This article is one in a series of studies on the men that William Branham said were the 7 messengers to the seven church ages - you are currently on the topic that is in bold:
John Wesley (June 17, 1703 - March 2, 1791) was an 18th-century Anglican minister and powerful field-evangelist who was an early leader in the Methodist movement. While never formally separating from the Anglican Church, John Wesley acted on his own even so far as to ordain ministers by the laying on of hands, which he had found to be a Biblical example. The Protestants in Georgia said the following about John Wesley:
- "The people… say they are Protestants. But as for you, they cannot tell what religion you are of. They never heard of such religion before. They do not know what to make of it."
John Wesley taught what he believed and not what someone else told him to preach. He was a firm believer that salvation is by God's grace alone, and that the love of God can and should reign in a believer's heart. Healings and other supernatural occurences also followed his ministry, along with persecution from the established churches.
John Wesley on the Godhead
William Branham taught a view of the Godhead that was very similar to the doctrines taught by one of John Wesley's contemporaries, Emmanual Swedenborg. Swedenborg taught strongly against the Trinity, and wrote:
- "The divinity of the Father was the Lord’s soul. ...The passion of the cross was the final temptation which the Lord endured as the Grand Prophet; and it was the means of the glorification of his humanity; that is, of its union with the divinity of the Father. ...God is one, in essence and person, and Jesus Christ is He.” (Emmanuel Swedenborg)
These statements are so similar to William Branham's tapes, that it makes you wonder whether the angel that appeared to William Branham was the same angel that appeared to Emmanuel Swedenborg. Swedenborg's statements above were all presented to John Wesley. His conclusion on these doctrines is as follows:
- “The grand error which we learn from [this] whole work is, that there are not three persons in one God. …Notwithstanding all [these] new revelations, I believe, according to the old one, “There are three that bear record in heaven, the Father, the Word, and the Spirit; and these three are one” For the term ‘person’ I contend not. I know no better: If any does, let him use it. …No there is not a word in all the Bible concerning any such union of the humanity of Christ with the divinity of the Father. He was then glorified, when he was received again into the glory which he had before the world began. …what heaps of absurdity are here! Only fit to have a place in Orlando Furioso. …Blasphemy, joined with consummate nonsense." ~ Thoughts on the writings of Baron Swedenborg, by John Wesley, Wakefield, May 8, 1782.
Lee Vayle, who edited William Branham's book "The Church Ages" held that the mystery of the seven seals was the restoration of the correct teaching of the Godhead. If this doctrine of Lee Vayle's is correct, then the correct teaching on the Godhead was actually restored 300 years earlier by Emmanuel Swedenborg and had nothing to do with William Branham.
John Wesley also wrote:
- "O my brethren, let none of you that fear God recommend such a writer any more; much less labor to make the deadly poison palatable, by sweetening it with all care! All his folly and nonsense we may excuse; but not his making God a liar; not his contradicting, in so open and flagrant a manner, the whole oracles of God! True, his tales are often exceeding lively, and as entertaining as the tales of... the fairies! But I dare not give up my Bible for them; and I must give up one or the other. If the preceding extracts are from God, then the Bible is only a fable! But if all Scriptures are given by inspiration of God, then let these dreams sink into the pit from whence they came." ~ Thoughts on the writings of Baron Swedenborg, by John Wesley, Wakefield, May 8, 1782.
John Wesley was born in Epworth, 23 miles (37 km) northwest of Lincoln, England, the son of Samuel Wesley, a poet and graduate of the University of Oxford, and a minister of the Church of England. In 1689 Samuel married Susanna Annesley, twenty-fifth child of Dr. Samuel Annesley. Both Samuel and Susanna had been raised in Dissenting homes before becoming members of the Established Church early in adulthood. Susanna herself became a mother of nineteen children. In 1696 Samuel Wesley was appointed rector of Epworth, where John, the fifteenth child, was born.
At the age of six, John was rescued from the burning rectory. This escape made a deep impression on his mind; and he spoke of himself as a "brand plucked from the burning," and as a child of Providence.
The Wesley children's early education was given by their parents in the Epworth rectory. Each child, including the girls, was taught to read, beginning at the age of five. In 1713 John was admitted to the Charterhouse School, London, where he lived the studious, methodical, and (for a while) religious life in which he had been trained at home. One biographer, Tyerman, says that he went to Charterhouse a saint; but he became negligent of his religious duties, and left a sinner.
Oxford and Georgia
In 1720, John Wesley entered Christ Church College, Oxford. In 1725 he began to seek after holiness of heart and life through a rigidly methodical and abstemious life, study of the Scriptures, and the giving of alms. He was ordained deacon that year, and elected fellow of Lincoln College, Oxford in 1726. John Wesley received his Master's degree from Christ Church College in 1727, and became his father's curate for two years, returning to Oxford to fulfil his functions as fellow in 1729.
On his return to Oxford, John Wesley, together with his younger brother Charles and some other students, formed a "holy club" whose members were derisively called "Methodists" because of their methodical habits.
In 1735, Governor James Oglethorpe issued a request for a clergyman to go to the English colony of Georgia (now part of the United States). Wesley responded, accompanied by his brother Charles, and remained in the colony for two years, first landing at Peeper (now Cockspur Island on February 6th, 1736. On the Journey to New England were several German Moravians who, when a storm was beating the boat, calmly sang their Christian hymns. One of them asked John Wesley if he was saved, to which John Wesley unnervingly replied "I hope [Jesus] has died to save me."
While John Wesley's efforts in Georgia were well-purposed, his methods were hard (even refusing to bury those who had not had Anglican baptism). The result of this messionary experiment was that many hymns were added to the Church, and John Wesley improved in character. John Wesley later said of these days: ""I had even then the faith of a servant, though not that of a son," and "Can anyone carry High Church zeal higher than this ? And how well have I been since beaten with mine own staff!" His nicknames of “a Jesuit”, “a Jacobite”, and a “Presbyterian papist” indicate those of his day simply had no “box” to put Wesley in. They only knew he did not fit into what they expected or wanted. He returned depressed and beaten to England in 1738.
Back in England, John Wesley met the Moravian Peter Bohler, who shocked him with his faith and assurance in God. Convinced by the Moravians, John Wesley was convinced their faith was real, and resolved to seek that assuarnce by:
- "absolutely renouncing all dependence, in whole or in part, upon my own works or righteousness; on which I had really grounded my hope of salvation, though I knew it not, from my youth up."
- "By adding to the constant use of all the other means of grace continual prayer for this very thing, justifying, saving faith, a full reliance on the blood of Christ shed for me; a trust in him as my Christ, as my sole justification, sanctification, and redemption."
A few weeks later, on May 24, 1738 in Aldersgate Street, London, while listening to a reading of Martin Luther's preface to the Epistle to the Romans, John Wesley felt his "heart strangely warmed". In his own words, here is what happened:
- I felt I did trust in Christ, Christ alone, for salvation; and an assurance was given me that he had taken away my sins, even mine, and saved me from the law of sin and death. I began to pray with all my might for those who had in a more especial manner despitefully used me and persecuted me. I then testified openly to all what I now first felt in my heart.
On June 11, 1738, a few weeks after his conversion, Johh Wesley preached the sermon entitled "By grace are ye saved through faith", establishing a theme that continued throughout his ministry. At 3:00 am on New Year's Eve of 1738/9 while in prayer with a group of Christians in Fetter Lane, the power of God swept through the room, with many falling to the ground, others crying for joy, and all lifting praise to God.
On the invitation of George Whitfield, a friend of John Wesley's from Oxford, he preached his open air sermon Bristol in April of 1739. These open-air services were very successful; and he never again hesitated to preach in any place where an assembly could be got together, more than once using his father's tombstone at Epworth as a pulpit. He continued for fifty years; entering churches when he was invited, and taking his stand in the fields, in halls, cottages, and chapels, when the churches would not receive him.
From 1739 onward, the following accompanied John Wesley's sermons:
- Hardened sinners were stricken down as in the throes of death.
- The sick were healed, with even physicians acknowledging the 'Finger of God'
- Imposters attended, and were dealt with as imposters
- John Wesley and other Methodists began to be persecuted by the established clergy.
The Methodists were often attacked verbally in sermons and print, and also physically by mobs. They were denounced as promulgators of strange doctrines, fomenters of religious disturbances, as blind fanatics leading people astray, claiming miraculous gifts, and attempting to reestablish Catholicism.
Meanwhile, the John Wesley continued to preach, and his followers continued to work among the neglected and needy.
John Wesley had allied himself with the Moravian society in Fetter Lane in 1738, and even went to Herrnhut, the Moravian headquarters in Germany. He met frequently with this and other religious societies in London, but did not preach often in 1738, because most of the parish churches were now closed to him. Late in 1739 Wesley broke with the Moravians in London. Finding, as he said, that they had fallen into heresies, especially quietism, he decided to form his own followers into a separate society. "Thus," he wrote, "without any previous plan, began the Methodist Society in England."
Similar societies were soon formed in Bristol and Kingswood, and wherever Wesley and his friends made converts. Wesley also became the sole trustee of all of the chapel's of the Methodist societies, until a "deed of declaration" transferred all of his interests to a body of preachers called the "Legal Hundred."
In order to keep the disorderly out of the societies, Wesley established a probationary system, and undertook to visit each society regularly. As the societies increased, he could not keep up contact effectively; so he drew up in 1743 a set of "General Rules" for the "United Societies," which were the nucleus of the Methodist Discipline and still exist. These general rules are as follows:
- It is therefore expected of all who continue therein that they should continue to evidence their desire of salvation,
- First: By doing no harm, by avoiding evil of every kind...
- Secondly: By...doing good of every possible sort, and, as far as possible, to all...
- Thirdly: By attending upon all the ordinances of God...
Ordination of Ministers
As his societies multiplied, the breach between Wesley and the Church of England widened. The question of separation from that church as a contentious issue. In 1745 Wesley wrote that he would make any concession which his conscience permitted, in order to live in harmony with the clergy, but could not give up the doctrine of an inward and present salvation by faith alone. He would not stop preaching or dissolve the societies or end lay preaching. "We dare not," he said, "administer baptism or the Lord's Supper without a commission from a bishop in the apostolic succession."
But the next year he read Lord King on the Primitive Church, and Wesley was convinced by it that apostolic succession was a fiction, and that he was "a scriptural episcopos as much as any man in England." Some years later Edward Stillingfleet's Irenicon led him to renounce the opinion that Christ or his apostles prescribed any form of church government, and to declare ordination valid when performed by a presbyter. It was not until about forty years later that he ordained by the laying on of hands, and even then only for those who would serve outside of England. Although he rejoiced that the Methodists in America were free, he advised his English followers to remain in the established church; and he himself died within it.
The doctrines which Wesley emphasized in his sermons and writings are grace, present personal salvation by faith, the witness of the Spirit, and sanctification. He defined the witness of the Spirit as: "an inward impression on the soul of believers, whereby the spirit of God directly testifies to their spirit that they are the children of God."
Sanctification he spoke of (1790) as the "grand depositum which God has lodged with the people called `Methodists'." Wesley taught that sanctification was obtainable instantaneously by faith, between justification and death. It was not "sinless perfection" that he contended for; but he believed that those who are "perfect in love" feel no sin. He was anxious that this doctrine should be constantly preached.
John Wesley's constant preaching left little time for any other activities. He travelled constantly, generally on horseback, preaching twice or thrice a day. He formed societies, opened chapels, examined and commissioned preachers, administered charities, prayed for the sick, and superintended schools and orphanages. He rose at four in the morning, lived simply and methodically, and was never idle if he could help it. His charities were limited only by his means.
John Wesley is described as below medium height, well proportioned, strong, with a bright eye, a clear complexion, and a saintly, intellectual face. He married very unhappily, at the age of forty-eight, to a widow, Mary Vazeille, and had no children; she left him fifteen years later. He died peacefully, after a short illness, leaving as the result of his life-work 135,000 members, and 541 itinerant preachers under the name "Methodist."
Supernatural Occurrences of John Wesley
The Supernatural Occurrences of John Wesley is a non-fiction book relying heavily upon actual quotations from the writings of John Wesley. The author presents various types of supernatural phenomena as they were recorded by Wesley. These phenomena include visions, dreams, miraculous healings, instances of persons passing out during Wesley’s sermons, supernatural answers to prayer, the unusual fates of some of Wesley’s critics, and cases of demon possession.
- John Wesley's sermon on money
- Preface to the Letter of St. Paul to the Romans by Martin Luther. John Wesley "felt his heart strangely warmed" when he heard this read, marking a change in his life.
- This information is based on material from Wikipedia. As a result, this article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License which governs this website as well.


