Arduino is an open source platform for programming the ATmega series of microcontrollers. The standard Arduino hardware consists of an 8-bit ATmega mcu with the inputs and outputs brought out onto a series of headers with standardised layout which allows other add on boards (shields) to be plugged in although this is only a convention, the only thing required for compatibility with Arduino is a compatible ATmega chip loaded with the Arduino bootloader and you can build your own circuits around the bare chip. The hardware is programmed using a Wiring-based language, similar to C++ and a Processing-based IDE, together it makes for a very easy way to develop small electronic devices.
Variations on the basic Arduino hardware are available such as the Nanode which adds wireless communications, internet connectivity, additional SRAM and options such as SD Card reader and a real time clock and its little brother the WiNode, a low cost wireless node that is available in several different configurations and offers useful features such as 16V tolerant analogue inputs and when fitted with a dual H-bridge driver can provide 2A digital outputs for driving relays or motors.
The TinyTX is my Open Source wireless IoT sensor node, designed to be compatible with OpenEnergyMonitor, Nanodes and Jeenodes. It uses the Atmel ATtiny84 microprocessor and a HopeRF RFM12B transceiver module and is coded using the Arduino IDE with the arduino-tiny core.
Initially devised with the DS18B20 digital temperature sensor in mind it can also easily be used with a dual temperature/humidity sensor such as the DHT22 or an analogue temperature sensor such as the TMP36 or many other kinds of sensors, some examples and all the necessary files to build your own are on the TinyTX page here.
- X10 and Home Easy with Node-RED
- TinyTX & Tiny328 Sensors with Node-RED
Node-RED is currently taking the IoT world by storm, described as “A visual tool for wiring the Internet of Things” it is built on top of Node.js and is an open source project developed by IBM employees. It makes it easy to link various inputs and outputs adding simple or not so simple processing in between, just drop your various parts into
- Wicked Device WildFire Arduino Compatible with ATMega1284P and WiFi
- Ikea Oleby Motion Activated Light Hacking with the TinyTX
- Tiny328 – A mini wireless Arduino clone
So here is the reason for the last couple of blog posts.
This is my first venture into designing an SMT board and apart from the practice run I did with some breakout boards it is the first time I’ve attempted to solder anything as small as a TQFP package or the
- OSWIN Gateway with RFM12B, SRF and OOK Support
- Using a cheap OOK radio with the TinyTX
- Using the Ciseco SRF with the TinyTX
I’ve been meaning to get round to this for a while. I bought one of Ciseco’s SRF transceivers when they first came out in October last year but didn’t get round to trying it until a couple of months ago when there were rumours of the RFM12B being discontinued and while that isn’t the case just yet
- SMS with the Wavecom WMOi3 GSM Modem and Arduino
These little GSM modules and similar models pop up very cheaply on eBay, usually removed from old equipment and they are a great way to add text message (SMS) functionality to a project for very little money. I actually got this one for free and it doesn’t get much better than that.
They can do a lot more than just text messaging too, including GPRS data, phone calls, fax and
- Introducing OSWIN, the Open Source Wireless IoT Node
OSWIN is the only slightly contrived acronym for my new Arduino compatible Open Source Wireless IoT Node based on the ATmega1284P AVR microcontroller.
Since I put the files for the first PCB version of my TinyTX wireless sensor node online in June I’ve heard from people around the world who have had their own boards made which is really encouraging, especially as it was my first PCB design and was mainly done just to learn how to use the Eagle CAD design package
- Air Quality Egg – Community air quality monitoring
Way back in March 2012 I backed my first Kickstarter project, the Air Quality Egg from Wicked Device, a project to build a community-led air quality sensing network. It has been a long time coming but RFM12B Breakout Board
I’m still waiting for the PCBs for the latest revision of my TinyTX board to arrive but these breakout boards for the RFM12B transceiver which I actually ordered on the same day ended up getting sent a few days ahead of it for some reason, maybe it is because I went for a red solder mask for the TinyTX3.
- Arduino Compatible Boards
For those times when you need something a bit a bit different to the usual Arduino fare, whether it’s something smaller or something more powerful but you still want to retain the familiar Arduino IDE there are quite a few options. As well as the usual microprocessors used with the official Arduinos you can easily
- Using Raspberry Pi as a base station for TinyTX
- TinyPCRemote – An ATtiny85 Based Infrared PC remote control
Here’s a cheap way to build your own fully customisable infrared PC remote control. If you already have a suitable infrared remote control going spare you can build one of these for under £4, it will allow you to use most infrared remote controls to issue keyboard commands (single characters or a string) on
- TinyTX ACK Support Added
As I’ve been adding more and more TinyTX wireless sensors one thing that was bothering me was the lack of ACK support in the system meant that if the base station was busy receiving a packet from one node
- Using the ATmega1284P with the Arduino IDE & WIZ820io
- Using the TinyTX with the DHT22 Temperature/Humidity Sensor
- TinyTX Wireless Temperature Sensor PCB
For the latest iteration of my wireless temperature sensor (compatible with OpenEnergyMonitor, Nanodes and Jeenodes) I decided it was time for a proper PCB. While it’s not too much hassle to make one from stripboard, botching the RFM12B transceivers onto
- An ATtiny based Wireless Temperature Sensor
I was poking around in the JeeLabs RF12 library recently (now part of JeeLib) and noticed that it now supports the ATtiny microcontrollers – it’s what the new JeeNode Micro uses, which got me thinking about even smaller, simpler wireless temperature
- Building a Web Based Infrared Remote Control
This little project was born out of a wish to control a DAB tuner from other rooms of the house and a couple of hours on a Sunday afternoon made it reality. A Nanode (an original Nanode 5 in this case) is
- Further extending the TempTX battery life
I’ve been struggling for thinking and tinkering time this week due to a bad cold that has totally wiped me out but I did have some more thoughts on further reducing the power usage of the TempTX V2. The first one
- TempTX V2 Wireless Temperature Sensor Module
The original wireless temperature sensor module that I built at the end of October is still happily working away proving that the concept of a very minimal wireless node works and that it is quite happy
- WiNode Based Wireless Graphical Display
I’ve recently put together another wireless GLCD display, this time using a WiNode together with a ST7565 GLCD with RGB backlight and a Nintendo DS touchscreen. The WiNode is fitted with a 433MHz RFB12B transceiver and the MCP79410 Real Time Clock (RTC) option as well
- GLCD Screens and Touchscreens with the Arduino
I’ve been playing with some more GLCDs (Graphical Liquid Crystal Displays) recently, along with a Nintendo DS touchscreen. The parallel KS0108 display I used for my emonGLCD used an awful lot of pins, 16 including the power,
- The Nanode family expands
- DIY Micro SD Shield for Arduino
A few weeks ago I needed an Arduino compatible Micro SD adapter but didn’t want to wait for one to arrive in the post so inspired by the breadboard ghetto Micro SD socket I knocked up a mini shield using a bit
- Wireless Temperature Sensor Module
- Building a graphical display for OpenEnergyMonitor
As a followup to my post on building an OpenEnergyMonitor system here is a description of two different remote displays I have made, one using a 128×64 pixel graphical LCD and one using a 4×20 line LCD.
- Building an OpenEnergyMonitor system
OpenEnergyMonitor is a project to implement an open source whole house energy monitoring system built on the Arduino platform. This guide will show you how to make a complete system that will monitor your mains power usage and transmit
- XINO Basic Arduino Clone
- Nanode powered Twitter door bell
- Build your own Arduino for under £10
Once a project is past the prototype stage there is no need to use a complete Arduino, even with the ever decreasing cost of Arduino compatibles and the availability of cut down versions such as
- Arduino GPS Display
- Air Quality Egg – Community air quality monitoring


“Discipline” in a Sentence (with Audio)
Examples of how to use the word “discipline” in a sentence. How to connect “discipline” with other words to make correct English sentences.
discipline (n): training that makes people more willing to obey or more able to controlthemselves, often in the form of rules, and punishments if these are broken, or the behaviour produced by this training
Use “discipline” in a sentence
Discipline is the bridge between goals and accomplishments.
Discipline is doing what you know needs to be done, even though you don’t want to.
We need good discipline in our company.
Back to “3000 Most Common Words in English”


Cloudy aquarium water is caused by many factors and has many types, some are unharmful and the others may cause sudden fish death. So you must understand all cause of the cloudiness water as well as how to treat the harmful cloudy water to rescue your aquarium fish.
- What causes cloudy aquarium water?
- How to clear cloudy aquarium water?
What causes cloudy aquarium water?
Cloudiness in new tank setup
You set the tank up and think you’re ready for fish. Everything is crystal clear and looks wonderful. Well, at least it was until you actually added those fish. Suddenly, everything is going wrong! Your beautiful water is now mucked up by a milky haze floating throughout the aquarium, what is it?!
First step to fixing this? Don’t try to fix it. Do NOT do a water change. This cloudy appearance is caused by a bacterial bloom of nitrosomonas bacteria. These are a beneficial species of nitrifying bacteria which remove deadly ammonia from the water column. At the moment, they’re suspended in the water (hence the cloudiness), but they won’t stay there for long. Eventually they’ll settle down on the surfaces of your aquarium, especially the filter. Let nature run its course and let the bacteria establish.
It’s important you don’t disrupt this, otherwise you’ll go through an endless loop of the bacteria attempting to establish while you take it out. If you see this cloudiness, it could be a good time to test your ammonia levels. If they’re looking a little high, use aquarium conditioners to help temporarily detoxify the ammonia present in the aquarium until the bacteria can handle it themselves.
On the other hand, in the case of an aquarium after two weeks set-up or in an older aquarium, the cloudiness will be from a different cause.
Cloudiness by bacterial bloom
If you recently added a large amount of fish to the aquarium at once, cloudiness is also an indication that your current bacteria are not capable of handling the amount of new waste the fish are producing, thus the bacterial bloom occurs. The bacteria may not actually harm your fish, however, the levels of toxic chemicals raising in the aquarium water are the main cause of sudden fish death after the cloudiness.
Another cause of bacteria bloom is excessive nutrients in the water from overfeeding or decaying plant material. It needs to be addressed quickly as the bacteria will consume oxygen and fish may die from oxygen deprivation. And another cause can be adding medications to the tank.
