Restless leg syndrome is something that troubles a lot of people. It makes the legs itch, and the only thing that relieves the itch is to move them. If that weren’t bad enough, the itching gets worse at night; therefore, sufferers of Restless Leg Syndrome can’t stop moving their legs around while trying to sleep.
Thankfully, recent research has found that there seem to be no pathological changes in the brains of people with Restless Leg Syndrome. That is, there is no loss or damage of brain cells, as is the case in Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s.
As for the cause of Restless Leg Syndrome, it appears that cells in a section of the brain are simply not getting enough iron. These patients’ brains are lacking a specific receptor that transports iron. They get enough iron to keep the brain cells alive, but not enough to keep them functioning well, hence the itching sensation that gives the patient the urge to move his or her legs. Because it’s a matter of the receptor for iron malfunctioning, iron supplements are not the answer. While scientists are still working on developing a definitive treatment, there are medications your doctor can prescribe that may help ease the symptoms.


Hardiness Zones – Which One Are We In?
Q: I have seen several different Hardiness Zone maps for Georgia. Which one should I use to determine which plants will grow here?
A: You’re right – it’s confusing. Read below to get an overview but click here to find your personal Hardiness Zone by ZIP Code.
The zone map story actually begins in Germany, in the early 1800’s, where a geographer used lines, called isotherms, to delineate regions of equal temperatures in Europe.
The United States Department of Agriculture in 1960 mapped and divided the U.S. into ten zones based on a 10 degree difference in the average annual minimum temperature between each zone. 1960 US Hardiness Map
Zone 1 included parts of Alaska where their two growing seasons are divided into “winter and the Fourth of July” . Zone 10 encompassed areas in Florida where long pants are considered cold weather dress.
Georgia was divided into three parts, placing us in Zone 7 (north Georgia) Zone 8 (middle Georgia) and Zone 9(south Georgia).
The hardiness map was revised in 1990, dividing each original zone into two sub-zones, contrasting with each other by only a 5 degree difference in winter low temperatures. Most of the metro Atlanta area fell into Zone 7b, where low winter temperatures are between 5 and 10 degrees. 1990 GA Hardiness Zones
In 2003 the map was tentatively revised again (2003 USDA map), based on more current temperature data. It has 15 Zones. The revision was not met with much enthusiasm by gardeners across the country and has not been “officially” released by the USDA. 2003 GA map
Just to make things even more confusing, the National Arbor Day Foundation constructed its own Hardiness Zone map relying on the same data as the 2003 USDA map but dividing the country into only 10 Zones. 2006 Arbor Day Map
Go to the Arbor Day site to see a comparison of zones in their map to previous maps.
Want some MORE fun? Sunset magazine, which is well-respected on the West Coast, devised a map having 45 Zones. Most West Coast gardeners rely on this map rather than the USDA map. Sunset US Map and Sunset GA Map
HEAT ZONES Realizing the effect that heat and humidity have on plant hardiness, the American Horticultural Society divided the United States into twelve zones, divided by the average number of days each year that a given region experiences temperatures over 86 degrees.
The zones range from Zone 1 (less than one day above 86 degrees) to Zone 12 (more than 210 days). Fortunately, most of the Atlanta area is in Heat Zone 7, which is generally identical to our USDA Cold Hardiness Zone. AHS Heat Zone Map
Most plant labels include the zones in which the plant will prosper. If the information label on plant you are considering says it is hardy in Zone 7, it will usually survive our winter just fine.
HOW DO OTHER ATLANTA GARDENERS USE HARDINESS ZONE MAPS
Theresa Schrum: “I measure by the lowest winter temperatures recorded.”
Daryl Pulis: “The 1990 map seems to be pretty accurate for me in Cumming.”


Beards May Have Antibiotic Tendencies, Study Finds
Contrary to popular belief, a recent study of hospital workers found that those without facial hair are more likely to harbor dangerous bacteria than their more hirsute colleagues. Further research found that beards may actual have antibacterial properties.
Beards, for the most part, communicate masculinity. They’re the easiest way to appear more rugged and outdoorsy, and they may in fact help save your life in those situations. One knock against beards is that no one associates them with exceptional hygiene, and they’ve even been found to contain poop bacteria.
Read more: Yahoo Health News


Nearsightedness, or myopia, as it is medically termed, is a vision condition in which people can see close objects clearly, but objects farther away appear blurred.
Myopia occurs if the eyeball is too long or the cornea (the clear front cover of the eye) is too curved. As a result, the light entering the eye isn't focused correctly, and distant objects look blurred. Myopia affects nearly 30% of the U.S. population. While the exact cause of myopia is unknown, there is significant evidence that many people inherit myopia, or at least the tendency to develop myopia. If one or both parents are nearsighted, there is an increased chance their children will be nearsighted. Even though the tendency to develop myopia may be inherited, its actual development may be affected by how a person uses his or her eyes. Individuals who spend considerable time reading, working at a computer, or doing other intense close visual work may be more likely to develop myopia.
Myopia is becoming more common among children. While there is no proven direct link, research suggests that children who spend more time indoors doing near-focused activities (such as computer work, video games, and reading) have higher rates of myopia than those who spend more time outdoors.
Myopia cannot be reversed; however, the goal of treatment is to keep it from getting worse. This can protect a child’s eye health in the future (reducing the risk of retinal detachments or other ocular disorders), despite still needing to wear glasses or contact lenses.
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Paragon CRT© can change the way you see...OVERNIGHT!
You simply wear the therapeutic lenses at night and take them out in the morning.
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Paragon CRT© is a specially designed therapeutic lens that
reshapes your cornea while you sleep giving you clear vision
the whole day.
Have you ever wanted the ability to see clearly without wearing glasses or contacts and without surgery?
Would you be interested in a contact lens worn while sleeping, and in the morning once you remove it, you can see clearly for all of your waking hours without glasses and contacts?
Paragon CRT® is a specially designed therapeutic contact lens that gently and temporarily reshapes the cornea while you sleep. Through intense research and clinical testing, Paragon CRT has been FDA approved as both safe and effective for patients of all ages when worn during sleeping hours. The result is great vision 24 hours a day - without lenses during waking hours and while they're in at night - with correction of myopia (nearsightedness) and myopia with astigmatism.
No more torn lenses, no more broken frames, no more discomfort from dry eyes. Paragon CRT puts an end to these hassles. Whether you're playing sports, working in a dusty or windy environment, or simply applying makeup, with Corneal Refractive Therapy nothing stands between you and excellent vision.
Dr. Rob Szeliga has trusted Paragon CRT and Corneal Refractive Therapy for his own eyes since 2002!
FDA regulations require practitioners to successfully complete the Paragon CRT Certification test before fitting Paragon CRT lenses for Corneal Refractive Therapy. Call Spring Hill Eyecare, PLLC today and ask Dr. Rob Szeliga if Corneal Refractive Therapy with Paragon CRT is right for you. Make life without glasses and daytime contacts a reality. Because the next time you close your eyes, you could open them to a whole new world.
For more information go to https://www.paragonvision.com/
Child-friendly daily disposable contact lenses proven to slow the progression of nearsightedness in children aged 8-12 at the initiation of treatment.
Kids lead active, jam-packed lives. But whether they’re playing pretend, riding bikes with their friends, or learning new things at school, myopia (nearsightedness) can make it harder for them to engage in the activities they love. And as they grow, their prescription may get stronger too.
Fortunately, your age-appropriate children may benefit from an innovative technology to help slow down the progression of their myopia: MiSight® 1 day contact lenses from CooperVision. MiSight 1 day contact lenses with ActivControl® Technology not only correct nearsightedness – they’re also the first soft contact lenses proven to slow the progression of myopia in children in children aged 8-12 at initiation of treatment. When wearing MiSight 1 day contact lenses, your age-appropriate child can experience clear vision, freedom from glasses and continue to enjoy the activities they love.
For more information go to https://coopervision.com/contact-lenses/misight-1-day
Spring Hill Eyecare, PLLC
5238 Main Street
Spring Hill, TN 37174
Call us at 931-489-1950 or use our contact form.


Which Joe gave his name to ‘sloppy joes’? We look at five interesting sandwiches and their lexical origins.
[mass noun] The energy in a system arising from the relative positions and interactions of its parts.
- ‘Temperature is a measure of the internal energy of a system - which contains both kinetic and potential energy.’
- ‘If all you know of this system is that its internal energy is E and its volume is V, then clearly there are many, many different states the system could be in.’
- ‘In still air, as internal energy is conducted from a warmer body to the surrounding air, the air near the object is warmed.’
- ‘Thermodynamics is the study of the inter-relation between heat, work and internal energy of a system.’
- ‘Atoms give up excess internal energy by giving off photons as electrons return to lower energy orbits.’
Are you looking for a word for a foolish person? We explore twelve interesting words to describe the dunderheads in your life.
Before you run for the hills, let’s run through a list of ‘run’ expressions that are running through our minds.
The definitions of ‘buddy’ and ‘bro’ in the OED have recently been revised. We explore their history and increase in popularity.