INDIA - As a large and fast-growing developing country, India has been generally identified as a source of growth in global agricultural demand and trade, but such growth is dependent on more investment and changing policies, according to this report from the US Department of Agriculture's Economic Research Service.
While China has emerged as a large and fast-growing market since 2000, growth in Indian demand and trade, while strong, has been less significant for US and global markets.
Similar to China, economic growth is likely to drive changes in Indian food demand over the next decade, with the trade outcomes shaped by productivity gains in the farm sector and the evolution of India’s domestic farm and trade policies.
Average real GDP growth of about 7.1 per cent since 2000 has made India the second fastest-growing large economy during this period, after China. Aided by continued gradual slowing of population growth, per capita gross national income in current US dollars reached $1,570 in 2013, still well below China’s $6,560, but classifying India as a lower middle-income country.
Global economic recovery in the near term, relatively low world crude oil prices, and fiscal and investment reforms in India are expected to push India’s economic growth rate above China’s by the late 2010s, to an average of 7.5 per cent during the next decade.
Rising incomes, further urbanisation (the population was about 68 per cent rural in 2013), and India’s youthful demographic profile are expected to shape continued growth and increased diversity in consumer food demand.
While per capita consumption of staple grains - rice and wheat - has been relatively stable since 2000, demand for higher valued foods - such as fruits, vegetables, edible oils, dairy products, and poultry meats - has been robust.
Offsetting some of this growth story, however, is that Government estimates indicate that about 22 per cent of India’s population - or about 260 million people - remain in poverty. According to USDA estimates, India still accounts for the largest share of the global population classified as food insecure.
While the outlook for growth in food demand appears to be robust and sustainable, India’s limited progress in improving crop yields, along with ongoing pressures to reform costly farm policies and strengthen farm sector investment, represents two of the key uncertainties in India’s trade outlook.
Researchers describe the analysis and assumptions on these issues incorporated in the India projections included in USDA Agricultural Projections to 2024. These projections for global and US agriculture are a USDA interagency product based on a combination of model results and analyst judgement that are updated annually.
Big Resources, Low Yields
India’s large and diverse agricultural sector is growing more rapidly than it was a decade ago, but per hectare yields of major crops (except wheat, which is 93 per cent irrigated) remain low by world standards.
According to India’s Commission on Agricultural Costs and Prices, the large gaps between national average yields and those achieved in the highest yielding Indian states, ranging from 32 per cent for wheat to 48 per cent for corn, are indicative of the potential to achieve higher national average yields.
Low yields persist despite generally good quality soils; ample, if highly seasonal, rainfall; and the largest irrigated area in the world. Counting land that is sown more than once, India sows crops on an average of 194 million hectares (one hectare equals 2.471 acres) annually, with about 88 million hectares - or 45 per cent - irrigated. Total irrigated area is expanding at about 1.0 million hectares annually.
Despite growing and diversifying food demand, public investment in agriculture has remained flat at about 3 per cent of agricultural GDP since 2000. This trend is in sharp contrast to outlays for input subsidies, which now far exceed public investments.
Current USDA long-term projections for India show a continued gradual increase in major crop yields towards potential yields, represented by those achieved in high-yielding states.
Other than Bt (Bacillius thuringienis) cotton, now planted on about 92 per cent of India’s cotton area, no further approvals of genetically modified (GM) crops are assumed. Given India’s relatively strong agricultural resource base and low average yields, with greater public and private investment, yields could potentially grow faster.
Policy Reform Uncertain
Although India’s agricultural sector is growing more rapidly than it was a decade ago, it is doing so in the context of rising subsidy outlays, frequent bursts of food price inflation, and the persistent undernourishment of a large share of the population.
A new Government, elected in 2014 with the first single-party parliamentary majority since 1984, has moved cautiously on farm sector reform. Processes that could lead to significant changes in the management of India’s food grain economy, consumer food subsidies, and incentives for private investment have been set in motion.
However, even with the electoral mandate, Indian farm policymakers continue to face a difficult environment for enacting reform. They face an active electorate that is often directly affected by changes in farm income or consumer food prices, and a constitution that leaves most agricultural policy decisions to State governments with a diverse array of priorities.
The new national Government is initially focusing on the food grain economy, specifically rice and wheat. The costs of price support, procurement, subsidised distribution, and stockholding are increasingly burdensome, while grower benefits are limited to a few regions and consumer benefits are sapped by large-scale inefficiencies.
Perhaps the most intriguing policy development, with potentially large implications for the future of Indian agricultural policy, is the progress being made to create the administrative capacity to shift away from reliance on price subsidies to supporting producers and consumers through cash transfers.
Until now, tools available to Indian policymakers have been restricted to a few, relatively market distorting policy instruments: MSPs supported in some areas by physical purchases, physical distribution of subsidized grain, subsidized administered prices for inputs, and tariff and nontariff trade measures.
India’s Government is now implementing initiatives that are expected to enable the administration of less costly, better targeted, and less market-distorting cash transfers. These initiatives include expanding access to bank accounts and issuing biometric identification cards to all citizens.
Food Grain Surpluses Projected to Decline
Establishing the political consensus and administrative capacity for significant policy change is likely to be a gradual process that moves faster in some states than others, with uncertain market impacts over the next decade.
The policy assumptions underlying the current USDA long-term projections for Indian food grains are based on relatively minor impacts from policy reforms over the next decade. Under these assumptions, growth in production of both wheat and rice is expected to slow from the pace achieved during 2000-2012.
With gains in incomes driving diet diversification, growth in consumption of both staples is expected to continue to slow, as it has for the last several decades.
Exports of rice and wheat are also expected to decline from recent averages, although India is likely to remain among the world’s top three rice exporters.
Indian corn production accelerated during 2000-12 in response to rising domestic feed demand, import demand in nearby markets, and the adoption of hybrid corn varieties.
Although domestic feed demand, particularly from the poultry industry, is expected to remain robust, the outlook for lower global corn prices leads to slower projected growth in corn production and reduced exports.
Animal Product Sectors to Play a Bigger Role
India’s poultry sector, now the world’s fifth largest, continues to expand rapidly, driven by rising incomes and relatively low production costs compared with other meats favored by Indian consumers, particularly mutton and fish.
Vertical integration has increased the efficiency of poultry production and, along with competitively priced domestic supplies of corn and soybean meal, is expected to lead to continued strong growth in production and consumption.
Since the early 2000s, India’s rapidly expanding exports of water buffalo meat - or carabeef - has made it the world’s largest beef exporter, with growing sales to a broad array of primarily low- and middle-income markets.
The export growth is supported by India’s large herd of water buffalo - by far the largest in the world at 109 million head - and a growing number of export-oriented slaughter facilities.
Although some Indian states have recently enacted bans on the slaughter of cattle, those actions are not expected to interfere significantly with exports of carabeef, which are projected to continue to expand at more than 6 per cent annually over the next decade.
The recent opening of the Russian market to Indian carabeef, and ongoing negotiations to open the China market, could lead to even stronger growth.
India Projected to Remain Largest Edible Oil Importer
India emerged as a major vegetable oil importer in the 1990s as domestic demand outstripped domestic production of edible oils derived from a range of oil crops, including soybeans, rapeseed, peanuts, and sunflowerseed.
Oilseed production is generally less profitable than competing cereal and cotton crops and is mostly relegated to less productive rainfed areas. Slow production growth is projected to continue, with little improvement in chronically low yields.
Soybean area and production have been supported by domestic and foreign demand for soybean meal and domestic oil demand, but there has been negligible improvement in yields, and prospects for continued area growth appear limited.
India’s imports of edible oils - now the largest in the world - have been subject to relatively low tariffs since the mid-2000s, with tariffs now set at 2.5 per cent for crude oils and 10 per cent for refined oils. Vegetable oil imports are projected to continue to expand, reaching more than 18 million tons annually by 2024/25.
Higher yields and increased profitability associated with the adoption of hybrid Bt cotton have propelled growth in cotton production and exports since 2000, and India has recently emerged as the world’s largest producer and second largest exporter.
While there is still considerable potential to boost yields, low world prices associated with China’s anticipated drawdown of its large stocks are expected to affect both planted area and yields during the early part of the projection period, leading to slowed growth in production and exports over the next decade. India’s textile sector is expected to grow more slowly than it has since 2000, but still faster than in most countries, as it meets expanding domestic and export demand.
Rapid Progress on Yields, Policy Reforms Unlikely
Current USDA long-term projections assume that Indian crop yields will continue to make little progress towards matching either world averages or domestic benchmarks.
This assumption is based on historical performance; low rates of public investment in agriculture; and failure to establish a consensus policy towards the evaluation, approval, and release of genetically modified crops.
Recently, the private sector has played the key role in crop productivity gains associated with the development and adoption of Bt cotton and hybrid corn, as well as the expansion of integrated poultry production. More public and private sector investment and research could spark faster gains in yields in some sectors than currently projected.
Projections also assume limited progress toward enacting and realizing impacts from reforms to subsidy and market intervention policies, which currently have their greatest impacts on the wheat and rice sectors.
These assumptions are based on past performance and the complex environment for establishing consensus on significant reforms, and institutional constraints to implementation.
A continuation of current progress towards replacing costly input and output price subsidies with targeted cash subsidies could lead to a shift in public resources to productive investments and facilitate a greater role for private investment in agricultural markets.
You can view the full report by clicking here.
ThePoultrySite News Desk


