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Carloman of Bavaria
Carloman (Karlomannus rex Bawariae), from a 12th-century manuscript
|King of Bavaria|
|Reign||28 August 876 – 879|
|King of Italy|
|Died||22 March 880|
Carloman (German: Karlmann, Latin: Karlomannus; c. 830 – 22 March 880) was a Frankish king of the Carolingian dynasty. He was the eldest son of Louis the German, king of East Francia, and Hemma, daughter of a Bavarian count. His father appointed him margrave of Pannonia in 856, and upon his father's death in 876 he became King of Bavaria. He was appointed by King Louis II of Italy as his successor, but the Kingdom of Italy was taken by his uncle Charles the Bald in 875. Carloman only conquered it in 877. In 879 he was incapacitated, perhaps by a stroke, and abdicated his domains in favour of his younger brothers: Bavaria to Louis the Younger and Italy to Charles the Fat.
Carloman's birth date is unknown, but was probably around 828 or 830. His naming can be connected to his father's push to rule Alemannia around the time of his father's assembly of Worms in 829. The first member of the Carolingian dynasty named Carloman had ruled Alemannia in 741–48, and subjugated it to the Franks.
Carloman was old enough to participate in the civil war of 840–43, waged between his father and his uncles, Lothair and Charles the Bald. His first record public appearance is as the leader of an army of reinforcements from Bavaria and Alemannia which he brought to his father at Worms in 842. He subsequently led them in battle alongside his father and uncle (Charles the Bald) against his other uncle (Lothair). It was the beginning of a warlike career. Notker of Saint Gall, who bewailed the decline of the dynasty a generation later, called Carloman bellicosissimus (literally "most warlike", or in historian Eric Goldberg's words a "real ass-kicker").
In October 848, Carloman was present at his father's council in Regensburg, where the Slavic commander (dux) Pribina was rewarded for his service in defending the Bavarian frontier. In the charter confirming the grant, Carloman signed his name first among the secular magnates (after the ecclesiastics).
In the 840s, Carloman had a liaison with Liutswind, daughter of the Bavarian count Ratolt and sister-in-law of Count Sigihard of the Kraichgau. This was Carloman's first politically independent action, and it confirms his close connexion to Bavaria. Around 850, Liutswind bore him a son, Arnulf. This name was chosen because it was distinctly dynastic (the founder of the Carolingian family was Bishop Arnulf of Metz), yet had never been used by a reigning king and was thus appropriate for an illegitimate eldest son. The choice of the name is the surest evidence that Liutswind and Carloman were not legally married. Around 860, Arnulf and his cousin, Hugh, the illegitimate son of Carloman's brother Louis, were both in Koblenz at the court of their grandfather, who was probably overseeing their military education and also holding them to ensure the good behaviour of their fathers.
Guardian of the southeast frontier
In 856, Louis first associated Carloman with his rule by appointing him prefect to the Pannonian March, the Bavarian borderland fronting Great Moravia and Lower Pannonia. He did not give Carloman the traditional prefect's seat at Tulln in Pannonia. Instead, according to the Annales Fuldenses (863), he was given the title "prefect of the Carantanians" (praelatus Carantanis) and posted further south, in a more peripheral region, perhaps in a design to keep him from trying to seize power from his father. From 857 on Carloman and his brother were occasional witnesses to their father's charters. In 862 Carloman revolted and tried to extend the territory under his control, but was defeated.
In 865 the partition of East Francia "along ethnic lines" which Louis had been preparing was publicised at Frankfurt: all three of his sons had been given positions of importance along the frontiers and had been married into the local aristocracy of the regions marked out for them. Carloman married the daughter of a Bavarian military leader (dux) named Ernest, whom the Annales Bertiniani describe as "the greatest of all the king's great men". This marriage must have taken place before Ernest's disgrace and dismissal in 861, for Louis the German strongly disapproved of his second son's seeking a marriage with family that had likewise been disgraced in 858–59. Carloman was not given the title king during his father's lifetime, and the latter retained control over bishoprics, counties, fiscal lands and important judicial cases. Carloman's letter to his father from 869 survives, describing conditions on the frontier.
By the 870s, according to the Annales Bertiniani, at the time being composed by Archbishop Hincmar of Reims, Carloman's mother, Emma, was encouraging her husband to favour Carloman over his brothers. This is the first recorded involvement of Emma in politics, and it may relate to Louis's illness during 869–70. On the other hand, historian Ernst Dümmler thought Carloman must have been a "mamma's boy" (Muttersöhnchen).
Ruler of Italy
On 12 August 875, Louis II of Italy died and his kingdom was claimed by Louis the German for his sons Carloman and Charles and by Charles the Bald. Pope John VIII, dealing with the constant threat of raiders from Muslim Sicily, sided with Charles the Bald. Carloman led an army into Italy, where he granted a diploma to the monastery of San Clemente a Casauria, one of Louis II's most favoured houses. In the diploma Carloman declared himself Louis's chosen successor. According to the Annales Fuldenses, Charles had to offer him "a huge sum in gold and silver and precious stones" to get him to leave Italy. On 28 August 876, Louis died and his sons became kings in their allotted kingdoms. On 6 October 877, Charles the Bald died and later that month Carloman succeeded in having himself elected King of Italy by the nobles assembled in Pavia. The lure of Italy was "the looting which was apparently acceptable when a king first took over a kingdom", providing rewards that could be shared out among followers and more than offset the cost of raising an army and crossing the Alps. Carloman was one of only two Carolingian kings of Italy—his brother and successor Charles being the other—who did not issue a capitulary at the beginning of his reign in order to proclaim his legitimacy and affirm his keeping to traditions of good government.
In Italy, Carloman confirmed his predecessor's act that made bishops permanent missi dominici (royal representatives) in their dioceses. He added to the new regulation by expanding the jurisdiction of individual bishops to gain their loyalty. His grant to Bishop Wibod of Parma of the districtio, or temporal authority in the district outside the city walls, was the first grant of its kind to a bishop. By the time of Carloman's death, the confirmation of a predecessor's concessions to the episcopate and the negotiating of new ones in exchange for support had become an Italian tradition. In 876, Charles had granted Pope John jurisdictional rights in the duchies of Spoleto and Camerino. After his succession, Carloman supported the dukes, Lambert I and Guy III, who had always claimed the rights as royal representatives which Charles had offered the pope.
In 879, Carloman donated land to the monastery of Santa Cristina by the royal palace at Olona. Although the monastery was reportedly built during the eighth century, the first record of its dedication to Cristina is found in Carloman's charter. In a letter of 7 June 879, Pope John, having failed to convince Louis the Stammerer, Charles the Bald's heir, to come to Italy for its defence, appealed to Carloman, whom he had previously rejected. It was too late; by then Carloman was incapacitated. Shortly before his abdication, he granted a complex of estates around Olona to the church of San Sisto, which had been founded by Queen Engelberga in Piacenza.
In Italy, Carloman had denarii (pennies) minted at Milan and Pavia. Those minted at Milan generally bore the inscription CARLOMAN REX, while those of Pavia bore HCARLEMANNVS RE. All had a sylised temple on one side. Carloman did not issue coinage in Bavaria.
Ruler of Bavaria
In Bavaria, Carloman re-founded the palace and monastery at Ötting. He dedicated it to the Virgin Mary and "numerous other saints whose relics we were able to collect with God's help". He appointed his father's friend, the linguistic scholar Baldo, as his chancellor. In 878, he may have been the object of an assassination attempt. According to the Annales Iuvavenses, the king "was surrounded by Count Ermenpert and some of his soldiers" at Ergolding, but the count apparently fled to West Francia, where he was received by Louis the Stammerer.
Carloman groomed his illegitimate son Arnulf for the succession in Bavaria. In a charter issued at Regensburg, he called him "regal son" (filius regalis), a term similar to "the king's son" (filius regis), which was the standard title of a legitimate royal son. This policy had supporters, like Abbot Regino of Prüm and the monks of Saint Gall, but also detractors, who appealed to Carloman's brother Louis. In early 879, Carloman was incapacitated by illness, perhaps a stroke. Louis came to Bavaria to receive the recognition of the aristocracy as future king. By Easter he had left, and Arnulf took control of the kingdom in his father's name. He dismissed some prominent counts, who appealed to Louis to restore them. Carloman tried to legitimise Arnulf's actions by adding his son's name to the prayer provisions of his charters, but in November Louis came to Bavaria to force a resolution of the succession. He restored the deposed counts and Carloman formally abdicated his Bavarian throne to his brother. He also placed Arnulf under Louis's protection. His brother Charles dated his reign in Italy from November 879, so presumably Carloman abdicated that kingdom at the same time as Bavaria.
Illness and death
Regarding Carloman's condition, the Annales Fuldenses (879) record that he lost his voice, but was still able to communicate by writing. Regino of Prüm, writing in his chronicle for the year 880, recalls that he was "erudite in letters" (litteris eruditus), which meant he could write Latin. Regino's entire encomium on Carloman goes:
That most excellent king was learned in letters, devoted to the Christian religion, just, peaceful, and morally upright. The beauty of his body was exceptional, and his physical strength was a wonder to behold. He possessed a very warlike spirit. He waged numerous wars against the Slavic kingdoms with his father, and even more without him. He always returned the victor in triumph and expanded the borders of his empire with glorious iron. He was mild to his own men and a living terror to his enemies. He was charming in speech, humble, and endowed with great cleverness for managing the business of the realm. He was so skilled that he was the very embodiment of royal majesty.
Most sources place Carloman's death in March 880, but the Annales Iuvavenses place it on 21 September. He was buried in the chapel of his palace at Ötting. Carloman left one illegitimate son, Arnulf, who continued as margrave of Carinthia during the reigns of Carloman's brothers, but in 887 became king of East Francia and in 896 emperor.
- Chisholm 1911.
- Goldberg 2006, pp. 60–61.
- Schieffer 1977.
- Reuter 1991, p. 72.
- Goldberg 2006, p. 107.
- Goldberg 2006, p. 247.
- Goldberg 2006, pp. 142, 156.
- Goldberg 2006, pp. 264–65.
- Goldberg 2006, p. 265 n. 3.
- Reuter 1991, p. 73.
- Reuter 1991, p. 92.
- Goldberg 2006, p. 267.
- Reuter 1991, p. 76.
- Reuter 1991, p. 90.
- Goldberg 2006, p. 305.
- Engreen 1945, p. 325.
- Reuter 1991, p. 75.
- Grierson & Blackburn 1986, pp. 227 and 253.
- MacLean 2010, p. 399.
- MacLean 2010, p. 407.
- MacLean 2003, pp. 91–92.
- MacLean 2010, p. 412.
- MacLean 2003, p. 94.
- Reuter 1991, p. 87.
- Goldberg 2006, p. 183.
- Reuter 1991, p. 116.
- MGH, Scriptores, 30, p. 742: DCCCLXXVIII. Karlomannus rex circumseptus ad Ergoltinga ab Ermenperto comite et ceteris sodalibus suis. Ermpertus in Franciam receptus a Ludowico. DCCCLXXX. Karlomannus rex obiit X kal. October.
- MacLean 2003, pp. 134–36.
- Reuter 1991, p. 83.
- MacLean 2010, p. 147.
- Goldberg 2006, p. 210 n. 127.
- MacLean 2003, p. 141.
- Reuter 1991, p. 117.
- Bowlus, Charles R. (1995). Franks, Moravians, and Magyars: The Struggle for the Middle Danube, 788–907. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
- Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Carloman (King of Bavaria and Italy)". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 5 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 342–43.
- Engreen, Fred E. (1945). "Pope John the Eighth and the Arabs". Speculum. 20 (3): 318–30. doi:10.2307/2854614.
- Goldberg, Eric Joseph (2006). Struggle for Empire: Kingship and Conflict Under Louis the German, 817–876. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press.
- Grierson, Philip; Blackburn, Mark (1986). Medieval European Coinage, With a Catalogue of the Coins in the Fitzwilliam Museum, Volume 1: The Early Middle Ages (5th–10th Centuries). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- MacLean, Simon (2003). Kingship and Politics in the Late Ninth Century : Charles the Fat and the End of the Carolingian Empire. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- MacLean, Simon (2010). "Legislation and Politics in Late Carolingian Italy: The Ravenna Constitutions". Early Medieval Europe. 18: 394–416. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0254.2010.00304.x.
- Reuter, Timothy (1991). Germany in the Early Middle Ages, c. 800–1050. London: Longman.
- Riezler, Sigmund von (1882). "Karlmann, König von Baiern und von Italien". Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie. vol. 15. Leipzig: Duncker und Humblot. pp. 397–400.
- Schieffer, Theodor (1977). "Karlmann". Neue Deutsche Biographie. vol. 11. Berlin: Duncker und Humblot. pp. 275f.
Carloman of BavariaBorn: 830 Died: 22 March 880
Louis the German
as King of Eastern Francia
| King of Bavaria
Louis the Younger
Charles the Bald
| King of Italy
Charles the Fat
| Prefect of the Pannonian March
William and Engelschalk


