Canada’s Liquor Labelling Requirements Part 2
*Click here to read Pt. 1 of this article*
A beverage with alcohol by volume greater than 1.1% is considered an alcoholic beverage under the Food and Drug Regulations. The Regulations describe alcoholic beverages by their “common name” – which is another way of saying the category of liquor the beverage falls into (e.g. beer, wine, whisky).
The Regulations set out a “standard of identity or composition” for most alcoholic beverages. In more simple terms that means the government has defined the fundamental criteria: ingredients, method of production and characteristics, for the most common types of alcoholic beverages.
If an alcoholic beverage meets one of these standards then that “common name” must be used to describe the beverage if it has been imported, or is intended for interprovincial trade (most liquor in Canada falls into one of those two categories). If your brewery makes an alcoholic beverage that looks and tastes like beer – then it only makes sense that it should be labelled “beer”. The Regulations ensure that if a consumer picks up a can marked “beer” they have a pretty good idea of what is inside.
But what if you operate a distillery, and you make a unique product that is not easily classified? The Regulations can’t possibly contain definitions and classifications for every possible alcoholic beverage imaginable. In these instances alcoholic beverages that do not meet a prescribed standard must be labelled with the name by which the liquor is generally known, or “a name that describes the true nature of the product.”
Generic names such as “beverage”, “drink”, “cooler”, “spirit” or “liquor”, as appropriate, are accepted common names of alcoholic beverages that do not have a prescribed standard composition.
So what does all of this mean? For consumers the Regulations serve a valid purpose: when you walk into a liquor store and buy a bottle labelled “Irish Whisky” you expect that the whisky you are about to enjoy was distilled in Ireland. The Regulations are in place to ensure that is the case. Not only do the Regulations serve this informative purpose (some bottles are so decorative and heavily branded it can be tough to know what liquor is actually inside) but they also prevent less scrupulous manufacturers and distributors from holding out spirits as say “Bourbon Whisky” when the whisky inside is nothing of the sort.
Alcoholic beverages with compositional standards set out in the Regulations are also exempt from the requirement to show a list of ingredients, whereas unstandardized alcoholic beverages require a complete list of ingredients.
For example in Canada an alcoholic beverage is not permitted to use the common name “liqueur” if it contains cream as an ingredient, as cream is not permitted in the liqueur standard under the Regulations. This means despite colloquial references to Bailey’s as a liqueur, you’ll note that on the bottle it is actually described by the generic common name “Irish Cream Liquor”, and that a complete list of its ingredients appear on the back label. Pimms (a “gin based aperitif”) and Sake are other examples (in addition to a whole host of brightly coloured syrupy liquors) or spirits that don’t fit neatly into the established categories.
Even the world of beer is not safe from the long arm of the Regulations. The term “lager” raises another liquor labelling law peculiarity. Beer, which has a standard form under the Regulations may also be described by the common names “ale”, “stout” and “porter” (thus not requiring any further description) but not “lager.” Next time you’re at your local liquor store take a closer look at the beer cans on display and you’ll notice for example that Persephone Brewing Company’s Goddess Golden Ale can be sold without the word “beer” appearing on the can whereas Howe Sound’s “Lager” also contains the common name “beer” on the label.
Other useful(less) bits of liquor labelling trivia are as follows:
- The “common name” of the alcoholic beverage must appear on the label in English as well as French (unless the “common name” is one of the prescribed common names considered bilingual under the Regulations such as Bourbon or Aquavit).
- As mentioned in Part 1, alcoholic beverages are usually exempt from carrying a nutritional facts label. This exemption is lost in certain situations, such as when a “nutrient content” claim is made or when an unstandardized alcoholic beverage contains certain added sweeteners like sucralose or aspartame.
- Through long-established practice most consumers understand “light” in the context of beer to be a reference to lower alcohol content. Therefore unlike other nutritional claims, no further qualification of “light” is required on labels and in advertisements of those products provided that “light” is not used to refer to some other aspect or characterization of the product, and the percentage of alcohol by volume appears prominently on the principal display panel of the label. However “light” in relation to rum is treated differently. In the rum context “light” is recognized as a description of colouring and flavour, and the same exception to nutritional labelling requirements applies.
- The Food and Drug Regulations prohibit claims regarding the age of gin (unless the declaration refers exclusively to time the gin spent in “suitable containers”).
- Because the standard composition for vodka does not provide for the addition of sugar or other sweetening agents the description “dry” is potentially misleading and should be avoided.
- The Consumer Packaging and Labelling Regulations only requires a declaration of “geographic origin” rather than “country of origin” which is why in rums particularly you will see them described as “imported from the Caribbean” rather than a specific country.
As the craft beer and spirit industry in British Columbia continues to grow, the calls for more regulations (call them “restrictions” or “protections” – depending on your point of view) on the use of terms like “craft” or “micro brewery” are getting louder. Indeed we have already seen certain designations develop in the distilling sector, and wine in British Columbia has a well established regulatory regime in place. But is this always for the best? Is the reward of heavier government involvement worth the risk of too much restriction on innovation and creativity?
*Alcohol & Advocacy publishes articles for information purposes only. They are not a substitute for legal advice, and persons requiring such advice should consult legal counsel.


Freedom, Justice and Hope: Toward a Strategy for the Poor and the Oppressed
Westchester, Illinois: Crossway Books, 1988, 171 pp., incl. 30 pp. notes and index, $10.35)
The authors of this excellent little volume demonstrate that popular explanations for the world's poverty are not only inaccurate but destructive of efforts to produce wealth and well-being. It is simply not true, for instance, that Third World poverty is a result of the West's past exploitation. Those Third World countries that have done the best are precisely the ones that have had the most contact with the West; and those that have done poorly have had little, if any, Western contact.
It has been said that the only difference between the rich and the poor is that the rich have more money. On the contrary, poverty is not simply a lack of money or other resources. It has more to do with religious beliefs and cultural attitudes than with money or even education. Herbert Schlossberg argues this convincingly in his short analysis of P.T. Bauer, a respected British economist and critic of the standard development theories. Schlossberg concludes that "the expenditure of money does not achieve much unless it is accompanied by fundamental cultural and institutional changes . . . Commonly, people are poor because of cultural factors which they choose not to change" (p. 89).
The inhibiting cultural factors may be as simple as the absence of an orientation to the future, a belief in fate or the rule of malevolent spirits that must be appeased, or a belief that work itself is an undesirable activity. Common institutional factors inhibiting efforts to create wealth are arbitrary laws and an unstable political environment No person, no matter how well educated or well financed, is likely to establish a business and employ people if he or she believes that the state may at any time change the ground rules and confiscate the businesses property or imprison its owners.
This is the situation in much of the Third World, where communist dictators and one-party socialist oligarchies are out to force "new societies" on reluctant populations. In such unpredictable and ideologically bound environments, sustained commerce is not possible. What happens is that the size, reach, and grasp of the state increase. Bloated government bureaucracies swelled by incoming foreign aid, not business, are where the opportunities for money and advancement lie. Naturally, it is to government that the educated talent is attracted.
Why do poor nations continue to pursue policies that only deepen their poverty and their dependence on handouts from the rich? One reason, argues Clark Pinnock, is man's "pursuit of Utopia," a romantic ideal that needs no proof of its actually working. The Utopian ideal of an engineered, egalitarian society is invariably collectivism therefore its execution is socialist or communist. Unfortunately, because human beings don't live according to plan, coercion and often terror are required to start and maintain the ideal. When the dream dies—as it eventually must—all that is left is unrelenting force.
Pinnock's challenge is for us to face the incontrovertible facts: socialism is everywhere a failure because it "shackles the dynamic creativity of people which is the source of wealth creation, and replaces it with a vast bureaucracy which is notoriously inefficient" (p.77). Put simply, socialism goes against creational norms.
Mankind's true hope, says Marvin Olasky, is in the gospel of Jesus Christ, which frees us from guilt—a motivation guaranteed to poison and distort any analysis of poverty and wealth. The Biblical world-view is the corrective to the modern materialist mentality, which sees man's problems as rooted not in himself but in factors beyond his control (social status, economic arrangements, etc.) and to which he is forever the victim. In contrast to this enslaving notion, Christianity offers hope through a God who is above nature, not part of it, and who intervenes in history and directs it according to his purposes; through a human being who bears the image of God and is thus capable of giving shape to his environment rather than being shaped willy-nilly by it; and through an attitude to work that embraces work as valuable in itself.
