geemap is a Python package for interactive mapping and analysis of large-scale geospatial datasets hosted in the Google Earth Engine cloud computing platform. This presentation highlights the use of geemap, ipyleaflet, and Jupyter widgets for interactive mapping and analysis of Earth Engine datasets, and demonstrates how to build and deploy interactive apps using Jupyter and Voilà.
The Earth is constantly changing, which brings profound challenges for the environment and human society. To address these challenges at the global scale, the Earth science community is heavily relying on geospatial datasets acquired from satellite, aerial, and mobile sensors. The explosive growth in geospatial datasets during the past decades is overwhelming the Earth science community’s capacity for storage, analysis, and visualization.
This presentation highlights the use of geemap and the Jupyter ecosystem for interactive mapping and analysis of large-scale geospatial datasets, and demonstrates how to build and deploy interactive apps using Jupyter and Voilà.
This presentation is intended for scientific programmers, data scientists, data journalists, geospatial analysts, and concerned citizens of Earth. The attendees are expected to have a basic understanding of Python and the Jupyter ecosystem. Familiarity with Earth science and geospatial datasets is useful but not required.


Should I Become an Urban Planner?
Urban planners develop plans for the use of land in metropolitan areas, counties and small towns. These plans are designed to accommodate population growth, increase business or improve aesthetics. Urban planners create their plans after meeting with government officials, architects and the public to decide how best to utilize the land. They also review development proposals and stay up-to-date on building codes and zoning laws. These professionals must have strong negotiating skills and must be able to handle stress well. Some positions require urban planners to travel or work nights and weekends to attend public committee hearings.
These jobs require a graduate-level education, but also offer above-average pay, according to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). While licensure is required by very few states, voluntary certification is available and may help with employment opportunities.
|Degree Level||Master's degree (required)|
|Degree Name||Urban planning|
|Licensure and Certification||Licensure varies by state (rarely required); voluntary certification is available through the American Institute of Certified Planners|
|Experience||1-2 years of experience is necessary for entry-level positions|
|Key Skills||Strong analytical skills, collaborative and willing to make decisions, good public-speaking skills, familiarity with geographic information systems (GIS)|
|Salary||$66,940 is the median annual wage for urban and regional planners (2014)|
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics
Step 1: Earn a Bachelor's Degree
Bachelor's degree programs in urban planning cover such topics as site planning, public and private development, urban neighborhood analysis and government budgets. Students interested in becoming urban planners may also pursue a bachelor's degree in a related subject, such as civil engineering, public administration or environmental design.
- Complete an internship. Many urban planning bachelor's degree programs offer internships with public development agencies and community planning departments. These opportunities allow students to apply their knowledge in a real-world setting and gain valuable experience.
Step 2: Obtain a Master's Degree
A master's degree program in urban or regional planning teaches students how to craft policies and plan urban spaces that meet people's needs. Topics of study include policy analysis, environmental law, urban transportation and building codes. In addition, some programs allow students to choose concentrations, like environmental planning, community development or housing and real estate.
- Consider a dual degree program. Some colleges and universities offer the opportunity to combine an urban planning master's degree with another graduate degree. This may provide additional employment opportunities after graduation. In addition to an urban planning degree, consider graduating with a degree in business, law, science or public policy.
- Participate in an internship. An internship can provide students with some of the experience necessary for employment. In fact, some programs require that students complete an internship in order to earn their degree. Internships can take place with public agencies and private companies.
- Get exposed to local issues. It may be beneficial to learn about the public policies and regulations of a local community and become familiar with any environmental problems unique to the area. Attending city council meetings or neighborhood assemblies may also help individuals gain an understanding of local matters.
Step 3: Obtain Certification
The American Institute of Certified Planners offers voluntary professional certification for urban planners interested in improving their job prospects. In order to earn certification, individuals must pass an exam after meeting professional experience and education qualifications. Continuing education is required in order to maintain the credential.


Cantoral A, Luna-Villa LC, Mantilla-Rodriguez AA, Mercado A, Lippert F, Liu Y, Peterson KE, Hu H, Téllez-Rojo MM, Martinez-Mier EA. Fluoride Content in Foods and Beverages From Mexico City Markets and Supermarkets. Food and nutrition bulletin. 2019 Jul 25. doi: 10.1177/0379572119858486.
BACKGROUND: Sources of fluoride exposure for Mexicans include foods, beverages, fluoridated salt, and naturally fluoridated water. There are no available data describing fluoride content of foods and beverages consumed in Mexico.
OBJECTIVE: To measure the content of fluoride in foods and beverages typically consumed and to compare their content to that of those from the United States and the United Kingdom.
METHODS: Foods and beverages reported as part of the Mexican Health and Nutrition Survey (n = 182) were purchased in the largest supermarket chains and local markets in Mexico City. Samples were analyzed for fluoride, at least in duplicate, using a modification of the hexamethyldisiloxane microdiffusion method. Value contents were compared to those from the US Department of Agriculture and UK fluoride content tables.
RESULTS: The food groups with the lowest and highest fluoride content were eggs (2.32 µg/100 g) and seafood (371 µg/100 g), respectively. When estimating the amount of fluoride per portion size, the lowest content corresponded to eggs and the highest to fast foods. Meats and sausages, cereals, fast food, sweets and cakes, fruits, dairy products, legumes, and seafood from Mexico presented higher fluoride contents than similar foods from the United States or the United Kingdom. Drinks and eggs from the United States exhibited the highest contents, while this was the case for pasta, soups, and vegetables from the United Kingdom.
CONCLUSION: The majority of items analyzed contained higher fluoride contents than their US and UK counterparts. Data generated provide the first and largest table on fluoride content, which will be useful for future comparisons and estimations.