An overgrowth of algae (algae bloom) is another cause of aquarium cloudy water. Algae blooms are sometimes distinguishable form bacteria blooms by a slight green color. Cloudiness caused by algae growth is usually slightly green. The algae will be trapped in a diatom filter so checking your filter material if you can’t be sure if which one you have as it will have a greenish color if the problem is caused by an algae bloom.
A white cloudiness in your established tank is usually caused by an excessive growth of bacteria (bacterial bloom) that is very dangerous for your aquarium lives so you should solve it as quickly as possible.
How to clear cloudy aquarium water?
For a new tank do nothing! In a newly established tank cloudiness is normal and will usually clear on its own. For a old tank. Vacuum the gravel to remove decaying food and remove any plants that have died. Partially change the water and do not feed the fish for two or three days. It really won’t hurt them!
Cleaning the gravel and changing water with the siphon
Test the water for ammonia regularly to alert you to upcoming trouble. At the first signs of any ammonia present partially change the water and do not feed the fish for a few days.
Keep a quarantine tank ready and use that to medicate any sick fish. It is always better to isolate fish in need of treatment and add the medication to a separate tank rather than to the main tank.


Hemophilic infection is an infection caused by a type B bacillis, hence it has another name – Hib (abbreviation for Haemophilus influenzae type b). This infection can be the cause of many acute illnesses that lead to severe consequences or even death.
Hemophilic infection affects mainly the respiratory organs, the central nervous system, provokes purulent cells in various organs. The bacterium is localized in the nasopharynx and transmitted by airborne droplets. A person can only be a carrier and a transmitter of the disease, without being personally ill. Bacteria Hibs present in the nasopharynx about 75% of completely healthy children and adults.
What diseases causes a hemophilic infection? Continue reading
With the onset of summertime, the risk of catching an infection from our smaller brothers increases. In addition to domestic cats and dogs, which during the warm season, the owners more often take to the street, birds, horses, as well as stray cats and dogs, wild animals can “share” worms (viruses), viruses or bacteria.
In the warm season, when relaxing in a park or a forest, not only babies, but also adults want to feed a squirrel, a pigeon from their hands, or to touch a hedgehog rustling in the grass. But an animal is an animal and touching it, we risk not only being bitten, but also become infected with serious diseases.
What kind of parasites can be infected from animals
Diseases that are transmitted to humans from animals and birds are called zoonoses. Continue reading
Pets can be not only a source of good mood, but also pose a real threat to their masters. We are talking about such a dangerous disease as toxoplasmosis. It is a parasitic disease that can be infected by both humans and animals. It is caused by toxoplasma (the simplest microorganisms), and its source is most often different types of mammals (cats, rabbits, rodents, etc.).
How can I get toxoplasmosis?
Human toxoplasma infection is most commonly found in domestic animals, in particular cats. Continue reading


A dreidel is a top associated with the Jewish holiday of Hanukkah. Each of the four sides of the top features a Hebrew letter, which are an acrostic for the Hebrew phrase meaning “A Great Miracle Happened There.”
Dreidel is a children's game, in which each player puts something in the pot in the middle, often candy. Each player spins the dreidel, taking from or giving more to the pot according to which letter comes up. In the game, the letters represent Hebrew words.
Nun -- נ
The letter nun stands for the Hebrew word "nes," meaning "miracle." In the game, it means "nisht" or "nothing." If this comes up, the person spinning does nothing.
Gimmel -- ג
Gimmel stands for "gadol," meaning "great" or "large." For the player, it means "gantz," which is "everything." This player gets to take the whole pot for himself.
Heh -- ה
Heh begins the word "hayah," meaning "it was" or "it happened." It also means "halb," or "half," and the player spinning this gets half of what is in the pot.
Shin -- ש
The letter shin has three prongs facing upwards and looks something like a capital E on its back. It stands for the word "sham," meaning "there." In the game, it means "shtel," which means "put in." A player getting this has to put one of his pieces into the pot.
Peh -- פ
Dreidels made in Israel, such as that shown above, use the letter peh to stand for "po," or "here," to signify that Israel is where the Chanukkah miracle happened. In the game, it counts as a shin. Though shin and peh have the opposite meaning of "there" and "here," they have the same effect in the game.
- arinahabich/iStock/Getty Images


To play the media you will need to either update your browser to a recent version or update your Flash plugin
Phrases & More
Beginners 2 - Lesson 14
Clothes and their Plural
This is a subscription page. Please Login or
register to see the rest of the page!
Learn sentences about Clothes and their Plural|
Show or Hide the "Key"
Capital letters is where the word is emphasized (accented). See
for more information. Click the play button to play the sounds for
|Greek - Phonetics
|Έχω δέκα πανταλόνια.
Eho THEka padaLOnia.
||I have ten pair of pants.
Copyright © 2002-2017 ILG. All Rights Reserved.
PROPERTY OF ILG. YOU DO NOT HAVE THE RIGHT TO USE THIS MATERIAL
FOR ANYTHING ELSE BUT PERSONAL STUDY


Overhead breathing, also called snoring, is certainly a widespread manifestation of osa (OSA). Those that snore to a great extent or on a regular basis encounter fretboard and second air way demand while sleeping. Cures is often times caused by some sort of impediment within the respiration penetration, generally due to bacterial infections or any other underlying health conditions, like thyroid problems or having diabetes. There are various of methods to snore by manipulating the throat or using a Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) face mask. Some more sophisticated devices, nonetheless, enable continuing constructive respiratory tract demand (CPAP) to be played with even if your body’s resting. This information will provide information on how you can snore that has a CPAP and a few choices to take into consideration system this widespread sleep disorder.
There are a selection of treatment options offered to take care of apnea. Certain medicines, such as a number of anti-biotics, can reduce how much congestion due to apnea, thus lessening respiratory tract tension. Certain around-the-reverse medicines, such as antihistamines, can certainly produce a man or women more so they can’t stop snoring just as much or as deafening. Other medicinal drugs are around to avoid Apnea completely, which include certain cardiac and neo-custodial medicines. Constant using these prescription drugs, even though applying CPAP therapy, make a difference people’s liver and soul.
In order for a man or woman to figure out the very best method of treatment method-emergent core snoring, several aspects will have to be considered. Such as the seriousness of the signs and symptoms, any potential health care problems, the regularity of utilisation of the medications, any likely negative effects, the money necessary for the medicinal drugs, and the way the utilization of the medicinal drugs affects other areas with the individual’s daily life. Additionally, every person on this ailment should try to seek the counsel of these medical doctors in analyzing the most beneficial sort of remedy-emergent main snore.
Apnea is split into two categories, such as, uppr airway minimizing air way apnea. The severity of sleep apnea is dependent on how much of the second respiratory tract is obstructed, whilst the seriousness of apnea from the decrease air passage depends upon how much of the decrease neck muscles is obstructed. Upper throat sleep apnea is one of common type of anti snoring, even though cheaper neck muscles sleep apnea develops through the night in individuals who sleep with their returning. Both upper and lower air way apnea have many risk factors. Risks that raise potential risk of upper respiratory tract apnea include having a narrowthroat and excessive weight, getting to sleep face up, becoming older, obtaining small muscle, inside them for hours a family group heritage.
How often of episodes can vary generally individually for each person for that reason, there are many prospective treatment methods accessible for the treatment plans. Therapies might include lifestyle changes like reducing your weight and giving up smoking, maintaining diabetes, minimizing the usage of sedatives, dealing with worry, and steering clear of booze and sleeping pills. If and also cannot be employed by themselves, remedies such as atomizers and maskers work extremely well. A lot of these medications can steer clear of the retract on the breathing passages, enabling the clients to breathe in generally.
There are numerous therapies for people with osa, dependant upon their symptoms and the degree of the condition. One treatment option is to take out the tonsils and adenoids through the surgical treatment known as tonsillar rethinking. If your throat muscular tissues are overly relaxed, rise conducted. For folks experiencing large tonsils, your doctor could suggest taking out the tonsils themselves, or involve the crooks to experience tonsillar adenoidectomy, in which the tonsils are eliminated besides the adenoids.
nea can also occur on account of complications of being overweight. Obese people today ordinarily suffer from osa mainly because which the more junk tissue around the neck help it become hard for the environment to pass through. Fatty skin that happen to be based at the returning on the neck of the guitar also stop atmosphere from passing thoroughly throughout the larynx, therefore producing the respiratory system detain. Doctors might highly recommend losing weight.
Sleep apnea is considered a potentially serious sleep disorder because it triggers potential distractions to normalcy breathing in, in order to cure either circumstances. Are perhaps risking their at the same time by using minimized air flow as a result of their air passages, even though individuals who have sleep apnea aren’t just taking a chance on their everyday life if they are lying down. Therefore, it really is vital that individuals being affected by often OSA or APR obstructive sleep apnea make themselves aware with all the different treatments that are offered. Additionally it is significant for the greatest sleep apnea remedy that is designed for them. Snore remedies are built offered by numerous distinctive medical doctors, so it is necessary that you seek the advice of a professional physician before you start cure with many of the a variety of systems that are available.
Should you liked this informative article and you would like to get details concerning www.cpap100.com i implore you to stop by the web-site.
Good guidelines linked to the topics on this page, you could like:


Since fibre is found in plant-based foods such as fruits, vegetables and grains, chances are you’re eating some fibre. Unfortunately, you’re probably not getting enough. And that’s too bad because fibre packs a powerful health punch, including weight maintenance.
Here’s how fibre can help:
- Keeps your bowels healthy and aids in preventing constipation by making stools softer and bulkier.
- Lowers your blood cholesterol levels and triglycerides.
- Keeps your blood sugar levels in check by slowing the absorption of sugar and slowing digestion in general.
- Reduces your risk of digestive problems.
- Helps maintain your weight or can help you drop a few pounds by helping you feel fuller longer. And since high-fibre foods require more chewing and digesting time, you’re more likely to eat slowly. This will give your brain time to register that you’re full.
How much is enough?
Depending on your age and gender, you have different fibre needs:
|Gender/age||Recommended daily amount of fibre in grams|
|Women — 18-50 years old||25 grams|
|Women — 51 and older||21 grams|
|Men — 18-50 years old||38 grams|
|Men — 51 and older||21 grams|
Do note, however, that if you have ongoing digestive problems or have been diagnosed with a condition, you should speak to your doctor before increasing your fibre intake.
Make good fibre choices
There are two types of fibre:
- Soluble fibre dissolves in water and is believed to help lower cholesterol and regulate blood sugar. Oat bran, vegetables and some fruits contain it.
