Cracking the AP Biology Exam
TYPES OF REACTIONS
Exergonic reactions are those in which the products have less energy than the reactants. Simply put, energy is given off during the reaction.
Let’s look at an example. The course of a reaction can be represented by an energy diagram. Here’s an energy diagram for an exergonic reaction:
You’ll notice that energy is represented along the y-axis. Based on the diagram, our reaction released energy. An example of an exergonic reaction is when food is oxidized in mitochondria of cells and then releases the energy stored in the chemical bonds.
Reactions that require an input of energy are called endergonic reactions. You’ll notice that the products have more energy than the reactants.
The products gained energy in the form of heat. An example is when plants use carbon dioxide and water to form sugars.
Although we said that exergonic reactions release energy, this does not mean that they do not require any energy to get started. Take a look at this energy diagram of a typical exergonic reaction:
You’ll notice that we needed a little energy to get us going. That’s because chemical bonds must be broken before new bonds can form. This energy barrier—the hump in the graph—is called the activation energy. Once a set of reactants has reached its activation energy, the reaction can occur much faster than it would in the absence of the enzyme.
GETTING BACK TO ENZYMES…
Why are enzymes so important in biology? They’re important because many reactions would never occur in the cell if it weren’t for the help of enzymes. As we saw earlier, enzymes, by definition, catalyze reactions: They activate them. What this means in chemical terms is that theylower the activation energy of a reaction, enabling the reaction to occur much faster than it would in the absence of the enzyme.
Most of the crucial reactions that occur in the cell require enzymes. Yet enzymes themselves are highly specific—in fact, each enzyme catalyzes only one kind of reaction. This is known as enzyme specificity. Since this is true, enzymes are usually named after the molecules they target. In enzymatic reactions, the targeted molecules are known as substrates. For example, maltose, a disaccharide, can be broken down into two glucose molecules. Our substrate, maltose, gives its name to the enzyme that catalyzes this reaction: maltase.
Many enzymes are named simply by replacing the suffix of the substrate with –ase. Using this nomenclature, maltose becomes maltase.
Enzymes have a unique way of helping reactions along. As we just saw, the reactants in an enzyme-assisted reaction are known as substrates. During a reaction, the enzyme’s job is to bring the substrates together. It accomplishes this due to a special region on the enzyme known as anactive site.
The enzyme temporarily binds the substrates to its active site, and forms an enzyme-substrate complex. Let’s take a look:
Once the reaction has occurred and the product is formed, the enzyme is released from the complex and restored to its original state. Now, the enzyme is free to react again with another bunch of substrates.
By binding and releasing over and over again, the enzyme speeds the reaction along, enabling the cell to release much-needed energy from various molecules. Here is a quick review on the function of enzymes.
- Increase the rate of a reaction by lowering the reaction’s activation energy
- Form temporary enzyme-substrate complexes
- Remain unaffected by the reaction
- Change the reaction
- Make reactions occur that would otherwise not occur at all
However, scientists have discovered that enzymes and substrates don’t fit together quite so seamlessly. It appears that the enzyme has to change its shape slightly to accommodate the shape of the substrates. This is called induced fit.
ENZYMES DON’t ALWAYS WORK ALONE
Enzymes sometimes need a little help in catalyzing a reaction. Those factors are known as coenzymes. Vitamins are examples of organic coenzymes. Your daily dose of vitamins is important for just this reason: The vitamins are “active and necessary participants” in crucial chemical reactions. The function of coenzymes is to accept electrons and pass them along to another substrate. Two examples of such enzymes are NAD+ and NADP+.
In addition to organic coenzymes, inorganic elements—called cofactors—help catalyze reactions. These elements are usually metal ions, such as Fe+2.
FACTORS AFFECTING REACTION RATES
Enzymatic reactions can be influenced by a number of factors, such as temperature, pH, and the relative amounts of enzyme and substrate.
The rate of a reaction increases with increasing temperature, up to a point, because an increase in the temperature of a reaction increases the chance of collisions among the molecules. But too much heat can damage an enzyme. If a reaction is conducted at an excessively high temperature (above 42°C), the enzyme loses its three-dimensional shape and becomes inactivated. Enzymes damaged by heat and deprived of their ability to catalyze reactions are said to be denatured.
Here’s one thing to remember: All enzymes operate at an ideal temperature. For most human enzymes, this temperature is body temperature, 37°C.
Enzymes also function best at a particular pH. For most enzymes, the optimal pH is at or near a pH of 7:
Other enzymes operate at a low pH. For instance, pepsin, the digestive enzyme found in the stomach, is most effective at an extremely acidic pH of 2.
Here’s another important piece of information:
Most enzymes are active over a narrow range of pH.
We know that enzymes control the rates of chemical reactions. But what regulates the activity of enzymes? It turns out that a cell can control enzymatic activity by regulating the conditions that influence the shape of the enzyme. For example, some enzymes have allosteric sites, a region of the enzyme other than the active site to which a substance can bind. Substances called allosteric regulators can either inhibit or activate enzymes. An allosteric inhibitor will bind to an allosteric site and keep the enzyme in its inactive form while an allosteric activator will bind to an enzyme and induce its active form. Allosteric enzymes are subject to feedback inhibition in which the formation of an end product inhibits an earlier reaction in the sequence.
Most enzymes can be inhibited by certain chemical substances. If the substance has a shape that fits the active site of an enzyme, it can compete with the substrate and effectively inactivate the enzyme. This is called competitive inhibition. Usually a competitive inhibitor is structurally similar to the normal substrate. In noncompetitive inhibition, the inhibitor binds with the enzyme at a site other than the active site and inactivates the enzyme by altering its shape. This prevents the enzyme from binding with the substrate at the active site.


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Have you ever heard you are what you eat? Of course! Obviously eating well has many advantages to your energy level, your weight, your mind, but also your skin. If only it was so easy that all we had to do was put great skin care on our skin and that's the end of the story.
Your skin is the largest organ of your body. And its health is easily influenced by what you eat. Skin goes through many cycles of renewal and repair. Proper nutrition supplies your skin with the materials it needs to maintain its beauty and strength.
That means eating a variety of healthy, whole foods that include a wide range of vitamins, minerals, antioxidants, lean proteins, and omega-3 fatty acids. Here's a few things to watch for when you are thinking about what to put into your body.
Vitamin C: Healthy skin requires a good supply of the protein collagen. This peptide is the most abundant protein in your body and is found in connective tissue and skin. Collagen gives your skin elasticity, bounce, structure, and durability.
Your body needs Vitamin C to regulate the amount of collagen produced in your skin. Vitamin C stabilizes the genetic blueprints for collagen production and increases the rate at which it is made. This helps keep your skin looking as firm and healthy as possible.
Fatty Fish: such as salmon, mackerel and herring, are excellent foods for healthy skin. They are rich sources of omega-3 fatty acids, which are important for maintaining skin health. Omega-3 fatty acids are necessary to keep skin thick, supple and moisturized. In fact, a deficiency in omega-3 fats can cause dry skin.
Avocados: are high in healthy fats. These fats benefit many functions in your body, including the health of your skin. Getting enough of these fats is important for keeping skin flexible and moisturized.
Walnuts: a good source of essential fats, zinc, vitamin E, vitamin C, selenium and protein, all of which are nutrients that your skin needs to stay healthy.
Sunflower Seeds: an excellent source of nutrients, including vitamin E, which is an important antioxidant for the skin. They also contain linoleic acid, a type of fat that may prevent dry and thin skin.
Sweet Potatoes: an excellent source of beta-carotene, which acts as a natural sunblock and protects the skin from sun damage.
Bell Peppers: contain plenty of beta-carotene and vitamin C, both of which are important antioxidants for the skin. Vitamin C is also necessary to create collagen, the structural protein that keeps skin strong.
Broccoli: is a good source of vitamins, minerals and carotenoids that are important for skin health. It also contains sulforaphane, which may help prevent skin cancer and protect the skin from sunburn.
Tomatoes: are a good source of vitamin C and all of the major carotenoids, especially lycopene. These carotenoids protect the skin from sun damage and may help prevent wrinkling.
Soy: contains isoflavones. Isoflavones have been shown to improve wrinkles, collagen, skin elasticity and skin dryness, as well as protect the skin from UV damage.
Dark Chocolate: Cocoa contains antioxidants that may protect the skin against sunburn. They may also improve wrinkles, skin thickness, hydration, blood flow and skin texture.
Green Tea: The catechins found in green tea are powerful antioxidants that can protect skin against sun damage and reduce skin redness, as well as improve the hydration, thickness and elasticity of skin.
Are we seeing a pattern here? Yes things that grow, are natural, and come from the earth...maybe dark chocolate had a little help but you get the idea!