Venous disorders are complex medical conditions and affect all walks of life. According to the American College of Phlebology, more than 80 million Americans have a venous disorder that can progressively worsen over time and affect your health and quality of life. Risk factors for these disorders are
- Age over 40
- Prolonged sitting or standing
- Long distance travel
- Sedentary lifestyle
- Surgery or trauma
- History of DVT in the leg
How Does Compression Therapy Work?
Compression garments work by acting as an external layer of muscle, gently squeezing the stretched vein walls together and allowing valves to function thus restoring blood flow closer to a normal state. Gradient compression applies a measured amount of compression to your leg and works by having the pressure greatest at the ankle or wrist and gradually decreasing as it goes back up the limb. This helps to fight the force of gravity and circulate blood back to the heart more effectively improving overall circulation. Measurements for getting the correct size garment are very important. A size large stocking on a small leg offers little benefit. Measurements done by a professional fitter who also knows the characteristics of different garment fabrics is extremely important in getting the proper fit in the proper fabric.
TEDS Versus Gradient Compression Garments
Anti-Embolism stockings (commonly white) or TEDS are not considered Gradient Compression stockings. Anti-Embolism stockings used in the hospital are for bedridden or non-ambulatory patients. The goal of these stockings is to prevent DVT (blood clot) in a non-ambulatory patient. The measurements are different from Gradient Compression garments and the purpose is different. Gradient Compression stockings are measured more precisely and are engineered for a different purpose. While Gradient Compression Stockings also help to prevent DVT (blood clot), they are for ambulatory patients – anyone who is sitting for long periods in a chair, standing, and moving about – not a patient confined to bed. Anti-Embolism (TEDS) are inappropriate for an ambulatory patient to wear because they tend to slide or roll down possibly creating other issues. TEDS are for BEDS best describes the purpose of Anti-Embolism or TEDS garments.
How Tight Should Gradient Compression Garments Be?
A prescription is not required to purchase gradient compression garments. If you are being referred by your health care provider for compression stockings, a prescription is always helpful to the fitter/provider to know the recommended compression level i.e. 15-20 mmHg, 20-30 mmHg, or 30-40 mmHg and the recommended length of the garment i.e. knee high, thigh high, or waist high. These compression levels for MEDICAL garments are like a prescribed medication for a medical condition. Be certain the brand you choose is FDA approved to be certain you are receiving the best medical gradient compression garment for your condition. A prescription also saves you the sales tax and tells your fitter exactly what your physician wants you to wear. Your purchase may also quality for your HSA and HSA savings account.
See the FAQ for answers to questions you may have.


Christmas in Emoji
Dr. James Emery White
- 2016 Nov 21
As I wrote in The Rise of the Nones, a lesson from history might be in order when it comes to the importance of the visual. The Lindisfarne Gospels, a 1,300-year-old manuscript, is revered to this day as the oldest surviving English version of the Gospels. Lindisfarne is a small island just off the Northumberland coast of England. It is often referred to as Holy Island. Tidal waters cut it off from the rest of the world for several hours every day, adding to its mystique as a spiritual pilgrimage.
Produced around AD 715 in honor of St. Cuthbert, largely by a man named Eadfrith, the Bishop of Lindisfarne, the Lindisfarne Gospels presents a copy of the four Gospels of the New Testament. But it isn’t revered simply for its age. Its pages reveal curvy, embellished letters, strange creatures and spiraling symbols of exquisite precision and beauty. During the eighth century, pilgrims flocked to St. Cuthbert’s shrine where it was housed, making the Lindisfarne manuscript one of the most visited and seen books of its day. Its artwork and symbols helped convey its message to those who could not read.
Professor Richard Gameson from Durham University sees it as a precursor to modern multimedia because it was designed to be a visual, sensual and artistic experience for its audience. Michelle Brown from the University of London notes that the book’s impact was similar to those of films and electronic media today. As Gameson adds, “The emphasis was to reach as many people as possible.”
There are many strategies needed for the church to have an open “front door” – to help those who were previously unchurched to come and feel not only welcomed, but connected. In reaching the culture today it is clear that the church needs to be focused on a key element of this:
At Mecklenburg Community Church, the church where I serve as senior pastor, there is very little we don’t try to convey visually, whether it’s a song during worship or a point during a message. We often convey the “story” across multiple screens in multiple forms. It’s simply how people best receive information and meaning, content and context.
But the need for the visual goes beyond something as basic as video. It’s reflected in the changing nature of language itself.
The depth of this shift was evident when Oxford Dictionary named its 2015 “Word of the Year.” Here’s the word:
Yes, it is a pictograph or, as it is more commonly called, an emoji. But not just any emoji. It is called the “Face with Tears of Joy” emoji. While emojis have been around since the late 1990s, “2015 saw their use, and use of the word emoji, increase hugely.” This particular emoji was selected because it was identified as the most used emoji globally in 2015.
In case you are a closet Luddite, an emoji is “a small digital image or icon used to express an idea or emotion in electronic communication.” The term itself is Japanese in origin “and comes from e ‘picture’ + moji ‘letter, character.’ The similarity to the English word emoticon has helped its memorability and rise in use.” An emoticon, by the way, is a “facial expression composed of keyboard characters, such as :), rather than a stylized image.”
This reflects the cultural revolution that has come with technology in general, and the smartphone in particular. It’s also the only form of language that can transcend linguistic borders, serving the interconnected world of the internet that knows no geopolitical or language boundaries.
But more than anything, it reflects the changing nature of communication itself.
And when it comes to reaching the latest and largest generation – Generation Z – emojis are part of their language. The research of Sparks and Honey has found that Generation Z “speak in emoticons and emojis. Symbols and glyphs provide context and create subtext so they can have private conversations. Emoji alphabets and icon ‘stickers’ replace text with pictures.”
This is why, during a recent slate of Christmas Eve services, we presented the entire Christmas story through a video of two people texting each other, using emojis, emoticons, and gifs.
In other words, the way people today increasingly communicate.
Take a look here.
And yes, you are free to use this video during your church’s Christmas Eve services. No charge, no copyrights.
Just consider it our gift to step into the new language.
James Emery White
Flavia Di Consiglio, “Lindisfarne Gospels: Why is this book so special?” BBC Religion and Ethics, March 20, 2013, read online.
Umberto Eco, Travels in Hyper Reality: Essays, trans. William Weaver.
About the Author
James Emery White is the founding and senior pastor of Mecklenburg Community Church in Charlotte, NC, and the ranked adjunctive professor of theology and culture at Gordon-Conwell Theological Seminary, where he also served as their fourth president. His latest book, The Rise of the Nones: Understanding and Reaching the Religiously Unaffiliated, is available on Amazon. To enjoy a free subscription to the Church and Culture blog, visit ChurchAndCulture.org, where you can view past blogs in our archive and read the latest church and culture news from around the world. Follow Dr. White on twitter @JamesEmeryWhite.


NYC exhibit showcases basketball’s Black Fives Era
NEW YORK (AP) — Just a few years after the invention of basketball, black players in segregated America formed leagues of their own. Eventually they created a barnstorming circuit featuring such teams as the New York Renaissance and the Harlem Globetrotters.
Dozens of teams flourished between 1904 and 1950 in what became known as the Black Fives Era. It’s an often-overlooked piece of black history that is the subject of an exhibition opening March 14 at the New-York Historical Society.
The exhibition features 150 artifacts on loan from Greenwich, Conn. based Black Fives Foundation, including newspaper clippings, programs and vintage photographs of the period’s pioneers.
Among the more intriguing items is a pair of leather-and-sheepskin kneepads. They were used to protect players from rough play and protruding nails, splinters and uneven planking of early basketball floors.