Christians need to remember that economics is a moral science and that its restoration depends on man's obedience to God's commands. Olasky concludes:
Biblically, man is imprisoned not just by poverty but by deeper levels of alienation, imprisonment and enslavement The ultimate alienation is the alienation of man from God—which in turn affects everything else. This is not to deemphasize the economic. People need food...But Christ's goal is a total spiritual reorientation, which will then have out-workings in all areas of life. Emphasizing the material is an easy way out (P. 137)


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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia - View original article
|Myrtle Beach Air Force Base|
|Part of Tactical Air Command (TAC)|
|Myrtle Beach, South Carolina|
January 23, 1994
|Type||Air Force Base|
|Controlled by||United States Air Force|
|Battles/wars||World War II|
Operation Desert Storm
|Garrison||354th Tactical Fighter Wing|
|Myrtle Beach Air Force Base|
|Part of Tactical Air Command (TAC)|
|Myrtle Beach, South Carolina|
January 23, 1994
|Type||Air Force Base|
|Controlled by||United States Air Force|
|Battles/wars||World War II|
Operation Desert Storm
|Garrison||354th Tactical Fighter Wing|
Myrtle Beach Air Force Base is a closed United States Air Force facility, located in Myrtle Beach, South Carolina. It was established in 1940 as a World War II training base and was also used for coastal patrols during the war. After the war it was a front-line USAF base in the Cold War, Vietnam War, and the Persian Gulf War of 1990.
The base was closed in 1993 and is currently being redeveloped for civilian uses.
Myrtle Beach Air Force Base was named after the city of Myrtle Beach, South Carolina. Originally named Myrtle Beach Municipal Airport, it first opened in October 1937 as a civil airport. It was taken under United States Army Air Corps administration in June 1940. During World War II the facility was named Myrtle Beach General Bombing and Gunnery Range (March 24, 1942 – November 8, 1943); Myrtle Beach Army Air Field (November 8, 1943 – September 18, 1947), and lastly Myrtle Beach Air Force Base, effective September 18, 1947 after the establishment of the United States Air Force the previous day.
Reverted to civilian control on November 1, 1947, the USAF again took possession of the base on April 1, 1956. It was inactivated and returned to civilian control on March 31, 1993.
The very beginnings of a military air base at Myrtle Beach can be traced to a meeting of the Myrtle Beach Town Council on 16 October 1939. At that meeting the council agreed to purchase 135 acres (0.55 km2) for a municipal airport. At the next meeting, the Council named the new airport the Harrelson Municipal Airport in recognition of Mayor W. L. Harrelson's efforts in promoting the construction of an airport.
In 1940, the airport consisted of a grass strip on some cleared land. Benjamin M. Graham, a former mayor of the City of Myrtle Beach, made the War Department aware of the suitability of Myrtle Beach Airport and the area for a bombing and gunnery range so it might be incorporated into the National Defense Program. Later in the year federal funds, as part of the National Defense Program, were given to the town of Myrtle Beach to help construct two runways. Two runways were constructed, a main north-south (18/36) and a secondary east-west (26/30).
In June 1940, an agreement was made for the United States Army Air Corps to jointly administer the airport. Its initial role for the Air Service was a training facility for civilian pilots. The Civil Aeronautics Administration provided the City of Myrtle Beach $112,000 to improve the runways at Myrtle Beach Municipal Airport to train civilian pilots.
During June and July 1940 the first military unit, the 3d Observation Squadron arrived at the airport to conduct firing activities along the oceanfront and to map and photograph the entire area. The squadron departed on July 15. On November 1 the 105th Observation Squadron came for the same purpose and also used the beaches at Singleton's Wash for target practice. The 105th left on December 21, 1940. Another unit, the 112th Observation Squadron arrived in March 1941 and was assigned as the first permanent host unit, with the duty of furnishing camp equipment to whatever units might come to the Myrtle Beach area for gunnery practice.
In 1941, the United States Army Air Corps expressed interest in the use of the airport for pilot training, and additional funds were made available to lengthen and pave two runways, and the Works Progress Administration began work constructing the concrete runways.
With the pending entry of the United States into World War II, on November 21, 1941 The War Department acquired 6,709 acres (27.15 km2) of base land, including the Harrleston Municipal Airport, under the Second War Powers Act. On December 7 the 112th Observation Squadron returned to Myrtle Beach to defend the coastline after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. Civilian aviation was suspended and the town's Municipal Airport became Myrtle Beach General Bombing and Gunnery Range on March 24, 1942.
One officer and 188 men arrived in Myrtle Beach to operate the base. Many airfield improvements ensued and by May, the range covered 97,300 acres (394 km2) in Horry and Georgetown counties was operational. The facility was placed under the command of the Third Air Force and the 112th Observation Squadron host unit was redesignated as the 3rd AAF Bombing and Gunnery Range Squadron.
A great deal of construction took place as a result of the entry of the United States into World War II. Additional taxiways and hardstands for military aircraft were constructed. Over 114 buildings were built, and the entire area was connected by a network of access and secondary roads. Camouflage was applied to the runways, taxiways, hardstands, repair and parking aprons, and to most of the buildings.
It was a tremendously difficult job to create an air field out of the dense swamps and forests of the South Carolina lowlands. By the fall of 1942, that work was virtually complete and the newly constructed facility was opened on September 7, 1942. The 3rd AAF BGRSquadron was redesignated the 519th Base HQ and Air Base Squadron on March 30, 1943. On November 8, 1943, facility was renamed Myrtle Beach Army Air Field. It consisted of two bombing ranges and three gunnery ranges. A secondary airstrip in North Myrtle Beach, about 20 miles (30 km) north of the airfield known as Wampee Flight Strip (now Grand Strand Airport) was also under the operational control of Myrtle Beach Army Airfield beginning in 1942. Wampee was used as an auxiliary landing airfield.
The first unit assigned was the 323d Bombardment Group (Medium), which arrived on November 2, 1942 from MacDill AAF, Florida. The 323d trained with the B-26C Martin Marauder medium bomber. On April 25, 1943, the aircraft and flight crews deployed to RAF Horham, England, and in June 1943 the ground echelon of the 323d departed on the RMS Queen Elizabeth for combat duty in Europe.
On May 24, 1943, the 391st Bombardment Group (Medium) arrived at Myrtle Beach Field from MacDill AAF, Florida. After training with Martin B-26 Marauders, the group departed to Godman Field, Kentucky on September 4 for final training before movement overseas with Ninth Air Force in England.
On November 13, 1943, the 404th Fighter-Bomber Group took residence at Myrtle Beach AAF from Congaree AAF (now McEntire ANGB), Congaree, SC. Originally the 404th Bombardment Group (Dive), flying Douglas A-24A "Dauntless" dive bombers (The USAAF's version of the Navy SBD-4). At Myrtle Beach, the group transitioned to the Bell P-39 "Airacobra" pursuit fighter. By January the group was training on a variety of aircraft, having received fifty P39s and twelve Republic P-47 Thunderbolts. The 404th reached operational status on January 27, 1944. The unit was placed on overseas alert on January 20 and movement orders were received on January 30. The Ocean Forest Hotel in Myrtle Beach on February 22d held a final departure party for the unit, and on March 13, 1944 the 404th Fighter Bomber Group was ordered to proceed overseas via New York, arriving at RAF Winkton (Station 414), England, during March and April 1944.
Training continued at a rapid pace throughout the war. Foreign airmen also received training assigned to the 40th Aviation Squadron, which was a detachment of the Royal Netherlands Military Flying School, assigned to Jackson AAB, Mississippi. The "Flying Dutchmen" left an indelible impression on those who saw them fly in their B-25's.
Because of manpower shortages overseas, the Army changed the way it manned and organized the support units reporting to it. All existing AAF units that were not scheduled to move overseas were disbanded in April and May 1944 and replaced by Army Air Forces Base Units. At Myrtle Beach this meant that the 519th HQ Sq, the 40th Aviation Sq. and the 304th Fighter Squadron were consolidated and redesignated as the 351st AAF Base Unit on May 1, 1944 and later the 136th AAF Base Unit when Myrtle Beach AAF was allocated to First Air Force on February 1, 1945.
During 1944 and 1945 activities at Myrtle Beach AAF were expanded into performing coastal patrols over the Atlantic, monitoring for German U-Boat activity, and in the spring of 1945, a rocket testing range was established on the field. In November 1944, a German prisoner of war camp was opened on the base, first near Cane Patch Swash, then on base. Prisoners provided upkeep for the facility.
After the end of World War II, the Army Air Force planned to retain Myrtle Beach AAF as an active facility. The base's mission becomes recruitment and support of activities for units that camp on base and trained for airlifts. The field was initially assigned to Air Defense Command on March 27, 1946, and the host unit was redesignated the 317th AAF Base Unit. Tactical Air Command assumed organizational assignment of the field on April 1.
On October 5, 1945 the 410th Bombardment Group arrived from France. The group's squadrons of Douglas A-20G and A-20J Havoc light bombers were flown west to the 4105th Army Air Force Base Unit at Davis-Monthan AAF Arizona for disposal after the group's inactivation on November 7.
