Mir Jafar was the first Nawab of Bengal under British influence. An Arab by birth, he rose to power in the Nawab's army and in the battle of Plassey (1756) he conspired with the British to depose Siraj-Ud-Dullah to become the Nawab himself.
Nevertheless that did not stop Mir to carry on with his designs. Alivardi's grandson Siraj-Ud-Dullah came to the throne and he again conspired, this time with Shawkat Jang to invade Bengal. However, the treachery became known to Siraj again and he demoted him and replaced him with Mir Madan as the Bakshi. On 1756. Siraj won the Cossimbazar factory from the British and then advanced towards Calcutta but the British soon retaliated and Siraj was compelled to flee to Murshidabd. He sought help of Mir Jafar who assured him of his help against the British.
In actual, Mir had secretly made a pact with British to overthrow Siraj in lieu of the promise that he would made the Nawab of Bengal.
The British force under Robert Clive marched to Murshidabad and met Siraj in the Battle of Plassey in 1757. Mir's army betrayed Siraj by not fighting for him and Siraj was defeated and killed. Mir was crowned as the new Nawab of Bihar, Orissa and West Bengal.
Facts and Information about Mir Jafar
|Full Name||Mir Muhammed Jafar Ali Khan Bahadaur|
|Titles||Nawab Nazim of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa (Nawab of Bengal)|
|Nick Names||Shuja ul-Mulk, Hashim ud-Daulah, Ja'afar Ali Khan Bahadur, Mahabat Jang|
|Regin||1757-1760 and 1763-1765|
|Died||17 Jaunary 1765|
|Burried||Jafarganj Cemetery, Murshidabad|
|Successor||Mir Qasim (after 1760) and Najimuddin Ali Khan (after 1765)|
|Wives||Shah Khanum Sahiba, Babbu Begum, Rahat-un-nisa Begum|
|Father||Sayyid Ahmed Najafi (Mirza Mirak)|
|Battle of Plassey||He signed a pact with Robert Clive to slaughter the Bengal army in the Battle of Plassey in order to become the Nawab of Bengal. Thus the British won the battle and Mir Jafar became known as Gaddar-e-Abrar, meaning a traitor.|
|Nawab||Mir Jafar was made the Nawab of Bengal by Robert Clive.|
In 1763 Mir Jafar was re-appointed as Nawab.
|Legacy||Mir Jafar proved himself to be a puppet of British. Today his name is despised in Bengal and Bnagladesh alike.|
|Mir Jafar||Nana Saheb|
|Sir Syed Ahmed Khan||Tipu Sultan|
|Hyder Ali||Nawab Wajid Ali Shah|
|Bahadur Shah Zafar||Gopinath Bordoloi|
Last Updated on : February 1, 2014


This study examines the potential role that information about trends in causes of death could have in improving projections of mortality in low-mortality countries. The article first summarizes overall trends in mortality by cause since the middle of the twentieth century. Special attention is given to the crucial impact of the smoking epidemic on mortality and on cause-of-death patterns. The article then discusses the implications for projections and reaches two conclusions. First, mortality projections can be improved by taking into account the distorting effects of smoking. Mortality attributable to smoking has risen in the past but has now leveled off or declined, thus boosting improvements in life expectancy. Second, making cause-specific projections is not likely to be helpful. Trends in specific medical causes of death have exhibited discontinuities in the past, and future trends are therefore difficult to predict.


Iran and Saudi Arabia: The Rivalry Explained
The enmity between Iran and Saudi Arabia is a persistent feature of Middle Eastern geopolitics. Both states hold regional standing: Iran has a large population and a long history of nationhood, while Saudi Arabia holds significant oil reserves and is custodian of Islam’s holiest sites.
Before the 1979 Iranian revolution, relations between Iran and Saudi Arabia proceeded without major incident. Ties improved in the 1960s, as cooperation grew in the face of the threats posed to both by Gamal Abdel Nasser’s pan-Arabism and by potential Soviet penetration. Another mutual threat was posed by the secular Arab-nationalist Baathists in Iraq, who took power in the 1960s.
The end of British military presence in the Persian Gulf region in 1971 was followed soon by the initiation of new US foreign policy in the region. President Richard Nixon initiated the “twin-pillar policy” in the Persian Gulf, whereby Iran and Saudi Arabia would operate together as local guardians of US interests in the region. Iran eagerly assumed the role of regional policeman, while Saudi Arabia played an important, but not dominant, role as a US ally in the Arab world.
Under the twin-pillar policy, cooperation between Iran and Saudi Arabia extended to joint operations in defeating communist elements in North Yemen, Zaire, Somalia and Oman, but following the assassination of King Faisal in 1975, the Kingdom began to display a new approach towards oil, its major resource. The Shah declared publicly that oil had been undervalued for years and that OPEC urgently needed a price hike.
The Shah anticipated the Saudis’ cooperation, but, as the de facto leader of OPEC, Saudi Arabia declared in December 1976 that it would not increase the price of its oil. Saudi Arabia was thereby able both to increase its market share and to conform to Western economic interests. Meanwhile, the Shah was heavily reliant on high oil prices to limit a growing budget deficit and maintain high military spending. Domestic sentiment grew in Iran that the Shah’s economic programme had failed to meet the expectations raised by the oil-revenue windfall.
After the Iranian revolution in 1979, religion would be at the forefront of Iran’s state identity. Ayatollah Khomeini claimed broad Islamic support for the revolution and was quick to criticize the “decadence” of the Wahhabi Saudi monarchy. The claim that a Shiite theocracy would be the authoritative voice of Islam clashed with the Saudi Kingdom’s assumed religious legitimacy as the guardian of the two Holy Mosques, in Mecca and Medina. Iranian endeavours to use the media to mobilize Saudi Arabia’s Shiite minority caused further concern in the Kingdom over Iran’s intentions.
So when Saddam Hussein made his first state visit to Saudi Arabia, in August 1980, he received approval from King Khalid for his plans to invade an Iran in the throes of political transition. Saudi Arabia provided billions in financial assistance to Saddam’s campaign and pressed for other Gulf states to follow suit. Direct attacks occurred midway through the war; Iran struck Saudi tankers, and the Kingdom responded by shooting down two Iranian jet fighters. In 1987, 275 protesting Iranians were killed in a riot and stampede in Mecca. By the end of the war, an estimated 750,000 Iranians and 500,000 Iraqis had perished.
Rivalry and cooperation
After the war, Saudi Arabia attempted to improve relations with Iran. The death of Khomeini in 1989, coupled with Iraq’s invasion of Kuwait in 1990, provided a modest basis for rapprochement. Iranian President Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani was keen to explore what regional cooperation could offer. Negotiations at OPEC with Saudi Arabia achieved a 300,000-barrel-per-day increase in Iran’s production quota. Nevertheless, Rafsanjani’s efforts were ultimately overshadowed by a continuing territorial dispute with the UAE and by the 1996 Khobar Towers bombing in Saudi Arabia, in which Iran was widely believed to have been involved.
Mohammad Khatami’s election as president in 1997 coincided with falling oil prices and the transfer of greater power to Saudi Crown Prince Abdullah, who was more supportive of cooperation with Iran. Relations developed swiftly, with unprecedented visits by Khatami to Riyadh and a series of diplomatic exchanges. This improvement culminated in two accords, reached in 1998 and 2001, the former a wide-ranging comprehensive agreement and the latter an unparalleled security pact. This long-awaited rapprochement proved, however, to be short-lived.
When Saddam Hussein was toppled from power in 2003, after the US-British invasion, the entire regional dynamic was shaken. The Saudis, along with Saddam Hussein, had been able to present themselves as an effective counterweight to Iran’s regional ambitions, but the Saudis could no longer rely on this dynamic. Making the situation worse, Iranian support for the new Shia-dominated government in Iraq and for Shiite militias, such as the Mahdi Army and the Badr Brigade, instilled fear in the Saudis of Iran’s interference in the Arab theatre and its wider regional intentions.
When Mahmoud Ahmadinejad won the Iranian presidency in 2005, he promised to revive the ideological vigour of the early years of the revolution. This became evident not only in Iran’s enhanced role in Iraq but in its strengthened relations with the Syrian government, with Hezbollah in Lebanon and with Hamas in the Palestinian territories. Ahmadinejad’s support for the Palestinian cause also served to emphasize Saudi inaction over the issue by appealing to the Arab street.
For more than 80 years, the relationship between Iran and Saudi Arabia has fluctuated between belligerence and cooperation. It has been characterized by entrenched distrust and hasty decision-making. Factors contributing to the relationship, such as the politicization of the hajj and differences over energy prices, certainly pre-date the Iranian revolution, but the 1979 revolution accentuated and manifested more dramatically the regional leadership battle. The merciless eight-year war between Iran and Iraq is fixed in Iran’s national psyche.
Attempts at rapprochement after the war were at times promising but short-lived and have been nearly impossible since 2003, with the growth of sectarian strategies. Both Iran and Saudi Arabia have found sectarian partners to be the most effective tools for projecting power across the region. Armed proxy conflicts in Iraq, Syria, Yemen and Lebanon and political uprisings in Egypt and Bahrain are widely known to have Iranian and Saudi political and material support. Moreover, since Iran’s covert nuclear activities were exposed in 2002, the Saudis have feared Iran’s long-term calculus and its potential to attract regional states under its own security umbrella.
The patronage of the United States has been used by each side to seize power from the other. The Saudis do not recall the 1970s happily, when Iran was the United States’ principal ally in the region, and this drives Saudi scepticism in 2014 over a potential nuclear deal between Iran and the P5+1. Saudi Arabia hopes, however, that its long-standing strategic and economic alliance with the United States will reduce the likelihood of a return to such a situation.
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Research in the field of wildlife-vehicle collisions (WVCs) is invaluable to help better understand and reduce the negative impact of WVCs on people, wildlife, society, and the economy. There are numerous areas of research that critically analyze these impacts, such as analyses of magnitude of injuries and fatalities, characteristics of collisions, costs, impact on ecosystems, effects of mortality on species, assessments of engineering efforts, effectiveness of mitigation measures, to name just a few.
As with other fields of study, research on WVCs is extensive in some areas (e.g., characteristics of moose and deer collisions or effectiveness of mitigation measures) however minimal in other areas (e.g., the effects on human fatalities and injuries or analyses of costs). Furthermore, data collection on WVCs is limited in several ways (see Data on WVCs) which significantly affects the extent and level of detailed analyses that can be undertaken. Nonetheless, research in the field of WVCs continues to improve and provide important insights into ways to reduce negative impacts.
Below are handouts that summarize a small selection of the wide number of important and informative studies carried out across various WVC issue areas. It is difficult to narrow down only a handful of studies from the vast majority of high quality and critical analyses available. In fact, the list of quality and critical research is extensive and a larger selection of key studies can be found under the Sources and Research in the Resource section of this website. The list below reflects a cross-section of some of the available research to help illustrate a wide range of topics and analyses. Many other sources also could have been discussed.
Click on the image below to download the corresponding research handout.