Year 3 visited Great Yarmouth seafront for the day in order to see what attracts people to the town. They enjoyed playing on the sand, buying ice creams, sketching buildings and filling out a tally chart to show what the uses of the buildings are.
This half term, Y3 are learning about the Ancient Greeks and how they have influenced our lives. We have located Greece on a map and made comparisons with the UK.
As part of their homework, the children in Y3 have created mythical creatures, which have been imaginatively brought to life in model or sketch form!
In English, pupils are writing a diary entry based on the Greek myth ‘Daedalus and Icarus’. We have used drama, to get into character, before writing our diaries.
During maths, children have been learning their 3x tables and have represented these using a range of mathematical equipment.


Flickr is a website that is geared towards photo sharing. You can upload your own photos to your account and you can also view the photos that have been uploaded by others. These photos can be organized into albums, and can be shared with everyone, or just one person, making it easy to share photos only with who you wish.
Many of the photos shared publically on Flickr can also be used in presentations and projects. Just be sure to check the photo license on each image. Finding photos is easy, since most are "tagged" with short identifiers to let searchers know what the photo includes, where it was taken and more.
Things to Explore on Flickr
- The Commons Photos from museums, archives & libraries that allow public use - and which anyone can help identify.
- Galleries Sets of 18 photos curated by Flickr members to showcase them.
- World Map: Find spectacular photos taken at specific locations all around the world. Try searching for "Cypress Mountain" or "Stanley Park" on the map.
- Take the Tour
- Go to www.flickr.com
- Click on "Sign up now."
- If you already have a Yahoo ID, you can use that to log in. If not, you will have to create one by clicking on "Create New Account."
- Fill in the form with your information, and click on "Create my account."
- You will need to choose a Flickr screen name that is different than the YahooID you created earlier.
Now, you can begin to personalize your profile and upload your first photos.
Collection This feature allows you to put several sets of photos into one group.
Favorite A way of bookmarking the photos that you like so you can easily find them later.
Geotagging A special method of tagging photos with their location.
Notes These are used to explain or comment on your photos.
Sets Allows you to group multiple photos together.
Tags Short identifiers that are used to categorize your photos, and to help others find them in searches.


In today’s blog, we will do a quick introduction to Ransomware. Ransomware is a form of malware (short for malicious software) designed to deny access to the data on a user’s computer until a ransom is paid. Typically, ransomware is spread via phishing emails, users unknowingly visiting/interacting with an infected website, or weak passwords allowing an attacker to place the malware on an internal system.
Ransomware attacks are becoming more and more prevalent. In fact, “85% of MSPs Report Ransomware as a Common Threat to SMBs. Results from a survey in the same Datto report also indicates that 85% of managed service providers report ransomware attacks as the most common malware threat to small to mid-size businesses (SMBs).”
Although ransomware attacks have been reported as far back as 1989 , it’s only in the last decade that the ransomware landscape has really exploded into life. Many people speculate that this is due to the rise of Bitcoin, and cryptocurrencies in general, thus making it easier for attackers to illicit money from their victims. There are many reasons why criminals use crytpocurrencies in conjunction with ransomware, two of the more obvious reasons are the perceived anonymity, and encryption. Another reason, as Peter Van Valkenburgh from CoinCenter states, is the efficiency of the Bitcoin network.  “The efficiency of the network is what criminals are really using it for here. It’s electronic cash, so it’s easy to write software that can automatically demand payment and automatically determine that payment has been made.” Bitcoin is by far the most widely used cryptocurrency at the time of this writing, and the most widely demanded form of ransom among the most popular ransomware variants seen in the wild. However, some ransomware groups  are actually switching from Bitcoin to Monero to better protect their identities. Monero is one of the most popular ‘privacy’ cryptocurrencies, as it is argued that Monero is truly anonymous whereas Bitcoin is merely pseudo-anonymous. This blog, however, will not delve into the different nuances of the various cryptocurrency ‘coins’.
Ransomware is most commonly propagated through user-initiated actions, such as falling for phishing emails that contain malicious attachments or from users unknowingly visiting an infected website, in which case the malware is downloaded and installed without the user’s knowledge.
There are hundreds of ransomware variants, all of which work slightly differently. However, generally speaking, once the payload is executed on the target machine, one of the first actions taken is the encryption of the files on the hard drive. The virus then delivers a ransom note demanding payment in exchange for the decryption key of the victim’s files.
The annual damage caused by Ransomware continues to grow, as you can see in the chart below .
Below are a few more startling statistics regarding ransomware:
- Ransomware attacks have increased by 97% since 2017 – AttackIQ.
- 34% of those affected took a week if not more to restore full access, up from 29% in 2016 – Kaspersky.
- Ransomware generates over $25 million in revenue for hackers each year – Business Insider.
- A new business will fall victim to a ransomware attack every 14 seconds in 2019. In 2021, that number will be every 11 seconds – KnowBe4.
As ever, when it comes to security there is no silver bullet. It is always recommended to provide as many layers of protection as possible, thus adhering to the ‘Defense-in-Depth’ principle. With that being said, there are many prevention and mitigation techniques that could (and should) be carried out to help defend against ransomware attacks. Below are some of the more obvious ones, and arguably some of the most important:
- User training – As mentioned above, one of the most common ways companies get infected with ransomware is due to user initiated actions. Therefore, user training seems like an obvious place to start when discussing prevention. Users should be taught how to spot suspicious emails, identify malicious links, and not open attachments contained in such emails.
- Spam filters – Don’t give users the chance to click on a malicious link! Implement an anti-spam solution to stop phishing emails from reaching the network. Consider adding a warning banner to all emails from external sources, reminding users of the risks. You can also utilize things like SPF, DKIM, and DMARC to improve email security.
- Antivirus – If the two steps above don’t work and malicious software makes its way onto the network, the next line of defense will be antivirus software. Companies should enable regular AV scans, ensuring antivirus software is enabled to automatically update signatures. Signatures of known ransomware variants are widely available online, so it might be worth running signatures from some of the more popular ransomware variants through VirusTotal just to make sure your AV provider will spot them.
- Internal Network Hardening – Beyond preventing initial access, the next best thing you can do to combat ransomware is to hinder its spread, by making lateral movement and privilege escalation on your network more difficult. We’ve discussed some common hardening tips in the past that are relevant here, but focusing on things like weak passwords (remember your service accounts too), the principle of least privilege for accounts, users not being local administrators of their own systems, not sharing a common local administrator password across systems, etc. This can be a long list, but these most common techniques are going to be what any attacker or piece of malware uses to further compromise your environment.
If the above steps fail to prevent a ransomware attack, there are several steps that can be taken to mitigate, contain, and recover from an attack that has occurred. Again, this isn’t an exhaustive list by any means.
- Immediately disconnect the infected system from the network to prevent infection propagation.
- Engage a third-party that specializes in incident response to help you deal with the issue and understand the initial infection point.
- Determine if a decryptor is available – There are many freely available ransomware decryptors online for some less sophisticated ransomware variants.
- Restore files from regularly maintained backups.
We hope this blog has given you a helpful introduction to ransomware, as well as demonstrating the serious threat it poses to organizations. As mentioned above, the prevention and mitigation measures listed are by no means an exhaustive list, but more of an idea of some of the measures that can be taken to defend against Ransomware attacks. If you believe your company may be vulnerable to Ransomware attacks, please feel free to contact us, and we’ll be more than happy to help.