Much of the indoor production of Cannabis sativa relies upon a hydroponic (non-soil) growing system. This means that a full complement of nutrients in a balanced formulation must be provided to the plants. Other factors, such as pH and electrical conductivity (EC), should also be tracked to ensure the plants have adequate nutrient availability.
While managing all these factors may seem daunting, commercial floriculture production has been executing this level of management successfully for the past 40 years. The challenge for cannabis growers is the lack of scientific research to back up production recommendations. With cannabis production legalized in many states and in Canada, research into sound nutrient practices is now possible. These 10 tips for plant nutrition are built on the pillars of the ongoing research studies we are conducting at North Carolina State University (NCSU), observations made while working with cannabis and floriculture growers, and years of greenhouse production research. These recommendations are the foundation of nutrition in controlled-environment-grown plants in a soilless substrate, and many of the tips apply to other types of hydroponic growing, too.
1. Invest in a Combination pH/EC Meter
Two parameters—pH and electrical conductivity—hold the key to your crop’s nutritional status. The substrate pH affects nutrient availability (see Fig. 1 below). If the pH is too low (more acid), micronutrients-nutrient availability will increase and, in many cases, will accumulate to toxic levels (micronutrients-nutrient toxicities) in the plant. Iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn) are the two main elements that will reach toxic levels in plants at low pH levels.
If the pH becomes too high (more alkaline), micronutrients-nutrient deficiency becomes the concern. The primary elements that risk being deficient are Fe, Mn, and boron (B). When substrate pH is greater than 6.5, these elements’ chemical interactions in the fertilizer solution are altered, and they can become “tied up” in the solution—making them less available to the plant. (See tip No. 6 for an explanation of EC.)
A wide assortment of meters are available on the market. Some growers will purchase separate pH and EC meters. For the past 20 years, NCSU has been recommending combination pH and EC meters. It is far easier to conduct in-house testing with only one piece of equipment. Most growers we work with purchase a unit that costs less than $200. Two widely used units growers purchase are the Hanna 9813-6 combination meter or the Milwaukee Instruments MW802. Both are low cost and provide invaluable information about your crop’s nutrient status.
2. Begin an In-House Nutrient Monitoring Program
After purchasing a combination pH and EC meter, start using it. The majority of the commercial floriculture greenhouse industry relies upon the non-destructive PourThru monitoring method to test pH and EC. In this method, a small amount of clear water is poured into the top of the container to push the nutrient solution to the bottom of the pot. Growers can then collect and test that leachate.
Weekly or biweekly sampling is the key to ensuring your pH and EC levels are on track. While cannabis-specific recommendations have not been published, guidelines for sampling can be found at the nutrient-monitoring website: fertdirtandsquirt.com.
3. Test Your Water Quality
It is always good to know what you are adding to your crop from your irrigation supply. A water test will provide you with a baseline set of numbers about both macronutrients and micronutrients supplied by your irrigation water. Labs also test for the pH, EC and alkalinity (carbonate and bicarbonate) levels. This information will help you formulate a fertilizer program so that adequate nutrient levels are provided to your plants. It can also be used to help you potentially avoid toxic conditions caused by adding too much of a specific element already supplied in sufficient quantities by your irrigation water.
4. Target the Substrate pH Between 5.5 and 6.5
The recommended substrate pH for cannabis growing varies widely. A recommended substrate pH of 6.0 to 6.5 is often provided as the standard. During visits to commercial greenhouses growing cannabis, we have seen low pH ranges between 4 and 5, or higher levels slightly greater than 7. Plants grown at the lower pH appear to have normal growth and lack the toxicity symptomology of lower leaf blacking or bronzing that is typically observed with other greenhouse species at this low pH. We have rarely seen interveinal chlorosis of the upper (youngest) leaves on cannabis plants, a common symptom of greenhouse crops grown at high pH. The preliminary results of a follow-up research study at NCSU that focused on higher pH levels show that iron chlorosis did appear on plants grown at pH 7.9.
Based on the preliminary results of research conducted at NCSU, data implies that vegetative stock plants of cannabis have a wide substrate pH range in which the plants will optimally grow. That range appears to be as wide as pH 5.0 to 7.0. Based on experiences with other species, a narrower range of 5.5 to 6.5 may be more appropriate to target with cannabis, as this will allow growers to make adjustments as pH approaches the ends of the targeted range. For growers, adapting these pH values to a monitoring system implies that the safe pH zone to target would be a narrower 5.8 to 6.2. (see Fig. 1 above). If the pH drops below 5.8, corrective procedures should begin to slightly increase the pH back into the 5.8-to-6.2 range. On the opposite end of the spectrum, if the substrate pH increases to above 6.2, corrective procedures should begin to slightly decrease the pH back into the 5.8-to-6.2 range. By monitoring the substrate pH over time, you can assure that the plants are within the optimal range.
5. Target Fertilization Rates for Stages of Plant Development
Similar to humans over their life spans, plants’ nutrient demands change over time. Young plants, like babies, need less food. As plants grow and bulk up, like teenagers, the amount of food they need increases. When the photoperiod changes and flower formation begins, the plants, at that point, have set the number of leaf nodes and flower nodes. This terminal inflorescence determines how much more growth will occur. The amount of vegetative mass that the plant adds during this growth stage is less, and energy and resources go to the developing buds. With this vegetative slowdown, the nutrient demands change. Given the scenario of plant growth, it comes as no surprise that nutrient delivery needs to be customized to meet the changing demands of the crop throughout its different growth stages. For guidelines about fertility levels based on plant development stage, see Fig. 2.
6. Match Target EC Levels to Stage of Plant Development
The EC is an indirect measure of the fertilizer salts contained in the substrate. By starting an in-house nutrient monitoring program as suggested in tip No. 2, you can measure the EC to ensure that sufficient levels of fertility are available to the plants. Fig. 3 contains recommended EC levels as measured by the PourThru method.
If the levels are lower than the recommended range, this implies the plant’s nutrient demand is higher than what is being supplied. In this case, you should increase the fertilizer rate. If the EC is increasing over time, this indicates the fertilizer is accumulating in the pot and the rate is higher than the demand by the plant. Dialing back the fertilizer rate will help avoid the accumulation of toxic levels of fertilizers and help save money by not wasting fertilizer solution.
7. Provide a Balanced and Complete Fertilizer Program
After obtaining your water test, you can start building a fertilizer program. Soilless substrates provide little nutrients. You must provide them; however, those rates will vary depending on your water test, fertility program and plant growth stage. A standard fertilization practice used with floriculture production is to provide the following ratios: 10 parts Nitrogen (N); 1 to 2 parts Phosphorus (P); 10 parts Potassium (K); 5 parts Calcium (Ca); 2 to 3 parts Magnesium (Mg); 1 to 3 parts Sulfur (S), plus a complete set of micronutrients if needed (based on your irrigation water report). The nitrogen should be mainly in the nitrate form (see tip No. 8), and supplemental Mg may be needed (see tip No. 10).
8. Rely on Nitrate-Based Nitrogen
Nitrogen form significantly influences plant growth. The three primary forms of nitrogen provided to plants are nitrate- nitrogen (NO3-N), ammoniacal-nitrogen (NH4-N) and urea-nitrogen. Nitrate- nitrogen provides more compact and controlled growth. More extensive leaf and stem growth occurs with ammoniacal-nitrogen and urea-nitrogen. In general, to avoid excessive stretching and oversized leaves, more than 60 percent of the nitrogen provided to plants should be in the nitrate-nitrogen form. Ideally, it should be 70 percent to 80 percent. This will provide a moderate growth response with cannabis plants and avoid overly large plants.
9. Manage Phosphorus in the 15-ppm to 25-ppm Range
Phosphorus (P) is an essential element for plant growth. It plays a critical part in energy transfer within the plant, flowering enhancement and stem elongation. At NCSU, we have been focusing our research on the role of P in plant growth in greenhouse floriculture production. For most floriculture species, growth is maximized when 10 ppm to 15 ppm P is provided. Levels below that (~5 ppm to 10 ppm) are useful for controlling excessive plant growth. This may be a production option for cannabis growers who want to manage excessive plant growth, as no plant growth regulators (PGRs) are registered for cannabis, and two of the most common PGRs, paclobutrazol and daminozide, may be part of the chemical contamination screening program and would make your cannabis unsellable. Providing no P, or too little, will lead to a P deficiency, in which plants will be stunted and flower production will be negatively impacted.
Optimal P levels have not been determined for cannabis through scientific studies. As stated, most floriculture species have maximum growth with 10 ppm to 15 ppm P. Levels above that typically are not beneficial, and you are wasting your money. But with cannabis’s response to P fertilization currently uncertain, a more generous amount of 15 ppm to 25 ppm P is suggested as the target range at this time.
10. Provide Supplemental Magnesium (Mg)
Cannabis plants often develop interveinal chlorosis (yellowing) on the lower leaves (Fig. 4). Over time, necrotic (brown) spotting also occurs (Fig. 5). These symptoms are associated with a magnesium (Mg) deficiency. Symptoms have been observed in greenhouses in locations without Mg in the irrigation water supply, as one would expect, but it is not uncommon to also observe symptomology in areas with moderate levels of Mg in the water. This leads to the conclusion that cannabis, similar to tomatoes and poinsettias, has a higher demand for Mg than most plant species.
Fixing a Mg deficiency is easy. Epsom salts (magnesium sulfate) can be applied at the rate of 2 pounds per 100 gallons of water (2.4 kg/1,000L). Apply this solution as a 10-percent flow-through leaching irrigation. This will stop the progression of symptoms and provide adequate Mg to the plant, but will not reverse any interveinal leaf chlorosis or necrotic spotting. For areas that lack sufficient Mg in their irrigation water and Mg is not part of the regular fertilization program (e.g., 20-10-20 pre-mixes do not contain Mg), monthly applications of Epsom salts at the rate of 1 pound per 100 gallons of water (1.2 kg/1,000L) is the common production practice to green up plants and avoid deficiencies.
These 10 tips help form your basic building blocks of plant nutrition to avoid problems and ensure your plants are on track for healthy growth. Knowing the facts is the only way to build a fundamentally sound fertility plan.


