States around the world are faced daily with the challenge of protecting their populations from potential and real threats. To detect and respond to them, many governments surveil communication networks, physical movements, and transactional records. Though surveillance by its nature compromises individual privacy, there are exceptional situations where state surveillance is justified. Yet, if state surveillance is unnecessary or overreaching, with weak legal safeguards and a failure to follow due process, it can become disproportionate to the threat—infringing on people's privacy rights.
Internationally, regulations concerning government surveillance of communications vary in approach and effectiveness, often with very weak or nonexistent legal safeguards. Some countries have strong regulations for the surveillance of communications, yet these regulations may be largely ineffective or unenforceable in practice. Other countries have no legal safeguards or legal standards differing vastly according to the type of communication data targeted. This is why, EFF organized at the end of last year a State Surveillance and Human Rights Camp in Brazil to build upon this discussion and focused on how states are facilitating unnecessary and disproportionate surveillance of communications in ways that lead to privacy violations.
State-Mandated Identity Verification
In 2012 the Constitutional Court in South Korea declared that country's "real-name identification system" unconstitutional. The system had mandated that any online portal with more than 100,000 daily users had to verify the identity of their users.1 This meant that the individual has to provide their real name before posting comments online. The legal challenge to this system was raised by People's Solidarity for Participatory Democracy (PSPD)'s Public Law Center and Korean Progressive Network—Jinbonet among others.
Korea University professor Kyung-shin Park, Chair of PSPD's Law Center told EFF that portals and phone companies would disclose identifying information about six million users annually—in a country of only 50 million people. The South Korean Government was using perceived online abuses as a convenient excuse to discourage political criticism, professor Park told EFF:
The user information shared with the police most commonly has been used by the government to monitor the anti-governmental sentiments of ordinary people. All this has gone on because the government, the legislature, and civil society have not clearly understood the privacy implications of turning over identifying information of individuals.
The decision by the South Korean Constitutional Court to declare the "real identification system" unconstitutional was a win for user privacy because it clearly showed that blanket mandates for the disclosure of identifying information, and the subsequent sharing of that data without judicial authorization, are a disproportionate measure that violates the rights of individuals.2
States Restrict Encryption and Demand Backdoors
Some States are seeking to block, ban, or discourage the use of strong encryption and other privacy-enhancing tools by requiring assistance in decrypting information. In India service providers are required to ensure that bulk encryption is not deployed.
Additionally, no individual or entity can employ encryption with a key longer than 40 bits. If the encryption equipments is higher than this limit, the individual or entity will need prior written permission from the Department of Telecommunications and must deposit the decryption keys with the Department.3
The limitation on encryption in India means that technically any encrypted material over 40 bits would be accessible by the State. Ironically, the Reserve Bank of India issued security recommendations that banks should use strong encryption as higher as 128-bit for securing browser.4
In the United States, under the Communications Assistance for Law Enforcement Act, telecommunication carriers are required to provide decryption assistance only if they already possess the keys (and in many communications system designs, there's no reason carriers should need to possess the keys at all). In 2011, the US Government proposed a bill that would place new restrictions on domestic development or use of cryptography, privacy software, and encryption features on devices. The bill has not been adopted.
Allowing only low levels of encryption and requiring service providers to assist in the decryption of communications, facilitates surveillance by enabling States easier access to data and preventing individuals from using crypto tools to protect their personal communications.
States Establish Blanket Interception Facilities
In Colombia, telecommunications network and service providers carrying out business within the national territory must implement and ensure that interception facilities are available at all times to state agencies as prescribed by law. This is to enable authorized state agencies to intercept communications at any point of time. In addition to providing interception facilities, service providers must also retain subscriber data for a period of five years, and provide information such as subscriber identity, invoicing address, type of connection on request, and geographic location of terminals when requested.
Though Colombia has put in place regulations for the surveillance of communications, these regulations allow for broad surveillance and do not afford the individual clear rights in challenging the same.
The examples above demonstrate that, although State surveillance of communications can be justified in exceptional instances, it leads to the violation of individual privacy when implemented without adequate legal safeguards. Clearly there is a need for international principles articulating critical and necessary components of due process for the surveillance of communications. Those strong legal safeguards are necessary not only in countries that don't have laws in place, but also in countries where laws are lacking and fail to adequately protect privacy. Last year, EFF organized the State Surveillance and Human Rights Camp to discuss a set of International Principles on State Surveillance of Communications, a global effort led by EFF and Privacy International, to define, articulate, and promote legal standards to protect individual privacy when the state carries out surveillance of communications.
1.Constitutional Court's Decision 2010 Hunma 47, 252 (consolidated) announced August 28, 2012.
2.The illegality of this practice was proved by a High Court decision handed down 2 months after the Constitutional Court's decision in August 2012. Seoul Appellate Court 2011 Na 19012, Judgment Announced October 18, 2012. This case was prepared and followed singularly by PSPD Public Interest Law Center.
3.License Agreement for Provision of Internet Services Section 2.2 (vii)
4.Reserve Bank of India. Internet Banking Guidelines. Section (f (2))
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Is it necessary that rate of evolution of longer lived trees will be lesser than that of annuals ? I understand that new individuals will come up faster in annuals and it may adapt to varying conditions faster but does it necessarily imply that long lived trees will evolve slower ?
That is true to a certain extent in normal environments, where there is not an excess prevalence of mutagenic elements. The "Generation Time Hypothesis" explains why a smaller generation time and hence a higher reproductive rate ( as in annuals) corresponds to a higher rate of mutation (substitutions in DNA) and therefore have a faster evolutionary rate as compared to slow reproducing and longer generation time individuals(for example, long-lived trees).
Since "fitness"-increasing adaptations produced by somatic variations are very less, the formation of new offsprings giving rise to individuals carrying a DNA which has been subjected to processes (Repeated divisions, replications and translations, amphimixis, and different environment) making it more vulnerable to mutation, becomes mandatory to effect evolution. This process is much faster in annuals than in long lived trees like Sequoia. Moreover Sexual selection (especially in animals) operate at a much slower rate in longer-generation time individuals. Next, smaller individuals, having higher metabolic rates usually have shorter generation time (more pronounced in case of animals). Higher metabolic activity is linked to greater mutation rate (Due to metabolic intermediates acting as mutagens) and hence faster evolutionary rate. Higher metabolic rate also is linked to higher temperature (faster mutation) and these individuals have a geographic distribution favouring the tropics.(Again increases evolutionary rate)
All these, imply faster evolution for short lived individuals(which usually have higher reproductive rate) as compared to long lived trees. But under "normal" environmental conditions (not drastic and fast changes), the evolutionary rate of large individuals is fast enough to prevent their existence (as the Sequoia prevalence indicates). However, in fast changing environment, larger and long-lived individuals are more likely to be wiped out (probably, this applied to Dinosaurs!).


What happened after women got the right to vote?
women, in fact, did not get the right to vote at the convention, but, lead by cady b. stanton, women discussed the right to vote along with temperence and abolition. however women didnt get the right to vote until 1920, and the convention was in 1848. this was mostly due to the civil war. abolition got the spotlight while temperence and the right to vote were put on the back burner.
When the United States became an independent nation, white men (many of whom were property owners) were the first to be allowed to vote. Women and ethnic minorities (such as black people) were not allowed to vote in those early decades of US history. Black men got the right to vote after the civil war, and women (both black and white women) got the right to vote in 1920. Citizens between the ages of 18…
The women gained the right to vote at August 18th 1920 because the 19th amendment was ratified. This happened because the 36th state (Tennessee) decided to vote to make the 19th amendment ratified. ---- I'm not sure specificly how they got the amendment to pass, but this is all I know so far. Thanks!!! -age 11 Anonymous
If you are asking about the United States, women received the right to vote in federal elections in 1920. But long before that, some states gave women the right to vote for governor, state senators, mayors, etc. One of the first places to grant women voting rights was the territory of Wyoming, in 1869. Women got the right to vote in several other western states, including Colorado in 1893, and Idaho in 1896.