Dental caries is an infectious disease that destroys tooth DentalWorks – Dentist Tuscaloosa AL structure to become eroded or perforated. Conditions like this if kept on left will cause a toothache until death. This disease has been known since ancient times until now spread throughout the Country in the world. Generally caused by lack of oral hygiene. For more details will be discussed in the description below. In the meantime, you can also visit DentalWorks – Dentist Tuscaloosa AL to get one of the best dental services for you and your family.
Perhaps the symptoms of caries dental caries will not be felt. Because the disease lasts for a long time. At first, it will appear chalky on the tooth surface. This indicates the presence of demineralization. Then it will change color to brown. If you see a light brown color dental section can be a sign of caries and pale brown color indicates the presence of active caries. But this can be overcome by brushing on the part that will form dental caries. However, if it has formed a hole can no longer be overcome, except in the patch.
The main cause of this disease is the lack of maintaining cleanliness. Almost all diseases are caused by the lack of hygiene so easily infected by bacteria. For example, is not brushing teeth, or brushing teeth that are not right on time. This results in many foods remain that will accumulate in the mouth. The rest of the food will become plaque, along with the bacteria will gradually become tartar.


Wouldn't it be great if there were a statistics book that made histograms, probability distributions, and chi square analysis more enjoyable than going to the dentist? Head First Statistics brings this typically dry subject to life, teaching you everything you want and need to know about statistics through engaging, interactive, and thought-provoking material, full of puzzles, stories, quizzes, visual aids, and real-world examples.
Whether you're a student, a professional, or just curious about statistical analysis, Head First's brain-friendly formula helps you get a firm grasp of statistics so you can understand key points and actually use them. Learn to present data visually with charts and plots; discover the difference between taking the average with mean, median, and mode, and why it's important; learn how to calculate probability and expectation; and much more.
Head First Statistics is ideal for high school and college students taking statistics and satisfies the requirements for passing the College Board's Advanced Placement (AP) Statistics Exam. With this book, you'll:
Before you know it, you'll not only have mastered statistics, you'll also see how they work in the real world. Head First Statistics will help you pass your statistics course, and give you a firm understanding of the subject so you can apply the knowledge throughout your life.


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With roughly one-fifth of Pakistan submerged by massive flooding, more than 17 million people have been affected. At least 8 million need clean water, shelter and other life-saving emergency assistance in what has been described as the nation’s worst natural disaster.
Officials warn that millions of flood victims are at risk of food shortages and waterborne diseases, such as cholera.
Pakistan’s National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) reports that flooding has led to more than 1,700 deaths, injured 2,865 people and damaged more than 1.8 million homes. Over 1 million people have been rescued so far.
The floods, which resulted from heavy monsoon rains in late July, began in Pakistan’s northwest region. From there, they swept southward, destroying thousands of towns and villages and millions of acres of crops in the Punjab and Sindah provinces, which are considered Pakistan’s “breadbasket,” according to The Associated Press.
The Pakistani government has ordered nearly half a million people to evacuate.
“There is no electricity, no water, no sanitation, no food. The only thing there are in numbers is mosquitoes,” said one protester. “We cannot bear the screams of our children. They are hungry” (AP).
Pakistan has accepted $5 million in relief supplies from neighboring India, its longtime rival. India’s UN ambassador assured, “We are willing to do all that is in our power to assist Pakistan in facing the consequences of floods” (BBC).
The European Commission, which has already given $50.7 million in emergency relief assistance, has pledged an extra $38 million.
Meanwhile, public criticism is growing over what is viewed as a slower-than-expected international response. Demonstrations in Pakistan, some violent, have erupted in or near affected areas.
Thus far, the United Nations has only raised roughly 70 percent of the needed $460 million in emergency funds.