Age 35 to 55? You'd Better Do This Daily
Use it or lose it. We're talking about your mind. In a study with more than 5,300 people, researchers from University College London have determined that people ages 35 to 55--that is, those who are approaching and in the middle-age years--who participate in intellectually challenging leisure-time activities, such as reading or taking classes, have sharper minds than people who prefer solitary activities, such as gardening or household tasks. And doing this from ages 35 to 55 will help protect your mind as you age. Our intellectual ability is definitely influenced by what we do. "Participation in complex leisure activities keeps the brain active and engaged," lead researcher Dr. Archana Singh-Manoux told Reuters.
The study: In addition to testing short-term memory, mathematical reasoning skills, and vocabulary, the UK researchers asked 5,352 people between the ages of 35 and 55 what they did for fun.
The results: Those who spent more time on leisure activities had higher and better mental function than others, reports Reuters. Of particular value were activities that engaged the mind or brought the person into contact with people. These included cultural visits, playing cards or chess, reading, listening to music, or volunteering. To control for the fact that people who already have sharper minds are more likely to engage in such leisure time activities, the researchers used statistics to remove the influence of education and profession, two obvious factors that influence one's intellectual ability.
Previous research has shown that when older people engage in hobbies and socializing, it helps protect their minds against the ravages of aging. Now it seems that the earlier we begin the better. Exerting the mind in middle-age can protect it in old age. "Not all individuals decline at the same rate in old age, so some factors during the 'lifecourse,' both in early adulthood and middle age, must offer protection," Singh-Manoux explained to Reuters. The study findings were reported in the Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health.


Pregnant women are concerned about the safety of their newborn; due to the coronavirus pandemic. During this period, pregnant women should take the right precautions to prevent infection. Pregnant women should contact only trusted medical resources such as their health care providers and doctors about their concerns.
Pregnancy And Coronavirus
According to the Center For Disease Control And Prevention (CDC); there appears to be an increased risk for pregnant women to get infected. This is due to the fact that; pregnant women are at increased risk of infections.
There is currently no definitive answer as to whether the virus is transmitted during pregnancy or through breast milk, but there is sufficient evidence to warrant further research, particularly in relation to the new coronavirus and its potential effects on newborns.
Research shows that infected pregnant women don’t transfer the virus to their newborn..
One possible way to provide access to prenatal care during this outbreak is to expand use of telemedicine during pregnancy. This would enable pregnant women to participate in prenatal visits over videoconference or the phone. This would reduce their risk of COVID-19 exposure.
Isolation During Pregnancy
“Isolation can cause anxiety and depression in pregnant women and their families,” says Dr. Joia Crear-Perry; an OBGYN and president of National Birth Equity Collaborative; an organization focused on black maternal and infant health. There are specific guidelines for pregnant women that should be followed during an epidemic. She adds that if you notice symptoms, you must call your doctor immediately to seek treatment.
Right now, the CDC is not recommending specific measures for pregnant women beyond the infection prevention strategies recommended for everyone: hand washing, social distancing, avoiding crowds and working from home if possible. Pregnant health care workers can actually still go to work, but should not treat patients who have the virus.
Recommendations For Pregnant Women:
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends that women get vaccinated against flu at the time of pregnancy. This is because; vaccinations reduce the risk of being hospitalized with flu by an average of 40 percent.
Pregnancy affects and lowers the immune system; therefore, as a mum-to-be, strengthening your body’s defences can help build up your baby’s too – so everyone wins! While regular exercise and getting a good night’s sleep can help boost your immunity, what you eat can make a big difference too.
In addition, pregnant women are advised to take prenatal supplements and to eat plenty of fruits and vegetables.
Finally, there’s absolutely no reason to panic! adhere to the safety precautions and you and your little bundle of joy will be fine!


Recharge time is a huge issue for electric car developers. At 220V, most battery-electric cars take about six to eight hours to recharge. Cut the voltage to 110V, and the recharge time doubles.
Now, though, a University of Illinois professor and his research group say they’ve found a battery structure that’s more conducive to fast recharging. Paul Braun, a professor of materials science and engineering at the school, has created a fast-charging battery by employing an active thin film material wrapped in a three-dimensional structure. By doing so, the group says it can achieve both high capacity and large current.
“They have demonstrated battery electrodes that can charge and discharge in a few seconds, 10 to 100 times faster than equivalent bulk electrodes, yet can perform normally in existing devices,” a University of Illinois press release said.
The group’s battery structure reportedly solves the main drawback to fast re-charge. Up to now, performance of conventional batteries has degraded when they are rapidly charged. Materials scientists and electrochemists have long known they could use thin films to speed the recharge, but they’ve also known that thin films fail to store much energy, mainly because they lack volume.
But by wrapping the thin film in the three-dimensional structure, Braun’s groups said they can get the best of both worlds.
“Most batteries store a reasonably large amount of energy, but they can’t provide or receive energy rapidly,” Braun said. “This does both.”
The group is said to have demonstrated the technology in nickel-metal hydride and lithium batteries. Test batteries have reportedly been 90%-recharged in two minutes, which would mean an electric car might one day be recharged in about the same amount of time it takes to refill a gas tank.


The History of the Tablet and How It Replaced the Computer
Tablets have reduced the global notebook market today. This is because of his new work; moreover, it helps us a lot in our daily work. A tablet is a gadget that does all the work of a computer. The tablet weight is very light as compared to the laptop and this smart gadget is very convenient. The history of the tablet has opened the way for such progress and today it stands with all its conveniences.
- In 1987 first came the Linus Write-Top
This is one of the main writing response tablets. Using its pointer, you can draw on the green screen. 1987 The Progressive History tablet was launched.
- After 2 years new tablet grid pad launched
Gridpad was created in 1989 by Jeff Hawkins, author of Palm Computing. Some call it the main tablet PC. It ran MS-DOS and forces bought two but most of the buyers ignored it. They were expensive and heavy compared to PCs of that time.
- Apple’s first “tablet” was the MessagePad launch In 1993
Since 1993, Apple’s Newton MessagePad has been an attempt to create a second class of gadgets. instead of a PC, tablet computer inventor so-called “personal computerized companion” or PDA, to carry your daily schedule and some applications with you.
- 1997 was the time of the PalmPilot
By 1997, Jeff Hawkins was back with Palm Pilot, the first or most important reasonable PDA. In the long run, Pampilot will use touchscreens and will be very popular. This shows or proves that people need a third type of tablet between cell and PC, assuming the gadget is reasonable and not difficult to use.
- 2000 Microsoft’s first tablet PC was released
Bill Gates launches the first Microsoft tablet in 2000. Some people credit Microsoft for coining the term “tablet PC” with its early tablet gadgets. He described the future that the tablet would go through some major change within 5 years.
- Motion computing tablet PC LS800 came out in the 2000s and was the smallest tablet at that time
Motion Computing and Lenovo ThinkPad had the same LS800, Until the mid-2000s. In any case, they were overloaded and a lot was going on around them and they didn’t know the buyers well. They were commonly used by the military and other horticultural workers.
- In 2010, Jobs launched Apple iPad for us.
In 2010, the iPad appeared with an attractive touchscreen that was developed by individuals to the liking of the iPhone and iPod Touch.
Many people said it would fall flat. That did not happen. Apple has sold a total of 100 million units since last October and relies on 33 million additional, or more than 55 million, iPad Minis sales in 2013.
- The richness of the iPad created a new tablet competitor. Emerged with the Samsung Galaxy Tab
Then, at that point, the Android tablet looked like the Samsung Galaxy Tab. 600 Stickers Instantly hit the tab. In any case, in the long run, costs have dropped and the open-and-open-source Android Working Framework has promoted more classified and low-value gadgets.
- Microsoft Surface tablet launched in 2012
and in 2012, when Microsoft was back in the tablet game, the Cap tablet was a threat to its P&C domain, yet the PC’s ultimate destiny. More tablets and gadgets are coming our way.