PRESS RELEASE: DEMOLITION OF CHIMNEYS NOT NECESSARY
Report by engineering team finds that chimneys can be repaired
Parkview have applied to Wandsworth Council for permission to demolish all four chimneys at Battersea Power Station and to rebuild them.
The chimneys are made of reinforced concrete with a dense double helix of steel mesh with horizontal hoops and vertical rods and each chimney weighs 500 tonnes. They are very strong and have stood from 72 years to 50 years as they were all built at different dates.
We became suspicious that there was a different agenda to their stated intensions of conservation when there was no announcement locally of this planning application in the usual way, i.e. no notices around the site.
This seemed peculiar for such a serious change to the famous London landmark.
The Twentieth Century Society and World Monuments Fund in Britain (WMF) were also not consulted over these issues at any time.
We came to the conclusion that an independent report should be commissioned and joined with Twentieth Century Society and World Monuments Fund to commission civil engineers Cameron Taylor and Alan Conisbee Assocs, and concrete specialists GB Geotechnics, to look into this issue.
They met with the Parkview team at Buro Happold's office, reviewed the reports from Taylor Woodrow and others and had a site visit to the building.
Our engineering team concludes that:
"On the basis of the information available we do not consider that there is no alternative to demolition and rebuilding of the four chimneys.
There is no sign of structural distress in the chimneys.
There is no evidence produced of general severe (>1%) levels of chloride throughout the structure, rather there is evidence of chloride marginally above acceptable.
There is no evidence of sufficient deep carbonation to warrant concern.
There is no evidence of general, distributed, expansive corrosion.
There is no evidence to support the contention that only by introduction of an ICCP system will the structure be rendered safe.
Many cracks date from the construction process.
There is little evidence of spalling concrete to the majority of the shafts.
There are no signs of significant cracks due to the levels of carbonation or chlorides that have been recorded.
There are also alternative methods of discovering the location of the steel which were not explored.
There therefore seems to be sound environmental reasons, as well as listed buildings/PPG 15 benefits, in repairing the chimneys."
Brian Barnes Chair of BPSCG says:
" Parkview have done nothing in 12 years except to demolish everything in sight, to enter ever more fanciful planning applications and make every excuse there is for not keeping to deadlines, one famously ‘we will open in 2000’.
We do not think the chimneys will ever be rebuilt and then more problems will be found so that the rest of the building needs to be demolished for spurious H&S reasons.
Mr Hwang told me at a meeting at the Power Station in 1996 'Let me knock the f***ing thing down and build 3 towers of 40 storeys, one can be for affordable housing and I will still make plenty of profits'
Victor Hwang’s long held plan will soon be accomplished, except there will never be any affordable housing.
We are furious at people at English Heritage who have promised us all along that they have inspected the building every 6 months and instructed Parkview to make necessary repairs but now find this not to have been true and they are agreeing to this penultimate act of destruction before complete demolition"
Brian Barnes Chair BPSCG 020 7672 5821
Keith Garner Committee Member 07876 163638
Posted on 26th September 2005
© Battersea Power Station Community Group 2005
Battersea Power Station from Victoria Station (photo: Elaine Michel)


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Instruction set virtualization is a processor virtualization technique that enables emulation of the instruction set of one processor on a different processor. It allows the running or emulating of the instruction set architectures of different processors among each other – delivered as a virtualization layer.
Instruction set virtualization enables the running of applications and virtual machines designed for one processor to run on other processors with different instruction set architectures. Infrastructure set virtualization emulates the entire system so that an application would be able to boot up and execute on multiple processors and operating systems. Typically, instruction set virtualization is delivered through a software framework that has the essential compiler, assembler and other software libraries essential for emulating different instruction set architectures.


We had a debate in our geography class last year about which issues were most important to resolve when upgrading slums. We were each assigned a particular aspect of the worst-case situation to argue as a priority to resolve, and asked to come up with some means to solve it. That’s why this might come off as very poorly structured (even by my standards). I’m also mentioning that explanation as I’m not sure where my notes on healthcare measures went, and this is likely to be updated once I’ve found (or remade) them.
- 84% of houses have no water supply. Illegal water sellers are expensive, and many people take water from rivers.
- Roads are impermeable (leading to issues with erosion, flooding downstream and others)
- Illegal electricity (in many slums) can lead to electrical fires
- 90% of people in slums (worldwide) die of disease
- Water can be purified using plastic bottles
- Kenya has projects for community based solar power to help improve the local electrical supply
- The Green Exchange program (where waste is exchanged for cash or food parcels. The waste is used for various purposes depending on location. In Curitiba, Brazil, it is reused for other purposes. The exact waste can vary with location, too. It helps prevent malnutrition and any issues that could arise from a dirty environment.)
Social Infrastructure (mostly referring to Rio de Janeiro)
- 880 million people live in slums globally.
- Complexo de Alemão is trying to reduce crime rates by building 2 primary schools, 2 creches, a technical college and a library
- Complexo has 70,000 people with insufficient education and healthcare
- A cable car was built to transport people from the slums to Rio’ center. This has helped unemployment rates. The stations are cheap, and have lead to greater educational, job, and healthcare options.
- Cidade de Deus healthcare clinic was set up in the slums
- Olympic values were taught to children; 168 schools, 100,000 children
- Favela painting is a practice to occupy people’s time productively. The favelas are made to look better by occupying local people to paint buildings in bright colours and patterns. The normal buildings are often bare brick and mud. Very drab environments are bad for people’s emotional health, so painting the favelas in bright shades is improving people’s wellbeing.
- There has been an 80% drop from 30,000 gun crimes per year once gangs were removed.
- 40% live in shanty towns
- People used to just be used to worse areas
- Now people are provided with material
- There are housing projects to remove the shanty areas and replace them with proper housing
- 1/3 of people in poor cities live in self-built houses
- The Bairro project, in Rociña, Rio de Janeiro, aims to increase the average size of slum homes to 20m^2 and to widen the main streets.
- Barra de Tijica, Brazil, is a new town located through a mountain from Rio, providing new housing in 10-30 storey blocks, and is now home to 180,000 people.
- Almost all the houses in Rociña are made out of concrete and brick, contributing to 100s of businesses
- NGOs are working to improve the situation
- Oxfam are working to improve the lives of 100 million people living in slums worldwide
- Some slums still have no provision of basic services.
- Oxfam provides water tanks for affordable use in many slums
- Most people use informal water supplies
- in Hima, Peru, there was a census including types of businesses, which lead to improvements in encouraging foreign businesses to buy goods from slum workers.
- Does this actually provide them with enough money to escape poverty?
- People in slums can enter themselves in the yellow pages, which has been quite successful in Brazil and Peru.
- However, businesses in slums are unregulated by the police, and are unprotected by the police, in many areas
- 4.3 million cases of cholera worldwide
- Most people produce about 300g of waste a day
- 2.4 million people in Nairobi are living in slums
- Composite farms gather waste in biodegradable bags, which, after 6-8 weeks, can be used as manure, leading to better soil fertility, better farming, and more food and income
- Bioplants can be made in Kibera. Many people use the same latrine. The methane produced from this can be harvested and then resold as cooking gas, which helps kill off germs in water and food
- Umende has 57 bio centers, and has collected 60,000 kg of waste
- Nepal has 2.8 million people living in slums. In Kathmandu. 10,000 of the 31,000 slum dwellers are waste collectors. The informal sector work is often exploited.
- There is an Umbrella Group which workers can register with t monitor them and give vocational training
- The Green Exchange program in Nepal has led to 4,000 waste worker jobs, with 50% of the beneficiaries being women.


Bad breath can happen to everyone, and many of us notice it in the morning after a night’s sleep. No one wants to have bad breath and this is why the supermarket shelves are loaded with mints, mouthwashes, and chewing gum to prevent that embarrassing occurrence. However, these remedies may only offer temporary results as they may not treat the real cause of the problem. Some people are over-anxious about bad breath, and others do not know they have it.
Lifestyle habits, medication and certain foods can all contribute to the condition of chronic bad breath known as halitosis. Bad breath can in many cases be improved by carrying out a good oral hygiene routine. If the problem persists then you should visit your dentist for a full check-up. At White Dental Rooms we recommend check-ups with the dentist every 6 months as well as visiting the hygienist.
The top 4 causes of bad breath are:
- Food and Drink
Eating foods such as onions and garlic will leave a distinctive smell on your breath that others can easily detect. Although these foods have a temporary effect, it still can be unpleasant for those around you. Drinking strong coffee can also leave a noticeable scent, and so it is important to be aware of what you eat and drink and who you might be coming into contact after. Food particles remaining in your mouth can also cause bad breath.
- Poor Dental Routine
When we eat and drink bacteria builds up in the mouth and can release gases that smell bad. To combat bad breath, it is very important to brush teeth thoroughly at least twice a day, including the tongue, as well as flossing in-between teeth to get rid of any food particles that a brush cannot reach. Removable dental devices such as dentures and braces should also be thoroughly cleaned. A sticky film of bacteria called plaque can form on teeth and if not removed it can lead to bad breath and gum disease. A good oral care routine with regular dental check-ups will considerably improve your breath.
- Dry Mouth
The saliva in your mouth plays an important role in cleansing it and neutralising bad odours. A condition called dry mouth (xerostomia) can cause bad breath because saliva production is decreased. Dry mouth can occur naturally during sleep, especially if you sleep with your mouth open or snore, and can lead to the well-known ‘morning breath’. Not eating enough can also cause bad breath as the mouth is not producing as much saliva as it would normally to aid digestion. Dry mouth can also be caused by certain medications, and the medical conditions themselves like acid reflux or some cancers.
After smoking the smell of the tobacco remains in the mouth (and the lungs) for a long time, and can be easily sensed on the person’s breath. The chemicals in tobacco smoke stain the teeth and can lead to secondary causes of bad breath such as gum disease. In fact, smokers are at a higher risk of developing gum disease. Smokers tend to also have a poorer sense of smell so may not realise that their breath is unpleasant.