- Insoluble fibre (also knows as roughage or bulk) doesn’t dissolve in water and can help relieve constipation and maintain a healthy digestive system. It’s found in wheat bran, whole-wheat flour, nuts, vegetables, fruits and legumes such as beans and peas.
You don’t really need to worry about how much you’re getting of each type. You just want to make sure you’re getting enough. Fortunately, that isn’t hard to do. Here’s how:
- Make breakfast count by eating a high-fibre cereal, one with more than six grams per serving. You can also add more fibre by topping your cereal bowl off with banana slices, strawberries or raisins.
- Grab a fruit as part of a meal or snack.
- Cut down on the “white” by switching to whole-wheat bread, crackers, muffins, pasta and brown rice.
- Add nuts, seeds or beans to a green salad.
- Pack more vegetables into an omelet or casserole, top your pizza with broccoli or spinach and add corn or peas to your favourite soup recipe.
When adding more fibre, do it the right way:
- Increase your fibre intake slowly to give your digestive system time to adjust. Aim to get your required amount in a few weeks rather than a few days.
- Drink more fluids since fibre works better when it absorbs water. As a matter of fact, increasing your fibre without increasing fluids could lead to constipation.
What to look for on packaged foods
You can also increase your fibre by being smart about which packaged foods you buy. That means reading the packaging, nutrition label and list of ingredients.
Here’s what you need to know.
|Packaging claim||What it means|
|Very high source of fibre||Contains more than 6 grams of fibre per serving|
|High source of fibre||Contains more than 4 grams per serving|
|Source of fibre||Contains more than 2 grams per serving|
The Nutrition Facts label found on packaged food will list fibre content under “carbohydrates”. You’ll get both the amount of grams and the percentage of the daily value, or recommended daily amount. Cereals vary greatly in the amount of fibre they provide so it’s important to check the nutrition facts before you buy.
List of ingredients
Look for fibre from natural sources. Check the list of ingredients for such things as:
- Whole wheat
Foods with fibre
Part of making smarter fibre choices is knowing what foods contain the most fibre. Fortunately, these foods are found easily at most supermarkets.
|Food||Amount||Estimated grams of fibre|
|Legumes||Soybean kernels||175 mL (3/4 cup)||22.5|
|Black beans||250 mL (1 cup)||15.0|
|Lentils||175 mL (3/4 cup)||6.2|
|Vegetables||Peas||125 mL (1/2 cup)||5.6|
|Brussels sprouts||250 mL (1 cup)||6.4|
|Potato (with skin)||1 medium||4.4|
|Corn||250 mL (1 cup)||4.2|
|Blueberries||250 mL (1 cup)||3.5|
|Apple (with skin)||1 medium||3.3|
|Grains||Bran cereals||Serving size as specified on package||4 to 14 (Check the label!)|
|Oatmeal||250 mL (1 cup)||4.0|
|Whole-wheat bread||1 slice||2.4|
|Whole-wheat spaghetti||125 mL (1/2 cup)||2.4|
|Brown rice||125 mL (1/2 cup)||2.0|
|Rye bread||1 slice||1.9|
|Nuts and seeds||Almonds||60 mL (1/4 cup)||4.1|
|Sunflower seeds||60 mL (1/4 cup)||3.8|
|Flax seeds||15 mL (1 Tbsp)||2.0|


Birds are usually harmless, beneficial animals, but sometimes due to their habits, they become pests. Whenever bird behaviour adversely affects human activities they can be classed as pests. These type of situations include destroying fruit orchards and crops, damaging & fouling commercial buildings, nesting in roofs and gutters, damaging golf courses, parks and other recreational facilities, contaminating food and water, affecting aircraft at airports and aerodromes and threatening survival native birds and wildlife.
Here we look at some of the main situations where birds are in conflict with humans and their activities.
Destroying fruit and crops
Birds have long been a significant economic threat to the agricultural industry. It is estimated that birds cause nearly $300 million worth of damage to horticultural crops in Australia annually. This includes damaging grapes in vineyards, fruit trees in orchards, cereal crops, grain in storage, etc.
Nesting in buildings
Birds commonly roost or nest in sheds, buildings and roof spaces, often gaining access through broken tiles, damaged roof capping and through guttering. This often occurs during nesting season and the biggest offenders are usually pigeons, starlings and indian mynas. Some birds nest in guttering and down pipes which can cause blockages resulting in water overflowing, moisture damage and pooling of stagnant water.
Bird droppings are highly corrosive and can cause significant damage to paintwork and other surfaces on buildings. Added to this bird droppings are extremely unsightly and deface building exteriors, car parks, railway stations, shopping centres, etc. Bird droppings can also contaminate food in storage such as wheat and grain, and food production facilities. Pigeons are the biggest offenders here.
Carriers of parasites
Birds are hosts to parasites such as bird mites and bird lice. These have the potential to be come pests of humans when nests in roofs and gutters become abandoned and the mite or lice seek out a new host (humans). This is commonly a problem in domestic homes.
Bird pests at airfields and airports
Birds frequently become pests at airfields and airports largely due to the open grassed areas. They can be a real problem for propeller driven aircraft but a major hazard for jet engines as they can be sucked into the engines during take off and landing.
Spread of bacteria and disease
Birds and their droppings can carry over 60 different diseases. Some of the nastier diseases found in dried bird droppings include:
Histoplasmosis - a respiratory disease which can be fatal. Caused by fungus growing in dried bird droppings
Cryptococcosis - a disease which begins as a pulmonary disease but may later affect the central nervous system. Caused by yeast found in the intestinal tract of pigeons and starlings.
Candidaisis - a disease which affects the skin, mouth, respiratory system, intestines and vagina. Again cause by yeast or fungus spread by pigeons.
Salmonella - a bacteria found in bird droppings that causes food poisoning. Again linked to pigeons, starlings and sparrows.
Impact on native bird species
Indian mynas are the biggest offenders here. Indian myna birds are among the worlds top 100 most invasive species. They are aggressive and compete with native animals for space. Indian myna birds force other birds and small mammals out of their own nests and tree hollows, and even throw other bird’s eggs and chicks out of their nests.


It’s almost an inevitable universal problem, the fact that kids are spending more time hooked on to smart devices rather than interacting with friends and family. And the worst part? We can’t seem to help it. Because having them eat broccoli and beans is much more convenient with a promise of their
Be a Good Example.
The first thing you need to realize is that it’s not only the genes you pass on to your kids, but your habits too. From how things are done to how things are not, kids learn almost everything from adults. So you need to set a good example and practice what you preach. Tempting as it is, refrain from checking work mails, or scrolling through you Facebook page when you’re spending time with kids. If you want your kids to know that viewing the screen for a long time is not an acceptable behaviour, then you have to first suit your actions to your words.
Keep Them Busy.
When kids have other things to do, they tend to not get overly addicted to their mobile. For example, instead of handing them a phone for their next birthday, focus on their passion and other things they love and gift them their
When kids get older they tend to turn a deaf ear every time you give them a warning or scold them. But that doesn’t mean you can be oblivious to their phone usage too. In fact, as a parent it’s your property and you need to have set restrictions on how much time they spend gluing their eyes to screens. Make dinner time and study time a no phone zone. And of course, you might want to take them out than give them tech induced devices. “As a parent, you’re in charge of setting common sense limits, just like you do for driving, drugs and alcohol.” Says Jamison Monroe, founder of Newport Academy.
Talk To Them. According to a survey, youngsters who spend five hours daily on electronic devices are 71 percent more probable to have suicidal hazard factors than those who spend one hour a day. Isn’t it time you wire them out from these wireless devices? Talk to them about the consequences and make them understand that it’s for their own benefit. Make them aware about the harmful effects to health using videos and charts. They need to believe that engaging with a tablet for hours will end up with them having tablets to save their lives!


Recently, pro-whaling countries (e.g., Japan, Norway, and Iceland) have advocated the increased “harvest” of whales as the populations of some whale species have risen in numbers. These countries are already harvesting whales under a loophole in the international whaling treaty (“research”) and some of these harvested “research whales” have appeared in the market (e.g., “whale bacon” in Japan).
A member of the Japanese Diet (Parliament) has recently argued the following in a BBC interview: “In Japan we have pet dogs, but we don’t tell the Koreans to stop eating dogs, nor should people tell us to stop eating whales.”
The 2010 Academy Award winning documentary The Cove concerning the killing of dolphins has generated increased scrutiny on this issue (see the trailer (Links to an external site.)).
Here are a few resources that cover this issue:
The International Whaling Commission (Links to an external site.)
Successes and failures of the International Whaling Commission – WWF Global (Links to an external site.)
The Effectiveness of the International Whaling Commission – Andresen (1993) (Links to an external site.)
1) What is your opinion on this issue?
2) If some whale populations recover (e.g., Antarctic Minke Whale), should nations be allowed to increase their harvest levels?
Whales and Whaling V/S Beef Industry
Now Watch Cowspiracy trailer (Links to an external site.):
3) What are the similarities and/or differences (e.g. regarding their impact on the environment) between the Whaling industry (presented in the case of The Cove) and livestock/beef industry (presented in Cowspiracy)? How do the topics of globalization, economy, etc. feed into these issues?
4) Think about your own biases about these two issues and write a short reflection.
Please submit an original post (no less than 150 words) by Friday @ 11:59 pm and at least one response post (approximately 75 words) by Sunday @ 11:59 pm.
Total points possible: 20 (15 points for original post, and 5 points for response post).
NOTE: If you are using any external sources (media or articles), please provide the link so that others can access the reference.
Please read all questions carefully and answer all of them completely. Be sure to provide an adequate explanation and supporting arguments for all of your answers. Don’t forget to back up your arguments with concrete examples from the assigned readings or other sources you may have consulted, and please remember to provide adequate citations for any references used. Your answers must demonstrate that you have read and understood the assigned readings.
You must use APA style citation format for all citations and references, and don’t forget to include a list of references in the appropriate format. If you are unfamiliar with APA formatting, please see link below for guidelines.
Please review the rubric for discussion posts so you can see how these will be assessed. You are encouraged to actively participate and provide critical analysis to the prompt questions. Please make sure that you are respectful in your discussion, and avoid slang, internet lingo, etc.
