital in north India. Indian J Dent 2014;5(2):64–68. DOI: 10.4103/0975-962X.135262.
World Health Association. Previous World Health Days. Geneva: World Health Association; 2016. Available from: http://www.who.int/world-health-ay/previous/en/.
Jain N, Mitra D, Ashok KP, et al. Oral hygiene-awareness and practice among patients attending OPD at Vyas Dental College and Hospital, Jodhpur. J Indian Soc Periodontol 2012;16(4):524–528. DOI: 10.4103/0972-124X.106894.
Dilip CL. Health status, treatment requirements, knowledge, and attitude towards oral health of police recruits in Karnataka. J Indian Assoc Public Health Dent 2005;5:20–34.
Jiang H, Petersen PE, Peng B, et al. Self-assessed dental health, oral health practices, and general health behaviors in Chinese urban adolescents. Acta Odontol Scand 2005;63(6):343–352. DOI: 10.1080/00016350500216982.
Al-Shammari KF, Al-Ansari JM, Al-Khabbaz AK, et al. Self-reported oral hygiene habits and oral health problems of Kuwaiti adults. Med Princ Pract 2007;16(1):15–21. DOI: 10.1159/0000 96134.
Zhu L, Petersen PE, Wang HY, et al. Oral health knowledge, attitudes, and behavior of adults in China. Int Dent J 2005;55(4):231–241. DOI: 10.1111/j.1875-595X.2005.tb00321.x.
Kapse P, Yeltiwar RR, Patil P, et al. An online survey about awareness and motivation regarding periodontal health in Maharashtra. Indian Journal of Multidisciplinary Dentistry 2018;8(2): 71–75.
Al-Beiruti N. Oral health behavior among a sample of schoolteachers, physicians, and nurses in the Syrian Arab Republic. East Mediterr Health J 1997;3:258–262.
Ganesh A, Chaly PE, Reddy VC, et al. Oral health awareness and oral hygiene status of 12- and 15-year-old children in Chennai. J Indian Assoc Public Health Dent 2019;17(3):206–212. DOI: 10.4103/jiaphd.jiaphd_214_18.
Varenne B, Petersen PE, Ouattara S. Oral health behaviour of children and adults in urban and rural areas of Burkina Faso. Africa Int Dent J 2006;56(2):61–70. DOI: 10.1111/j.1875-595X.2006.tb00075.x.
Leung WK, Chu CH. Dental caries and periodontal status of 12-year-old school children in rural Qinghai, China. Int Dent J 2003;53(2):73–78. DOI: 10.1111/j.1875-595X.2003.tb00662.x.
Faizee SH, Veerasankar S, Avanthika K, et al. Awareness survey about the effects of malocclusion among young adults. Indian J Dent Res 2018;29(6):705–710. DOI: 10.4103/ijdr.IJDR_748_17.
Shetty A, Bhandary R, Thomas B. Awareness on gingival recession and its association to risk factors: an epidemiological study. Research 2014;1:1268. DOI: 10.13070/rs.en.1.1268.
Todd JE, Lader D. Adult Dental Health 1988 the United Kingdom. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office (HMSO); 1991.


One kilogram equals 2.20462262 pounds, to convert 40.1 kg to pounds we have to multiply the amount of kg by 2.20462262 to obtain amount in pounds. 40.1 kg are equal to 40.1 x 2.20462262 = 88.405367 pounds.
The kilogram (kg) is the SI unit of mass. It is equal to the mass of the international prototype of the kilogram. This prototype is a platinum-iridium international prototype kept at the International Bureau of Weights and Measures. One kg is approximately equal to 2.20462262 pounds.
One pound (lb), the international avoirdupois pound, is legally defined as exactly 0.45359237 kilograms.
To calculate a kilogram value to the corresponding value in pounds, just multiply the quantity in kilogram by 2.20462262 (the conversion factor).
Pounds = kilograms * 2.20462262
The factor 2.20462262 is the result from the division 1 / 0.45359237 (pound definition). Therefore, another way would be:
Pounds = Kilograms / 0.45359237
- How many pounds are in 40.1 kg?
- 40.1 kilograms is equal to how many pounds?
- How to convert 40.1 kilograms to pounds?
- How many is 40.1 kg in pounds?
- What is 40.1 kg in pounds?


ESCI 111 Quiz 16
________ is not part of the hydrologic cycle.
Calcium carbonate dissolving in soil water and groundwater
Which of the following is the correct definition of stream gradient?
The drop in elevation of a stream divided by the distance the water travels.
A natural, meandering, river channel is modified into a more or less straight and smooth, canal-like channel. Which of the following statements is correct?
The natural channel had a lower gradient and higher friction than the straight channel.
How does urbanization (paving, etc.) affect runoff and infiltration in a small, previously forested, drainage basin?
infiltration decreases; runoff increases
Which of the following must result in a lower base level for rivers and streams?
sea level falls; land rises
________ make up the suspended loads of most rivers and streams.
Silt and clay-sized detrital grains
________ describes the total sediment load transported by a stream.
At the head of a delta, the major channel splits into smaller channels that follow different paths to the sea. These smaller channels are known as ________.
In the absence of cutoff, how does a river meander loop behave over time?
The gradient is lowered as the channel lengthens and migrates toward the cut or outer bank of the loop.
A ________ stream pattern is developed only on growing mountains like volcanoes or where the land surface is tectonically doming upward.
A ________ stream pattern develops on lands underlain by tilted or folded, alternating hard and soft, sedimentary strata.
________ is an abandoned, cutoff, meander loop.
________ are characteristics of downcutting streams and a youthful stage of valley evolution.
Rapids and lots of whitewater
Many larger rivers in the Colorado Plateau region meander in deep, narrow canyons and have no floodplains. How could this happen?
Original, old age streams downcut as the land gradually rose.
Which of the following is the only correct response concerning the location and causes of the extraordinarily severe, 1993, flooding on the Mississippi River and tributaries?
upper basin; very heavy, sustained rainfall in the late spring and early summer
________ generally constitutes the highest percentage of the annual sediment load moved by a stream.
Where is erosion concentrated along a meandering stream?
on the outer parts of the meander loops or bends
Which one of the following would cause stream rejuvenation?
the land is uplifted
In a ________ drainage pattern that is generally developed in areas underlain by tilted or folded strata, tributary streams flow along outcrop areas of the softer strata.
A stream begins at an elevation of 200 meters and flows a distance of 400 kilometers to the ocean? What is the average gradient?