Shackleton Gives The Order To Sail The Lifeboats
The Endurance Expedition – Voyage to Elephant Island Begins
“Many of the important events of our Expedition occurred on Sundays, and this particular day was to see our forced departure from the floe on which we had lived for nearly six months, and the start of our journeyings in the boats.” Ernest Shackleton – “South” Chapter VIII – Escape From The Ice
On Saturday April the 8th 1916, the ice floe upon which Shackleton and his crew had established Patience Camp, suddenly split in two, and spurred the men into readiness for evacuation. “At 6.30 p.m. a particularly heavy shock went through our floe. The watchman and other members of the party made an immediate inspection and found a crack right under the James Caird and between the other two boats and the main camp. Within five minutes the boats were over the crack and close to the tents. The trouble was not caused by a blow from another floe. We could see that the piece of ice we occupied had slewed and now presented its long axis towards the oncoming swell.“*
The following morning April 9th, Shackleton had hoped that the south-south-westerly and south-easterly breezes would drift the precarious floe nearer to Clarence Island, making its attainment easier, but the ice was soon breaking up with alarming frequency beneath them, and they were soon forced to set sail.
“I had decided to take the James Caird myself, with Wild and eleven men. This was the largest of our boats, and in addition to her human complement she carried the major portion of the stores. Worsley had charge of the Dudley Docker with nine men, and Hudson and Crean were the senior men on the Stancomb Wills.” **
As to where they should go was the subject of much deliberation, but with temperatures below -30 C , and the starving men being regularly soaked by the frigid sea, as they navigated through the treacherous ice filled waters, the immediate concerns were those of keeping the boats afloat and trying to keep all three within sight of each other. On April 12th, which was three days after they had been forced to sail, Shackleton noted that the question of their destination was still demanding consideration, after Worsley had detected that they had been drifting south-east. They had occasionally found a floe large enough to accommodate the cooking of some food, and in an effort to maintain the morale of the weary crew, Shackleton was scant in his provision of information, on their progress.
Eventually it became apparent that their best option, given the brutal conditions, was to head for Elephant Island. On April 16th the three lifeboats, having been separated off the coastline the previous night, landed on a narrow beach, to much jubilation and relief, though it soon became clear, due to high tide markings that the beach could not be used as a long term camp. Wild then took the Stancomb Wills and located a suitable site, and after they relocated there, they named it Point Wild.
Tom Crean & The Stancomb Wills
The three lifeboats had earlier been named after the chief financial backers of the expedition. Shackleton took command of the largest of the lifeboats, the James Caird, the Dudley Docker was commanded by Worsley , and Hubert Hudson took command of the Stancomb Wills. However it was soon Tom Crean who assumed command of the Wills, as Hudson’s physical and mental condition had deteriorated, after months on the ice. Tom Crean heroically kept the Wills afloat, sailing through a labyrinth of ice and battling the rough sea, whilst all the time the boat was taking on water, and constantly needed to be bailed out. Conditions on the boats were appalling as the soaked and hungry men suffered from seasickness and diarrhoea, and of course the freezing temperatures. At night the men would huddle together to generate heat, and would awake covered in permafrost.
On many occasions the Wills was almost lost, as it was battered by enormous waves, on one occasion being as good as sunk by a giant wave which filled it almost completely with water, before amazingly the next big wave to slam into them, tilted the boat enough to almost empty it.


After a ruling by the EU Court of Justice earlier this month that citizens may be harmed by content on the web, Google received 12,000 requests in the first day of launching the online removal form. Google complied with a top court ruling that gave European citizens the right to have personal information deleted from the search engine. Google launched the takedown website on May 29th. Google also created a group of Internet experts like Wikipedia’s Jimmy Wales to advise the company on the ruling.
The “right to be forgotten” ruling was a surprise for many people. Google CEO Larry Page said that this ruling may encourage repressive regimes that censors the Internet. ?It will be used by other governments that aren?t as forward and progressive as Europe to do bad things,? said Page in an interview with The Financial Times.
The other four members on the special committee include Frank La Rue, Peggy Valcke, Jose Luis Pinar, and Luciano Floridi.
The court ruling originated from a case from a Spanish data-protection authority that wanted Google to remove information about a man whose house was auctioned off for failing to pay taxes. This is one of 200 cases where Spanish authorities asked Google to take down content.
In order to take down content, Google is requiring citizens to show proof of photo identification along with reasons for why the content should be removed.