Global energy production reaches 10 billion tonnes of oil equivalent (toe) each year. It is provided mainly by oil, gas and coal, in a very unequal way at the level of the planet. If rich countries waste, many developing and highly populated countries have a legitimate tendency to massively increase their consumption in the decades to come. Energy scenarios predict a 50 to 300% increase in global energy production by 2050. It is already clear that such an increase cannot be achieved on the current model, based on fossil fuels. , whose reserves are limited, and whose use leads to massive CO2 emissions responsible for large-scale climate change.
The development of new energy sources is essential today, whatever efforts we may make to control demand. These alternative sources are well known and relatively well quantified. Nuclear power appears to be the only source that is readily available on a large scale, but requires a significant mobilization of capital and public acceptance. Solar energy is an important source, but its implementation remains extremely expensive and complex. However, it is already competitive in areas lacking electricity networks. Wind energy represents a limited source and will probably not be able to exceed 10% of electricity production, and always intermittently and randomly. Biomass is an interesting path, but difficult to develop on a large scale. The other sources (geothermal energy, waves, tides, etc.) seem incapable of meeting strong demand. The storage of energy (notably hydrogen) is far from being mastered. It represents a significant technological challenge, and could make intermittent energies more interesting in the future. Finally, thermonuclear fusion represents a massive source, but may not be available before the end of the century.
If the development of electro-nuclear at the global level is undoubtedly the fastest way to fight against the greenhouse effect, this will by no means be sufficient. The energy and climate challenge we are facing requires the implementation of the capture of CO2 emitted by power plants using fossil fuels and a sustained development of renewable energies. Alternatives to fossil fuels have their own drawbacks, but it is not certain that we still have a choice ”
Sylvain David has been a CNRS Research Fellow since 1999 at the Institut de Physique Nucléaire d'Orsay


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The word uncertainty is used a lot in quantum mechanics. One school of thought is that this means there's something out there in the world that we are uncertain about. But most physicists believe nature itself is uncertain.
Intrinsic uncertainty was central to the way German physicist Werner Heisenberg, one of the originators of modern quantum mechanics, presented the theory.
Uncertainty - Principle - Properties - Particle - Time
He put forward the Uncertainty Principle that showed we can never know all the properties of a particle at the same time.
For example, measuring the particle's position would allow us to know its position. But this measurement would necessarily disturb its velocity, by an amount inversely proportional to the accuracy of the position measurement.
Was - Heisenberg
Was Heisenberg wrong?
Heisenberg used the Uncertainty Principle to explain how measurement would destroy that classic feature of quantum mechanics, the two-slit interference pattern (more on this below).
Quantum - Physicists - Slits - Particle - Velocity
But back in the 1990s, some eminent quantum physicists claimed to have proved it is possible to determine which of the two slits a particle goes through, without significantly disturbing its velocity.
Does that mean Heisenberg's explanation must be wrong? In work just published in Science Advances, my experimental colleagues and I have shown that it would be unwise to jump to that conclusion.
Velocity - Size - Uncertainty - Principle—always - Sense
We show a velocity disturbance—of the size expected from the Uncertainty Principle—always exists, in a certain sense.
But before getting into the details we need to explain briefly about the two-slit experiment.
Type - Experiment - Barrier - Holes - Slits
In this type of experiment there is a barrier with two holes or slits. We also have a quantum particle with a position uncertainty large enough to cover both slits if it is fired at the barrier.
Since we can't know which slit the particle goes through, it acts as if it goes through both slits. The signature of this is the so-called "interference pattern": ripples in the distribution of where the...
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A quick look at the Quadratic Formula gives both answers. Write the two solutions separately and you will see it.
It's the same as what Plato has done, really - but I'll try to explain it a bit more. (I'm new here, and I don't mean to 'trump' anyone else's answer - so if this is unacceptable, please let me know. Thanks. )
If the roots of are ,
Think about what you're doing when you solve a quadratic, and then just do the reverse....
must be the same equation.
Divide equation (A) by a, so it becomes
Then compare coefficients:
Original Problem Statements (Emphasis Added)
"Show that the sum of the two solutions of this equaion is -(b/a)"
"show that the product of the two solutions of this equation is c/a"
"Sum" is addition. "Product" is multiplication.
Original Reply: "A quick look at the Quadratic Formula gives both answers. Write the two solutions separately and you will see it."
Have you done this, yet?
Write them down. Add them. What is the result?
Write them down again. Myltiply them. What is the result?


An education portal is a specially designed website that provides a host of educational services. The term portal was historically used to describe a port or location of multiple loading and offloading activities. It is now used most widely to describe a multi-function website that includes public and private sections, data retrieval and submissions tools, personalized content, and often links or connections to education related systems or services.
The ability to provide personalized, user-specific content is central to the core functionality of an education portal. The technology required to support this type of website structure became widely available in the mid 1990s, with the advent of user management functionality as part of a web server. There are two ways to provide this content: a series of template forms or the use of a content management solution.
A public website typically provides a range of general information about the school, programs, course, history, and admissions. Users are encouraged to refer to the website instead of contacting the school directly for general information. The content manager is responsible for reviewing and publishing content that is accurate, relevant, and easy to locate.
Registered students are provided with a unique user name and password to log into the private area of the website. Here, personalized content is provided, based on a database or similar tool that holds the student data. For example, students can log on to the education portal for their school and see their current courses, program of study, fees, and other relevant information. The depth and breadth of information provided varies widely and is often tied to the system architecture of the school.
Creating and maintaining an information portal is a new technological development and has resulted in the creation of new jobs and career paths. There are two areas of skill that are required to form an educational portal: computer systems and content management. This type of website requires a dedicated web server, that can support both public and private sections. There needs to be a mechanism or program to manage requests for user identifications and passwords, as well as the ability to remind users of their passwords or allow them to reset the password.
In addition to basic user management, the private section of the website usually has connection to either the student system or data from that system. This information requires additional security to protect student privacy and prevent unauthorized access. Specially trained security and infrastructure staff are required to set up and maintain these tools.
Content management refers to all the text, pictures, files, and data provided to users through the education portal. In many organizations, a site administrator logs into the website with his unique account information and has the ability to maintain or add content to the websites, both public and private. This role is critical to keeping the website functional and meeting user’s needs.