KILN & CASTING – A SUMMARY
The BURNOUT (de-wax) procedure removes the wax pattern and wax casting attachment (ASSEMBLY), contained insise the refractory mould. Evacuation leaves a negative impression of the wax image within in the refractory mould's cavity, which is then filled with metal to form a 'positive image' casting. FIRING also alters the refractory mould’s chemical composition, converting it from a GREEN condition, to a fully functioning mould with optimum refractory properties.
Burnout and firing can either be done as a single continuous operation, or in two distinct steps (by first removing the wax via a steam autoclave or by chemical means, then later firing the evacuated mould in a standard kiln).
The kiln's temperature and firing cycle (which may be extended over a period of some days), is controlled to prevent an under or over firing of the refractory mould. Maximum kiln temperatures for firing the refractories used in fine art founding do not usually exceed 2000°F (1100°C).
CERAMIC SHELL moulds can be FLASH de-waxed and fired simultaneously. The highly efficient thermal properties used for this moulding system, allows the founder to remove a red-hot mould from the kiln and immediately pour in a metal charge.
If minor faults are detected in the fabric of a (ceramic) refractory mould after firing, these can usually be repaired simply by applying a refractory cement patch and briefly re-firing the mould. Patches may be held securely in place on the mould by wrapping with wire for extra security.
Most art foundries melt metals in either LIFT OUT or TILT type furnaces. These may be GAS, OIL, or occasionally ELECTRICALLY fuelled. The capacity of the largest crucibles can be as much as 1000lb+ (450kg)+ of copper alloy.
A metal CHARGE is melted as rapidly as possible, avoiding the uptake of atmospheric gases and other impurities. The charge is then DEGASSED with an alloy specific tablet or cartridge before pouring commences. Care is taken throughout the melt not to burn off light alloying elements with low boiling points.
Most of the COPPER ALLOYS used in art founding are poured at an optimum temperature of between 2000-2200°F (1100-1200°C). Pouring is carried out as a rapid, but controlled sequence of actions avoiding excessive spillage, turbulence and the entry of foreign material (INCLUSIONS) into the refractory mould.
VACUUM and CENTRIFUGAL casting is carried out with the aid of specialist equipment. Either process allows intricate and detailed works to be accurately reproduced in metal by artificially ‘forcing’ the molten charge into the refractory mould cavity.
< BACK / NEXT >


The remains of five Chilean tribesmen have been repatriated from Switzerland more than a century after they were kidnapped to be exhibited at European fairs.This content was published on January 18, 2010 - 08:16
The five Kawésqar from southern Chile were honoured at a ceremony in Chile on January 13 after their remains were flown back home. Documentary filmmakers found their bones at Zurich University in 2008.
The story dates back to 1881 when 11 natives were kidnapped in Tierra del Fuego by German businessman Carl Hagenbeck, who took them from South America to Europe to be put on show as curiosities in circuses and fairs in France, Germany and Switzerland.
Shortly after being captured they were displayed in Paris and later that year at Berlin’s zoo, as well as in Leipzig, Munich, Stuttgart, Nuremberg and Zurich.
These shows exhibited native groups from Africa or Patagonia just like animals, Walter Fuchs, an anthropology professor at Zurich University, told swissinfo.ch.
“The Kawésqar Indians arrived here [in Zurich] in 1882, but they fell ill and, despite receiving Swiss medical assistance, five of them died from pneumonia and measles.”
Identification of remains
Their remains were stored among a huge collection kept at Zurich University’s Anthropological Institute and were recently identified by Swiss anthropologist Christoph Zollikofer. The other six Kawésqars were eventually allowed to return to Chile but one died during the voyage home.
“This is rather unusual as most of these remains are anonymous. Many are from the 19th and 20th centuries. The Kawésqar Indian remains were identified in detail because they had names to locate them,” said Fuchs.
Henry, Lise, Grethe, Piskouna and Capitán – the names given to them by their captors – belonged to a sea-faring tribe from southern Chile which is almost extinct but famed for braving the icy-cold waters of Patagonia.
Zollikofer, who accompanied the remains back to Chile together with his colleague Marcia Ponce de León, backed their identification and repatriation on condition they be handed back to the descendants of the Kawésqar.
On Tuesday, the remains of five of these people were returned to Chile from Switzerland with Chilean President Michelle Bachelet receiving representatives of Chile's various indigenous communities carrying the remains in caskets.
"There are more of our people left outside the country, and we are hoping for the support of the government ... to be able to bring back the rest of the people," said Kawésqar descendent Haydee Aguilera.
Bachelet apologised to the descendants saying the country had been guilty of “neglect in the face of such abuses”. She added that the episode was a dark page in Chile's history.
"Reading the history of these indigenous families from southern Chile, whose remains we are receiving today, there is no doubt that this was an act of barbarity," Bachelet said.
"The kidnapping at the end of the 19th-century of indigenous families from the southernmost part of the country, to be taken to Europe to be exhibited in human zoos or international fairs is really a dark page in our history."
The bodies were flown to the southern city of Punta Arenas and will be taken to Karukinká island on Tierra del Fuego for a traditional burial in what could be one of the last ceremonial burials of the Kawésqar people.
"This island was chosen because it is the closest to the one they were taken from,” Celina Llanllán, a member of the Kawésqar community told the El Mercurio newspaper.
One of the oldest indigenous artisans in the region, Rosa Catalán, 70, will receive the skeletons. The remains will then be anointed with oil, placed in sea lion skins, wrapped in reed baskets and buried in the island’s caves. This once-traditional burial ritual will be carried out in a three-hour private ceremony.
There are only an estimated 12 to 20 pure-blooded members of the tribe left after outbreaks of respiratory illnesses through contact with Europeans devastated the group in the 19th century and again in the 1940s.
The remains were discovered in 2008 at Zurich University by documentary filmmaker Hans Mulchi and historian Christian Báez during the making of their film, Calafate, zoologicos humanos. (Calafate, human zoos).
Ivan Turmo, swissinfo.ch (adapted from Spanish by Simon Bradley)
The Kawésqar, or Alacaluf, Halakwulup or Kaweskar, are South American people from Chile living between the Gulf of Penas and the Strait of Magellan (Brunswick Peninsula, and Wellington, Santa Inés and Desolacion islands. Their traditional language is known as Kawésqar, which means person or human.
Today, very few Kawésqar remain. The 2002 census found 2,622 people self-identifying as Kawésqar (those that still practised their native culture or spoke their native language).
In 2006, only 15 full-blooded members remained. Lessons on Kawésqar are part of the local curriculum but very few speakers of the language remain.
Human zoos, also known as "ethnological exhibitions" or "negro villages", became popular in Europe and North America in the 19th and 20th centuries.
The shows, which often emphasized the cultural differences between Western and non-Western civilisations, involved the abduction of indigenous people from around the world, particularly from Africa.
In the 1870s human zoos could be found in Hamburg, Antwerp, Barcelona, London, Milan, New York and Warsaw, with 200,000 to 300,000 visitors attending each exhibition. Visited by 28 million people, the 1889 World's Fair displayed 400 indigenous people as the major attraction.
Often they were displayed in villages built in zoos specifically for the show, but they were also made to perform on stage for the amusement of the public.
This article was automatically imported from our old content management system. If you see any display errors, please let us know: email@example.com