On September 13, 1946, the 77th Fighter Squadron moved to Myrtle Beach from Biggs Field in El Paso, Texas, flying P-51 "Mustangs". However the stay of the 77th FS was brief, moving to Shaw Field, South Carolina on October 5.
The 617th Bombardment Squadron (Composite) was briefly assigned to MBAAF on February 1, 1947, flying B-25 "Mitchell" bombers and P-47 "Thunderbolts, along with a radar control unit, the 607th Aircraft Control & Warning Squadron (AC & W) on January 13. The 617th was inactivated on July 1 and the 607th on October 28, 1947.
In the spring of 1947, budgetary cutbacks forced the closure of Myrtle Beach Army Airfield. Most military operations ceased and all of the field's support facilities were closed and turned over to civilian authorities on November 1, 1947.
The 317th AAF Base Unit, (Redesignated the 317th Air Force Base Unit on September 20) however, retained a minimal presence on the airfield. The facility was renamed Myrtle Beach Air Force Base by the newly established United States Air Force on January 13, 1948. The USAF maintained a presence on the base to facilitate its final closure until the unit's final inactivation on August 5, 1948.
With the departure of the USAF, the airfield was renamed Myrtle Beach Municipal Airport and was operated as a civilian airport for the Grand Strand area. The wartime buildings were declared as surplus property and put up for sale. The former military technical and communal sites found uses as a turkey farm and a minor league baseball spring training camp for the Boston Braves.
With the outbreak of the Cold War and the expansion of the USAF as a result of the Korean War, the City of Myrtle Beach was vitally interested in obtaining an active Air Force Base.
City officials sent a letter to Headquarters, USAF on May 8, 1954 offering to donate the Myrtle Beach Municipal Airport to the Air Force. A survey was made by USAF personnel of the former Army Air Field and the offer was accepted on June 1. The Air Force notified the town that funds for the rehabilitation and expansion of the facility would be forthcoming by the end of the year.
The USAF re-established its presence in Myrtle Beach on September 27, 1954, with TAC activating the 727th Aircraft Control & Warning Squadron. a mobile radar squadron assigned to the 507th Tactical Control Group at Shaw AFB at the new base. The 727th used AN/MPS-11, AN/MPS-14 and AN/MPS-16 radars providing local air defense over the Grand Strand. In addition to the radars at Myrtle Beach, the squadron operated a detachment at Seymour Johnson AFB, North Carolina in 1964-1965.
The squadron remained at Myrtle Beach AFB until being moved to Alaska in early 1965.
The base was assigned to Tactical Air Command, and plans were made to make the base ready by the end of 1956, with operational status to be restored by mid-1957 with combat units assigned there. However, these initial plans were not completed on schedule, with construction delayed until 1956.
Delays were caused by several controversies. One was a controversy by the CAA, the Air Force and the town over use of the base by civilian aircraft. In October 1954 an agreement was reached. Civilian planes with two-way radios would be permitted to use the base.
Another issue was caused by difficulties in transferring six plots of land, formerly leased by the government, to the Air Force. It was not until December 1954 that this was worked out successfully.
The worst complication of all was the desire of the Air Force to purchase 27 acres (110,000 m2) of beach property from the State of South Carolina on the east side of U.S. Route 17, directly across from the base for use as a recreational area for the Airmen to be stationed at the base. This was deemed necessary by the Air Force due to the Jim Crow laws in effect at the time, which prohibited African Americans from using the beach areas. By having the Air Force own the beachfront property, this would place the land under Federal Ownership and exempt it from the state segregation laws. The state of South Carolina strongly objected to this and it was only the threat by the Department of Defense to withdraw from the project in its entirety that the state relented. An arrangement was made by the State of South Carolina to transfer the land to the State Parks Commission and establish Myrtle Beach State Park, and allow all military personnel and their families access to it and the beach area within the park. Thus, the dispute was settled.
In June 1955, Colonel Robert G. Emmens was assigned to supervise the construction efforts at Myrtle Beach. Col. Emmens also assumed the role of Liaison Officer with both Ninth Air Force and HQ, TAC. During his supervision, construction was performed at a rapid pace.
Due to the deterioration of many of the wartime buildings on the east side of the main runway, the former Army Air Force facility was considered unusable and forced a completely new Air Force Base to be constructed on the west side. The old wartime buildings were demolished, leaving the concrete wartime taxiways and hardstands for possible later use if necessary.
A new jet aircraft capable north-south runway of 9,500 feet (2,900 m) was overlaid on the former main runway, and the secondary east-west runway was converted to a taxiway. A large aircraft parking ramp was poured, along with the construction of several maintenance hangars, a control tower, fire station and other support buildings along the new flightline of the Air Base. In addition, warehouses, barracks, a dining hall, and other necessary support buildings were erected along a new base street grid to the west of the new runway. The initial construction cost of Myrtle Beach Air Force Base was $14,449,937.
Work proceeded smoothly and it was possible to activate the 4434th Air Base Squadron as a "housekeeping" unit on April 9, 1956. The 4434th was commanded by Colonel Emmens. Although the initial construction was completed to bring the base to an operational state, ongoing construction, including a large base hospital, service clubs, commissary, a large base exchange, family housing and other support, but non-essential facilities, continued into the early 1960s.
On July 25, 1956, the 342d Fighter Day Wing with three squadrons (33rd, 572nd and 573rd) was activated along with the 342d Air Base Group. The Wing Commander was also Colonel Emmens. In addition to the 342 FDW, the 455th Fighter-Day Group was activated with the 740th, 741st and 742d Fighter-Day Squadrons.
The total manpower force of the 342 FDW at the time of its activation was 20 Officers, 1 Warrant Officer and 241 enlisted men. Aircraft assigned to the 342 FDW were 5 RF-80A's, 2 T-33A's, 1 SA-16A, 1 H-19B, 2 C-45's and 2 B-25's. These aircraft were considered to be at Myrtle Beach on an interim status, as North American Aircraft established a training facility on November 18, 1956 for F-100 orientation.
On September 10, 1956, the 342 FDW received a new commander, Colonel Francis S. Gabreski. Colonel Emmens assumed the role of Deputy Base Commander at that time.
The new Myrtle Beach Air Force Base was dedicated on December 7, 1956, however construction of major support facilities, including the base housing complex was not completed until 1960.
The 342 FDW's mission was officially that of a fully functional fighter-day wing. In reality, the efforts and activities of the 342 FDW were directed to reach operational capabilities by overcoming the problems and obstacles inherent in the activation of a new fighter wing on a base sill largely under construction.
Close liaison was maintained between units at Shaw AFB, SC for many activities. There were regularly scheduled truck convoys between Shaw and Myrtle Beach during the Wing's development.
The 342 FDW lasted 117 days until November 18, 1956. On November 19, the Air Force redesignated the unit as the 354th Fighter-Day Wing. At the same time, the 455th Fighter-Day Group and its associated FDS's were inactivated. The 342d Fighter-Day Group's fighter squadrons were redesignated the 353d, 355th and the 356th Fighter-Day Squadrons. The non-flying support elements of the wing were consolidated into the 354th Air Base Group. The history, battle honors and colors earned during World War II by the 354th Fighter Group were bestowed on the new Fighter Wing and subordinate groups and squadrons.
During the tenure of the 342d FDW, great strides had been made in organizational development of the wing. The total manpower force of the 354th FDW at the time of its activation was 84 Officers, 3 Warrant Officers and 911 enlisted men.
The Vietnam War drained the 354 TFW at Myrtle Beach, starting in 1965 with its flying squadrons and support personnel being deployed for several years to Spain, Japan, South Korea and South Vietnam. The 354th's first assignments to Vietnam started in July 1965 with the deployment of a sentry dog unit.
This practice of stripping away squadrons and aircraft from their home units and attaching them indefinitely to another wing was a common practice during the 1960s as squadrons (and replacement aircraft) were deployed to support Vietnam.
After having its fighter squadrons stripped away, the 354 TFW itself would be reassigned to South Korea, with Myrtle Beach AFB being manned by Air National Guard aircraft and personnel for several years. It was not until 1970, with the drawdown from Vietnam that the 354th TFW would be re-formed back at Myrtle Beach AFB.
The 352d Tactical Fighter Squadron was deployed and permanently reassigned to the 366th Tactical Fighter Wing at Phan Rang Air Base, South Vietnam on August 15, 1966. The squadron was inactivated permanently on July 31, 1971 as part of the American drawdown in Vietnam.
The 353d Tactical Fighter Squadron was deployed and permanently reassigned to the 401st Tactical Fighter Wing at Torrejon Air Force Base, Spain on April 27, 1966. On July 15, 1971 the 363 TFS was inactivated and reassigned without equipment or personnel to the 354 TFW at Myrtle Beach AFB.