Creeds. Every religion has a creed (from the Latin credo, "I believe"). Creeds, formal or not, are a record of the beliefs held by a community of believers. Many Christians undervalue the importance of creeds, claiming to need "no creed but Christ." This statement is indefensible; in fact, it is a creed in itself. No one can live without creeds. One’s creed may be vague or false. But everyone lives by a creed.
Without doubt, the modern Protestant church has inherited a confusing and conflicting doctrine. The attempt to flee from this malaise by running away from creeds is understandable but misguided. Creeds are a guide and protection against error. We need to be sure the God we worship is the Christ of the Bible. The creeds have defended true Christian belief from heresy for nearly two thousand years; why should we get rid of them now? Perhaps the very reason we are mired in the current divided mess we find ourselves in right now is that we have abandoned the anchor of the creeds and have cast ourselves loose onto the rocks of individual and self-informed opinion. Could it be that a recovery of the orthodox and faithful creeds of the church might be our way back to unity and faithfulness? We think so.
Confessions are less universal than creeds. Christian confessions represent the specific beliefs of various denominations, in most cases carefully outlined and with Scripture references. The Westminster Confession of Faith, for instance, outlines the principles and doctrines of Presbyterianism. The Belgic Confession is the standard for most German and Dutch Reformed churches. The 1689 London Baptist Confession represents the teaching and practice of many Baptist and Reformed Baptist congregations. Confessions are important for their detail. Like creeds, confessions are corrals, hemming in true doctrine and excluding the false.
Catechisms are simply distilled versions of the confessions, usually written as a series of questions and answers to be learned and repeated by the catechumen (learner). Some mistakenly infer that the word "catechism" (which derives from the Greek katecheo, "to teach;" see 1 Cor. 14:19 and Gal. 6:6) refers exclusively to the practice of the Roman Catholic Church. While the Roman church does have its own catechism, many Protestant churches also use catechisms to teach children and new converts. Protestant catechisms have a history as old as Protestantism itself, and only in the late 20th century have they fallen largely out of use.
We believe the teaching of creeds, confessions, and catechisms is an important part of Christian education. Children familiar with the basis and teachings of their faith are better able to mature and grow since they have a foundation of understanding. If a boy wants to play football, he will have a hard time scoring a touchdown if he doesn't know which end zone is his. In the same way, if he wants to grow as a Christian he will be much better prepared if he clearly understands what he believes.
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since I saw my first Renoir, I fell in love with impressionism.
The combination of patches of color and scattered light
gave the paintings a kind of innocents. It moved me to discover
rather than recognize what I was looking at. Here the familiar
references were gone and I could wander.
Impressionist era centered in France during the late 19th century,
where the volatile political and social climate provided a fertile
soil for the birth of an art movement that went against the grain
of the traditional. The movement's name came from Monet's early
work, Impression: A Sunrise, which was singled out for criticism
by an art critique Louis Leroy on its exhibition. This art at
first was viewed as controversial and it was considered to threaten
the values that fine art meant to uphold. Only when Camille Pisaro
died in 1903 have the critiques agreed that this movement was
the main 19th century artistic revolution and that all its members
were among the finest painters.
Édouard Manet is considered the inventor
of modern art and the grand father of Impressionism. His painting
"Lunchen on the Grass" stir up a scandal but young artists
first large exhibition of Impressionism was held in 1874. "The
Exposition des Impressionistes" was comprised entirely of
Impressionist paintings rejected by the formal Salons "Le
Salon Refusés". The original movement comprises the
work produced between 1867 and 1886 by a group of artist who shared
similar techniques and approaches. Some of the most influential
impressionistic painters were Claude Monet, Pierre August Renoir,
Edgar Degas, Édouard Manet, Alfred Sisley, Berthe Morisot,
Camille Pissarro and Armand Guillaumin..
Impressionist Style and the artists:
Impressionist painters were faced with the difficult challenge
of trying to capture an intense, fleeting impression of nature
in true color and light. A painting was typically completed in
a very short timeframe to capture the true essence of light. The
brushstrokes were left as applied emanating beauty and spontaneity
within the painting.
perfect example is Monet's series of Watter Lilies. Here the painter
demonstrates the different moods of the changing seasons, the
time of day, and the available light, as he captures the essence
of a moment in time.
August Renoir, is perhaps the only painter
said Octave Mirbeau who never produced a sad painting. In his
painting he created an immage of happiness.
Edgar Degas did not fit in the exact deffinition
of Impressionism but he was never the less one of its dedicated
driving force. With his eccentric view points he gave the human
body a new interpretation. The hallmark of his art was the world
of theatre, dance and music. Degas devoted most of his attention
to ballerinas rehearsing or on stage.
Some of the
most well known Impressionist were also part of the Post Impressionist
era. There is no well deffined style of Post Impressionism but
in general it is less casual and more emotionnaly charged than
Impressionist work. The classic Post Impressionist were Paul Cézanne,
Paul Gauguin, Vincent van Gogh
was facinated with by color, shape and form. He was a key figure
in the transition of 19th centry to 20th century art.
said " ....don't copy nature too much. Art is an abstraction"
In the Stary Night everything swirls at night
in St. Remy. It seems that the artist Vincent van Gogh, has expelled
his inner conflict onto a canvas.


Budj Bim World Heritage listing first
Ancient Aboriginal rock art found amongst thousands of drawings and carvings near the Burrup Peninsula in Western Australia. Robert G. Bednarik/AAP.
Claire Smith, Gary Jackson, Jordan Ralph, Budj Bim’s world heritage listing is an Australian first – what other Indigenous cultural sites could be next?, The Conversation, 6 July 2019
The Budj Bim Cultural Landscape in south-west Victoria is the first Indigenous Australian landscape to be gazetted on the World Heritage List purely for its cultural values.
This listing breaks an invisible barrier: even the most iconic Indigenous Australian cultural sites, such as Uluru-Kata Tjuta and Kakadu National Parks, were listed for both natural and cultural values.
Could the Budj Bim listing open the door to other Australian Indigenous sites obtaining a World Heritage listing? Here are five that certainly deserve greater attention.
When considering them it’s important to understand how ancestral beings inhabit living Indigenous landscapes, which they created during the era known as the Dreaming.
Today, these beings continue to live in the land. They are seen by Indigenous people as powerful and intelligent, with the capacity to hurt those who don’t act in the right way. They can be in different places at the same time. And they see everything.
The Dampier Archipelago (including the Burrup Peninsula)
The Dampier Archipelago, 1,550 kilometres north of Perth, has one of the most spectacular rock art landscapes in Australia. The richness and diversity of this art is extraordinary, ranging from small shelters to complexes with thousands of engravings. Some images are similar to those found hundreds of kilometres away in Depuch Island, the Calvert Ranges and Port Hedland, revealing ancient social connections spanning vast distances.
The Ngarda-Ngarlie people believe this area of land was created by the ancestral beings Ngkurr, Bardi and Gardi, who left their marks in its physical features. For instance, the blood of creative beings turned into stains that are now the Marntawarrura, or “black hills”.
Baiame’s Ngunnhu (Brewarrina Fishtraps)
The Brewarrina fishtraps, located in the Darling River near Brewarrina in New South Wales, are a clear example of Indigenous science. They offer material evidence of the Ngemba people’s advanced knowledge of dry-stone wall technology, river hydrology and fish ecology.
The Ngemba people believe the ancestral being Baiame revealed the innovative design of the traps by throwing his net over the river. With the help of his two sons, Baiame built the fishtraps in the shape of this net.
Nearly half a kilometre long, the fishtraps’ design and complexity is extraordinary. Dry-stone weirs and ponds were designed to take advantage of the specific configuration of the landscape and seasonal changes in river flows. The pond gates are strategically located to trap fish as they migrate both upstream and downstream. For thousands of years, these distinctive traps have been used to catch fresh water fish.
Ngarrabullgan, a sacred and dangerous place in north Queensland, is an important example of congruence between Aboriginal traditions and archaeologically recorded changes in behaviours. Excavations show that Aboriginal people began living on Ngarrabullgan more than 37,000 years ago. They stopped camping there about 600 years ago.
There is no evidence of climate or environmental change at this time. Nor is there evidence of depopulation, which could have caused changes in site use. However, the Djungan people believe that a spiritual being called Eekoo lives on Ngarrabullgan (also known as Mt Mulligan). He can cause sickness by throwing stones, hooks or pieces of wood into a person’s body. This does not leave a mark.
Djungan people avoid going near the top of Ngarrabullgan where Eekoo lives to avoid disturbing him. They attribute any sickness when on the mountain to Eekoo.