It seems to me that when I was younger "Asia" specifically referred to the far east, China, Japan, Korea etc whereas now it specifically refers to Pakistan.
I am not sure why this has come about, although I'm certain the panel will have some opinions.
Asia originally referred to Anatolia (now known as Asia Minor), the Europeans later used this term to describe anything east of Europe.
I have an Atlas from the 1930s, in it, pre-partition British India is clearly in Asia. The understand of what is or is not Asia hasn't changed since then.
What has changed is that we now have large numbers of South Asians living in the UK, for obvious reasons, Pakistanis etc don't care to be referred to as "Indian" hence the term is usually used to mean "Desi" (the South Asian term for themselves collectively).
In the US, there are a lot of East Asians but relatively speaking few South Asians and thus the term is more commonly used to refer to those of Chinese, Korean or Japanese descent e.g. Asian-Americans.


Click any word in a definition or example to find the entry for that word
|present participle||keeping out|
|past tense||kept out|
|past participle||kept out|
This is the British English definition of keep out. View American English definition of keep out.
the difference between how much money you get when you sell something and how much it costs you...


We provide a rigorous academic program for grades PreK – 5 to prepare students for success in middle school, high school, and beyond. We use a hands-on, inquiry-based approach called Project-Based Learning (PBL). Each 6- to 8-week unit incorporates reading and English/language arts, science, social studies, and math in the context of engaging, real-world ideas. The units are tied to New York State learning standards and to our magnet theme of innovation, exploration & engineering, with a strong focus on STEAM (science, technology, engineering, arts, and math). Every unit ends with a student-directed final project, allowing students to develop critical thinking, communication, creativity, collaboration, and leadership skills along with mastering academics.
Beyond the PBL units, students also have dedicated periods devoted to phonics, guided reading, and math each day. Students have 2 periods of physical education and 2 periods of art instruction each week. Art is also integrated into the core curriculum.
PBL Grade K
- Needs of Plants and Animals
- Pushes and Pulls
- Sunlight and Weather
PBL Grade 1
- Animal and Plant Defenses
- Light and Sound
- Spinning Earth
PBL Grade 2
- Plant and Animal Relationships
- Properties of Materials
- Changing Landforms
PBL Grade 3
- Balancing Forces
- Inheritance and Traits
- Environments and Survival
- Weather and Climate
PBL Grade 4
- Energy and Conversions
- Vision and Light
- Earth’s Features
- Waves, Energy, and Information
PBL Grade 5
- Patterns of Earth and Sky
- Modeling Matter
- The Earth System
- Ecosystem Restoration
We provide ample support to help all students succeed with our project-based curriculum, including students with Individualized Education Programs (IEPs), English Language Learners (ELLs), and other students with special needs. Our teachers work to understand each student’s individual needs and learning style and provide supports to help every child master the grade-level standards.
We offer both inclusion classrooms and individualized instruction for students in our Special Education (SPED) program, depending on their needs. In addition, we offer students:
- In-school academic support for students struggling in reading or math using a Response to Intervention (RTI) model
- After-school homework help
- A sensory room for students with sensory processing difficulties
In The Classroom
Our dedicated staff goes above and beyond to provide enrichment activities that extend learning beyond the school day! Our after-school clubs give students the opportunity to develop friendships, learn new skills beyond our academic programs, and just have fun. Programs include:
- Arts and Crafts
- Homework Help
- GIRLS with PEARLS
We offer an after-school program for students who need to extend their time here beyond the school day. The after-school program is open daily from 2:40 to 5:00 p.m. The program is free, but space is limited; ask at the office for availability. Students in the after-school program participate in:
- Homework help
- STEAM (science, technology, engineering, arts, and math) activities
Our Pre-K program is open to all students who will turn four during the school year. We have a full-day program for preschoolers with fun activities and an age-appropriate academic curriculum to prepare them for kindergarten success. Learn more about Pre-K enrollment.
We will offer 3-K classes for three-year-olds starting in September 2020. All NYC families with children born in 2017 can apply to 3-K for All between February 5 and April 24, 2020.
We are committed to providing a safe, supportive learning environment for all students and nurturing positive peer relationships. We have partnered with Cloud9World for Character Education and Social-Emotional Learning. In addition, we use a Positive Behavioral Interventions and Supports (PBIS) model with a point system to promote positive behaviors. Students earn points that they can redeem to participate in fun STEAM (science, technology, engineering, arts, and math) activities.
Cloud9World: Cloud9World is an integrated social-emotional and literacy-based program that utilizes character strengths to teach social-emotional skills. The program is about the acquisition and strengthening of character and the capacity to make wise choices for a well-rounded life and a thriving society. Character traits include: Acceptance, Citizenship, Cooperation, Empathy, Forgiveness, Hope, Humbleness, Inclusion, Integrity, Leadership, Patience, Respect, Self-Control, and Unity
Our school supports the whole child and whole family—and that includes physical health! In addition to regular physical education classes, students participate in the “Move-to-Improve” program, which infuses movement throughout the school day. We also offer:
- After-school sports programs
- Champs & BOKS Early Morning Fitness program
- Healthy, plant-based snacks
- A yoga program open to families - Coming soon!
- Vision screening through the DOH Student Vision Screening Program
- Dental screening through the Smile Dental Screening for Students Program
- Participation in the “Family Health Challenge” through CIERU
We have partnered with local and national organizations to enrich our students’ learning experiences. These partners support our programs, enable our students to participate in fun and meaningful field trips, and provide additional experiences related to our “Innovation, Exploration & Engineering” theme.
- Champs & BOKS Early Morning Fitness program
- Cultural After-School Adventures (CASA)
- Dance Theater of Harlem
- Family Health Challenge (CIERU)
- Innovation, Exploration, & Engineering After School
- Practice Makes Perfect
- Salvadori Learning Center
- United We OM