Stream bed curvatures give origin to different types of fish holding places to form. The outside bends or greater curvatures receive the currents scouring actions. High flows cause a deepening of the riverbed channel. During low water conditions holes
and deep runs are present along with undercut stream banks. These quickly become favored fish holding places.
The inside or lesser curvature induces deposition of items carried by the currents. Here away from the main flow, food items settle. In addition, drifting insects are concentrated.
Current seams are found as junctures between swift and slow flows; furthermore, these seams can become favored lies that continually hold fish. Seams occur at both the great and the lesser stream curvatures. Seams are created by the shearing between fast currents and slower currents.
Islands generate additional current seams. Fish prefer the islands seams because of a bonus of terrestrial insects coming from the islands vegetation. An islands placement provides a sort of a wing foil with different current speeds on each side. The current seams occur on both upstream sides, along side, and downstream. The islands vegetation enhances its bank side cover. Stream braiding further enhances both the number of current seams and the bank side cover. The placement of an upstream riffle generates an open refrigerator door with insect emergence settling down back to the island. My favorite streams have lots of islands and channels because these structures enhance the number of fish producing lies.
A single island produces at least four different current seams along with two of them further enhanced by bank side cover and undercut banks.
Even small islands with limited cover enhance the streams habitat. Here, mini current shears, channels and undercutting provides pocket water lies.
Don’t overlook small side channels in a large river system. A pre-requisite for productive habitat is a prior history of stable flows. It takes some time for fish to relocate and if the minor channel has been recently de-watered.
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Any geometry in which Euclid's fifth postulate, the so-called parallel postulate, doesn't hold. (One way to say the parallel postulate is: Given a straight line and a point A not on that line, there is only one exactly straight line through A that never intersects the original line.) The two most important types of non-Euclidean geometry are hyperbolic geometry and elliptical geometry. The different models of non-Euclidean geometry can have positive or negative curvature. The sign of curvature of a surface is indicated by drawing a straight line on the surface and then drawing another straight line perpendicular to it: both these lines are geodesics. If the two lines curve in the same direction, the surface has a positive curvature; if they curve in opposite directions, the surface has negative curvature. Elliptical (and spherical) geometry has positive curvature whereas hyperbolic geometry has negative curvature.
The discovery of non-Euclidean geometry had immense consequences. For more than 2,000 years, people had thought that Euclidean geometry was the only geometric system possible. Non-Euclidean geometry showed that there are other conceivable descriptions of space – a realization that transform mathematics into an altogether more abstract science. Thereafter, it was clear that in mathematics, one could start out with any set of self-consistent postulates and follow through their ramifications. The discovery of non-Euclidean geometry has been compared with Copernicus's theory and Einstein's relativity theory – the analogy being that each freed people from long-held models of thought. In fact, Einstein said about non-Euclidean geometry:
To this interpretation of geometry, I attach great importance, for should I have not been acquainted with it, I never would have been able to develop the theory of relativity.It's important to realize that both Euclidean and non-Euclidean geometry are consistent in that the assumptions on which they rest don't involve any contradictions. In response to a question as to which geometry is true, Henri Poincaré said: "One geometry cannot be more true than the other; it can only be more convenient." Which geometry is valid in the physical space in which we live? On a small scale, and for all practical purposes on Earth, Euclidean geometry works just fine. But on larger scales this is no longer true. Einstein's general theory of relativity uses non-Euclidean geometry as a description of spacetime. According to this idea, spacetime has a positive curvature near gravitating matter and the geometry is non-Euclidean. When a body revolves around another body, it appears to move in a curved path due to some force exerted by the central body, but it is actually moving along a geodesic, without any force acting on it. Whether all of spacetime contains enough matter to give itself an overall positive curvature is one of the many unanswered question in physics today, but it is generally accepted that the geometry of spacetime is more non-Euclidean than Euclidean. It is proposed that if spacetime does happen to have an overall positive curvature, then the universe will stop expanding after a fixed amount of time and then start to shrink resulting in a Big Crunch as opposed to the Big Bang that resulted in its creation. At the moment, astronomical observations seem to favor a universe that is "open" and has a hyperbolic geometry. Another consequence of non-Euclidean geometry is the possibility of the existence of a fourth dimension. Just as the surface of the sphere curves in the direction of the third dimension, i.e. perpendicular to its surface, it is believed that spacetime curves in the direction of the fourth dimension. Non-Euclidean geometry has applications in other areas of mathematics, including the theory of elliptic curves, which was important in the proof of Fermat's last theorem.
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• SPACE AND TIME
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Interpretations of othello's character are often negative, focusing on his pride and jealousy as fatal flaws robert hapgood (1966) othello essay assignment. Everything you ever wanted to know about the characters in othello, written by experts just for you. Othello: othello, a moorish general in the service of venice in shakespeare's othello driven by jealousy that has been skillfully manipulated, othello takes the life of desdemona, his doting wife, and then his. Othello's character development a study of othello's character developement from a respectable general into a jealous murderer based on four major extracts. Othello is a character in shakespeare's othello (c1601-1604) the character's origin is traced to the tale, un capitano moro in gli hecatommithi by giovanni battista giraldi cinthiothere, he is simply referred to as the moor othello is a brave and competent soldier of advanced years and moorish background in the service of the venetian. Othello - character analysis, free study guides and book notes including comprehensive chapter analysis, complete summary analysis, author biography information, character profiles, theme analysis, metaphor analysis, and top ten quotes on classic literature.
Get access to othello character analysis of othello essays only from anti essays listed results 1 - 30 get studying today and get the grades you want. A foil, or foil character, is a character in a story who acts in a drastically different way than the main protagonist in order to show the strong differences between the characters in othello, desdemona can be considered the foil of iago what are her qualities that create such a contrast to iago. Complete summary of william shakespeare's othello enotes plot summaries cover all the significant action of othello. Free term papers & essays - the irony of othello, m.
Directed by oliver parker with laurence fishburne, kenneth branagh, irène jacob, nathaniel parker the moorish general othello is manipulated into thinking that his new wife desdemona has been carrying on an affair with his lieutenant michael cassio when in reality it is all part of the scheme of a bitter ensign named iago. William shakespeare's stage play othello, moor of venice (or simply othello) is a tragedy in what a contrast the character of othello forms to that of iago: at the same time, the force of conception with. Othello and iago, the two main characters in shakespeare's 'othello,' are one of the most dynamic pairs in all of literature the ways in which.
Oedipus and othello: pride and the tragic hero course descriptions faculty resources sophocles and shakespeare both address this dilemma in their plays oedipus and othello through their oedipus and othello reveal the true character of the tragic hero and show the devastating. A detailed description of othello characters and their importance part of a free study guide from bookragscom.
Clue: othello character othello character is a crossword puzzle clue that we have spotted 9 times there are related clues (shown below. Main character throughline othello — venetian general physics main character throughline othello endeavors to prove or disprove his wife's infidelity.
Othello's character flaws essay while the chaos that ensues at the end of the play is due to iago's malicious manipulation of characters, othello's individual downfall can be specifically attributed to his own weaknesses and character flaws. ''othello,'' a play about a moorish soldier who allows his insecurities to destroy his life, is one of william shakespeare's most popular. The character of othello - the character of othello shakespeare's othello is not simply a play which embodies the conflict between insider and outsider the paradigm of otherness presented in this play is more complicated than the conclusion, othello is different. Introduction othello, like all of shakespeare's plays, particularly the tragedies, is complex and subtly nuancedthrough its complexities and subtleties, shakespeare makes us care about the characters who people this story we understand their weaknesses and. Human emotions in the othello play print reference this published: 23rd march, 2015 last edited: according to hazitts who told about othello's and iago's characters, it has been said that tragedy purifies the affections by terror and pity.
William shakespeare have written many plays his most tragic play is othello othello is also the name of the main character in the play, he is quite hard to understand in order to have a better understanding of othello's character, examining his changes throughout the play, flaws and why he is considered a tragic. Othello the play's protagonist and hero othello is the highly respected general of the armies of venice, although he is not a native of venice but rather a moor, or north african. How do the other characters react to othello's skin color or to the fact that he is a moor the characters reaction towards othello is very dehumanizing for it inherits the concepts of animal description. How do the other characters react to othello's skin color or to the fact that he is a moor how does othello see himself discuss the importance of setting in the play. Extracts from this document introduction how and why does othello's character change during the course of the play how does shakespeare present this dramatically. Free essay: othello's character in the duration of the tragedy of othello, by the world's greatest writer, william shakespeare, is first shown as.