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In my experience, there are times when outlining works, while there are instances when it’s not necessary. It mostly depends on the topic I’m working on. If it is something I'm familiar with, I usually go straight to article writing. If it's a more challenging subject, then I make an outline to organize my thoughts and ensure that I don't forget important pieces of information.
If you're wondering whether you should outline before you write, look at the pros and cons to determine if it is for you.
Outlining provides direction. When you create the framework for your piece, you can decide on the direction that you want it to go, and you can focus on that.
This will help you to save time because you know what points that you are trying to make.
Outlining lets you dig deep into your subject. Writing involves developing your ideas and finding necessary resources and information to back them up. When you create an outline, you will determine what areas need more research. It helps you figure out if you need to interview an expert, conduct an experiment, or create images for your piece.
Since you know what points to include, you will know what areas to exclude as well. This will help you create a piece that is smooth, concise, and focused.
Outlining avoids writer’s block. When you know exactly what you want to communicate, the words come easier. An outline can help you avoid writer's block by organizing your thoughts and ideas so that you can easily translate them into your piece.
Outlining takes time. Outlining takes time, and sometimes the time you spend creating it may be enough for you to finish one article or blog post. When you have a lot of work to do and deadlines to meet, creating an outline may double the time you allot for finishing a piece.
Outlining can hinder the flow of creativity. When you have an outline, you simply fill up your points with the necessary information, and this may not work for others who want to write more freely and creatively. Fiction writers, for instance, may be inhibited by outlines from thinking out of the box and exploring other possibilities for their plot and characters.
Outlining may not be necessary, because it’s easy to edit these days. During the era of white-outs and typewriters, outlining was a must. It was so imperative that what you put on paper in those days was correct and final, and applying major changes ate up a lot of time and effort.
Today, however, editing and playing with a piece’s structure is easier, thanks to technology and word processing software.
It all boils down to choice
Writers have different styles, and their method of getting work done is unique to them. Just because one writer outlines doesn’t mean you should too. It all depends on your preferences and what method you’re comfortable using.
If you can write better with or without a draft, then do so. Meanwhile, if you want your creativity to flow, yet you don’t want to forget important points, you can simply write those ideas down instead of creating an outline. What matters is you get your piece done and present it in the best way possible.