HomePractices Page 4 - Introducing UML: Object-Oriented Analysis and Design
UML Diagrams - Practices
The purpose of UML, or Unified Modeling Language, is communication; to be specific, it is to provide a comprehensive notation for communicating the requirements, architecture, implementation, deployment, and states of a system. This article will offer an overview of Object Oriented Analysis and Design, focusing in on the three most important concepts it encompasses: objects, analysis, and design. It is excerpted from the book UML Applied: A .Net Perspective, by Martin Shoemaker (Apress, 2004; ISBN: 1590590872).
UML consists of nine different diagram types, each focused on a different way to analyze and define the system. These diagrams are summarized briefly here:
Use Case Diagrams show the externally visible behavior of the system. You’ll see these in the next chapter (Chapter 2) and later on when we look at Step 1 of Five-Step UML in Chapter 6.
Activity Diagrams show an elaboration of the behavior of the system. You’ll see these in the next chapter, and use them during Step 2 of Five- Step UML in Chapter 7. A recent addition to UML is the division of Activity Diagrams into swimlanes, which you’ll see in the next chapter, and we’ll use during Step 3 of Five-Step UML in Chapter 8.
Component Diagrams show architecture of the system. You’ll see these in the next chapter, and we’ll use them during Step 4 of Five-Step UML in Chapter 9.
Sequence Diagrams show object interactions over time. We don’t use these diagrams as part of Five-Step UML, but we’ll look at them in Chapter 13.
Collaboration Diagrams show object interactions with emphasis on relations between objects. We don’t use this type of diagram as part of Five-Step UML, but we’ll look at them in Chapter 13.
Class Diagrams show class definition and relations. You’ll see these in the next chapter, and we’ll use them during Step 5 of Five-Step UML in Chapter 10.
Statechart Diagrams show state changes in response to events. We don’t use these diagrams as part of Five-Step UML, but we’ll talk about them in Chapter 13.
Deployment Diagrams show physical architecture of the system. We’ll use these in Chapter 11.
Package Diagrams show the hierarchical structure of your design. These can be useful for organizing many different types of elements and you’ll be seeing this type of diagram often throughout the book.
I have a secret. You know those different UML diagram types? Does it annoy you just a bit, having to learn so many new notations to use UML? Does it make you feel like skipping OOAD and just jumping into code?
Well, it’s true that making good UML diagrams takes some skill and some practice; but reading well-crafted diagrams is a very different matter. Just between you and me, I’ll bet you already know how to read UML diagrams, and you don’t even know it. For the rest of this chapter, I’m going to show you some examples of the different UML diagrams, and ask you a few simple questions about what it is they are saying. Don’t worry if you can’t follow all of the notation at this stage—or indeed if you find the questions too simplistic—the point of the following exercises is simply to show you how straightforward it is to read UML diagrams, and how you’ll be able to answer questions about them right away. You won’t be an expert by any measure—that comes in later chapters—but you’ll be able to understand the information contained in the diagrams.
Because, see, here’s the secret: UML—it’s all about communication . . .
An Introduction to the Kennel Management System
The exercises and examples in this book all derive from the Kennel Management System (KMS) for Sandy’s Pets, a high-tech kennel providing temporary and long-term care for cats, dogs, birds, and exotic pets. The Kennel Management System must provide familiar features tailored to the pet care domain:
Reservations and occupancy. Like a good hotel, the KMS must allow pet owners to reserve kennel space (i.e., “pens”) and to check pets in and out. Unlike a hotel, a significant fraction of the occupants reside in the kennel long term or even full time.
Exercise and grooming schedule. Like a good physical therapy clinic, the KMS must support and maintain exercise and grooming schedules for each resident. Unlike a clinic, these schedules are dictated by the pet owner rather than by a physician or therapist.
Nutrition and dietetics. Like a good health spa, the KMS must support both standard and customized diets for each resident. Unlike a health spa, some of the residents only eat live food.
Inventory and ordering. Like a good restaurant, the KMS must keep food (and other supplies) on hand to meet the needs of a varied clientele. Unlike most restaurants (and as noted previously), some of the food must be stored live.
Surveillance and tracking. Like a good day care center, the KMS must ensure that its residents are safe and secure, including allowing the pet owners to view their pets via Web cams. Unlike day care centers, each resident will be equipped with a computerized collar or tag, which will allow sensors in the kennel to locate and check the status of each pet.
Health care and medication. Like a good health care management system, the KMS must schedule regular and emergency medical visits, maintain a medical history, and manage dispensing of medications. Unlike typical health care systems, the residents come from a wide variety of species and thus need species-specific medications and treatment programs.
Customer relations and pedigrees. Like a good contact management system, the KMS must track information about residents past, present, and possibly future. Unlike typical contact management systems, the KMS must maintain information about both a pet’s parentage and future breeding plans.
The KMS must also provide basic human resources, accounting, and administration functions. For a more detailed specification of the Kennel Management System, see Appendix A.
Use Case Diagrams
A Use Case Diagram depicts actions by people and systems outside your system, along with what your system does in response. It’s useful for depicting the functional requirements of your system. Figure 1-2 shows an example of a simple Use Case Diagram for the Kennel Management System.
Figure 1-2.Use Case Diagram for care giver requirements
Excercise 101: Reading a Use Case Diagram
Answer the following questions about the diagram:
What does the KMS do when the care giver checks a pet in?
What does the KMS do when the care giver checks a pet out?
What action or actions by the care giver will cause the KMS to update a kennel assignment?
What action or actions by the Care Giver will involve the Veterinarian?
NOTE The answers to this exercise and the exercises that follow can be found at the end of the chapter.
An Activity Diagram depicts the detailed behavior inside a single functional requirement, including a primary scenario and a number of alternate scenarios. It’s useful for ensuring that you thoroughly understand a given functionality. Figure 1-3 presents an Activity Diagram for the one functional requirement of the Kennel Management System for Sandy’s Pets.
Figure 1-3.Activity Diagram for assigning a pen to a pet
Exercise 102: Reading an Activity Diagram
Answer the following questions about the diagram:
What is the sequence of steps the system performs when assigning a pen to a pet that has visited previously?
What additional steps are performed for a pet that is new to the kennel?


CHENNAI: Stem cell transplant in eyes have remained a challenge for surgeons because of the infection risk the scaffold' used to hold the cells. Now, a procedure tested in rabbits by Sankara Nethralaya and Nichi-in Bio Sciences holds a new promise in scaffold-less transplant of stem cells with a higher success rate in humans.
The two institutions recently got a patent for the process and are now gearing up for human trials. The hospital is also looking for collaborations with research institutions for animal stem cell trials on other vital organs including heart, liver, kidney and pancreas.
Stem cells have the potential to develop into many different types of tissues such as muscle, blood, nerve, heart, or even brain during early life and growth. Stem cell therapy uses such cells into damaged tissue for repair and regeneration. For those blinded due to ocular surface damage (caused by burns and chemical injuries) stem cell therapy is often the only option. "We have been using scaffolds such as amniotic membrane (tissue discarded after child birth) because without them stem cells will be washed away by body fluids. These scaffolds were causing rejection and infection," said Dr HN Madhavan, professor of microbiology and president, Vision Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya.
In 2003, a team of scientists identified a synthetic thermo-reversible gel, which liquefies when cooled. Mebiol gel, manufactured by a Japanese firm, was used as a scaffold to grow the rabbit's corneal stem cells. The stem cells of the cornea, located in an area called limbus, multiplied rapidly in the gel. "Once the growth was satisfactory, we put the petridish in the refrigerator. The gel liquefied and limbal stem cells settled down. We then separated the stem cells from the liquid," he said. The stem cells were then loosely injected into the eyes of 12 rabbits blinded due to ocular surface damage. The little amount of gel that remained with the stem cells kept it glued to the site.
"It's impossible to completely get rid of the liquid. Some liquid remains in the cell. Since human body is warm enough, the liquid turns into gel. This is enough to help the cell stick to the surface and multiply. In nine months, we saw vision completely restored in seven of the animals and partially restored in three of them. The other two rabbits did not show significant response. But in all the rabbits the stem cells were multiplying," he said. The study was published in Tissue Engineering, an international journal. The two institutions filed for a patent on March 28, 2005. "We had to face more than seven challenges. Finally, we were given the patent for the process," said Dr Madhavan.
The hospital sees 6,000 patients with such eye injuries. "Every year, we diagnose at least 125 patients with Stevens Johnson Syndrome, common cause for ocular surface damage and more than 75 new patients with chemical injuries," he said.