Strawberry yogurt, potato chips, fortified water, soda, frozen meals, cookies, infant formula and sliced wheat bread.
What do these products have in common? According to a public health movement that’s sweeping the globe, they are all “ultra-processed.”[i] Some public health nutrition advocates are using this terminology to judge a food or beverage’s impact on health – arguing that it’s the processing aids and methods (versus nutrient composition) contributing to obesity and disease. What exactly makes a food “ultra-processed?” It’s complicated – certain processes or ingredients that can’t be found in your grandmother’s kitchen intended to enhance the palatability and acceptability of foods (like carbonation or added whey protein, for example) land many common and even nutritious foods in this category, making it difficult to determine what foods meet this definition.[i]
We’ll tell you everything you need to know about this emerging trend, from the new policy realities it’s creating to why the food and beverage sector may need to rethink its approach to product reformulation, innovation and corporate social responsibility efforts.[i],[ii]
How Did We Get Here?
The notion of ultra-processed foods originated in Brazil in 2009, when Dr. Carlos Monteiro, Professor of Nutrition and Public Health at the University of Sao Paulo, Brazil, created the NOVA system.[iii] NOVA defines ultra-processed foods as “cheap industrial sources of energy and nutrients, plus additives, using a series of processes.”[i] Five years later, Brazil’s dietary guidelines adopted this idea, encouraging Brazilians to “avoid ultra-processed foods.”[iv] Since then, other countries like Uruguay, Canada and France have followed Brazil’s lead, with more to come. [v],[vi],[vii],[viii] Dietary guidelines recommendations like these lead to restrictions around ultra-processed foods and beverages through front-of-package warning labels, marketing restrictions and other policies.1, [ix],[x]
The science supporting recommendations to limit processed food consumption is still evolving and controversial. Studies in Brazil, Spain, New Zealand and the UK, largely observational in nature, have found associations between ultra-processed foods and obesity, metabolic syndrome, hypertension and cardiovascular disease.[i] Very recently, the first randomized controlled trial on the subject was published by the U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH)—it too found these foods may cause weight gain.[xi],[xii] Critics, however, have pointed out significant limitations in these studies, including small sample sizes, the inability to distinguish the effect of high caloric content versus that from processing, inconsistent definitions of processing and not controlling for affordability. Some contend the focus on processing is flawed because it fails to acknowledge the role processed foods can play to promote health and provide affordable, accessible and practical options.[xiii],[xiv]
5 Potential Impacts on the Global Food & Beverage Marketplace
Bottom Line: While controversial, efforts to denigrate ultra-processed foods are gaining steam and changing the global public health landscape through communications and policy actions. The food and beverage sector should keep close watch on global developments and develop nutrition affairs strategies to productively contribute to the dialogue.
[i]Monteiro CA, et a. The UN Decade of Nutrition, the NOVA food classification and the trouble with ultra-processing. Public Health Nutr. 2018; 21: 5-17. doi: 10.1017/S1368980017000234.
[ii] Recent guidance from Santé publique France included advice to minimize consumption of “ultra-processed foods.” (Santé publique France présente les nouvelles recommendations sur l’alimentation, l’activité physique et la sédentarité. Santé publique France. 2019. Accessed at: https://www.santepubliquefrance.fr/Accueil-Presse/Tous-les-communiques/Sante-publique-France-presente-les-nouvelles-recommandations-sur-l-alimentation-l-activite-physique-et-la-sedentarite.)
[iii] Monteiro CA, et al. A new classification of foods based on the extent and purpose of their processing. Cad Saude Publica. 2010; 26(11):2039-2049. doi: 10.1590/S0102-311X2010001100005.
[iv] Dietary Guidelines for the Brazilian Population. 2015. Accessed at: http://bvsms.saude.gov.br/bvs/publicacoes/dietary_guidelines_brazilian_population.pdf
[v] The new Canada Food Guide includes recommendations to limit intake of “highly processed” foods and beverages. (Canada’s food guide. Government of Canada. 2019. Accessed at: https://food-guide.canada.ca/en/.)
[vi] Recent guidance from Santé publique France included advice to minimize consumption of “ultra-processed foods.” (Santé publique France présente les nouvelles recommendations sur l’alimentation, l’activité physique et la sédentarité. Santé publique France. 2019. Accessed at: https://www.santepubliquefrance.fr/Accueil-Presse/Tous-les-communiques/Sante-publique-France-presente-les-nouvelles-recommandations-sur-l-alimentation-l-activite-physique-et-la-sedentarite.)
[vii] Food-based dietary guidelines for the population of Uruguay. 2016. Access at: http://www.fao.org/nutrition/education/food-based-dietary-guidelines/regions/countries/uruguay/en/
[viii] Pan-American Health Organization Nutrient Profile Model. 2016. Accessed at: https://www.paho.org/hq/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=11662:paho-nutrient-profile-model&Itemid=41739&lang=en
[ix] Decree no. 272/2018. Uruguay Ministry of Health. 2018. Accessed at: https://medios.presidencia.gub.uy/legal/2018/decretos/08/cons_min_705.pdf.
[x] Allemandi L, et al. Food advertising on Argentinean television: are ultra-processed foods in the lead? Public Health Nutr. 2018; 21:238-246. doi: 10.1017/S1368980017001446.
[xii] Researchers found the consumption of “ultra-processed” foods causes increased calorie intake and weight gain. (Hall KD, et al. Ultra-processed diets cause excess calorie intake and weight gain: An inpatient randomized controlled trial of ad libitum food intake. Cell Metab. 2019. doi: 10.1016/j.cmet.2019.05.008.)
[xiii] Gibney MJ. Ultra-processed foods: Definitions and policy issues. Curr Dev Nutr. 2018; 3(2). doi: 10.1093/cdn/nzy077
[xiv] Miller Jones J. Food processing: criteria for dietary guidance and public health? Proc Nutr Soc. 2019; 78(1): 4-18. doi: 10.1017/S0029665118002513.
[xv] U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Food and Drug Administration. Code of Federal Regulations Title 21. 2018. Accessed at: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/cfrsearch.cfm?fr=101.65.
[xvi] U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Food and Drug Administration. Use of the term “healthy” in the labeling of human food products: Guidance for industry. 2016. Accessed at: https://www.fda.gov/media/100520/download.
[xvii] This survey was designed by FoodMinds Strategic Insights and fielded by SMS Research Advisors, a division of Padilla, in 2019.
[xviii] Federal University of Paraná warning label proposal to Anvisa. 2017. Accessed at: https://idec.org.br/noticia/idec-apresenta-novo-modelo-de-rotulagem-nutricional-anvisa
[xix] Access to Nutrition Index. Global index 2018. 2018. Accessed at: https://www.accesstonutrition.org/sites/gl18.atnindex.org/files/resources/atni_report_global_index_2018.pdf.


The Radiology Department
You will probably have some tests while you’re in the hospital – but not like the ones you take in school! The doctor may order a blood test, which involves taking some blood from a vein in your arm. This can pinch a little, but it won’t hurt too much. For other kinds of tests, you may need to give some urine (pee) or poop.
Sometimes an X-ray, CAT scan, or MRI will need to be done. These tests use a special camera to take a picture of parts of your body.
This helps doctors see the bones and tissues inside your body and helps them to see if anything is wrong or is making you sick. If there is a test you don’t understand, you can ask the doctor or nurse about it, and they will explain it to you.
Things to look out for in the radiology department:
- X-ray image
- Lead apron
- X-ray Camera
- Light Box


What to do with this activity?
A lot of great children's movies were books first!
Sometimes a child who is a reluctant reader will be happy to start reading a book if they have already enjoyed the film. They will have a vivid picture in their heads of the main characters; they will "hear" the dialogue as they read it. This will make it easier for them to enjoy the book. Often book publishers put still images from the film on the book cover to attract a child who knows the movie. It doesn't matter too much what your child is reading in terms of quality - comics included - as long as they gain the habit of reading for fun.
If you need suggestions, click on the PDF above right for a list of books that were made into popular movies. Don't forget, you can borrow books and videos free from your local library.
Reading is like a muscle – the more your child practises it the stronger their ability to read becomes. Reading with your child, encouraging them and giving them space to read makes reading part of their everyday lives.
Talk to your child about which books they liked and what they think would be good to read next. Look out for other activities for your child’s age group in your local library.
Use magazines and newspapers for ideas, words and facts. Use the pictures as well as the words. Show your child different types of books - storybooks but also poetry and factual books for children, for example on nature, animals or insects. Encourage your child’s interest in reading about topics they enjoy, for example animals, music and football. Enjoying reading is the most important thing.
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Science & Technology
RDS STEM Learning
The RDS STEM Learning CPD Programme is an innovative and interactive professional development programme aimed at developing primary school teachers' pedagogical and conceptual knowledge of science and mathematics.
A professional development programme with a difference RDS STEM Learning challenges teachers to embrace children’s natural curiosity and to focus on how they think, not what they know. It is also a community for shared learning amongst teachers, providing know-how and confidence in science and maths teaching. The classroom benefits of RDS STEM Learning are many: literacy and numeracy improvements; better problem solving; oral language development and integration of inquiry skills across the curriculum.
RDS STEM Learning was developed and piloted from 2012 – 2014 by the RDS, St Patrick’s College of Education and CASTeL, SPD/DCU, and was scaled-up in partnership with SFI Discover from 2015 - 2016. Following completion of the pilot, the RDS commissioned an external evaluation which has established that the pilot project has delivered significant measurable impact in the areas of teacher confidence and ability, and student engagement. The pilot programme showed evidence of creating a community of practitioners, enhancing teachers’ scientific inquiry skills and the breadth of methodologies used, increasing child-led learning, enhancing pupils’ numeracy and literacy skills and ensuring the cross-curricular integration of science.
2018/2019 RDS STEM Learning Teacher Education Programme @ Education Centres
The 2018/2019 RDS STEM Learning Teacher Education Programme is a 10-hour CPD programme run across 4 weeks designed to support primary school teachers undertaking science investigations in the classroom as part of their participation in Science Blast, delivered by the RDS. The 2018/2019 Programme is being piloted in partnership with Education Centres starting in October 2018. Programme details and booking information will be available through Blackrock, Drumcondra, Dublin West, Kildare and Navan Education Centres from Wednesday, September 26.
The Programme will focus on investigating everyday issues in science and will be delivered by RDS STEM Learning Facilitators who are primary school teachers. Workshops aim to support teachers in building their confidence and skills in teaching science through inquiry and will generate a supportive learning environment where teachers can reflect on their classroom practice and share ideas and experience. Participants will be supported trial approaches in their classrooms and extend their learning by taking part in Science Blast, delivered by the RDS.
For further information, please contact:
RDS Science & Technology Programme Manager
Tel: +353 (0) 1 240 7289