In the early 1900s, when many fish and wildlife species were dwindling in numbers or disappearing altogether, the hunting and shooting industries stepped forward to help state fish and wildlife agencies counteract the crisis.
Manufacturers supported the use of excise taxes on equipment and sought legislation to ensure federal funding would be directed to aid agencies in managing and conserving America’s natural resources and providing hunting access.
On September 2, 1937, President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed the Federal Aid in Wildlife Restoration Act, now called the Pittman-Robertson Wildlife Restoration Act, which to this day fosters partnerships between federal and state fish and wildlife agencies, the sporting arms industry, conservation groups and sportsmen and women to benefit wildlife.
Later, anglers and the fishing and boating industries established similar funding strategies through the Federal Aid in Sport Fish Restoration Act (the Dingell-Johnson Sport Fish Restoration Act) in 1950 and its Wallop-Breaux Boating Trust Fund amendment in 1984.
Through this American System of Conservation Funding, more than $12 billion dollars have been entrusted to agencies for fisheries and wildlife restoration and management; hunter, angler and boater access; as well as for hunter and boater safety education.
In 2012, we proudly observe 75 years of the WSFR program and the success of the partnerships that have made this program the single most successful conservation effort in U.S. history.
Late 1800s/early 1900’s - wildlife conservation was mostly a program of refuge establishment, game breeding, law enforcement, predator control, establishment of seasons and bag limits, and surveys. Conservationists began to realize that more actions were needed to stop continuing losses and conserve wildlife.
1908 - President Theodore Roosevelt hosted a conference to focus the attention of the nation's policy makers on conservation issues. Attending were governors, members of his Cabinet and the Supreme Court, members of Congress, scientists, industrial leaders and conservationists - all called together to focus on the loss of wildlife, forests, and other natural resources caused by the exploitation of what had once been perceived as inexhaustible.
1930 – Aldo Leopold and a distinguished group of wildlife conservationists were asked by the American Game Institute (now Wildlife Management Institute) to draft a policy to guide wildlife conservation. The 1930 American Game Policy laid out a broad vision, acknowledging that existing conservation programs were inadequate to stem the declines in wildlife. It called for a program of restoration implemented by scientifically trained professionals with a stable funding source and declared it was time for wildlife management to “be recognized as a distinct profession and developed accordingly.” Carl Shoemaker was appointed special investigator for the newly created U.S. Senate Special Committee on Conservation of Wildlife Resources. He would later become the author of the Pittman-Robertson Wildlife Restoration Act.
1937 - The Wildlife Restoration (WR) program is authorized by the Wildlife Restoration Act (Pittman-Robertson PR.) The Wildlife Restoration Program (WR) provides grant funds to the states, the District of Columbia and insular areas fish and wildlife agencies for projects to restore, conserve, manage, and enhance wild birds and mammals and their habitat. Through the purchases of firearms, ammunitions, and archery equipment the WR Program is a successful user pay, user benefit program.
1950 - The Sport Fish Restoration (SFR) program is authorized by the Sport Fish Restoration Act (Dingell-Johnson DJ.) SFR provides grant funds to the states, the District of Columbia and insular areas fish and wildlife agencies for fishery projects, boating access and aquatic education. It was created to restore and better manage America's declining fishery resources and was modeled after the successful Wildlife Restoration program. The purchases of fishing equipment, motorboat and small engine fuels and import duties fund this program.
1954 - Funds from an 11 percent excise tax on sporting arms and ammunition [Internal Revenue Code of 1954, sec. 4161(b)] are appropriated to the Secretary of the Interior and apportioned to States on a formula basis for paying up to 75 percent of the cost approved projects. Project activities include acquisition and improvement of wildlife habitat, introduction of wildlife into suitable habitat, research into wildlife problems, surveys and inventories of wildlife problems, acquisition and development of access facilities for public use, and hunter education programs, including construction and operation of public target ranges.
1970 - Public Law 91-503, approved October 23, 1970, (84 Stat. 1097) added provisions for the deposit of the 10 percent tax on pistols and revolvers, one-half of which may be used by the States for hunter safety programs. This amendment also provided for development of comprehensive fish and wildlife management plans as an optional means for participating in the program, and changed the maximum limit from $10,000 to one-half percent for Puerto Rico and to one-sixth percent for the Virgin Islands and Guam.
1972 - On October 25, 1972, the Act was further amended by P.L. 92-558 (86 Stat. 1172) to add provisions for the deposit of the 11-percent excise tax on bows, arrows, and their parts and accessories for use in wildlife projects or hunter safety programs.
1973 - The 1930 policy was expanded as the North American Wildlife Policy to deal with the growing conservation challenges: the continued expansion of the human population, increased resource consumption, recreational use of fish and wildlife, endangered species, habitat management, and multiple-use policies. The updated Policy set the stage for efforts to sustain our hunting heritage, focus on non-game and game species, establish international agreements to support wildlife conservation, provide incentives for private landowners for wildlife habitat management, enhance range management and wetland protection, and expand public outreach and conservation education.
1980 – Congress passes the Forsythe-Chafee Fish and Wildlife Conservation Act (“Nongame Act”), modeled after WR and SFR, to expand federal support to restore and conserve nongame vertebrate species. Congress never authorized funding for the program.
1984 - Public Law 98-369 (26 U.S.C. 1 note; 98 Stat. 502), approved July 18, 1984, contained a provision that expanded the tax on arrows to include those used in crossbows. NEED PIC
1984 - Public Law 98-347 (16 U.S.C. 669h-1; 98 Stat. 321), approved July 9, 1984, amended section 8(a) of the Pittman-Robertson Federal Aid in Wildlife Restoration Act to make American Samoa eligible for wildlife restoration and hunter safety programs.
1984 - Public Law 98-369, approved July 18, 1984 (26 U.S.C. 9504, 98 Stat. 1012) created the Aquatic Resources Trust Fund comprised of the Sport Fish Restoration Account and the Boating Safety Account. This amendment expanded the items of fishing tackle subject to the 10-percent excise tax and imposed a new 3-percent excise tax on fish finders and electric trolling motors. In addition, it provided for the deposit of receipts from these excise taxes and from the following sources into the Sport Fish Restoration Account: the motorboat fuels tax revenues less amounts deposited into the Boating Safety Account, and the import duties on fishing tackle, yachts and pleasure craft. This Act also directed that the additional funds be equitably allocated between marine and sport fish. The law also directed States to use up to 10 percent of funds for boating access facilities and aquatic resources education programs.
1984 - Public Law 98-369 also amended the Sport Fish Restoration Act to require the States to equitably allocate these new funds between marine and fresh water projects and to allocate 10 percent of apportionments to boating facilities. Payments for multi-year projects were authorized; the administrative expense deduction was reduced from 8 percent to 6 percent; up to 10 percent was authorized for aquatic resources education; and the District of Columbia was qualified for 1/3 of 1 percent. The effective date of these amendments was October 1, 1984, and they are commonly called the Wallop-Breaux amendments.
1985 – The Fish and Wildlife Service publishes a report identifying outdoor products that could be taxed to provide funding for the Nongame Act. The Nongame Act failed reauthorization.
1987 – 50th Anniversary of WR and publication of the book, “Restoring America’s Wildlife 1937-1987: The First 50 Years of the Federal Aid in Wildlife Restoration (Pittman-Robertson) Act.
1988 - Public Law 100-448, approved September 28, 1988 (102 Stat. 1836) increased the amount authorized to be appropriated from the motor boat fuels tax receipts into the Boating Safety Account from $45 million to $60 million for Fiscal Years 1989 and 1990, then to $70 million for Fiscal Years 1991, 1992, and 1993. It also amended the Sport Fish Restoration Act to require States to equitably allocate all amounts apportioned between marine and freshwater projects, with no State to receive less than the amount apportioned in 1988.
1989 - Public Law 101-233 (103 Stat. 1968), approved December 13, 1989, amended the Sport Fish Restoration Act to require the Secretary of Treasury to invest funds held in interest-bearing obligations. Provides that that interest be used to fund the North American Wetlands Conservation Act through fiscal year 2005, and then to be available for the wildlife restoration fund beginning fiscal year 2006.
1991 – The Fish and Wildlife Diversity Initiative is launched by the Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies (AFWA). Legislation titled the Fish and Wildlife Diversity Funding Act is drafted and mirrored WR and SFR providing for excise taxes on outdoor products and conservation programs for all vertebrates and invertebrates. This effort would later be renamed the Teaming With Wildlife Initiative (TWW).
2000 - The Wildlife and Sport Fish Restoration Programs Improvement Act of 2000 amends WR and SFR to authorize the Secretary of the Interior to develop and implement a Multistate Conservation Grant Program, a Firearm and Bow Hunter Education and Safety Program and provides funding for four fisheries commissions and the Sport Fishing and Boating Partnership Council.
2000 - Congress authorizes the State Wildlife Grants Program and passes the Wildlife Conservation and Restoration Act. Both programs were funded in part through the Land and Water Conservation Fund.
Visit the USFWS-WSFR site for more information: http://wsfrprograms.fws.gov/


The United States won their quarterfinal match against Canada today in Olympic women’s soccer and it got me thinking about how last year, the team from Iran was banned from competing in their qualifying match for the Olympics because they would not remove their veils. Islamic law requires that women wear veils for modesty, though FIFA rules say that players can not wear anything that covers the neck and ears. Thus, either the women had to compromise their religious values for the sport or withdraw from the competition. They did the latter.
It’s not the first time that Muslim women were forced to remove their veils. France made news in the past for banning full veils like the burqa and also expelling and suspending students for veiling themselves in schools. Many of these arguments came from a feminist viewpoint that saw veiling as oppressive to women, but many Muslim women have fought back highlighting that banning the veil was an infringement on their religious identity. Other arguments claim that Islam threatens French culture, which is already being jeopardized by such things as McDonald’s and the English language.
In Samuel Huntington’s “The Clash of Civilizations?”, he describes how culture has emerged above ideology as the prominent driving force of conflict in the world. While political and economic ideology can be changed, it is much harder to compromise the characteristics ingrained in one’s culture or religion. Huntington believes that the West is at its peak of power as it dominates political, economic, and security institutions, meaning that it has control to promote its own interests that may not exactly match the values of other civilizations. Those other civilizations have reacted by either isolating themselves from the global community (ex: North Korea), joining the West and accepting its values, or attempting to modernize without Westernizing.
Is it possible for civilizations to coexist with each other without losing their own identities in favor of the status quo? That’s one of the biggest questions within cultural globalization and it’s one of the hardest to answer.


Using 1971 vehicle classification counts and truck weights from nine Kentucky locations, equivalent axleloads (EAL's) were calculated by several methods. Apparent discrepancies led to a review of axleload equivalency factors used to estimate either EWL's (equivalent wheel loads) or EAL's.
Axleload equivalencies are determined as the ratio of the number of repetitions of a standard or reference load to the number of equivalent (damage-wise) repetitions of the load in question. The choice of equivalency factors can result in as much as a 40-percent difference in calculated EAL's. Most of Kentucky's traffic is made up of axleloads less than 80 kilonewtons (18 kips). The 1973 Kentucky design guide axleload factors are more severe than either the 1959 Kentucky or 1972 AASHO Interim Guide factors for axleloads less than 80 kilonewtons (18 kips). An extensive effort has been made herein to explain these differences. The AASHO Road Test has provided an independent source of data.
Digital Object Identifier
Southgate, Herbert F.; Deen, Robert C.; and Havens, James H., "Adaptation of AASHO Interim Guide to Fundamental Concepts" (1974). Kentucky Transportation Center Research Report. 884.


If your company suffers a data breach, the stolen information is almost guaranteed to end up for sale on the dark web.
Businesses of all sizes are vulnerable to cyber attacks. While news reports focus on major corporate data breaches, 43 percent of all cyber attacks are aimed at small businesses.
Every organization needs to know how to protect against cyber attacks, and the first step is understanding the dark web.
What Really Happens on the Dark Web?
The Dark Wed is a collection of sites are not reachable through regular search engines like Google, and users have to pass through a series of gatekeeping mechanisms if they wish to access them.
Specialized software (such as TOR or i2p) is needed to obtain this part of the internet. Because of these barriers, the dark web offers a haven for cybercriminals to sell almost anything.
Drugs and other illegal goods are available in abundance, and the stolen information is a growing commodity. This includes everything from personal banking information to corporate secrets.
In fact, according to a report by OWL, “every fortune 500 company” has been exposed to the Darknet, making every one of them a target for hackers and criminals.
However, the FTC states that small business is also affected by this threat, and data from the unprotected small business can be and is used in identity and credit card theft.
How Businesses Can Prevent Data Breaches
Prevention is crucial because 60 percent of small businesses end up closing within six months after they experience a data breach. The following are a few protective measures that every business should take, although a complete list would be customized to your enterprise.
- Digitize all info on a secure server or database and purge regularly. This can be done by creating a database yourself or outsourcing the project.
- Limit and filter your employees’ access to sensitive information by using an HR system that only shares share corporate data with appropriate audiences.
- Restrict administrative access to your system, and use a multi-step authentication process. This system can be set up by you or provided by a cybersecurity provider.
- Transmit information securely through Transport Layer Security/Secure Sockets Layer (TLS/SSL) or other types of encryption. Here is an excellent guide to get you started.
- Begin building a cybersecurity team. However, note that these professionals are in high demand, and smaller businesses can save time and resources by employing a cybersecurity firm.
Whatever methods you may choose, it is essential to get started on your security right away and prevent cyber attacks with network security.
What Happens after a Cyber Attack
Time is of the essence when it comes to cybersecurity, as CBC reports that it takes small and medium-sized businesses an average of 146 days to realize that their data has been stolen. This means that by the time a cyber attack has been uncovered it is already too late for the average business to perform any damage control.
Because of this, it’s always best to practice prevention rather than intervention, and using the right network security system can not only uncover cyber attacks in real-time but prevent them from breaching your data in the first place.
So, in the end, what happens after a cyber attack is decided entirely by the protections you put in place beforehand.
Federal law enforcement is continuing its efforts to protect businesses from cybercrime, but FBI director Christopher Wray believes “the digital revolution is shaking the foundations of the intelligence world again as more and more emphasis has to be placed on the actions taking place in the deep recesses of the Web.”
Only time will tell how cybersecurity firms and law enforcement agencies will evolve to overcome the growing threat of cyber attacks from the deep web and beyond, and it’s all we can do to take every possible measure to protect ourselves and our data in the meantime.


What is ransomware?
Ransomware is a malware designed to deny a user or organization access to files on their computer. Once your files are encrypted by ransomware, you may have no choice but pay the ransom to retrieve your files. One of the most famous examples of ransomware is the WannaCry ransomware attack. It requested users pay $300 worth of bitcoin payments to restore their files. How frustrating it is!
How to block ransomware (3 useful ways)
If your computer is in an unsafe environment, it may be attacked easily. Thus, the best ransomware protection is to improve computer security, which can block ransomware validity. Here are the top 3 methods for you to secure your Windows computer.
1. Install patches and keep your operating system and software up to date.
This habit can prevent compromises on exploit kits. The EternalBlue exploits vulnerability MS17-010 in Microsoft’s implementation of SMB protocol. However, Microsoft released a critical advisory along with a security patch to fix the vulnerability on 14 March 2017. Organizations can apply the patch to fix the issue.
2. Turn on Windows firewall.
Windows firewall is a security system that provides a technology for separating intranet from public. It can minimize network hackers' access to your network. In the Advanced settings, you can block port 445, 139 and so on to protect against WannaCry Ransomware attacks.
3. Secure your online browsing.
Browsers are the most exposed and information-rich. It is the window to the internet and also the first line of defense against ransomware. To prevent ransomware, you must secure your online browsing. (PS: Different browsers have different ways to set up for security.)
What can we learn from ransomware?
Since WannaCry Ransomware stormed, many users really wanna cry because their files have been encrypted. They have no idea about that, but want to pay the ransom for the decryption key. Actually, if you have backed up your computer, you won’t be threatened by cyber criminals. Because you can restore the encrypted files with the backup image when your computer gets infected by ransomware.
Besides, to secure your Windows computer to block ransomware, the most important thing is to always backup. Backup can be the best ransomware protection, and it is also a guarantee of data recovery in other accidents.
Best free file backup software for Windows PC
To block ransomware, you need to find a safe backup software. AOMEI Backupper Standard is such a safe backup and restore software that can protect your computer from various ransomware, including WannaCry, Wanna Decryptor, Cryptolocker, etc.
- It provides you with five different types of backup: System Backup, Partition Backup, Disk Backup, File Backup, and Cloud Backup.
- It enables you to create automatic backups with the "Schedule Backup" feature.
- When you need, you can use this freeware to restore your computer to the earlier state or recover lost files, etc.
Free download AOMEI Backupper to backup data to external hard drive.
👉 If you haven’t been attacked by ransomware, you can directly follow the steps below to make a backup.
👉 If you are already a victim of ransomware, there are two things you can do:
> Disconnect your computer from the internet so it cannot infect other machines. Then, seek help from a technology professional who specializes in data recovery to see what your options might be. If there are none, don’t lose hope. There may be new security tools to unlock your files in the future.
> In order to prevent the encrypted files from being deleted by cyber criminals in several days, you can click Tools > Create Bootable Media to create a bootable media, and then boot from the bootable disc to perform an offline backup.
How to backup files to external hard drive with AOMEI Backupper
Step 1. Click File Backup under the Backup tab.
Step 2. Select the files/folders you want to backup as the source party, and select the external hard drive as the target party.
Step 3. You can click the Schedule Backup option to set up an automatic backup for daily, weekly, monthly instead of creating a backup manually every time. Then, click Start Backup.
Step 4. After the progress reaches 100%, click Finish to exit.
Backup should be an effective way to protect against ransomware. Once your computer gets attacked by ransomware, you can remove the malicious software and delete the encrypted files. Then, use AOMEI Backupper to restore files from the backup image. It can minimize the damage caused by ransomware. After securing computers to block ransomware, you will get through the WannaCry Ransomware storm easily.


By Éric Rebillard
During this provocative e-book Éric Rebillard demanding situations many long-held assumptions approximately early Christian burial customs. for many years students of early Christianity have argued that the Church owned and operated burial grounds for Christians as early because the 3rd century. via a cautious examining of fundamental resources together with criminal codes, theological works, epigraphical inscriptions, and sermons, Rebillard exhibits that there's little facts to indicate that Christians occupied specific or remoted burial grounds during this early period.
In truth, as past due because the fourth and 5th centuries the Church didn't impose at the trustworthy particular rituals for laying the lifeless to relaxation. within the instruction of Christians for burial, it was once frequently subsequent of kinfolk and never representatives of the Church who have been answerable for what kind of ceremony will be celebrated, and proof from inscriptions and tombstones indicates that for the main half Christians didn't separate themselves from non-Christians while burying their lifeless. in response to Rebillard it is going to no longer be until eventually the early heart a long time that the Church received keep watch over over burial practices and that "Christian cemeteries" grew to become common.
In this translation of Religion et Sépulture: L‛église, les vivants et les morts dans l‛Antiquité tardive, Rebillard essentially adjustments our knowing of early Christianity. The Care of the useless in overdue Antiquity will strength students of the interval to reconsider their assumptions approximately early Christians as cut loose their pagan contemporaries in everyday life and formality perform.


Extended breastfeeding is defined as breastfeeding an infant beyond his or her 1st birthday. In the United States‚ 30.7% of breastfeeding mothers were still breastfeeding their infant (although not exclusively) by the age of 12 months as per a national breastfeeding report card published in 2016.[i]
This may seem like a long time for some who live in the Western world, but in many cultures, it is actually expected that a mother breastfeed her child for much longer than 12 months. In fact, the World Health Organization recommends that children be breastfed until the age of 2 and then as long as mutually desired by the mother and child.[ii]
One of the first questions that mothers ask themselves about extended breastfeeding is whether their milk continues to provide the nutrition required by their child, and the answer is ‘yes’. Your breast milk continues to change based on your growing child’s needs and there has not been an age for a breastfed child which showed that the nutrition of the mother’s breast milk was no longer good enough for the child.[iii]
Keep in mind that although breast milk is the absolute best nutrition for your child, studies have confirmed that most mothers’ breast milk typically does not contain enough vitamin D to meet their child’s needs. This is true for mothers who are breastfeeding infants as well as those who are breastfeeding a child over the age of 1 year. [iv],[v],[vi] Doctors and multiple medical organizations recommend that breastfed children receive a daily dose of vitamin D even those who are older than one. Your breast milk also continues to provide antibodies that your child needs to boost their immune system even after the 1 year mark.[vii] This is important for a toddler’s health since their immune system is still immature.
One very large study that followed up on babies who were breastfed for an extended period of time discovered that at the age of 6.5 years, those children scored higher on various intelligence measures, IQ as well as teacher ratings for both reading and writing. This suggests that prolonged breastfeeding may be linked to improved cognitive development for the child.[viii]
There are challenges in breastfeeding for a prolonged period of time, but there are benefits as well, and many would say that the benefits far outweigh the challenges. Let’s be honest, breastfeeding, let alone extended breastfeeding, is not for everyone. Whatever you decide is best for you and your child, for whatever reason, just enjoy each special moment because your baby will be all grown up in what will seem like no time at all.
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Natalie Bourré is a Ddrops Guest Blogger. She is a mom of 4 young children, health writer and social media consultant who is passionate about promoting good health for the entire family. She is keen to share scientific information about about vitamin D in an easy to understand fashion. She also truly listens to people’s input and as such, she welcomes you to connect, discuss and share your questions and feedback with her on our social media accounts.
[i] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Breastfeeding report card – Progressing Toward National Breastfeeding Goals United States 2016. August 22, 2016 (webpage last updated).
[ii] World Health Organization. Breastfeeding. 2016. http://www.who.int/topics/breastfeeding/en/
[iii] Mayo Clinic. Healthy Lifestyle: Infant and toddler health. 1998-2016. http://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/infant-and-toddler-health/in-depth/extended-breastfeeding/art-20046962?pg=1
[iv] HolickMF, Resurrection of vitamin D deficiency and rickets. J Clin Invest.2006;116:2062–72.
[v] ThacherTD, Fischer PR, Strand MA, and Pettifor . Nutritional rickets around the world: causes and future directions. Ann Trop Paediatr. 2006;26:1–16.
[vi] Weisberg P, Scanlon KS, Li R, Cogswell ME. .Nutritional rickets among children in the United States: review of cases reported between 1986 and 2003. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004; 80(6, Suppl)1697S–705S.
[vii] Mayo Clinic. Healthy Lifestyle: Infant and toddler health. 1998-2016. http://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/infant-and-toddler-health/in-depth/extended-breastfeeding/art-20046962?pg=1
[viii] Kramer MS, Aboud F Mironova E et al. Breastfeeding and child cognitive development : new evidence from a large randomized trial. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2008 May;65(5):578-84.