From Blueberry Field to Blueberry Jam
Kindergarten Research and Inquiry Resources
• Children will use the computer to do research and inquiry on the safety of different berries.
• Children will learn that strawberries are safe to eat, while holly berries are unsafe.
• Children will sort four images of edible things into "safe" and "not safe" categories.
• Have children make colorful posters to inform their friends and classmates about the difference between strawberries and holly berries.
• Ask children to vote on their favorite fruit. Plan a party to celebrate the election of the children's favorite kind of fruit that features a food made with the fruit.


White hair is the result of a reduction in the body's production of melanin, which naturally occurs as the human body ages. According to the Library of Congress, scientists still do not fully understand why this occurs in humans.
Scientific American explains that loss of hair color does not indicate the presence of a health problem. Instead, the pigment known as melanin simply stops entering hair cells with age. Some people even experience this phenomenon very young in life. While genetic factors play a role in the process, as of 2014, researchers are still trying to understand the specifics behind the loss of pigmentation in the hair. The only difference between white and gray hair is simply that white hair has no pigmentation whatsoever, while gray hair still has traces of melanin.


Can improved seed varieties benefit poor farmers in Sierra Leone? Can price subsidies and agricultural extension training lessen the costs of early adoption?
Agricultural productivity has stagnated in much of sub-Saharan Africa, while many other regions of the world have seen dramatic productivity improvements in recent decades. New agricultural technologies, such as high-yielding crop varieties, offer the promise of improving productivity and hence the welfare of farmers. But adoption of these technologies has often been low in countries where dissemination programs have been conducted. First adopters of new technologies play an important role in the spread of technology as they take on the burden of experimentation—testing whether and how a new variety works in local conditions. This is particularly important in much of sub-Saharan Africa where a multiplicity of micro climates within a small area means that experimentation is essential for farmers to learn which crop varieties are best for their particular land. There is also concern that early subsidization to increase adoption of new technologies will lead to expectation of continued subsidies, depressing demand at market prices.
Researchers sought to test whether improved seeds are beneficial for the poor in Sierra Leone and how best to promote uptake given the high costs of early adoption. Early adopters generate a positive externality to surrounding farmers and communities by delivering information on the effectiveness of new varieties and how to make the most of them in local conditions.
Two types of incentives will be tested: (1) a price subsidy scheme allowing farmers to purchase new seeds at a price lower than the market price; and (2) targeted agricultural extension work involving community demonstration plots and practical advice on how to use these seeds. Two types of new seed varieties will be used in the intervention. The first is one of the NERICA varieties and the other is a local variety developed by the Rokupr station, ROK-16, which has proven popular in early participatory variety selection tests.
The first stage of the intervention will pilot the agricultural extension training and subsidy incentives. One treatment arm will receive free seeds and training, and take up and yields will be compared to a comparison group. In the second year, researchers plan to test a more complex set of alternatives involving six treatment arms, each with approximately 35 communities, under three different schemes:
- T1: Farming households offered ROK-16 variety at 0 percent subsidy (market price).
- T2: Farming households offered ROK-16 variety at 50 percent subsidy.
- T3: Farming households offered ROK-16 variety at 100 percent subsidy (free).
- T4: Farmers receive a targeted training program without a formal opportunity to purchase the new seeds.
- T5: Farmers receive a targeted training program and are offered the chance to purchase ROK-16 seeds at one of the three subsidized prices.
- T6: Farmers are offered one upland variety of NERICA rice (NERICA-6) for free (as is currently the practice of the government’s NERICA project) as well as the targeted training program.
The pricing scheme aims to test the hypothesis that a one-time subsidy can reduce the adoption cost for early-adopters and have a long-lasting effect both on the beneficiary and their neighbors. The training scheme aims to reduce the cost of learning by providing information on how well the seed works in the community (through a demonstration plot) and on how to cope with some of new features of the rice. Both ROK-16 and NERICA are included because there is little information on the relative productivity of each variety of seed in upland conditions.
Key outcome variables measured at endline include: (1) the amount of improved rice variety seeds (NERICA and ROK-16) purchased and planted; (2) planting of other rice varieties and other crops; (3) amount of family and hired labor used on the farm; (4) consumption and food security.
Study in implementation, results forthcoming.


Let us trace back the history of the All Saints' Day (a.k.a. All Hallows' Day) on NOV-1. Actually, the holiday was first celebrated on MAY-13 when Pope Boniface IV dedicated the Pantheon in Rome to the Virgin Mary. The date was later changed to NOV-1 by Pope Gregory III who dedicated a chapel in honor of All Saints in the Vatican Basilica. Pope Gregory IV later extended the feast to the whole church.
The Eastern Orthodox churches celebrate All Saints Day in the springtime -- the Sunday after Pentecost.
All Souls' Day (a.k.a. the Day of the Dead) which is normally celebrated on NOV-2. When NOV-2 is a Sunday, the celebration is held on the following Monday. This is a day for prayer and almsgiving in memory of ancestors who have died. Believers pray for the souls of the dead, in an effort to hasten their transition from Purgatory to Heaven. It is primarily celebrated by Roman Catholics.
So thats it, until now we are still celebrating it.


Flashcards in Equations Deck (13):
What name is given to the sum of the relative atomic masses of the atoms in a molecule?
The relative formula mass
What is the definition of a mole?
The mole is the relative formula mass of the substance in grams
What is the mass of one mole of oxygen gas?
One mole of O2 weighs 16x2=32g
Which equation is the empirical formula?
The one with the ratios
Which equation is when you calculate the mass?
Where you divide and then times
What is the equation for percentage yield?
Actual yield percentage yield=____________x100
What does a 0% yield mean?
A 0% yield means that no reactants were converted into products
What are the three reasons why yields can't be 100%?
1) The reaction is reversible
3) unexpected reactions
The reaction is reversible therefore the yield can't be 100%. Why is this?
This means that reactants will never be completely converted to products because the reaction goes both ways. This will mean a lower yield
Why does filtration mean that yields can't be 100%?
When you filter a liquid to remove salvage parts you nearly always lose a bit of a liquid or a bit of solid so some of the product may be lost when its separated from the reaction mixture
Why does unexpected reactions mean that yields can't be 100%?
Things don't always go exactly to plan sometimes there can be other unexpected reaction is happening with use of the reactants this means that there is not what you reactant to make the product you want
Why might a reaction with a low percentage yield be bad for sustainable development?
Because a low product yield means that resources are wasted rather than being saved for future generations


Dispersal entails costs and might have to be traded off against other life-history traits. Dispersing and philopatric individuals may thus exhibit alternative life-history strategies. Importantly, these differences could also partly be modulated by environmental variation. Our previous results in a patchy population of a small passerine, the collared flycatcher, suggest that, as breeding density, a proxy of habitat quality, decreases, dispersing individuals invest less in reproduction but maintain a stable oxidative balance, whereas philopatric individuals maintain a high reproductive investment at the expense of increased oxidative stress. In this study, we aimed at experimentally testing whether these observed differences between dispersing and philopatric individuals across a habitat quality gradient were due to food availability, a major component of habitat quality in this system. We provided additional food for the parents to use during the nestling rearing period and we measured subsequent parental reproductive effort (through provisioning rate, adult body mass, and plasmatic markers of oxidative balance) and reproductive output. Density-dependent differences between dispersing and philopatric parents in body mass and fledging success were observed in control nests but not in supplemented nests. However, density-dependent differences in oxidative state were not altered by the supplementation. Altogether, our results support our hypothesis that food availability is responsible for some of the density-dependent differences observed in our population between dispersing and philopatric individuals but other mechanisms are also at play. Our study further emphasizes the need to account for environmental variation when studying the association between dispersal and other traits.
- parental care
- breeding density
- habitat quality
- oxidative stress
- reproductive output
Data from: Food availability modulates differences in parental effort between dispersing and philopatric birds
Récapet, C. (Creator), Bize, P. (Creator) & Doligez, B. (Creator), Dryad Digital Repository, 19 Jan 2017