One of the most important aspects of internet safety is ensuring your passwords are secure. But long, complicated passwords are really difficult to remember. So how do you create passwords that are secure and easy to remember?
A secure password should include the following:
-Symbols (# £ ? *)
-Easy to remember
-Real numbers (0 = o / 1= i)
The easiest way to achieve this is to create your own password formula (or Algorithm)
Choose 2 random things :
- 3 digits from a number, such as an old postcode, part of an old phone number, an important date (don't use any current numbers) (A) eg:132
- 3 letters from a word - again, choose something random, not a pet name etc. Pick a colour. One of these letters will be a capital. (B) eg: Toy
The 3rd part of your formula will come from the website you are using - this could be the first 3 letters, last three letters etc. (C) Amazon = zon / Facebook = ook
Now, you combine the three elements:
A + B + C = password
132 + Toy + zon = 132Toyama
132 + Toy +ook = 132Toyook
This gives you a password that is not easy to guess, and that will change with every website. It is complex enough to be secure. Because two parts of it remain the same all the time, and the other part is taken from the website, you should be able to remember it easily - in fact all you have to remember is your secret algorithm, and you will know what your password is for every site.
It is good practise to change your passwords, especially if a site you use has been hacked. To update your passwords, choose a new formula, and reset all of them.
Be aware that there are forms of viruses such as Trojan horses and malware that harvest your passwords as you type, so always keep your antivirus protection up to date.
Most browsers will remember your passwords for you, and there are also sites that will store your passwords, but I would advise against using these features, especially for banking sites. Writing down your passwords is another no no but keeping a list of sites where you have a profile is an excellent idea, and a good way to keep on top of your profile on the internet.
Keep it simple, but keep it secure.


The idea of the Americas is shaped by a tension - both creative and disruptive - between what pulls together and what divides social, political, economic and cultural space.
On the one hand, the trends towards continental integration, as well as national development projects, inclusive citizenship, and democratic consolidation, call for unity: a common history, a cohesive citizenry, a shared vision. But the quest for equality and justice, as well as the recognition that identities – even those anchored in history – are fluid and multiple, increasingly highlights the disagreements, asymmetries and gaps that exist in the region. The present time seems to be one of pluralism in all forms, sometimes even at the cost of fragmentation, to the extent that the idea of freedom has become closely intertwined with that of withdrawal into oneself. Yet cohesion, solidarity and a sense of belonging remain strong principles of collective action.


An aerial view of damage to Puerto Rico from Hurricane Maria in late September. ©Jose Ahiram Diaz-Ramos, Puerto Rico National Guard, 2017.
Hurricane Maria made landfall in Puerto Rico on September 20, 2017. Two months have passed and people in Puerto Rico remain in immediate danger, with scarce electricity and limited access to water. Basic infrastructure functions that maintain water potability, food preservation, sanitation, and hospitals are either non-functioning or running on diesel-powered generators that rely on dwindling fuel supplies.
The humanitarian crisis unfolding in Puerto Rico in the aftermath of Hurricane Maria is rooted in a range of issues from inadequate planning, to the need for common-sense changes to emergency protocols, to the administration’s failure to respond with urgency when lives are at stake. This last point highlights the profound impact of Puerto Rico’s colonial status on the recovery process.
The islands’ U.S. territorial status has meant continuing dependence on shipments of supplies and aid from the continent, with the federal government lifting the Jones Act restrictions on shipping to the island for only ten days. Aid from Venezuela was flatly rejected by the U.S. government despite a ship bearing thousands of meals requesting to dock, leading many observers to declare the de facto existence of a U.S. blockade of Puerto Rico comparable to the one imposed on Cuba.
Puerto Rico residents gather at a water distribution point to collect clean water for drinking, cleaning and cooking. ©Paul McKellips, 2017.
The post-Maria reality in Puerto Rico is that infrastructure needs to be rebuilt almost from scratch. Environmental hazards are plentiful.
One urgent problem relates to waste management. When existing landfills are already full of toxic waste, as is the case with the municipality of Peñuelas, for example, dealing with large amounts of disaster waste poses an even greater challenge than usual. Poor water management can also lead to epidemics. Furthermore, Puerto Rico has experienced serious challenges related to the proper disposal of cadavers, a shortage of forensic pathologists, and a lack of consistent electricity to power morgues and laboratories.
We call for long-term recovery efforts to be informed by a holistic analysis that centers the health and well-being of Puerto Rico’s residents. Puerto Rico has medical and other social needs that are rooted in a long history of U.S. colonialism and structural inequality; social facts that must be understood and accounted for as part of an effective and socially just disaster recovery strategy. These on-the-ground realities are central, not incidental, to the most basic structural rebuilding.
Health-related emergency response is largely framed as being about immediate life-saving measures. However, once the emergency phase of a disaster of this scale is over, less attention is typically paid to the chronic aspects of public health and clinical medicine that are core to people’s wellbeing. Hospitals may be rebuilt, but hospitals alone cannot be the sole sites of intervention for the community-based public health initiatives that are needed to help people to recover their mental and physical health over the long haul. Similarly, while proper management and disposal of debris in the immediate aftermath of a disaster is an emergency effort, long-term planning for municipal waste management is a chronic issue that must integrate health, environmental, economic, and social justice concerns.
Benjamin Paul noted in “Health, Culture, and Community”that successful public health initiatives begin “with people as they are and the community as it is,” and goes on to say that “a willingness to meet them must be matched by a knowledge of the meeting place.” The typically militarized control-and-command culture of disaster response agencies does little to recognize the specific weaknesses or strengths of local institutions and communities. It is presumed that in an emergency, a one-size-fits-all approach is sufficient. However, this approach often results in the diminution of the potential for local cultural resources to support resiliency and can be counterproductive.
In the case of Puerto Rico, there is also a significant lack of sufficient doctors and other medical personnel. Health care institutions are generally under-resourced, resulting in barriers to accessing medical treatments such as chemotherapy, dialysis, and HIV or other long-term medications. For example, Congress capped Medicaid on the islands, which meant that although the U.S. government covered an average of 57 percent of Medicaid costs for U.S. states, it only covered 15-20 percent of such costs in Puerto Rico. The deaths of many vulnerable people in the coming weeks and months will be registered as an outcome of chronic illness—but in reality these are the consequence of the ongoing effects of the hurricane.
Just as the notion of refusing coverage on the basis of pre-existing conditions is egregious, long-term recovery should be focused on treating the community as it actually exists after the disaster—to do otherwise is unconscionable. The question of whether a particular disaster “caused” a specific health outcome is an actuarial one, but it is not a humane one.
As scholars, we are working to address parallel issues in public health, waste management, and disaster recovery, emphasizing in particular the structural circumstances that influence overall community health and individual prognoses. The tight focus on emergency health measures in Puerto Rico keeps these insights largely absent from health-related analyses. Yet, it is imperative that they be foremost in planning for recovery in the days, months, and years ahead.


We all know ‘anxiety’ in some form. A little can be a good thing, and has been shown to have ‘survival value’; but for too many people the high levels of anxiety they experience are anything but helpful.
In fact their lives are restricted by too much anxiety and an overworking emotional (Limbic) area of the brain. This shows itself in phobias, panic attacks, social anxiety, compulsions, insomnia and psychosomatic problems.
If you struggle with high levels of anxiety, or you know someone who does, then help is at hand!
In this workshop – with four audio recordings – we will look at not only causes and types of anxiety, but more importantly the effective treatments for anxiety disorders – which will then have a dramatic effect upon the quality of life.
1. Types and symptoms of anxiety
2. Causes of anxiety
3. Definitions and descriptions of anxiety
4. Treatments and methods to reduce anxiety
ONLY £27 – That’s less than the cost of one counselling session!


Beef Up Reading Skills
For children who struggle to read, here are 5 ways to keep ADD/ADHD and LD students on track and on the same page.
Many children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADD/ADHD) excel at reading. If a book holds their interest, they can read with good comprehension and recall. When the text is boring or difficult for them, they lose focus. Here are strategies to keep them on track and engaged:
Teach students how to paraphrase a paragraph or section of the text, putting the main idea and significant details into their own words. Letting a child do this task by talking into a tape recorder is also helpful.
Have students jot down questions about things they don’t understand on sticky notes. The notes can be placed next to main ideas for fast reference.
Build in stopping points at strategic locations in the text to discuss, summarize, predict, clarify, or record the material.
Help children learn to check their comprehension by asking themselves questions while reading: “What is the problem or conflict?” “What part does not make sense?”
Make or get audio recordings of books for individual or group listening. While listening to a recording, the child should follow along in the text.
More on Reading and Literacy Skills
Adapted with permission from sandrarief.com, How to Reach and Teach Children with ADD/ADHD, Second Edition, copyright 2005, and The ADD/ADHD Checklist, Second Edition, copyright 2008, by SANDRA F. RIEF, M.S.
Updated on March 23, 2017


E. Cobham Brewer 18101897. Dictionary of Phrase and Fable. 1898.
The cause which owes its existence to the causa causans; the secondary cause.
The vera causa is (a) the immediate predecessor of an effect; (b) a cause verifiable by independent evidence. (Mill.)
In theology God is the causa causans, and creation the causa causta. The presence of the sun above the horizon is the vera causa of daylight, and his withdrawal below the horizon is the vera causa of night.