Last modified on 11 February 2012, at 23:32
Chemistry 101/Elements and Atoms: The Basics of Chemistry/Atoms of an Element
An atom is an element that takes part in a chemical reaction. Atoms have a nucleus.
Content is available under
CC BY-SA 3.0
unless otherwise noted.


Almost 604,000 North Carolina households don't have enough to eat.
North Carolina is the 10th hungriest state in the nation.
Almost 1 in 5 children in North Carolina faces hunger on a regular basis (24.6%).
Over 15% of our seven county service area faces food insecurity. That's over a quarter of a million people.
North Carolina is the 10th Hungriest State in the U.S.
Low Food Security: Homes that often must make tough choices about the amount and quality of food they are able to provide their families.
Very Low Food Security: Homes that often miss meals.
According to the USDA, in the past year more than 90% of these families worried that food would run out; nearly 80% could not afford a balanced meal; and individuals in 96% of homes with very low food security skipped meals in order to make food last longer.
Who is Hungry in North Carolina?
Food insecurity refers to the USDA's measure of lack of access, at times, to enough food for an active, healthy life for all household members and limited or uncertain availability of nutritionally adequate foods. Across North Carolina, children, families and seniors face food insecurity each day.
Children are our most vulnerable citizens and in North Carolina, almost 1 in 5 children are at risk of hunger.
In our 7 county area alone, over 121,000 children applied to receive free and reduced-price lunch. That's almost 53% of school-aged children in these public school systems.
Almost 18% of all children in our seven-county service area face the threat of hunger.
Good nutrition is critical in the first years of life, and childhood food insecurity can lead to developmental, health and behavioral problems, as well as make it more difficult to concentrate and do well in school.
Imagine a single mother who works full time for $8/hour, a little more than minimum wage. She makes about $1,386 per month - for food, rent, clothes, child care, and medical care. But at just ABOVE the federal poverty level, she makes too much to qualify for food assistance. Could you make the budget work?
Ultimately, the root cause of hunger lies in poverty. Overall poverty in the greater Triangle:
The federal poverty level is $11,770 for a household of one, or $24,250 for a household of four.
Sources: US Census Data 2015
North Carolina is one of the 10 worst states for senior hunger with 18% of our seniors struggling with hunger.
Almost 32% of seniors in North Carolina live in or near poverty.
Nationally, 1 in 6 older adults face the threat of hunger
33% of older adults admitted to the hospital may be malnourished
Malnutrition can increase healthcare costs by 300%
Hungry older adults face a myriad of challenges such as financial constraints, poor health, mobility limitations, lack of adequate transportation, cognitive limitations and cultural preferences. The nation's senior population is expected to double by 2050, so the time to take action on senior hunger is now.
Solutions to End Hunger & Poverty
Many of the programs and policies in operation in North Carolina are established under federal law. From SNAP to child nutrition programs, the new Federal Administration and Congressional leadership have suggested severely reducing the availability of these programs through block granting, eligibility restrictions and underinvestment.
It is critical that our policymakers ensure the effectiveness of North Carolina's hunger relief programs.
SNAP is one of the most direct ways to fight food insecurity.
North Carolina should develop a plan to provide a job, volunteer position, or skills training opportunity to all individuals, subject to time limit.
The State should recognize the critical role food banks and healthy retail options in food deserts play in providing food.
For children, school-based initiatives such as the Community Eligibility Program and Breakfast in the Classroom are effective policies to address hunger.
SNAP reaches as many or more rural and small town residents as metro residents; is especially important to families with children; and most families receiving SNAP are working or are recently unemployed. See SNAP Map By County.
Children are better equipped to learn when they have the nutrition they need. Yet too many low-income children who are eligible for free and reduced-price meals are not accessing them. More must be done to increase participation in school meals, summers meals, after-school meals, and child care meals.
Adults who had access to food supports as children were 18% more likely to graduate from high school.
More on College Hunger: NYT: It's hard to study if you're hungry
Research shows that food insecurity is linked with costly chronic diseases and unfavorable outcomes. According to the Root Cause Coalition, the annual costs of hunger to the U.S. health care system are $130.5 billion. Greater investments in nutrition programs would go a long way in addressing obesity and other negative health outcomes faced by low-income Americans.
A recent study shows adults who had access to food supports as children were 16% less likely to be obese
SNAP serves as the first line of defense against hunger for millions of Americans. USDA research shows that each $5 of SNAP benefits generates nearly twice that in economic activity.
On average SNAP benefits lifted 175,000 North Carolinians, including 81,000 children, out of poverty from 2011 to 2014.
SNAP benefits pumped upward of $2 billion into the state's economy. Much of this economic activity benefits local grocery stores and food retailers.
More than 9,600 individual stores in NC accept SNAP.
Federal nutrition programs can’t do it alone. There must be a comprehensive approach.