The Gadsden is nearly 90% sold out. Schedule your personal tour today.
Charles Towne founded by English colonists.
Thomas Gadsden, Christopher's father, purchased land now known as Gadsdenboro & Ansonborough.
Thomas lost land in a poker match to Captain George Anson.
Charles Towne becomes one of the most critical ports for exporting in North America.
Gadsden began using the pen name “Homespun Free-man,” which was a call for colonists to dress in blue homespun clothing, rather than imported black cloth.
Gadsden’s 840 foot wharf was completed.
Upon Congress declaring America’s freedom, Christopher gathered people under the Liberty Tree for a reading of the Declaration of Independence.
Gadsden captured by British troops and sent to prison in St. Augustine, Florida.
Charles Towne was reborn as Charleston.
Thousands of West Africans were brought to Gadsden’s wharf as slaves. Our future neighbor, the International African American Museum, will provide an opportunity for the world to hear this important story.
South Carolina became eighth state in America.
Gadsden one of seven men chosen to elect George Washington as the nation’s first President.
Gadsden died at the age of 81 in Charleston.
The Gadsden is Open.
Have questions? Contact us below, and a member of our team will be in touch.


In the early 1940s architect Robert Hugman pioneered the River Walk’s commercial use by opening his office in basement of the tower of this 1891 landmark designed by James Riely Gordon. Hugman’s lettered sign on the rim of the street level balcony was later replicated in his memory. Once flood protection was assured and the River Walk became commercially viable, owners of such vintage riverside buildings had only to punch doorways in their antique basement walls to make good use of their property, lending a varied sense of antiquity to the River Walk.
Robert Hugman designed several River Walk entries, including this stairway by his office, added to the Commerce Street bridge. The bridge, its concrete sides adorned by the sculptor Pompeo Coppini, was dedicated in 1914 at the time of the dedication of the River Park that preceded the present River Walk. Though the park was landscaped, the concrete walls beside the river gave it the appearance of a utilitarian canal. Hugman had them replaced with native limestone walls with barely perceptible irregular curves that make the river appear to be within a natural channel.


“Failing to plan is planning to fail.”
Just as skills like creativity or writing come much easier to some than to others, similarly planning is something that comes naturally to a few. Planning and organizing skills will help you manage time, tools and resources much better. They assist you in what you need to do to achieve your goals.
However, if you’re completely new to organizing your time, learning how to plan can be a frustrating experience. But, through persistent practice you will be able to develop effective planning skills.
Let’s have a look at how you can plan your tasks well;
MAKE A LIST OF ALL YOUR TASKS
Put together a master list of all your deliverables. You don’t have to make the list in any order, just write down the necessary tasks as they come to you. This free-flow form will help you to remember tasks you might otherwise forget.
Once your master list is in place, start prioritizing tasks by weekly and daily goals in order to accomplish the main goal. Connecting your list to a bigger purpose will feel less boring and more important. You can also try adding a sentence of value to each task on the list, which will keep you motivated till completion. Here are a few ways to help you prioritize better:
Assess the value: Not all work that comes to your table is equally important. Identify which tasks carry the highest value for you, by asking yourself three questions; What do I need to do? When should I do it? How well do I do it? Prioritize your work in order of importance and urgency. Remember to start your day by completing those high-value tasks first.
Follow the Pareto Principle, also known as the 80/20 Rule: Identify those few tasks that have a wider impact. By following this principle you will be able to tick off unnecessary work while accomplishing the ones that bring you real results.
The Eisenhower Method: Divide your tasks into four quadrants, namely ; Urgent and important: These tasks need to be done as soon as possible. Important, but not urgent: You can decide when to do these tasks and schedule them. Urgent, but not important: Being one of the most difficult quadrants to address, this calls for smart delegation. Neither urgent nor important: Remove these tasks completely from your schedule.
Time Blocking Method: Prioritization isn’t just about tasks, it’s about time as well. Plan your day in advance by dedicating specific hours to accomplish specific tasks. Try to complete those tasks within the set time. Time blocking will help you to know exactly how you’re using your time and when you’re getting tasks accomplished. It forces you to fill up free time with pre-commitments and a corresponding plan of action. This in turn prevents procrastination and helps you stick to your task list.
Once you know how to prioritize your tasks and time, you will realise that much of what felt urgent doesn’t really require your attention, at least not right away.
REMOVE NO-VALUE TASKS
As much as prioritizing is important, it’s also necessary to delete the no value tasks. No value activities keep you busy and stop you from getting real work done. Keep only your most pressing tasks at the top, and say no to low value work. This will help create a better to-do list that is more manageable and less stressful.
EFFECTIVE PLANNING TOOLS
It is much easier to plan tasks and work with the help of tools that were designed for this very purpose. Everyone has their own preference, be it the good old sticky notes and calendars, to phone applications and complex software. Here are a few tools to help you plan better:
The Kanban Board: This customizable board helps you visualize your workflow, using cards to represent tasks as they pass through the three stages of ‘to do’, ‘in-progress’, and ‘done’. You can either make your own board or use the software available.
Asana: Apart from breaking down tasks and assigning them to team members, asana’s interface also allows you to review milestones, track your team’s progress and organize projects to meet upcoming deadlines.
Trello: Known for managing short and quick assignments, trello helps you create unlimited task lists. You can also comment and collaborate with team members as well as share files and images.
Depending on whether you like a more traditional approach or a digital one, you can choose from an array of options available.
Even the best-laid plans sometimes need adjusting. Thus, it is imperative to anticipate various scenarios. Review your list every now and then, to quickly identify when your initial plans are moving off track, so you can deal with unexpected problems and tasks effectively. By being flexible you will be able to adjust to short term change quickly and calmly.
Being a successful planner has a lot to do with your ability to plan ahead. Sometimes you have no control over the amount of time you have to complete a project. By planning ahead these unexpected projects will be much more manageable.


LOCALLY PROCESSED STREET-VENDED FOODS IN NIGERIA: HOW SAFE?
Free (open access)
Volume 2 (2012), Issue 4
381 - 391
Potential sources of food hazards for locally processed and street-vended foods were assessed. Special focus is on common street beverages such as soymilk, kunu, pito, zobo; soy cheese (wara), akara, meat products such as suya, kundi, fried chicken, and cassava products; gari fufu and lafun. A review of microbial hazards in these products was based on previous reports. Physical hazards in the products ranged from sand, insect parts, and faeces. Chemical hazards include detergent, ink from paper packages, and oxidised fatty products from frying oils while microbial hazards include the pathogenic and aflatoxin producing microorganisms. The possible sources of contamination identified include processes such as washing, grinding, packaging, and storage while others include source of water, raw materials and ingredients, cooking utensils, equipment, and handlers. The importance of developing hazard analysis critical control points for these products was emphasised and the need for tailoring training programmes towards a specific food product for local processors and street vendors was also recommended. The need for control of food waste is also discussed to ensure environmental safety.
Food waste, HACCP, local processing, street foods, training programmes


Neil Armstrong 'had 20 seconds to make Moon landing decision'
- 25 August 2012
- From the section Science & Environment
US astronaut Neil Armstronghas died aged 82. Reg Turnill, who was the BBC's aerospace correspondent when Armstrong became the first man to walk on the Moon, remembers the man and the mission.
"I covered all nine manned missions for the BBC, both radio and television, and I grew up with the astronauts and lived with them.
"When Apollo 11 (the first Moon landing in July 1969) took off we were continuously covering it and it was rolling news long before the term was used. Everything was live but in a very crude way. Nasa fed everything to the media.
"It was routine for me to be at the Cape (Kennedy Space Center at Cape Canaveral in Florida) for launches and lift-offs. It took 60 hours to get to the Moon so we waited until the craft was in orbit and then we had a mad rush to get from Launch Control to Mission Control (in Houston, Texas).
"The astronauts worked out between them who was going to do various missions and that is how it transpired that it was Armstrong who was the first man on the Moon. It had been organised years before.
"He always said that he only really decided what to say ('One small step for man, one giant leap for mankind') on the way there. He never discussed it with his colleagues Michael Collins and Buzz Aldrin, although they tried to get it out of him.
"Armstrong was the only civilian test pilot, having been recruited in the early days. All the others were military pilots.
"He was very highly trained and had a great ability to make split second decisions. When Apollo 11 reached the point of hovering over the lunar surface Neil Armstrong had 20 seconds to decide whether to continue or abort. He had to be decisive.
"When they came to land they had spent years simulating what it would be like and when they go there it was just like another rehearsal.
"It was accepted that if either Armstrong or Aldrin had broken an ankle or got injured on the lunar surface that the uninjured astronaut would not be able to get them back in the craft because it was a long climb up the ladder. He would have died on the Moon.
"Armstrong was a very diffident and reclusive man. He got tired of being asked: 'What was it like being the first man on the Moon?' and he stopped doing interviews. Of all the astronauts he was the most reclusive. He was a boffin.
"There was no resentment of Armstrong by Aldrin or Collins that one could detect. They were professional astronauts. But when they finished work they all went home. They never socialised together.
"At the time there was a space race between Russia (the Soviet Union) and America to land the first man on the moon and America won it by a very narrow distance.
"Nowadays Russia and America work together on the International Space Station.
"Some people claim the Moon landing was faked (in the desert of Arizona), but if the Moon landing had been simulated and faked I would have to have been part of the conspiracy."
Reg Turnill is the author of The Moonlandings: An Eyewitness Account