About Nikolay STARIKOV ORIENTAL REVIEW
The first airborne troops of the British Army landed in Greece on October 4, 1944. Britain's main objective there, however, was not to defeat the German forces, far from it, but to achieve a rapid advance to meet Marshal Tolbukhin's Soviet troops, who had just successfully carried out an operation to liberate Yugoslavia. Meeting no resistance from the German troops, the English hastened to occupy the liberated territory so as not to let the Russians enter Greece.
Peace did not follow their arrival in Greece. On the contrary, military operations broke out with renewed vigour. The English were opposed to the partisans of the powerful communist movement ELAS. As a result, the British "liberators" began military operations against the Greeks.
Here are some facts about this conflict which, today, is completely ignored:
– In November 1944, General Scobie, commander of the British forces in Greece, gives the order to disarm the ELAS units. The Communist representatives of the Cabinet refused to sign a decree ordering the dissolution of ELAS and, on December 2, they resigned. The next day, a demonstration of 500 men took place in Athens against the actions of the government and the British command. The weapons are used against the demonstrators by the authorities. On December 000, 4, fighting began between ELAS units on one side and British and government troops on the other, and ELAS members took control of Athens and Piraeus. The fact that ELAS units were not evacuated from Piraeus until 1944 December 12 gives an indication of the severity of the fighting. In Athens, British troops were surrounded and only managed to get out towards the end of the month. In addition, two divisions are redeployed to Greece from the Italian front.
As we can see, there were so many ELAS supporters in the Greek capital that they easily took over the whole city. By opening fire on the demonstrators, the British troops had shown which side of the conflict they were on. Remember that it is precisely for these kinds of actions that London condemned Gaddafi and Assad recently.
Here is what Winston Churchill writes in his book “The Second World War”:
“On Sunday, December 3, communist supporters, engaged in a banned demonstration, clashed with the police and the civil war began. The next day, General Scobie ordered ELAS to evacuate Athens and Piraeus immediately. Instead of complying, their troops and armed civilians tried to seize the capital by force. At this point I took more direct control of the business. On hearing that the Communists had already taken almost all the police stations in Athens, murdering the major part of their occupants who were not engaged on their side, and were already half a mile from the government offices, I ordered the General Scobie and his 5 British soldiers who, ten days before, had been received with delight as liberators by the population, to intervene and fire on the treacherous aggressors. There's no point in doing things like this halfway. “
– In total, from December 3, 1944 to January 15, 1945, British aircraft flew 1665 sorties over Greece, destroying 455 automobiles, four artillery pieces and six locomotives.
– The English more or less managed to establish control over the territory of mainland Greece only after six weeks of fierce fighting. On February 12, 1945, an agreement to end the civil war was signed in Varkiza, according to which all ELAS units withdrew from the areas of Athens, Selanik and Patras.
– The majority of ELAS fighters ceased hostilities and returned home. However, the representatives of the democratic government, as well as the human nation of the "free world", violated the agreement and began to arrest them by the hundreds and shoot them without trial.
– In the end, the situation exploded following the so-called “general” elections, which took place on March 31, 1946. The Communists and a number of democratic parties had accused the government of falsifying the results and of pressured voters. It should be mentioned that police brutality did not decrease throughout 1945. The elections served as a pretext for a new confrontation. The first open conflict occurred in July 1946, when government forces attempted to rid the Vermion and Mount Olympus areas of Communists. Despite the fact that those on the offensive were supported by tanks and Spitfires, the attacks failed. ELAS units enjoyed wide support among the country's population, extensive experience in guerrilla warfare against the Germans, and there was also the fact that there were a number of secret allies in the army Greek. A new round of civil war had begun in the country.
– The Greek War lasted until early 1949, a total (with breaks) of five years!
– According to official figures, government forces suffered losses of 12 people killed and 777 soldiers and officers wounded, while pro-communist units suffered losses of 37 killed, and there are no figures on the number of injured. But how many of those killed and tortured were civilians? The country was in ruins; the Germans, withdrawing from Greece, failed to completely destroy their lines of communication, which was done by the Greeks themselves – not without the help of the British and Americans, of course.
The history of the Balkans, and especially of Greece, is a clear example of the misery of a black and white vision of History, a History in which Stalin and the USSR are blamed for everything, while the Occident is always right in everything it does.
Translated from Russian by ORIENTAL REVIEW
Translation : avic - International Network
Photo: Aris Velouchiotis the “Greek Che Guevara – ELAS
Europe from one war to another.
Complete file in PDF
I – The global financial infrastructure: The Bank of England
II – The Global Financial Infrastructure: The US Federal Reserve
III – The Sarajevo Assassination
IV– Who started the First World War?
V – Who financed the Second World War?
VI – Leon Trotsky, father of German Nazism
VII – Britain and France planned to attack the Soviet Union in 1940
IX – How the British “liberated” Greece
X - Who organized the Famine of 1932-1933 in the USSR?
XI – A quarter of a Soviet century (1930-1955)
XII – Why did Great Britain and the United States have no desire to prevent the Second World War?
XIII – Why did London give Vienna and Prague to Hitler?
XIV – How Adolf Hitler became a “provocative aggressor”
XVI– Who signed France's death sentence in 1940?
XVII– Great Britain – the cursed lover of Adolf Hitler
XVIII– How Britain Helped the Soviet Union Fight Hitler
XIX – How Churchill lost and recovered his victory in the Second World War
XX – Who put up the Berlin Wall?
And for good reason, the essentially communist Greek resistance had practically liberated Greece from its Nazi occupier when the British forces set foot on Greek soil not to liberate it but to annihilate the communist resistance.
Nevertheless this article is interesting, because the crushing of the essentially communist Greek resistance by British troops is generally completely ignored.
What is also interesting to underline is that the USSR, whose 2 primary concerns were to inflict defeat on Nazi Germany and to continue to exist in the face of Western evil intentions against it, did not respond positively to the demands of the Greek resistance against the British army. From this followed a schism in the Greek communist movement which lasted at least until the 80s and may still continue.


To a person unaware of the potential damage, it might not seem like a big deal to pour liquid cooking oil down a sink. But that creates problems for home plumbing, sewers and the environment. Oil coats pipes, eventually causing clogs. Hardened cooking oil in sewer pipes can make sewage back up into the home, requiring expensive repairs. In community water systems, blockages from grease and oil can cause sewage backups into streets and waterways, creating public-health and environmental risks.
When someone pours cooking oil down the drain, your first thought might be to help dissolve or break it down by using hot water, detergent, the garbage disposal or a drain cleaner. But these are not effective or, in the case of drain cleaners, should not be used regularly, according to the St. Vrain, Colorado, Sanitation District. Hot water cools down in pipes, causing oil -- and other fat and grease -- to harden farther down the sewer system. Detergents, even the ones that say they remove grease, also cause clogs further down in the pipe or system. Home garbage disposals are unable to remove grease and oils from plumbing. And drain cleaners, which can help break up oil-related clogs, are corrosive and, when used frequently, can damage the sewer line, requiring costly repairs.
A natural, noncorrosive remedy recommended by Michigan State University Extension is to pour 1/2 cup of baking soda down the drain, followed by 1/2 cup of white vinegar, which causes a lot of fizzing in the drain. Cover the drain to contain the fizzing action and, after five to 10 minutes, flush the drain with a kettle of boiling water. According to the extension, baking soda and vinegar can break down fatty acids into soap and glycerine and prevent clogs. A word of warning: To prevent burns and injury to the face or eyes, this method must not be used if a commercial drain opener has been used or is present in any standing water.
The best way to dispose of home cooking oil is to pour it into containers with lids, such as empty glass jars. Allow the oil to cool and solidify, tighten the lid on the container and and deposit it in the trash. Or, save the oil in a resealable container and take it to a community cooking oil and grease drop-off location for recycling, if available in your area. Alternative fuels for diesel engines and home heating oil are made from recycled cooking oil, and it is an ingredient in some livestock feed, pet food and cosmetics. Additionally, it is best to wipe out cookware and any oily dishes or serving ware with an absorbent paper towel to remove oil before washing.
What Else Can't Go Down
Your local water and sewer agency can tell you what liquids can or can't go safely down your drain. The San Diego Metropolitan Wastewater Department, for example, has the typical requirements that liquids not be radioactive waste, hazardous chemical waste or untreated biohazardous waste; not be solids, sludges or viscous substances; and not have corrosive pH levels, grease or oil, and temperatures of 150 degrees Fahrenheit or higher in volumes of more than 10 gallons.