The 356th Tactical Fighter Squadron was deployed to Misawa AB, Japan on March 16, 1965. At Misawa, it was attached to the 39th Air Division, whose mission was to support Misawa, Taegu AB and Kusan AB in South Korea which all had just been reactivated.
On February 3, 1968 the 355th Tactical Fighter Squadron was deployed to support the 37th Tactical Fighter Wing at Phu Cat Air Base, South Vietnam on February 3, 1968 for five months Temporary Duty (TDY). On November 1, 1970, the 355 TFS was reactivated at Myrtle Beach AFB, SC as part of the 354 TFW. along with the blackcat sqd.
On July 1, 1968 the 354 TFW was reactivated without personnel or equipment and assigned as the permanent host unit at Kunsan Air Base, South Korea. The 354 relieved the temporarily deployed 4th Tactical Fighter Wing in a name-only re-designation.
With the 355 TFS's deployment, the 354 TFW was reduced to a "paper" organization. On April 1, 1968, the mobilized 113th Tactical Fighter Wing of the DC ANG was activated as the host unit at Myrtle Beach AFB. The 113 TFW absorbed the remaining resources of the 354 TFW. On August 25 the 113th Combat Support Group absorbed the assets of the 354th Combat Support Group. Flying units of the 113 TFW were the 121st Tactical Fighter Squadron from Andrews AFB, and the 119th Tactical Fighter Squadron from the 177th Tactical Fighter Group of the NJ Air National Guard, based at Atlantic City International Airport. Both squadrons were equipped with F-100C's.
In July 1968, activated ANG personnel from the 113 TFW were deployed to Phu Cat AB, RVN, replacing the personnel of the deployed 355 TFS who returned to Myrtle Beach AFB. The returning personnel were assigned to the 113 TFW as active duty members of the wing.
With the end of the activation of the Air National Guard 119th TFW on May 27, 1969, the 4554th Tactical Fighter Wing was designated as the host unit. Returned F-100 aircraft and aircrew from the 355th TFS at Phu Cat AB, South Vietnam were formed into the 4430th Combat Crew Training Squadron on March 1, 1969. The support element was designated the 4554th Combat Support Group.
On June 14, 1970, the 354 TFW at Kusan was inactivated with the new 54th Tactical Fighter Wing being activated in place. The 16th and 478th TFSs were transferred and attached to the 54th.
The 354th Tactical Fighter Wing was reactivated (without personnel or equipment) at Myrtle Beach AFB, SC on June 15, 1970.
On June 15, 1970, the 354 TFW was reactivated and absorbed the resources of the 4554 TFW at Myrtle Beach AFB, SC. The 4554th CSG was redesignated the 354th Combat Support Group. The 4430th Combat Crew Training Squadron was inactivated and the flying assets assigned to the 511th Tactical Fighter Squadron.
The 354 TFW was charged with combat crew training in T-33s and with becoming proficient in A-7D aircraft, with the first aircraft arriving in November 1970
However, the reunited 354 TFW did not remain long at Myrtle Beach AFB. In September 1972 the wing split into rear and advance echelons. The 353 and 355 TFSs deployed 72 A-7D's to Korat Royal Thai AFB, Thailand, while the 356 TFS remained at Myrtle Beach. This was the first combat deployment of the A-7D into Southeast Asia. This operation was known as Constant Guard VI.
The last shot fired in anger by United States military forces in Southeast Asia was fired by an A-7D of the deployed 353 TFS assigned to Korat RTAFB on August 15, 1973. In October the wing rotated personnel at Korat once again, but with the establishment of the 3 TFS in Thailand and the end of American combat in Southeast Asia, the mission of the 354th was ended. Some additional aircraft and equipment were transferred to the 388 TFW, and on May 23, 1974 the wing returned from Thailand and was recombined at Myrtle Beach AFB.
On February 1, 1974, the 354th began a 15-month deployment to Howard AFB in the Panama Canal Zone to support operation "Coronet Cove". This entailed rotating a contingent of aircraft, aircrews and maintenance technicians to Panama on 45-day cycles to provide close air support for US Army training exercises for the air defense of the Panama Canal.
In April 1974, A-7D's were deployed from Myrtle Beach to Barbers Point Naval Air Station, Hawaii, for exercises with Army and Marine units. Also T-33A aircraft were deployed to McConnell AFB, Kansas, to support the USAF Tactical Air Weapons Center's comparative flight evaluation of the A-7D and the A-10A aircraft.
A phaseout of the A-7D at Myrtle Beach AFB started in the summer of 1974, with the A-7D's being transferred to Air National Guard units. These transfers continued until 1978, when the last A-7D was sent to the South Carolina ANG. In addition, the T-33's and VT-29 of the inactivated 4554th were retired and sent to AMARC in 1976. The former Myrtle Beach A-7D's continued service in the Air National Guard until the late 1980s, with the last at Rickenbacker ANGB (Ohio), Des Moines (Iowa), Tulsa (Oklahoma) and Springfield (Ohio) being replaced by the F-16 by mid-1993. By the end of 1998, all were disposed of by AMARC.
The 354th converted to A-10A aircraft in 1977, with the 354th being the first operational A-10A wing in the USAF, achieving initial combat readiness with the Thunderbolt II during the summer of 1978.
With the A-10 aircraft, the 354th returned to its pre-Vietnam era NATO commitment, deploying aircraft and personnel to Europe supporting the COMET, CORONET and CRESTED CAP exercises. These deployments were designed to exercise CONUS based Air Force squadrons long range deployment capabilities and to familiarize the personnel with the European theatre of operations.
In 1980, the 354th was allocated to President Jimmy Carter's Rapid Deployment Force, formally known as the Rapid Deployment Joint Task Force (RDJTF). In 1983 the RDJTF became a separate unified command known as the U.S. Central Command (CENTCOM), focusing on the Middle East.
Within CENTCOM, The 354th was assigned to the United States Central Command Air Forces (USCENTAF). Starting in 1985, the 354th's A-10 aircraft and personnel were deployed to Cairo West AB, Egypt for BRIGHT STAR exercises. BRIGHT STAR deployments also occurred in 1987 and 1989 from Myrtle Beach AFB.
With the outbreak of the Kuwait crisis in August 1990, Myrtle Beach AFB deployed the 353 and 355 TFS on August 15, 1990 to King Fahd International Airport, near Dammam, Saudi Arabia. At the time of the deployment, King Fhad was under construction. At King Fahd, the The 354 TFW (Provisional) was formed. The 354 TFW was one of the first USAF units deployed to the Persian Gulf for Operation Desert Shield.
During Operation Desert Storm, aircraft assigned to the 354th initially flew against early-warning radar and Scud missile sites, as well as search-and-rescue missions of downed coalition pilots. When the ground attack began in late February 1991, the 354th performed its ground support mission, inflicting heavy damage to Iraqi armor and artillery emplacements, as well as cutting off enemy supply lines. The 354th returned home from the Gulf on March 25, 1991
After the end of the Cold War, reductions in defense spending led to the military reducing the size of the armed forces, and the number of facilities both in the United States as well as overseas. In July 1991, the Base Realignment and Closure Commission recommended the closure of Myrtle Beach Air Force Base and that the Air Force redistribute all aircraft to modernize other Active and Reserve Component units.
Rumors regarding the closure of Myrtle Beach AFB had surfaced since the end of the Vietnam War in 1973, however strong congressional pressure by longtime Senators Strom Thurmond and Ernest Hollings led to the base being kept open. By 1990, it was believed that the Air Force had five more tactical bases than needed to support the number of fighter aircraft in the revised DoD Force Structure Plan. In evaluating Air Force tactical fighter bases, Myrtle Beach AFB had issues regarding the encroachment of the urbanized area of the Grand Strand, and being a relatively small base, did not have the capability of being expanded to perform additional missions.
BRAC also recommended the inactivation of the 354th Tactical Fighter Wing.
In response, the City of Myrtle Beach argued that Myrtle Beach AFB was incorrectly downgraded for ground encroachment and that the weather does not downgrade the base's ability to meet its mission. The community also noted that the base was recently identified as one of the best in the Air Force and has the potential to house a composite wing, which was not considered by the Air Force. It also argued that the closure of Myrtle Beach AFB was an example of the Air Force's failure to consider providing close-air support to the Army.
These objections were reviewed by the BRAC committee but were ultimately rejected. The disposition of the A-10 aircraft was as follows:
The 354th Fighter Wing and all supporting groups and squadrons were inactivated on March 31, 1993. Myrtle Beach AFB was closed as scheduled, ending military control over the facility.