A lot of people have their lives cut short because they eat too much and exercise too little. Worse, the quality of their shortened lives is typically much lower as a result of
avoidable' illnesses that stem frombad behavior.’ And that isn’t all. People who are not feeling great are unlikely to be as productive as those who are. Ill-health also imposes a significant psychological cost on loved ones. The net social cost is likely enormous.
One way to reduce such costly avoidable misery is to invest upfront. Teach people good habits and psychological skills early on, and they will be less likely to self-harm.
So why do we invest so little up front? Especially when we know that people are ill-informed (about the consequences of their actions) and myopic.
Part of the answer is that there are few incentives for anyone else to care. Health insurance companies don’t make their profits by caring. They make them by investing wisely. And by minimizing ‘avoidable’ short-term costs. If a member is unlikely to stick with a health plan for life, why invest in their long-term welfare? Or work to minimize negative externalities that may affect the next generation?
One way to make health insurance care is to rate them on estimated quality-adjusted years saved due to interventions they sponsored. That needs good interventions and good data science. And that is an opportunity. Another way is to get the government to invest heavily early on to address this market failure. Another version would be to get the government to subsidize care that reduces long-term costs.


How to auto respond for some messages
To create the auto-response, you need to:
I. Create a template of the auto-response letter – see how to create a template for more details. For example:
II. Create a rule for automatic replies.
To create a rule to respond automatically, do the following:
1. On the Home tab, in the Move group, click Rules, and then click Manage Rules & Alerts...:
2. In the Rules and Alerts dialog box, click the New Rule... button:
3. Outlook launches the Rules Wizard. Click the Apply rule on messages I receive option, and then click Next >:
4. The wizard displays the options for creating a blank rule. Select the criteria that you want. For example, choose the condition with specific words in the subject and click specific words in the Step 2 text box:
5. Click Add to specify words for this rule and then click OK when you finish adding the phrases to the search text and then click Next > to choose your action.
6. Select the action to take when the conditions are met by checking the appropriate check box. For an autoreply, check reply using a specific template:
7. In the Step 2 area, click a specific template link to select the template message to use:
- In the Look In list, select User Templates in File System and then click Browse....
- In the Browser For Folder dialog box, choose the folder with your template file:
8. Select the template and click Open:
9. The rule conditions and actions are listed. Click Next >.
10. In the wizard screen that appears, you can click any of the various check boxes to specify any exceptions. Click Next >.
11. Outlook displays the completed mail rule. In the Step 1: Specify a name for this rule field, type a name for the auto-reply rule, and then click Finish:
12. You can build a wide variety of message rules by selecting the appropriate conditions and actions. For instance, for actions, you can select to forward a message, move it, mark it as important, and so on.
Note: The reply using a specific template rule in the Rules Wizard sends your automated reply only once to each sender during a single session. A session is each time you start Outlook until you exit the application. This rule prevents Outlook from sending repetitive replies to a single sender from whom you receive multiple messages. During a session, Outlook keeps track of the list of users to whom it has responded. If you exit and then restart Outlook, however, this is considered a new session and the list of the senders who have received automated replies is reset.
To delete a rule, see Turn off rules in Outlook for Microsoft 365.
See also this tip in French: Comment répondre automatiquement à certains messages.


Weight gain and obesity have been major health concerns for people across the world. These lifestyle issues not only have their own set of problems but also lead to various severities including diabetes, heart risks, cholesterol et al. As per the World Health Organization, the rate of global obesity has nearly tripled since 1975. One of the main factors that lead to excess fat deposition in the body is our food habits. Experts suggest that over the years, our focus shifted from whole grains, pulses and other plant-based foods to the decadent sugary and fat-laden dishes (pizza, fries ice-cream et al). And this food pattern further leads to various health-related troubles.
A recent study explained that if this dietary trend continues, then almost half of the world population will be overweight by 2050. Conducted by the researchers at the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), it was a first-of-its-kind study and assessed the consequences of the current nutrition transition from starch-based diet to processed foods. The findings were published in the journal Scientific Reports.
According to the findings- more than 4 billion people (45%) could be overweight and 1.5 billion (16%) of them may suffer from obesity, by 2050. The report also observed that 500 million people worldwide may still remain underweight and suffer from malnutrition.
"If the observed nutrition transition continues, we will not achieve the United Nations goal of eradicating hunger worldwide. At the same time, our future will be characterised by overweight and obesity of mind-blowing magnitude," said Benjamin Bodirsky from PIK, lead author of the study.
Further speaking about the findings (for both overweight and underweight population), researchers claimed that this can be an aftereffect of the insufficient global distribution of food and also the recent shift in our dietary pattern.
"There is enough food in the world- the problem is that the poorest people on our planet have simply not the income to purchase it. And in rich countries, people don't feel the economic and environmental consequences of wasting food," co-author Prajal Pradhan from PIK explained.
The researchers concluded saying that the study can open a pathway for the much-needed policies across the countries for a "qualitative transition towards sustainable and healthy diets".


The Drawing Game | Flourish
Jeenu and Ajji are drawing circles, triangles and squares. Then they turn them into all sorts of things. This simple story introduces the concept of shapes to children and encourages them to use their imagination.
Read the story in English and Tamil here. Use the QR code to watch the story on YouTube.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License


The female of this species attains a carapace length of about 10 inches, while the male seldom exceeds five inches. The Map Turtle’s name is derived from the network of fine yellow lines that crisscross the carapace and vaguely resemble the contour lines on a topographic map. These lines are very noticeable on young specimens but they fade with age. Map Turtles are extremely wary and show a marked preference for sizable bodies of deep water, such as large rivers and lakes, where they can dive to the safety of the depths. The broad, flat crushing surfaces of the powerful jaws are well suited for consuming snails, crayfish, and clams, which form the bulk of the diet. Map Turtles may be active year-round, and have even been observed walking around under the ice. LENGTH: Males - 3.5”–6.25”; Females - 7”–10.75” .
Text courtesy of the Ohio Division of Wildlife: https://wildlife.ohiodnr.gov/portals/wildlife/pdfs/publications/id%20guides/pub354_Reptiles-opt.pdf


King Duncan of Scotland (1034 - 1040)
Name: King Duncan of Scotland
Father: Crinan, Abbot of Dunkeld
Mother: Bethoc, daughter of Malcom II
Relation to Elizabeth II: 27th great-grandfather
House of: Dunkeld
Born: c. 1001
Ascended to the throne: November 25, 1034
Married: Sybilla, c. 1030
Children: three sons including Malcolm III and Donald III
Died: August, 1040, either murdered by Macbeth or killed in battle against him near Elgin.
Buried at: Isle of Iona
Succeeded by: his cousin Macbeth
Duncan (Donnchad mac Crínáin) was the son of Crinan, the Abbot of Dunkeld, and Bethroc daughter of Malcolm II. He was the first of the House of Dunkeld.
His incursions south into England were unsuccessful including the siege of Durham in 1139, but he strengthened his hold over Strathclyde. The hereditary rights of his two sons Malcolm and Donald were threatened by Macbeth of Moray who claimed the kingdom. The feud was temporarily settled in 1040 when Duncan was either murdered by Macbeth, or more likely fatally wounded in battle at Pitgaveny near Elgin by Macbeth who then became king. Duncan’s sons escaped and both would later become kings.
Timeline for King Duncan of Scotland
|1034||Duncan I succeeds to the Scottish throne|
|1040||Duncan is killed in a civil war. His cousin, Macbeth, succeeds|