****Discussion response (original post) in attachments****
About 75~100 words


(1) Causes and hazards of lightning
Lightning is a common atmospheric discharge phenomenon. A large number of positive or negative charges are accumulated in different parts of the cloud layer. When the positive or negative charge in the cloud layer accumulates and reaches a certain strength, it will break down the air and open a narrow channel for forcible discharge. Because the energy released by lightning is quite large, the strong current, scorching high temperature, strong shock wave, drastic electrostatic field and strong electromagnetic radiation generated by lightning have brought a lot of harm to people. When lightning strikes a building directly, the strong current causes the building to be heated, vaporized and expanded, causing the building to burn or explode. When lightning strikes the air-termination device and the current is discharged to the ground along the down-conductor, it will cause fire or personal injury. Induction mine damage is also called secondary damage. Induction lightning is divided into two types: electrostatic induction lightning and electromagnetic induction lightning. Due to the large gradient of lightning current changes, a strong alternating magnetic field will be generated, causing the surrounding metal components to generate induced current. This current may discharge to surrounding objects. If there are combustibles nearby, it will cause fire and explosion, and when it is induced on the wires that are connected, it will cause strong damage to the equipment.
(2) Lightning protection and design requirements for solar photovoltaic power generation systems
①When choosing the construction site of a solar photovoltaic power generation system or a power station, try to avoid locations and places that are prone to lightning strikes.
② Try to avoid the projection of the lightning rod falling on the solar cell module.
③ According to the site conditions, different protective measures such as lightning rods, lightning protection strips and lightning protection nets can be used to protect against direct lightning and reduce the probability of lightning strikes. The shunting effect of multiple down-conductors can reduce the pressure drop of the down-conductor leads, reduce the risk of side impact, and reduce the magnetic field intensity generated by the down-conductor leakage.
④ In order to prevent lightning induction, all metal objects of the entire photovoltaic system, including the outer frame of the battery module, equipment, chassis cabinet shell, metal pipelines, etc., should be equipotentially connected to the joint grounding body, and can be grounded independently.
⑤ Install lightning protection devices step by step on the system circuit to implement multi-level protection, so that the lightning strike or switching surge current flows through the multi-level lightning protection devices. Generally, a DC power lightning arrester is used in the DC line part of the photovoltaic power generation system, and an AC lightning arrester is used in the AC line part after the inverter.


North Korean leader Kim Jong Un took a train from Pyongyang to Vietnam and back for his summit with U.S. President Donald Trump. Traveling through China for 60 hours each way, Kim’s train was spotted in Zhengzhou, Henan province, and then later in Wuhan, Hubei province, where it would have crossed the Yangtze River.
Progressing slowly, some said at no more than 60 kilometers an hour, Kim had an opportunity to take visual stock of the results of China’s market reforms, the same type of reforms that the American president is encouraging Kim to embark upon. However, from the bleak landscapes of Henan province to the polluted city centers of urban China, Kim’s trip could have given him cause to think again about the economic measures he is being told will make his country rich.
Visually, China’s economic “miracle” fails to be impressive once one goes too far outside of major city centers. True, train routes worldwide often travel through aging industrial zones and older, rundown neighborhoods no matter the country or continent.
But in China, the residential, business, and industrial developments that Kim’s journey will have taken him near are relatively new. Most have been built within the last 15 to 20 years. Because of this, nothing shows the stark price that China has paid for its lightning fast progression from farms to factories and beyond as clearly as a train trip between its cities.
Kim will have seen, for example, block after block of hastily constructed high-rise apartment buildings that haphazardly ring the outskirts of cities along his train route. Lacking cohesive planning and fueled by insider developer deals using close government ties, this construction frenzy has resulted in some of the worst urban planning aesthetics of any cities in the world. Ultimately, cohesive design of these developments became a secondary concern to getting them built and deriving value from their sale.
Crucial for Kim to consider is how his country can develop industrially and technologically, while at the same time protecting and improving his food supply. China’s answer to that same problem is evident as one traverses the country by train. Kim cannot help but have seen that China’s explosive construction has come at the expense of one of its scarcest resources: arable land.
Government land grabs have decimated rural farming communities throughout China, upending traditional life and neighborhoods for millions of China’s farming residents. More critically, however, the size of China’s farmland has been reduced through conversion to development projects, and by severe pollution. China, once self-sufficient in food, now imports it from all over the world, often from foreign land which its companies have bought outright.
As Bloomberg reported in 2017:
China lost 6.2 percent of its farmland between 1997 and 2008, according to a report by the United Nations’ Food and Agriculture Organization and the OECD. And local governments continue to swallow fields for more-profitable real-estate developments… More alarming for the nation’s planners are reports that almost 20 percent of China’s remaining arable land is contaminated.
If developing one’s economy comes at the expense of being self-sufficient in feeding one’s people, Kim has had a perfect example of that on his train rides through China. North Korea itself has only 17 percent of its own land under cultivation, according to a World Food Program report.
Kim will also have been able to see Chinese village upon village in which living conditions are still basic and largely unimproved, despite capitalism “with Chinese characteristics” reshaping the country. In the fields and in the dirt roads of these villages are people who still live without indoor plumbing to either remove waste or provide water for boiling, drinking, cooking, and bathing. Indeed, estimates are that from one-fourth to one-third of the population of China has no piped water.
One wonders if this might be a surprise to Kim. After all, he has been to Beijing and to Dalian, and has therefore encountered what reforms have meant for Chinese living in major urban areas. And while U.S. President Donald Trump and others have a vision for Kim and his country as an economy that could be as dynamic as Vietnam’s, China’s, or Singapore’s, Kim will have been able to see for himself as he rolls through the Chinese countryside that the results of reforms in China have left the country utterly lopsided, with millions upon millions living in conditions not too short of despair, while millions of others live in comfort and often excess.
What does that say about the appeal of market reforms for Kim, a man who clearly wants to improve his country while at the same keeping control of it? If he unleashes the potential of his people by opening up to foreign investment and involvement in his economy, how many are going to be left behind, as he can see in China, and how will they react?
For Kim may also know that his train trip through China brings him close to areas that have seen significant labor and other protests, numbering in the thousands each year, which beleaguer the Chinese authorities. Though little-reported inside of China, government figures cited 87,000 “mass incidents” in the last year for which official figures are available. In the intervening 12 years, observers and researchers say that the number has only grown.
Part and parcel of a nation’s development are the winners and losers who are created along the way. How prepared is Kim to deal with civil unrest at home, if he decides to take the plunge into the kind of market reforms he has just seen evidence of throughout China?


In the years following the Civil War former North Carolina Governor, Zebulon Baird Vance authored a speech that endeared him to generations of Jewish people, especially those in North Carolina. Scattered Nation was a plea that respect be given to the Jews and an iteration of reasons such respect was deserved. This lecture became a well-known part of his repertoire and brought Vance accolades during and after his life from Jewish communities all over the US. Scattered Nation is a distinctly philosemitic work that demonstrates familiarity, if not complete agreement, with a stream of thought known as Christian Zionism. It also bears the marks of a brand of philosemitism that was evident in the Masonic Lodge of this era. This paper will demonstrate that Scattered Nation is the result not only of Vance’s personal passion for justice, but also of the influence played upon him by individuals and organizations with which he interacted. Vance’s philosemitism can be seen as the result of the ideological influences of the Masonic Lodge, the Christian Zionism of the Rev. Arnold DeWelles Miller—pastor of Charlotte’s First Presbyterian Church—as well as the personal influence of Vance’s friendships with various Jewish people.
Despite its unique placement in the lexicon of Southern speeches, few historians have studied Scattered Nation. Though inevitably mentioned in biographies of Vance and passingly referenced in other works relating to Jews in the South or Southern political leaders of this period, Scattered Nation has not received particular attention. The seminal work relating to Scattered Nation is the 1941 article in the Journal of Southern History by Selig Adler. Adler’s conclusion was that Scattered Nation was the result of Vance’s biblical interest combined with his natural humanitarianism. Adler however, was not primarily concerned with the speech itself, but how it represented the “salient facts of Vance’s career and character [that explain the] unusual devotion and tribute” shown him by the people of North Carolina.1 Adler was interested in what made Vance unique and Scattered Nation was a good illustration of his character. Adler also felt Vance’s friendships with Jewish merchant Samuel Wittkowsky and the Presbyterian minister Arnold DeWelles Miller were formative on his decision to write the speech. Despite identifying Wittkowsky and Miller as influences on Vance, Adler did not explain the substance of such influence. Finally, Adler makes a few short comments placing Scattered Nation within an overall reaction against anti-Semitism, comparing it to works such as James Patton’s Our Israelitish Brethren that appeared during this period.2
Other writers, such as Leonard Dinnerstein in Antisemitism in America dealt with Scattered Nation similarly, framing it as an illustration of Vance’s personality or character. In particular, Dinnerstein was interested in the concern Vance showed toward the rising anti-Semitism of the period:
Amazingly, it was a Christian, Zebulon Vance, the former Governor of North Carolina, who brought attention to southern antisemitism. [… ] Inspired by what he believed to be unjustified bigotry [… ] Vance prepared a talk defending “the persecuted and despised Jew.” Then, beginning with a speech in Baltimore in February 1874, he embarked on a fifteen-year crusade to make others more tolerant of Jews.3
Accenting Vance’s belief that anti-Semitism was simply unjustified bigotry, Dinnerstein was more correct then he realized when he labeled Scattered Nation and its repeated delivery a “crusade.” Comments within the speech as well as trends within the broader society would indicate that Vance saw the delivery of Scattered Nation as his Christian duty. Vance tells his audience, were they to “Strike out all of Judaism from the Christian church” they would leave nothing “but an unmeaning superstition.”4 This and other such comments seem barbed for Christians who disagreed with his viewpoint.