1. The problem statement, all variables and given/known data Calculate the minimum energy of a cosmic ray that it needs to have in order to "point" back to its origin. Let's define this as being deflected by the Galactic magnetic field of B = 1μG by less than 1°, as it traverses a distance of d = 1 kpc within the Galaxy. Calculate this for a proton and an iron nucleus. 2. Relevant equations rL = E/qB 3. The attempt at a solution so it's a pretty straightforward question, but where I've hit trouble is trying to figure out the larmor radius. The original vector of the particle is a line tangent to a circle with radius rl. Would the 1 kpc be the arc length along that circle that the particle travels along? If so, then I should be able to use some geometry to relate the angle that the particle is deflected to the larmor radius, right?


The Iranian oil tanker, Sanchi, which carried 136,000 tons or one million barrels of highly flammable oil mix, sank last January 6 after colliding with another ship. Aside from the fatal explosion causing its 32 crew members dead or missing, the oil spill has now spread and tripled its area, resulting in environmental and health hazards.
According to a press release by the Chinese State Oceanic Administration, the spill was comprised of four separate oil slicks, covering a sum of over 100 square kilometers, the same size as Paris. This is yet the largest oil spill since the nineties.
Scientists have cautioned the consumers in Japan, China, and South Korea to be more vigilant in purchasing seafood while the concerned governments have not yet released reports on the toxicity brought by the oil spill as it might have contaminated millions of fish with carcinogens. An internationally recognized expert on oil spills, Professor Richard Steiner, has also pushed fisheries in Beijing and Tokyo to close while the surrounding area is not yet proven safe for operations.
According to a Greenpeace spokesperson, the affected coastal region in the East China Sea has its fish and other edible species such as hairtail, yellow croaker, chub mackerel and blue crab threatened by the spill. “The area is also on the migratory pathway of many marine mammals, such as humpback whale, right whale, and gray whale,” adds Greenpeace.
The oil spill is located far from the Korean coast such that the scientists estimate it would most probably take at least three months to reach land. However, predicting how fast an oil spill would spread is difficult. “Oil spills can have a devastating effect on the marine environment and on coastal communities. Strong ocean currents mean that once released into the ocean, an oil spill can relatively rapidly spread over large distances,” said Dr. Katya Popova of the National Oceanography Center at the University of Southampton, United Kingdom.


The earliest known origin of the Gilbert family dates back as far as 1814. It was at that time that George Gilbert, Sr., was born to parents that were slave. It is unknown as to where his exact birth place was. George grew to manhood and married Kelline, an Indian. Slaves were permitted at the time to marry into Indian tribes. This union produced a total of 15 children: George Jr., Wesley, Lawrence, Cornelius, Jonath, Ellis, Lewis, Willie, Cas, Jake and Ben (eleven boys), and (four girls) Alice, Ann, Mandy, and Ida. It was customary during this period for slave families or individual family members to be sold or traded to other slave masters. However, George Sr., and his family escaped the slave trade market and remained together.
Later, George Gilbert Sr., and his family were brought to Texas by the way of Atlanta, Georgia. All available information revealed that George and the family settled in south central Texas, in a town called Bedias. Bedias is located in Grimes county approximately 12 miles south of Madisonville on Texas Highway 90 and 30 miles west of Huntsville. Most of the family members remained and raised families in a surrounding community which was called Salem.
George Gilbert Sr., was a religious man. His spiritual inspiration and good standing in the community led to the formation of Salem A.M.E. Church. The church was attended by family members and other residents. Some of the more senior family members indicted that "due to the rapid growth of the Gilbert families and the need to pass through the Gilberts homestead to reach the community church, that passage way came to be known as Gilbert's Gap.
During this long life span, George Gilbert Sr., remained in good health and excellent physical condition. It was noted that at the age 105, he was still able to walk the long distance to the church and participate in physical activities. It was also at this age that he was attacked by a wild cow and because of his physical condition he was able to wrestle and pin the cow to the ground until help arrived. After the attack, George Sr., slowly weakened and left this life in April 1924 at the age of 107. He was truly a tower of strength and a source of inspiration for all generations of GILBERTS. ( Information collected by John Gilbert Jr., 1994).
Source: The Gilbert's Humble Beginnings, https://sites.google.com/site/gilbertfamily2012/


International Guild of Town Pipers
From medieval times up to the beginning of the 19th century every British town and city of any note had a band of Waits.
Their duties varied from time to time and place to place, but included playing their instruments through the town at night, waking the townsfolk on dark winter mornings by playing under their windows, welcoming Royal visitors by playing at the town gates, and leading the Mayor’s procession on civic occasions. Their instruments also varied, but were for the main part loud and penetrating wind instruments such as the shawm, which was so closely associated with them that it was also known as the Wait-Pipe. Waits were provided with salaries, liveries and silver chains of office, bearing the town’s arms.
For more information on the Guild of Town pipers visit: www.townwaits.org.uk
The Taborers Society
The Taborers Society celebrates an ancient musical tradition going back over 700 years. Taborers are depicted in church and cathedral carvings across England.
The taborer plays two instruments at once, a small drum (the tabor) and a one-handed flute (the pipe or tabor pipe). This enables the musician to beat a dance rhythm on the drum whilst playing the melody on the pipe. The heyday of the taborer was the 13th century to the 15th century. Taborers played an important role in court and civic life, and would have been a familiar sight to those attending the original Mystery Plays.
For the modern productions of the York Mystery Plays, the Taborers play English music, sacred and secular, from the period of the original plays. Musicians in costume play modern copies of early instruments. They are accompanied by musicians playing other instruments from that time, including the English bagpipe and the hurdy gurdy.
To learn more about the pipe and tabor visit www.pipeandtabor.org


Abraham - Bible study activities
Activities for individuals or groups
Films about journeys
It is no accident that, throughout most of Abraham's story, he is travelling along an uncharted path. The Bible makes it clear that his life is essentially a journey towards God.
Many of the films made today, particularly journey films, have embedded religious symbolism - a 'message' woven into the story of the hero/heroine as they travel towards their goal.
List some films that use religious symbols. You can choose recent films or classics. If this is a group activity, choose films most people know.
Stage 2: Choose your favourite
1. What are the central messages in this film?
Group activity: discuss the symbols and their meanings, making sure everyone in the group has a chance to talk about their ideas.
Single activity: choose the film that caught your attention most of all. Sit down for a few minutes and focus your mind. What was it about this film that particularly appealed to you? What did it mean to you? Why was this so?
Movies about journeys and endurance
Answers HERE (see 'Abraham') Can you think of others?
Paintings of Abraham
Read the story at Bible People: Abraham
Go to the link Abraham: Paintings. Scroll through the paintings from first to last.
Which part of the story of Abraham has been the most popular with artists?
Would this have been your choice?
Artists paint what they want to paint, but they also paint with their audience in mind. Look at the paintings again. Who is the painting directed at? Explain your reasoning.
If you have chosen something different, ask yourself why this other incident appeals to you more than the scene favoured by the artists. Spend some time quietly thinking about your response.
Is there one particular characteristic of Abraham's that you admire? What might it be? How might you imitate it in your own life? Do you have a particular characteristic that you are proud of? What is it?
Poetry about Abraham and Isaac
Talking To God
These three quotations show the dynamic nature of the relationship between Abraham and God (or the angel who is God's messenger).
Each speaks as if they are face-to-face with each other, talking at a conversational level.
Discuss different ways of praying with a Bible study partner.
Pause for Thought
Someone wrote that we're all Abraham, and we're all Isaac.
What might they have meant by this?
Abraham's Family - and Yours
Read the story of the command to sacrifice Isaac (Genesis 22).
Draw up a list of things that YOU could do.
2. In the story, who speaks and who listens? Who acts? Who gets what they want? If you were in the story, which person would you want to be friends with? Which person would you want to avoid?