BYOD | Viewpoint
7 Myths About BYOD Debunked
Lisa Nielsen, the author of "Teaching Generation Text: Using Cell Phones to Enhance Learning" and "The Innovative Educator" blog, believes it is time to shatter a few myths about students bringing their own devices (BYOD) to school.
More than a decade into the 21st century and we are still keeping learners and teachers prisoners of the analog past by enforcing outdated mandates that ban and block them from using the digital resources of their world.
Fortunately, today’s students are standing up, speaking out, and, in many cases, using the technology and websites they do not have access to in school to do so. It’s time to listen to the students (and many of their parents and teachers) and shed light on misconceptions by dispelling common myths about bringing your own device (BYOD) to school. When we do, we can begin to move past the ignorance and toward breaking the ban.
Myth No. 1: BYOD deepens the digital divide.
The digital divide exists whether we allow students to bring the devices they own to school or not. It is illogical to prohibit those students who have devices from using them in a desire to achieve a sense of equity rather than to provide devices for those who need them. Tim Clark, district instructional technology specialist with Forsyth County Schools (GA), explains that in his experience with BYOD, “Students who do not have personal technology devices have greater access to school-owned technology tools when students who bring their own devices to school are no longer competing for that access.”
Myth No. 2: BYOD will result in lessons geared toward the weakest device.
In his blog post, “BYOD--The Worst Idea of the Century?” Gary Stager asserts that BYOD diminishes the otherwise enormous potential of educational computing to the weakest “device” in the room. Teachers who have worked in successful BYOD environments know that Stager is wrong. While teachers may know that cell phones can be used as tools to read a book, write an article, or serve as a free student response system, they may not realize they can be used as tools that enable students to create podcasts or digital books. The shift in a BYOD school is for teachers and students to come together to discuss and discover the limitless possibilities that a tech-rich environment provides, and then work together to think about how to best pursue learning goals.
Myth No. 3: BYOD will cause students to be distracted.
Teachers across the globe are finding that with the right strategies and building blocks in place, learners are much more engaged in connected classrooms. Strategies include incorporating technology into learning plans and updating learning goals to meet the needs of today’s students. Building blocks include working with students to determine responsible use policies, permissions, holding one another accountable for inappropriate use, and having clear consequences in place. Teachers that put the right strategies and building blocks in place report a dramatic decrease in discipline and behavior issues. As students discover how to learn with their devices, they are able to extend their learning beyond the school day and often choose to continue participating in online discussions and collaborative activities for academic purposes. This advantage encourages them to become more self-directed, motivated, and reflective about their learning.
Myth No. 4: Teachers need to become experts in all the technology students own.
Recently, in response to an article describing ways to support students in BYOD, a reader who goes by WAHS SBTS made this comment: “I am a technology resource teacher. A lot of teachers are very nervous and technology resource teachers a little nervous about being expected to be literate in using a wide variety of platforms we have never even seen. To just say that students are expected to provide their own support is a little naive.”
Clark explains how it works in his district and others. If teachers are introducing an activity with school software or hardware, then they are expected to know how everything works. Because of this learning curve, teachers resort to focusing on one process and one product. When the students bring in their own devices, then they are now the experts on the technology, and they can help each other. The teacher is then able to focus on the educational uses of the technology.
Myth No. 5: BYOD will result in students engaging in dangerous activities.
Our students are living in a digital world with ubiquitous access to technology. Not only is trying to ban kids from connecting digitally a futile effort, it also doesn’t prepare them for the digital world in which they live. “Without BYOD, at the end of each school day, students leave school and immediately turn on their devices and explore the web, often unsupervised,” explains Clark. “By banning devices, we close the door to authentic dialogue of how to use technology appropriately and prevent students from developing strategies for internet safety.”
Instead of banning and blocking, schools need to work with students to create responsible digital citizens and have necessary consequences in place when there are violations, just as is the case in real life. When we address the problem, rather than blame the tools, we move toward creating responsible students.
Myth No. 6: Cell phones are not that powerful, so we should not waste our time with them.
According to the Pew Internet and American Life Project’s February 2010 study, "Teens and Social Media," 74 percent of American teens have a high-speed internet-connected computer at home, but 93 percent of American teens say they go online. That same report states that 41 percent of teens whose family income is less than $30,000 go online using their phones. That number drops to the 20-percent range for higher-income brackets.
Clearly, students are bridging the connectivity divide with portable devices like cell phones and MP3 players. Kids with computers at home are taught how to use them in school. Kids who connect to the internet on phones because they can’t afford computers are not.
Myth No. 7: BYOD will necessitate the standardization of apps and software across all devices.
Students are not widgets and don’t have to use the same tools and do things in the same way. When teachers work with students to understand learning goals, they challenge students with ways to meet them, which enables real learning to take place. Michelle Luhtala, a librarian at New Canaan High School (CT) says teachers at her school are often surprised by which devices kids choose to use and how they use them. She explains that when they let them explore, discover, and create, they meet learning goals in ways that teachers and administrators never realized were possible. Students enjoy the opportunity to choose to use their own devices because they have customized them to their personalized needs and interests instead of being standardized.
Schools can no longer be the last place to catch up to the present. While policymakers debate if students deserve the right to learn with the very tools they rely on for success each day, our students are being left unprepared for their futures. It’s time that students, their parents, and educators who know better, rise up and take a stand to ensure our students are armed with the tools they’ll need to succeed in the modern workplace.
So how can schools get started? As the administration, staff, and, hopefully, parents consider BYOD, it is essential that they revisit the vision and core values of their schools and engage their faculty in discussions about how today’s students learn and how the devices they own might support that learning. This should include discussions surrounding sound pedagogy that engages students, fosters creative thinking and problem solving, and honors personal passion.
Books like "Teaching Generation Text" provide a useful framework for schools with information, easy-to-follow professional development workshops, concrete advice (like its seven building blocks for success and plan to break the ban), and ideas for incorporating student-owned devices into research-based lessons that empower students to learn with their technology. Such resources provide the right support for school leaders, teachers, and parents to partner with students for successful learning outcomes.


On January 9, 2017, the Caribbean island nation of St. Vincent & the Grenadines became the 106th country to ratify the World Trade Organisation’s Trade Facilitation Agreement (TFA). Only four more ratifications are needed in order to bring the Agreement into force (two-thirds of the WTO membership, i.e. 110 members).
The first multilateral trade agreement to be agreed since the establishment of the WTO in 1994, the Trade Facilitation Agreement was concluded at the Bali Ministerial in 2013. It aims, in a nutshell, to speed up the process of the movement of goods across national borders.
As the World Bank’s Annual Doing Business Reports show, countries’ customs procedures can vary from a few to a multiplicity of steps, which can significantly increase the amount of time goods take to clear borders, which increases costs to both suppliers and consumers. As supply chains become increasingly globalised, so is the need for more expeditious trade flows and standardisation of customs procedures. The Trade Facilitation Agreement’s provisions provide standards which were inspired by international best practices.
Developing countries and Least Developed Countries (LDCs) have the option to determine their pace of implementation by designating each of the provisions according to one of three categories: A,B,C, with A being the commitments each country can undertake as soon as the Agreement comes into force. The Agreement also includes provisions on customs cooperation. A Trade Facilitation Facility was also created at the request of developing countries to assist them and Least Developed Countries in implementing the Agreement.
WTO economists in the World Trade Report 2015 estimated that the Agreement would lower members’ trade costs by an estimated 14.3% on average. So far besides St. Vincent & the Grenadines, the following CARICOM countries have ratified the TFA: Trinidad & Tobago, Belize, Guyana, Grenada, Jamaica, St. Kitts & Nevis, St. Lucia and Dominica.
Alicia Nicholls, B.Sc., M.Sc., LL.B., is a trade and development consultant with a keen interest in sustainable development, international law and trade. You can also read more of her commentaries and follow her on Twitter @LicyLaw.