In contrast to Dinnerstein, the assessment of Louise A. Mayo in The Ambivalent Image: Nineteenth Century America’s Perception of the Jew was that Vance hoped for the eventual total assimilation of the Jewish people. By placing Vance in the category of “sympathetic observer,” and maintaining that total assimilation was the goal of many such observers Mayo over-reaches the scope of Vance’s comments.5 It is hard to see a great difference between the future Vance envisions, where “they [the Jews] will become as other men, and taking their harps down from the willows, no longer . . . [refuse] to sing the songs of Zion because they are captives in a strange land,” and the future Reform Judaism actively sought.6 In Scattered Nation Vance gives voice to the hope that Christian prejudice will dissolve and with it the need for Jewish sectarianism. If this happens Vance foresees that little will be left to form a separate Jewish identity, “The hammer of persecution having ceased […] it will cease to consolidate and harden, and the main strength of their exclusion and preservation will have been lost.”7 Despite this, Vance makes no reference to a conversion or total assimilation of the Jewish people. Indeed Mayo even points out that Vance’s focus is on the political and civic realm.8 Additionally, Vance specifically condemns religious bigotry in his speech, stating that the persecution of the Jewish people “serves to show that the wrath of a religious bigot is more fearful and ingenious than the cruelest of tortures hatched in the councils of hell.”9 Vance’s acknowledgment that conversion and cultural assimilation would occur in the absence of persecution only places him within a multitude of observers, Jew and non-Jew, who have seen persecution as the cement of Jewish identity.10 It is clear that Scattered Nation is unconcerned with evangelizing or converting Jews, rather Vance sought the conversion of Christians to a greater acceptance of Jewish people. To this end, Scattered Nation continually evokes the values prized by Americans and presents them as characteristic to the Jewish people.
The first and most obvious explanation for the philosemitism exhibited in Scattered Nation is, of course, location. Southerners were—and are—particularly open to philosemitic outlooks due to the influence of the dominant brands of Protestantism in the region. This heritage of philosemitism is one inextricably bound to the history of English speaking Protestantism. As a whole, Protestantism tends toward the literal interpretation of scripture, a trend that was challenged only with the advent of the historical-critical method of Biblical interpretation in the nineteenth century and its subsequent embrace by the mainline denominations. Seen in this light modern evangelical support for the State of Israel is not surprising, nor is the statement made by one researcher, that “[i]f only for reasons of self-interest, Jews would do well to eliminate their own prejudice, where it exists, against ‘wool-hats,’ ‘red necks,’ and ‘yokels.’ The rural peoples of the South hark back to the agrarian civilization of the original Thirteen Colonies, and they are living heirs of the old American tradition of philosemitism.”11 The “old American tradition of philosemitism” to which the author refers is English in origin and related to the theology of Restorationism, a tradition most often known today under the umbrella phrase Christian Zionism.12
One illustration of early Restorationist thought and the importance of the movement in the history of the English-speaking world is a speech given by Oliver Cromwell before the barebones parliament or Nominated Assembly in 1653—modeled after the Sanhedrin—where he states:
Indeed I do think something is at the door: we are at the threshold, you are at the edge of the promises and prophesies … and it may be as some think, God will bring the Jews home to their station from the isles of the sea, and answer their expectations from the depths of the sea.”13
In Britain the theology of restoration eventually led to an increasing pressure for a foreign policy that supported the formation of a Jewish State in Palestine.14 Originally, this state was to have been a sort of Middle Eastern Belgium under the protection of Britain and Germany. This idea fell through however with Germany’s pursuit of militarist and anti-English policies.15
As Anglican Restorationists put pressure upon the British, Christian Zionists in the United States were increasingly influential during the latter half of the nineteenth century. The degree of Christian Zionism within evangelical strands of English-speaking Protestantism has shown that the characterization of evangelicals and fundamentalists in particular as naturally anti-Semitic is “biased and totally inaccurate.”16 This theology dominated the region and Vance would be exposed to one of its staunchest supporters during his years in Charlotte during which time he wrote Scattered Nation.
Born in Buncombe County on May 13, 1830 Vance received his university education at the University of North Carolina thanks to the assistance of his mother’s friend, university president and former North Carolina governor David L. Swain. Upon attaining his law license from the North Carolina Supreme Court, Vance returned to Western North Carolina where he began his practice.
In 1853 Vance took two actions that were to be of great importance in the form Scattered Nation was to take. In February of 1853 Vance petitioned for admittance to Mt. Hermon Masonic Lodge in Asheville, which he gained, becoming an Entered Apprentice on the same date. Vance received both the second (Fellow Craft) and the third (Master Mason) degrees on June 20th 1853.17 On August 3, 1853, Vance married his first wife, Harriet Newell Espy who was to be formative in his decision later in life to associate with the Presbyterian Church and consequently, his association with Rev. Miller.18 Later that same year he was to achieve his first elected office, that of county solicitor.
Vance had many possible motivations for joining the Masonic lodge. One benefit was that membership helped in the establishment of a network for the aspiring politician, the association between Masonry and politics in North Carolina being a long-standing one. Many North Carolina Governors—at least twenty between the revolution and Vance’s day—were Masons:
The links between Masonry and North Carolina politics were close. The fraternity might have played only a minor role in partisan activities, but it reinforced post-Revolutionary political structures in fundamental ways. The fraternity first created networks that encouraged communication and co-operation between politically active men. Just as important, Masonry helped constitute an elite that could plausibly claim to be enlightened and republican—and could address the sometimes contradictory cultural and practical demands placed upon them.19
In addition to, and probably over-shadowing political reasons, there were personal motivations behind Vance’s decision. Zeb’s older brother Robert Brank Vance was also a member of the Lodge and was twice Grand Master of the state, in 1868 and 69.20 In addition to Robert, another prominent Mason, David L. Swain, had a formative influence on Zeb’s life. Had Swain not agreed to help Zeb attend Chapel Hill Vance’s life may have turned out completely different. Swain and Vance were to become good friends during his stay at Chapel Hill and continued their friendship through the years.21
Zeb proved his enthusiasm for freemasonry from the beginning, being chosen, to help supervise the celebration of St. John’s day on June 20th 1853, the same day he had been conferred the degree of Master Mason in “due and ancient form.”22 Vance was to remain active in the Lodge throughout his life and the friends and acquaintances he made there were to remain important to him.23 Vance is recorded as a regular attendant at lodge meetings from 1855-58, in 1859 he was a recorded member of Mt. Hermon as well as in 1864, 1866 and 68. In December of 1854 Vance represented Mt. Hermon Lodge # 118 at the proceedings of the Grand Lodge of North Carolina. Vance even remained active in masonry during the Civil War, even having a Confederate Military Lodge named in his honor in 1864.24
Vance’s political ambitions could not have escaped the influence of his family’s history in the politics of the region, according to Frontis Johnson “[h]is immediate ancestors had served thirteen terms in the North Carolina House of Commons and six terms in the North Carolina Senate.”25 Vance was elected to the state legislature in 1854 at the age of 24 and to Congress in 1858.26 A well-known Unionist who stood against secession until Lincoln called for troops to put down the secessionists, Vance told the tale that he was out ardently “canvassing for the Union with all [. . . his] strength [… ] when the telegraphic news was announced of the firing on Sumter.” Rather than continue to speak for the Union, Vance spoke out sadly and “called upon the assembled multitude to volunteer, not to fight against but for South Carolina.”27
After the war Vance was imprisoned for a time, as was the case with most former Confederate Statesmen. It was at the end of the Civil war that Vance struck up friendships with the two men who were most influential in his decision to write Scattered Nation. The first of these was Samuel Wittkowsky, the other Presbyterian minister Rev. Arnold DeWelles Miller, Pastor of the First Presbyterian Church of Charlotte. Although it seems likely that it was Miller and not Wittkowsky who had the most overt influence upon Vance’s Scattered Nation, Wittkowsky’s influence may have been underestimated by Adler because he did not know about Vance and Wittkowsky’s simultaneous Masonic membership.
As stated earlier, this was not a kind period to Jews who wanted to honor their ethnicity or religion and fear of reprisal—whether physical or economic—may explain why Wittkowsky has been remembered as an assimilationist who had little interest in glorifying or accentuating his Jewish heritage. Miller on the other hand enjoyed the ability to pursue an interest in the Hebrews without fear of repercussion. Once a year in fact, he would invite the Jewish residents of Charlotte to his church and give a sermon on the Old Testament.
Just as Miller was safe from harm and allowed to express his views, so too did Vance have the luxury of being vocal. Yet the question remains, what influenced Vance to speak out? The answer to that question lies not only in Vance’s friendships, but also in the changes taking place in society. The late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries saw many changes that affected the nature of social institutions and government. The American and later revolutions in new world and old brought enlightenment ideals to their fruition in the establishment of new Republics; during this period the Masonic Lodge became a vehicle through which revolutionary ideals were spread. Illustrating this close connection, Margaret Jacob titled her 1991 book on Freemasonry in eighteenth Century Europe, Living the Enlightenment.
Historians have long recognized how important the existence of “free space,”—that is a gathering place unassociated with either Church or State—is to the spread of ideas. Until recently, the study of such space was limited in scope, but more historians have begun studying the influence of civic spaces and voluntary associations in the exchange of ideas. One such space is the Masonic Lodge; while long associated with the Enlightenment, scrutiny of the interplay between the fraternity and certain ideas is a recent phenomenon.28
Of particular importance and interest is the strong association between the Masonic Lodge and the pursuit of Jewish civic rights. Although the connections between Jews and Freemasonry have been the subject of numerous publications, these have largely been written either by anti-Jewish or anti-Masonic propagandists. It is only within the last thirty years that historians have begun looking more closely at these connections.29
In 1765 a Masonic lodge was established in Philadelphia; later known as the Philadelphia Lodge of Perfection, it was formative in the push for Jewish civic rights.30 The importance of the Philadelphia Lodge of Perfection is twofold; first, it helps to highlight a trend in specific versions of European and American Masonry that pushed for civic rights for Jews. Secondly, it shows that the Masonic Lodge, as any other social institution, undergoes evolution and change. Masonry is a civic organization and is not divorced from the feelings and sentiments of its members. The Freemasonry that dominated in the American colonies was one catering to the colonial elite. In the first half of the eighteenth century what later became known as “modern” Masonry “brought together many of the province’s most prominent men in a society that proclaimed their gentility, cultivation, and high social standing [.]” This began to change with the importation of a feud that had been brewing in England into American masonry. This feud revolved around issues related to ritual and pitted an elitist form of Masonry against a form that styled itself “Ancient,” hence the anachronistic designation of the “moderns.” While the Moderns were elite, the Ancients opened their membership to people of every social standing. By 1757 an ancient Lodge had been established in Philadelphia; by 1790 the entirety of Philadelphia Masonry was under their jurisdiction. So distinct was the break between the ancients and the moderns that Benjamin Franklin, a former Grand Master of the Lodge in Pennsylvania, was no longer recognized by the Ancients as a mason, his death even being ignored by the more popular and adaptable body.31
At the same time this conflict was occurring in America, new priorities were emerging in European Masonry. In 1781 Joseph issued a patent permitting the formation of Masonic Lodges within his Empire. As freemasonry grew in Austria, Vienna became a center of the fraternity; through the work of groups such as True Harmony Lodge—organized in March of 1781—Masonry began “recruiting Josephinian enlighteners to administrative offices in the grand lodge and to leadership positions in Viennese local lodges.”32 These lodges actively campaigned for Jewish civic rights despite the fact that most closed their membership to them. In England and across the Atlantic, the Lodges were not just campaigning for Jewish civic rights; they were initiating Jews into their lodges. As Ancient freemasonry was gaining ground, Jews who had been pushed out of their homes by the British fled to Philadelphia and established their own Lodge, Philadelphia Lodge of Perfection.33 There is insufficient space to examine each connection between the European enlightenment thought and these new Lodges, but these connections resulted in a different form of Freemasonry emerging after the revolution. This form of Masonry is referred to as Republican Masonry, (1790-1826) and which became so important to the civic religion and myth-building of the early US.