We had thought sakura (cherry blossoms) would not bloom till early April but buds are rapidly growing, and the Japan Meteorological Agency announced on the 25th the first bloom of sakura in Tokyo region, and you can probably enjoy flower viewing this weekend.
Hurry up! Don't miss the chance. The life of cherry blossoms are very short, usually lasting only a week and often only a couple of days depending on the weather. Cherry flowers are so delicate that they fall easily due to rain and strong winds.
Why do Japanese love cherry blossoms so much?
Good questions! Sakura (please let me call this flower in Japanese) is our national flower and it has been loved since ancient times. Many poems and songs with the theme of sakura
have been created.
Our ancestors who were living with wars and seeing many ruling powers rise and fall understood that nothing could stay the same. They repeatedly wrote in literature that life was ephemeral. Therefore, short-lived sakura that gorgeously blooms and gracefully falls is the flower that best represented their philosophy about life. -- I was taught that way, but I'm not really sure about it.
It is true that many of us have a sentimental attachment to sakura, though. As Japanese school year starts in April and ends in March, the very sakura season, when we see the pink flowers, we instantly remember the sadness of separation from old school days and anticipation for new life.
What is the kind of cherry tree most commonly seen in Japan?
Actually there are many kinds of cherry trees in Japan, but "sakura" usually refers to cultivar called Somei Yoshino, which can be most commonly seen in Japan. .
Its flowers are pale pink, almost pure white. According to popular belief, Somei Yoshino is an artificial hybrid developed in the 19th century from a single tree, which means all the existing Somei Yoshino trees are the clones of the original tree. Some say this can explain why sakura trees in the same region start to bloom at the same time. Well, what do you think?
Let's do hanami, flower-viewing party!
Hanami (花見) literally means flower viewing but this also refers to "picnic party under the cherry trees." It is a seasonal event Japanese have practiced for centuries, and you should try just for once, because it is so much fun and relaxing.
In popular sakura-viewing places, however, staking out a good spot is such a tedious work. Arriving only a few hours before the party time is too late. There are so many crazy people who spread out a blue picnic sheet (water-proof!) in the early morning for the evening party, waiting for hours for other members to come. It is often the first mission of new employees who have just joined the company in April.
If you'd like to check out what Japanese flower viewing is like, visit Ueno Park in Tokyo. You'll see thousands of people enjoying hanami party, drinking alcohol, singing with portable karaoke machines (frankly, I hate those noisy people singing karaoke in public) , etc.
5 most popular Hanami Spots in Tokyo area
Ueno Park (上野公園 Ueno Koen）: Probably most popular hanami spot in Tokyo. Only 5 minutes from JR Ueno Station. About 800 sakura trees. The park is open till 11 p.m., but paper lanterns light 5:30- 8 p.m. There are national museums and a zoo in the park. Bringing in alcohol allowed. Address: 5-10 Ueno Koen, Taito-ku, Tokyo; tel: 03-3828-5644
Shinjuku Gyoen National Garden (新宿御苑 Shinjuku Gyoen) : Originally a part of the site of a private mansion of Lord Naito, a feudal lord of the Edo Period. In the site of 58.3 ha (144 acres) 1,300 cherry trees of 65 kinds are planted. You can have a picnic under the trees but alcohol is prohibited in the park. More quiet than Ueno Park. Admission is 200 yen for adults, 50 yen for elementary and junior high schools students. 5 minutes from Shinjuku Gyoen Station on the Tokyo Metro subway line, JR Sendagaya Station. Open 9 a.m.-4 p.m. Address: 11 Naito-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Shinjuku, Tokyo; tel: 03-3350-0151 English website
Chidorigafuchi Park (千鳥ヶ淵 Chidorigafuchi): 700-meter long Chidorigafuchi Pedestrian Path with 170 cherry trees between Hanzo Moat of the Imperial Palace and Uchibori Dori Street. 3minutes from Exit No.3 of Hanzomon Station of the subway Hanzomon Line. You can enjoy a rowboat ride on the moat of the Imperial Palace, looking up cherry blossoms. During the cherry blossom seasons March 28-April 4, boats are available 9:30 a.m.-8 p.m. for 800 yen (30 minutes). For further information, contact Chiyoda City Tourism Association at 03-3556-0391
Meturo River (目黒川 Megro-gawa) : About 800 cherry trees along the 3.8 km Sumida river, lit up at night April 1-10, 6-9 p.m. Sakura Festival will be held on April 6. 2 minutes from Meguro Station on the Tokyu Toyoko Line.
Sumida Park (墨田公園 Sumida Koen): well-known sakura viewing spot since the Edo Period. 660 cherry trees along the Sumida River will be lit up during Sakura Festival period, March 29-Aril 6. 5 munutes from Asakusa Station on the Tokyo Metro subway line and Tobu Line. For more information, Sumida Tourist Association at 03-5608-6951.
If you want to avoid over-crowded spots, why don't you go to old cemeteries? Some places such as Aoyama Cemetery (2-2-2 Minami Aoyama, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 7 minutes from Gaien-mae Station on the Ginza subway line, 9 minutes from Aoyama Itchome Station on the Hanzomon, Oedo, Ginza lines) or Yanaka Cemetery (7-5-24 Yanaka, Taito-ku, Tokyo, 6 minutes from JR Nippori Station), are well-known for beautiful cherry blossoms, and surely less busy.
Long time ago I went to Aoyama Cemetery for hanami after work. That was the idea of my ex-colleague (he was American). I was very reluctant, but to my surprise, there were unexpectedly many people having a party, sitting in front of the gravestones of someone they didn't know at all. Drinking sake in a cemetery at night -- kind of exciting, no?
最高気温 （さいこうきおん）: highest temperature
桜 （さくら） cherry blossoms
開花 （かいか）： blooming
気象庁 （きしょうちょう）： The Japan Meteorological Agency
開花宣言 （かいかせんげん）： announcement of blooming
昔 (むかし）： ancient times
愛する（あいする）： to love
あっという間（ま）に： very short time
散る （ちる）： to fall
美 （び）： beauty
感性 （かんせい）： sensitivity
入学式 （にゅうがくしき）： entrance ceremony
卒業式（そつぎょうしき）： graduation ceremony
特別な （とくべつな）： special
感情 （かんじょう）： feeling
人工的に （じんこうてきに）： artificially
品種 （ひんしゅ）： cultivar
全て （すべて）： all
単に （たんに）： simply
宴会 （えんかい）： party, dinner
試す （ためす）： to try
場所取り （ばしょとり）： staking out a place


I’ll be explaining the 10 internet terminologies that you should know. The reason I’ve chosen these specific terminologies is, you will likely hear one or all of them on your daily bases especially when you are always on the internet. It is good to be familiar with these terminologies so that you know where to look when faced with technical issues. Some of these terminologies seem intimidating when you hear them but once you know, you’ll realise that these are just simple terms.
First let us understand what is internet because this is the term you use quite often. What is an internet? In short, the Internet is a worldwide computer network. Computers need some kind of network in order to communicate with each other across the globe. It’s like your cellphone, it needs some kind of network in order for you to receive and send calls or messages.
I just decided to define this as well cause some people don’t know the term and some use it interchangeably with the term internet. Intranet is a private or local computer network that is accessible within an organisation. You’ll likely find intranet in big companies.
A website is nothing but a collection of web pages that are identify by a single name. In simpler terms a website it’s like a book. I think I’ll be correct to define a book as a collection of pages. To give you a few examples of websites: facebook.com, twitter.com and cmalindi.co.za.
Most people confuse a webpage with a website so to clarify that, so that you no longer misuse the term website. A web page is the page result that you see after searching for a website. The most common web pages you’ll see are home, contact us, about us page. To add on our example of a website we said a website is like a book, so that makes a web page a book page. I hope that makes sense.
3. HTTPS (HyperText Transfer Protocol Secure)
Sometimes there are certain rules that we are bound by when we have to do specific things, so does the internet. It has rules as well. HTTPS is the set of rules on how to handle websites. It is not the only protocol, to name a few there’s FTP (File Transfer Protocol), SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) and XMPP (Extensible Message and Presence Protocol). I will not go through each protocol and explain what each does if you want to know more, maybe I’ll write an article some other time. You’ll see this HTTPS at the beginning of the website name. Sometimes you will see HTTP which is not used often because it is not considered safe. It is not advisable to put sensitive information on such websites.
4. Domain Name
When they talk of a domain name they are talking about the full name of a website divided into 3 parts. So what are these categories, we have a subdomain which is your www, web, blog ,etc. Then we have a second level domain which is the name of the website like facebook, google, cmalindi, etc. Then we have a top level domain which is your .com, .uk, .co.za, etc. So the full name of a website will be like this web.facebook.com, www.cmalindi.co.za, etc. Now I hope I’ve explained that very clearly. To explain it one more time, we will have something like this subdomain.secondleveldomain.topleveldomain.
5. URL (Uniform Resource Locator)
A URL is the full address of a website including the protocols of how to fetch that site. So the URL of a specific website will be something like this https://www.cmalindi.co.za
6. HTTP Status Codes
These are the codes that are returned from the server or from your request to tell the browser how the request went. These status codes are grouped into five classes which I won’t mention them all. I’ll just give you the most common ones.
- 200 – OK: Means the request was successful, that when you see the web page that you were visiting.
- 401 – Unauthorized: When you try to access a page and you are not logged in, you’ll get this response. So you should log in first.
- 403 – Forbidden: This happens when you are trying to access information that does not belong to you or you are not allowed to.
- 404 – Not Found: Means the page that you are requesting does not exist, so maybe you made some typo, you might as well double check.
- 500 – Internal Server Error: This error means the problem is not on your side, it’s the server problem. Maybe there’s too many requests so the server is down.
7. IP (Internet Protocol) Address
This is the number that uniquely identifies every device that enters the internet. There are two types: either you have a dynamic which is mostly used by the majority or you have a static which is mostly used by big companies. There’s two versions of IP Addresses so far which are IPV4 which is 32 bit, meaning it can accommodate up to 4 294 967 296 active devices. That is huge enough to accommodate all of our devices right? No, I don’t think so, if you think about it, how many are we? Around 7 billion at the time I’m writing this article. If we are around 7 billion how many devices do you think we own? Hence the IPV6 was introduced which is 128 bit which can accommodate up to 3.402823669×10³⁸ devices which is enough so far. IPV4 addresses examples: 220.127.116.11 (google.com) and 18.104.22.168 (facebook.com). IPV6 example : 2001:4860:4860::8888.
8. Web Server
A web server is a gigantic computer where websites reside and serves your request. In layman’s term think of a Web server as a library to add on our above example.
9. Search Engine
A search engine is a software that searches the internet or web servers to fulfil your request. These are the examples of search engines that are commonly used: Google, Bing and Yahoo.
10. Web browser
Last but not least a web browser is an application software that allows you to use search engines, to search the net and to view the result. So after you have a web browser you need a search engine to crawl the internet. Most commonly used web browsers are Chrome, Internet Explore, Firefox, Safari, Opera mini etc.
There you have it, you see how simple that was, like I said these are not the only internet terminologies there’s a lot. But I’ve chosen these because they are most common. And at least now you would be familiar with the jargon on your journey when surfing the internet.
Now I leave you with this final note: surf safely and don’t become a victim of the internet.