The chapter on Scientia Sexualis in Michel Foucault’s History of Sexuality is an attempt to unearth the untold truth concerning sex. Foucault argues that in this age there is so much sexual censorship and repression, claiming that over the past centuries there was an explosion of sexual discourse. Different societies have historically transformed into the current situation of sexual repression. This is explained by the following passage.
“In the erotic art, truth is drawn from pleasure itself, understood as a practice and accumulated in experience; pleasure is not considered in relation to an absolute law of the permitted and forbidden, nor by reference to the criterion of utility, but first and foremost in relation to itself; it is experience as pleasure, evaluated in terms of its intensity, its specific quality, its duration, its reverberations in the body and the soul.” (p.57)
The Arabo-Moslem societies in Japan, India, Rome, and China discovered the truth through finding pleasure in sex. The pleasure itself came to be understood as a practice and through experience, it was accumulated. These communities had little or no regard for sex as a law. This means that sex is not just about the question of being forbidden by the law or general morality. Its quality and duration creates a form of an intensity that reverberates the body and soul.
The western world community, however, learnt about “sexual truths” through their method of confession. According to Foucault, the Western World used the tool of confession to reveal the truth for so many years in history. Usually, this ritual unfolds a distinct power relationship, where the confessor is under some level of authority that demand the truth. Foucault explains further in this passage: “It was a time when the most singular pleasures were called upon to pronounce a discourse of truth concerning themselves, a discourse which had to model itself after that which spoke, not of sin and salvation, but of bodies and life processes-the discourse of science (p.64). As a result of the confession, the confessor benefits from a sort of a purification. This confession would move from the church booth, into the medical and scientific world, and later into the psychiatry world from where the understanding of truth was established. This shows that inasmuch as the society did not openly approve of sex, people would do it anyway. Therefore, even when sex is restricted by the law and general ethics, people will still do it because after all, it is always done in secret. The best way to make sex safe is to be open about it, so as to open avenues to address medical and other solutions to issues surrounding it. Thus, the truth behind sex could not remain uncovered.


What quantitative research is: A study that uses a systematic analysis of data to test a hypothesis.
What quantitative research is not: Qualitative research, which is a methodology that uses words, images, or objects to identify and understand motivations, relationships, patterns, and interactions.
Why quantitative research matters: Quantitative research methods allow for broad analysis of large data sets through the use of statistical analysis. With appropriate samples, quantitative research can produce generalizable results.
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1. Sex relieves stress
A big health benefit of sex is lower blood pressure and overall stress reduction, according to researchers from Scotland who reported their findings in the journalBiological Psychology. They studied 24 women and 22 men who kept records of their sexual activity. Then the researchers subjected them to stressful situations – such as speaking in public and doing verbal arithmetic – and noted theirblood pressure response to stress.
Those who had intercourse had better responses to stress than those who engaged in other sexual behaviours or abstained.
2. Sex boosts immunity
Good sexual health may mean better physical health. Having sex once or twice a week has been linked with higher levels of an antibody called immunoglobulin A, or IgA, which can protect you from getting colds and other infections. Scientists took samples of saliva, which contain IgA, from 112 university students, who reported the frequency of sex they had.
Those in the “frequent” group – once or twice a week – had higher levels of IgA than those in the other three groups – who reported being abstinent, having sex less than once a week, or having it very often, three or more times weekly.
3. Sex burns calories
Participating in 30 minutes of sex burns 85 calories or more. It may not sound like much, but it adds up: 42 half-hour sessions will burn 3,570 calories, more than enough to lose a pound.
Sex can be a great form of exercise.
4. Sex improves cardiovascular health
While some older people may worry that the efforts expended during sex couldcause a stroke, that’s not so, according to British researchers. In a study published in the Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, scientists found frequency of sex was not associated with stroke in the 914 men they followed for 20 years.
The circulation health benefits of sex don’t end there. The researchers also found that having sex twice or more a week reduced the risk of fatal heart attack by half for the men, compared with those who had sex less than once a month.
5. Sex boosts self-esteem
Boosting self-esteem was one of 237 reasons people have sex, according to researchers who published the list in the Archives of Sexual Behavior.
Some experts say those who already have self-esteem say they sometimes have sex to feel even better.
6. Sex improves intimacy
Having sex and orgasms increases levels of the hormone oxytocin, the so-called love hormone, which helps us to bond and build trust. University researchers evaluated 59 premenopausal women before and after warm contact with their husbands and partners ending with hugs. They found that the more contact, the higher the oxytocin levels.
Higher oxytocin has also been linked with a feeling of generosity. So if you’re feeling suddenly more generous towards your partner than usual, credit the love hormone.
7. Sex reduces pain
As the hormone oxytocin surges, endorphins increase and pain declines. So if yourheadache, arthritis pain or PMS symptoms seem to improve after sex, you can thank those higher oxytocin levels.
In a study published in the Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine, 48 volunteers who inhaled oxytocin vapour and then had their fingers pricked lowered their pain sensitivity by more than half.
8. Sex reduces prostate cancer risk
Frequent ejaculations, especially in 20-something men, may reduce the risk ofprostate cancer later in life, Australian researchers reported in the British Journal of Urology International. When they followed men diagnosed with prostate cancer and those without, they found no association of prostate cancer with the number of sexual partners as the men reached their 30s, 40s and 50s.
However, they found men who had five or more ejaculations weekly while in their 20s reduced their risk of getting prostate cancer later by a third.
9. Sex strengthens pelvic floor muscles
For women, doing a few pelvic floor muscle exercises during sex offers a couple of benefits. You will enjoy more pleasure, and you’ll also strengthen the area and help to minimise the risk of incontinence later in life.
To do a basic pelvic floor exercise, tighten the muscles of your pelvic floor, as if you’re trying to stop the flow of urine. Count to three, then release.
10. Sex helps you sleep better
The oxytocin released during orgasm also promotes sleep, according to research.
Getting enough sleep has been linked with a host of other good things, such as maintaining a healthy weight and blood pressure. This is something to think about, especially if you’ve been wondering why your partner can be active one minute andsnoring the next.