The Strange Link Between The Human Mind And Quantum Physics
“I cannot define the real problem, therefore I suspect there’s no real problem, but I’m not sure there’s no real problem.”
The American physicist Richard Feynman said this about the notorious puzzles and paradoxes of quantum mechanics, the theory physicists use to describe the tiniest objects in the Universe. But he might as well have been talking about the equally knotty problem of consciousness.
Some scientists think we already understand what consciousness is, or that it is a mere illusion. But many others feel we have not grasped where consciousness comes from at all.
The perennial puzzle of consciousness has even led some researchers to invoke quantum physics to explain it. That notion has always been met with skepticism, which is not surprising: it does not sound wise to explain one mystery with another. But such ideas are not obviously absurd, and neither are they arbitrary.
For one thing, the mind seemed, to the great discomfort of physicists, to force its way into early quantum theory. What’s more, quantum computers are predicted to be capable of accomplishing things ordinary computers cannot, which reminds us of how our brains can achieve things that are still beyond artificial intelligence. “Quantum consciousness” is widely derided as mystical woo, but it just will not go away.
Quantum mechanics is the best theory we have for describing the world at the nuts-and-bolts level of atoms and subatomic particles. Perhaps the most renowned of its mysteries is the fact that the outcome of a quantum experiment can change depending on whether or not we choose to measure some property of the particles involved.
When this “observer effect” was first noticed by the early pioneers of quantum theory, they were deeply troubled. It seemed to undermine the basic assumption behind all science: that there is an objective world out there, irrespective of us. If the way the world behaves depends on how â or if â we look at it, what can “reality” really mean?
The most famous intrusion of the mind into quantum mechanics comes in the “double-slit experiment”
Some of those researchers felt forced to conclude that objectivity was an illusion, and that consciousness has to be allowed an active role in quantum theory. To others, that did not make sense. Surely, Albert Einstein once complained, the Moon does not exist only when we look at it!
Today some physicists suspect that, whether or not consciousness influences quantum mechanics, it might in fact arise because of it. They think that quantum theory might be needed to fully understand how the brain works.
Might it be that, just as quantum objects can apparently be in two places at once, so a quantum brain can hold onto two mutually-exclusive ideas at the same time?
These ideas are speculative, and it may turn out that quantum physics has no fundamental role either for or in the workings of the mind. But if nothing else, these possibilities show just how strangely quantum theory forces us to think.
The most famous intrusion of the mind into quantum mechanics comes in the “double-slit experiment”. Imagine shining a beam of light at a screen that contains two closely-spaced parallel slits. Some of the light passes through the slits, whereupon it strikes another screen.
Light can be thought of as a kind of wave, and when waves emerge from two slits like this they can interfere with each other. If their peaks coincide, they reinforce each other, whereas if a peak and a trough coincide, they cancel out. This wave interference is called diffraction, and it produces a series of alternating bright and dark stripes on the back screen, where the light waves are either reinforced or cancelled out.
The implication seems to be that each particle passes simultaneously through both slits
This experiment was understood to be a characteristic of wave behaviour over 200 years ago, well before quantum theory existed.
The double slit experiment can also be performed with quantum particles like electrons; tiny charged particles that are components of atoms. In a counter-intuitive twist, these particles can behave like waves. That means they can undergo diffraction when a stream of them passes through the two slits, producing an interference pattern.
Now suppose that the quantum particles are sent through the slits one by one, and their arrival at the screen is likewise seen one by one. Now there is apparently nothing for each particle to interfere with along its route â yet nevertheless the pattern of particle impacts that builds up over time reveals interference bands.
The implication seems to be that each particle passes simultaneously through both slits and interferes with itself. This combination of “both paths at once” is known as a superposition state.
But here is the really odd thing.
If we place a detector inside or just behind one slit, we can find out whether any given particle goes through it or not. In that case, however, the interference vanishes. Simply by observing a particle’s path â even if that observation should not disturb the particle’s motion â we change the outcome.
The physicist Pascual Jordan, who worked with quantum guru Niels Bohr in Copenhagen in the 1920s, put it like this: “observations not only disturb what has to be measured, they produce itâŠ We compel [a quantum particle] to assume a definite position.” In other words, Jordan said, “we ourselves produce the results of measurements.”
If that is so, objective reality seems to go out of the window.
And it gets even stranger.
If nature seems to be changing its behaviour depending on whether we “look” or not, we could try to trick it into showing its hand. To do so, we could measure which path a particle took through the double slits, but only after it has passed through them. By then, it ought to have “decided” whether to take one path or both.
The sheer act of noticing, rather than any physical disturbance caused by measuring, can cause the collapse
An experiment for doing this was proposed in the 1970s by the American physicist John Wheeler, and this “delayed choice” experiment was performed in the following decade. It uses clever techniques to make measurements on the paths of quantum particles (generally, particles of light, called photons) after they should have chosen whether to take one path or a superposition of two.
It turns out that, just as Bohr confidently predicted, it makes no difference whether we delay the measurement or not. As long as we measure the photon’s path before its arrival at a detector is finally registered, we lose all interference.
It is as if nature “knows” not just if we are looking, but if we are planning to look.
Whenever, in these experiments, we discover the path of a quantum particle, its cloud of possible routes “collapses” into a single well-defined state. What’s more, the delayed-choice experiment implies that the sheer act of noticing, rather than any physical disturbance caused by measuring, can cause the collapse. But does this mean that true collapse has only happened when the result of a measurement impinges on our consciousness?
It is hard to avoid the implication that consciousness and quantum mechanics are somehow linked
That possibility was admitted in the 1930s by the Hungarian physicist Eugene Wigner. “It follows that the quantum description of objects is influenced by impressions entering my consciousness,” he wrote. “Solipsism may be logically consistent with present quantum mechanics.”
Wheeler even entertained the thought that the presence of living beings, which are capable of “noticing”, has transformed what was previously a multitude of possible quantum pasts into one concrete history. In this sense, Wheeler said, we become participants in the evolution of the Universe since its very beginning. In his words, we live in a “participatory universe.”
To this day, physicists do not agree on the best way to interpret these quantum experiments, and to some extent what you make of them is (at the moment) up to you. But one way or another, it is hard to avoid the implication that consciousness and quantum mechanics are somehow linked.
Beginning in the 1980s, the British physicist Roger Penrose suggested that the link might work in the other direction. Whether or not consciousness can affect quantum mechanics, he said, perhaps quantum mechanics is involved in consciousness.
What if, Penrose asked, there are molecular structures in our brains that are able to alter their state in response to a single quantum event. Could not these structures then adopt a superposition state, just like the particles in the double slit experiment? And might those quantum superpositions then show up in the ways neurons are triggered to communicate via electrical signals?
Maybe, says Penrose, our ability to sustain seemingly incompatible mental states is no quirk of perception, but a real quantum effect.
Perhaps quantum mechanics is involved in consciousness
After all, the human brain seems able to handle cognitive processes that still far exceed the capabilities of digital computers. Perhaps we can even carry out computational tasks that are impossible on ordinary computers, which use classical digital logic.
Penrose first proposed that quantum effects feature in human cognition in his 1989 book The Emperor’s New Mind. The idea is called Orch-OR, which is short for “orchestrated objective reduction”. The phrase “objective reduction” means that, as Penrose believes, the collapse of quantum interference and superposition is a real, physical process, like the bursting of a bubble.
Orch-OR draws on Penrose’s suggestion that gravity is responsible for the fact that everyday objects, such as chairs and planets, do not display quantum effects. Penrose believes that quantum superpositions become impossible for objects much larger than atoms, because their gravitational effects would then force two incompatible versions of space-time to coexist.
Penrose developed this idea further with American physician Stuart Hameroff. In his 1994 book Shadows of the Mind, he suggested that the structures involved in this quantum cognition might be protein strands called microtubules. These are found in most of our cells, including the neurons in our brains. Penrose and Hameroff argue that vibrations of microtubules can adopt a quantum superposition.
But there is no evidence that such a thing is remotely feasible.
It has been suggested that the idea of quantum superpositions in microtubules is supported by experiments described in 2013, but in fact those studies made no mention of quantum effects.
Besides, most researchers think that the Orch-OR idea was ruled out by a study published in 2000. Physicist Max Tegmark calculated that quantum superpositions of the molecules involved in neural signaling could not survive for even a fraction of the time needed for such a signal to get anywhere.
Other researchers have found evidence for quantum effects in living beings
Quantum effects such as superposition are easily destroyed, because of a process called decoherence. This is caused by the interactions of a quantum object with its surrounding environment, through which the “quantumness” leaks away.
Decoherence is expected to be extremely rapid in warm and wet environments like living cells.
Nerve signals are electrical pulses, caused by the passage of electrically-charged atoms across the walls of nerve cells. If one of these atoms was in a superposition and then collided with a neuron, Tegmark showed that the superposition should decay in less than one billion billionth of a second. It takes at least ten thousand trillion times as long for a neuron to discharge a signal.
As a result, ideas about quantum effects in the brain are viewed with great skepticism.
However, Penrose is unmoved by those arguments and stands by the Orch-OR hypothesis. And despite Tegmark’s prediction of ultra-fast decoherence in cells, other researchers have found evidence for quantum effects in living beings. Some argue that quantum mechanics is harnessed by migratory birds that use magnetic navigation, and by green plants when they use sunlight to make sugars in photosynthesis.
Besides, the idea that the brain might employ quantum tricks shows no sign of going away. For there is now another, quite different argument for it.
Read More @ BBC.com