Studies & Degrees in Aboriginal Studies
Choose where you would like to study Aboriginal Studies:AustraliaThe United States
Aboriginal Studies is a discipline that is primarily concerned with the culture and history of indigenous people, including their language, arts, literature and traditions. Colleges and universities offering this course would usually include Aboriginal Studies as one of the disciplines belonging to the Department of Anthropology and/or Linguistics. Scholars of this field are all encouraged to look at different concepts from varying perspectives and to regard their own thoughts and experiences from a different point of view. Through this, the program seeks to understand the customs and traditions of indigenous people while keeping a close look on mainstream culture.
The word aboriginal means ‘the first’ and has been used in the past by the English and the Italians to pertain to the people living in a place originally before newcomers or invaders came. In a global basis, Australia can be said to be the home of the aboriginal people because of the fossils that have been found in New South Wales predate evidences of men living in Europe by twelve thousand years. The problem regarding aboriginal culture is that much has been lost not only through the passing of time but also through attempts of colonization and invasion as well. Globalization and societal adaptation also play important roles in the preservation of the culture of the indigenous people.
In the same way that students of folklore seek to record and preserve oral traditions, scholars of Aboriginal studies are tasked with understanding and recording the cultures of indigenous people or aborigines even as they change to accommodate mainstream customs and culture before they get forgotten entirely. Scholars of this particular discipline are usually equipped with logical and creative minds in able to maintain a critical focus on their areas of study.
Aboriginal Studies, like most courses, offer different concentration courses that students could choose from, depending on the aspect of the cultures they want to focus on. Language, tradition and art are several concentration courses a student can choose from. This interdisciplinary program has quite a lot in common with cultural studies in that scholars of Aboriginal Studies focus on the cultural practices of a certain group of people and the meanings that the said people attach to their practices. But while cultural studies focus mainly on the interrelation of economics, the process of production and society, Aboriginal Studies have more to do with the existence of a subculture within a mainstream one and how they interrelate, influence and adapt to each other.
Students of this particular discipline would be expected to spend a lot of time in the field for their research and studies, as with folklorists, since first-hand observations of particular cultures are recommended for accurate studies. Graduates of Aboriginal Studies can seek to continue their research in their respective colleges and universities as instructors or professors. Some may choose to stay in the field, writing their findings for journals and books; while still others may choose to work as policy analysts for project or program administrations.


Raising a Reader Starts at Birth!
It’s never too early to get children excited about words, and what learning to read can mean. Our storytimes, picture book collections, videos and unique games give tots the building blocks to become readers for life.
From the time they are infants, children learn language and other important skills that will help them enter kindergarten ready to learn to read. Learning to read begins before children enter school.
Parents and care-givers are a child’s first and best teacher. You know more about your child than anyone else. Your child will learn best by doing things with you! If English is not your first language, speak to the child in the language you know best.
The best way to help children get ready to read are talking, singing, reading, writing, and playing together. It is easy to make these practices part of your everyday routine. Have fun with these activities so that your child wants to do them again and again!
Talking helps your child get ready to read. You can have a conversation about what is happening in your day. Ask your child questions and expand on what your child says. Take turns and give your child lots of time to make comments and express ideas.
Singing is a natural way to learn about language. Songs help children develop listening skills and pay attention to the rhymes and rhythms of spoken language. Songs break down words so that children can hear the individual syllables. This is an important pre-reading skill. You can clap along to the syllables in words.
Reading together is the single most important way to help your child get ready to read. Shared reading develops a love of reading and an appreciation of books. A child’s interest in reading is an important predictor of later reading achievement.
Playing helps children think symbolically and develop language skills. Dramatic play helps build narrative skills as children make up a story about what they are doing. Playing with your child can be a great way to prompt conversation.
Writing can include activities like scribbling with crayons and tracing letters in the sand with a stick. It builds fine motor skills. Writing things for your child, like writing their name on their artwork, teaches children about letters, a pre-reading skill called “letter knowledge”.
Early Learning resources include:
- Storytimes for five different age ranges (see calendar for dates and locations), developed using Every Child Ready to Read II early literacy curriculum and California Dept. of Education standards for Kindergarten Readiness.
- Extensive collections with high-quality picture books, nonfiction, and toddler books for little hands - take home up to 50 items with your library card!
- Toys and play areas to encourage dramatic play, exploration, and learning about the world.
- Early Literacy Calendars developed by our children's librarians to encourage daily use of the five practices of early literacy.
- The 1,000 Books Before Kindergarten program is a nationwide initiative encouraging parents and caregivers to read 1,000 books to their young learners before kindergarten.
- Stories to Go are themed bilingual kits with resources for childcare providers to host high-quality storytimes.
The Sonoma County Library offers a wide variety of opportunities for you to talk, play, read, write, and sing with us. Visit your local branch to explore!
Sonoma County Library Survey Work
In May and June 2019, Sonoma County Library staff distributed surveys to program participants to collect data and insights about how their early childhood literacy services and programs are supporting community needs. Sonoma County Library surveyed patrons using the Project Outcome Early Childhood Literacy Survey, which measures the impact of services designed to improve early literacy and learning skills to prepare children ages 0-5 to succeed in school. A total of 159 survey responses were collected.
Of the percentage of parents or caregivers surveyed who either agreed or strongly agreed that they benefited from the service or program:
- 95% learned something they can share with their children
- 91% intend to spend more time interacting with their children
- 93% felt more confident helping their children learn
- 95% were more aware of resources and services provided by the library
Click this link to review the full results of the 2019 Early Literacy Storytimes Survey.


Libertarians and proponents of other individual-centered philosophies have all but surrendered the subject of childhood education (1-8th grades) to their intellectual opponents. This is largely because they are more willing to “opt out” of state schools and leave the intellectual development of children up to parents and families. Statists, on the other hand, have no qualms about investing resources (their own and others’) in molding and shaping future generations through compulsory childhood education. How is an individual-centered education different from a statist education? What are their competing values?
In the United States, two ideas currently dominate childhood education: what is called (derogatorily) the “factory model,” and the “child-centered” approach. The difference between the two, however, is in their method and not their purpose. Picture a typical classroom with rows of desks, bells announcing the end of periods, and a teacher lecturing at the chalkboard, and you have the factory model.
Child-centered theorists argue that the factory model stifles creativity, discourages working with others, and promotes excessive focus on competition and grades. Some, like Kirsten Olson (author of Wounded by School) and Parker J. Palmer, believe the factory model even emotionally and spiritually injures students.
So far, while it has made some inroads in individual classrooms and is the reigning paradigm in university education programs, the child-centered approach has yet to replace the factory model as the dominant educational method in public or private schools. The child-centered approach, however, remains—at its heart—about educating children for particular ends.
Its proponents are not fundamentally opposed to the public education system—they simply want to impose their own vision on that system. Many, like William Ayers (former Weather Underground leader and current professor of education at the University of Illinois at Chicago), seek to use public education and the child-centered approach as arms of their own political battles.
Neither “factory” nor child-centered methods challenge the fundamental purpose of public education, which is to remake the individual into an instrument of the state. As a Catholic school will work to instill Catholic values in its students, it should not come as any surprise that a state-run school will promote statist values, no matter what the method of education.
An individualist recognizes the inherent danger of an education program controlled by the state. Anyone who controls the state schools controls, to a large degree, what children will learn. Thanks to mandatory education laws, parents must surrender their children to these institutions, where they will be molded in any way the state sees fit. That is why countries like Germany have worked so hard to stamp out homeschooling. Any schooling that takes place outside state-approved parameters is a threat. Luckily, in the United States, we still have some options.
A child who is raised, or educated, to act as an individual must be instilled with the spirit of critical thinking, familial and self responsibility, the importance of private property, freedom of conscience, and contract theory, et al. It seems clear that education must return to the basics of a free society, since so much of that philosophy has been pushed to the margins, if it is taught at all. Always, the individual (as a social unit), with his or her accompanying rights and responsibilities, should be set at the center of childhood education.
Individual education does not mean indulging a child’s every whim. More often than not, it is important for the individual to learn what he or she cannot do, and that he or she will sometimes need to shoulder burdens or work for the well being of others. We are against servitude to the state—not against altruism, self-sacrifice, hard work, charity, or good will. Statists argue that if we are for the individual then we must be in favor of selfishness or indifference to the suffering of others. That is simply not the case, and in fact, education for the individual would reflect that reality.
Failure to promote individuality, critical thinking, and responsibility for oneself and others during a child’s formative years will guarantee that libertarianism and other individual-centered philosophies will remain in the minority.