There are plenty of people who donâ€™t know their credit score, and wouldnâ€™t know what to do with it even if they did. This makes sense. Unless you learn or are told what credit scores are and how they function, they seem like a very mysterious thing. Why, after all, should someone be able to wrap up your life in a single, 3-digit score? The thing is, credit scores are important. They reveal important information about your financial life, information that companies use when they decide whether or not to lend you money. Credit repair takes time, but it can make an incredible difference in your life regarding how much youâ€™ll pay to borrow money, as well as other opportunities. Here are three important things to know.
- Credit Scores Are For Lenders. Any time you borrow money, you pay for the privilege. This is true whether youâ€™re getting a credit card at a department store or trying to get a mortgage loan at a bank. In either case, any credit you take out is going to cost money. Not only will you have to repay the money you borrow, youâ€™ll have to repay the interest and fees associated with the loan. This interest and fees are usually not set-in-stone. The amount of interest you pay varies according to your credit score. The higher your credit score, the more secure your finances appear to be from the perspective of a lender. They know youâ€™ll probably pay their money back, so they donâ€™t charge you so much. For people with low credit score, the chance of default is high, so lenders charge more money for them to borrow. People with low scores might be considered too risky to some lenders, and be denied a loan entirely.
- Credit Scores are Determined By Many Factors. Your credit score is determined by how timely your credit payments are, how much debt you have, how much of your available credit you use, and other factors. Think about it this way, lenders canâ€™t look into your bank account to see how much money you have, but the companies that create credit scores can look at your spending and borrowing behaviors to try to imagine how secure your finances are. Spend, saving, borrow responsibly, and chances are, your credit score will be somewhat high.
- Bad Credit is Expensive. As explained above, bad credit costs more than good credit. Over the course of a lifetime, someone with poor credit might pay tens or hundreds of thousands more, after expenses like homes and college educations are factored in. In this way, good credit people live â€œat a discountâ€. By correcting your credit now, youâ€™ll be setting the stage for lots of savings over your whole life.
Credit scores are important. They tell the financial world important information about your money, and they tell you what kinds of savings and opportunities youâ€™re likely to have. You should look up your credit score. If it isnâ€™t where you need it to be, it is correctable.
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Houttuynia cordata 'Chameleon'
Photo Courtesy of Walters Gardens, Inc.
| ||Common Name: Chameleon Plant|
Common Name (Alternative): Tricolor Houttuynia
A spectacular show of color! Depending on how much sunlight is available, the Chameleon plant changes color, hence the common name. In shady areas, the leaves will be variegated green and cream. With more sun, they will take on striking hues of yellow, pink, and scarlet red. In early summer, nickel-sized, white flowers appear sporadically.
Houttuynia is a groundcover that is very easy to grow just about anywere. Its main requirement is consistant moisture, and it can even grow in shallow water. It is a vigorous grower, and care must be taken to prevent it from overrunning the garden. A root barrier is recommended or plants can be grown in deep, bottomless containers in ponds.
Origin: Not Native to North America
Sun or Shade?:
Full sun (> 6 hrs. direct sun)
Part shade (4-6 hrs. direct sun)
Full shade (< 4 hrs. direct sun)
Wet or dry?:
Consistent water needs
Need critter resistant plants?:
How fast should it grow?:
When should it bloom?:
How's your soil?:
Sweet or Sour Soil?:
Acidic Soil (pH < 7.0)
Neutral Soil (pH = 7.0)
Alkaline Soil (pH > 7.0)
What's your garden style?:
Houttuynia can be grown in any light conditions and moist to wet soil. It's not hard to grow this plant, but it is challenging to contain once it is established. Care should be taken to curb its invasive habits. This plant also breaks dormancy relatively late in the season, but its rapid growth more than makes up for this.


Asphodeline are hardy perennials.
Some of the common names for members of the genus include Asphodel; Jacob's rod and King's spear.
They normally flower in the summer months.
Asphodeline are fairly tall plants typically 30 cm to one metre in size. At the top of these tall stems can be found clustered yellow flowers that are star like in colour. Jacob's rod flowers are often very fragrant in nature.
Asphodeline by Belgianchocolate.
Asphodeline lutea (Jacob's rod) by Ishaip.
Common Names: Asphodel, Jacob's Rod, King's Spear
Life Cycle: Hardy Perennial
Height: 48 to 60 inches (120 to 150 cm)
Growing Region: Zones 6 to 8
Flowers: Late Spring to Early Summer
Flower Details:Yellow, Spikes, Star shaped, fragrant
Foliage: Grass like, Blue-green
Sow Outdoors: Sow seeds and lightly cover in the spring. Plant roots at a depth of 3 to 4 inches (7 to 10cm) in spring or autumn. Spacing: Small species 6 to 10 inches (15 to 20cm); Large species 15 to 18 inches (38 to 45 cm). Grow in mass.
Sow Indoors: Late winter to early spring. Germination time: 1 month. Temperature 70 to 75°F (21 to 24 °C), Transplant outdoors following the last frost or at the start of autumn.
Requirements: Full Sunlight for best results, can also grow in partial shade. Good drainage. Soil pH 6 to 8. Ordinary soil. Watering in dry periods. Fertilize in spring Mulch in cold climates. Divide in early autumn.
If you plan to grow Jacob's rod and related species from seed outdoors then they should be planted out from spring to early summer. Simply cover the seeds once sown.
If you are planting Asphodeline root stocks then you should plant these at a depth of 8 to 10 cm. If you plant to plant Asphodeline seeds indoors then this should ideally be done in the early spring, germination will take in the region of a month and should be performed at temperature of around 20 degrees Celsius. The seedlings can then be transplanted outdoors after the last frost of spring (or in autumn).
Seedlings of Asphodeline should be planted out at a distance of about 20 cm apart for smaller species and 35 to 45 cm for larger species. They should ideally be planted in a sunny area of the garden for best flowering, but can also be grown in partially shaded areas of the garden. They are best grown in a well drained soil of pH 6 to 8.
Asphodeline are pretty easy to look after, they should be fertilized in the spring, and kept watered during dry periods. Flowering stems should be removed after the last spring frost to encourage more flowering heads.