By Connor Collins
Voting is a crucial part of any democracy, although one often taken for granted. The United Kingdom’s referendum to leave the European Union, known as the “Brexit,” is one of the latest in an historical succession when the power of the vote enacted change and impacted the world. Women’s suffrage, the Civil Rights Movement, and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 all reaffirmed the power of the vote and peoples’ desire for it in the United States. But not every vote is as glamorous or impactful as the UK’s Brexit referendum or a presidential election. Failure to make national headlines or elect a new president does not detract from the importance of voting because voting is about exercising a civil responsibility. To vote is to be an engaged citizen, to at some point have thought about an issue or a candidate and have made a decision.
Education has been a traditional avenue for exploring and expanding one’s civic duty. But if that is true, why is college voter turnout so low? During the 2012 presidential elections, only 45% of surveyed college students voted, according to the Institute for Democracy and Higher Education’s National Study of Learning, Voting, and Engagement (NSLVE) at Tufts University. However, this study found that voting rates varied, sometimes dramatically, by major. Of the 7.4 million students whose records were obtained for the 2012 presidential race, 55% of education majors voted, representing the highest voting rate of any major. Humanities majors came in second place at 49%. Counterintuitively, political science majors landed in fifth place at 46%, although that number was compiled from the social sciences collectively. Engineering majors tied for last place with math and statistics majors, both with a voting rate of 35%. Technologies and technicians majors also fell into the bottom five with a voting rate of 40%. The New York Times provides a full list of the top and bottom five majors by voting rate.
Nancy Thomas, the director of the Institute for Democracy and Higher Education, explained for McClatchy DC one possible reason for the disparity between majors: “Voting is a matter of learning…We see disparities in learning as evidenced by these numbers.” Mike Burns, the national director of the Campus Vote Project, suggested in the same article that education majors vote at a relatively high rate because, for many, their futures as state-employeed educators depend more on policy outcomes.
The high voting rates of education, humanities, health science, and social science majors highlight the importance of a liberal arts and sciences education in the cultivation of well-rounded, informed citizens. The curricula of these majors challenge students to analyze information, to ask questions, and perhaps most importantly, to develop skills for life beyond the classroom. The major benefit of a liberal arts and sciences education has long been preparation for what comes next. The Phi Beta Kappa Society champions the liberal arts and sciences for the same reason. The results of the NSLVE study reflect the notion that the liberal arts and sciences contribute to the development of civic responsibility. The findings also show where policymakers, teacher, administrators, and education leaders can work to increase college voter participation. Thomas says that bringing more open discourse about the current political scene can increase social and civic awareness and raise voting rates. She recommends to Insider Higher Ed, “talk politics, and do it in the disciplines where you wouldn’t think to do it…Every discipline—every single one—has public relevance.” Encouraging political discourse across majors could help students realize the power of their votes and their social responsibility to exercise their freedom of thought in voting.
Connor Collins is a senior at Case Western Reserve University double majoring in political science and sociology. Case Western Reserve University is home to the Alpha of Ohio Chapter of Phi Beta Kappa.


The Internet of Things has altered medicine at its core. Until recently, healthcare professionals were unable to continually monitor patients’ health or make real-time recommendations. After all, doctors and patients could only interact in-person, or via phone calls and text messages.
Today, healthcare professionals use IoT-enabled devices to remotely monitor patients’ health and offer better care as a result. This has improved both preventative and emergency care, reducing the length of hospital stays and the frequency of readmissions. Patients also report higher satisfaction because medical appointments are more directed and efficient. As a result of improved efficiency, hospitals can save money while improving the quality of patient care.
Are you interested in implementing IoT for your healthcare organization? The first step is learning more about the technology itself. Let’s take a look at how using IoT-enabled devices redefines healthcare by improving treatment outcomes and substantially reducing healthcare costs.
For patients, IoT technology manifests as either an enhancement of traditional medical devices, or a completely new kind of technology.
Patients can now use internet-enhanced versions of standard medical devices, including wearables like fitness trackers, blood pressure monitoring cuffs, and heart-monitoring electrodes. The smartphone apps associated with these devices can remind patients to monitor their health, improving patient compliance. Additionally, these devices can send notifications to medical staff in the event of an emergency.
Once swallowed, Proteus smart pills relay information (such as activity levels and compliance with prescribed medication regimens) to medical staff from inside the patient.
Some kinds of IoT devices have no precedent in the pre-IoT era, as IoT technology and biomedical innovations combine in novel ways. For example, once swallowed, Proteus smart pills relay information (such as activity levels and compliance with prescribed medication regimens) to medical staff from inside the patient.
For Care Providers
By asking patients to utilize IoT-embedded home monitoring equipment, physicians can keep tabs on patients’ health, check if patients are adhering to prescribed treatment plans, and get alerts if a patient needs immediate medical help. Medical staff can also use the information collected through these devices to personalize or alter treatment plans if needed.
In hospitals, IoT-enabled devices can monitor patient statistics and much more. For example, sensors can track the location of critical medical equipment like nebulizers, oxygen pumps, and defibrillators. IoT-enabled devices like smart hand sanitizer dispensers can even monitor hygiene, an important step towards lowering infection rates. These devices can serve an array of additional functions, like humidity and temperature control.
IoT sensors can track the location of critical medical equipment like nebulizers, oxygen pumps, and defibrillators.
Privacy and Data Security
As with any technological advancement, using IoT-enabled devices in healthcare brings its own set of challenges.
Healthcare IoT devices capture and transmit large amounts of sensitive data in real time, raising concerns about data security. To make matters worse, most IoT devices do not follow any privacy standards or protocols, and the regulations governing data ownership in this regard are ambiguous. Factors such as these make personal health information vulnerable, which means cybercriminals can hack into systems and misuse patient data (for example, committing insurance fraud, or producing fake IDs to purchase and resell drugs or medical equipment).
Most IoT devices do not follow any privacy standards or protocols, and the regulations governing data ownership in this regard are ambiguous.
Without a plan, you may struggle to deploy and integrate IoT devices in your healthcare organization, as these devices are all designed to serve different purposes and share no standard communication protocols. Even without IoT-embedded devices, healthcare institutions already deal with a variety of medical equipment. Managing connected devices on top of those that are already in use can be a daunting task.
The only way to resolve these concerns is to have a central console that can manage IoT and non-IoT devices alike. 42Gears’ revolutionary Things Management Technology makes this possible. Take a look here.


What does it solve?
Assault weapons are exceptionally deadly firearms commonplace in mass shootings. They are generally capable of firing far more bullets, far faster than manual-action hunting rifles. Prohibiting assault weapons can prevent mass shooting injuries and deaths.
Assault weapons and high-capacity magazines are frequently used in the violence that plagues our nation. Of all mass shooting incidents between 2009 and 2018, assault weapons accounted for 32% of deaths and 82% of nonfatal injuries. Currently, only seven states and Washington, D.C. prohibit assault weapons.
Myth & Fact
How it works
Assault weapons make shootings more lethal.
Each round fired from an assault weapon has a muzzle energy much higher than a bullet fired from a handgun—up to four times greater. This means that each round of an assault weapon inflicts greater damage to the human body than a round from a typical handgun—and these guns can fire many of these high-powered rounds extremely fast. Assault weapons are generally manufactured to fire rounds at a greater speed than other guns and when combined with high-capacity magazines, they enable a shooter to fire more rounds over a short period.
These guns are often used in mass shootings and recovered at crime scenes, but research shows a prohibition on assault weapons can prevent mass shooting fatalities and active shooter events. A study comparing the period during the federal assault weapons prohibition (1994-2004) to the 13 years before and after the prohibition estimated that a prohibition would have prevented 314 of 448 mass shooting deaths that occurred during the studied periods when the prohibition was not in effect. Another study found state assault weapons prohibitions are associated with a lower likelihood of an active shooter event. Lawmakers should act urgently to prohibit these excessively dangerous firearms.
By the numbers
Researchers estimate that if we still had a federal Assault Weapon Ban, we’d see 70 percent fewer mass shootings deaths.
Mass shootings that involved an assault weapon account for 32 percent of all mass shootings deaths.
Mass shootings that involved an assault weapon account for 82 percent of nonfatal injuries.