By David A. Norris
The Dogs Regulation Act for Ireland was passed by the British Parliament in 1865 and took effect Jan. 1, 1866.
Passage of this act created a new revenue stamp collecting specialty.
Every year, dog owners in Ireland had to obtain new licenses for their animals. The cost was 2 shillings for each dog, plus 6 pence for each license.
Payments were represented by affixing revenue stamps to the license forms. Thus, each Irish dog license had two different kinds of stamps: one for the dog, and one for the license itself.
Connect with Linn’s Stamp News:
Owners of more than one dog had to buy a 2sh stamp for each animal, so examples exist of license documents with multiples of those stamps.
However, no matter how many dogs one owned, the license required only one 6-penny stamp.
The 1866 act was a response to countless complaints of livestock killings that were blamed on loose dogs.
Police stations and courts of petty sessions kept registry books with descriptions of dogs, with the names and addresses of their owners.
Hundreds of Irish dog registry books dating from 1866 to 1922 still exist. These annually updated lists of dog owners are extensive enough to make a useful genealogical resource.
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There were two different types of dog license stamps.
What one might call the “dog tax” was paid with pictorial revenues showing an Irish wolfhound.
Pictured here is a used 2sh Irish Wolfhound dog license stamp. “License Two Shillings” appears across the bottom of the stamp.
The 2sh stamps are the most common, but there were also 10sh and 20sh stamps to accommodate owners of multiple dogs. In 1919, the fee was raised to 4sh per dog, and stamps were redesigned to reflect the new 4sh rate. The 6p stamps were petty sessions revenue stamps, overprinted with the words “for dog licence.”
Until Irish independence in 1922, these stamps appeared with portraits of Queen Victoria, Edward VII, and George V.
After Irish independence, dog license revenues remained in use in Northern Ireland. The “per dog” stamp fee rose to 4sh. These later stamps appear with overprints reading “Northern Ireland.” Petty sessions stamps of Northern Ireland picturing George V and George VI were overprinted “for dog licence.”
After decimalization, a 20p stamp with Elizabeth II’s portrait appeared in 1971. Dog license stamps were eliminated in 1983.
Irish dog licenses, with their revenue stamps, show up fairly often on eBay and might also be found in the dealers’ stocks of revenue stamps as well as paper ephemera.


Just last month, Texas passed a law aimed at curbing the epidemic of cyberbullying in the state’s schools. All states have various laws that can be applied in certain bullying situations, but parents are finding with the new onslaught of cyberbullying there are loopholes that often prevent victims from ending up as tragic headlines.
Technology has done wonders for our connectedness as a society, but unfortunately it also makes bullying easier, more anonymous, more permanent, and often also very deadly.
Victims are often reluctant to come forward
Fewer than half of younger kids who experience cyberbullying from peers tell their parents, and the number gets smaller as victims get older. Of adults who experienced harassment online, only 39% took steps to respond.
“One of the largest issues in dealing with cyber bullying is how widespread it is through society,” says Digijaks CEO and founder Alan W. Silberberg. “Don’t stand alone. Ask for help from family, friends, work colleagues, social media friends. Push back.”
The difference between cyberbullying and cyber harassment
The main difference between cyberbullying and cyber harassment is age. When both bully and the bullied are minors it is considered cyberbullying. Meanwhile, if either the harasser or the harassed are adults, it is considered cyber harassment. Motives for either situation vary widely and can include boredom, misplaced anger, or even sadistic pleasure in harming others.
Cyberbullying is also much more likely to be perpetrated by someone the victim knows well – kids are 7x more likely to be cyberbullied by current or former friends or romantic interests than just some random stranger. Almost the opposite is true of adults who are cyber harassed – more than a third are harassed by people they don’t know at all, and just under a third are harassed by people who are concealing their identities.
Who is being bullied and harassed online?
There is a definite bias in who is being bullied and harassed online. Perhaps not surprisingly LGBTQ students report higher rates of cyberbullying than cisgendered students. Nonwhite students are also more likely than white students to experience cyberbullying.
But the biggest disparity is between genders – girls are 2.6 times more likely to be cyberbullied than boys, while women are 2 times more likely to be harassed online than men, and 53% of women report receiving unwanted sexually explicit images online.
Cyberbullying and cyber harassment can often be worse than in person
Cyberbullying and online harassment can get out of hand really fast. Even if it is not the intention of the bullier to escalate the situation, the ease of posting, reposting, and fanning the flames means the situation can easily grow much larger than anyone ever suspected it could. What’s more, oftentimes these posts stay there forever, an archived reminder of hatred and spite. There are often refrains of “just turn off the computer and walk away!”
Unfortunately in this day and age people need to be online, even on social media, for their jobs and their liveliehoods, as well as to keep in touch with family members. Kids need to be able to get online to do homework and projects. Just walking away isn’t going to solve anything, which makes cyberbullying and online harassment even more pervasive.
Cyberbullying and online harassment can often have serious consequences for the victim. Tactics include things like doxxing (sometimes also spelled doxing), which involves publishing details of a person’s life such as their address or place of work without their consent.
Imping involves impersonating a target with the intent to humiliate them, while exclusion involves posting about things the victim is purposefully being excluded from. Flaming is starting arguments and using abusive language, while happy slapping is a tactic whereby damaging photos and videos of a target are posted to embarrass them online.
There are long term consequences to cyberbullying and online harassment
We hear all too often tragic headlines about cyberbullying that could have been prevented that ended in tragedy. We hear all too often about women being harassed online to the point they fear for their safety. Cyberbullying and online harassment have severe long term consequences.
It can cause kids to get bad grades and use drugs and alcohol, and it can cause adults to suffer serious damage to their reputations. If you or someone you know is experiencing cyberbullying or online harassment, tell someone. Get some help dealing with it. It won’t go away if you ignore it like schoolyard bullying often will. Learn more about dealing with cyberbullying and online harassment.
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Research Notes & Special Studies by the Historian's Office
Research Note #6:
|The start of Social Security payroll reporting
in January 1937 required the issuance of Social Security Numbers
to 26 million American workers; the assignment of 3.5 million Employer
Identification Numbers; the development of a centralized system
of record keeping that included a Visible Index listing the name
and number of every covered worker and taking up 24,000 square feet
of floor space--all in an era before the advent of computers. In
fact, the weight of the paper records involved was so massive that
no building in Washington had floors sturdy enough to hold it and
the records had to be housed in an old Coca-Cola factory in Baltimore.
It was described in news accounts of the time as "the largest
bookkeeping operation in the history of the world."
During the initial planning of the new program, directed by Secretary of Labor Frances Perkins, there was serious concern that the task was undoable. Indeed, a French industrial expert hired to advise the government, concluded simply: "It can't be done. The government should just abandon the whole idea." Frances Perkins recounted the day she finally concluded the experts were wrong: "The IBM hadn't invented the machines you all operate so easily. And I want you to realize that it took some courage. . . to launch the program without the IBM machines. I would like to add that under any circumstances I was always a bit nervous about it, and I remember the day that Arthur Altmeyer, who was then First Assistant Secretary of Labor, walked into my office and said, 'You know I think we found it.' Because he had been talking about, you know, handwritten pieces of records and how they were to be organized and stacked up, 'I think we've found it. These new IBM machines, I believe they can do it.' And so out of that really inventive group, that worked in the IBM research group,we found a way by which this could be done."
The "new IBM machines" Secretary Perkins had in mind was principally the IBM 077 Collator. This was a machine developed by IBM expressly for the new Social Security program and deployed to this task in early 1937. According to the IBM account salesman, H.J. McDonald, IBM President Tom Watson had ordered the development of the Collator because he was concerned that the government would not otherwise be able to meet its obligations under the new Social Security program.
The Social Security Administration (SSA) operated the IBM Collater, and a variety of other mechancial card-punch and tabulating devices, throughout the 1930s and 40s. In 1950, SSA deployed its first electronic computing device, an IBM 604 Electronic Calculator, which was used to do benefit computations. In August 1955, SSA received its first large-scale, general-purpose, computer, an IBM 705. The unassembled machine was delivered to SSA in August 1955, but it then underwent a long period where it was being assembled and tested by IBM technicians before the machine was certified as fully functional and it was turned over to SSA staff to start using it. That happened in March 1956. So SSA had its first general-purpose computer in August 1955, but it was not operational until the following March. The 705 gradually took over most of the accounting functions associated with the Social Security program, and continued in use until the 1960s when later generations of electronic computers replaced it.