On August 20, 1993, the 354th Fighter Wing was re-activated at Eielson AFB, Alaska, with a new mission and organization. No personnel or equipment were affected by the change. This change was part of a service-wide effort to preserve the lineage of the Air Force's most honored wings. The 353d and 355th Fighter Squadrons were also reactivated at Eielson.
With the closure of the facility by the Air Force in 1993, the City of Myrtle Beach and Horry County spent the better part of a decade at loggerheads over what to do with the former Myrtle Beach Air Force Base.
The Air Force divided the land among the Air Force Base Redevelopment Authority, Santee Cooper, Myrtle Beach, the Myrtle Beach International Airport, the Horry County Red Cross, the Cathedral Bible College and Horry-Georgetown Technical College. Some of these transfers were through sales, some through land swaps and some through a program called public-benefit conveyance.
In November 1993, the State of South Carolina received 1,545 acres (6.25 km2) of the former air base in a land swap with the federal government. Timberland Properties Inc. obtained the option to develop a theme park on most of that land. The state in return gave land in Sumter next to Shaw Air Force Base. During the summer of 1994 the Myrtle Beach Air Base Redevelopment Authority was formed.
In 1995 Timberland Properties Inc., exercised its option to buy the more than 900 acres (3.6 km2) from Santee Cooper to build a theme park called Isle of America. However in 1997 TPI defaulted on its contract by not starting construction of its theme park and subsequently declared bankruptcy.
During 1998 the Myrtle Beach Air Base Redevelopment Authority unveiled plans for an urban village. In 1999 Santee Cooper named a developer for the land. WBLC paid $20.1 million and had four months to complete the deal. In 2000 Coastal Arena LLC announced plans to build an arena. Later, the city balked at a request for tax rebates, and the plan fell apart.
In 2001, the Air Force Base Housing was made available to the public, units being sold through Coldwell Banker, or rented through beach property management, both of which have offices on-site. This new subdivision was officially named Seagate.
Finally, in 2004 an agreement was reached that would allow Myrtle Beach International Airport, which assumed control over the runway of the former AFB, to expand and build a second runway and supporting facilities. Besides the main runway, old taxiways and hardstands from the 1940s World War II Army Airfield survive unused. The USAF flightline ramp, hangars, control tower, maintenance shops and other operational assets are used for various civil aircraft purposes.
In 2004, two developers announced intentions to create large neighborhoods on the base. Lennar Corp. purchased land on the Ross Tract and McCaffery Interests and announced plans to create the urban village on 113 acres (0.46 km2) of the base to be known as Market Common. In 2006 RWO Acquisitions purchased 560 acres (2.3 km2) of the Ross Tract and announced plans for retail, offices, hotels and neotraditional housing.
In April 2008, the Market Common development opened bringing a new movie theater, grocery store and many other shops and restaurants. Essentially all property on the former Air Force Base has been conveyed by deed or is under lease by private owners. Townhouses, lakes, small stores and a large multi-screen cinema have been built on the former base, giving a small town atmosphere to the area. Many new developments have been built along the main road though the former base, a large park and recreational area.
Scattered through the development are about 150 permanent signs along parks, bike paths and walkways on the base, detailing the contributions of those who served at Myrtle Beach AFB during its history. The markers provide visual pictures of what Air Force buildings were located there; the people who were involved, and the history of the base. Also, a kiosk was erected that contains maps to the historical markers and brochures about the history of the base.
The remainder of the ground station has largely been redeveloped, with only a few former military buildings remaining. The flight line, hangars, and the former base operations control tower are being used for general aviation operations across from Myrtle Beach International Airport. Some buildings have been converted to civil uses, such as the former Flight Simulator building now a television station and a branch of Horry Georgetown Technical College being developed from the former NCO Club and Base Hospital. The large Base Supply warehouse remains, the former Base Chapel is now a private church, and some scattered buildings are either being reused by new owners (Kwik Pic), or abandoned and awaiting demolition (Rec Center) and that land redeveloped.
An F-100D, A-7D and an A-10A, formerly assigned to the 354th Tactical Fighter Wing are preserved and on display in a memorial park (Warrior Park) located near the former main entrance to the base. Warrior Park contains a Wall of Honor to those Airmen who were assigned to the base, with many names inscribed on the wall. There is a walking trail in the park with many informational markers about the 354th TFW and the World War II 354th Fighter Group along with a State of South Carolina historical marker.
Its military use over, the former Cold War Air Force base now serves the public as a 21st-century place of commerce and living for future generations.
References for history introduction, major commands and major units
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Myrtle Beach Air Force Base.|


Abraham is acknowledged by over half the world’s population as the Father of Faith; Christians, Jews, and Muslims of course, but several of the world smaller religions too, such as Yazidism, Bahai-ism and Rastafarianism. Abraham is one of the most important people in history and yet most of us hold to a very flat and unrealistic images of him. I find myself imagining a lonely nomad wondering the desserts in richly coloured nightwear with a community of extended family and servants, a few camels and a flock of sheep.
But then you read about how Abraham rallies 318 of him fittest men to pursue, and defeat the armies of four kings. Four kings with an army that had just trashed five city states and where trafficking their inhabitants North and into slavery. Abraham’s nephew Lot was a captive. So clearly my image of Abraham is too cosy.
If Abraham had 318 fighting men then he was head of a community, a household of well over 1000 people with many thousands of of sheep and goats.
In modern terms we could think about Abraham as the CEO of an SME (Small to Medium Enterprise), Abraham’s household was not a nuclear affair, it was a complex wealth creating venture that could both threaten and bless the settled communities it dealt with. Abraham had to negotiate cross border deals and the rights to natural resources with a range of different officials and cultures, Genesis 23:3-20.
Interestingly the English word “economics” comes from the Greek word “oikonomia” which means a “household”, because large households where the Limited Companies of the ancient world. They where the building blocks that created the commercial success of a region.
So how does thinking about Abraham as the owner/director of a significant company change what we understand about him?
Well first we need to lose the idea of Abraham leading a simple life sitting by dessert streams watching his sheep. Every day would be busy, and Abraham had responsibilities for every layer of the lives of those who worked for him, from wages to worker disputes to even to marital arrangements.
So when Abraham took time to seek The Lord or to offer sacrifices, it wasn’t from a place of indulged interest in spiritual things. It was a necessity to make good decisions on behalf of large community of dependents.
Now that community would have been pluralistic, reflecting worship practices and deities from the various cultures Abraham had collected people from. Abraham had to create a spiritual environment that protected and was healthy for everybody, while at the same time following the very precise and sometimes counter-intuitive requirements of the God who had called him.
As we look at Abraham through the lens of business executive we find all sorts of examples and models that can be applied by and for those called to lead and direct commercial enterprises in the modern world.
We see Abraham interceding for a parallel and to a degree symbiotic industry, Genesis 18:23-33. You see archaeology has shown us that Sodom grew rich by harvesting and exporting the bitumen that bubbled up to the surface of the Dead Sea in bronze age.
Abraham had to trade in an immoral environment, which meant that to increase his work force he sometimes had to buy slaves from the nations around him. But when he did, Abraham was to include them in the mission, promise and family God was building through him, see. Genesis 17:13.
Fundamentally Abraham was tasked with blessing others as God blessed him, Genesis 12:3. Commerce done the right way always blesses the communities is both serves and relies on.
It is my conviction that if the modern/western world is going to rediscover business as blessing rather than as just control and power, it will need a multitude of SMEs led by CEOs who walk in and with the Faith of Abraham. A new generation of Rowntrees, Cadbury’s Samuel Lloyds and the like.by


THE FIRST INSTRUMENTS we now call digital pianos were specialized versions of the synthesizers of the day (early 1980s). These synthesizers were capable of producing a staggering array of sounds, and allowed the player to exercise control over many details of those sounds. A standard feature of many synthesizers was the ability to produce the sounds of pianos and other conventional instruments, which led to the spin-off we now call the digital piano.
The first digital pianos retained some of the other capabilities of their parent instruments by including a few preset voices besides that of the acoustic piano. It wasn't long before subsequent models appeared with expanded voice capabilities, reverberation effects, background accompaniments, the ability to connect to other digital instruments and computers, and much more. In this article we'll look at each of these categories of "extras," what they do, and how they might enhance your musical experience.
The designers of the first digital pianos correctly assumed that someone who needed the sound of an acoustic piano would probably benefit from a handful of related voices, such as the harpsichord, an organ sound or two, the very different but highly useful sounds of such electric pianos as the Fender Rhodes, and so on. To this day, even the most basic digital pianos feature voice lists very similar to those of the original models. What's changed over the years is the quality or authenticity of those voices, and the cost of producing them.