by Steven Ertelt
August 6, 2007
Seoul, South Korea (LifeNews.com) — About 18 months ago, the world discovered that the amazing progress South Korean embryonic stem cell researcher Hwang Woo-suk supposedly made was entirely bogus. However, scientists reviewing his work say that he did have some achievements despite faking much of his research.
Hwang’s team claimed to have been the first to clone a human embryo and to create patient specific embryonic stem cells.
The claims were big news because they could have represented an advance that would have combated one of the key problems of embryonic stem cell research — that a person’s immune system rejects the cells once they’re injected as a therapy.
That’s a problem that doesn’t plague adult stem cells, which pro-life groups support because they don’t involve the destruction of human life to obtain.
Hwang’s papers were eventually retracted and he is now on trial for violating South Korean bioethics laws and allegedly embezzling millions of private and public funds meant for research.
But a new report from scientists at Children’s Hospital Boston and the Harvard Stem Cell Institute finds that Hwang may have made one important discovery.
Publishing their findings in the August 2 edition of the journal Stem Cell, the scientists say Hwang was successful in creating the world’s first human embryonic stem cell to be derived by parthenogenesis.
That’s a process that creates an embryo containing genetic material only from the donor egg — in the same way a handful of plants and animals can self-reproduce.
"We know now that the Koreans’ first supposed nuclear transfer-derived stem cell line was actually derived from the woman’s egg alone," George Q. Daley, MD, PhD said.
An initial investigation of the Korean group’s first embryonic stem cell line suggested it might be parthenogenetic in origin, but the analysis was inconclusive. This is the first time the origin had been examined fully in a peer-reviewed journal.
The scientists tested three human embryonic stem cells isolated from fertilized embryos as well as the Korean line of human cells claimed to have been created through nuclear transfer.
The Korean cell line displays a genetic pattern that is clearly consistent with a parthenogenetic origin, they said. They believe the Hwang team generated parthenogenetic stem cells by accident and didn’t realize what they had created.
Parthenogenesis is a method of reproduction, common in plants and in some animals, in which the female can generate offspring without the contribution of a male.
"There has been an advance in the idea that you can couple parthenogenesis and genetic screening to identify those cell lines that are going to be most helpful," Daley says.
If other scientists can advance the technique they could be able to create embryonic stem cells that overcome the immune system rejection problems. Until then, adult stem cells still hold the most promise for patients.


When the ability to capture "true color" images arrived, this new tool was widely seen as nearly miraculous and bringing the viewer ever closer to a "true" recreation of the original scene. This shift from B/W to color was almost (but not quite) as profound as the shift from painted images to photographs had been most of a century earlier. Instead of recording only values (light/dark), this new capacity could acquire the various hues and saturation levels in a scene as well. For nearly the first century of photography, paintings always had the upper hand when it came to coloration– photographs just could not compete in this arena. Now, with color added to the mix, the sky was nearly the limit. In fact, the sky no longer had to suffer the dreary limit of endless stretches of gloomy gray, but could now burst forth with the beauty of its truly blue self.
|EARTH AND WATER INTERWOVEN, I, © Bill Brockmeier, all rights reserved|
While one might say that color is just a matter of the wavelength of the light, this is stripping down the truth of color far too simplistically. There are actual, perceivable colors that don't even exist on the complete spectrum of "all the wavelengths" that are spread out from white light as it passes through a prism. And any specific, perceivable color can actually be created from an infinite number of possible combinations of different other colors. Even more amazing, it is possible for there to be two things that appear exactly the same color under one lighting condition, and yet appear to be dramatically different in color from each other in a different lighting condition (metamerism).
Here is a short list of conditions that can substantially affect the perceived color of an object:
- color of the light illuminating the object
- brightness of the illumination
- color of the object's environment/surroundings
- colors and intensity of light viewed previous to viewing the object
- color characteristics of any transmitting medium between the object and viewer
Most probably know that it is in the retina, the light sensitive back surface of the eye, that color is initiated when photons are preferentially absorbed by the different cone (color) receptors. While this is true, this is only the beginning (the barest beginning) of color perception. This is no simple RGB (red/green/blue) modeling of the light that is intercepted, as in a camera. The neural network of the retina takes this simple color "information" and already begins massaging it and reacting to it, before it sends it on to various locations in the brain, which further process these signals into a whole host of responses and outputs, gaining even emotional and visceral components along the way.
While the truth of color perception is highly complex and cannot be quantified unambiguously, what about the "simple" RGB (trichromatic) model used by photography? It turns out that even if we restrict ourselves to discussing this stripped-down technological version of "colors" it is a complex issue. First, there is the camera that takes the complex mix of light and turns it into an array of values that represent the "original colors." Of course, these values are necessarily compared to some "reference white" (would that be an incandescent lamp? a fluorescent lamp? or maybe natural sunlight...and at what time of day?).
The numerical values that are produced by this method are also limited in various ways. First, there is the sensitivity/detection function of the three separate color channels of the camera (basically, the filter transmission curves of the camera's detectors). Then, there is the dynamic range of the values (lightest to darkest) and the size of the steps from one value to the very next. There is also the issue of color gamut– how much of the totally perceivable color "real estate" can be covered by these numerical representations?
Finally, when these numerical values representing the colors in an image have been determined, how will the image be reproduced so it can be seen? Here, the loop is closed by somehow converting the values back into color representations either emitted by the light of a digital monitor, or by the density of different colored ink droplets on paper media. In both these cases, the representations themselves convolve the dynamic range and color gamut limitations as mentioned previously for the camera. On top of that, there are now even more considerations that effect the final colors– things like color gamma in monitors; and for printed images, dot gain, media brightness and whitepoint, and illumination whitepoint, color rendering index, and brightness. And if that wasn't enough, high-end photographic printers now boast of as many as ten or twelve different ink colors to represent those three original RGB colors. As you can see this is a highly complicated issue, and it is an amazing thing that the whole system works as well as it does.
It's clear that there really is no such thing as photographic "purity" when it comes to color. Attempting the photographic reproduction of the "original colors" of a scene may (or may not) be a worthy goal to strive for, but it is simply not possible today (and really never will be). And that's OK. After all, this is an art, and van Gogh did not mix his colors like Gauguin did.