LINDA WERTHEIMER, host:
Among teenagers the rates for pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases are going up. Prevention messages don't seem to be getting through to young people. The statistics raise questions about the approaches used to keep teens from engaging in risky sexual behavior. NPR's Brenda Wilson reports.
BRENDA WILSON: For much of the 1990s high school students put off having sex, according to Lori Gavin, a researcher with the Federal Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
Ms. LORI GAVIN (Researcher, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention): You see overall patterns, through the '90s and early 2000s, of general improvements in the sexual reproductive health of our young people.
WILSON: That was especially true for younger teens. If, for example, you looked at surveys of African American teens whose birth rates have always been the highest, sexual activity dropped from 59.3 percent in 1991 to 46 percent in 2007. And most teens who had sex said they used a condom. As a result, teen births and abortions declined, the steepest occurring among black adolescents.
But in 2006 something happened. Adolescent birth rates rose two years in a row. The largest increase was among black teens.
Ms. GAVIN: You know, there's been a lot of talk what does this increased teen birth rate mean - these last two years. And I think the fact that we're starting to see again some trends in these other outcomes this is a reinforcement that there might really be something very real going on.
WILSON: The other outcomes include continuing high rates of sexually transmitted infections. One million young people infected in 2006. While the country became embroiled in controversy over sex education and abstinence-only programs, some experts say that research on young people's sexual behavior lagged. They say programs have not kept up with teens, particularly their use of technology.
Irwin Royster does outreach for Planned Parenthood at the Ophelia Egypt Center in one of Washington, D.C.'s poorest neighborhoods.
Mr. IRWIN ROYSTER (Planned Parenthood): This is what the youth are reporting to us. First of all, I don't have access to prophylactics. Ok? There is no one teaching me in school how to protect myself. I didn't learn about this in school.
WILSON: Royster says the kids are getting information from their peers, from videos and they spend a lot of time at the center on the computer. But what they're learning is not always helpful. He turned to 20-year-old Pierre Whiting and 19-year-old Ivan Bradley to ask them what they see going on.
Mr. ROYSTER: You guys, I would say over the course of five years do you think teen pregnancy has decreased or increased?
Mr. PIERRE WHITING: Increased.
Mr. IVAN BRADLEY: Increased.
Mr. WHITING: People are pregnant everyday.
Mr. ROYSTER: Everyday?
Mr. BRADLEY: Yeah, and some of them think it's like - if they see one of their friends pregnant that they've got to get pregnant, because they think it's like a little cool way to fit in.
Mr. ROYSTER: What about HIV?
Mr. BRADLEY: I'd say for HIV I say it decreased.
Mr. WHITING: It decreased.
Mr. ROYSTER: Decreased?
WILSON: Actually, no. Rates of HIV and other sexually transmitted infections among young black men are increasing. The young men Royster works with are a mixture of sophistication and misinformation. With repetition Irwin Royster tries to drive home the facts.
Mr. ROYSTER: Now, do they understand the correlation between unprotected sex -and we know that you've had unprotected sex if you had a baby - and HIV?
Mr. WHITING:: Oh, I think they don't get the point.
Mr. ROYSTER: They don't get the point?
Mr. WHITING:: Mm-hmm.
WILSON: And he shows them other worlds that they don't want to miss out on.
Mr. ROYSTER: We look beyond just teen pregnancy prevention. We look at goal setting - where teens see themselves five, ten, fifteen years from now. We're going to make sure that all of our kids have access to college and to have the ability to go away.
WILSON: Royster wants policy makers to know that sexual and reproductive health problems get in the way of so many young people's future and they haven't gone away.
Brenda Wilson, NPR News.
(Soundbite of music)
WERTHEIMER: This is MORNING EDITION from NPR News. I'm Linda Wertheimer.
NPR transcripts are created on a rush deadline by Verb8tm, Inc., an NPR contractor, and produced using a proprietary transcription process developed with NPR. This text may not be in its final form and may be updated or revised in the future. Accuracy and availability may vary. The authoritative record of NPR’s programming is the audio record.


It’s happened with predictable regularity, every spring since International Bird Rescue Research Center (IBRRC) opened its center in San Pedro in 2001. The staff at the center, which specializes in seabirds, and especially California brown pelicans, calls it DA; short for Domoic Acid. The staff braces for the dead and dying birds they know will come, every spring.
This spring is different. It’s much worse, affecting more species of birds, pinepeds and possibly even whales. Beaches are littered with dead birds, seals, dolphins, otters, and in Santa Barbara a 29 foot sperm whale washed ashore. The reasons for the deaths are not entirely certain, however, many of the animals tested were positive for domoic acid poisoning.
Jay Holcomb, IBRRC’s director has many questions, but not enough answers. “I have been doing this work for 35 years and I have never seen anything like this as far as the number of species affected, other than an oil spill,” Holcomb said. “We have very serious concerns about what is happening to seabirds, and how it may affect populations, especially California brown pelicans, who are heading into breeding season. The loss of breeding adults at this time may impact the next generation as well,” Holcomb said. (California brown pelicans are still on the Endangered Species List, but have been petitioned for de-listing).
Pelicans with domoic acid poisoning, which affects the brain, can have seizures while flying, causing them to literally fall from the sky. Some have crashed into car windshields or ended up in places they shouldn’t be, like airport runways and freeways. Holcomb believes many seabirds having seizures out at sea drown, making it virtually impossible to count the bodies.
Although domoic acid is a naturally occurring toxin produced by microscopic algae, something is making recent blooms of the algae especially virulent. IBRRC is working closely with the Caron Laboratory at USC, providing body fluids from suspect birds for analysis. Professor Dave Caron and Assistant Research Professor Astrid Schnetzer test the waters off Southern California and alert the center when domoic acid is present. The staff then braces and prepares the ICU. The only way to save the birds is to flush the toxins out of their systems, a labor intensive process.
This spring dead birds began littering beaches in March. IBRRC rescue personnel walking the beaches reported “dead birds everywhere.” Species included grebes, gulls, cormorants, American avocets and loons. Not all test positive for DA. But other neurotoxins such as saxitoxin which can cause paralytic shellfish poisoning in humans, are also being examined by Dave Caron and Astrid Schnetzer. They are studying the birds with the help of IBRRC staff who provide fresh blood and body fluids of all sick birds. Long-time volunteer, Susan Kaveggia, orchestrates the sampling and has been instrumental in forging the relationship with USC.
The Marine Mammal Care Center, which is next door to IBRRC in Fort MacArthur, has been overwhelmed with sick seals and sea lions who eat the same fish as pelicans; anchovies and sardines. The fish eat the affected algae, which don’t kill them, but the animals that eat the fish get concentrated amounts, depending on how many affected fish they eat. Whether they live or die depends how much of the poison they ingest. Many of these sick animals have been tested by Caron and Schnetzer. More than half of those tested have been positive for DA over the past few days.
Humans have died from eating contaminated mussels. Many times people don’t know what made them sick so they don’t report it to health authorities. In humans, domoic acid poisoning can cause vomiting, nausea, diarrhea, abdominal cramps, headache, dizziness, confusion, disorientation, loss of short-term memory, motor weakness, seizures, cardiac arrhythmias, coma and possibly death. Short term memory loss is permanent, thus the name Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning. Birds and pinepeds exhibit similar symptoms. Because the toxin affects the brain, the long term effects of DA poisoning aren’t known, something that concerns Holcomb.
“In my opinion, domoic acid is the new DDT,” Holcomb said. “If the effects of DA poisoning are cumulative in the brain, and we don’t know that yet, it could have serious consequences on the population of California Brown Pelicans. As of this point, we just don’t know.”
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Cocaine (coke) is a powerful, mostly illicit stimulant drug that when abused, can cause widespread devastation in the life of the user. While coke withdrawal may not be as intense as withdrawal from other drugs, such as heroin, it can come with its own set of unique challenges.
Moreover, withdrawal from some substances, such as alcohol and benzodiazepines, can induce severe physical symptoms. Coke withdrawal, however, result in mostly psychological symptoms.
include the following:
- Poor concentration and foggy thinking
- Slowed activity and physical fatigue
- Inability to experience sexual arousal (reduced libido)
- Anhedonia, or the inability to experience pleasure
- Depression, anxiety, suicidal ideations
- Unpleasant and vivid dreams
- Physical symptoms including chills, tremors, muscle aches, and nerve pain
- Drug cravings
When is Medical Detox Beneficial?
While a detox from cocaine may be undertaken as an outpatient, inpatient medical detox is recommended in some circumstances. For example, if there have been multiple attempts to detox and the person subsequently relapsed, the around-the-clock supervision provided by an inpatient medical detox can be invaluable.
Also, if a person suffers from a co-existing mental health condition, such as depression or anxiety, a medical detox followed by integrated inpatient addiction treatment can address both withdrawal management and mental health needs.
One of the more severe withdrawal effects that can result from acute coke withdrawal is an increased risk of suicidal thoughts and behaviors. People who try to stop using cocaine after long-term abuse or addiction has developed can experience severe depression and wild mood swings, including thoughts of suicide.
With chronic, routine cocaine use, the brain grows accustomed to an abnormal amount of dopamine. Over time, the reward circuit is interrupted and becomes less sensitive to dopamine – this is called tolerance. At this point, the person needs increasing amounts of cocaine to feel the desired effects – without it, they may feel deeply depressed and discontented with life.
If a person has a history of depression or suicidal ideations, medical detox is often recommended to ensure the patient is safe and protected during the withdrawal process.
Most of the symptoms of acute coke withdrawal should resolve after about 7-10 days. However, like with many psychoactive substances, cravings for cocaine may continue for much longer and could spontaneously reemerge, months or years after the person achieves abstinence.
Cocaine has a fairly short half-life, and among people with a severe dependence, withdrawal symptoms can onset as soon as 90 minutes after the last use.
The timeline for withdrawal symptoms will vary somewhat depending on the individual and factors such as the following:
Duration of Use and Average Dose
People who have abused cocaine for a relatively short period are less likely to have prolonged, intense withdrawal symptoms. People who have used cocaine for many years, however, may suffer from lingering withdrawal symptoms that persist for weeks.
Also, those who have used very large doses may suffer more intense withdrawal symptoms than someone who typically used lower amounts.
Polysubstance Dependence and Co-occurring Mental Health Conditions
A person who has developed a dependence to more than one substance may encounter withdrawal symptoms associated with both, potentially complicating the progression of withdrawal symptoms and adversely intensifying the experience of the person undergoing detox.
Also, people who abuse substances commonly suffer from one or more co-occurring mental or physical health conditions such as depression, anxiety, an eating disorder, or cardiovascular disease. Similar to polydrug abuse, these additional conditions may also complicate the coke withdrawal process.
If coke was used to escape from a stressful or traumatic environment, stress might trigger the desire to use again. Therefore, environmental factors that cause stress, such as relationship issues, work challenges, or other factors may intensify cravings for cocaine, and complicate the withdrawal process.
Treatment for Coke Withdrawal
Unlike some substances, such as opioids and alcohol, there are currently no medications approved by the FDA for the treatment of coke withdrawal. However, some medications may help people lessen both acute and long-term withdrawal symptoms.
For example, pharmaceuticals used to treat depression and anxiety could be beneficial to those undergoing cocaine withdrawal, as they work well to stabilize moods and prevent worse outcomes. These could be especially helpful for people whose withdrawal symptoms persist longer than a week.
After detox, patients are highly encouraged to undergo intensive addiction treatment in either a partial hospitalization or outpatient program and take advantage of comprehensive, evidence-based treatments such as behavioral therapy, counseling, group support, and education. Research has shown that programs that meet these conditions result in the best outcomes for those seeking to overcome addiction.
You CAN restore happiness and harmony in your life, free of drugs and alcohol! Contact us today to find out how we can help!