Finding Square Roots
Date: 02/07/2002 at 22:40:11 From: Tom Subject: Square roots Friends at school say answers to square roots that I don't understand at all. I would like to know the square root of 3612 to baffle them, and also please teach me square roots because I'm stumped!
Date: 02/08/2002 at 11:23:26 From: Doctor Ian Subject: Re: Square roots Hi Tom, If you multiply a number by itself, you get the 'square' of the number. The number itself is called the 'square root' of the square. For example, 2 * 2 = 2 squared = 4 <=> 2 is the square root of 4 3 * 3 = 3 squared = 9 <=> 3 is the square root of 9 1/2 * 1/2 = 1/2 squared = 1/4 <=> 1/2 is the square root of 1/4 x * x = x squared = x^2 <=> x is the square root of x^2 (-x) * (-x) = x^2 <=> -x is the square root of x^2 This last example illustrates a tricky point: a number has _two_ square roots, not just one. For example, 7 is the square root of 49; and -7 is _also_ the square root of 49. It's easy to forget that, and forgetting it can get you into trouble. In most cases, however, the negative root is of no importance, so we ignore it. Anyway, to move on to your example: 60^2 is 3600, so the square root of 3612 has to be greater than 60; but 61^ is 3721, so the square root of 3612 has to be less than 61. So the answer is somewhere between 60 and 61. How do you find it? Take a look at the Dr. Math FAQ: Square Roots Without a Calculator http://mathforum.org/dr.math/faq/faq.sqrt.by.hand.html If you just want to find a simpler expression, you can find the prime factors of the number whose root you're looking for: 3612 = 2 * 1806 = 2 * 2 * 903 = 2 * 2 * 3 * 301 = 2 * 2 * 3 * 7 * 43 Now, a rule of square roots is sqrt(a*b) = sqrt(a) * sqrt(b) so sqrt(3612) = sqrt(2 * 2 * 3 * 7 * 43) = sqrt(2 * 2) * sqrt(3 * 7 * 43) = 2 * sqrt(3 * 7 * 43) = 2 * sqrt(903) This isn't much simpler, but sometimes this technique works very nicely, e.g., sqrt(432) = sqrt(2 * 2 * 2 * 2 * 3 * 3 * 3) = sqrt(2 * 2) * sqrt(2 * 2) * sqrt(3 * 3) * sqrt(3) = 2 * 2 * 3 * sqrt(3) = 12 * sqrt(3) which _is_ simpler - simple enough that there is no real need to convert sqrt(3) into a decimal approximation. Does this help? - Doctor Ian, The Math Forum http://mathforum.org/dr.math/
Date: 02/08/2002 at 20:48:50 From: Tom Subject: Square roots Thank you Docter Math. I will practice my square roots and I will write to you again if I need help. Letters and advice from people like you are worth more than anything to me. I think I might become an author or writer someday and I'll always think of you as my adviser when I was little. Also my dad explained how to do it on the calculator and clarified the diagrams you gave me, and now I can do problems like the square root of 36, which equals 6. Thank you!
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Electronic medical records are increasingly being augmented by a tsunami of digitally generated health data collected by individuals via social media, apps, and wearable monitors. Non-clinical factors such as diet, fitness and sleep, as well as patient preferences, are important to health maintenance and there is hope that the increasing data reservoir will yield significant medical advances. Recently there has been a huge effort to collect information from people on the spread and clinical course of covid-19 infection, and many data gathering apps and websites have been rapidly developed. [1-5] Now, more than ever, the question of data ownership has major relevance and impact. Often the query, “Who owns patient data?” is met with the confident and passionate answer, “The patient owns their data, and they should control its use”. But it is not that simple.
Let’s first consider why control of digital data is different to non-computerised information. Decades ago much of our daily lives, like food shopping, went unrecorded, and sensitive records, such as a medical diagnoses, were held by a trusted healthcare practitioner in one place under lock and key. Digital data have more permanent form than unrecorded words, and more accessibility than paper documents. Permanence coupled with accessibility means that data mountains are now available for mining and repackaging by numerous organisations and individuals to generate scientific insights as well as revenue.
So, who “owns” the valuable medical data? Some would argue that the concept of “ownership” exists in order to clarify rights and responsibilities. In relation to data this could mean the ability to utilise information (i.e. reproduce, sell etc), control the flow of that data for use or restrict it to preserve privacy, and the responsibility to avoid harmful information release.
The boundaries of digital data rights and responsibilities are wide and fuzzy.  Although individuals may be classified as data subjects, the information about them may be simultaneously “owned” by different individuals, organisations, governments, as well as by society. As a comparatively simple example, the famous painting “Girl with a Pearl Earring” had a very clear data subject, but by recording the information in oils with his own interpretation, Johannes Vermeer owned and held intellectual property rights on the work of art he created. A more modern example is how our very personal purchasing habits are used by Amazon to create a suggested wish list for others—“People who bought this also bought….”
People may share health information on social media and with their healthcare team, who routinely record such data as well as test results and treatments to optimise care. These electronic medical records can be de-identified and included in research databases in line with local laws. Data companies facilitate access to medical databases for research studies published to advance public health. The media can then broadcast those scientific results. At every stage in this scenario, individuals, organisations, and society invest time and resources and have degrees of “ownership” in the resulting data.
The distributed and complex nature of data rights and responsibilities can lead to conflicts. People understandably want to keep their medical affairs private and may have fears that their data can lead to discrimination. Additionally, health data may not solely be about a single individual, for example, genomic information applies to family members. People want privacy and data protection and think this is achievable through total control of their data. However, true control by individuals is almost impossible, first because consent systems are intentionally and unintentionally driven by system design and may be influenced by the data collectors’ agenda, but also being fully informed of complex and continuous data use is a monumental and probably impossible undertaking. Indeed, it is unfair and may be harmful for organisations and society to abdicate all responsibility for ethical data sharing by imposing that burden on individuals who are the main data subjects.
People may feel that their freely given medical data should not be used for commercial gain but that is an oversimplification since value is derived, not only when individual records are en masse, but also through extensive application of costly technology and expertise to assemble and curate the data, and it is rarely economically viable to pay millions of people for their data. Additionally, the medical insights derived from such data have enormous public benefit. However, does some data collection, for example Track and Trace in the South Korean covid-19 app, achieve the right balance between public health gains and privacy intrusion?
Is the answer then to avoid the concept of individual data ownership altogether? All those involved in the health data cycle need to understand their rights and responsibilities and build models of trust to provide an environment that facilitates the responsible use of health data with robust identity protection, and collective and participatory ethical data sharing mechanisms. Rather than focussing on individual experiences, this requires a society-centred design approach.  A responsible flow of data will benefit humanity through medical discovery, and potentially improve population health.
Who owns the data? We all do.
Alison Bourke, Scientific Director, Centre of Advanced Evidence Generation, IQVIA, and Past President of the International Society for Pharmacoepidemiology.
Georgina Bourke is a Designer and Strategist at Projects by IF, a technology studio that focuses on the ethical and practical uses of data and AI.
Competing interests: AB is a part time paid employee and shareholder of IQVIA. GB is a full time paid employee of Projects by IF.
This article reflects the personal views of the authors and should not be construed to represent IQVIA’s or Projects by IF’s views or policies.


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Sensible heat and latent heat are two major components of the energy balance at the earth’s surface and play important roles in the water cycle and global warming. Babak Safa, research associate at the Daugherty Water for Food Global Institute at the University of Nebraska, developed a useful and accurate way to simulate the flux of sensible heat and latent heat above irrigated and rain-fed maize over growing seasons. This helps scientists get a better understanding of crop productivity, hydrological cycle, irrigation scheduling and their relationships to the climate. His work was published in a recent article in the Computers and Electronics in Agriculture journal titled Latent heat and sensible heat flux simulation in maize using artificial neural networks.
Sensible heat is the transfer of heat flow between two points (surface and air or the reverse), which you can feel.In other words, this transfer determinesthe temperature of air. Thus, it could be the temperature shown on your home thermometer or your weather app.
Latent heat relates closely to humidity. It is expressed by the amount of consumed energy to transfer water vapor molecules from one phase to another. For example, if you add energy to ice and raise the ice’s temperature to 0 degrees Celsius (freezing point). You keep adding heat to the ice; it begins to melt but the temperature remains constant until all the ice is melted. This represents the actual evapotranspiration and is why your thermometer may read at a comfortable temperature, but you still feelhotter or colder than expected. Twenty-five degrees Celsius does not always feel the same, because that number does not show latent heat’s effect on the air.
Ultimately, sensible heat and latent heat determine how quickly the make-up of our world changes (including the melting of glacial ice) and the impact of global warming.
Read the full article: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168169917312346


|Location||Gallipoli Peninsula, Aegean Sea, Turkey|
Cape Helles is the rocky headland at the southwesternmost tip of the Gallipoli peninsula, Turkey. It was the scene of heavy fighting between Ottoman Turkish and British troops during the landing at Cape Helles at the beginning of the Gallipoli campaign in 1915. The name derives from the Greek Helle; Helles means "Helle's" in Greek (see also Hellespont).
It is now the site of one of the main memorials of the campaign, the Helles Memorial, maintained by the Commonwealth War Graves Commission, particularly for those that were part of British and Indian forces (rather than ANZAC forces) fighting there and have no known grave.