A boundary survey is the surveyor's professional opinion on the location of property lines and corners of the subject land. The surveyor verifies the property corners to the recorded legal descriptions for the subject property as well as legal descriptions for adjacent properties and plats, the monuments set in the field, and any structures indicating lines of possession like fences, walls, hedges, and yards. The verification includes the research of both public and private data from a variety of sources such as public records, title companies, railroads, along with other professional entities. The surveyor will locate any encroachments onto or from the subject property and will reset any missing monuments. Typically the survey involves the setting or restoration of monuments or markers at the corners or along the lines of the parcel, often in the form of iron pipes, or concrete monuments in the ground or spikes, lead and tacks or well monuments set in concrete or asphalt. A map, or "Record of Survey", is then prepared in conformance with the Professional Land Surveyor Act and filed with the appropriate county Surveyor's Office and becomes public record.


The menopause marks the time in a woman’s life when her menstruation stops and she is no longer fertile (able to become pregnant).
In the UK the average age for the menopause is 52 (National Health Service), while in the USA it is 51 (National Institute of Aging). About one fifth of women in India knowledge menopause previous to the age of 41, a study found.
Read more on Menopause Supportand Irregular Menstruationand Leucorrhea
When you were younger, you may have heard your mother, grandmother, or aunts quietly complaining about it. Now, you may find that your friends are chatting about it, you co-worker are going through it, and you are worrying about it.
Often referred to with horror as “The Change,” menopause is a scary thing to have to face. Even scarier though, is having to face this time of life with no meaningful the facts.
What exactly is menopause? What can you expect during this time? What are the symptoms of menopause? Not to fear – menopause doesn’t have to be scary when you know the details.
Menopause is defined as the termination of menstruation as a result of the normal decline in ovarian function. Technically, you enter menopause following 12 consecutive months with no a period.
Menopause has become increasingly medicalized, which means it is view as something that requires intervention and treatment rather than as a natural life transition that may benefit from support.
Natural menopause occurs when the monthly cycle of ovulation comes to an end. This is because the ovarian supply of follicles and eggs declines sharply as a woman approaches menopause.
During this time, called perimenopause, which can last anyplace from five to fifteen years, the brain continues to send out hormones trying to excite the development of ovarian follicles, and it is common for a woman’s ovaries to take action erratically, so that her hormones ebb and flow a great deal from month to month.
Every year thousands of women among the ages of 15 and 44 experience an “Estrogen Crash”, a sudden drop in estrogen levels that leaves women in the command of early menopause.
Although menopause is traditionally seen as a difficulty in older women, the many younger women who experience early menopause find themselves unprepared for the unexpected changes that occur.
Estrogen Crash occurs when both of a woman’s ovaries are removed or suddenly stop functioning. When this happens the body stops producing estrogen.
“Naturally menopausal women have a gradual decline in estrogen levels over a two to ten year period.
Home Remedies for Menopause
Vitamin E is an antioxidant and studies have shown that it can prevent hot flashes and post menopausal vaginal dryness. As an added bonus, its antioxidant properties will also neutralise free radicals that cause and cellular damage and help to keep your circulation healthy.
Soy contains natural plant estrogens called phytoestrogens that behave in a similar way to estrogens in the human body and help balance your estrogen levels.
Damaiana has historically been used as an aphrodisiac and has been claimed to induce euphoria. However, it has since been discovered that this is a myth and that it is good at relieving anxiety and increasing relaxation.
Valerian root is known to be a good sedative. However, there are side effects, which can be quite serious – delirium and heart problems!


- Youth Development
Nurturing the potential of every child and teen.
We believe the values and skills learned early on are vital building blocks for life. Because of the Y, more young people in neighborhoods around the nation are taking a greater interest in learning and making smarter life choices.
At the Y, children and teens learn values and positive behaviors, and can explore their unique talents and interests, helping them realize their potential. That makes for confident kids today and contributing and engaged adults tomorrow.
- Healthy Living
Improving the nation’s health and well-being.
Being healthy means more than simply being physically active. It’s about maintaining a balanced spirit, mind and body. The Y is a place where you can work toward that balance by challenging yourself to learn a new skill or hobby, fostering connections with friends through our lifelong learning programs, or bringing your loved ones closer together through our many family-centered activities.
At the Y, it’s not about the activity you choose as much as it is about the benefits of living healthier on the inside as well as the outside.
- Social Responsibility
Giving back and providing support to our neighbors.
The generosity of others is at the core of the Y’s existence as a nonprofit. It is only through the support of our hundreds of thousands of volunteers and public and private donors that we are able to support and give back to the communities we engage.


Since 1974, NOVA has trailblazed in the field of science journalism to become the most popular science series on American television. Both on television and online, NOVA presents an encompassing picture of today's scientific issues founded on solid inquiry, cutting edge research and expert testimony. Among these, NOVA has investigated and reported on the marvels of Earth, its diversity and environmental issues affecting our planet and the way we live our lives. Below are some videos, interactives, articles and audio pieces on Earth’s phenomena and environmental issues shaping our lives. Follow the links to investigate more.
Weather and Climate
Multiple times over the past few years, local weather has taken a devastating toll on communities around the United States. What is the science behind these severe weather events? NOVA’s “Deadliest Tornadoes” asks why the 2011 tornado season was the worst in decades, and examines how to improve our methods for tornado prediction. And the documentary “Inside the Megastorm” looks at the impact of Hurricane Sandy, and gives scientific context to a new breed of storms. Also, how might climate change be influencing hurricanes, and what we can do to protect our cities from storm surges?
Our ability to predict severe weather may be in peril, too. In 2016, it’s likely that the weather satellite that helped predict Hurricane Sandy’s turn into the East Coast will stop working, and the planned replacement won’t be ready in time. That same satellite is what also gives us 7-10 day forecasts, and it’s not the only one that’s in danger of going blind.
What would happen to the Earth if global temperatures continued to rise and ice began melting at an alarming rate? The documentary "Secrets Beneath the Ice" follows scientists on an expedition to Antarctica as they investigate the disappearance of an ice shelf the size of Manhattan and the real possibility of a catastrophic meltdown that would flood coastal cities and cause a global crisis. In an effort to understand the chances of a widespread melt of the world’s glaciers, scientists drill into the Antarctic seafloor to gather evidence on the Earth’s past and its climate trends. Along the way, they discover clues that carry ominous implications for coastal cities around the globe.
The Earth’s appearance is far from stagnant, continuously changing throughout time between Ice Ages and thaws. Explore this interactive to see what would happen if all of Greenland's ice or all of Antarctica's ice melted. In the documentary "Extreme Ice," NOVA joins photojournalist James Balog as he documents the effects of rising global temperatures on some of the world’s most amazing and icy landscapes. Balog artfully utilizes time-lapse photography to illustrate the rapidity with which glaciers are splitting apart and collapsing before our very eyes and provides bold, unsettling evidence of the reality of global warming.
Related material, from FRONTLINE: Polluted and poisoned waters in America are caused by normal household items
For something we use every day, energy is a pretty mysterious concept. NOVA’s Energy Lab explores what energy is, how it can be converted into useful forms, and why some sources are running low. It also looks at a number of renewable energy technologies, and allows you to design renewable energy systems for cities across the U.S. based on real data.
Can we make the chemicals we use “greener?” Or, the packaging for our food less wasteful? NOVA has reported on a number of multimedia stories, many in collaboration with PRI’s The World, on technologies that could help us toward a more sustainable future—from rain water harvesting systems in Mexico City to up-and-coming eco-friendly fibers…made from hagfish slime!
With increasing demands for technology and energy and rising constrains on fossil fuel usage and mining, people are innovating cleaner alternatives for generating, storing and distributing energy. NOVA’s "Making Stuff: Cleaner" explores developments in sustainable materials, from hydrogen to solar energy and bio-fuels. By limiting our energy consumption and switching to cleaner energy technologies, we may help stifle the drain on the world’s natural resources, preserve nature’s beauty and slow global warming. Do you know what your carbon footprint is and where the carbon goes? How could we convert algae into a biofuel? Can we pull excess carbon dioxide, a known greenhouse gas, out of the atmosphere? If we can, then what do we do with it?
What can we do to bounce back from ecological destruction? NOVA Next takes a look at the burden of environmental collapse in North Korea.
Related Material, from PBS KIDS: Find your own carbon footprint with this calculator
Marvels of Earth and Nature
The Earth is an incredible place. Located in the “goldi-locks” orbit of our solar system, Earth proves its potential for harboring an amazing array of life forms with great capacities -- everything from microscopic organisms on our skin to dogs that can understand thousands of terms and behaviors. What are some of the animals that show the most promise in the laboratory? Spiders, leeches and snakes. There are monarch butterflies who migrate thousands of miles annually to a place they have never been before, frogs that freeze solid every winter, creatures that camouflage themselves to near invisibility, ocean dwellers that glow in the dark, and walruses that speak. Recently, scientists have found that plants can have family values, slime molds can be smart, and rats may know right from wrong. Learn all about animal morality and the "swarm intelligence" of a honeybee hive in NOVA scienceNOW’s “What Are Animals Thinking?” And discover the lengths scientists are going to to find and protect Earth’s biodiversity.
What are the web of connections that sustain life on this planet? And how do we know about them? In NOVA’s “Earth From Space,” witness how dust blown from the Sahara fertilizes the Amazon, and how a vast submarine “waterfall” off Antarctica helps drive ocean currents around the world, all from data generated by satellites. Then, in “Australia’s First 4 Billion Years,” travel back in time to Earth’s very beginnings and learn how life has evolved using clues from the land down under.
How does the Earth recycle? Photosynthesis. What is the oldest flowering plant in the world? The Archaefructus liaoningensis, which was discovered in China. Learn how scientists classify all of Earth's life forms into a hierarchy, and see how some of Nature's toughest, stickiest and cleanest materials are inspiring new products.
Any way you examine it, the Earth continues to amaze us, teaching us about the past and providing insight into our future.
Related material, from American Experience: Listen to whales speaking, with four distinct vocalizations.
My American Experience
We invite you to tell us your own stories - whether you lived through a tumultuous time period or learned about it from a relative, a book or a movie.