Spheres as way of thinking about the Web
Thinking of the Web in terms of spheres refers initially to the name of one of the most well-known, the blogosphere, as well as to scholarship that seeks to define another, the "Web sphere" (Foot and Schneider, 2002; Schneider and Foot, 2002). The sphere in blogosphere refers in spirit to the public sphere; it also may be thought of in terms of the geometrical form, where all points on the surface are the same distance from the center or core. One could think about such an equidistance measure as an egalitarian ideal, where every blog, or even every source of information, is knowable by the core, and vice versa. On the Web, it has been found, certain sources are central. They receive the vast majority of links as well as hits. Following such principles as the rich get richer (aka Matthew effects and power law distributions), the sites receiving attention tend to garner only more, however. The distance between the center and other nodes may tend only to grow, with the ideal of a sphere being a fiction, however much a useful one. Spherical analysis is a digital method for measuring and learning from the distance between sources on the Web.
The object of study & the approach
Here a sphere is considered to be a device demaracted source set, i.e., the pure PageRank of all sources on the Web
(most influential sites by inlink count), or indeed analogous "page rankings" of all sources calculated by the dominant engines per sphere, e.g., Technorati for the blogosphere, Google News for the newssphere, Del.icio.us for the social bookmarking or tagosphere, etc. Thus, to study a sphere, we propose first to allow the engines to demarcate it. In sphere analysis one considers which sources are most influential, not only overall but per query.
"Cross-spherical analysis" compares the sources returned by each sphere for the same query. It can therefore be seen as comparative ranking research. The digital methods approach may also may be called "comparative source distance analysis." More specifically, for the query "climate change," the search engine, Google, returns an ordered list of sources. This list of sources may be thought of in terms of a bounded space. The question of which sources or actors are included, and which are excluded, is important. On top of questions of inclusion and exclusion, one may think about the type of sources returned. With cross spherical analysis the results served by Google Web search for "climate change" are compared to those returned by other ordering devices in the blogosphere, the newssphere, the tagosphere and perhaps the videosphere (YouTube).
Initial observations would concern how each sphere-ordering device values digital objects in their algorithms. Consider for example how Technorati grants a different value to links than Google Web search. (See also the digital methods research on the no_follow tag.) The ordering devices, Google, Technorati, Google News, Del.icio.us and YouTube, define the source positions, and particularly the rankings, in the sphere.
Most importantly, with cross-spherical analysis, one may think through the consequences of each engine's treatment of links, freshness, tags, etc. Do particular sources tend to be in the core of one sphere, and not in others? What does comparisons between sources, and source distances, across the spheres tell us about the quality of the new media?
Visualizing comparative source distance analysis
This unit is dedicated to cross-spherical analysis as well as the ways to visualize and interpret the results. One may start thinking about a sphere visually with the "unordered tag cloud." In the study, Issue Animals, animals (or actors) are presented visually in a sphere-shaped tag cloud, where the size of the text indicates the frequency of mentions. The visually bounded space represents the climate change issue animals space, consisting of the first 100 results served for the query "climate change." The animals are sized according to how many of the 100 websites mention each animal. Note that when comparing the results in the three spheres, the Web, the news and the blogosphere, the polar stands out in the news and even more so in the blogosphere (often described as being parasitic on the news). On the Web the animals are more equally proportioned, suggesting a more egalitarian space, at least in this case study.
A second way to compare spheres is with a venn diagram. The cross spherical venn diagram can be viewed as the integration of multiple tag clouds in one graphic. This example study makes visible the three different blogospheres around http://mastersofmedia.hum.uva.nl
. It shows which blogs are included or excluded within the spheres of the three devices we compared.
The third way to compare results across spheres is with dorling maps. The dorling is an alternative for the tag cloud and sizes bubbles (instead of words) according to the number of mentions. In the example of the green home topology, the dorling map is useful to visually present the composition of an issue space and compare its topology across source sets.*
*In this particular example the compared spaces are not based on ordering devices, but rather on three pre-defined source sets. Therefore it is technically not a cross-spherical example, though this visualization method can be used for cross-spherical analysis.
The final example concerns the comparison of results in a bubbleline. Compared to the dorling maps, the bubbleline is an easier way to compare the occurrence of issue language across source sets. The example is based on the same data as that used in the dorling map.
Foot, K. A. and Schneider, S. M. (2002). "Online Action in Campaign 2000: An Exploratory Analysis of the U.S. Political Web Sphere." Journal of Broadcasting _& Electronic Media,
Schneider, S. M. and Foot, K. A. (2002). "Online Structure for Political Action: Exploring Presidential Web Sites from the 2000 American Election." Javnost (The Public), 9(2): 43-60.
Sample project: Issue Animals
What is the hierarchy of Issue Animals in the climate change according to the web, the news and the blogosphere? Put differently, are the same Issue Animals popular in different "spheres" (where spheres are defined as distinct device-created spaces on the web)?
Method for cross-spherical analysis
- Query Google Web search for websphere. Retain top hundred results for the query, "climate change". Query each of the 100 websites for each issue animal. Count how many websites mention each animal. One mention per website only.
- Query Google news for the newssphere. Retain top hundred results for the query, "climate change". Query each of the 100 websites for each issue animal. Count how many websites mention each animal. One mention per website only.
- Query Technorati for the blogosphere. Retain top hundred results for the query, "climate change". Query each of the 100 websites for each issue animal. Count how many websites mention each animal. One mention per website only.
Making a list of issue animals
- Endangered animal lists are taken from Greenpeace as well as WWF. In composing the list throughout the process we take into consideration the names of the animals should not be too generic, or too specific. For example, the term 'bird' returns too many results, whereas the more specific terms, 'eagle,' 'crane,' and 'puffin', return discrete results. Furthermore, the word 'fox' also returns Fox News results, so the 'red fox' is preferred over 'fox'. With respect to names' being too specific, the term 'whale' is preferred over 'right whale,' which is not widely used in entries about climate change unless they are by animal or environmental organizations. 'Cow' is the exception. 'Cow' was added to the list because image research showed cows are popular images in the climate change issue space, not as an endangered species, but as a cause of climate change due to the methane emissions from burping cows.
- "polar bear"
- "red fox"
- "sea turtle"
Querying the Websphere - Google Web search
- copy top 100 Google results "climate change" (incl ads) & paste in Scrape Google tool. Scrape Google top 100 returns for query "climate change" with animal x. Result files: IssueAnimals Cow RedFox SeaTurtle Marmot
- use Analyse/Compare lists tool to obtain a list of unique URLs per animal. Paste results from Scrape Google files per single animal (Excel>edit>paste special) as a unicode document in .xls. Select colomn d and paste URL lists in both 'list 1' as 'list 2' in Analyse/Compare lists. Settings: tick the following boxes: "TCI" urls (works like harvester); one url per line in both lists (excludes format options for list2 and removes harvest functionality from list1); only return hosts.
- Result: Ranking Issue Animals by number of mentions by single urls in the Google top 100 "climate change": Dmi.ResultIssueAnimalsGoogle
Querying the Newssphere - Google News search
- scrape google news using Scrape Google News tool. search for one line per query "climate change" "animal x"
Querying the Blogosphere - Technorati blog search
- Query technorati for blog posts on blogs with any, a little, some, and a lot authority: "climate change" + "animal x"
- Result: Ranking Issue Animals by number of mentionings in blogs with varying authority related to "climate change":
Cross-spherical analytical findings
- Google results are distributed across all the animals not particularly favoring one issue animal. Taking the other results in consideration, the low frequency of appearance of the polar bear is remarkable.
- Google news results show a preference for the polar bear. The second favorite animal is the cow. Since google news results are time based (oldest article is about a month old) favorite issue animals may change. The cow as cause of climate change being a news item may explain the high frequency of appearance. To do: Review google news results in a month to see if favorite issue animals have changed drammatically or not.
- Technorati favors the polar bear as issue animal as well. The range between most and least favorite issue animals are the most extreme in this sphere. We made a distinction between blog posts from blogs with varying authority to see if blogs with a lot authority had different favorite issue animals compared to blogs with little authority. This is not the case. Issue animal favorites are more dependent on sphere.


Scientists today are using the latest imaging technologies to investigate Sigmund Freud's most fundamental tenets: that dreams represent unfulfilled wishes, that the three parts of the psyche--the ego, id and superego--have neuronal bases, and that "talk therapy" changes the physical networks of neurons in the brain. The fact that such work is happening at all represents an apparent comeback for psychoanalysis [see "Freud Returns," by Mark Solms, on page 28]. No one would be happier than Freud himself. Although his followers like to think of his work as pure psychology, the young Freud built his theories on his own detailed investigation of animal and human brains. To him, every mental illness stemmed from a physical defect in the brain.
His point of view changed, however, when he began treating women who were diagnosed as being "hysterical." They suffered from what appeared to be suppressed sexual desires. These cases and others prompted him to discard his own model of the brain as a kind of neuronal machine and replace it with a model of the mind as an entity driven by secret desires. Freud constructed his fantastic theories of dreaming, repression, and ego and id based on years of listening to troubled patients tell of their woes while lying on his office couch--a career move from the brain lab motivated primarily by Freud's need to make enough money to support his rapidly expanding family. And yet in his final writings, he acknowledged his own repressed hope that one day science would recast his maxims in neurology.


One of the ways we support the development of new technologies is by piloting them on our own turf—putting our campuses on the cutting edge of renewable energy use. We’ve tried new renewable energy options that help our operations run more efficiently while helping these technologies evolve and scale more rapidly.
In addition to our 1.9 MW solar array, we've incorporated other forms of renewable energy into our corporate campuses. This includes running a 970 kW cogeneration unit off our local landfill gas, which not only removes the methane, a particularly potent greenhouse gas, but converts it into electricity and heat that we use on campus. We've also installed an efficient ground source heat pump and deployed solar water heating on our office buildings in Mountain View, Hyderabad, and Tel Aviv.
In other words, we are confident that the technology will deliver a return on investment (ROI) in a reasonable period of time. For example, the 1.7 MW solar installation we implemented in 2007 produces over 3,000,000 kWh of clean energy per year, saving us a great deal in energy costs and reducing our carbon footprint.
We believe that by putting our dollars and resources behind a promising new technology—or allowing companies to use our campus as a testing ground—the technology will have a better chance of making it to market and scaling. For example, in 2007, we hosted the first installation of a promising new fuel cell technology that has the potential to use biogas. The company, also based in the Bay Area, was able to more quickly evolve the technology by having a working real-world pilot nearby.
Where possible, Google powers its operations with renewable power by buying this energy directly from our utility providers and from green energy facilities in the same grid regions as our data centers. By signing long term contracts for this power, Google provides the utilities and developers financial certainty, which removes a significant roadblock to building renewable facilities and expands the amount of renewable energy on the grid. We've now signed nine contracts for 1,146 MW of wind energy, which is enough to power over 330,000 U.S. households. This is an important step toward our long-term goal of powering our operations with 100% renewable energy.
Additionally, we hold ourselves to the highest standards when purchasing renewables. Our contracts meet strict criteria to ensure that our purchases are of the highest quality. First, they create new sources of green power on the grid. Second, the renewable attributes from the agreements are applied to our power consumption in the same year the energy is generated. And third, we purchase an equal quantity of energy and green attributes at the same time. The details of our renewable Power Purchase Agreement strategy are publicly available to provide a blueprint for other companies to green their operations and the grid.
We've signed six large-scale Power Purchase Agreements (or PPAs), which are long-term financial commitments to buy renewable energy from specific facilities. The first is for 114 MW of wind generation from the Story County II facility in Iowa, the second is for 100.8 MW of wind generation from the Minco II facility in Oklahoma, the third is for 72 MW of output from the Maevaara wind farm in Northern Sweden, the fourth is for 239.2 MW of wind generation from the Happy Hereford wind farm in the Texas Panhandle, the fifth is for the output of four wind farms in southern Sweden totaling 59 MW, and the sixth is for 43 MW of wind generation from the Golden Hills wind farm in Northern California. We've also signed three agreements directly with our utility providers, as detailed in the section below.
The power we purchase via these contracts is incorporated into the regional power grids from which we draw our electricity. These contracts also provide clean energy developers certainty on the payments for their power, which allows them to build these projects and/or obtain additional financing to build new projects. They also help us secure clean energy in the future—for ourselves and the world.
We’ve made the details of our power procurement strategy publicly available to provide a useful blueprint for other companies to green their operations and the grid. Read on about our criteria for PPA projects and other details on how we purchase green power.
We’ve also been working closely with our utility partners to find ways to source renewables directly. In September 2012, we signed an agreement with the Grand River Dam Authority (GRDA) to supply Google’s Mayes County, Oklahoma data center with 48 MW of wind energy from the Canadian Hills Wind project in west central Oklahoma.
In April 2014, we signed our second agreement with MidAmerican Energy to supply our Council Bluffs, Iowa data center with up to 407 MW of wind energy from several wind projects built as part of MidAmerican’s Wind VIII program. The agreement fully supplies the first phase of our facilities in Council Bluffs with 100% renewable wind energy and will allow additional phases to be supplied with wind energy as we grow.
In November 2014, we signed our third agreement with Dutch power company, Enenco, to supply our Eemshaven data center with 62 MW of wind energy from a neighboring wind farm in Delfzijl. We agreed to buy the entire output of the wind farm for the next ten years, which helped Eneco to finance its construction. The deal enables our Eemshaven data center to be powered with 100% renewable energy from its first day of operation.
In addition, we've been working with a number of utilities to develop a new service offering that would give Google and other electricity consumers the option of purchasing renewable energy directly from local utilities. In 2013, we worked with Duke Energy in North Carolina to develop a new, voluntary program called the Green Source Rider for large customers in the state that want to buy renewable energy.
We've released a white paper explaining the benefits of renewable energy tariffs and offering guidelines on how utilities and large energy consumers can develop their own proposals.


Published at Sunday, 03 November 2019. Subtraction Worksheets. By Natuche Clement.
Two of the best options are Omega Math and ALEKS Math. Both of these programs are well-developed online math programs. Omega Math covers Pre-Algebra, Algebra I and II, as well as Geometry, and ALEKS is a full program for grades Kindergarten through High School, including Trigonometry, Statistics, and Accounting. There are some differences in presentation style, but both programs cover the material thoroughly, and all that a student needs to do is log in, have their pencil and paper nearby, and begin their study. Omega Math tends to be better equipped for students who catch on to math skills fairly easily and are motivated to streamline their work. Students log in to their course, view a PowerPoint lesson, and work through homework problems on their own. Feedback is given and students can also complete worksheets for extra practice. Chapter tests are provided, scored immediately, and parents can track the progress throughout the course by viewing simple charts and grade books making it very parent-friendly.
Teaching equations to kindergarten children needs to be a hands on activity using tangible resources where children can explore, experiment and self correct. At this age, printed workbooks and worksheets should be avoided and manipulative materials used instead. So bring out all the counters, figurines, shapes and blocks you can find because this is the way in which this age group of children learn best. A simple game with a dice and counters can teach equations. Throw the dice and put out the required number of counters. Throw again and do the same. Then physically put all of the counters together to show one group and count them again (addition).
The next step is learning to write numbers, and this is where mathematics worksheets become almost a necessity. Unless you have great handwriting, lots of spare time and a fair amount of patience, writing worksheets will help you teach this valuable skill to your child. Dot-to-dot, tracing, following the lines and other writing exercises will help your child learn how to write numbers. A good set of worksheets will include practice sheets with various methods to help your child learn to write numbers.
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Education Resources on the Science and Culture of Belize
If you are interested in marine biology, you have probably spent time on the coral reefs of coastal Belize. But did you know that these ecosystems, considered by scientists to be the rain forests of the oceans, are under threat from an invasive species known as the lionfish? The article below explores the science of the lionfish invasion of Belize.
Most of us will never get a chance to see a big cat in the wild. In North America, most of the big cats have gone extinct, or been driven into remote areas. While there are still jaguars in Belize, they are facing some of the same challenges as their North American cousins. The article below explores some of the facts regarding jaguars and the efforts that are being made to understand and protect these wonderful creatures.
Almost any trip to the rainforests of Belize may will result in you discovering something new. Sometimes, however, there is a chance to discover something previously unknown in the scientific community. On one of our recent trips we had a chance to observe a birdwing grasshopper, a species that hot previously been known to inhabit the country. The article below provides some background on this discovery and some of the biology behind these large insects.
If you are traveling to any of the rivers along the coast of Belize, you may get a chance to see a manatee. These gentle giants, threatened in many parts of the world, have found sanctuary in the coastal areas. Read more about manatees in our article below.
Anderson Lagoon is not only a great vacation destination, it is also an opportunity to see one of nature’s light shows, called bioluminescence. In this article, we explore some of the science behind bioluminescence and the organisms involved in producing their own light.
While the Tapir may be an odd-looking animal, it plays an important role in the ecology and culture of Belize. Learn more about the largest mammal in central America.
If you spend any time at all in the rainforests of Central America, you quickly become familiar with the sounds of the howler monkey. In this article, we explore some of the facts about howler monkeys, and some of the reasons why these animals are endangered.
Another common sighting in the forests of Belize are the spider monkeys. While not as loud as the howler monkey, these playful primates are often seen in the Cayo district. Learn more about spider monkeys in the article below:
The whale shark is the largest fish in the ocean. Despite its enormous size, this creature is a docile filter feeder that may be frequently seen off the coast of Belize. Learn more about this wonderful creature in the article below:
Where does the vanilla in your kitchen come from? Would you believe a small orchid native to the rainforests of Belize? Learn more about this interesting plant in the article below:
Belize is home to over 300 different species of orchids and the Belize Botanical Gardens, on the Cave’s Branch resort property, is the center of scientific research and conservation in Belize for these beautiful plants. Below is an article on orchid evolution, and the black orchid – the national flower of Belize.
Water Quality Monitoring
Our resources on water quality monitoring on the Sibun River in Belize
Culture of Belize
The cacao plant is more than just the source of chocolate. To the Mayans, it provided a special spiritual connection to their gods. Read more about the cultural importance of the cacao plant below.
The sound of the Garifuna’s drums are a popular part of any trip to southern Belize. Read more below about the unique culture and origins of these people.
For More Information on Upcoming Trips – visit us at Inspire EdVentures.
last updated: February 2018


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Chemical force spectroscopy (CFS) is becoming a powerful technique with which to measure intermolecular forces. The prime advantage over other techniques is the ability to map spatial distribution of ligands on the surface. We have used CFS to explore the binding force of a variety of different chiral molecules in order to understand more about the nature of what is a fundamental aspect of chemical biology and of central importance in pharmacology.
- Chemical force spectroscopy
- Chiral discrimination


The Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, the highest court in Russia, on Dec. 6 upheld a decision to draw a border between the republics of Ingushetia and Chechnya. In September the two republics signed an agreement to define the border between them. This was the first time that the border has been defined since the split of the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic after the collpase of the USSR. The agreement became law in each republic in October, but a group of Ingush deputies challenged the law in the Republic of Ingushetia. The case was heard in the Ingush Constitutional Court, which held that the law and agreement cannot be legally binding without passing a referendum. The Ingush Republic’s head, Yunus-Bek Yevkurov, appealed this decision to the highest court in Russia. He asserted that the Ingush Constitutional Court did not have the authority to decide on this question, but that it was a question for the Russian high court.
The Russian Constitutional Court held that an agreement establishing a border with a neighboring republic is not required to go through a referendum in order to be ratified. The final decision by the court states:
[T]he Agreement on Border Delimitation between the Republic of Ingushetia and the Chechen Republic, and the Law of the Republic of Ingushetia which has enshrined the latter, does not contradict the Constitution of the Russian Federation.
The court reasoned that the republics were not attempting to redraw pre-existing borders, but rather to resolve their “mutual need to establish a border.” Therefore, the republics did not need to request approval of the borders from the Council of the Federation. Further, the law of the Republic of Ingushetia only requires a referendum or consideration of the population’s opinion when the borders are changed, not when the borders are being defined for the first time.
Under this decision, the Republic of Ingushetia and the Chechen Republic were within their authority when they made the agreement to define the borders between their respective republics.
From Jurist, Dec. 6. Used with permission.
Note: The Chechen-Ingush border dispute has sparked violence in recent years, and been exploited by Islamists who seek to create a “Caucasus Emirate” covering both republics, a resurrection of the insurgent state established by Muslim rebels in the 19th century.