Scientists nurturing only plant of its kind
For more than 20 years NIWA scientists have been nurturing three plants that are the only examples of their kind in existence.
Hamilton-based freshwater ecologists Paul Champion and Mary de Winton retrieved the rare species of the quillwort family – an aquatic submerged plant from Lake Omapere, Northland in the late 1990s and have kept them alive in the hope they may one day be returned.
Quillworts are primitive aquatic relatives of ferns, with this variety first discovered in Lake Omapere in 1972 living in mud between rocks in shallow areas of the lake.
Omapere, 4km north of Kaikohe, is the largest lake in Northland at 1,230 hectares and has had a chequered history environmentally. Treasured by Maori, and once an abundant provider of freshwater mussels, crayfish and eels, it has been prone to toxic algae blooms and submerged vegetation collapse which has badly affected water quality.
In summer it has a maximum depth of just 1.5m leaving it shallow and unstable. Egeria, or oxygen weed invaded the lake in 1984, growing quickly and destroying other animal and plant habitats. The lake then collapsed.
A long period of algal blooms followed but by 1998 it was on the brink of collapse again as the oxygen weed had re-established in the lake.
“We decided we needed to act. If we hadn’t rescued the plants then they would have been lost and it was important to get some material to propagate,” Mr Champion says.
Three plants were removed and taken to a NIWA facility at Ruakura where they were planted in lake sediment covered with sand. Genetic studies showed the plants are distinct from other populations of quillwort and are regarded as extinct in the wild and listed as nationally critically endangered by the Department of Conservation.
The plants were left to reproduce on their own but just grew bigger and bigger without making new plants – until now. They have finally begun to produce new plants. “You can see why they’re rare,” says Champion.
In the intervening years grass carp have been introduced to Lake Omapere to control the invasive oxygen weed and an extensive restoration programme undertaken by the Lake Omapere Trustees. The lake is now doing better but as long as the grass carp are present the quillwort can’t go back. To complicate the issue, egeria has also recently started to regrow in the lake.
Mr Champion says that for the past five to six years NIWA has been working with the Lake Omapere Trustees to find a home for the quillwort in Northland. This week they are meeting again to discuss possible sites for relocation.
“There are a few places which may be suitable, but we need to investigate things like water level fluctuations and the presence of non-native plants. It is also possible we could replant into areas of Omapere but there are many confounding factors. Ultimately it will be up to the trustees to decide but I would really like to see some insurance populations kept elsewhere.”
Mr Champion says he feels a real connection with the quillwort.
“Thinking about the consequences of not collecting the plants when we did is quite satisfying, but also NIWA being the sole guardian is quite a concern”.
“I will be really happy when it finally gets back to its home in Omapere, hopefully sooner rather than later.” Trustees of the Lake Omapere Trust are working together with NIWA in support of its return to Lake Omapere when the conditions are right.


“Women will run the 21st Century….
This is going to be the women’s century and young people are going to be its leaders.”
Bella Abzug, April 1997
Bella S. Abzug (1920-1998) was one of the most influential and recognizable female politicians and leaders of the late 20th century.
Congresswoman Bella Abzug was an activist her entire life, beginning in early adolescence when she delivered impassioned speeches in the subways for causes she championed. After an acclaimed career as a civil rights lawyer, peace activist and political organizer, the Hunter College and Columbia Law School graduate sought public office for the first time at age 50 under her famous slogan: “This woman’s place is in the House – the House of Representatives.” She decisively won election to Congress in 1970 beating an 18-year incumbent to represent Manhattan’s West Side and Lower East Side. Bella helped to bring billions of dollars in public works and transportation funding to New York City and New York State and authored or co-authored several historic bills, including Title IX, a bill prohibiting sex discrimination in educational opportunities by schools receiving Federal funding assistance (though Title IX did not mention athletics, it became known most prominently for its impact on high school and college sports), the Freedom of Information Act, and the first law banning discrimination against women with respect to obtaining credit.
Bella also chaired historic hearings on government secrecy. She was voted by her colleagues the third most influential member of the House as reported in the U.S. News and World Report. Bella was known for her keen intelligence, her flamboyance and her colorful wide-brimmed hats. Often recognized by these vibrant hats, Bella reminded all who admired them: “It’s what’s under the hat that counts!”
Ms. Abzug was the first woman to run for the U.S. Senate from New York. After losing the Senate race to Patrick Moynihan in 1976 (by less than 1 percent!), Bella ran for Mayor of New York City in 1977, becoming the first woman ever to run for that office. As a result of her groundbreaking campaigns for higher office, Bella is often credited with paving the way for women aspiring to even higher levels of office, and opening doors to power for all women and especially to generations of women leaders in politics and government. Increasingly influential on the national and world stages, Bella went on to serve as Chairwoman of President Carter’s National Women’s Advisory Council. In that capacity, Bella, among other accomplishments, presided over the first National Conference on Women in Houston in 1977 where 2,000 elected delegates from every state and territory in the U.S. and 18,000 observers attended and developed a precedent-setting National Platform of Action for women.
As a pioneering attorney, a highly effective member of Congress (D.NY) representing all of Manhattan’s West Side and the Lower East Side of Manhattan, and a leader in the global movement for women’s rights, Ms. Abzug has often been credited with “jumpstarting the international feminist movement.” Bella always moved deftly between community activism and government or institutional power by exercising her tactical brilliance, wit and charisma in the courts, the Congress, the United Nations and in the streets—yet she always preserved her fierce integrity and never hesitated to take risks on behalf of her ideals. She was skilled at translating her visions and altruistic hopes into pragmatic solutions. She was the author of two successful books, “Bella: Ms. Abzug Goes to Washington” and “The Gender Gap,” the latter co-authored with friend and colleague, Mim Kelber. She also lectured widely throughout the United States and internationally, tirelessly campaigning for the rights of women.
Ever open to new approaches, Bella continually devised innovative strategies to further her vision of equality and power for women in the United States and abroad. In the last decade of her life, in the early 1990’s, she co-founded the Women’s Environment and Development Organization (WEDO), one of the largest non-governmental organizations working in the United Nations and internationally to achieve full economic rights and equal representation for women. Bella led WEDO until her death, at age 77, in 1998. She was inducted into the Women’s Hall of Fame in Seneca Falls and is the recipient of numerous prestigious national and international awards. A year before her death, Bella received the highest civilian recognition and honor at the U.N., the Blue Beret Peacekeepers Award. Bella was married to her beloved husband Martin for 42 years. Together they raised two daughters, Eve and Liz (Isobel).


Officials Hope Canal Project Improves Florida Bay
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FLORIDA CITY (CBSMiami/AP) — There’s a major move Friday to improve the health of the ailing Florida Bay.
The South Florida Water Management District is officially dedicating the so-called C-111 Spreader Canal Friday as part of a long-awaited Everglades restoration project.
The project plugs an existing canal and pumps 290 million gallons of water each day to build a kind of wall of water at the eastern edge of the Everglades National Park.
Officials say the barrier will keep freshwater from seeping into urban areas. Instead, it will flow southwest through the park into Florida Bay, where high salinity levels threaten marine life.
The project falls under the Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan that Congress approved in 2000.
Meanwhile, Everglades activists, elected officials and business leaders are meeting in Coral Gables to discuss state and federal restoration projects.
(TM and © Copyright 2013 CBS Radio Inc. and its relevant subsidiaries. CBS RADIO and EYE Logo TM and Copyright 2013 CBS Broadcasting Inc. Used under license. All Rights Reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed. The Associated Press contributed to this report.)