Herniated Disk And Back Pain
The disk at the back spinal column divides the skeletal structures. Disk does not compose blood vessels or nerves like other elements of the skeletal structure. Instead, disks are made up of fat, water, and tissues that connect to the skeletal structure and most likely to suffer being a herniated disk. During all hours of the day, the disks leak water, which is caused from forces of gravity. For instance, when we sit it is a gravity force in action, which one might think that it takes little effort to sit, but contrary to the notion, it is adding a lot of weight to the spine and disk.
The disk restores water that has leaked out during the day, yet the water is restored at slower paces. Fat and water is balanced in the disk, yet when it is not it causes a person to shrink height. Fat and water inside disks are thick, yet when a person starts aging, the substances begin to thin. When fat and water begins to thin, it can lead to osteoarthritis. Thinning water and fat of the disk is also the leading cause of back pain, especially at the lower region. Using ease cream may help with some of the pain.
Disks exterior are covered by “Annulus Fibrosis.” Sometimes the connective tissues lead to abnormal thickening, which scars the tissue. Usually injury follows, then infection, and moves to restrained oxygen intake. Surgery is often the result. The inner area of the disk is shielded by “Nucleus Pulposis.” The pulp makes up the hub of the disk, which is polished and soft. The disks make up the primary supporting force that regulates the spinal column, bones, muscles, etc.
When the disk is not protecting the spinal structures it is often dehydrated, pressured, or deformed. The disk has strength that combines with flexibility to withstand high loads of pressure, yet when that flexibility and strength is interrupted, it can result to herniated disk slips, or other injuries.
Slipped disks in medical terms are known as HNP. (Herniated Nucleus Pulposa) As outlined the intervertebral disks are ruptured, which interrupts the nucleus pulposa. In medical terms, slipped disks can include L4, L5, which is Lumbrosacral and C5-7, which is Cervical. L4 is a single area of the spinal column and disks, which defines the numerical disk ruptured.
Slipped disks are caused from accidents, trauma, strain of the back and neck, lifting heavy objects, disk degeneration, weak ligaments, and congenital deformity of the bones. Disk degeneration is outlined in this article.
Symptoms Of Disk Problems
Lumbrosacral will show apparent symptoms, such as acute lower back pain, which radiates to the buttocks and down to the leg. The person will feel weak, numb, or tingling that stretches to the leg and foot. Ambulation also causes pain.
If cervical disk problems are present, the patient will feel stiffness around the neck. As well, the symptoms will make the patient feel weak, numb, and he/she will feel tingling around the hands. Neck pain often generates pain, extending it to the arms and onto the hands, which cause weakness to the upper region of the body. The weakness often targets the triceps and biceps, which become atrophy. The lumbar is affected also, which the patient will find it difficult to straighten the back.
What Happens With A Slipped Disk
What happens when a disk is slipped and/or broken the annulus fibrosis reacts by pushing its substance into the hollow spacing between the spinal column. The spinal column is made up of nerves, which travel to various parts of the body, including the brain. These nerves are affected when the disk is slipped. Learn more about the Central Nerve System (CNS) to relate to slipped disks. First, understand how the joints and connective tissues can cause back pain.


Today, the acknowledging of the entities around the world is one of the most important things mankind has to practice. It is very important to overcome how we feel among each other in the international world that connects each one of the humans on Earth. The connection of each one of us will determine the health of society that makes several impacts to nature itself. For example, to interact with at least one person will show you a different thought or feeling.
If you want to approach to the feelings of the other person for any sort of reason, you need a kind of posture and also you will need phrase you can use to communicate to the entity that you care on how their existence is in that exact portion of time. Depending on the relation you have with the entity, to ask someone how they feel will bring a lovely or perhaps a negative statement.
It is important because we, as humans, need to understand that we can count on other people in order to seek well and to build a better world for future generations.
The outsider´s perspective about your own culture could be one of the main reasons on why you want to know the conditions of their status. How they are feeling about something is one of the most important information every human can disclose. French speaking countries continue to be popular tourist destinations around the globe. They provide you with great art, architecture and more information that will grant you with lots of satisfaction.
Remember that the standard way to ask a person “how are you?” in French is “comment allez-vous?” but here bellow you will encounter different ways to ask this question and to even return the question.
“How are you” in French
The standard phrase used to ask someone how they are is “Comment allez-vous?” It is used at any situation, but it is most frequently used for formal events encountering strangers, elders or any formal situations. Pronounced as (kom-mohn tay-lay voo) it will literally translate to “How do you go?”
“Comment ça va?”
This less formal phrase will represent a more casual way to take the information needed from your friends and family. Yes, this phrase will be used only with people whom you are familiar with. “comment ça va?” pronounced as (koh-mohn sah vah) will literally mean “how does it go?”
Make it short with “ça va?”
This is a very informal way of wondering and asking to the individual “how are you?” pronounce the question as (sah vah) while its literal meaning will be “does it go?” and it is similar to ask in English “what’s up?”
Use “comment vas-tu?”
Similar to the formal and polite form of the question “comment vas-tu?” is used in casual events, among friends for example. The question is pronounced as (koh-mohn vah too) and its literal translation will be “how do you go?”
To respond the questions, here are some phrases you might want to know.
To make a positive response you might want to use the word “bien”. Pronounced as (bee-ehn) this term means “well” and it is very useful when you want to tell someone you are well and it is commonly used as part of the phrases: (Je vais bien) which is an extended response that means “I am doing well”, (Tres bien) that means “very well”, (Bien, merci) that means “well, thank you”, (tout va bien) that means “all good” and we also have the option (assez bien) which means “quite good.”
If the case is needed, to express a negative statement you may use “mal” (mahl) it is the direct antonym of the positive word bien, and it will be often used as a response on its own nature that will translate into “bad.” There is, of course, an extended version that turns it into a phrase “je vais mal” which means “I am bad” or “…Doing badly”
If you are somewhere in between good and bad you may use “comme-ci comme-ca” and it will be pronounced as (kum-see, kum-sah) which means “so-so” in English.
But after your response, you might want to return the question…
Return the question
Ask “Et vous?” to ask someone how they are just after you answered to their question on how you are. The translation of this question will literally be “and you?” and you may use it in any event or situation you are involved with but, especially can be used with strangers, elders or formal situations.
To ask a friend or any relative such as a family member, you are able to use “et toi” which is an informal way to ask someone “what about you?” in a more casual event.


A University of Alabama at Birmingham archaeologist has discovered a hidden world in Egypt.
Sarah Parcak, Ph.D., an Egyptologist and assistant professor of archaeology at UAB, used infra-red satellite imaging to discover 17 lost pyramids as well as more than 1,000 tombs and 3,100 ancient settlements.
Her discoveries will be revealed in the BBC documentary Egypt's Lost Cities, which airs on BBC One and BBC One HD on Monday, May 30, 2011 – in the United Kingdom. This will not be shown in the United States. The Discovery Channel will air its own version of Parcak’s story with new revelations later this summer.
Parcak’s research was funded by a grant from the BBC in hopes of exploring how satellite imagery can be used in conjunction with archaeology. For more than a year, Parcak’s team used a combination of NASA and commercial satellites that orbited 700 km above the earth to capture the images of Egyptian antiquities. She was able to uncover sites that had been invisible – including a world of houses, tombs and pyramids. Once the images were discovered via satellite, a team of French excavators confirmed what Parcak saw in the images from space.
"I couldn't believe we could locate so many sites all over Egypt,” she told the BBC. "To excavate a pyramid is the dream of every archaeologist."
Parcak worked with Zari Hawass, Ph.D., Egypt’s Minister of State for Antiquities, who was instrumental in her access to the excavation sites, she said.
At Tanis, the site made famous by the Indiana Jones film Raiders of the Lost Ark, Parcak discovered an ancient network of streets and houses, which are completely invisible from the ground.
“This hints at the possibilities of discoveries to come,” she said. “I am excited for my generation and the generations to come. There is enough to be excavated for 50 generations to come.”
This is the first time Parcak has done a discovery on this a large a scale, she said. She also plans to partner with Hawass for training young Egyptians to do this work as well.
“It is important that we map out our ancient history before it’s gone,” she said.
Stay tuned for more details about the upcoming Discovery Channel special.


European Cranberrybush Viburnum
USDA Zones 4 to 8
Also sometimes called Guilder rose, this viburnum bears maplelike leaves and flat-topped clusters of white flowers in spring. The two- to three-inch-wide clusters are made up of two types of flowers: A ring of showy, white, 3/4-inch sterile flowers surround smaller white fertile flowers, which yield red berries in fall. The berries stay on the plants through winter to add extra color and interest to the landscape. Birds eat the fruit late in the season, and bird-sown seedlings will pop up elsewhere in the garden. The three-lobed leaves are dark green in summer and sometimes show good fall color; leaves may still be green when the drop off or they may turn red before dropping.
European cranberrybush viburnums usually are 8 to 12 feet tall, but can reach 15 feet. Plants spread from 10 to 15 feet and produce dense clumps of straight twigs that arch to create a rounded outline.
Give this species a spot in full sun to partial shade—flowering is best in full sun. These shrubs are easy to grow and thrive in a range of soils, from wet to moist and well-drained conditions. Prune immediately after flowering as necessary to shape the plant. Also remove up to one-third of the older stems from each clump annually to give new growth room to grow.
How to use it:
Use this adaptable viburnum in shrub borders, hedges, or mass plantings. Dwarf cultivars are especially useful because their smaller stature makes it easier to fit them into the landscape.


Scientists have used satellite tracking and a crime-scene technique to discover an important feeding ground for green turtles in the Mediterranean. University of Exeter researchers measured “stable isotope ratios” – a chemical signature also used by forensic scientists – to discover which foraging grounds turtles had come from to breed in Cyprus.
They discovered that Lake Bardawil, on Egypt’s north coast, is now the most important foraging ground for turtles which breed at Alagadi in Cyprus.
The researchers believe few breeding females came from the Lake Bardawil feeding ground until 2010. It is likely that changes to the ecosystem have made this shallow saline lake a top foraging site.
“Our satellite tracking of turtles breeding in Cyprus has been going on for some years,” said senior author Professor Brendan Godley, director of the Centre for Ecology and Conservation on the University of Exeter’s Penryn Campus in Cornwall.
“This meant we knew where many of the turtles went to forage for food, but our preliminary analysis using stable isotope ratios showed a major foraging area had been missed.
“A large proportion of turtles had isotope ratios that did not correspond to sites previously identified, and we tracked five of them. Five out of five went to Lake Bardawil.”
Green turtles swim hundreds of miles between feeding and breeding areas, and the research suggests 82 per of females show “extremely high” consistency in isotope ratios – meaning they keep going back to the same places.
In terms of stable isotope ratios, animals “are what they eat”, meaning tests can reveal where they have spent time.
“This research demonstrates how stable isotope analysis can help us learn more about the lives of species like green turtles,” said first author Dr Phil Bradshaw, also from the University of Exeter.
“Using a combination of this analysis and satellite tracking gives us more reliable data, and this can be used to measure the success of future conservation efforts.”


Why horses when dogs/cats/other soft, furry creatures are less intimidating and familiar?
Horses are especially valuable in the therapy process due to their prey animal instincts. They are highly sensitive to their environment and responsive to human emotional cues. With this sensitivity to subtle changes, horses often respond to people differently based on the individual’s emotional state. This feedback provides exceptional insight into the client’s internal process and a valuable opportunity for skill building.
Another distinguishing quality of the horse is its impressive size and power, making them naturally intimidating to people. By interacting with these animals, clients are able to build confidence as they overcome fear and establish assertiveness. Many times, clients who have trouble relating to people are able to connect with the horses in ways that are profound and powerful. In the presence of these intuitive animals, people often become more present, mindful, and self-aware.
Equine Assisted Therapy is experiential in nature. Clients learn by directly working with a horse. The activities are chosen intentionally to reveal important insights and encourage certain skills. Clients are then given the opportunity to discuss feelings, behaviors, and patterns they noticed during the activity and how those elements may be apparent in other areas of their lives. Non-verbal communication, problem solving, boundary setting, leadership, confidence, and relationships are all common themes.
Therapy with horses has been used for a variety of mental health needs including eating disorders, depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder, ADHD, grief and loss, and relationship problems. Individuals, couples, families, and teams can all benefit from this type of therapy.


One of New Zealand's epic stands on the Gallipoli peninsula was in the heat of August 1915 at Chunuk Bair, one of the three high points on the Sari Bair range. These were the main objectives of the Anzacs' offensive of early August 1915 when they tried to break out of the stalemate with the Turks in the Anzac sector.
The New Zealand Infantry Brigade advanced up Chailak Dere and Sazli Beit Dere during the night of 6-7 August to capture Chunuk Bair. Earlier, their way had been opened by the New Zealand mounted rifles units and the Maori Contingent, which had captured key points (including Old No 3 Outpost and Table Top) guarding the valleys in daring night assaults.
The attack had fallen behind schedule and the New Zealanders were still a kilometre short of the summit when dawn broke on 7 August, sheltering at a position below Rhododendron Ridge that would become known as The Apex.
In a mid-morning attack the Auckland Battalion suffered heavy casualties to reach the Pinnacle, 200 m from the summit. When ordered to follow suit, the Wellington Battalion's commander Lieutenant-Colonel William Malone refused to sacrifice his men in a futile attempt, insisting that the attack be mounted that night.
In the pre-dawn darkness of 8 August the Wellington swiftly moved up Rhododendron Ridge on to the summit, which almost inexplicably had been abandoned by its Turkish defenders. When the sun rose, Malone and his men, assisted by some Auckland mounted riflemen and British troops who also reached the summit, engaged in a desperate struggle to hold off the Turks.
The Otago Battalion and Wellington Mounted Rifles relieved the Wellingtons during the night of 8-9 August only to endure a similar ordeal all through the long summer day. They, too, were relieved during the night of 9-10 August by two British battalions, which almost immediately succumbed to a massive counterattack launched by the Turkish commander, Mustafa Kemal.
The summit was lost, but the New Zealanders stemmed the Turkish flood down the seaward slopes of the hill. The Apex was held until the end of the campaign.


Call it the Shangri-La factor. In the popular imagination, pre-Communist Tibet was a fabled theocracy in which a beatific Dalai Lama smiled over a kingdom where no man raised a hand in violence as he spun his prayer wheel in search of nirvana. Then along came the Communist Chinese, who made short work of these placid people. Fifty years after the Chinese takeover of Tibet, the myth still persists and has even grown, thanks to the media and the increased interest of Westerners in Buddhism.
But contrary to the pop history version, the Tibetans did not simply let the Chinese roll over their country in 1951. For almost 20 years afterward they fought a long, bloody war of resistance that struck serious blows to Chairman Mao Tse-tung’s expansionist plans. Invisible to outsiders as it raged, this largely unknown struggle that no novelist could have dreamed up got support from the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency, which sponsored secret training camps and made arms and equipment drops to aid horse-mounted herdsmen against the bombers and artillery of the largest standing army on the planet.
By way of background, the story begins in the fall of 1951, when the Chinese People’s Liberation Army (PLA) marched into the ancient Tibetan capital at Lhasa, after forcing the Dalai Lama’s religious government to sign a ‘Plan for the Peaceful Liberation of Tibet.’ This thin fiction of an agreement was somewhat maintained in Lhasa, but in the outlying regions the Chinese occupation involved forced collectivization and the killing of tribal chiefs and lamas.
At that time influential Tibetan traders began to mobilize in a resistance movement that would later become Chushi Gandrug (Four Rivers, Six Mountains). Chushi Gandrug‘s organizer was a hard-fighting, hard-drinking 51-year-old trader named Gompo Tashi Andrugtsang. Uncoordinated and poorly armed as they were, Tibetans conducted a series of surprisingly successful raids and battles.
A widespread popular revolt finally broke out in February 1956, after the Chinese bombed ancient monasteries at Chatreng and Litang, killing thousands of monks and civilians massed there for protection. Given the growing military might of Tibet’s occupiers, Gompo Tashi and the meagerly equipped Chushi Gandrug knew they were going to need outside support. Consequently, the Dalai Lama’s elder brother, Gyalo Thondup, who had already been approached by the CIA, contacted the Americans. The Americans, he found, were quite intrigued with the prospect of supporting the Tibetans as part of a global anti-Communist campaign. If nothing else, their resistance would be one more way to create a ‘running sore for the reds,’ as one CIA man put it, even though at the top levels of the U.S. administration there was no pretense of commitment to Tibetan independence. Gompo Tashi’s guerrillas were excited at the prospect of American support. They knew little about the United States, but judging from the Communist propaganda they received, this faraway country was China’s greatest enemy.
Then one pitch-black night in the spring of 1957 six men from Gompo Tashi’s group found themselves spirited away by the CIA, whereupon they encountered with amazement their first airplane — for which the Tibetans had to invent a new word, namdu, or’sky boat’ — and saw their first white man. After an unimaginable flight in the unimaginable machine, six very bewildered Tibetans landed in Saipan for training, though most had no idea where on earth Saipan might be. Over the next five months the Tibetans were trained in modern weapons and guerrilla tactics. They were also trained in espionage and codes, and in the operation of the hand-cranked radio transmitter/receiver.
‘We only lived to kill Chinese,’ recalled one Tibetan veteran. ‘Our hopes were high.’ One of the trainees, Gyato Wangdu (who would later become the last commander of the Chushi Gandrug), asked CIA operations officer Roger McCarthy for ‘a portable nuclear weapon of some kind…that the trainees might employ to destroy Chinese by the hundreds.’ The CIA declined, but McCarthy noted that Wangdu ‘did take to demolition training with renewed enthusiasm’ and became quite taken with bazookas and mortars.
By fall of 1957, Tibetans who had never seen a sky boat were jumping out of one in the cold light of a full moon over Tibet. One of the first jumpers, Athar Norbu, remembered: ‘We could see the Tsangpo River below us gleaming in the dark. There were no clouds. It was a clear night. Happiness surged through me…[as] we went rattling out of the plane.’ In Lhasa, Athar Norbu and a fellow guerrilla made contact with Gompo Tashi. This ultrasecret project was code-named ‘ST Circus.’ The CIA was now in the fight.
In the summer of 1958, Gompo Tashi established new headquarters at Triguthang in southern Tibet, where thousands of men had gathered in a pan-Tibetan resistance force. In an effort to be more inclusive, they renamed their movement Tensung Dhanglang Magar (Voluntary Force for the Defense of Buddhism). Two CIA-trained Tibetans watched it all, radioing back to the United States. In July the CIA made its first arms drop into Tibet — mostly of untraceable old Lee-Enfield rifles. Agency veterans of ST Circus recalled the excitement and romance at receiving messages from their protégés 15,000 miles away in a near-mythical place few Americans could locate on a globe. Even CIA Director Allen Dulles, searching for Tibet on a world map, poked around near Hungary before one of his officers politely enlightened him. Quoting a fellow CIA officer, John Kenneth Knaus, a former CIA operations officer who worked with Tibetan resistance from 1959 to 1965, admitted, ‘There was something so special’ about Tibet — including the ‘Shangri-La factor.’ Beyond that, the CIA officers involved — self-dubbed ‘the Old Guys Tibetan Club’ — admit today with a chuckle that they felt fortunate to be involved in a ‘good operation’ rather than the 1961 Bay of Pigs debacle in Cuba.
Thrilled by the success of the two radio operators in central Tibet, the CIA built a top-secret facility at Camp Hale, Colo., former home of the U.S. Army’s 10th Mountain Division. The Tibetans loved Camp Hale’s 10,000-foot Rocky Mountain peaks, alpine air and dense forests — reminiscent of home — and called the camp Dhumra, or ‘the Garden.’ Life at Camp Hale was Spartan, the training rigid and thorough. When the Tibetans got on the plane for their return flight homeward, each team carried the same things — its personal weapons, wireless sets and a cyanide capsule strapped onto each man’s left wrist.
The Camp Hale Tibetans believed they were being trained to regain Tibetan independence. Interpreter Thinley Paljor recalled: ‘In our games room we had a picture of [Dwight D.] Eisenhower, signed by him, ‘To my fellow Tibetan friends, from Eisenhower.’ So we thought the president himself was giving us support.’ Some of their trainers came to feel that way as well, with unusually strong bonds formed between many CIA men and the Tibetans.
Back in Tibet the resistance’s furious campaign was paying off. Freedom fighters were effectively in control of significant chunks of the mountain kingdom. Encouraged, the agency made a second arms drop to Gompo Tashi’s men, then two more resupply drops in 1958.
In Lhasa, however, the delicate veneer of coexistence between Tibet’s young god king, His Holiness Tenzin Gyatso, the 14th Dalai Lama, and the Communist occupiers was stripping away. Certain incidents had made obvious, even to the public, the Chinese plans for the Dalai Lama’s elimination, and a multitude of Lhasa’s populace surrounded his residence to protect him. How the Dalai Lama ever escaped through this throng is a mystery, but on March 17, 1959, resistance fighters smuggled him out of his residence, the Potala, and through guerrilla-held territory. They were joined by two CIA-trained Tibetans in escorting him to the Indian border.
Two days later, still unaware of the Dalai Lama’s escape, the Chinese lobbed shells toward his vacated palace, and at 2 a.m. on March 20 they began shelling the city. Enraged when they learned of the Dalai Lama’s escape, the Chinese executed Lhasa civilians in reprisal. Exact numbers are unknown, but the bodies were reportedly stacked like cordwood in the streets. The Chushi Gandrug forces in eastern Tibet were quickly outgunned, outnumbered and, thanks to aircraft and improved Chinese radio communications, relentlessly pursued by beefed-up PLA forces. In the face of such an onslaught, Gompo Tashi and what was left of his force joined the exodus of Tibetans streaming across the Himalayas, following their exiled leader. After the Dalai Lama’s flight to India, the number of Tibetan teams secretly flown into Camp Hale grew. Eventually, 259 Tibetans would be trained there.
Still, there were successes. Gompo Tashi later related to Roger McCarthy, CIA operations officer in charge of the Tibetan program at the time, details of a December 25 attack by 200 of his men: ‘The men attacked on the date set and fought the Chinese for 15 days, destroying more than 500 Chinese quarters and many vehicles….The Chinese Communist newspaper…reported that more than 550 Chinese soldiers had been killed ‘heroically’ in this battle. We lost 20 men and nine others wounded.’ Tashi added that 29 Tibetan volunteers leading 400 locals attacked another Chinese camp in the area. ‘That battle lasted 10 days,’ he recalled. ‘They inflicted heavy casualties on the Chinese….’ Then on January 24, 1959, ‘Another of our volunteer forces of 130 men attacked the Chinese in Tengchen and seized the fortress in Teng Dzong…. More than 4,000 people from the local area volunteered to join us….The destruction of the Chinese was systematic and about completed when unfortunately the skies cleared and the Chinese began bombing and machine-gunning us from their airplanes….We had not killed all of the Chinese but would have if we had better communications between our forces and if the weather had not cleared.’
Eighteen more guerrillas were dropped in September 1959 near Chagra Pembar, 200-plus miles northeast of Lhasa, to train a native force gathered in a tent city with their families and the livestock on which they depended. Eventually the force reached 35,000 Tibetans. This was a feudal culture whose tribes gathered in the same way they had for 1,000 years. Amid the bleating animals and the sea of blue smoke from cooking fires, at least two of the Tibetan teams radioed for more support.
The CIA made several arms drops soon afterward, this time providing M-1 Garand rifles, mortars, grenades, recoilless rifles and machine guns. Nor were they small drops. The first one consisted of 126 pallets of cargo, including 370 M-1 rifles with 192 rounds per rifle, four machine guns with 1,000 rounds each and two radio sets. A second similar drop came the next month, and a third 226-pallet drop during the next full moon provided 800 more rifles, 200 cases of ammo and 20 cases of grenades. On January 6, 1960, some 650 pallets landed with more arms, plus medicine and food. Clearly, after the Dalai Lama escaped, the agency was far less concerned about maintaining ‘plausible deniability’ regarding the arms support.
By now the massive, tumultuous Tibetan camp at Chagra Pembar was a real problem. Guerrillas cannot operate effectively with such encumbrances, and CIA coordinators tried frantically to convince the fighters to disperse into smaller units in order to operate more flexibly and present less of a target. Within a month, the inevitable happened. A veteran of Chagra Pembar, Dechen (surnames are not always used in Tibet) described the attack: ‘A Chinese plane came in the morning and dropped leaflets which told us to surrender and warned us not to listen to the ‘imperialist’ Americans. After that, every day, some fifteen jets came. They came in groups of five, in the morning, at midday and at 3 or 4 o’clock in the afternoon. Each jet carried fifteen to twenty bombs. We were in the high plains so there was nowhere to hide. The five jets made quick rounds and killed animals and men.’ Thousands of men, women and children were killed, both at Chagra Pembar and at another gathering site called Nira Tsogeng. Artillery barrages topped off the aerial bombings. Only five of the Chagra Pembar parachutists survived; the rest died in the Chinese attacks or were hunted down later.
This disaster was even worse when the Chinese bombed the large encampment at Nira Tsogeng, where the CIA had dropped 430 pallets of weapons and other supplies to 4,000 Tibetan fighters. Saddled with their dependents and some 30,000 animals, the surviving resistance fled across the desolate plain of Ladakh, where most died for lack of water.
Things got grimmer. In the spring of 1960, a seven-man team parachuted into Markam in eastern Tibet. Led by Yeshe Wangyal, son of a local chieftain, it hooked up with the force of Wangyal’s father, who had been killed some months before. The guerrillas landed on a light dusting of snow, considered a good omen by Tibetans. This time, however, the omen proved false. After arming the local resistance, they almost immediately came under attack and fought running battles against a steadily swelling PLA force until they were surrounded. The sole living survivor of that team today is a former medical student turned guerrilla named Bhusang, who remembered: ‘The whole mountainside was swarming with Chinese. We fought them nine times. During the battle, the Chinese shouted out to us, ‘Surrender! Surrender!’ We shouted back, ‘Eat sh-t!’…We really fought. It was intense, like a dream. It didn’t seem real. And then, at around 10 o’clock, I looked around and saw that two men from our team had taken their cyanide capsules. It was the end. I put the capsule in my mouth because later I might not have had time.’ Before he could bite down on the capsule, however, a blow from behind knocked him out cold. Bhusang spent the next 18 years in a Chinese prison, where he was tortured and starved until he revealed his training by the Americans and the identities of those taught with him.
The Tibetans’ resistance efforts under CIA auspices, however valiant, now seemed more and more pointless. Forty-nine men had been dropped into Tibet. Twelve survived, two of whom were in Chinese prisons. With the benefit of 40 years of hindsight, it is clear that the area of operations could not even feed its own population, much less an additional guerrilla force. Compounding the situation was the Tibetans’ independent spirit, which often valued pure guts over strategic planning. Against the advice of their CIA mentors, the Tibetans often insisted upon hurling full frontal attacks at the massive Chinese forces.
One of the biggest problems for the resistance was that the CIA could not provide tactical radio equipment, which would allow them to coordinate their forces. While the CIA feared the Tibetans would not observe proper communications security, there were other obstacles. The PRC 10 radios ate batteries by the dozen. Given the choice of being dropped batteries or weapons, Tibetans chose the latter.
The effort to sustain a large guerrilla force had been a painful failure. From a purely logistical standpoint, however, the drops into hostile Tibetan territory had been a brilliant success. ‘The earlier drops, perhaps the first 10 or 15, were very successful in that the morale of the Tibetan trainees and the Chushi Gandrug went sky high,’ McCarthy said in retrospect. ‘The next 20 or so gave the resistance much of what they needed to maintain their winning ways over the PLA; the drops to the Pembar area brought false hope, and thus I call them sadly futile.’
Given the nasty beating the resistance was now taking, the time had come to move its base out of reach of the Chinese. In the summer of 1960 the Tibetan operations base was relocated to Mustang province, a moonscapelike scrap of Nepalese real estate jutting into Tibet. From there the resistance planned, with CIA help, to send 2,100 fighters in groups of 300 into occupied Tibet. One of Gompo Tashi’s lieutenants, an ex-monk named Bapa Gen Yeshe, ran the operation, and he easily collected the first 300 guerrillas for Mustang. Rightfully nervous about such numbers while it secretly staged operations in Nepal without consent, the CIA demanded the highest level of security.
Security, however, was not the average Tibetan’s strong point; articles began to appear in the newspapers about the more than 2,000 Tibetans flocking into the camp — over three times the original number planned — to be fed, housed and kept occupied. Upset by the security breach, and heeding Eisenhower’s proscription against conducting provocative airdrops in the wake of the 1960 U-2 spy plane incident, the CIA withdrew support. That made for a horribly bitter winter situation in the Mustang camps. Some Tibetans froze to death. Others ate their shoes and animal hides to survive. Eventually, however, money was provided for food, and Tibetan hopes at Mustang remained high.
Spring of 1961 brought the Americans a new president and an apparent change of heart. John F. Kennedy’s administration, at least initially, continued to support Tibetan resistance. The CIA dropped more arms and a seven-man team to the camps in Nepal. It turned out to be one of the most auspicious decisions in CIA history. The Mustang guerrillas proceeded to make a series of smashing raids along the nearby Sinkiang-Tibet Highway running through southwestern Tibet toward Lhasa. Eventually, the Chinese gave up completely on using that important route and built another road farther from the Mustang border.
The real reward for the CIA, however, was an intelligence coup that occurred when 40 Tibetan horsemen overran a small Chinese convoy in what came to be called the ‘blue satchel raid.’ A veteran of the raid named Acho described what transpired: ‘The driver was shot in the eye, his brains splattered behind him and the truck came to a stop. The engine was still running. Then all of us fired at it. There was one woman, a very high-ranking officer, with a blue sack full of documents.’ When the CIA men in Washington opened it, they were stunned. The bloodstained, bullet-riddled cache of 1,500 documents contained the first hard evidence of the failure of Mao’s Great Leap Forward, famine, and discontent within the PLA. John Kenneth Knaus said: ‘The Tibetan Document Raid was one of the greatest intelligence hauls in the history of the agency….So that was of great help as far as getting or maintaining support for these kinds of operations was concerned.’ There were at least three important courier satchels captured, which provided insight into policy decisions, order-of-battle information, and proposals being made by China to India. The Tibetans were happy to know that the Americans were so pleased with the blue satchel’s contents, although Acho, in a 2001 interview said, ‘We still don’t know what was in that bag.’
The satchel was by no means the last of it. In 1962 a Tibetan spy team located deep inside Chinese territory photographed Chinese military sites, made maps and located potential parachute drop zones, at the same time helping to inform the United States about China’s missile programs and efforts to develop nuclear weapons. After repeated attempts, Tibetan operatives managed to plant sensors that gave Washington its earliest clues of China’s first nuclear test at Lop Nor, north of Tibet, in 1964.
Meanwhile, however, China’s collectivization of Tibet was taking a grisly toll. Newly built roads and airfields had allowed the PLA to bury the country in troops and equipment. Ancient monasteries and temples were systematically destroyed; tens of thousands of civilians, including monks and nuns, were killed, raped, scalded and imprisoned. Famine rumbled across the ‘roof of the world.’ Altogether 1.2 million Tibetans died, either at the hands of the soldiers or from the Chinese starvation strategy. ‘We should have committed ourselves earlier,’ McCarthy said, ‘before the Chinese got those roads and airstrips built, and before they established their lines of communications so thoroughly.’
By the mid-’60s things began to deteriorate for the Tibetans. Now aware of the Mustang camps, of which there were four, India and Nepal were nervous about the incursions. The CIA program also had its American detractors. Kennedy’s ambassador to India, John Kenneth Galbraith, was, in his patrician manner, calling it ‘a particularly insane enterprise’ involving ‘dissident and deeply unhygienic tribesmen.’ The guerrillas were instructed to cease making armed incursions inside Tibet and to limit their operations to intelligence gathering. The Tibetans nodded and smiled, then continued raiding until the late 1960s. The CIA made its last arms drop in May 1965.
Meanwhile, trouble was brewing within the Tibetan organization, beginning with the death of the 64-year-old Gompo Tashi in September 1964, following surgery to remove 10 pieces of shrapnel acquired from years of fighting. The Dalai Lama’s brother, Gyalo Thondup, and camp organizer Lhamo Tsering replaced Gompo Tashi with Bapa Yeshe, a reliable fighter of the old school. More akin to a feudal tribal chief than a contemporary guerrilla commander, however, Yeshe and a like-minded group generally kept things stirred up among the resistance camps. Camp Hale vets said he misappropriated funds and supplies. In Mustang province he terrorized the locals and stole from farmers. The Nepalese protested to India, and of course the Indians protested to the Dalai Lama, while the Chinese happily kept up the political pressure on both Nepal and India for letting the Tibetans stay there at all.
Though he had his own followers, Bapa Yeshe was dismissed in 1968. Camp Hale Tibetans and CIA men say he proceeded to Kathmandu (where he remains today) and gave the Nepalese army minute details as to where the resistance camps were located and the names of their leaders.
There would be one more Mustang resistance leader. Gyato Wangdu, a steel-hard fighter and one of the original Saipan-trained Tibetans, would be the principal actor in the Chushi Gandrug‘s tragic closing act.
It was President Richard Nixon’s rapprochement with China that rang the death knell for the Tibetan resistance. John Kenneth Knaus, now an associate at the Fairbank Center for East Asian Research at Harvard University, wrote, ‘After their journey to Beijing Dr. [Henry] Kissinger told his chief [Nixon], ‘We are now in the extraordinary situation that, with the exception of the United Kingdom, the People’s Republic of China might well be closest to us in its global perceptions.” These global perceptions did not include the Tibetans.
When the order to close ST Circus came down, not a few CIA field officers were as angry and saddened as the Tibetans. While they still feel it was a great program and are proud of their part in it, they are regretful that they did not or could not do more. ‘It was more a case of not being straightforward with the Tibetans,’ McCarthy lamented, ‘and letting the State Department types have the trump cards, especially at critical junctures. Again, had we been able to go to Tibet’s aid in 1952, or even up to 1955, history would have been rewritten. By 1958 and 1959 we were again on the tail end of opportunity.’ Rather more bluntly than the other CIA officers involved in ST Circus, McCarthy concluded: ‘Generally speaking, I think the Agency looks at Tibet as having been one of the best operations that it has ever run. Well that’s fine, that’s very complimentary. But if you look at the final results, it’s a very sad commentary. If we look at what we did to Tibet as about the best that we could do, then I say that we failed miserably.’
The base in Mustang struggled on until 1974, when the Nepalese government, under tremendous Chinese pressure, sent troops to shut it down. The Mustang leaders refused to surrender. In an effort to prevent a Nepalese slaughter of his people, the Dalai Lama issued a taped message to be played in all the camps, ordering the Tibetans to lay down their arms. ‘The tape contained the Dalai Lama’s real voice,’ recalled Mustang soldier Ugyen Tashi. ‘So when we heard his message, I swear, some of the men even cried. Everyone heard the message with their own ears, so we had no choice but to give up. Then we turned in our weapons…all day and all night.’ Afterward, some Tibetans threw themselves into a river and were drowned. A CIA-trained senior Tibetan officer slit his own throat on the spot.
Yet one man did not comply — Gyato Wangdu, who with a few select warriors embarked on a hard-fighting run for India. But a month later they were ambushed by Nepalese forces at a place called Tinkers Pass. Seeing the end before him, Wangdu chose to ride straight into his attackers. And with that, it was over. The last fighter of the secret war at the top of the world went down in a deadly cross-fire, as much a casualty of politics half a world away as the guns of Tinkers Pass.
This article was written by Joe Bageant and originally published in the February 2004 issue of Military History. For more great articles be sure to subscribe to Military History magazine today!