Republican masonry is the incarnation of the fraternity most familiar to people in the United States, it is this form that was practiced during the formative years of the Republic and which the members argued represented and spread the best of American ideals. “Masons thus did more than lay the Republic’s physical cornerstones; they also helped form the symbolic foundations of what the Great Seal called ‘the new order for the ages.’”34
The ideals of republican masonry did not disappear and continued to have great impact upon the members of the fraternity. Masonry in the nineteenth century entered into another phase of development classified by Stephen Bullock in Revolutionary Brotherhood as Religious Masonry. During this period changing religious values opened the way for an alliance between Masonry and the churches, an alliance that was cemented by developments within Masonry. Even as greater numbers of American Christians adapted the values represented in Masonry, the fraternity left its a-religious stance in favor of embracing Christianity:
Public addresses and secret rituals proclaimed Masonic piety. Lodges increasing encouraged religious activities. The result was a dramatic reorientation. Rather than universal love, brothers now began to argue that religion formed the fraternity’s “grand cornerstone.”35
It was into a version of Masonry that was increasingly religious yet still felt the reverberations of revolutionary ideals that Vance placed himself and it was within the Lodge that Vance was exposed to a philosemitic outlook. The years between 1850 and 1900 also saw a general increase in the number of Americans joining voluntary associations, indicating such groups would maintain a high level of influence in the society.36
The religious re-centering that occurred within the Masonic Lodge echoed the religious revivals of the 1830’s, which brought greater religiosity to the general society. During this same period German Jewish immigrants became more involved in voluntary associations such as the Masonic Lodge.37 There were several side effects of the religious shift in society during this period. The rise of the Anti-Masonic party, especially in the Northeastern portion of the United States was matched by the religious change within the Masonry itself. In the general society the increased religious fervor also led to increased anti-Semitism while in the Masonic Lodge there was a different effect.
A new Christianity based religiosity within the Lodge led to more association between religion and the Lodge. It became common during this period for Masonic ceremonies to be employed in the placement of cornerstones, not just for civic buildings, but churches as well. These new feelings coupled with the interest in antiquities especially those of Jewish origin-that prevailed in the lodge, led to an increase in the already extant philosemitism of the Masonic Lodges in the English speaking world. To quote the comment of William and Hilary Rubinstein about the philosemitism of the Duke of Sussex in the early nineteenth century in relation to Vance:
With its Judaic concepts and imagery, Freemasonry might have stimulated his philosemitism as well as that of others; certainly in English-speaking lands it welcomed Jews into its ranks, thereby aiding their integration into society.38
There are many examples of Judaic concepts and imagery in Masonic writings. One prominent and easily attainable example is Albert Pike’s Morals and Dogma. Not a governing document of freemasonry, Morals and Dogma is related directly only to the Southern Jurisdiction of the Scottish Rite, an appendant order of the Masonic Lodge, of which Pike was head in the late nineteenth century. The book is primarily a collection of Pike’s personal musings about and interpretation of, Masonic symbols, as such it contains many examples of Masonic imagery, which often relates to Judaism. Because of the subject matter and the time period in which it was written Morals and Dogma is more than a little confusing, however, our purpose is not to understand the concepts or the eccentricities of Pike, only to recognize the prevalence of Judaic imagery within Masonry. A continued positive exposure to such cultural elements inevitably leads to respect and admiration for that culture. The most obvious and far-reaching example of Jewish imagery within Masonry is in the importance of the Temple of Solomon. In his explanation of the name of one of the two columns that are present in every Lodge room—columns representative of columns in Solomon’s temple—Pike comments that:
The word Jachin, in Hebrew, is יכין. It was probably pronounced Ya-kayan, and meant, as a verbal noun, He that strengthens; and thence, firm, stable, upright.39
A few pages later, Pike gives considerable attention to the importance of the Hebrew letter Yod. The interest illustrated by Pike is far from unique among Masons and members of other groups in this time; Morals and Dogma is replete with such examples. This interest in antiquities, particularly in things Jewish, when combined with the earlier enlightened ideals, led to a philosemitic air within Masonry and to an appreciation and reverence for the Jewish people. While earlier masons had allowed Jews to join the Lodges based upon an enlightenment ideal of equality, these religious masons began to see the Jewish people as the fountainhead of their own Christian religion and even their civic ideals, and as such, deserving of greater reverence.
In the years following the War Vance often responded to newspaper articles that he felt were dishonest or insulted his character. One such response was regarding the claim of General Hugh Kilpatrick that he had humiliated Vance by making him ride on the back of a mule through North Carolina. Vance responded with a letter to the New York World that relates the situation in which he and Wittkowsky first met:
I will not do [Kilpatrick] the justice to say that he knew that was a lie when he uttered it … I was arrested on May 13″‘ by a detachment of 300 cavalry, under Major Porter of Harrisburg, from whom I received nothing but kindness and courtesy. I came by buggy to Salisbury, where we took the cars [railroad]…. I saw no mule on the trip, yet I thought I saw an ass at the general’s headquarters; this impression has since been confirmed.
Samuel Wittkowsky, then a resident of Statesville offered the buggy ride mentioned by Vance. Wittkowsky “was destined to become one of the most enterprising and successful men in the state and was probably the most intimate of Vance’s Jewish friends.”40 Later in his life Wittkowsky often related the following tale regarding the journey to Salisbury:
[ … ] Vance turned to him, wiped tears from his cheeks, and said: “This will not do. I must be a man, but I am not so much concerned as to what may be in store for me, but my poor wife and little children-they have not a cent of money-and my poor State-what indignity may be in store for her?41
Vance and Wittkowsky were to become great friends, both settling in Charlotte after the war. During their years in Charlotte, they became pillars of the community. Vance, already well known from his role as War Governor and earlier as a Congressman, was a well-known attorney, while Wittkowsky was a successful businessman. In addition to organizing one of the first savings and loans in the state he also served as the first elected head of the Charlotte Chamber of commerce.42 Wittkowsky was also one of the founding members of the Charlotte Country club, an organization that has been known as “exclusive,” and “restricted.”43 Wittkowsky’s discomfort with his heritage was evident, going so far as to respond to a request to help build a synagogue with the comment that he would “gladly contribute to a campaign not to build a synagogue.”44 It is possible that he eventually converted to Christianity; his children Anglicized their name to Whitson (or Wittson) and none of the family was buried in the city’s Hebrew Cemetery.45 Despite this apparent desire to jettison his Jewish identity, Wittkowsky often enjoyed speaking in Polish to other immigrants and remarked upon the death of Vance that:
I speak for my race in North Carolina-aye for my people of the whole Union. The deceased has ever by his words and writings demonstrated that he was their friend. His lecture on the Scattered Nation will ever remain green in the memory of my race, and will be one of the brightest jewels to his ever liberal, fair and untarnished escutcheon. And I venture here the assertion that in the history of North Carolina no Israelite has cast a vote against Z.B. Vance.46
Vance’s friendship with Wittkowsky may have been the most personal exposure he had to Jewish people, but it certainly was not the only exposure. The location of his law office during his years in Charlotte brought Vance into frequent contact with the city’s growing merchant population, many of whom were Jewish.47
As stated earlier, while settled in Charlotte, Vance and Wittkowsky would often go hear the Rev. Miller’s sermons together. Also during this period Wittkowsky co-founded Excelsior Lodge No. 261, becoming its first Master in 1867. In 1869 the Masonic Temple Association was formed by three Charlotte Masonic Lodges for the purpose of raising funds to build a temple. The three Lodges were Excelsior Lodge No. 261, Phalanx Lodge No. 31 and Charlotte Chapter No. 39 Royal Arch Masons. Although still technically a member of Mt. Hermon Lodge in 1869 when the association was formed, Vance had been in attendance at Phalanx Lodge, moving his membership there in 1872. Vance is also known to have been active in the Royal Arch Lodge in Charlotte from 1867-74.48 The first fundraiser for the association was a Masonic Fair and Festival held on July 7th, 8th and 9th on the grounds of the First Presbyterian church which Miller pastored and Vance attended.49 These events were taking place around Vance as Scattered Nation must have been forming in his mind, if he was not writing it already.
In writing and delivering Scattered Nation Vance hoped to speak to the increased anti-Semitism that marked the period. In the North anti-Semitism was so pervasive in last half of the nineteenth century that some have spoken of this era as the emerging point of an Anti Semitic society. Addressing this issue in Antisemitism in America, Leonard Dinnerstein states that:
As immigration figures soared, and as a significant Jewish presence emerged in the United States, people in every walk of life, from respectable working, middle, and upper classes to agrarian protesters, Protestant and Catholic spokesmen, and members of the lunatic fringe increasingly focused on the allegedly deleterious characteristics of Jews that they believed impinged on American lives.50
In the South virulent Anti-Semitism had passed with the Civil War and Southerners were more outwardly accepting of their Jewish neighbors for the simple reason that they needed their investment to rebuild from the ravages of war. This acceptance however, was a limited one and depended almost entirely upon how far a Jewish person was willing to assimilate into the mainstream of Southern culture. Another factor in the South was the society’s notion that caucasians should be at least outwardly friendly to one another. These feelings led to an atmosphere wherein it became increasingly detrimental for Jews to assert their unique identity since their safety and prosperity hinged upon how “normal” they could appear.51
These facts led to a curious situation wherein it became increasingly difficult for Jews themselves to speak out about anti-Semitism yet, “[I]t was always possible, of course, for members of the local community elite to sidestep tradition and take an unpopular stand on a specific issue [.]”52 This is exactly what Vance did with each delivery of Scattered Nation. Vance wished to bring attention to latent anti-Semitism and wrote that the Jew should be judged “as we judge other men:”53by his merits. And above all, let us cease the abominable injustice of holding the class responsible for the sins of the individual. We apply this test to no other people.54
It is interesting to note that one of the key strengths of Masonry as identified earlier by Stephen Bullock was its ability to allow politicians to “address the sometimes contradictory cultural and practical demands placed upon them.”55 It may be that Masonry, in addition to being a means of legitimization for Jews in western society as well as an organization that glorifies and honors Judaic concepts and imagery provided not just free space, but also safe space for Jews such as Wittkowsky to honor their traditions without provoking retaliation.