Background: For nearly three decades, policy makers and researchers in the United States have promoted more intellectually rigorous standards for mathematics teaching and learning. Yet, to date, we have limited descriptive evidence on the extent to which reform-oriented instruction has been enacted at scale.
Purpose: The purpose of the study is to examine the prevalence of reform-aligned mathematics instructional practices in five U.S. school districts. We also seek to describe the range of instruction students experience by presenting case studies of teachers at high, medium, and low levels of reform alignment.
Participants: We draw on 1,735 video-recorded lessons from 329 elementary teachers in these five U.S. urban districts.
Research Design: We present descriptive analyses of lesson scores on a mathematics-focused classroom observation instrument. We also draw on interviews with district personnel, rater-written lesson summaries, and lesson video to develop case studies of instructional practice.
Findings: We find that teachers in our sample do use reform-aligned instructional practices, but they do so within the confines of traditional lesson formats. We also find that the implementation of these instructional practices varies in quality. Furthermore, the prevalence and strength of these practices corresponds to the coherence of district efforts at instructional reform.
Conclusions: Our findings suggest that, unlike other studies in which reform-oriented instruction rarely occurred, reform practices do appear to some degree in study classrooms. In addition, our analyses suggest that implementation of these reform practices corresponds to the strength and coherence of district efforts to change instruction.


Escaping the scourge of female genital mutilation in Tanzania: a Maasai girls’ school provides scholarships for those at risk
Date: 28 November 2012
“You need to be circumcised to be married, so that if you get pregnant you don't bring shame to your family, explains Nengai, a proud, 26-year-old school teacher. In Gelai, the rural village where she grew up, all of the girls she knew were circumcised, usually after they completed primary school.”
Her own mother came from a poor family and was married at just 9 years of age to a man with four wives — the man who would become Nengai's father. As it is for countless girls in the region, when Nengai finished her primary education, history looked certain to repeat itself with chilling symmetry. Her father wanted her to be circumcised “so I could get married to a rich man, who already had four wives, in exchange for some cows.”
According to the World Health Organization, around 140 million women and girls are living with the consequences of circumcision, also known as female genital mutilation (FGM) around the world, most of them in Africa. It is often linked to early marriage and the end of a girl's education. When she has been ‘circumcised,' sometimes as young as 9 years of age, a girl is deemed ready to be married, and will attract an often sorely-needed dowry, paid in cattle to the family. FGM is often justified on the grounds that it is a ‘tradition', but it is internationally recognised as a human rights violation. Besides the physical and emotional trauma associated with the procedure, FGM carries an increased risk of HIV/AIDS transmission, as instruments are often shared, as well as the risk of infection or prolonged bleeding, which can even result in death.
Nengai remembers being scared, but says she didn't know how horrible the procedure would be. Traumatised and frightened, she spoke to her mother, who told her of the suffering she faced and the beatings she endured as a child bride. “Run away, my mother told me.”
Nengai ran, and sought refuge with one of her teachers, who risked her own safety by taking her to the Maasai Girls' Lutheran Church Secondary School in Monduli. Since completing her education and training as a teacher, Nengai now works in the nearby regions of Arusha and Manyara, home to large Maasai populations, where UN Women's partner organisation, the Maasai Women Development Organisation (MWEDO), has provided women and girls with education for years.
At the MWEDO girls' school near the town of Arusha, 86 girls -many of whom would otherwise have been circumcised and/or married- have been identified and given scholarships with full board to ensure they complete a minimum level of education and can be worth more than the dowry to their families.
Narau, 15, a girl in Nengai's class, says that “It makes me sad to hear her [Nengai's] story, but I'm grateful that she is my teacher because she can relate to us. She knows what it's like. I'm not married, but if it wasn't for the school, I would be married and have children by now.”
Her classmate, 14-year-old Mereso, says her mother and brother were elated when she was awarded a scholarship at MWEDO three years ago.
“But my father was upset, she admits. “He had planned for me to be married immediately — as soon as I finished primary school.”
But education has widened her horizons. “My favourite subject at school is history, learning about the colonial economy, about resistance and collaboration. I'm inspired by my country's history, and I want to become a lawyer so I can advocate and stop young girls from being married.”
As part of this year's 16 Days of Activism Campaign against Gender Violence, UN Women and the UN Tanzania Inter-Agency Gender Group are supporting the ‘Caravan for Change’, a bus loaded with 25 activists, journalists and NGO staff who are organizing forums, radio events, dance performances and other activities to support the country's legislation outlawing FGM. The Caravan left the capital, Dar es-Salaam, on 26 November and will stop in several villages en route to Tarime, a district in the Mara region where an FGM procession is expected to take place on 1 December. During even-numbered years, it is customary for many tribes to start such ‘processions’ in which thousands of girls are mutilated publicly, in violation of Tanzanian law.”


Cryptocurrency as broadly defined is a virtual form of currency that remains largely intangible. Even though some cryptocurrencies have gotten into credit cards and other physical projects.
Crypto in cryptocurrency refers to the complex cryptography which allows for the creation of digital currencies and their transaction.
The first of these was Bitcoin, which was first mined in 2009. Since then, however, there have emerged different types of cryptocurrencies, with over 10,000 in existence as of November 2021.
But which of these should you know of?
Ethereum, unlike Bitcoin, is not intended to be an alternative monetary system. Rather, facilitate and monetize the operation of the Ethereum smart contract and dApp platform. Thus, if you want an alternative for currencies, Bitcoin is for you but if you want a program for use in different areas like NFTs, then Ethereum is for you.
Polkadot is another newer cryptocurrency. The crypto is based on an open-source code, meaning it is open for modification and redistribution. This open-source nature means that you can transfer data or assets across blockchains, allowing you to connect with different blockchains within the Polka dot network.
Currently, Binance is the cryptocurrency with the largest exchange worldwide in daily volumes of cryptocurrencies, with over 1.4 million transactions per second. However, in terms of market capitalization, meaning the total value of the company’s stock shares, it is behind Bitcoin, Ethereum, and USD Tether.
Currently, the crypto is issued by the Binance exchange and trades, with the BNB symbol. The token, when used as a means of payment, can be traded at a discount.
Tether is one of the first cryptocurrencies that tried to pin their market value to an external reference point or physical currency to reduce volatility. These types of cryptocurrencies are called stable coins.
Tether attempts to smooth out the price fluctuation by directly tying their price to the U.S dollar. This system then, allows owners of Tether to make transfers from other cryptos back to U.S dollars without converting to normal currency.
Check out more articles.


Virtualisation has become an unstoppable trend in IT, promising not only better use of resources, but also ease of management, lower costs, more flexible systems and even smaller electricity bills.
But cramming multiple virtual machines onto a single physical server comes at a risk. If attackers can penetrate the software that orchestrates the whole virtual environment – the hypervisor, or virtual machine monitor – they can take control of every virtual machine under its control, and all the data stored on them.
Hypervisors are written to be robust and secure, but, like any other piece of software, they will inevitably contain vulnerabilities, which, if discovered by an attacker, could be exploited.
The key to hypervisor security, therefore, is to monitor events within the virtual environment, so any unusual behaviour can be flagged early.
For his MSc thesis at Royal Holloway University of London (RHUL), Fotios Tsifountidis, under the supervision of lecturer Geraint Price, set out to explore the different approaches organisations can use to monitor virtual environments – such as host-based or network-based intrusion protection systems.
In an article now published on SearchSecurity.co.UK, they outline the benefits and disadvantages of the two approaches, and propose a middle way for securing virtual machines that combines benefits of both, called virtual machine introspection.
If your company is deploying virtual systems, this article is essential reading.
The feature is one of five SearchSecurity.co.UK is publishing this year in collaboration with RHUL.
This was first published in May 2011


Talk to Your Kids about Cyberbullying
While understanding cyberbullying is a great first step towards prevention, it remains important for you to talk to your children directly about cyberbullying. The following are some guidelines to assist you in leading a family discussion regarding this sometimes uncomfortable topic.
Discuss the definition of cyberbullying including how your child can spot cyberbullying behaviors. Cyberbullying includes sending mean, hurtful, or threatening messages through an electronic form of communication. It can include the posting of embarrassing pictures of the victim and pretending to be someone online.
Review the appropriate steps to take if your child believes he is being cyberbullied including stopping return communications, keeping the communications to show an adult, and going to an adult to report the incident. Be sure to create and communicate very clear rules regarding when your children must come to you and report something that has happened to them online.
Remind children that The Golden Rule applies online just as it does in real life. Asking children to treat one another online the way they wish to be treated goes a long way in helping to prevent inappropriate online behavior.
Explain the potential long-term and even legal consequences of cyberbullying in order to clearly communicate the seriousness of the topic.
Create and communicate guidelines for your family’s online behavior. Just as each family has unique rules for everything from television watching to playdates, your family should set rules for online interactions.
Create and communicate clear consequences for breaking online rules. It is just as important to prevent your child from cyberbullying as it is to protect them from being cyberbullied. Consequences for online rule breaking are a key part of your family’s discussion of cyberbullying.
Set clear boundaries for technology use in your home including where and when technology can be used. Do not hesitate to make different rules for older and younger kids and include these evolving policies in your discussion.
Ask your children if they have ever been cyberbullied and how you can help them feel safer online including creating password protections on cell phones and other devices.
Remind your children that the lines of communication in your family are open, and that they can come to you any time with questions and concerns.