So far, in Part 1 of this article, I have discussed only samples of acoustic pianos. For most models of digital piano, the same sampling technology is used to reproduce the sound of other acoustic instruments. Typically, an expanded selection of high-quality instrumental samples is found in only the more expensive models. Remember that, depending on the sample rate used, samples may be more or less accurate representations of the original voice. Because manufacturers almost never reveal these sample rates, our ears must judge the relative quality of the voices of the digital piano models we're comparing.
Note that many manufacturers have trademarked their names for a particular sampling technology or other aspect of an instrument. The important thing to remember about trademarks is that while the trademarked name is unique, the underlying technology may be essentially the same as everyone else's. For instance, the generic term for digital sampling, discussed in Part 1, is Pulse Code Modulation, or PCM. But a manufacturer may call their PCM samples UltraHyperDynoMorphic II Sampling, and rightly claim to make the only product on the market using it. However, that makes it only a unique name, not necessarily a unique technology.
Layering—the ability to have one key play two or more voices at the same time—is available on virtually all digital pianos. Some combinations, such as Piano and Strings, are commonly preset as a single voice selection. On many instruments, it's possible to select the voices you'd like to combine. This is frequently as simple as pressing the selection buttons for the two voices you want to layer. Once these are selected, many instruments then allow you to control the two voices' relative volumes. Using the popular Piano and Strings combination as an example, you may want the two voices to play with equal volume, or you may want the Piano voice to be the dominant sound, with just a hint of Strings. Other possible settings include the ability to set the apparent positions of the individual voices in the left-right stereo field—with Strings, say, predominantly on the left. The most advanced instruments make it possible to have only one voice's dynamics respond to your touch on the keyboard, while the other voice responds to a separate volume pedal (this is described in greater detail under "Other Controls").
The other commonly available voice option is splitting. Whereas layering provides the ability to play two voices with one key, splitting lets you play one voice on the right side of the keyboard, and a different voice on the left side—for instance, piano on the right and string bass on the left. This essentially lets the instrument behave as though it had two keyboards playing two different voices. The split point is the point in the keyboard where the right and left voices meet. While this split point has a default setting, it can also be moved to provide more playing room for one voice or the other. As with layered voices, there may be preset combinations, but you can also set up your own voice pairings; typically, additional options are available to vary relative volume levels and other settings between the two voices.
SPRING 2010 -- page 135
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Hybrid & Player Pianos
New-Piano Buyers’ Reference


Chicago State University
|Chicago State University|
|Established||September 2, 1867|
|President||Dr. Wayne Watson|
|Location||Chicago, Illinois, USA
|Colors||Evergreen and white|
|Athletics||NCAA Division I|
|Affiliations||Great West Conference|
Cook County Normal School was founded in 1867, largely through the initiative of John F. Eberhart, the Commissioner of Schools for Cook County. Eberhart noted that Cook County schools lagged far behind their counterparts in the city of Chicago, especially in terms of the quality and competence of instructors. He convinced the County Commissioners to hold a teacher training institute in April 1860; its success convinced the commissioners of the need for a permanent school to educate teachers. In March 1867 the Cook County Board of Supervisors created a Normal school at Blue Island on a two-year experimental basis. Daniel S. Wentworth was the first principal.
In 1869, the school opened as a permanent institution in Englewood, then a village far beyond the outskirts of Chicago. After Wentworth died in 1883, he was replaced by Colonel Francis Wayland Parker, a towering figure in the history of American education. Parker was an educational innovator who helped construct the philosophy of progressive education, which has decisively shaped American schooling over the past century. Dedicated to the proposition that the nature and interests of the child should determine curricular decisions, not vice-versa, progressive reformers from the 1890s forward tried to banish what they saw as oppressive and authoritarian standards of instruction. Parker urged teachers to grant pupils the freedom to learn from their environment, to let curiosity rather than rewards or punishments provide their motivation, and to advance American democracy by democratizing their classrooms. John Dewey wrote in The New Republic in 1930 that Parker, "more nearly than any other one person, was the father of the progressive educational movement."” Parker believed that education was the cornerstone of a democracy, and that to achieve this end rote memorization should be replaced with exploration of the environment. Parker's Talks on Pedagogics preceded Dewey's own School and Society by five years, and it is one of the foundational texts in the progressive movement.
By the 1890s, Cook County was unable to provide the requisite support for its Normal School. Since many graduates found employment in the Chicago Public Schools system, it was natural that the city would take over, though initially it was very resistant to the idea. In 1897 the Chicago Board of Education assumed responsibility for what was now the Chicago Normal School. Shortly thereafter, Francis W. Parker, the school's renowned principal, resigned after the Board failed to implement the recommendations of a school system commission headed by William Rainey Harper of the University of Chicago. Harper suggested raising the standards for admission to the Normal School, increasing the total number of teachers trained, and strengthening oversight of graduates once they were working in the public schools.
Parker was replaced by Arnold Tompkins. Tompkins was an Indiana Hegelian who introduced key reforms that helped mold the institution's philosophy. Tompkins declared his dissatisfaction with the practice school then used as a laboratory for student-teachers. He wanted instructors to gain real world experience in Chicago's public schools, and he encouraged their placement in poor, immigrant communities. From that point forward, the school would be characterized not just by its innovative pedagogical practices, but also by its commitment to expanding opportunity to underserved sectors of society.
Tompkins was succeeded as president by Ella Flagg Young, a pioneering educator in her own right. Young received a PhD under John Dewey at the University of Chicago, and after leaving Chicago Normal School served as Superintendent of the Chicago Public Schools system. She attempted to expand the curriculum to three years, but was stymied by the Board of Education. After Young left to become Superintendent in 1909, William Bishop Owen became Principal of CNS.
In 1913, the school was renamed Chicago Normal College, with higher admissions standards and several new buildings gradually added to the campus. In 1926, the College moved to a three-year curriculum, with heavier emphasis placed on traditional academic subjects as opposed to pedagogy. The school was an increasingly attractive educational avenue for Chicago's immigrant communities, who could get inexpensive preliminary schooling before transferring to a university. However, when the Great Depression began in 1929, severe budget shortages forced the College to curtail its operations, and almost eventuated in its closing. In 1932, the Board of Education budget shrank by $12 million. To many, an obvious strategy for economizing was to close the Normal College, since there were no positions in the school system for trained teachers anyway.
The faculty and students campaigned vigorously to keep the College open. Pep rallies, publications, and the efforts of immigrant communities were all part of the mobilization in favor of continued operations. As the economy stabilized, the threat to dissolve the College receded, though it did not disappear. Meanwhile, interest in the school rose, as financial destitution forced many Chicago-area students to forgo residential institutions elsewhere for a commuter campus closer to home.
In 1938, the school again changed its name, this time to Chicago Teachers College to reflect the recent adoption of a four-year curriculum. President John A. Bartky had ambitious plans for invigorating instruction through a new commitment to the liberal arts and a doubling of the time devoted to practice teaching. In addition, a Master of Education degree was offered for the first time. However, Bartky's reforms were interrupted by the outbreak of World War II, which depleted the faculty and student body alike. Bartky himself enlisted in the Navy in 1942, and never returned to the college. In his absence, the Chicago Board of Education reversed most of his curricular innovations.
After the war ended, Raymond Mack Cook was hired as Dean. Cook's primary achievement was to convince the state of Illinois to take over funding of the College. The city was no longer able to fund the institution adequately, and in 1951 Governor Adlai Stevenson signed legislation that reimbursed the Board of Education for its operating expenses on a permanent basis. In 1965, Cook succeeded in convincing the state take responsibility for the College entirely.
As the demographic composition of the south side of Chicago changed, increasing numbers of African-American students began to attend the College. By the 1950s, nearly 30% of the student body was black. At the same time, three branches of Chicago Teachers College opened elsewhere in the city; these eventually became Northeastern Illinois University. During these years Chicago Teachers College and its branches educated a preponderance of the students who became Chicago Public School system teachers.
Once the state of Illinois took over control of the institution, the student body and programs offered rapidly expanded. The college experienced two more name changes, becoming Chicago State College in 1967 and Chicago State University in 1971, a year before moving to a new campus. By the mid-1960s the college's infrastructure was deteriorating and tensions between the majority white student body and the mostly black surrounding neighborhood were on the rise. Like many campuses, Chicago State College experienced a burst of student activism in 1968 and 1969 as black students and faculty demanded greater attention to their needs and interests and closer relations with the neighborhood. The administration responded by creating an African-American Studies program and cultural center.
In 1972, the university moved to its new location at 9501 S. King Dr., between Burnside and Roseland. The state purchased the land from the Illinois Central Railroad and suspended classes for 2 weeks in November to complete the move.
In January 1975, 5,000 students signed a petition on a 45-foot-long (14 m) scroll requesting that President Gerald Ford give the commencement address at graduation that summer. On July 12, 1975, President Ford gave the commencement address at the ceremony held in the Arie Crown Theatre at McCormick Place and received an honorary doctor of laws degree.