In Delivering Scattered Nation Vance was placing himself firmly within a group among American Protestants that saw the antiquity of the Jewish people and their connections to the nascent Christian faith as reason to show them respect. While most people today associate Christian Zionism and Christianity inspired philosemitism with a brand of religious fundamentalism that seeks to bring about the eschaton and the consummation of history via the vehicle of Israel, based upon a particular interpretation of biblical prophecy, this assumption is at least an over-simplification.
Vance’s friendship with Miller is very important as regards the influence Restorationism and Christian Zionism may have had on the speech. The information about Miller’s interest in things relating to the Israelites as well as the content of his sermons serve to highlight the beliefs of a man, well respected among his colleagues and contemporaries, who was thoroughly ensconced in the ideology of the Restorationist movement. Not only does this information show practically how Miller influenced Vance, it also makes possible the association of Vance and Scattered Nation with English Restorationism and Christian Zionism. Christian Zionism has raised quite a bit of interest in the past few years, especially as relates to “fundamentalist” Christian groups in the United States and their support for Israel.
Though this popularization has served to inform many people as to the source for many evangelical’s support of Israel, it has also served to obscure the roots of Christian Zionism and its manifold connection with mainstream-Protestantism, particularly of an English and American variety. When looking at the imagery used within Scattered Nation it becomes clear that Vance was familiar with and capitalized upon, the way preachers spoke of Israel during this time.
Vance was already an accomplished speaker when tradition asserts that the first delivery of Scattered Nation occurred on February 13, 1874 at the Baltimore Masonic Temple. Although Selig Adler was unsuccessful in obtaining any documentary evidence of this, he points out that it is probable because of Vance’s close association with Baltimore via the former surgeon of his battalion, Dr. Thomas J. Boykin, a resident of Baltimore. The speech seems to have been well known by 1875. It is more probable when looking at certain statements within the speech that it was first written before 1870. In the speech Vance states that “they found no colonies [. . . and] seek nowhere political power or national aggregation” additionally Vance continues:
All nations must have a certain proportion of their population engaged in tilling the soil; as the Jews have no common country they reside in all; and in all countries they have the shrewdness to see that whilst it is most honorable to plow, yet all men live more comfortably than the plowman.56
These statements indicate that Vance had no knowledge either of the Jewish agricultural colony in Palestine that was officially begun in 1870 or in the proto-Zionist movement that spawned it. This colony had been mentioned in the main Charlotte Newspaper, the Western Democrat in 1869, so it is unlikely that Vance remained ignorant after this point.57 Since it is known that the speech underwent several revisions, and that Vance often added or deleted certain portions depending on the audience, it is possible that the surviving version is of an earlier date and was subsequently revised.
While Vance was clearly in a position to be influenced both by the philosemitism within the Masonic Lodge and the Christian Zionism of Miller, the content of Scattered Nation is in keeping with Vance’s overall progressive stance after the Civil War. The former governor had particularly prided himself on the fact that North Carolina never rescinded the writ of habeas corpus during the war and his career after the war demonstrates his commitment to making life better for the people of North Carolina. It was during these post-bellum years while between political offices that Vance struck up his friendships with Wittkowsky and Miller.
The Rev. Dr. Arnold DeWelles Miller was born in Charleston S.C. on October 26th 1822. After attending Charleston College from which he graduated in 1841, Miller went to Columbia Theological Seminary and sought ordination in the Southern Presbyterian Church. After a short time at Fishing Creek in Bethel Presbytery S.C., Miller was called to the First Presbyterian Church of Charlotte in 1855; after two years there however, he was called to a church in Petersburg Virginia, where he remained until shortly before the close of the Civil War when he resigned and spent his time ministering to soldiers. In 1865 Miller returned to the First Presbyterian Church of Charlotte where he remained until his death in 1892. During his time in Charlotte Miller became well known for his interest in and support of and interest in the Jewish people. In its tribute to Miller a few years after his death, the North Carolina Presbyterian pointed out that among his “occasional contributions to church literature” were those written with “rare verve” regarding the restoration of the Jews.58
As stated previously Miller would annually set aside one sermon, basing it entirely on the Old Testament, and invite the Charlotte Jewish community to hear. One such sermon may have been written on the verse Psalm 20:5 “In the Name of our God we will set up our Banners!” Because of the frequency and regularity with which it was given, as well as the subject matter, it is quite possible that this was one of the aforementioned sermons to the Jewish community.59 If it was not one particularly written for the Jewish community, it still serves as an illustration of the ideological position from which Miller spoke:
They are not cast away totally nor finally not totally, for a chosen remnant has always existed and does today. Not finally, for in the latter days, the whole nation-and not remnant simply, as many suppose-shall be restored [italics mine]. “And all Israel shall be saved,” says the Apostle.60
The text of the sermon itself, as well as its content, shows that it went through several revisions over the years. Throughout this sermon, as well as in many of his other writings, Miller demonstrates his adherence to the Restorationist/Christian Zionist stream of theology. Not only does Miller insist that the Jewish people must and will be restored he continually insists that “Romanism and Mohamedanism” are “the 2 greatest hindrances to the greatest blessing which this distracted world is yet to receive at the hands of God, viz., the reconstitution of the Jewish nation, their restoration to the church and to their own land.”61 [Emphasis mine]
While Vance does not display such direct anti-Roman Catholic sentiment, he does use the Papacy to provide a point of reference in his oration, a point that strikes at the heart of his message to his Christian listeners:
Then, too, it must be remembered that these Pontiffs were but Gentiles in the garb of Jews, imitating their whole routine. All Christian churches are but off-shoots from or grafts upon the old Jewish stock. Strike out all of Judaism from the Christian church and there remains nothing but an unmeaning superstition. [Emphasis added]
“The Christian is simply the successor of the Jew” he continues, stating “[t]he Christian religion is equally Jewish with that of Moses and the prophets.”62 In describing the historical Israel, Vance clearly follows the example of many nineteenth century Americans and maps the values of the Republic, in an idealized form, upon the ancients to which he is referring. For Vance “[t]heir laws for the protection of property, the enforcement of industry and the upholding of the state were such as afforded the strongest impulse to personal freedom and national vigor.” In addition, for Vance the government of ancient Israel was not a monarchy or an ordinary theocracy, but rather, it was a “Theocratic Democracy.”63
After Vance’s death examples of what Adler called the “unusual devotion and tribute” shown to Vance by North Carolinians abound, as well as examples of tribute given him by members of the Masonic fraternity of which he was a member and the Jewish community which he defended. After his death in 1894, Vance’s funeral was an outpouring of grief for the people of North Carolina, which several thousand people attended. The Asheville Citizen gives a listing of the various groups attending, among them military units, Confederate veterans, Odd Fellows and Masons. The Lodge record of Mt. Hermon Lodge for that date tells us that members assembled for the “purpose of attending the funeral of our late Brother Zebulon Baird Vance,” and marched 120 strong in the procession that journeyed to Riverside.64 Three years later another Masonic Lodge in Asheville, Asheville Lodge # 410 met and ratified an earlier motion by the Master that Asheville Lodge Assist the Grand Lodge of North Carolina in laying the cornerstone of the Vance monument.65 Selig Adler relates that the fence at the base of the monument was paid for by Jewish merchant Nathan Straus and Maurice Weinstein tells us that in 1926 the Central Conference of American Rabbis held their convention in Asheville and placed a wreath on Vance’s grave.66 In 1929 the Asheville chapter of B’nai B’rith erected a marker to Vance in memory of Scattered Nation at Calvary Church in Fletcher. There are many other examples of memorials to Vance’s memory and in remembrance of Scattered Nation, but these serve to illustrate the great admiration and respect he earned from his contemporaries, and through Scattered Nation, from the Jewish people.
As Vance invoked the power of the American ideals of freedom and national vigor to inspire tolerance in his audience toward Jews, Miller warned of threats against those ideals, to portray Roman Catholicism as the enemy, not just of the Jewish people, but of American liberty. According to Miller the Roman Church of this period maintained that “the temporal must be subordinate to the spiritual, the state to the church,” and indeed it was during this time period that Pope Leo XII issued his scathing criticism of the heresy of Americanism in the Encyclical Testem Benevolentiae Nostrae.
In this way both Miller and Vance demonstrate that they are products of their time and place. The philosemitism of Vance and Miller, as well as Miller’s Christian Zionism, were the products of movements much larger. Vance, Miller and Wittkowsky, like all people, lived within the broad strokes of history and their lives were microcosms and illustrations of events on a grander scale. This paper has attempted to demonstrate some of the ways in which larger ideological and social movements effect personal interactions and the decisions people make in their lives. For these men, as well as for people today, this meant being embedded in a society that was the product of a multitude of ideological conflicts and truces.
Vance’s evocation of American ideals of Republican government and equality, Miller’s scathing criticism of what he perceived as a dictatorial religion, his warnings that such a faith constituted error and a threat not only to American ideals, but Christianity itself and Wittkowsky who exhibited such an ambivalent attitude toward his identity; each of these men were shaped and directed by events larger than themselves and each contributed to the ongoing tale of history in their own way. The reasons behind Vance’s writing of Scattered Nation may never be known, there is no way to know what he was thinking when he decided to pen this address. What can be shown is that there where influences around him that could have led him in such a direction, we may never know exactly what combination of influences motivated him, but these influences should be studied. Not only should they be studied in broad historical terms, but also in the effect they had upon individuals in specific times and places.