See attached file.
On an inclined plane at angle b from horizontal, a frictionless block, mass m, is placed behind and in contact with a uniform cylinder of radius R and mass M. Released from rest, the two objects remain in contact as the block slides and the cylinder rolls down the plane. Find a, the acceleration down the plane of the center of mass, in m/sec^2.
Knowns are: M= 6.4 kg, m= 3.2 kg, and angle b=30 degrees. Note that M= 2m.
SEE ATTACHMENT #1 for a diagram with parameters.
NOTE: Your knowledge of physics is mostly shown by writing a correct equation relating
the parameters involved in the solution of a problem. With this equation written, the substitution of known values and calculating the answer is mostly arithmetic.
Step 1. A very important part of a physics solution is knowing which forces exist and where they apply. To maximize your benefit, first show as arrows all existing forces on the ...
With a diagram and the formulas, the solution to the problem is carefully worked out.


Bordatella: Kennel Cough Symptoms And Treatments
Also referred to as Bordatella, kennel cough is the most common, and one of the most serious, upper respiratory infections in dogs. Not only is this disease common, but it is also highly contagious, especially if your dog has not been vaccinated. As a pet parent, you need to know the basics about kennel cough in dogs including the causes, symptoms, treatment options, and methods of prevention.
Related: Reverse Sneezing In Dogs
Kennel Cough Symptoms and Causes
There are several causes of kennel cough, also known as tracheobronchitis, but the two most common are the parainfluenza virus and mycoplasma. It is also thought that canine adenovirus type 2, canine herpes virus, and reovirus may also contribute to kennel cough. In many cases, the appearance of symptoms results from a combination of these causes. Parainfluenza virus typically results in mild symptoms that only last five or six days unless a secondary bacterial infection occurs. The most common bacteria seen in cases is Bordatella bronchiseptica and it typically causes kennel cough symptoms to manifest within two to 14 days of exposure.
The most common of the kennel cough symptoms is, of course, a dry hacking cough – in some cases, the cough is heavy enough to be followed by retching. Other kennel cough symptoms may include a watery discharge from the nose, lethargy, fever, loss of appetite, and pneumonia – only is the most serious of cases does kennel cough result in death. This is most commonly observed in puppies and in immunocompromised dogs. In mild cases of kennel cough, infected dogs typically continue to eat and behave normally.
Kennel cough is typically diagnosed through the observation of symptoms and through a history of exposure to other dogs, often in a kennel or rescue facility. In order to identify the individual agents involved in the disease, bacterial cultures and other tests may be performed. Once the diagnosis has been made, there are several treatment options for kennel cough: medical treatment with antibiotics, cough suppressants, steroids, and aerosol therapy. In mild cases of the disease, cough suppressants and antibiotics are most common. For severe cases, antibiotics are often used, especially if the dog is showing signs of pneumonia or if he has stopped eating. In severe cases, steroids and cough suppressants are generally avoided because the dog may be at risk for immunosuppression.
Perhaps the most common and effective method for preventing kennel cough in dogs is vaccination. Many vets will agree, however, that the only way to truly prevent kennel cough is to avoid exposing your dog to other dogs. Unfortunately, vaccination does not entirely protect your dog from contracting the disease, but it may help to lessen its severity. Certain vaccines can be used on puppies as young as three weeks of age and the puppy will be protected within three to four days of the vaccine. It is important to realize, that after vaccination dogs are capable of shedding the virus for several days – it takes up to four days for a dog to be protected after receiving vaccination. Once a dog has been vaccinated, a yearly booster is recommended – if the dog will be in regular contact with other dogs, however, a booster every six months may be recommended.
Kennel cough is a highly contagious and often serious disease that can affect dogs of all ages. The best way to protect your dog is to learn all you can about the disease and to have him vaccinated according to your vet’s recommendations.
Kate Barrington is the loving owner of two cats (Bagel and Munchkin) and a noisy herd of guinea pigs. Having grown up with golden retrievers, Kate has a great deal of experience with dogs but labels herself a lover of all pets. Having received a Bachelor's degree in English, Kate has combined her love for pets and her passion for writing to create her own freelance writing business, specializing in the pet niche.
More by Kate Barrington


|> Other English exercises on the same topics: Frequent mistakes | Idioms [Change theme]|
|> Similar tests: - Placement test beginners: Check your spelling - Past simple or present perfect - Although / in spite of / despite - Again/ back - FOR and its use - Differences between Like and As - Bill, tip, fare, fine, fee - Tall, high, great|
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(The) last or (the) latest
I) LAST is often used before the days of the week and before such words as: week, month, term , semester, year...
- Last Sunday/ last Thursday/ last year/ last May/ last winter/ (seasons are not capitalized)
a) (The) last is placed before numbers: (Be careful of the word order !)
- The last three exercises// the last five sentences// the last two warnings.
b) Last means: the person, or the thing arriving at the end.
- If I don't run faster now, I'll finish last in the race... I'm too late.
II) Last or the last: * last month = the month before, the preceding month - * the last month = the month ending a list or enumeration.
- Last month, he went to London on business.
- My parents will spend the last month of the year in Morocco.
a) The last person/ the last thing:
- The last thing I need is more work to do.
b) The only one left/ the last (quantity) of:
- «You can take the last biscuit... I'll buy another packet when I go shopping. »
III) (The) latest and not the last is used when it means the most recent and is likely to be followed by another one - or others;
- This machine is the latest in technology.
- Have you heard the latest news? Paul has won the lottery and will buy a new car...
It's your turn, now! Go for it! I give you THE FORCE!
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My Creation Bible
Teaching kids to trust the Bible from the very first verse.
"Children need to know that the history in the Bible is real and explains today's world. Fossils, death, moral issues, and even the question of different people groups are all answered in the Bible - and it is this vital biblical foundation that children need as they grow up in a world increasingly hostile to God's truth." - Ken Ham
This book is uniquely written to explain the Bible for today's children who are often confused by the conflict between the Bible and evolutionary beliefs that try to dismiss it. Ken Ham, in a powerful series of rhymes, summarizes the main events of the Bible and gives answers that not only help children be secure in their beliefs but also prepares them to defend their faith.
This delightfully illustrated book for young children:
- Covers the Bible's history of Creation and sin
- Details the Flood of Noah, the Tower of Babel, and more!
- Connects sin that began in the Garden of Eden to the need for Christ to offer us salvation
- Includes FREE music download!
26 page board book
Written by Ken Ham
Illustrated by Jonathan Taylor
"And that from childhood you have known the Holy Scriptures, which are able to make you wise for salvation through faith which is in Christ Jesus" 2 Timothy 3:15


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Deeply held mexican values richard “aria: different stages in americans like to talk he constant. Americans like to talk about the importance of family values, says rodriguez but america isn't a country of family values richard rodriguez. Family values richard rodriguez analysis essay 2012 family values because of the opposing cultures and ideas that collide in the mind of richard rodriguez, his. Answer to this is an academic summary of an essay by richard rodriguez boy from a working class family richard and values that they can pass on to.


While it may sound counter-intuitive, drinking warm or room temperature water in the summer heat is actually better for your body than iced beverages.
The body has its own cooling mechanisms like sweat and breathing, so it doesn’t need ice water to cool off on a hot summer day. For centuries, cultures in Asia, Africa and around the world actually drank hot tea when it was hottest outside, and still do to this day.
But why? Who wants to drink hot tea when it’s 100°F (37°C) out? What is it about cold foods that our bodies just do not agree with? Well, because the body is between 70%-80% fluid, any fluids that are consumed become part of the whole. When the majority of the fluid we consume happens to be cold, that can make it harder for our bodies to properly circulate blood, among other dysfunctions.
If we can bring heat to our bellies (any time of year) then that will help increase the flow of cool water energy
to the rest of the body. This increases core temperature and helps us maintain a state of homeostasis
in which our bodies better adapt to extreme outside temperatures.
On a hot summer day, iced drinks can cool you down in the moment and can be very needed at times if you’re overheating, for example. But for long-term maintenance of a regulated temperature originating from the inside, making a habit of drinking warming drinks on a regular basis will improve your overall health.
Try this refreshing ginger lemonade to warm the belly while allowing the rest of your body to cool off this summer.
Honey Ginger Lemonade Recipe
Nature provides many gifts which are designed to warm our insides and establish the ideal inner temperature, and ginger is one of them. Ginger is naturally warming and soothing to the body which helps in digestion, nausea, insomnia, and many other ailments.
Here’s what you’ll need:
Makes 10 servings of about 8 ounces each.
½ cup honey
⅓ cup sliced fresh ginger
1 ½ cups fresh lemon juice
8 cups of water
A few mint leaves (for garnish)
Combine 2 cups of water and ginger in a medium saucepan and bring to a boil at medium-high heat for 2 minutes.
Turn the stove off and remove the pan from the heat, stirring in the honey.
Let it steep for 10 minutes, and once it reaches room temperature, put it in the refrigerator to chill.
When you are ready to serve, remove from the fridge and transfer to a pitcher with 6 cups of water and the lemon juice, and stir. Add some stevia if you prefer a sweeter taste, and more lemon for less sweet.
Sprinkle the mint leaves on top and enjoy!
Adding some fresh ginger to your summer drink is a refreshing way to keep the inner balance of the body stable and even fight disease.