The combination of allowing banks to create money interest bearing debt, together with a land tenure system that allows people to profit from rising land values have led to growing debt, a built-in growth imperative, inequality and a never ending series of boom-busts. Both the issues of land and money need to be addressed, especially in the light of the climate emergency and the growing inequality we live with.
In our search to design an economy that isn't at war with the planet – one that doesn't write in forced economic growth or widen the gap between rich and poor – we have opted to combine basic income, monetary reform, governance reform and tax reform (the latter closely related to land tenure reform). We want a world where everyone has a fair share of our common wealth. We want to replace the extractive model that is killing our habitat with one that is life-friendly.
While addressing these reforms together is a huge challenge, we know for our climate's sake we must succeed. In reforming the system we know we can't afford to shock the economy. So we need incremental change of some sort and must look to nature for guidance about design.
We realised early on that imposing a land tax alone was politically well nigh impossible, even at half a percent. Raising it to the a full land rental level would be just as hard. That sort of incremental change would not be possible.
Objections for instance to charging a full rent for monopoly use of land include:-
a. The banks would block it. They hold the power because they issue mortgages backed by land.
b. The public wouldn’t like it because the market value of their property would decline. This is unacceptable especially to those with big mortgages.
c. Property owners would argue they already pay rates and a mortgage so why should they have to pay a third time?
We realised early on that reforming the money system by spending money into existence to build infrastructure would result in rising land values for those with properties served by that infrastructure – be it rail, schools or ports. It would be difficult to control land inflation and therefore to halt the march to further inequality. The rich would also buy up patents and any natural monopoly they could get their hands on.
Funding a full Basic Income is also a considerable challenge. An extremely large sum is needed, even when the net public expenditure is calculated.
During the summer of 2001-12 Deirdre had had a series of Skype calls with a Cambridge academic, the late Dr Adrian Wrigley. His solution was for the Treasury to pay off the mortgage and for a full land rental to be paid. The property would then have a covenant on it requiring owners to pay a full land rental to Treasury. No rates would then be payable. If the property was sold, the next owner would still have to pay that rental.
We only wanted the land to be bought/paid for, not the whole mortgage, so we changed it to that.
We soon learnt that using the preferred "covenant" idea was hard to explain to the public so we reluctantly dropped it in favour of publicly owned leasehold land. However we started with a centralised model of public ownership and remained with that for almost 2 years. All the time we were a uneasy about land being owned by any agency of central government.
Adrian never talked of a parallel currency. It was our idea to have one. We thought the current system is so badly messed up we had to start again, and believe that this was also the way not to shock the economy.
We knew a lot of land is overvalued and although we recommended buying land at market value, we know this isn't the total solution.
So we recommended designing a second parallel (and competing) national currency, and link it from the start to completely new tax laws. After all no public budget would ever stretch to paying for such a large quantity of land, no matter how slowly it was acquired. Treasury, not the Reserve Bank, would issue Treasury Notes to buy up land. We happily adopted Adrian’s excellent idea of having a Land Rental Index for each area and adjusting the rental each year accordingly. Only the land value needs assessing not the improvements, so that is easy. And you only need a sample of properties in each general area. Land rentals are valued each year and the index suitably adjusted.
Parity with the land dollar with NZ dollar became a hot topic of debate. After discussion we eventually said “issue it at par, redeem it at par and let it float in between.” The new currency would be valued by those who wanted to employ labour without tax or buy goods without sales tax.
The name of new currency changed many times – Tradeable Tax Credit, Treasury Note, Zeal and finally the Land Dollar. (We also went through a short stage of recommending Rates Vouchers for both Auckland and Christchurch.)
Then, in mid year 2014 we suddenly realised it didn’t have to be issued by Treasury at all. Eureka! It could be issued by Community Boards and the revenue could be shared by other levels of government and eventually flow to central Government. We said ‘turn the funding model upside down, replace centralisation with a model where decisions are made across the whole economy. Restore local democracy'. We gave a great deal of power to the local level of government – currency creation power, land buying power (compulsory where applicable), and revenue gathering power.
In this model the Community Board or its elected equivalent “owned” more and more land – a more politically acceptable solution. The local committee must have on it, by right, one or two representative from the local iwi or hapu grouping, who would have veto power over any decision to buy land, thus avoiding potentially sensitive land. Land would effectively go into a Community Land Trust. In this way land could be gradually taken out of the market place and the people who decide which land to choose would be answerable to the locals. (Adrian had hoped the land buying could all be done voluntarily to avoid legislation. Some will no doubt come in voluntarily)
A whole raft of tax laws applying to transactions using the new currency (the Land Dollar) would have to be passed right at the beginning. These would include all taxes on the rights to the use of natural monopolies. Natural monopolies are the rights to land, water, airwaves, minerals, fisheries, patents, domain names, hydro-electric power generation and supply, any public utility such as a port, airport or the monopolistic rights to reticulate wires, pipes, rails, roads and the like: the right to use water, air, land or the biosphere to absorb waste.
So what does the policy say now?
Our party wants to restore the concept of sharing the values of the commons, have a money system that doesn't build in increasing debt and the need for competitive behaviour. We want to distribute the rent from use of the commons to all NZ citizens over one year old as a regular Citizens Dividend.
A new national currency the Land Dollar is to be slowly spent into existence at Community Board level to buy up land. No rates would be payable for those whose land is community owned. A local land committee would give local hapu/iwi veto power over decisions as some land may be sensitive even after Treaty settlements. The rent from the land would be shared with other levels of Government and as a Citizens Dividend – using participatory budgeting as there would be many simultaneous claims. Inflation would be controlled by a network of committees at different levels working with Treasury and Reserve Bank.
Transactions using the land dollar would attract no income tax, GST or corporate tax. But a whole set of different taxes is needed. This is because it must not be spent to plunder the earth, deplete resources, subtract from the social or cultural capital or pollute the water, air or biosphere. That means a full carbon tax for example.
For any currency to be effective as a means of exchange there has to be a circulation incentive built in. Adrian Wrigley suggested that rather than having a financial penalty built in for hoarding as recommended by Silvio Gesell, to make it easier each note should be issued with an expiry date.
The electronic version when received by Treasury would be refreshed and redated before issuing it as a Citizens Dividend. All citizens would receive it. Where there were dependents, the designated carer would receive it, thus changing the economic status of carers. In time this dividend would rise to a basic income, allowing a huge range of inventions and options for people who have been in unsatisfying jobs but have a passion or a hobby they want to pursue. Entrpreneurism would flourish – much needed in a post carbon age.
There are many unresolved issues. The property owner that has land bought with the new currency will have $100,000 plus to spend. Trades with the land dollar will not attract GST, income tax or company tax. We need actual examples, but believe a lot of it will be spent on labour to upgrade their homes or on the development of their small business.
We invite alternative solutions
This policy has been derived by discussing with a range of people at and between meetings and it has been largely driven by Deirdre, who has received feedback from meetings in Christchurch, Otaki, Wellington, Motueka, and two at huis held by the Living Economies Educational Trust hui. We are also aware there are some big issues we have not yet tackled, like the issue of Maori land. Our solution, we emphasise, is one solution. If you have another, please let us know!!