Published : Friday, October 11, 2019 | 5:20 AM
While Caltech engineers are known for building some of the world’s most complex machines, Comparative Literature Professor Jocelyn Holland focuses on one of the simplest in her recently published book The Lever as Instrument of Reason. And though levers appear on almost every page of the volume, Holland does not dwell on the physical construction of the apparatus—essentially a bar on a pivot used to move an object. Instead, she is interested in how 18th- and 19th-century German writers used the idea of the lever as a “tool of investigation,” a “being of reason,” and even a “thought-thing” to do a different kind of work. To learn more about these levers of the mind, we caught up with Holland to talk about her book, her first encounters with the German language, and her next project.
How did the idea for the book come about?
I had been working on some topics that cross over between literature and science around 1800 in the context of German Romanticism. German is a funny language because the word for tool and for organ is the same: Werkzeug. You can tell by context if people are talking about bodies or tools. But the German Romantic writers liked to play with this kind of ambiguity. It slowly started to dawn on me—and once you notice something you start to see it everywhere—that these people who are more famous for writing about plants and artistic creation and growth actually had a really strong interest in mechanics and technical objects.
It turns out that quite a few people at that time were interested in the lever, and they were people who normally wouldn’t fall into the same box together. For example, in addition to the German Romantic writers you also have the philosopher Immanuel Kant. And also people who were doing a different kind of philosophical thinking than Kant’s, called Naturphilosophie, or philosophy of nature, as well as some who were interested in empirical and rational psychology. These thinkers all turned to the lever to help them model the problems they were working on.
How were these writers using the lever in their work?
I think it’s helpful to first start with this very basic idea of what the regular physical lever does, and then see how that can be mapped into this different sort of terrain of intellectual work. The lever, along with pulleys and wedges and other simple machines, give us what is called mechanical advantage. You are only so strong, but with this lever you can move a rock that you otherwise wouldn’t be able to lift with your bare hands.
So, we have the notion that a tool can somehow augment human agency. And that is our entry point into thinking of the lever as a way to help think through problems or do things with our minds that we wouldn’t otherwise be able to do. It’s important in this context to also think of the lever as something that brings different things into relationship to each other. This was an important idea at the time.
One of the things I found as a common denominator is that levers were used to model different aspects of the human psyche. So, for example, Kant uses references to the lever in terms of weights and counterweights, in terms of calculating moral decisions. Do I do this? Do I not do this? Where do I fall on the scale? In the process, things like honor and happiness become quantified.
Or in the case of German Romanticism, they like to think of the human being, your own sense of self, as a kind of fulcrum point between balancing forces, or ideas. Do I tend more towards philosophy, or do I tend more towards religion? What is the balance of actions and beliefs? They would think of these concepts on levers. So it’s a kind of mental modeling, with different opposing forces balancing in our minds. And these psychological forces never go away even when you’re in equilibrium. You’re always the sum of your tensions.
Would you call this a history of science book?
It’s a kind of hybrid creature that’s not history of science and also not literary studies. It draws from multiple disciplines and shows how they can speak to each other in important ways. No single perspective would have been adequate for writing about levers around 1800.
What attracted you to German literature in the first place?
I think on some level I just liked the sound of the language. I liked the poetry, so it was a very strong sensory impression I had before I came across the whole philosophical and literary tradition.
Are you working on another book now?
Yes, it’s about theories of technology in the 18th-century German context. Although there were numerous new sorts of industrial and technological advancements at that time in German territories, they were actually behind the game in terms of the Industrial Revolution. They were ahead of the game, however, in terms of theorizing about technology. That’s maybe a German thing.
In any case, there was a new discourse of technology in the 18th-century shaped both by theoretical thinkers and those concerned with the pragmatics of governance who were asking questions like, what would it take to call technology a science, and how would this science of technology be different than other kinds of sciences? How would we teach the use of technological objects? And what makes it so difficult to define exactly what technology is? These questions resonate with discussions of technology today.
Read the introduction to The Lever as Instrument of Reason.


The rise of widespread nutritional deficiencies in the western world correlates almost perfectly with the introduction of the microwave oven. This is no coincidence. Microwave ovens heat food through a process of creating molecular friction, but this same molecular friction quickly destroys the delicate molecules of vitamins and phytonutrients (plant medicines) naturally found in foods. One study showed that microwaving vegetables destroys up to 97% of the nutritional content (vitamins and other plant-based nutrients that prevent disease, boost immune function and enhance health).
In other words, eating raw broccoli provides you with natural anti-cancer medicine that's extremely effective at halting the growth of cancer tumors. But microwaving that broccoli destroys the anti-cancer nutrients, rendering the food "dead" and nutritionally depleted. There's even some evidence to suggest that microwaving destroys the natural harmony in water molecules, creating an energetic pattern of chaos in the water found in all foods. In fact, the common term of "nuking" your food is coincidentally appropriate: Using a microwave is a bit like dropping a nuclear bomb on your food, then eating the fallout. (You don't actually get radiation from eating microwaved foods, however. But you don't get much nutrition, either.)
Why microwave users are so unhealthy
Consumers are dying today in part because they continue to eat dead foods that are killed in the microwave. They take a perfectly healthy piece of raw food, loaded with vitamins and natural medicines, then nuke it in the microwave and destroy most of its nutrition. Humans are the only animals on the planet who destroy the nutritional value of their food before eating it. All other animals consume food in its natural, unprocessed state, but humans actually go out of their way to render food nutritionally worthless before eating it. No wonder humans are the least healthy mammals on the planet.
The invention of the microwave and its mass adoption by the population coincides with the onset of obesity in developed nations around the world. Not only did the microwave make it convenient to eat more obesity-promoting foods, it also destroyed much of the nutritional content of those foods, leaving consumers in an ongoing state of malnourished overfeeding. In other words, people eat too many calories but not enough real nutrition. The result is, of course, what we see today: Epidemic rates of diabetes, cancer, heart disease, depression, kidney failure, liver disorders and much more. These diseases are all caused by a combination of malnutrition and exposure to toxic chemicals (plus other factors such as emotional trauma, lack of exercise, etc.). Microwaves make malnutrition virtually automatic, and being exposed to toxic chemicals is easy to accomplish by simply eating processed foods (which are universally manufactured with the addition of toxic chemicals that act as preservatives, colorings, flavor enhancers and so on).
Microwaving is, technically, a form of food irradiation. I find it interesting that people who say that would never eat "irradiated" food have no hesitation about microwaving their food. It's the same thing (just a different wavelength of radiation). In fact, microwaves were originally called "radar ranges." Sounds strange today, doesn't it? But when microwaves were first introduced in the 1970's, they were proudly advertised as radar ranges. You blast your food with high-intensity radar and it gets hot. This was seen as some sort of space-age miracle in the 1970's. Perhaps someday an inventor will create a food heating device that does not radically alter the nutritional value of the foods in the process, but I'm not holding my breath on this one. Probably the best way to heat foods right now is to simply use a countertop toaster oven, and keep the heat as low as possible.
The microwave does work as advertised, by the way. It makes your food hot. But the mechanism by which heat is produced causes internal damage to the delicate molecular structures of vitamins and phytonutrients. Minerals are largely unaffected, however, so you'll still get the same magnesium, calcium and zinc in microwaved foods as you would in non-microwaved foods, but the all-important B vitamins, anthocyanins, flavonoids and other nutritional elements are easily destroyed by microwave ovens.
The microwave is the appliance of the living dead. People who use the microwave on a regular basis are walking down a path towards degenerative disease and a lifelong battle with obesity. The more you use the microwave, the worse your nutritional state gets, and the more likely you are to be diagnosed with various diseases and put on pharmaceuticals which, of course, will create other health problems that lead to a grand spiraling nosedive of health.
Do yourself a favor: Toss your microwave, or donate it to some charity. It's much easier to avoid using the microwave if you don't have one around. It will clear up counter space, save you electricity and greatly enhance your dietary habits. When you need to heat something, heat it in a toaster oven or a stovetop pan (avoid Teflon and non-stick surfaces, of course). Better yet, strive to eat more of a raw, unprocessed diet. That where you'll get the best nutrition anyway. Buy yourself a Vita-Mix and blend up some smoothies. It's faster than microwaving foods are far healthier. (See my book Superfood Smoothies for recipes).
I drink a superfood smoothie every morning, and I haven't used a microwave in years. Protecting health is our own responsibility, and it's up to us all to make informed decisions about how we buy, prepare and consume our foods. You have to save yourself. Click here to see my CounterThink cartoon on this topic.
In addition to his lab work, Adams is also the (non-paid) executive director of the non-profit Consumer Wellness Center (CWC), an organization that redirects 100% of its donations receipts to grant programs that teach children and women how to grow their own food or vastly improve their nutrition. Click here to see some of the CWC success stories.
With a background in science and software technology, Adams is the original founder of the email newsletter technology company known as Arial Software. Using his technical experience combined with his love for natural health, Adams developed and deployed the content management system currently driving NaturalNews.com. He also engineered the high-level statistical algorithms that power SCIENCE.naturalnews.com, a massive research resource now featuring over 10 million scientific studies.


Words Like PARAPODIUM
We have put together a list of words that are similar to PARAPODIUM.
3 Alternative Words Similar to parapodium
5 definitions of parapodium
One of the unjointed lateral locomotor processes or series of foot-stumps, foot-tubercles, or rudimentary limbs of many worms, as annelids.
[capitalized] In entomology, a genus of hymenopterous insects of the family Crabronidæ, erected by Taschenberg in 1869 for a single species from Venezuela.
In gastropods, a fin-like expansion of the foot; an epipodium.
Paired unjointed lateral outgrowths used for locomotion by worms such as annelids.
one of a pair of fleshy appendages of a polychete annelid that functions in locomotion and breathing


Multi-agency working, part 1
7 June 2010Add to My Folder
Meeting the specific needs of children and families is the central aim for multi-agency workers. How can you fulfil your role in this process?
Multi-agency working means bringing different services, agencies and teams of professionals together, in order to support and help children and families with particular needs. With multi-agency working, these professionals assess the kind of intervention or support that might be beneficial or necessary for a child or family.
The importance of a multi-agency approach came into the spotlight following the publication of the Green Paper entitled ‘Every Child Matters’ in September 2003. This Green Paper was published alongside the formal response to the report into the death of Victoria Climbié. The poor integration of services was identified as a key reason for the failure of professionals to protect and save this young child.
What is my role as an Early Years practitioner?
As an Early Years practitioner, you spend a comparatively large amount of time with your children and you see them in a very particular environment. For this reason, you can play a key role in identifying their needs, especially where those needs concern learning and development. Although multi-agency working might be used where a child is in danger of neglect or abuse, equally the approach could be used to support a child whose family is not coping. For instance, if the parents have lost their jobs and the housing they are in is substandard, this could have a serious impact on the child’s psychological and physical health, as well as on his or her learning and development.
Practitioners working in Early Years settings, such as pre-schools and nurseries, might be asked to join a panel of different professionals to look at how a particular child can be supported best. You might be responsible yourself for identifying that there is an issue with a particular child or family and calling in other services and professionals to help. If you’re working in a children’s centre, multi-agency working could form a significant aspect of your role, with other services being offered under the umbrella of your centre.
The Department for Children, Schools and Families (DCSF) identified three main models of multi-agency working:
- The multi-agency panel – a team of practitioners and professionals from different agencies meet to discuss how the child’s needs can be met.
- The multi-agency team – practitioners are seconded or recruited onto the team, which has a more formal set-up than a panel, with a leader.
- Integrated services – a variety of services located at the same site (for instance, at a children’s centre). The site becomes a ‘hub’ for the local community.
What are the benefits of multi-agency working?
There are many benefits from different agencies working together to support the child and the family. These include the following:
- The child (and family) only has to tell their story once.
- There is ‘joined-up thinking’, with all professionals coming at the issue from the same direction.
- The professionals all have a greater understanding of the child as an individual, and of his or her family as a whole.
- The team can build a complete picture of the family, why issues are occurring and what might be done to solve them.
- The outcomes for children’s learning, development and safety have been proven to be better when agencies work together.
To help you fulfil your role of multi-agency working, you need to:
- Be aware of how children normally develop and what signs might indicate some kind of developmental delay.
- At the same time, take into account that all children are unique individuals who will develop at their own pace.
- Watch out for any unexpected changes in behaviour, or any ‘red flags’ about neglect, child protection or child development issues.
- Consider whether your role needs to be just one of offering help and explaining other sources of advice and support to parents.
- Use your professional judgement to take context into account when assessing the situation. Consider the child’s cultural or social background, different attitudes to parenting and so on. Not everyone’s expectations and approaches will be exactly the same as yours.
- Don’t make assumptions or subjective judgements about what you think might be happening. Base your findings on an objective assessment of the situation, taking all factors into account.
- Feel confident about contacting or calling in other professionals as required – speech therapists, the area Special Educational Needs Coordinator (SENCO), social workers, health visitors, and so on.
- Build ongoing links between your setting and other professionals, rather than only doing so when an intervention is required. Create a network of both informal and formal relationships with other agencies.
- Know how to use assessment methods, including the Common Assessment Framework (CAF).
- As a manager or lead practitioner, identify where your staff need additional training to help them develop their roles in relation to multi-agency working.
- Remember, the more expert training staff get on safeguarding and other related issues, the more confident they will feel about dealing with these aspects of their practice.
- Make sure that all staff know which roles are fulfilled by which staff within your setting, for example, who is the Child Protection Officer (CPO)? Who is the SENCO?
- Ensure that members of staff also understand the range of agencies available to support their work in Early Years settings.
- Remember that parents nearly always know their child best. Learn when to support and advise, and when to question and express concern. Be a good listener – see making time and space to talk with parents as a key priority for your setting.
If you’re ever unsure about something a child or parent says, refer the matter to a more senior or experienced member of staff.
Be aware of how these issues might impact on you, as well as on the children. If you’re regularly working with children and families who have high levels of need, this could be emotionally draining for you. Make sure that you take care of yourself, so that you can take the best possible care of your children.
Images: Women in discussion © Bo1982.www.istockphoto.com; Colleagues in a meeting © Chris Schmidt/www.istockphoto.com


What is Traumatic Brain Injury?
A traumatic brain injury occurs when a sudden trauma causes damage to the brain. Damage can be a result of a car accident, whiplash, assault, gunshot wound, aneurysm, stroke, infection, anoxia, concussion or blast injury. Brain injury results in changes to physical, cognitive, executive, affective / behavioral, and psychosocial functioning.
Signs and Symptoms of Traumatic Brain Injury
It is not uncommon to see emotional and behavioral changes in people who have had a brain injury. There can be changes in the way that people feel (their mood) and in their ability to express their feelings (their affect). It is also common to see personality changes. You may notice that the person behaves differently or has attitudes that are very different from what they were before the injury. At times, the differences can be extreme, but more often they are subtle. Personality and attitudes may seem the same, but may be exaggerated.


Shocking finding about the association of chemical pollution and the sex of fish. Today's post is shared from latimes.com
Pennsylvania's Department of Environmental Protection has begun an extensive sampling of chemical contaminants in response to the discovery of intersex fish in three of the state's rivers, a department spokeswoman said.
Male fish carrying eggs were found in the Susquehanna, Delaware and Ohio river basins, a sign that the water may be tainted with chemicals, the U.S. Geological Survey found in research released Monday.
Amanda Witman, a DEP spokeswoman, said the agency is testing two tributaries of the Susquehanna River: Juniata River and Swatara Creek.
The USGS research said that two fish species, smallmouth bass and white sucker, were exhibiting intersex characteristics due to exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals — hormones and hormone-mimicking chemicals that caused the male fish to produce eggs.
"The sources of estrogenic chemicals are most likely complex mixtures from both agricultural sources, such as animal wastes, pesticides and herbicides, and human sources from wastewater treatment plant effluent and other sewage discharges," said Vicki Blazer, a fish biologist and lead author of the USGS study.
Estrogenic chemicals disrupt the endocrine system, which regulates the release of hormones such as estrogen and testosterone. This interferes with the fish's ability to reproduce.
Some of the compounds and contaminants found were new, and researchers had to develop new laboratory test procedures...


1. n. [Formation Evaluation]
The ideal spontaneous potential (SP) that would be observed opposite a shaly, permeable bed if the SP currents were prevented from flowing. In the middle of a thick, permeable bed whose resistivity is not too high, the SP reads close to the pseudostatic spontaneous potential (PSP). In other conditions, however, the SP may be significantly less than the PSP. The PSP ignores other potential sources and assumes that a surrounding shale is a perfect cationic membrane. The ratio of the PSP to the static spontaneous potential is known as the SP reduction factor, alpha. Alpha is less than 1 and is a function of the shaliness, or cation-exchange capacity, within the sand. The higher this cation-exchange capacity, the larger the internal membrane potential. The latter has the opposite polarity to the liquid-junction potential and reduces the SP. The PSP, and alpha, are reduced when hydrocarbons are introduced into shaly sands, because the cation-exchange capacity in the sands is forced into a smaller conductive pore volume and therefore has a larger relative effect.
Alternate Form: PSP


The key to any healthy diet is balance. A healthy diet contains a balance of calories from carbohydrates, proteins and fats. Here are some tips for choosing the most nutritious calorie sources:
Choose carbohydrates for the nutrients they provide as well as for their energy value. Look for carbohydrates that are rich in fiber, vitamins and minerals, rather than carbohydrates that provide empty calories. Whole grains, fruits, vegetables, and beans or legumes are the best sources of carbohydrates. The carbohydrates that are found naturally in low-fat dairy foods also provide good sources of energy.
Choose protein sources that are lower in fat. Great choices include lean beef, pork, chicken and turkey without the skin, and many types of seafood. If you're vegan or vegetarian, check out high-protein meat alternatives like soy products, nuts and beans.
Choose heart-healthy sources of fat, and keep portions reasonable. Vegetable oils and spreads are good starting points. Cooking oils, including olive, canola, safflower, sunflower, corn, soy, and peanut oils — as well as spreads made from those oils — make heart-smart choices. Lean meats and low-fat portions of dairy foods, including cheeses, are also important parts of a well-balanced diet.
Prepare foods by grilling, baking on a rack, roasting, steaming, pan frying in a non-stick skillet, or microwaving. If you use cooking spray, choose a lower-fat vegetable spray or a calorie-free spray to limit the amount of added calories from fat. Save your calories from fat for flavoring rather than cooking.
Fiber is important for your heart and aids in weight control. Studies show that most Americans eat less than half of the Recommended Daily Allowance of fiber. Fiber is found in produce and grain-based foods, so check out the labels on your bread, cereal, fruit, and vegetables to find the fiber content of these foods.
Adding milled flaxseed to foods can increase your daily intake of fiber while adding heart-healthy Omega-3 fatty acids to your diet. Buy flaxseed already milled or grind it in a coffee mill or blender so it's easy to add to food. Sprinkle flaxseed on cereal or salads, or add it to meat balls and meatloaf.
Invest in a heavy or non-stick skillet or a table-top grill to make heart-healthy and lower-calorie cooking easier.
Stock your kitchen with ingredients that make it easy to substitute and cut calories. Here are some ideas:
- Substitute low-calorie sweeteners like sucralose, stevia, aspartame, and saccharine instead of sugar.
- Giant Eagle® chicken broth adds flavor to foods like mashed potatoes, vegetables, and stir-fries — without adding calories and fat.
- Giant Eagle vegetable oil spray makes it easier to cook with less fat. Add olive oil spray to salad greens with a splash of balsamic vinegar and some herbs. Or, spray vegetable oil on foods to “oven-fry” them.
- Grated Parmesan cheese adds flavor to broccoli, cauliflower, baked potatoes, and even popcorn.
- Fresh or dried herbs and fresh ground pepper enhance the flavors of lower-fat foods.
- Fat-free yogurt is a delicious (and calcium-rich) substitute for sour cream in dips. To thicken fat-free yogurt, drain the yogurt in a sieve lined with a coffee filter. (Hint: Place the sieve over a bowl in the refrigerator for two to three hours and discard the liquid.) The resulting yogurt "cheese" can be flavored and used as a spread for crackers, a topping for baked potatoes or a base for dips.
Snack wisely. Raw veggies, salsa, baked chips, hummus, low-fat cheese sticks, and whole grain bread and crackers make delicious, nutrient-rich add-ons to your day!


Parent's Pledge to Children
In every home where this pledge is made and kept, children will have a greater opportunity to grow into healthy, intelligent and useful members of society:
• From your earliest infancy we will give you our love, so that you may grow with trust in yourself and in others.
• We will recognize your worth as a person and we will help you to strengthen your sense of belonging.
• We will respect your right to be yourself and at the same time help you to understand the rights of others, so that you may experience cooperative living.
• We will help you to develop initiative and imagination, so that you may have the opportunity freely to create.
• We will encourage your curiosity and your pride in workmanship, so that you may have the satisfaction that comes from achievement.
• We will provide the conditions for wholesome play that will add to your learning, to your social experience, and to your happiness.
• We illustrate by precept and example the value of integrity and the importance of moral courage.
• We will encourage you always to seek the truth.
• We will provide you with all opportunities possible to develop your own spirituality.
• We will open the way for you to enjoy the arts and to use them for deepening your understanding of life.
• We will work to rid ourselves of prejudice and discrimination, so that together we may achieve a truly democratic society.
• We will work to lift the standard of living and to improve our economic practices, so that you may have the material basis for a full life.
• We will provide you with rewarding educational opportunities, so that you may develop your talents and contribute to a better world.
• We will protect you against exploitation and undue hazards and help you grow in health and strength.
• We will work to conserve and improve family life, as needed, to provide foster care according to your inherent rights.
• We will intensify our search for new knowledge in order to guide you more effectively as you develop your potentialities.
• As you grow from child to youth to adult, establishing a family life of your own and accepting larger social responsibilities, we will work with you to improve conditions for all children and youth.
• Aware that these promises to you cannot be fully met in a world at war, we ask you to join us in a firm dedication to the building of a world society based on freedom, justice and mutual respect.
So you may grow in joy, in things of the Spirit and in man, and in those qualities of vision and of the soul that will sustain us all and give us hope for the future.
(From a Mid-century Conference on Children and Youth, Washington D.C., December 3-7, 1950, 6000 participants)
- Category: Deity
Parent's Pledge to Children


Scientific research has indicated that the use of medical marijuana might help patients who have certain diseases, but since the concept is fairly new, it might be difficult to understand the impact it could make on the entire health industry. Here are some simple facts about the drug that explain the differences between the recreational and medical aspects of it.
Exactly What is Medical Marijuana?
After several medical cannabis dispensaries in Portland began opening their doors, many people across the United States began wondering exactly what medical marijuana is and how different it is from the popular street drug. The medical version of marijuana refers to the entire unprocessed plant or an extraction of it in order to alleviate the symptoms of a disease or to treat it altogether. Although the Food and Drug Administration has not approved or recognized the drug as a form of medicine, there is plenty of scientific research that has been conducted that indicates there may be medical benefits to it.
Cannabinoids – A Chemical Found in Medical Marijuana
Scientific research was also conducted on cannabinoids, which are chemicals that can be found in medical marijuana. After positive results were concluded about the benefits marijuana could have on a person’s health, the Food and Drug Administration did approve two different medicines that contain cannabinoids in a pill form. It is probable that further research will lead to more approvals from the FDA in the near future.
The Difference Between Medical Marijuana and the Street Drug Version
Interestingly, there may not be much of a difference between medical marijuana and the popular street drug version. The primary difference is that there is more government involvement in the way medical marijuana is produced, which may result in it being safer than the street drug because it is more pure in nature. The street drug, on the other hand, could be laced with a more dangerous drug.
Why Medical Marijuana is Not FDA Approved Yet
The primary reason the drug has not been FDA approved as of yet is simply because the organization has not had time to conduct enough research about it. They will most likely come to a conclusion within the next few years.


Energy Secretary Ernest Moniz is ending the year with a reminder: Carbon dioxide is the biggest enemy in the fight against climate change.
Moniz, in a new interview, offers a quick tour of recent studies on methane emissions from natural-gas development—a topic that's plenty controversial amid the U.S. fracking boom.
"We need more data," he tells the news service Platts. But, he adds, methane is far from public enemy No. 1. That's carbon dioxide.
"We do have, after all, measurements of the methane concentrations in the atmosphere and what they tell us is that the carbon dioxide concentrations remain by far the biggest forcer of climate change," he said in an interview that aired Sunday.
"So CO2 remains the dominant concern for us," Moniz said on Platts' Energy Week TV.
The comments are the latest sign that Moniz does not see methane leaks undercutting the climate advantages that natural gas holds over coal.
Natural gas, which has been eating into coal's market share in power generation, emits just half as much carbon dioxide when burned to create electricity.
It's one of the major reasons U.S. carbon emissions are falling, and Moniz sees gas as an ally in the fight against global warming—at least for a while, although he believes that eventually much steeper carbon cuts will be needed.
But leaks of methane from gas wells and elsewhere on the supply chain, critics say, threaten to erode a big part of that carbon advantage over coal (or all of it, according to a Cornell University professor's controversial and contrarian analysis).
Moniz is not dismissive of the threat from methane—a gas that's pound-for-pound about 20 times more heat-trapping that carbon dioxide, but emitted in much lower volumes and doesn't stick around nearly as long.
His department is part of an interagency group crafting a methane strategy under President Obama's second-term climate plan.
And Moniz is keeping up on his reading. In the interview, he cited the recent University of Texas study, a product of work with the Environmental Defense Fund that had industry funding, which found low methane emissions from gas wells surveyed.
Moniz, in noting that more data is needed, also cited more troubling research: A recent Harvard University study that found overall U.S. methane emissions are far above EPA estimates. That study looked at a wider array of sources, including gas distribution infrastructure.
But Moniz, a former Massachusetts Institute of Technology physics professor, offers a quick lesson.
"Carbon dioxide has a very, very long residence time in the atmosphere. We are talking centuries. If we emit CO2 now, we are living with that, our children are living with it, our grandchildren are living with it," Moniz said.
"Methane, you are talking more the order of a decade. If we can clamp down, measure . . . reduce those methane emissions, a lot of that will, in fact, go away in a one or two decades time scale," he said.
Elsewhere in the interview, Moniz reiterated his view that it's time to revisit laws and policies that effectively ban U.S. crude oil exports.
Check out the full interview here.