- Selig Adler, “Zebulon B. Vance and the `Scattered Nation,'” Journal of Southern History Vol. VII, Num. 3, August 1941, 357-358 [↩]
- James Parton, “Our Israelitish Brethren,” Atlantic Monthly Vol. XXVI, Num. CLVI (October 1870) [↩]
- Leonard Dinnerstein, Antisemitism in America (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994), 177-178. [↩]
- Vance, 68 [↩]
- Louise A. Mayo, The Ambivalent image: Nineteenth Century America’s Perception of the Jew (Rutherford: Fairleigh Dickenson University Press, 1988), 136 [↩]
- Vance, 92. Reform Judaism in the US was at first hostile towards Zionism, having reconciled and committed themselves to creating a life for themselves in the United States. A good illustration of the conflict can be found in Rabbi Max Heller : reformer, Zionist, southerner, 1860-1929 by Bobbie Malone. [↩]
- Vance, 92 [↩]
- Mayo, 136 [↩]
- Vance, 78 [↩]
- In many ways, Vance’s view, though he puts a positive spin on it by focusing on the fact that persecution will cease, foreshadows that of Zionists who insist that Jews must return to Israel if they are to maintain their identity. For an example of Zionist antipathy toward the diaspora see Eliezer Schweid, “The Rejection of the Diaspora in Zionist thought: two approaches” Essential Papers on Zionism, ed. Jehuda Reinharz and Anita Shapira. (New York: New York University Press, 1996) Chapter 6 [↩]
- Harry L. Golden, Jewish Roots in the Carolinas: A Pattern of American Philo-Semitism, 56 [↩]
- Christian Zionism is an umbrella term under which a variety of theologies fit, not all of which agree. [↩]
- Oliver Cromwell, quoted by Paul Charles Merkley in The Politics of Christian Zionism 1891-1948 (Portland: Frank Cass, 1998), 36 [↩]
- As Merkley states: “How ironical it was that it should be Napoleon who had opened the door for the British into Palestine! Indeed, he had done something even more dramatic: he had proposed the restoration of the Jews to their Holy Land; he had told them it was their right; he had told the Christian world that it was its duty, and that in this context Turkey had no countervailing right. This was precisely what British Restorationists believed! Theology, of course, played no part in Napoleon’s consideration: he was a complete unbeliever. Yet millenarians saw the deeper significance of the moment. It made sense that in the last hours of human history Antichrist would mimic the Truth—that is, the Eternal Truth about the Jews and their Land and the responsibilities of the nations toward both. British Restorationists were soon insisting that now was the time to simply take Palestine from the Turks and give it to the Jews to whom it belonged.”, page 39 [↩]
- ibid, 42 [↩]
- David A. Rausch, Zionism Within Early American Fundamentalism, 1878-1913 (New York: E Mellen Press, 1979), 2 [↩]
- Mt. Hermon Lodge Record, 1853, 116 [↩]
- Clement Dowd, Life of Zebulon B. Vance (Charlotte: Observer Printing and Publishing House, 1897), 31 [↩]
- Bullock, 228 [↩]
- “Officers of the Grand Lodge A.F. & A.M. of North Carolina: 1787 to 1887, First One Hundred Years” [↩]
- Bridges, [↩]
- Mt. Hermon Lodge Record, June 20, 1853 [↩]
- E.W. Bridges, Masonic Governors of North Carolina (Oxford: Press of Oxford (Masonic) Orphanage, 1937), 197-204 [↩]
- North Carolina Lodge of Research No. 666. A.F. & A.M., Nocalore: Being the Transactions of the North Carolina Lodge of Research, Nocalore Press 1935, 16; On December 6, 1864 the Grand Master of Masons in North Carolina related the following in his address: “I have granted the following military Dispensations: J.E. Avery Military Lodge, No. 1, 6th N.C. Troops, Hoke’s Brigade; Z.B. Vance Lodge No. 2, 40th Reg’t, Heavy Artillery, N.C.; Vance Brothers’ Lodge No. 3, 43rd N.C. Troops, Daniel’s Brigade; Lodge in the 3rd N.C. Cavalry, No. 4; Chicamauga Lodge, 21st Regiment, No. 5; J.C. McDowell Lodge, 1st N.C. Battalion, No. 6. [↩]
- Frontis Johnson, Zebulon B. Vance Letters, XX [↩]
- “Zebulon Baird Vance” North Carolina Encyclopedia; available from http://statelibrary.dcr.state.nc.us/nc/bio/public/vance.htm [↩]
- Quoted in Zebulon B. Vance and the Scattered Nation, 12-13 [↩]
- Margaret Jacob, “Exits from the Enlightenment: Masonic Routes,” Eighteenth Century Studies, vol 33 n2, winter 2000, pg 251; for an example of the ways in which Freemasonry was associated with both the enlightenment and American ideals during this period, comparison can be made between the Papal Encyclicals Humanum Genus (1884) which condemned Freemasonry and Testem Benevolentiae Nostrae (1899) which condemned the heresy of Americanism; Stephen C. Bullock, “Remapping Masonry: A Comment” Eighteenth Century Studies vol 33 n2, (winter 2000), pg 275, Bullock states: “Until recently, Freemasonry mystified historians.” [↩]
- Jacob Katz, Jews and Freemasons in Europe 1723-1939, trans. Leonard Oschry, (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1970), preface to the English edition. [↩]
- William R. Weisberger, “Freemasonry as a source of Jewish Civic Rights in late Eighteenth-century Vienna and Philadelphia: a study in Atlantic History.” East European Quarterly [↩]
- Stephen C. Bullock, Revolutionary Brotherhood: Freemasonry and the transformation of the American Social Order, 1730-1840 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1996), 85 [↩]
- William R. Weisberger, “Freemasonry as a source of Jewish Civic Rights in late Eighteenth-century Vienna and Philadelphia: a Study in Atlantic History” East European Quarterly 34 no. 4 (Winter 2000), 2 [↩]
- Weisberger, 6 [↩]
- Bullock, 137 [↩]
- Bullock, 169 [↩]
- Gerald Gamm and Robert D. Putnam, “The Growth of Voluntary Associations in America, 1840-1940.” The Journal of Interdisciplinary History Vol. XXIX Num. 4, Spring 1999, (515) 511-557 [↩]
- Paths of Emancipation: Jews, States, and citizenship, ed. Ira Katznelson and Pierre Birnbaum (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1995), [↩]
- William D. and Hilary L. Rubenstein, Philosemitism: Admiration and Support in the English-Speaking World for Jews, 1840-1939 (New York: St. Martin’s Press 1999), 115 [↩]
- Albert Pike, Morals and Dogma, (Charleston: Supreme Council of the Thirty-Third Degree for the Southern Jurisdiction of the United States and Published by its Authority, A.M. 5632), 9 [↩]
- Adler, 360 [↩]
- ibid, 360 [↩]
- Morris Speizman, The Jews of Charlotte, North Carolina: a Chronicle with commentary and conjectures. Charlotte: McNally and Loftin, 1978, 8 [↩]
- ibid [↩]
- ibid [↩]
- John Vaughan, “Leadership Pioneer: Sam Wittkowsky came, he led, and today’s city leaders follow.” The Charlotte Observer, unknown date. [↩]
- Unidentified Newspaper clipping, quoted in Zebulon Vance and the Scattered Nation, 43 [↩]
- Adler, 361 [↩]
- E.W. Bridges, 204; Because Vance is known to have been active in both Phalanx Lodge and R.A. No. 39 it is important to note that the Royal Arch is part of the York Rite of Masonry and as such, is not exactly the same as the other two lodges mentioned; a person could be a member of Excelsior or Phalanx Lodge and still be a member of Royal Arch [↩]
- Charlotte-Mecklenburg Historic Landmarks Commission, “Masonic Temple,” available at: http://www.cmhpf.org/S&RR/masonic.html . The Western Democrat July 6th, 1869; The Western Democrat of July 13, 1869 gives a glowing review of the festival and makes a special note that “A great deal of credit is also due the Hebrew portion of our community—ladies and gentlemen—for their valuable services in perfecting arrangements. Whenever the ‘Jews’ undertake anything they do it well.” [↩]
- Dinnerstein, Antisemitism in America, 35 [↩]
- ibid, 35 [↩]
- ibid, 176 [↩]
- ibid, 177 [↩]
- Vance [↩]
- Bullock, 228 [↩]
- Vance, 82-83 [↩]
- The Western Democrat, May 1869 states in a note headed “Progress of Judaism:” [. . .] Three matters of importance, we are told, are just now occupying the attention of the Jews at large. [. . .] the second is the establishment of an agricultural colony in Palestine[.] [↩]
- “Arnold DeWelles Miller, D.D. LL.D” North Carolina Presbyterian Old Series Vol. XXXIX No. 2,711. Thursday, Sept. 30, 1897 [↩]
- Arnold DeWelles Miller, Sermon. Miller records that this sermon was given on the following dates: January 6th, 1861 and (in Charlotte) 1887. Charlotte: January 4, 5 1868 and 1873, January 2nd 1876 and 1881 [↩]
- Arnold DeWelles Miller, In the Name of Our God We Will Set up our Banners!” [↩]
- Miller, In the Name of Our God we will Set up our Banners; to help make his point Rev. Miller quotes a Dr. Philippson, the Jewish editor of a journal in Germany, “The Church of Rome has made an integral part of its very essence and endeavors, to persecute the Jews, in word and deed, in the most hateful manner and to plant in the hearts of the nations, the bitterest enmity hatred and contempt against the Jews.” Additionally, the fact that the Masonic Fair mentioned earlier took place on the grounds of the First Presbyterian Church is interesting. While this may only be a testament to the prominence of the First Presbyterian Church at this time, it may also indicate that Rev. Miller himself was a Mason. While there appear to be no documents to corroborate this suspicion, it is hard to imagine a minister who so rigorously defended his Church and his flock from heresy—even going so far as to forbid the celebration of Easter for having a “Pagan, Popish and Jewish” origin—not protesting the location of the fair unless he had more than second hand information about the Lodge; Rev. Miller wrote a letter to a lady from Asheville responding to an apparent question about appropriateness of Easter celebrations. Montreat: Julia McGehee Alexander collection, Box 1 of 23, correspondence. [↩]
- Vance, 68 [↩]
- ibid, 71-72 [↩]
- Mt. Hermon Lodge Record, 1894 [↩]
- Asheville Lodge Record, December 16, 1897 [↩]
- Weinstein, 24 [↩]