On Wednesday, 30th September 2015 the UK government released the updated 2015 English indices of deprivation.
For 32,844 defined areas in England, a deprivation rank is given (1 being the most deprived, 32844 being the least), in 7 different category areas. These are:
- Education, skills and training
- Health deprivation and disability
- Barriers to housing and services
- Living environment
A decile is calculated for each area by ordering all 32,844 into ten groups and assigning each a value of 1 to 10 (with 1 being within the most deprived and 10 being within the least). The 7 categories are also used to create an overall ‘multiple index of deprivation’, giving a single 1-10 index per area.
In data about English public libraries, the index of deprivation is notably also included in the DCMS Taking Part survey data, with the respondents being fairly evenly distributed across the 10 deprivation indices.
The geographical areas are ‘Lower Layer Super Output Areas’ (LSOAs), defined by the Office for National Statistics to create a set of comparable areas based upon number of people (between 1,000 and 3,000) and households (400 - 1,200). The data can be downloaded as spatial data, with the areas provided as polygons (providing the boundary lines).
The indices, and associated LSOAs, offer a way of comparing areas across the country. They can be combined with other datasets that use the same areas, such as population estimates, age of population, religion, etc. When assessing council services, you would expect very little assessment to be done in a particular area without reference to those LSOAs and their respective deprivation indices.
Libraries in deprived areas
With libraries, an important consideration may be the accessibility of the library for areas that are most deprived (those with most need). But outside of individual authority lists, there is no comprehensive list of libraries, or in particular which LSOAs they are located in.
Taking an older, though still relatively recent dataset, a list of libraries on data.gov.uk (published last in 2012) included locations of libraries.
With that data, along with the defined LSOA areas, and the deprivation indices for those LSOAs, it is possible to do some analysis on which areas public libraries tend to be located, in terms of deprivation.
Carto is a paid-for mapping and data service that offers a free option for a relatively small usage (maximum 250Mb). This generally covers personal use. The service is built on PostGIS, an open source database specialised for GIS (Geographic Information Systems) querying. The analysis could all be done directly on a PostGIS database, but Carto has a convenient web interface, and also includes many flashy map visualisations such as choropleth maps (coloured/shaded areas).
Three sets of data can be uploaded into Carto: the 2015 indices of deprivation, the LSOA polygon data, and the libraries point data.
- When the LSOA areas are uploaded Carto will recognise the GIS data and include the LSOA codes as a lookup against the geographic polygons.
- The indices are then uploaded which also include the LSOA codes.
- The library points data is then loaded.
Those datasets being in Carto become three database tables that can be queried and joined. Due to it being built using PostGIS, those queries include the full power of spatial SQL.
For example, a SQL query can be written that counts the number of libraries per multiple deprivation index decile:
SELECT id.IMDDecile, SUM((SELECT count(*) FROM libraries li WHERE ST_Intersects(li.the_geom, ls.the_geom))) AS libcount FROM lsoas2011 ls JOIN indicesdeprivation id ON ls.lsoa11cd = id.lsoa_code_2011 GROUP BY id.IMDDecile
The spatial part of the query above is the ST_Intersects fuction, which is calculating whether a library falls within the bounds of an LSOA. Even though there is no direct link in the library data to LSOAs, if the location is known then the spatial query can make that link. The three tables in the above example are named libraries (the library locations), indicesdeprivation (the 2015 indices), and lsoas2011 (the LSOA boundaries). By grouping by the index of multiple deprivation decile (IMDDecile), a sum of the total libraries for each decile can be returned.
|Index of multiple deprivation decile||Library count|
It looks fairly evenly spread. So nothing much to report on there. Looking at the data another way, which LSOAs have the most libraries in (and what are the associated multiple index of deprivation)?
SELECT ls.lsoa11nm, id.IMDDecile, (SELECT COUNT(*) FROM Libraries li WHERE ST_Intersects(li.the_geom, ls.the_geom)) AS libcount FROM LSOAs2011 ls JOIN IndicesDeprivation id ON ls.lsoa11cd = id.lsoa_code_2011 ORDER BY libcount DESC LIMIT 3
|LSOA Name||Index of multiple deprivation decile||Library count|
|Richmond upon Thames 008B||8||3|
|City of London 001F||7||3|
Or find the libraries in the most deprived areas.
SELECT id.IMDRank, li.name FROM LSOAs2011 ls JOIN IndicesDeprivation id ON ls.lsoa11cd = id.lsoa_code_2011 JOIN libaries li ON (ST_Intersects(li.the_geom, ls.the_geom)) WHERE l.name IS NOT NULL ORDER BY id.IMDRank ASC LIMIT 4
|Index of multiple deprivation rank||Library name|
|3||Blackpool Central Library|
|34||Freedom Centre Library|
In the case above we’re using rank and not decile, so we can see Blackpool Central library is in the third most deprived area. And by replacing ASC with DESC (to use descending order rather than ascending), this gives the ones in the least deprived areas:
|Index of multiple deprivation rank||Library name|
|32819||Long Crendon Community Library|
Though only being a few years old the library data soon begins to show inaccuracies and limitations - quite a few hundred of those libraries will now be closed. Having a comprehensive national set of library locations is essential not just for obvious uses, such as tracking closures, but for real data analysis, and understanding how libraries have an impact on deprivation in their immediate area, by combining with other data sources.