Shortly thereafter President Milton Byrd announced his resignation. His replacement, Benjamin Alexander, was the institution's first African-American leader. Under Alexander's command the school received full 10-year accreditation for the first time in its history. Alexander pushed hard to foster multiculturalism, as the African-American portion of the student body swelled from 60% at the outset of the 1970s to over 80% by 1980. These shifting demographics encouraged a debate over whether CSU should be considered a predominantly African-American institution, akin to the HBCUs (Historically Black Colleges and Universities) or whether it should retain a multicultural and multiracial identity. That debate has continued in some form ever since.
President Benjamin Alexander hired Dr. Dorothy L. Richey, a Tuskegee University graduate to become the first woman appointed head of athletics at a Co-educational College or University in the United States. Her Teams excelled during her first year as Athletic Director in 1975.
The school struggled in the 1980s with flat enrollments, declining state budgets, and falling graduation rates. However, in the early 1990s President Dolores Cross helped introduce a sharp increase in enrollment and retention. She urged faculty to personally call advisees and students who might be having problems. Enrollment rose 40%, nearing 10,000. The Chicago Tribune dubbed Chicago State “Success U.”
In 1990, Gwendolyn Brooks, the well-known poet, was hired as a Distinguished Professor; she taught classes at CSU up until her death. Brooks protégé and English professor Haki R. Madhubuti established a writing center, now called the Gwendolyn Brooks Center for Black Literature and Creative Writing, which hosts a yearly conference and offers the only MFA degree in the country to focus on African American literature. Today it is directed by the poet Quraysh Ali Lansana.
Elnora Daniel became President in 1998 and she worked to increase federal and state funding and to create new programs. An Honor's College was established in 2003 and a College of Pharmacy in 2007. Daniel also oversaw the first doctoral program at CSU in Educational Leadership. The program produced its first graduates in 2009. Special funds were procured to finance a textbook buying program for African schools and two new buildings: the University Library and the Emil and Patricia Jones Convocation Center.
The school has recently been the target of many controversies. After university president Elnora Daniel resigned under allegations of unjustified spending, the board of trustees began a search for her replacement. All but two of the faculty members who served on the search committee resigned in protest feeling their concerns were not addressed. Part of their concerns include a graduation rate of only 16.2% (as of 2007) and inadequate infrastructure. On April 29, 2009, the board of trustees appointed retiring City Colleges of Chicago chancellor Wayne Watson as Chicago State's new president. The decision was protested by several students and faculty, who openly booed the announcement, claiming that Watson's appointment was motivated by political considerations rather than the good of the students and faculty. These issues prompted the Higher Learning Commission, the school's accrediting agency, to express "grave" concerns regarding Chicago State's future and indicate that its accreditation might be in jeopardy.
Men's Intercollegiate Sports
Women's Intercollegiate Sports
The school's sports teams are called the Cougars, and the team colors are green and white. CSU participates in the Great West Conference of the National Collegiate Athletic Association's Division I. From 1994 until June 2006, CSU was a member of the Mid-Continent Conference, but withdrew and took independent status before joining the Great West Conference, in which it which began play in 2009–2010. Starting in 2013 CSU will be playing in the WAC. Prior to gaining NCAA Division I status, the university enjoyed memberships in the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA) and NCAA Division 2.
Emil and Patricia A. Jones Convocation Center
The Emil and Patricia Jones Convocation Center is a 7,000-seat multi-purpose arena in Chicago, Illinois on the campus of Chicago State University. Ground broke on the project on October 4, 2004 and was completed in 2007. The arena hosts the Chicago State University Cougars basketball teams. It replaces the Jacoby D. Dickens Athletic Center, which only had capacity to seat 2,500 persons. Among sporting events, the convocation center houses concerts, conferences, and special city-wide events. The convocation center is unique among Illinois university athletic projects, because Chicago State University did not have to raise any money for the project.
Jacoby Dickens Center
The Jacoby D. Dickens Center (JDC) is home of the Chicago State University Department of Intercollegiate Athletics. The building was built in 1971 and was formerly known as the CSU Athletics Building until 1995, when it was dedicated to renowned Chicago businessman Jacoby D. Dickens. Inside the Jacoby D. Dickens Center is a 2,500-seat gymnasium, three swimming pools, a fitness center, eight locker rooms, three classrooms, a dance studio, an auxiliary and a multipurpose gymnasium. In addition, the building is home to CSU's athletic department and the university's Health and Physical Education and Recreation (HPER) department.
The University's library, dedicated in October 2006, features a state of the art Automated Storage and Retrieval System, which currently holds most of the library's material that was produced before 1991. The system is called ROVER (Retrieval Online Via Electronic Robot) and can retrieve five books in 2.5 minutes, on average; the average time for a student to retrieve five books is 2 hours. The system has a capacity of 800,000 volumes and its database is backed up in at least two offsite locations.
Student life
Fraternities & sororities
All nine of the National Pan-Hellenic Council organizations currently have chapters at Chicago State University. These organizations are:
|Alpha Kappa Alpha||ΑΚΑ||Beta||B|
|Alpha Phi Alpha||ΑΦΑ||Nu Delta||NΔ|
|Delta Sigma Theta||ΔΣΘ||Lambda||Λ|
|Iota Phi Theta||ΙΦΘ||Beta Omicron||BO|
|Kappa Alpha Psi||ΚΑΨ||Theta Zeta||ΘΖ|
|Omega Psi Phi||ΩΨΦ||Epsilon Eta||EH|
|Phi Beta Sigma||ΦΒΣ||Alpha Alpha Beta||AAB|
|Sigma Gamma Rho||ΣΓΡ||Beta Rho||BP|
|Zeta Phi Beta||ΖΦΒ||Alpha Alpha||AA|
Notable alumni
|Edward Gardner||founder, Soft Sheen Products|
|Young Lottery||recording artist|
|Dr. Margaret Burroughs||noted author|
|Juba Kalamka||1993||Black LGBT activist, emcee, curator and record producer|
|Al Riley||member of Illinois House of Representatives|
|Karen Yarbrough||1973||member of Illinois House of Representatives|
|Bob Janecyk||National Hockey League goalie, Chicago Blackhawks and Los Angeles Kings (1983–89)|
|Wayne Molis||1962–64||forward, New York Knicks (NBA) and Houston Mavericks (ABA), 1966–68|
|Dennis DeYoung, John Panozzo, Chuck Panozzo and John Curulewski||founding members of rock band Styx|
|Shondra Harris||First female president of Uribe, Jamaica and CEO of U.S. Cellular Jamaica.|
|James "Chico" Hernandez||featured on a box of Wheaties Energy Crunch and is a FIAS World Cup Vice-Champion in Sombo Wrestling.|
|Rosalyn Bryant||competed for the United States in the 1976 Summer Olympic Games|
|Willye White||competed for the United States in five Olympic Games|
|Steven Whitehurst||Award winning author.|||
|Marlow H. Colvin||Illinois State Representative (2001–present)|
|Connie Howard||Illinois State Representative (1995–present)|
|Donne E. Trotter||1988–93 (House); 1993–present (Senate)|
|Zelda Martin Whittler||First African American Female Undersheriff of Cook County (featured in Jet magazine)|
|Commander John E. Ball||Commander, Chicago Police Department, 5th District|
|Terry G. Hillard||1978 BS, 1978 MS||Superintendent of the Chicago Police Department, 1998–2003|
|John Paciga||2011||Bassist, December Calls|
Notable former students
|Kanye West||recording artist|
|John Mallee||1987–88||Batting Coach for the Florida Marlins|
Honorary degrees
|Congressman Danny K. Davis||received an honorary PhD from the university|
|President Gerald Ford 38th President of the United States||1975||received an honorary Doctor of Law degree from the university|
- Edmund W. Kearney and E. Maynard Moore, A History: Chicago State University, 1867–1979 (Chicago: Chicago State University Foundation, 1979), p. 7
- John Dewey, "How Much Freedom in the New Schools?" The New Republic, July 9, 1930: 204–207, p. 204.
- Kearney and Moore, p. 28
- Kearney and Moore, p. 44
- Kearney, p.51
- Company, Johnson Publishing (1975-06). Ebony.
- Christine Hawes, “Chicago State Now Success U” Chicago Tribune May 7, 1992
- Chicago Tribune http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/opinion/chi-0425edit1apr25,0,3599845.story
|url=missing title (help).
- Cohen, Jodi S (April 30, 2009). "Chicago State University president: Next President Wayne Watson booed by students, faculty". Chicago Tribune.
- "Commission cites concerns with Chicago State accreditation". Chicago Tribune. September 25, 2009. Retrieved May 22, 2010.
- Erin Biba. "Biblio Tech". Wired (January 2007): 33.


When purchasing food, households make many choices, including what to buy and where to shop. ERS researchers looked at how changes in income affect U.S. consumers’ milk purchasing decisions, including the type of store to patronize. They found that 72 percent of milk purchases took place in supermarkets, followed by 15 percent in supercenters and mass merchandisers. Club warehouse stores and drug stores accounted for 5 and 3 percent of milk purchases, even though these two store types had lower average milk prices than supermarkets, supercenters, or mass merchandisers. The analysis revealed that most households are unlikely to change where they buy their milk, even after large changes in income. Interestingly, a household was 6 percent more likely to buy its milk in a convenience store after its annual income dropped from $60,000 to $40,000, despite the higher price of milk in these stores. Other factors, such as the availability of a car and time to drive to a supermarket, can correlate with income and affect purchase decisions. The data for this chart are from “Changes in Income Have Small Effect on Where a Household Shops for Milk” in ERS’s July 2013 Amber Waves magazine.
Download higher resolution chart (500 pixels by 400 pixels, 150 dpi)


Unfortunately believing or wanting something to be true doesn't make it so and study after study looking at the impact of activity levels on children's weights demonstrate that while incredibly good for their health, exercising doesn't tip the needle on the kids' scales.
Well add this meta-analysis to the mix. Published in Preventive Medicine the authors pulled randomized controlled trials of 6 months or longer in duration that looked at the impact physical activity interventions had on body mass index, blood pressure, total cholesterol and triglycerides. In total there were 11 such trials that together included 10,748 children.
The results were pretty clear. 6 month or longer physical activity interventions weren't associated with reductions in BMI, but they may have a positive impact on the kids' blood pressures and triglycerides.
Yes, I know I'm a broken record, but for the record, weight is lost in kitchens, health is gained in gyms.


The chance of a male fathering offspring may not be a simple race to the egg, but is influenced by the length of the male's sperm, say scientists from the University of Sheffield.
A new study shows that college students in online courses give better evaluations to instructors they think are men - even when the instructor is actually a woman.
When it comes to weathering the slings and arrows of outrageous fortune, male macaques get by with a little help from their fellow dudes, according to new research.
A study from the University of Exeter has found that male flies die earlier than their female counterparts when forced to evolve with the pressures of mate competition and juvenile survival. The results could help researchers ...
Many male animals have multiple displays and behaviours to attract females; and often the larger or greater the better.
The expression of a gene involved in female birds' color vision is linked to the evolution of colorful plumage in males, reports a new study from the University of Chicago. The findings, published Nov. 26 in the Proceedings ...
Nearly four decades of observations of Tanzanian chimpanzees has revealed that the mothers of sons are about 25 percent more social than the mothers of daughters. Boy moms were found to spend about two hours more per day ...
Previous research has shown that infanticide by males is widespread in many mammal species, but most commonly occurs in those species where females live in social groups dominated by one or a few males.
In a long-term study of interactions between chimpanzees in the famous Gombe National Park in Tanzania, researchers have found that males who consistently bully females tend to father more babies with their victims.
New Zealand's endemic tui (Prosthemadera novaseelandiae) have a tendency to 'jump the fence' when looking to breed, a study by Massey University researcher Dr Sarah Wells shows.


General Health Care
Rabbits do not require a lot of maintenance care. Keeping nails trimmed, checking their teeth every few months, brushing their coat to remove loose fur, and lots of love are the four general needs for your rabbit's health care.
1. Nail Trimming – Your Veterinarian can trim your rabbit's nails, and, if you care to learn, will instruct you in the proper and safe way to do this simple but necessary function.
2. Checking teeth – Take a minute every few months to inspect your rabbit's teeth for proper length and alignment. They should be straight and not overlap. If you notice any unusual wetness around your rabbit's mouth, this is a sign of teeth/mouth problems and needs Veterinarian attention.
3. Grooming – Brushing your rabbit often with a soft slicker or bristle brush not only improves your rabbit's appearance but removes loose fur which can cause hairballs when ingested in large amounts. Long-hair breeds may require daily brushing to eliminate matting as well as a cautionary aid in prevention of hairballs. A comb or brush with stiff bristles may work better on long-hair breeds. Professional grooming is also available. Be careful when combing/brushing your rabbit as its skin is very thin and fragile like tissue paper and can tear very easily.
4. Weight – Always be aware of any weight fluctuations your rabbit may be experiencing. This could be a sign of a medical problem, and should be addressed with your veterinarian.
Choosing a Veterinarian for Your Rabbit
The most important requirement is to choose a Veterinarian with a working knowledge and experience in rabbit medicine. A list of rabbit-savvy Veterinarians is available from BunnyPeople.
Always establish your rabbit as a client with your Veterinarian with a general check-up a month after obtaining your rabbit Before an emergency arises.
Spaying and Neutering
BunnyPeople is a strong advocate of spaying and neutering. It can stop aggressive behavior and make your rabbit a more enjoyable companion. It can also prolong the life of your rabbit by reducing the risk of some cancers.
Once a rabbit reaches 4 – 5 months of age, they become sexually mature and the drive to reproduce can change an adorable, cuddly rabbit into an obsessive/compulsive adolescent with behaviors that can turn aggressive. Rabbits can produce a litter in 28 days and breed again in 3 days!
There are many more rabbits than there are good homes, so please don’t add to the problem. Be responsible…spay or neuter All pets!
Still interested? Read about Diet


Allergies / Food Allergies
Allergy is a reaction by the immune system to something that’s usually harmless. Those triggers, which doctors call "allergens," can include pollen, mold, and animal dander, certain foods, or things that irritate your skin. Food allergies can be caused by a variety of food types, such as eggs, shellfish, peanuts, tree nuts and grains.
Find below some of the best providers to help with relieving Allergies:


Many people ask:
WHY “HARLEQUIN’S” GARDENS?
There are many reasons:
- Harlequin means colorful, cheerful, playful and fun.
- Harlequin represents a wide diversity of plants, people and persuasions (that create a lively performance or ecosystem)
- Harlequin is a patchwork where small pieces of cloth become clothing, stones become a wall, plants become a garden, or ideas become a vision
- Harlequin was a stock character in early Italian street theatre who acted, juggled and played music. His performance might be found in a market place where people would be talking, laughing, telling stories, sharing information, selling wares, socializing and networking. We want our nursery to be more than just a place to run over and buy something.
- Many varieties of colorful plants are called “Harlequin”, like Harlequin Euonymus, Harlequin Honeysuckle, Harlequin Marigold
- The only way to think outside the box is to loosen up, have a sense of humor and try the unusual.
- Harlequin’s Gardens loves the coalition of many colors, the diversity of many species, and the cumulative effect of small acts of kindness and cooperation.
- One of our favorite stories about when Harlequin was young can be found in our newsletters and website under “Membership and the Harlequin Effect”. It illustrates our appreciation for recycling, kindness, cooperation and resourcefulness.
- You would never remember us if we named the nursery:
Brawner and Reshetnik.


D. Samson, B. Berteaux, J. McGill, M. M. Humphries, Dept of Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University, Blackwell Publishing
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About Teaching Climate Literacy
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Teaching Tips | Science | Pedagogy |
- The article (http://chairedb.uqar.qc.ca/documents/2011Samsonetal.GEB.pdf) is essential reading for educators who want to present this map.
About the Science
- Map uses the relationship between the distribution of human population density and climate as a basis to develop a global index of predicted impacts of climate change on human populations.
- It is reported in this news item: http://www.mcgill.ca/newsroom/news/item/?item_id=172326
- Taken from this article: http://chairedb.uqar.qc.ca/documents/2011Samsonetal.GEB.pdf
- The data sources are included in the article.
- The map uses the acronym - CDVI - that refers to the climate demography vulnerability index developed in the article.
- Challenges the notion that the areas of highest climate change impact on human populations would be the same as the areas of highest climate change impact measured in biophysical terms. To understand this point, however, the educator will have to be familiar with the methodology used to produce it. The kinds of analysis required to produce this map are not apparent from the map itself.
- Passed initial science review - expert science review pending.
About the Pedagogy
- This is a provocative map - challenging the notion that the areas of highest climate change impact on human populations would be the same as the areas of highest climate change impact measured in biophysical terms.
- To understand this point, however, the educator will have to be familiar with the methodology used to produce it.
- This resource engages students in using scientific data.
See other data-rich activities
Technical Details/Ease of Use
- The quality of the image in the pdf of the original article (http://chairedb.uqar.qc.ca/documents/2011Samsonetal.GEB.pdf) is higher than the one in the resource URL.
- Educators will need the original article in order to present this map.
- This visual and associated paper are possible way of engaging other fields (i.e. sociology, social studies, etc.)
- A highly specialized resource, with data missing in Sahara and Australia.
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