The Emancipation Proclamation was a 19th century Earth legal document that was issued by the United States of America President Abraham Lincoln during the American Civil War that ensured the freedom of all slaves in the Confederate States of America.
The painting entitled First Reading of the Emancipation Proclamation of President Lincoln, depicting an image of Abraham Lincoln surrounded by his Cabinet members, Salmon P. Chase, Gideon Welles, Caleb B. Smith, William H. Seward, Montgomery Blair during the first reading of the Emancipation Proclamation in 1862, was contained in the library computer aboard the USS Enterprise. A second image overlaid the painting representing Lincoln's signature of the document. These images were flashed on a viewscreen when the Talosians scanned the Enterprise computer in 2254. (TOS: "The Cage" remastered)


1860 - Born on January 17th in Frenchpark, County Roscommon, Ireland. A distinguished Gaelic scholar and writer and first president of the Republic of Ireland (Éire).
An excellent scholar, he won prizes for English verse and prose as well as gaining fluency in Latin, Greek, Hebrew, French, German and Irish.
1889-1893 - He penned many books of collected verses and folk-tales, such as Beside the Fire and Love Songs of Connacht.
- Hyde was a major founder-member of The Gaelic League (Conradh na Gaeilge) and became its first president.
1909 - He became the first professor of Modern Irish in University College Dublin and held the chair until his retirement.
1915 - When Hyde saw that the Irish language movement was becoming inseparable from republican political ambitions, he resigned the presidency and pursued his literary interests.
1937-1945 - He ended his distinguished career in characteristic style by being unanimously appointed first President of Ireland and remained in office until his term was finished.
1949 - Died on July 12th in Dublin, Ireland.
Page last updated: 1:11pm, 13th Jun '07


New Zealand There are 4,100,000 New Zealanders - 76.6% are of European origin (Pakeha) - 15.1% are Māori - the indigenous inhabitants of New Zealand - 9.3% are of Asian origin - 7.1% are of recent Pacific Islands origin (Samoa, Tonga, Fiji, Cook Is.) - 88% live in Urban areas — 1.1 million living in Auckland
Government Goals – Education Schooling –High education standards to provide a foundation for future learning –Increased parent and community engagement –High levels of achievement for all school leavers –Life-long learning skills Tertiary –A focus on national and regional development priorities –Public confidence in the tertiary sector –Greater financial certainty for government and organisations
Education Priorities - Schooling All students experience effective teaching Children’s learning is nurtured by families and community Evidence-based practice Focus Areas –Effective teaching –Foundations and knowledge –Parents and family –Strong professional leadership –Teaching and learning in secondary schools –Resourcing –Staying at school –Discipline
Schooling in New Zealand Compulsory education in New Zealand is divided into primary, intermediate and secondary schooling. Education is compulsory for all children in New Zealand 6 – 16 years of age Compulsory Education is free in NZ Early childhood education is not compulsory, but government subsidies these centres
New Zealand state-funded schools State schools Kura kaupapa Māori Integrated schools Designated character schools Independent (or private) schools Boarding schools The Correspondence School Special schools are state schools that provide education for students with special education needs.
Age Progression through the Education System 0-5 yearsEarly Childhood Education 5-12 yearsPrimary & Intermediate School 13-18 yearsSecondary School 18+ yearsTertiary Education and Training Institutions
New Zealand School Curriculum State schools must deliver New Zealand’s National Curriculum to students in compulsory education –The New Zealand Curriculum consists of seven ‘essential learning areas’ and eight sets of ‘essential skills’ –The curriculum is specified through sets of expected student learning outcomes called ‘achievement objectives’ –National achievement objectives are detailed in National Curriculum Statements: one for each Essential Learning Area
Overview We include all forms of post-school education in a unified tertiary education system –Vocational and trades training, foundation education degrees and postgraduate
Structure Public tertiary education institutions (TEIs) –8 universities –20 polytechnics/institutes of technology –11 Government Training Establishments –2 colleges of education – but they are being absorbed into universities –3 wananga Private training establishments (PTEs) –About 800 + (about 200 get government funding) Industry training –41 Industry Training Organisations (ITOs) –Brokers of vocational/trades training –On-job component as well as off job
Summary The Agenda sets out the government’s vision and strategy for international education in New Zealand 2007 – 2012. It is linked to the government’s priorities – National Identity and Economic Transformation. There are 4 goals –New Zealand students are equipped to thrive in an inter- connected world –International students are enriched by their education and living experiences in New Zealand –Domestic education providers are strengthened academically and financially through internationla linkages –New Zealand receives wider economic and social benefits
New Zealand Education provides a holistic education, that gives students the knowledge skills and attitudes to develop as competent, confident life long learners
School Governance - Autonomy with Accountability Board of trustees has governance role –Principal and staff accountable to board Board accountable to both parents and government for performance of the school Board sets out its vision and its undertakings in the school’s Charter Government publishes national curriculum and national education priorities for schools
The standard constitution of a board of trustees is: five parent-elected representatives the principal a staff representative a student representative (in schools with Year 9 students and above) co-opted trustees.
Boards of trustees: are elected by the School community. Boards of trustees are Crown entities and are responsible for the governance of schools. Your role, as a trustee, is to ensure that your school is run in the best interests of your students and your community. Work in partnership with families, communities, principals and teacher to ensure the best outcomes for students
Further information Education Review Office http://www.ero.govt.nz/ http://www.ero.govt.nz/ LeadSpace – Board and school management http://www.leadspace.govt.nz/knowledge/board_man/index.php http://www.leadspace.govt.nz/knowledge/board_man/index.php Ministry of Education http://www.minedu.govt.nz/ http://www.minedu.govt.nz/ New Zealand School Trustees Association (STA) http://www.nzsta.org.nz/ http://www.nzsta.org.nz/ Sharpening the Focus http://www.tki.org.nz/r/governance/sharpening/issue8_e.php http://www.tki.org.nz/r/governance/sharpening/issue8_e.php Working in Partnership – Information for New School Trustees 2007–2010 http://www.minedu.govt.nz/index.cfm?layout=document&documentid=9541 http://www.minedu.govt.nz/index.cfm?layout=document&documentid=9541


Trimming trees at the right time
You may have heard the old saying about tree trimming that goes something like this: "Trim trees anytime your saw is sharp." This may be true when it comes to removing broken and dead branches, but in many cases, the correct timing is very important.
Trimming flowering trees: "Timing, timing, timing!"
Most flowering trees set their blossoms the year before they bloom. Therefore, they won't bloom if these flower buds are trimmed off the tree. The best rule is to always trim flowering trees within 3 weeks of when they finish blooming. That should prevent you from inadvertently removing buds containing next year's flower show.
Photos above and below:
Severely cutting back major branches causes weak growth in the form of multiple branches that grow straight up, ruining the natural structure of the tree. These fast growing shoots are known as "water sprouts." Similar shoots, called "suckers," grow from the roots of some trees, especially crabapples.
AVOID Topping: Our number one choice of "trees not to plant" is Silver Maple (Acer saccharinum). Their rapid growth may be desirable to some for the first 20 years, but after that most homeowners are forced to make a decision; trim-it or remove-it. Unfortunately, the decision is usually to trim-it using a method known as "topping." Topping creates a "hat rack" appearance and forever ruins the branching structure of the tree. A profusion of weak growth known as "water sprouts" is created at each cut. Where there was once a well-formed branch, there are soon 5 or 10 sprouts that grow straight up, faster than ever. Homeowners are then forced into the vicious cycle of topping the tree again, every few years. BOBSCAPING SOLUTION: Remove overgrown silver maple trees and plant a more desirable tree species.
One of the biggest pruning mistakes is cutting off branches in the wrong place. Amateurs tend to leave too much of a stub when removing branches. Once the stub dies off, it creates an entry point for disease pathogens and destructive insects.
Unlike human beings, trees don't regenerate tissue. While our skin replaces itself, trees grow new tissue around wounds and compartmentalizes them with callus tissue. Once a a tree compartmentalizes an old wound, it has a much better chance of survival.
Efforts should also be made not to wound tree trunks with lawnmowers, tractors and other machines. Trunk wounds create opportunities for destructive fungi.
A natural defense system is built into trees, in the swollen area at the base of branches, known as the "collar" -- right where the trunk intersects the branch. Flush cuts are important to make, provided you don't remove the collar. Proper pruning cuts should be made just beyond the collar, without leaving a stub, but still leaving the swollen area.
Steps for sawing-off a tree branch:
1) Use a safety line through a strong crotch in the top of the tree, and
2) Use the strap on your tree climbing saddle to tie-in.


- Authors: Gartner AH, Mack T, Somerlott RG, Walsh LC.
- Title: Differential diagnosis of internal and external root resorption.
- Journal: J Endod
- Date: Nov 1976
- Citation: 2(11):329-34
- Category: Diagnosis and Case Selection
- Evidence-based Ranking: 5
- Purpose/Objectives: Establish guidelines leading to a systemic approach for the differential diagnosis of internal and external root resorption.
Discussion: Apical third- early pulp death with incomplete root formation and external resorption can result in a blunted root. With incomplete root formation will see divergent walls with blunderbuss apex. External resorption will show a smaller canal with converging walls. Midroot- internal resorption will have sharp margins, most lesions are symmetrical, and uniform in density. With internal resorption the canal cannot be traced, and appears to balloon out into the lesion. External resorption lesions are not as sharp, usually with a moth eaten apperance. They are also not as symmetrical, and the canal itself can be traced through the lesions. An important tool is the mesial-buccal-distal rule in which an external lesion will shift in relation to the canal, whereas an internal lesion will not shift regardless of the angle. This rule is also useful for determining the location of an external resorption lesion. Midroot caries can also be distinguished from internal resorption using the same rules, however is more difficult with cases of midroot caries vs external resorption. Coronal- Only internal resorption can occur from the inside, external resorption and decay occur form the outside in.
Authors Conclusions: The methodology provides the practitioner with a guide to identify predictably the particular entity present, and establish a diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment more readily.
Reviewers Comments: Classic paper that summarizes the diagnosis differences between external and internal resorption.


There has been a recent uptick in the amount of calls and reports we have been getting on the increasing presence of sugarcane aphids in the western grain sorghum production regions of Oklahoma, Kansas, and Texas. This is particularly in the panhandle region where sorghum is just now reaching the reproductive stages of growth. This has not only resulted in concern for these pests presence early in reproductive growth but has also increased the number of fields that have been sprayed or intend to be sprayed in the coming week. This has been meet some indication that applications are being made premature or when sugarcane aphids are not even present in the fields.
Probably the most challenging thing for consultants and producers working to manage grain sorghum in sorghum production is proper identification of sugarcane aphids in the field. This is due to the fact that in small populations or with immature nymphs, many of the distinguishing features are difficult to see with the naked eye. A hand-lens or magnifying glass should be used to allow for proper identification. These can typically be purchased at a local store or purchased online at a reasonable price.
Many in-field indicators can aid growers in the identification of sugarcane aphids in the field. Honeydew on the top side of the leaves is one of the most telling signs of a sugarcane aphid infestation. However, two issues typically exist with using honeydew for identification or make recommendations on chemical control. Firstly, when noticeable honeydew is present in the field, especially enough that can be seen during quick field checks, often the population has grown large enough to create serious losses to the sorghum crop. Furthermore, several other insects in sorghum can create honeydew. One of these in-particular is corn-leaf aphids. These aphids are typically found in the whorl during vegetative growth or in the collar region of sorghum during reproductive growth stages. While these can create a large amount of honeydew, they typically cause little to no yield reduction of the sorghum plant and application is rarely ever recommended. These corn-leaf aphids also aid in the sustenance of predators that can be helpful in controlling sugarcane aphids if communities establish. Therefore, making an application to control these pests are frequently cost adverse and can negatively impact natural predator populations.
There has also been increased reports of sugarcane aphids in the sorghum head during early flowering. While this is always within the realm of possibilities, these aphid pests do not like sunlight and will typically not be in the head at these early stages due to the high amount of sunlight that is present. We can see sugarcane aphids in the heads but often much later in the season during grain fill or ripening when there is much less exposure to sun. Sugarcane aphids, for the bulk majority of the season, will be found on the underside of the sorghum leaf. Aphids can be present on the upper side of the leaf, but these will typically be yellow sugarcane aphids not the white sugarcane aphids we are concerned with.
While honeydew and location are good indicators that sugarcane aphids could be present, physical identification needs to be done prior to making an application. This is the only true way to positively identify these pests as well as know the magnitude of populations growers will have to manage around.
When to make an application:
When to pull the trigger on a chemical application is very challenging and several factors (including population, stage of the crop, and environment) come into play in this decision. Furthermore, based on the potential growth patterns of these pests, the line between under threshold and exceeding threshold is very narrow. Growers do not want to become overwhelmed with aphids prior to making an application. Not only could this drastically effect yields but incomplete coverage applications could allow for lower efficacy of applications resulting in not achieving a complete kill. However, growers do not want to apply before the economic threshold. These applications can be costly, especially when applying high gallons. Early application do not use the potential predators in the field to help control these pests and may result in an application that was unwarranted.
Growers should make an application when a minimum of 50% of plants have between 50-100 aphids per leaf. To visualize, 50-100 aphids will result of being able to be completely covered by a quarter. Higher populations would be considered over threshold.
Should I treat aphids in forage sorghum/BRM sorghum/Sorghum-Sudan:
This is a difficult question to answer. While there has been some indication that aphids do impact these forage-type sorghums in-season, whether or not to spend money on an application is more difficult. The challenge with application is two-fold, both return on investment and application efficacy. Determining the return on investment is difficult as we do not fully understand or know the amount of impact sugarcane aphids can have on tonnage or quality. Initial indication from Texas A&M has indicated that quality did decrease in forage-type sorghums that were infested by sugarcane aphids but not to the level that was expected. The second challenge come with application. As the current chemistries used to manage sugarcane aphids do not have true systemic nature, coverage is critical. On forage-type sorghums, this can be very challenging, especially later as the crop nears cuttings. Therefore, control of the upper canopy may be achieved but mid- to lower canopy would only be marginal.
So what should I do?
One of the best management for sugarcane aphids in more maturity forage-sorghums is to harvest. Cutting and baling will remove or minimize the impact these pests can have on the crop. However, there has been reports that aphids on the cut and windrowed hay have caused issues in the baling process. There current is not solid answer for what to do if aphids persist on the cut hay. Both chemicals have harvest and grazing restrictions that growers will have to adhere. However, the return on investment and efficacy still come into question and unfortunately there is no solid answer to this currently.
Managing aphids late-season:
Outside of the far west regions, sorghum producers have begun to finish up the growing season, with several fields being harvested prior to recent rains. However, with increased aphid pressure, questions arise on how to manage a crop that is infested with aphids at or near harvest. Discussions were had last year that growers could use desiccants to management sugarcane aphids at harvest. The results on the success of this practice have been highly variable. A rapid dry-down of the plant may dissuade the pests from those plants and active populations could deplete food stores and die out, resulting in success of this practice. However, it has been shown that more gradual dry-down of sorghum can result in the aphids moving into the head of the sorghum plant and causing greater harvest issues there. It should be noted that sugarcane aphids present after black-layer will no longer effect grain yield but may decrease the harvest efficiency and lead to lower yields realized on a per acre basis through increased honeydew. This should be evaluated on a case-by-case basis. Low populations down within the canopy of the plant should result in little to not issue at planting and a desiccant may be sufficient to control these pest at harvest. However, if populations are high, particularly higher in the plant canopy or in the head of the plant, the application of a desiccant and insecticide (Transform® or Sivanto®) may be warranted. Be cautious as there are harvest restrictions on both of these chemicals.
Overall, this is a good crop in front of much of Oklahoma. Grower should make sure to take steps to ensure that yields and profits are optimized on each field individually because with insect management, fields can change across the road. Sugarcane aphids have been a minimal pest up until now throughout the region. However, now is the time to get out into sorghum fields to be scouting for sugarcane aphids. For further questions please visit your local Oklahoma County Extension office for additional information and management details.


Stage: 2, 3 and 4 Challenge Level:
The star is made from squares.
What is the amount of turn between each square?
The turn is 45 degrees because there are 8 squares.
How can you be sure that you are in the right place to start to
draw the next square?
Each square starts at the opposite corner to the starting point of
the previous square - this can be achieved by drawing one and a
half squares each time.
You can use the REPEAT command to speed things up. For
REPEAT 4 [FD 40 RT 90] draws what?
You will know if you have the correct solution because you will be
able to create the pattern in the picture!!


Under normal circumstances, this hormone is produced in the Thyroid gland and secreted by the follicular cells.
Thyroxine was initially isolated in pure form in 1914 at the Mayo Clinic.
This was done by Edward Calvin Kendall from thyroid glands from hogs.
The hormone was synthesized in 1927.
Can be given Orally or Intravenously.
- Hormone replacement for goiter.
- Occasionally used to prevent the recurrence of Thyroid Cancer.
- And other thyroid problems
Hypothyroidism in a nut shell
Hypothyroidism is a condition where the thyroid gland does not produce enough thyroid hormone.
Without this hormone, the body cannot function properly.
Results of low thyroid hormone results in:
- Poor growth
- Slow speech
- Lack of energy
- Weight gain
- Hair loss
- Dry and thick skin
- Increased sensitivity to cold.
- Weight loss
- Increased appetite
- Excessive high amounts of this medication can cause side effects that mimic Hyperthyroidism.
Overdose Side Effects
- Abdominal pain
- Heart Palpitations
- Difficulty breathing
- Swelling of face and tongue
- Heart Failure
- Adrenal insufficiency
- Acute massive overdose may be life-threatening.
- Treatment is for symptoms and supportive.
- Massive overdose may require beta-blockers.
- Symptoms, following overdose, may start as quickly as 6 hours or as late as 11 days after ingestion.


We recognize that all of our activities take place on unceded Indigenous lands and that the Kanien’kehá:ka (Mohawk) Nation are the custodians of the lands and waters on which we gather. Tiohtiá:ke (commonly known as “Montreal”) is historically known as a gathering place for many First Nations and is home to a diverse population of Indigenous and non-Indigenous peoples. Since this territorial acknowledgement is not made explicit in most of the parks and spaces we frequent, it is crucial that we acknowledge this here and in our day-to-day work.
As a team primarily composed of white settlers, we recognize the immense privilege we have of doing work with children in urban nature. We are currently in the process of deep reflection, developing and enacting our commitment to Truth and Reconciliation Calls to Action, and will continue to return to and revise our efforts as long as legacies of settler-colonialism and white supremacy continue to inflict violence on the original inhabitants of this land. Some of our actions include: building relationships with local Kanien’keha elders and knowledge keepers, engaging in age-appropriate discussions about settler colonialism with children, and sharing books by Indigenous authors with children and adults alike. Still, there is so much more we can do.
On Turtle Island (commonly known as North America), Forest School pedagogy and environmental values, as well as a worldview that puts children and the land at the centre, are indebted to Indigenous knowledges and practices. We acknowledge and credit these Indigenous precedents and we are grateful to the Indigenous people, authors, and artists who have generously shared their knowledge with us and other non-Indigenous people.
We still have much reconciliatory work to do within and beyond our organization in order to confront and unlearn harmful colonialist ways of relating to the land and to its original inhabitants. Our hope is that, in making space for children to have regular and repeated access to nature and unstructured play, we are helping to raise a generation that will have a greater sensitivity to the gifts of the land and to the importance of relationships. In doing this work, we believe that we are helping our community raise environmentally-conscious individuals who are empathetic, respectful, and empowered to speak out against injustice.