The quest to understand flight has obsessed humanity since man first looked up and saw a bird soaring effortlessly across the sky. The quest to make everything bigger, better and faster has obsessed humanity since man first walked upright. Where the two obsessions meet we end up with some pretty incredible flying machines.
Achieving controllable flight has not been an easy endeavor. Or a quickly advancing one. As early as 400 B.C., innovators in China were using specially designed kites to test weather conditions [source: NASA]. More than 2,000 years later, the Montgolfier brothers flew the first hot air balloon, carrying a (presumably surprised) rooster, duck and sheep to an altitude of 6,000 feet (1,800 meters) for more than a mile [source: NASA].
The quest moved more quickly after that, with gliders, steam-powered flying machines and finally the Wright brothers' first biplane success unfolding over the next 120 years [source: NASA]. With a working, motorized airplane at last on record, man turned to his natural inclination and set about enlarging it. Howard Hughes' infamous H-4 Hercules seaplane (aka Spruce Goose), which took off for its one and only, 1-mile (1.6-kilometer) flight in 1947, still holds the record for wingspan at nearly 320 feet (97.5 meters) [source: Malone].
Another giant, the U.S. Air Force's C-5 Galaxy, introduced in 1968 and still around today, falls short of the H-4's wingspan, coming in at nearly 223 feet (68 meters), but has it beat on length: 247 feet 10 inches (75.5 meters) compared to the Goose's 218 feet 8 inches [source: Malone]. And the much-talked about Airbus A380, notoriously plagued by production problems but superlative to the nth degree, beats out the C-5 on wingspan (261 feet 10 inches or 79.8 meters) and the Spruce Goose on length (239 feet or 73 meters).
Still, the A380 is not the largest aircraft. It's not even that close.
In this article, we'll find out which plane has the distinction of "largest" and how that honor is typically determined. It's not easy to find universal criteria for ranking aircraft, but there is one way many experts can agree on: maximum takeoff weight.
And there is one plane that outshines all others in how much it can lift off the ground.


Below is Kb article 323445, showing how to create Reverse DNS zone and Forward DNS zone, Forward DNS zone is the traditional zone
Name to 32 Bits IP address resolution and we call records in forward lookup zone, host records. Reverse DNS zone is created in special way, it gets created against a SUBNET. The job of Subnet mask, is the define IP address into two distinct part, Network Portion and host portion.
We call records in Reverse DNS zone PTR records (pointer records), 32 Bits IP address resolves to human friendly names. The IP address is 32 bits Binary number and so does the Subnet Mask.
IP=Net ID + Host ID and the SM defines or determines what portion of an IP is belong to a Network, what portion is belong to a host. This might not seem so important at the first look, however, this mechanism does a critical role in TCP/IP network and makes network complete, and without Subnet Mask IP address is useless. Just like eating a French fries without ketchup, because without ketchup, fries won't know where to go to.
How to Create a Reverse Lookup Zone
How to Create a Forward Lookup Zone
To create a new forward lookup zone: