Denderah: a coin hoard
At Denderah Petrie found several coins hoards, all datable to the late Roman and Byzantine Periods. For one of the hoards Petrie describes (Petrie 1900a: 36): 'buried in rouleaux between the bricks of the floor of a Roman house at the back of the temple'
The two other coins hoards he recorded as follows: 'two other lots of later coins were found in small jars. They were washed and classified as far as could be while I was at Denderah'.
The description by Petrie for the first hoard suggests that they might have been deposited in unstable times to be collected later by the owner. The coins are mostly minted in Alexandria, but some were issued at Carthage, demonstrating a wide range of trade relations in the Byzantine Period. One of the two hoards found in small jars is illustrated below. The latest dated coins in this hoard indicate that it must have been buried at a time, for which several attacks by the Nubian desert tribe called the Blemmyes are attested. Appion, the bishop of Syene (Aswan), describes in a letter to the emperors Theodosius II and Valentian III (about 425-450): 'since I find myself with my churches in the midst of these merciless barbarians, between Blemmyes and the Anoubades, we suffer many attacks from them, coming upon us as if from nowhere with no soldiers to protect our places'.
The coin hoard in the Petrie Museum
coins of the first half of the fourth century AD
coins of the second half of the fourth century AD and the fifth century AD.
Copyright © 2003 University College London. All rights reserved.


For decades, scientists have worked diligently to develop a more effective vaccine against tuberculosis, but their efforts have been only partially successful – and new research explains why.
Tuberculosis is the leading cause of death from infectious disease worldwide. About 2 billion people are infected with the bacteria that causes tuberculosis (TB), and just under 2 million die from it every year. There is a vaccine for TB, but it is nearly a century old and while it provides good protection against the more severe forms of the disease in children, it is less effective in young adults. Still, it is widely used because no better options exist.
A new study, published Dec. 22 in Nature Communications, helps explain why development of a better vaccine has been stymied. The findings suggest that the current TB vaccine and investigational vaccine candidates elicit immune responses that fail to control the infection not because the responses are too weak, but because they are too slow. In people vaccinated against TB and later infected with the bacteria, activation of immune cells is delayed, allowing the bacteria to multiply.
“It’s not a question of the magnitude of the immune response, it’s the timing,” said Shabaana Abdul Khader, PhD, an associate professor of molecular microbiology at Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis and the study’s senior author. “Many people in the field of TB vaccine development have been working on increasing the strength of the immune response, and we could go on doing that, but if the timing is the same as for every other vaccine, it’s not going to change the outcome.”
The TB vaccine used around the world, known as Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG), reduces the chance of infection by 20 percent. A truly effective vaccine, like the one for measles, reduces infection by 95 percent or more.
“The first modern TB vaccine recently was tested in people, and it did no better at preventing disease than BCG,” Khader said. “We know that it elicits a strong immune response, but somehow that didn’t translate into protection.”
The idea behind vaccination is that giving the immune system a preview of an infectious microbe allows it to rapidly swing into action when it later encounters that same microbe. Ideally, vaccinated people can mount an immune response within a few days and head off the infection before it even makes them sick.
“We have a dozen or so vaccine candidates in the pipeline, but the problem is that they don’t reduce the bacterial load significantly enough in animal models, even though they elicit strong immune responses in the laboratory,” Khader said. “So we asked ourselves, ‘If all the vaccines we are developing are not working very effectively, why aren’t they working?’”
Previous researchers had noted that vaccination – either with BCG or investigational vaccine candidates – doesn’t speed up the immune response against TB much. Even in vaccinated mice, activated T cells – a kind of immune cell crucial for controlling the infection – don’t start arriving at the site of infection for about two weeks, giving the bacteria time to multiply to high levels.
To find out whether speeding up the immune response would make an ineffective vaccine effective, Khader, postdoctoral researcher Kristin Griffiths, PhD, and colleagues tried a new approach. They vaccinated mice with BCG, boosted a month later, and a month after that, challenged the mice with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the bacteria that causes TB, while also giving the mice immune cells specially prepared to activate T cells.
With these extra immune cells jump-starting the immune response, the T cells arrived, activated and ready to fight, seven to eight days after infection, rather than 12 to 14 days. The number of bacteria in the mice’s lungs, rather than dropping by a factor of 10 or 100, dropped to nearly undetectable levels.
The researchers repeated the experiment with a different TB vaccine. The results were the same: The immune response started earlier, and the bacteria were all but eliminated.
This study is a proof of concept that shows that the timing, rather than the strength, of the immune response determines whether a TB vaccine is effective. The problem is that the technique Khader and colleagues used to speed up the response – administering extra immune cells at the time of TB infection – cannot be replicated in real life, because there is no way of knowing when people will be exposed to the bacteria.
“In a way, this is really disappointing,” Khader said. “We start thinking that maybe none of the vaccines we have for TB will work. But then we come back to the table and say, ‘Let’s put our disappointment aside and figure out what we can really do from here.’ We might have to design an entirely different kind of vaccine if we want to elicit an immune response that eradicates infection. Or maybe eradicating infection isn’t a realistic goal, but we can still make a vaccine that prevents disease or delays TB reactivation. We’re looking at vaccines for TB from a different point of view now, and that’s exciting.”


Trends in urbanization and climate change are altering the nature of human settlements. As the number and impact of severe weather events increases, countries and cities are forced to cope. The limited governance mechanisms and financial constraints of many developing cities restrain capacity for dealing with complex urban problems. This paper describes how climate change is linked to urban fragility, crime, and violence, and emphasizes the important role of city governments in addressing peace and security challenges associated with climate migration.
Rural-to-urban migration resulting from climate change effects is expected to continue in the coming decades. Many climate migrants are moving to “fragile cities” characterized by poor governance and limited capacity to provide their residents with adequate infrastructure and social services. Influxes of climate migrants are likely to exacerbate these problems, and migrants may experience exclusion from government services when they arrive in cities in low- and middle-income countries.
As urbanization increases, the focus within the discourse on governance, peace, and security is increasingly shifting from the fragile state to the fragile city. Poor governance and an inability to deliver services in fragile cities result in city dwellers being exposed to violence and instability.
Existing research on provision of social services and integration into governance systems suggests that in general, exclusion from the procedures or benefits of such systems can contribute to intergroup tensions, crime, and political instability.
City governments can play an important role in peace and security. In contrast to national and international actors, local government authorities are in close proximity to their residents and can design policies and initiatives rooted in local realities. Strategies to improve public infrastructure, legal systems, and service delivery and include local groups in city governance can reduce the vulnerabilities of climate migrants and associated security risks.
In order to tackle local-level challenges, city institutions need to build partnerships with international actors. They should strengthen ties with UN agencies, multinational companies, regional and international banks, think tanks, and international humanitarian and peacebuilding organizations. The building of bridges with global research programs can fill in the gaps in knowledge on urban trends, governance, migration, and security. Enhanced knowledge can help city leaders design better policies and programs to address the climate–migration– security nexus, and stronger partnerships with humanitarian organizations can help effectively deliver humanitarian assistance.
Written byConor Seyle, Jens Vestergaard Madsenon August 27, 2015
As part of an ongoing lessons-learned project based on Oceans Beyond Piracy’s work with the Contact Group on Piracy off the Coast of Somalia, OEF Research is documenting the potential role of non-state actors in maritime security.
Written byConor Seyle, Matthew R. Walje, Kellie Brandt, Peter Kerins, Megan Matthews, Tyler Maybeeon June 10, 2015
This report is the fifth in a series by Oceans Beyond Piracy with support from OEF Research.These reports annually seek to assess the cost of maritime piracy - both economic and human - to the international community.
One Earth FutureWritten byOne Earth Futureon December 19, 2014
This policy brief is based on “The Role of Business in the Responsibility to Protect,” a chapter which appeared in The Responsibility to Protect and the Third Pillar: Legitimacy and Operationalization.


Frederick Louis, 1707–51, prince of Wales, eldest son of George II of England. By his wife, Princess Augusta of Saxe-Gotha, he had several children, the eldest of whom became George III. He quarreled with his parents over his financial allowance and in 1737 was expelled from court. Thereafter he maintained his own household, chiefly at Leicester House, which became a center of political opposition to George II and to the ministries of Robert Walpole and Henry Pelham.
The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved.
More on Frederick Louis from Fact Monster:
See more Encyclopedia articles on: British and Irish History: Biographies


You have completed your do it yourself painting project and your home has a new, fresh look and feel. You are thinking that the work was well worth the end result as you stand and look around. Then you notice the almost empty cans of remaining paint. Disposing of unwanted paint after the job is done can be a perplexing situation. Just pouring the paint out would not be not be a very responsible thing to do as it is very harmful to the environment, not to mention it is an illegal thing to do. The paint will get into the storm and sewer drains and will eventually contaminate the water system. When you clean your paint tools it is better to do this inside rather than washing the paint from the tools into the ground that will eventually end up in the drainage system polluting our water sources. Eco friendly painting is also about disposing of the waste paint in a responsible way.
Why is paint so harmful to the environment? Part of the ingredients in water based paint is solid pigments that will make the water cloudy or muddy by adding particles that create sediment in the water. This sediment is really harmful to fish and will clog their gills and stop them from being able to breathe. When the sediment gets bad enough from pollution in the water, the murky water blocks the sunlight and this means that the photosynthesis process of the plants in the water is damaged. Healthy foliage in the water is essential to the health of all the inhabitants of the water. Other ingredients in paints are substances that are biodegradable. As these substances break down in the water, the fish and plant life begin to die off.
Paint that is solvent based has several compounds and organic solvents. These are like oil to water and will not mix easily. Eventually they will mix with the water and when they do they will take oxygen away from the plant life. Paint that is solvent based has harmful environmental ingredients like zinc, chromium, mercury and lead. This kind of heavy metal sediment is pure poison in the water system. There are ingredients in solvent based paint they are toxic to water organisms and fish and can cause tumors to form in the fish. That is not good eating for us!
When you are cleaning your paint rollers and brushes after painting with a water based paint it is best to squeeze as much of the unused paint back into the paint cans. There is a tool designed for doing this with your paint roller to make it easier. Then you can fill a five gallon bucket or empty container with water and wash your brushes and rollers in this until most of the paint is gone. After this water sits for a while, the paint residue will settle in the bottom of the container and then it can be disposed of as a solid waste like the paint left in the paint cans. To cut down on the cleaning process you can put your roller in big plastic bags to keep them fresh until the next use. It is a lot easier and will save the environment as well. Your local solid waste disposal plant will have their own guidelines about disposing of the unwanted paint.


At the end of the auditory canal lies the middle ear which is composed of the eardrum and three small bones, known by the layman as the hammer, the anvil and the stirrup. When sound waves hit the eardrum, it vibrates and, in turn, moves the hammer. The hammer moves the anvil, which moves the stirrup, transmitting the vibrations into the inner ear. The middle ear functions to amplify sound, which is why significant hearing loss can result from any disruption in any of its parts.
The inner ear consists of the cochlea and the nerve of hearing. It converts sound waves into nerve impulses that travel to the brain via the movement of tiny hair cells. It is the brain that allows you to hear…as long as the message it is receiving is not distorted due to problems in the process just described.
Want to learn more?
- Click here to learn about the types and causes of hearing loss.
- Click here to learn what happens during a hearing test appointment.


Many skilled trades offer apprenticeship programs. It’s paid, on-the-job training in occupations like plumbing and carpentry.
According to the U.S. Department of Labor, 130,000 people entered registered apprenticeships in 2011.
Neil Perry directs the labor department’s office of apprenticeship in Missouri. Perry says there are over 900 “apprentice-able” occupations, from pastry cook to dental assistant, but the state’s largely been focused on construction.
"Traditionally, it’s been blue collar construction, manufacturing. That’s our core," says Perry. "But we're already trying to expand into health care and other areas."
According to Perry, there are currently over 9,000 active apprentices in Missouri. And in the Kansas City metropolitan area, there are 139 active programs with over 3,200 apprentices.
But the slowdown in the economy has also had an impact on the apprenticeship program, adds Perry, because not as many companies are hiring.


The future of drones is up in the air: Consider the risks carefully
Developments like Amazon’s recent announcement that it expects “within months” to begin delivering packages via drone, coupled with the anticipated impact of 5G wireless technology on drone use, have captured headlines. How drones ultimately will be used is uncertain, but it’s clear that increased use of unmanned aircraft will likely alter the risk landscape.
From a risk-management perspective, it’s worth considering how drones could create new risks while also recognizing their potential value as a risk-mitigation tool. For example, one might reasonably infer that the longer a drone is in the air, the greater the likelihood that it will crash, lose or damage its payload, or in some other way cause injury.
Conversely, the ability of drones to take the place of people engaging in dangerous tasks—say, inspecting power lines—might generally be viewed as reducing risk.
Where drones are being flown also matters. Densely populated areas may present more ways than open spaces for drones to cause damage. In this regard, delivering packages in a city might be viewed as riskier than carrying out a rural real estate survey.
The wedding injury
Drones have caused injuries, and, naturally, some insurance claims.
One such case involved a photographer who operated a drone to capture pictures during a wedding. While airborne, the drone reportedly collided with a guest at eye level, causing the guest to lose sight in one eye. In this case, the insurer reportedly denied coverage based on the aircraft exclusion in its commercial general liability (CGL) policy.
The court agreed with the insurer’s definition of the word “aircraft,” finding that “the ordinary definition…does not require the carrying of passengers or cargo. Additionally, that a drone is unmanned and operated remotely does not make it less of an aircraft.”
Meeting and mitigating risks
Drones increasingly are being used by first responders in disaster and search-and-rescue scenarios. They’re also being used in applications that would typically require a person to go into a dangerous situation, such as climbing on a roof. In roofing and construction, drones are being used for measurements. Similarly, for insurance claims, risks are reduced by keeping adjusters off roofs—especially after large storms or catastrophic events in which a roof may be severely damaged.
Verisk’s Geomni business uses remote sensing and machine learning technologies to capture aerial imagery and deliver geographic and spatially referenced data providing detailed residential and commercial property information. By providing this data to feed analytics serving insurance underwriting, claims, and other uses, fixed-wing piloted aircraft and drones limit the need for people to risk injury by climbing on roofs or other structures.
Additionally, Verisk uses this imagery and data to inform its Roof Report, which is tailored for underwriters, offering high-resolution images and key data on commercial roofs.
Drone technology continues to improve, with consumer-level drones incorporating sophisticated obstacle avoidance sensors and “return to home” capabilities that engage if the signal to the pilot is lost. Such advances help to increase safety.
Drone prices also have decreased significantly. As drones become more affordable, more of them will likely be in the air, increasing the potential for something to go wrong.
ISO has developed endorsements to address drones for the following types of policies:
- commercial general liability and commercial liability umbrella/excess
- commercial inland marine
- commercial property, capital assets, and Agri-CAP®
- businessowners (BOP)
You can learn more about these solutions here.
Author: David Geller. “The future of drones is up in the air: Consider the risks Carefully.” Verisk, July 9, 2019


The development of a form of medical technology known as telesurgery, which uses robotic arms capable of performing surgery that can be remotely controlled, has tremendous potential to save lives and money. The ability to remotely perform a surgical procedure is an inexpensive way to partially solve the problems associated with the lack of expert surgeons in remote areas, for example.
However, security flaws have recently been identified regarding the remote control communication systems used to operate the machinery, which could easily be exploited by hackers. Researchers at the University of Washington have demonstrated how a hacker could take over the controls and interfere in a surgical procedure, making it impossible to perform.
The problem is that telesurgery procedures take place using public networks instead of secured private networks.


©University of Southern Denmark
Microbes Can Create Dripstones
According to new research humble, microscopic organisms can create dripstones in caves. This illustrates how biological life can influence the formation of Earth's geology - and the same may be happening right now on other planets in space.
According to traditional textbooks dripstones are created by geological or geochemical processes with no influence from living organisms. But now scientists report that formation of dripstones can be a lot more complex than that: Sometimes microbes are responsible for the formation of these geological features.
The researchers from Denmark, Sweden and Spain have investigated dripstone formation in a Swedish cave and conclude that microbes play an active part in their formation.
"If microbes can be responsible for dripstone formation on Earth, the same thing might be happening other places in space", explains researcher Magnus Ivarsson from Nordic Center for Earth Evolution (NordCEE) at University of Southern Denmark.
The planet Mars is known to be home for a number of caves similar to caves with dripstones created from microbes on Earth. If there are dripstones in these caves, they might have been formed by microbes and thus they are an indication that biological organisms have once lived on Mars.
"If I were a microbe I would definitely live in a cave on Mars", says Magnus Ivarsson.
He and his colleagues have reported their findings in "International Journal of Speleology". The colleagues are Therese Sallstedt from NordCEE, University of Southern Denmark, Johannes Lundberg from Swedish Museum of Natural History, Rabbe Sjoeberg, retired from Umea University and Juan Ramon Vidal Romani from University of Coruna in Spain.
The researchers examined dripstones in the Tjuv-Antes cave in Northern Sweden. The cave is 30 meters long and it is home for various kinds of dripstones. When they examined the dripstones the researchers saw distinct layers, mirroring how the dripstones have grown over time and left seasonal layers. Dark layers consist of fossilized microbes and light layers consist of calcite.
The researchers conclude that the microbes were active in the formation of the dripstones.
"Microbes actively contributed to the formation of the dripstones. They didn't just live on the surface of them", says Magnus Ivarsson.
Microbes were more active in spring and summer
The layers indicate that the microbes were most active in spring and summer when rain dripped down through the soil and into the cave.
"These drops of water brought nutrients with them, which was consumed by the microbes. As the microbes metabolized they excreted calcium which precipitated and in time helped form the dripstones", says Magnus Ivarsson.
"Without this microbial activity dripstones would be smaller - or maybe even totally absent", he adds.
The studying of microbes in caves is not only important for understanding the powers of life on Earth and on other planets. It also has importance for human health:
"Everyday millions of people go into underground caves; metros, train stations, etc. These artificially constructed caves offer some of the same living conditions for microbes as naturally created caves. Health authorities are therefore interested in monitoring and understanding what kind of pathogenic microorganisms can live and grow on the walls of for example metro-stations", explains Magnus Ivarsson.
Together with Swedish colleagues Magnus Ivarsson is involved in monitoring microbial growth in metro-stations in Stockholm.
Contact Magnus Ivarsson, Nordic Center for Earth Evolution, email@example.com, +46 70 2428687.
Please follow Astrobiology on Twitter.


If you’re just stopping by for the first time, this is a class in a series of classes over the next few months which will culminate in the development of a complete financial plan. Stop by the orientation class HERE first for class orientation/overviews and HERE for more information about the website.
Class Objectives: To understand how debt amortization schedules work on non-revolving loans (such as mortgages, auto and student loans)
Prerequisites: PF101: Intro to Personal Finance & Goals, PF102: Creating a Net Worth Statement, PF104: Creating a Budget & Cash Flow Statement, and DM101: Debt Overview & Credit Cards
Handout: Debt Statistics in the U.S.
Assignment: Debt amortization schedule in Excel | Google Docs
We talked about what debt is and more specifically about credit card debt in the last class. In this class, we will cover more about non-revolving loans and how to make a plan to eliminate your debt other than credit cards. In almost every situation, you should get rid of your credit card debt before paying extra on your auto loan, student loan and mortgage because credit cards carry a much higher interest rate than these other loans.
The most important tool we are going to use in this course is a debt amortization schedule. Although similar principles were used in the credit card payoff schedule in the prior class, debt on these loans is treated differently specifically in regards to having a set pay off date and not being able to add to the principle balance over time.
When you take out a student loan, auto loan or mortgage, you will be expected to pay a set amount of money that you borrowed over a determined amount of time plus interest for the privilege of borrowing that money. If you choose to do so (yes, you choose to do so, alright?!), then you can pay extra towards the principle amount you borrowed and pay the loan off early. Let’s back up and talk about some of the terms involved in these loans really quickly.
- Lender – the person paying the funds on behalf of the person that needs them (for example, you may have an automobile loan through Ally Bank – they are the lender).
- Borrower – the person that the funds are being paid on behalf of (aka YOU).
- Original principal balance – the amount you borrowed initially (for example, if you purchase a $25,000 car and pay $1,500 down, your original principle balance will be $23,500).
- Current principal balance – the amount of the original principal balance that has not yet been paid (in the previous example of an auto loan, after a year at a 3.5% interest rate for 60 months, your principal balance will be down to $19,123).
- The loan period – The amount of time during which you will be paying the payments, assuming you do not pay any extra payments (for example, 60 months)
- Monthly payment amount – the amount you will be paying each month, which will include both part of the principal balance and interest (for example, each monthly payment on this auto loan example will be $427.51 and your first monthly payment will consist of $358.96 principal and $68.54 interest).
- Interest rate – the percentage expressed as an annual rate of the current principal balance that you will be paying to the bank or lender (in our example, this is 3.5% annually)
- Prepayment penalty – a fee that you are required to pay if you pay off your loan before the original loan period date (for example, if your 60 month auto loan has a prepayment penalty attached of $300 and you pay off the loan in 55 months, you will be required to pay an additional fee of $300 on top of your principal balance)
HOW DOES AN AMORTIZATION SCHEDULE WORK?
A loan amortization schedule is an important tool used to track how much you currently owe on your loans and the amount of interest you’ve paid. For the non-revolving loans we are talking about today, the payments are the same each month, but the amount of that payment that is applied to the principal balance and the amount that is applied to interest is different for each payment.
The non-revolving loans that the amortization schedule is useful for include:
- Mortgages (this is the one people typically think of when they think of an amortization schedule)
- Home Equity Loans
- Automobile or Boat Loans
- Student Loans
- Other installment loans
It’s helpful to see how the payments are calculated to be able to understand these loans.
- The monthly payment calculation uses time value of money calculations to figure out what monthly payment amount will result in a loan being paid down to zero over a set period of months or years. A spreadsheet or calculator is essential in calculating this figure.
- Once you have the monthly payment, you divide the interest rate by 12 months to get the monthly interest rate. This percentage (.292% in our auto loan example) is then multiplied by the current amount owed on the loan to get the amount of the monthly payment that goes to the lender for interest on the loan.
- The remainder of the monthly payment after calculating the interest portion goes to the principal balance of the loan.
- Any additional payments made for the month decrease the principal (it is sometimes necessary to specify this to the lender) and therefore decrease both the amount you’ll pay in interest and the time it will take you to pay off the loan
As you can see, in the early months most of the payment is applied to interest, but over time a greater portion of your monthly payment is applied to the principal balance of the loan. You can see that in the following example schedule:
WHAT ARE THE BENEFITS OF COMPLETING AN AMORTIZATION SCHEDULE?
There are many benefits to completing this exercise and creating amortization schedules for all of your loans. The most significant benefits include:
- You will know your current balance owed at all times (especially helpful for creating your net worth statements quarterly).
- You will know how much interest you’ve paid for the year to be able to project your tax deductions for the year (for home mortgage loans and student loans).
- You will make sure that any extra payments you’ve made on the loans have been properly applied to principal and not future interest or other fees.
MAKING AN OVERALL DEBT STRATEGY & REFINING YOUR DEBT GOALS
Start with your credit card debt payoff strategy in the previous course before looking at how to pay off your longer term debts. Then look at your budget, assuming that you have paid off that high interest debt and decide how much of those previous minimum payments and extra payments you’ve been making that you want to apply to your additional debts. If you’re really motivated to get out of debt, you may decide to put all those funds toward your remaining debt. If you need a little more breathing room in your budget, you may decide that 50 or 75% is more sustainable. Do what works for you and focus on progress!
If your budget is tight and you’ve had to be extremely frugal to get your credit cards paid off, you may decide to relax a little and minimize the stress for a while. As long as you’re not adding to your debt, celebrate the progress towards being debt free and be sure that you are able to enjoy time with your family and friends. Then jump back in and begin your next step to becoming debt free, which is to eliminate your long-term debt.
Generally your priority for your remaining loans should be to pay extra on your consumer debt, such as an automobile loan next. However, this depends on the interest rates and balances owed on your remaining loans. Another consideration in deciding which loan to pay off first is whether you are receiving a tax deduction for any of your loan interest. Student loan interest is tax deductible up to certain limits. For 2015, a deduction was allowed for those with modified adjusted income less than $80,000 for single people or $160,000 for those married filing a joint return and was limited to $2,500 in student loan interest. With regards to mortgage interest, it gets more complicated, but most people that itemize their deductions can generally deduct their mortgage interest. We will discuss more about these common tax deductions in the tax classes in the future, but the easiest way to see what benefit you are getting from being able to deduct your loan interest is to enter your tax information in a tax software such as TurboTax and look at the amount of tax owed with and then without each of these interest deductions.
To use the loan amortization table, you need to enter the original information from the initial date of taking out the loan and not the current date and current balance. If you absolutely cannot find this information, you can enter your current balance in the loan amount and the remaining loan period. Be sure to reconcile the balance of the loan on the loan amortization schedule for the current date with the amount that the bank says that you owe. If there are differences, you can look online for account activity and see all the payments that were posted to your loan account and where the lender applied the payments. You can also call the bank and request a loan amortization schedule from them. Be sure to enter any additional payments you’ve made in the past in the “Extra Payment” column.
After you’ve created loan amortization schedules for each of your non-revolving loans, you can go back to creating your plan to pay extra on your debt. If you go back to the spreadsheet you created in the previous debt class Debt Management 101 to pay off your credit card debt, you can actually add to it your remaining loans from this class using your current principle balance, remaining term, monthly payment and interest rate. See the Smith family example in the section below.
EXAMPLE: THE SMITH FAMILY
Here is an example of one of the Smith family’s loan amortization schedules (for their car loan). They purchased the car used from a dealership for $20,000 in May 2014, paid $1,500 down and financed the remaining $18,500. As you can see, as of January 1st, 2016 they owed $12,789 on the car.
The Smith family has already made a plan to pay off their credit card debt by the end of 2017 by paying $200 extra per month and $2,000 that they had planned to spend on their vacation in the summer. After that is paid off, they plan to keep making $200 extra payments plus use all the money they were using to pay off those debt minimum payments toward their other longer term debt.
They also can expect an increase in their income year by year and that extra money they will be putting toward their savings goals, such as an emergency fund and cash reserve, a new car and retirement, as well as family vacations and activities. In addition, they will most likely adjust this schedule to reduce the extra paid toward their mortgage and put it toward retirement starting in June 2018.
Your homework assignment is to create amortization schedules for each non-revolving loan that you currently have outstanding. Start with your original principal balance if you can and reconcile any additional payments made on your loan.
- IMPROVING– After paying off your credit card debt, determine how much you can afford to pay from your budget toward your long-term debt payments and automatically transfer that amount each month in addition to your monthly payment. Start by paying off auto loans, then student loans, then mortgage loans.
- INVESTED– Request amortization schedules for your long-term loans from your lenders. Enter the current balances of your loans, the monthly payments and interest rates in the payoff schedule from the previous class DM101 to calculate a payoff date. Include extra payments you can make toward your debt.
- UNSTOPPABLE– Create separate amortization schedules for each of your long-term debts. Reconcile current loan balances from the schedules to your monthly statements. Enter current loan balances, interest rates and monthly payments in your credit card payoff schedule from the previous class DM101 and set a goal for additional amounts you will pay each month and how long you will be before you pay off each debt.
File your amortization schedules in your Financial Plan binder under Tab 2-“Debt Management”.
HANDOUT: DEBT STATISTICS IN THE U.S.
Note: This class is not intended to cover everything about debt, but just a basic overview. If you have a large amount of debt or are unable to make your monthly debt payments, I highly recommend that you do a lot of research and consider meeting with a nonprofit credit organization to get help for your specific situation.
This is great. I’ve never even heard of that schedule! I can’t wait to be debt free, I know I will feel so much better and I can start saving and accumulating wealth then.
You can do it! Let me know if you have questions about the amortization schedule. Being able to understand this will be HUGE for paying off your debt!
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An incredible amount of the Bible is about Saul and David, the first two Kings of Israel. From the viewpoint of the historical record – understanding the beginnings of the kingdom of Israel – it makes a lot of sense, much as we Americans write so much about George Washington or make movies/miniseries about John Adams.
But the Bible is primarily a view of life and history from a spiritual perspective. How does the massive amount of writing about Saul and David help us understand spirituality and our own spiritual life? Let’s compare and contrast the two to see what they have in common and how they differ, and then see what kinds of conclusions we can draw.
Looking at their biographies, they are very similar.
- Both have similar origins: their families were herders: Saul’s family had herds, while David’s family had sheep.
- Both were anointed by Samuel to be king, and both were out with the herds when Samuel came by to anoint them.
- Both became king about about 30 years of age.
- Both were king until about the age of 70.
- Both plotted murder: Saul tried to kill David; David had Uriah killed in battle.
- Both were moody: Saul had dark moods come over him which was helped only by David’s music; David would get depressed while hiding from Saul, during which he wrote some of his Psalms.
- Both did things the Lord specifically told them not to do: Saul did not destroy Amalek completely, keeping some of the best as an offering to the Lord (weasel excuse); David took a census of Israel.
- Both, at the end of their lives, were on the run from some sort of attack: Saul fell on his own sword to avoid capture in battle with the Philistines; David was running from his son Absalom.
While this isn’t a thorough psychological profile, I think that there is enough here to see that these two had similar backgrounds, had similar experiences, and faced similar types of decisions. There is certainly enough here to allow us to safely compare the two.
So how do we look at their differences? How do we evaluate their responses to the Prophet Samuel? How do we decide what this means spiritually? And finally, how can we apply what we find to our own life?
The prime example, something virtually everyone knows about whether they are a seriously religious person or not, is probably David and Goliath. But to recap anyway: Goliath, a man about 9 feet tall, had been haranguing the Israelites for about a month, challenging them to send a champion out to fight him in single combat, winner take all. Saul, who stood head and shoulders above everyone else in the kingdom, sat for a month in his tent worrying, while morale in the Israelite camp deteriorated. David shows up, a kid not old enough to join the army, bringing a CARE package from home. Goliath does his song-and-dance, and David is upset that he is mocking Israel and Israel’s God. The scuttlebutt gets back to Saul, who invites David in, and outfits David in his own armor. (How big is David? He is only a kid!) But he doesn’t feel comfortable in it so heads down to the battlefield with just his regular clothes and his sling. While he stops and picks up 5 stones that catch his attention, Goliath, a veritable tank, with another man carrying his shield, starts mocking David. David tells him that since he has mocked God, he, David, is going to feed him to the vultures. And he does, and the Israelites chase the Philistines for miles. And the winner did take all.
OK, so much for the story. What’s the spiritual side here? I think there are several lessons, or at least pieces of lessons, for us to think about.
- Saul, the leader of the army and King of Israel, didn’t have the courage or faith needed to stand up to Goliath. David, who had fought lions and bears while watching the family sheep, had faith that God would protect him as he stood up to defend God’s honor.
- Saul, it seems, didn’t have any basis for depending on God, no personal experience. David, from his time shepherding, did have a solid basis for depending on God.
- Saul, a big man and a warrior, judged others on their size, abilities and experience. David, having dealt with bigger, more able beasts, knew that size wasn’t the only issue
So we have a couple items that seem to have possibilities. Do they continue to pan out over the rest of the two Kings’ lives? Let’s look at a couple more examples, but by no means an exhaustive review.
As mentioned above, both Saul and David were given explicit directions by God through the prophets not to do something.
- Saul was told to save nothing when he and the army went to the town of Amalek; David was told not to take a census of Israel.
- They both disobeyed.
- When Samuel asked Saul why the king of Amalek and cattle had been spared, Saul blamed it on the soldiers, saying that they had kept the best and were bring them to Samuel to be offered as sacrifices. (Yeah, the parent in me believes that one!) David, after taking a census of Israel’s fighting men, is stricken with a guilty conscience and prays for forgiveness.
- Samuel tells Saul that God does not want sacrifices, He wants obedience; he also says that Saul’s kingdom will be taken away and given to someone more worthy. Gad, the prophet at that time in Israel’s history, tells David that God is going to punish him, but is allowing David to select which of three punishments he is to receive.
- Saul’s response is to ask that Samuel sacrifice with them so that he maintains honor in the sight of the people. David’s response is to tell Gad that God knows what is best for Israel, and he will trust God in this decision.
So once again we have Saul trying to do things on his own, while David trusts God.
Throughout the books of 1st and 2nd Samuel the experiences of Saul match up with experiences of David. In case after case Saul continues trying to do things his own way; short circuiting the way God through the prophets had told him to go; refusing to take that last step and trusting God completely. David, on the other hand, would always turn to God, regardless of the circumstances, and trust that God would protect, guide, or otherwise do what was best for David and the Israelites.
In our own lives, are we trusting in God, or trying to turn things to the way we want them to be?
For further reading, the life of Saul can be found in 1 Samuel chapters 8 through 31; the life of David can be found starting with 1 Samuel 16 through to the end of 2 Samuel.


Western ending or starting point of the Great Wall.
Jiayuguan Pass, or Jiayuguan Fortress, is the first pass at the west of the Great Wall of China. It is situated between the Wenshu and Heishan Mountains at the foot of Jiayuguan Hill of Qilian Mountain. Along with Juyongguan and Shanhaiguan, it is one of the main passes of the Great Wall.
With a length of 733 meters and an area about 33,500 square meters, Jiyuguan Pass has tow gates that one on the east side of the pass, and the other on the west side. On each gate there is a building. It consists of three defense lines: an inner city, an outer city and a moat.
Jiayuguan Pass is well-known as "the Impregnable Pass under the Heaven". It is also the most magnificent and best-preserved pass among the total over one thousand passes along the Great Wall of China. Jiayuguan Pass was built in the early Ming dynasty, about 1372. It was built on the extreme western edge of China. Legend has it that the official in charge asks the designer to calculate how many bricks would be used. The designer gives him the number and when the project is finished, only one brick is left. It is put on the top of the pass as a symbol of commemoration.
Structure of the Jiayuguan Fortress
Jiayuguan Fortress consists of inner city, outer city and moat, forming three lines of defense. It was originally built in 1372 during the Ming Dynasty. The whole construction lasted 168 years from 1372 to 1539. It is the fortress on the most difficult terrain along the Ming Great Wall and is still preserved well. On 1961, it was listed as the first batch of the national key cultural relics protection units. Jiayuguan Pass consists of 3 defense lines: inner city, outer city and moat, and connecting with the Great Wall, forming a military defense system. It is about one beacon fire for each 2.5 km, one fire tower for each 5km, one fortress for each 15km, and one city for each 50km. The inner city is the main construction which is 640 m in circumference with an area of 2.5 square meters. The inner city has two gates. The eastern gate is "Guang Hua Men”, and the western gate is “Rou Yuan Men.” Out of the west gate, there is a Luo City connecting with the south and north wall. The Jiayuguan Gate is the gate to go outside of the pass. On the gate and the wall, the Jiayuguan gate tower was built on.
The whole Jiayuguan Fortress is solid, grand and magnificent. The fortress is in ladder-shape with the circumference of 733 meters and an area of 33500 square meters. It is 10 m high with 1.7m high wall. The gate towers are symmetrical with 3 floors and 5 rooms. There are corridors around the gate towers. There are also turrets on each corner of the fortress. In the center of the fortress there is a well. On the west wall, there is a gate open to outside with “Jiayuguan” on the forehead of the gate. It is said that when built the fortress, the craftsman was very accurate on the using of materials. There were only one brick left after the construction and it is now preserved on the ledge at the back of the Xiwen Gate Tower. Out of the west gate, there is a stone tablet, caved “Tian Xia Xiong Guang”. Out of the Dongweng City, there are Wenchang Pavilion, Guangdi Temple, theatrical stage and a Yamen Mansion, which were built during Qing Dynasty.
Significance of the Jiayuguan Pass
Jiayuguan Pass is not only endowed with geographical advantages, but excellent topographical and environmental features. It faces the Gobi, a vast open terrain that once served as a battle ground in ancient times. To its south is the trubulent Taolai River and the Wenshu Mountain and on its inner side lies a smooth terrain made of oases, fertile pasture land with adequate water sources. What's more, the castle is also of great architectural and cultural value and its towers and pavilions are of great beauty. The pagoda-style roof adds to the grandeur of the castle.


Work Related Back Pain; Part 1Reading Time: 3 minutes
Back pain is a very common affliction which affect people of all ages and ranks as one of the top 10 reasons worldwide for a doctor’s visit. It is estimated that between 15-45% of the population experience back in any particular year. Back pain peaks between the ages 35yo to 55yo with a lower incidence in the younger population.
Although the exact incidence of work related back pain is difficult to estimate it is believe to be higher than in the general population. Naturally, certain types of employment have a greater risk for developing back pain. These jobs include construction work, heavy laborer work, truck drivers and janitorial work. Sometimes, back pain develops suddenly due a specific incident but other times back pain develops over time due to repetitive injury.
Since the lower back is a very complex structure, there are many different structures which can be injured. These structures include:
- Lumbar disc: these are the soft gel like structure that sits between the vertebral bodies
- Lumbar vertebral bodies
- Lumbar facets: these are the joints which connect the adjacent vertebral bodies and allow the spine to move
- Lumbar muscles and ligaments: these support the spine and also help to move the spine
- Lumbar nerves: at each spine segment, the spinal nerves exit the spine to supply sensation and motor function to the lower extremity
With age or with repetitive use of the lumbar spine, injury to the lumbar disc can occur. In this circumstance the injured worker might complain of a deep seated back pain that is worse with activities and better with rest. Injury to the facet joints can lead to back pain that is better with rest and worse with activities especially extension or bending backwards. Ligament or muscle injury presents mainly as muscle spasms which can be very painful and make movement very difficult. Lumbar nerve injury can present as back pain, buttock pain and more classically as radiation pain down into the legs. Injury to the lumbar vertebral body is very uncommon in the injured worker unless there is, for example, a very severe accident such as a very bad fall or severe motor vehicle accident.
The mechanism of a low back injury often determine the type of back pain and the subsequent treatment. That is, the more severe the accident the more likely that the accident will cause serious injury to structures such as the discs, nerves or even the vertebral bodies. Despite the cause of the injury, sudden or repetitive, the presentation can be the same. The injured worker can present with the following:
- Central lower back pain
- Lower Back pain with radiation to the buttock and hip region
- Lower back pain with radiating leg pain
- Leg pain and weakness
If any of these symptoms are accompanied by loss of bladder or bowel control, then the injured worker might have more than just a lower back injury. Loss of bladder and bowel control would indicate severe damage to the nerves in the lower spine and indicate for urgent evaluation and possibly surgical treatment.
Treatment for lower back pain without any bladder or bowel complication in the injured work is based on the presenting symptoms and the mechanism. The initial evaluation and work up is based on the worker’s symptoms. For lower back pain without any radiating leg pain, treatment is often a 6 week course of medications usually an anti-inflammatory and physical therapy. During this time, the injured worker can continue working at his/her regular job or on light duty.
If at the end of this initial treatment, the symptoms have resolved then the injured worker can return to regular duty. If there is no improvement in the worker’s condition then additional evaluation is often warranted. These additional evaluation include radiographs of the lower back. If the injured worker has both back and leg pain then a MRI scan of the lower back is ordered to evaluate for a possible disc herniation.
Further treatment is then determined by the injured worker complaints and the results of these studies.


Precisely Sized Channels in Novel Electrodes Enable Electrochemical Water Desalination
In electrochemical water desalination (or hybrid capacitative deionization), positive ions intercalate into the structure of the NWs, where they are trapped within precisely shaped/sized channels. An example of alpha-MnO2 NWs: (a) scanning electron microscopy image; (b) schematic of a single channel formed by MnO6 octahedra (red) with K+ (green), Na+ (blue), and Mg2+ (orange) ions; and (c) a Z-contrast STEM cross-section image of the NW channel structure. (hi-res image)
Manganese oxide nanowires (NWs) incorporating arrays of precisely shaped channels exhibit exceptional ion removal capabilities for brackish water desalination.
Significance and Impact
The unique crystal structures of MnO2 NWs contain stable channels with atomically defined sizes that preferentially trap specific ions from the salt solution. These materials will enable new deionization approaches.
– Ion removal occurs through surface redox reactions and intercalation of ions into the sub-nm-sized channels.
– Discrete MnO2 NW phases contain channels with different shapes and sizes, as measured by Z-contrast Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy (STEM) imaging.
– Ion removal rates for Na, K, and Mg depend on the channel shape and size.
B. W. Byles, D. A. Cullen, K. L. More, and E. Pomerantseva, "Tunnel structured manganese oxide nanowires as redox active electrodes for hybrid capacitive deionization," Nano Energy44, 476-488 (2018). DOI: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2017.12.015


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While there are several ways to design a computer science project, the most effective way is to utilize a course or software cs assignment helppackage. There are many resources online that will help you come up with an effective computer science project.
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A quick tip when you are designing your assignment help is to go to the C++ or Java forums to see what other people are saying about the same topic. They may have some great tips that you do not know about.
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This works with both a “do-it-yourself” approach, and with an approach where you pay someone to do your programming homework for you. The one thing that needs to be understood is that you must learn the language in order to do the proper job on your assignment. Don’t just get someone to do your assignment for you – there is no point! You have to understand the core language in order to be effective at programming and solving problems that you face as a developer.
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If get your Java assignment help be able to find the right resources to help you complete the task. The question I am going to answer for you is how do I get my assignment help?
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If you’re a C# beginner then you are probably wondering what kind of help you can get when doing your programming assignments. There is a lot of assignment help on the web but not all of it is helpful. Some of it is pure conjecture or just plain wrong. I was reading through one of the tutorials and it was just a bunch of words and numbers that I could never make sense of.
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VB assignment help is needed with every programming assignment that you do. These assignments are simply a short written assignment that complete in order to earn a certificate, associate’s degree, or some other type of certification.
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Today is Sibling Day. Let’s take a moment to celebrate the siblings of our kids with PANS because we know the entire family feels the impact of PANS. Let’s put the focus on them today (or sometime this week) and give them a special thank you for all they do, all they forgo and acknowledge how their life is affected both positively and negatively. Let them know you understand how difficult it is for them. Let them know that your door is always open for them to talk about their feelings. Celebrate all of their accomplishments too.
Some kids do not adjust well to having a special needs sibling while others seemingly become a super hero. No matter what, siblings of children with special needs have their own set of special needs themselves. Having a sibling with special needs create challenges but it can also present opportunities for growth.
Siblings often develop good qualities as a result of these challenges:
Siblings also may experience conflicting feelings and have trouble coping with the demands the special needs child places on the family. The brother/sister with PANS will typically demand greater attention and the health issues/behaviors are can be confusing, frustrating, scary, etc. Siblings often hold a lot in and their worries and frustrations can take an emotional, social and academic toll. Sometimes it is important that the siblings have someone to talk to. Some kids convince themselves that they don’t need anything or attention for themselves and therefore try very hard to not get in the way. Some kids find ways to get attention, either trying to become indispensable and perfect or by negatively acting out.
It is essential for parents to foster an open dialogue between themselves and the siblings. They should, age appropriately, explain what is happening with their brother/sister and allow time for the siblings to voice their feelings and questions. Ultimately parents need to let their kids know they hear them, understand them and empathize. Also, it is important to highlight the siblings’ accomplishments so their progress is not forgotten. And when they have struggles, time and attention is focused on them as well. Try to set aside time for each child. That time might not be equal in duration but it should be consistent and meaningful. Yes, all easier said than done during an acute crisis. But sometimes even short acknowledgements of the siblings’ needs during those times are sufficient. The reality is that some of our families have multiple children with PANS, which can compound the needs of the sibling without PANS. Remember, we are all humans doing the best we can. You are already doing a great job and learning and improving as you go along.
NEPANS Board Members & Special Guests
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Over the last few weeks, the Lincoln YCC crew has gotten to spend some time with Liz Burke, a Conservation Educator with the Forest Service, and the director of the Youth Forest Monitoring Program. With Liz, our crew got to learn how the FS monitors soils, weeds, and streams to track the health of the Helena-Lewis and Clark National Forest.
First, we took a trip to the Charter Oak Mine, one of the only remaining flotation-cell mines. The FS is maintaining this landmark to preserve its history, clean up the land from remaining mine tailings, and keep it as a space for historical and scientific education. After staining a deck and painting the kiosk, we got to learn from the YFMP students. The soils crew showed us how to measure soil filtration, structure, texture, and color. The weeds crew showed us how to record ground cover and the presence of weeds. Finally, the streams crew showed us how to measure the quantities of different chemicals in the water. Some of the water was bright orange from mine tailings! A couple weeks later, we got to watch the YFMP crew’s final presentations -- it was so awesome to see the results of the research they did.
On a drizzly Monday, Liz came out to Lincoln to monitor some sites in the Stonewall area with our crew. We hiked to two sites to survey woodpeckers. Even though we didn’t find any, it was fun to listen for them and hear a bunch of fun forest facts from Liz. Then we did a Rapid Forest Assessment on six different sites. This involved a wide variety of quick measurements on aspects of forest health. We used a tool called the ‘cheese’ to measure the size of trees; took note of ground cover, horizontal cover, and soil disturbances; and captured a snapshot of the history and future of the forest by comparing full-growth trees to saplings. The general consensus was that the future of that forest is the lodgepole pine.
Working with Liz was fantastic. Our crew learned a ton about citizen science, forest monitoring, and the variety of paths within the Forest Service. A major thank you to Liz!


The River School is an international model for the inclusive education of young children ages 18 months through third grade. Most River School students (85% or more) are children with normal hearing who benefit from the rich educational experience that includes a focus on language, literacy and social emotional learning; theme based curriculum; and a wide array of classes in the Arts, Sciences and Physical Development. Each classroom includes a few children with hearing loss who use cochlear implants or hearing aids and a classroom majority of hearing peers. The school uses a unique co-teaching model that pairs a master’s level educator and a speech language pathologist full-time in each classroom. The teaching team supports all of the children in the classroom.
Inclusive classrooms are considered the gold standard in early childhood and elementary education, because they are characterized by highly trained faculty, favorable student-teacher ratios, and a research based curriculum.
Inclusive programs naturally encourage students to develop tolerance, empathy, and resilience.


This eclectic reader introduces students to sociology's diversity as a science and profession.
The book includes 3 readings for each of the 15 major topic areas
- A quantitative or theoretical reading
- A qualitative or interpretative reading
- A reading that shows how sociology is applied and practical in the real world
The author, an award-winning teacher, introduces each reading and provides thought-provoking questions for each topic.


The “axis of evil”
Those large-scale fluctuations in the power spectrum are where something weird happens. The temperature variations are both larger than expected and aligned with each other to a high degree. That's at odds with theoretical expectations: the CMB anisotropies should be randomly oriented, not aligned. In fact, the smaller-scale variations are random, which makes the deviation at larger scales that much stranger.
Kate Land and Joao Magueijo jokingly dubbed the strange alignment “the axis of evil” in a 2005 paper (freely available on the ArXiv), riffing on an infamous statement by then-US President George W. Bush. Their findings were based on data from an earlier observatory, the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP), but the follow-up Planck mission found similar results. There's no question that the “axis of evil” is there; cosmologists just have to figure out what to think about it.
The task of interpretation is complicated by what's called “cosmic variance,” or the fact that our observable Universe is just one region in a larger Universe. Random chance dictates that some pockets of the whole Universe will have larger or smaller fluctuations than others, and those fluctuations might even be aligned entirely by coincidence.
In other words, the “axis of evil” could very well be an illusion, a pattern that wouldn't seem amiss if we could see more of the Universe. However, cosmic variance also predicts how big those local, random deviations should be—and the fluctuations in the CMB data are larger. They're not so large as to rule out the possibility of a local variation entirely—they're above-average height—but cosmologists can't easily dismiss the possibility that something else is going on.
One of those possibilities is that these fluctuations are due to something in the “foreground,” meaning anything that might have interfered with the CMB photons between their emission and our detectors. Those who favor this solution point out the odd coincidence that the “axis of evil” is somewhat aligned with the ecliptic in the Solar System, which is the plane containing the orbits of the planets and many other bodies. What sort of absorber that might be is puzzling, however, since it must closely mimic the power spectrum in most respects or we wouldn't see the expected results at smaller scales.
As Johns Hopkins University cosmologist Marc Kamionkowski phrased it, "These CMB anomalies, if real, will pose similarly big questions for fundamental physics and for the prevailing inflationary paradigm for the origin of the Universe. The case that these anomalies are real is, however, nowhere nearly as well established. They may be there, but they may just as well not."
A few modest proposals
Kamionkowski has coauthored a number of papers on the lopsidedness problem, approaching it from several angles. However, he pointed out that it's not good enough for us to try to explain the “axis of evil” in isolation. “Given the limitations imposed by cosmic variance, my approach has been to think of physical models to explain the anomaly and then see whether these models make any other predictions that can be tested." The more predictions a theory makes, the better: it's possible to distinguish them from each other and to rule out possibilities based on existing or future data.
One way to make the Universe slightly lopsided involves tweaking the process that most cosmologists think created the near-perfect power spectrum we see—inflation. Within the first tiny fraction of a second after the Big Bang, inflation caused an extremely rapid expansion. That explains why the different sides of the sky are almost exactly the same temperature, even though they aren't exchanging energy with each other and haven't been for 13.8 billion years. Kamionkowski and collaborators Donghui Jeong, Jens Chluba, and Liang Dai proposed that if inflation acted in a slightly different way, it could make the cosmos lopsided. This model makes very little alteration to physical laws, but if true, its effects could be measured in the CMB and distribution of galaxies.
Another model that would do minimum violence to physics as we know it was proposed by Andrew Liddle and Marina Cortês. This theory describes a Universe that is very slightly “open," meaning that light rays that begin in parallel diverge a tiny bit over time. Astronomers have shown that the Universe is nearly “flat”—parallel light rays stay parallel—using a variety of observations. Inflation provides a simple explanation for why it should be almost but not quite flat, meaning there's still room for a very small deviation from flatness, both on theoretical grounds and within the experimental errors of our observations. As with the proposal from Kamionkowski and collaborators, a slightly different behavior in inflation could generate this effect.
Many have focused on inflation as a means for explaining the "axis of evil" because we still don't have a lot of data for precisely how it works. Inflation is a general idea rather than a specific theory, leaving a lot of wiggle room for different ways to achieve a nearly flat cosmos. WMAP and Planck have helped rule out some of the more elaborate theories of inflation, but that leaves a number of options that fit the data equally well at present.
Kamionkowski described another possible explanation: the simplest model of inflation contains one type of quantum fluctuation, which makes sure both sides of the sky are the same. If there are two or more types, however, their different effects could produce slightly different large-scale fluctuations depending on which way astronomers look. However, he stressed that this is a preliminary idea: "Although we have yet to write down a physical model that gives rise to such variation, the required variation is sufficiently innocuous to suggest that a fairly minor modification of inflation may work. But we've still got some work left to verify that."
Yoho takes the “axis of evil” problem seriously but doesn't see an obvious resolution in any of the proposals. She told Ars, “I enjoy that people play around with it and try to come up with ideas, even if they seem a little contrived, because that's what us theorists do. But so far nothing I've seen makes me think 'whoa, that's promising...'” She mentioned a particular model that proposed a radical alteration to the consensus on space-time geometry. (Interestingly, this is a similar idea to one bandied about in the days before precision CMB data were available.) However, she cautioned that while it solves the lopsidedness problem, it doesn't fit the other cosmological data, so she can't have any confidence in it—at least not yet.
Our trickster Universe
Models to explain the “axis of evil” have proliferated, which is likely a sign we need more data: theory so far seems unlikely to show us the way out. Unfortunately, CMB temperature data alone is probably insufficient to resolve the issue. Between WMAP and Planck, we have temperature maps of the whole sky that are as close to perfect as we can obtain. (Smaller-scale fluctuations are best studied by ground-based observatories like the Atacama Cosmology Telescope and the South Pole Telescope, which can do a better job for less money than orbiting probes.)
In other words, we need to look at something other than the power spectrum of the CMB. Some aspects of inflation could be measured from a particular polarization mode of the CMB. That mode is a very small signal, one that nobody has succeeded in isolating yet. High-precision measurements of the distribution of galaxies and galaxy clusters could also provide some hints about what's going on.
The first step, of course, is establishing whether the “axis of evil” is a sign of some new physics, interference from a foreground object, or just a statistical fluke. If the Universe is truly lopsided, then the problem is as significant as understanding dark energy. Unlike the dark energy problem, however, we're not yet certain there's a real problem. Yoho told Ars, "The general consensus in the field I'm sure would be that dark matter and dark energy are more pressing issues. But if it turned out that these large angle anomalies were due to primordial physics and not a statistical fluke or systematic errors (two big 'ifs', granted), the impact of the results would huge since there is no way for [the standard cosmological model] to account for that behavior. And that's the kind of thing that us theorists have a field day with."
Yoho continued, "It's common for people to use the statement 'if you look for problems in your data you will find them.' I personally find the existence of several different large angle anomalies to be a compelling reason to warrant further investigation. At this point, though, temperature data alone isn't going to give us any further insight…we need to look into other cosmological probes."
For good or evil, this observable Universe is all we have to study. Despite the paucity of data on the cosmos beyond our field of view, cosmologists are a crafty and resourceful bunch. We may need all that ingenuity in the face of a subtle Universe.


Although Thanksgiving celebrations are held in some way in many parts of the world, the celebrations in Canada and the United States date from roughly the same time period and have been influenced by many of the same cultural groups.
One of the biggest differences between the celebrations is the date. Canadians celebrate Thanksgiving on the second Monday in October and the celebrations usually last into the weekend. Generally, Canadian Thanksgiving falls on the Columbus Day holiday, which many Americans – particularly Italian-Americans – celebrate with parades.
However, prior to the 19th century, many Canadian provinces set their own date for Thanksgiving celebrations. In the early 1900s, many Canadians celebrated Thanksgiving in November but this date was changed following World War I since it fell too close to Remembrance Day (or Veterans Day) ceremonies. In 1957, Canada officially declared the second Monday in October for Thanksgiving celebrations.
Americans have celebrated Thanksgiving on the fourth Thursday in November since President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed a bill into law that changed the date that President Abraham Lincoln had assigned to Thanksgiving. Lincoln had chosen the final Thursday in November, which does not always fall on the fourth Thursday, in an effort to unite the northern and southern states following the Civil War. Roosevelt changed the date in an effort to give the country an economic lift during the Great Depression.
Canadian Thanksgiving traces its origins to Martin Frobisher, an English explorer who was trying to find a Northwest Passage. Upon arrival in Canada, he and his companions held a celebration to give thanks for a safe arrival after a difficult and dangerous journey.
As with most things in Canada, the French had an equal influence on the holiday. French explorer Samuel de Champlain led a group of French settlers to Canada in the 17th century who then held a great feast at the end of the successful harvest. There are even reports that they shared their food with the indigenous people of the area.
American Thanksgiving is generally believed to date from the Pilgrim harvest celebration in 1621. However, many researchers believe the first Thanksgiving was actually held by Spanish explorers in Florida in 1565. In 1619, settlers in the Virginia colony also held a feast to celebrate the anniversary of the settlement.
Canadians celebrate in much the same way that Americans do: feasts, parades, football, harvest decorations, travel, and time with family. Unlike most Americans, though, Canadians have no fixed day for the traditional Thanksgiving feast. Since the holiday falls on a Monday, Canadians serve up their feast Saturday, Sunday, or Monday, although most people hold their feast on Sunday.
Many Canadians roast a turkey and serve cranberry sauce, stuffing, potatoes, and pies for their Thanksgiving feast, although a baked ham might also be the featured dish.
FineCooking.com has some great recipes to give you a taste of what a traditional Thanksgiving feast is like in Canada. Here’s just a few to whet your appetite.