Helpful tips for writing a successful persuasive essay
Last updated: May 19, 2016
A persuasive essay uses reason to demonstrate that certain ideas are more valid than others in academic writing. The purpose of such an essay is to encourage readers to accept a particular viewpoint or act in a particular way. A persuasive essay must be based on sound logic and must contain factual evidence to support the argument.
How to write a persuasive essay
Take a stance. What do you think about the issue? What side will you take? Be aware of any prejudices you might have that could color your argument. What resolution will you suggest?
Know your audience. Determine if your audience will agree with your position and why they may not. You must be able to understand both sides of the issue in order to successfully argue your point of view.
Thoroughly research your topic. The point of a persuasive essay is to provide detailed and compelling evidence—you should be able to disprove the opposing argument. It will likely be necessary to undertake library-based research in order to accomplish this.
Think about the structure of your essay. Determine what evidence you will include and the order in which you will present it. Remember, it must be logical.
Support your argument. Use hard facts. You can gather these from your research, observations, or personal experiences. But be careful! In order to avoid plagiarism, you must cite your sources. You should always use verifiable statistics. It is important to be able to back up your argument with data. In order to further strengthen the argument in your persuasive essay, try using one or two direct quotes from experts on the topic. Finally, provide meaningful examples to enhance and clearly illustrate your argument.
How to organize your persuasive essay
The introduction.The introduction in your persuasive essay should grab the readers' attention and provide background information about your subject. It should end with a clear statement of your thesis.
The body. The body should consist of all the arguments that support your thesis. Each paragraph should focus on one particular point. Next, include one or two paragraphs to succinctly explain and refute the most compelling opposing argument.
The conclusion. The conclusion should restate the main argument and supporting points. After all, the point of a persuasive essay is to convert your readers to your point of view.
Take a breather
Take a day or two off. Let your essay sit and your mind rest. Then, read your persuasive essay with fresh eyes. Ask yourself if your essay is logical and convincing. Will your readers be persuaded by your argument? Did you provide enough evidence in the way of facts, statistics, quotes, and examples?
Want to learn more? Scribendi.com's ebook How to Write an Essay in Five Easy Steps will provide you with the knowledge and tools you need to confidently write essays.
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Safety is the main concern for people working in industrial area. is the electric energy in the capacitor. When voltage reduces on the capacitor, electric energy reduces. Namely, capacitor releases electric energy to electric source. Hence, capacitor is an energy storage element in circuit. In climate change, we are looking for changes so small, it is hiding in the noise. In any given year, we have a large variation of temperatures around the globe. The science is trying to detect a small change over a long period of time. Climate cycles can be as long as 60 years and as short as 1 year. To extract a change due to one particular source is almost impossible. You would have to exclude all other natural elements that could come from a very long cycle and also may be random in nature such as a volcanic erruption. There is no bigger industry on our planet than food and agriculture, with a consistent, loyal customer base of 7 billion. In fact, the World Bank estimates that food and agriculture comprise about 10% of the global GDP, meaning that, food and agriculture would be valued at about $8 trillion globally based on the projected global GDP of $88 trillion for 2019. teleportation is not very likely nor is faster than light travel. the biggest change in a century will be the rise of artificial intelligence. many people will spend most of their time in virtuality. the climate will be harsher. personal freedoms will be much less than today. the rich will be able to extend their lifespans for centuries. machines wil fight wars. Chapter 4 “The Nineteenth Century: Russian America, Reform and Regionalism” examines the reforms to the dysfunctional Siberian region of the Russian Empire carried out by the exiled Russian administrator Speranskii, who greatly modified the bureaucratic structure of Siberia – although the author seems to doubt about how much this impacted conditions on the ground and just how revolutionary these changes were. In addition it also briefly looks at the rise and decline of Russian America, that foray across the Pacific onto the American continent. It also relates political developments from below, with the formation of Siberian regionalist agitators, their concerns (they helped formulate the idea of Siberia as a colony of Russia), and how they hoped to reform Siberia. This Siberia also grew for the last time, with the Russian annexation of Amur from China, providing a large and (relatively) temperate region. Ridecell empowers new mobility operators, including OEMs, car rental companies, auto clubs, dealer groups, and private fleets to launch, expand, and maximize the utilization of their own ridesharing and carsharing services. The company provides an intelligent software platform that runs new mobility services such as carsharing, ridesharing, and autonomous fleet management. End-to-end integration and automation accelerate time to market, enabling Ridecell customers to launch mobility services quickly, operate efficiently, and scale revenues as business grows. The company powers new mobility offerings, including ReachNow, mobility service from the BMW Group, OMNI by Volkswagen, and GIG Carsharing service by AAA.
Designers need to explore various approaches and requirements to lighting design as codes and standards are becoming more energy-conscious. You may also consider taking on a part-time job to supplement your funding, either within the university or beyond – but be aware of any possible restrictions. If you are a full-time EU or EEA student (excluding students from Bulgaria and Romania), there are no restrictions on where or when you can work. If you are a full-time student from outside of the EU you will be limited to working up to 120 full days or 240 half days per year before you must apply for a work permit. Upon gaining paid work in Germany you should contact the German employment office to learn about the legal conditions. Constant pressure systems (CP-system), unloaded. Same basic configuration as ‘standard’ CP-system but the pump is unloaded to a low stand-by pressure when all valves are in neutral position. Not so fast response as standard CP but pump lifetime is prolonged. It was established as a Royal Air Force station in 1930, and opened in 1934. During World War II, RAF Bomber Command used the station for operational combat missions until 1945. The base saw an appalling death toll with the loss of over 200 Wellington, Stirling, and Lancaster aircraft, and more significantly, the loss of over 2,000 aircrew members. It was built in 1943 as an airfield with extra-long, heavy-duty runways and FIDO to receive damaged aircraft returning from raids in Europe. By the end of the Second World War 4,200 aircraft had made emergency landings at RAF Woodbridge. The sensor that works on principle of magnetic effect is called Hall Effect sensor. Magnetic field is the input and electrical signal is the output. External magnetic field is applied to activate Hall Effect sensor. All magnets have two important characteristics namely Flux density and polarity. Magnetic flux density is always present around the object. Therefore, the Hall Effect sensor output will be function of the flux density. The American Welding Society provides a body of knowledge about the welding profession. Their mission is to advance all aspects of welding starting with the technology, science and application of the various processes. They create the best practices and help develop the different ways of doing the job. If you are looking for historical information about the profession, this is where to go. For example, a common design approach in restrooms is to put wall-wash lights in the ceiling along the walls above sinks and toilets. In a recent project, 4-in.-wide LED strip fixtures were recessed in the acoustic tile ceiling along the walls. The owner was not happy with the lighting in the restroom because he could see the wobbly, uneven tile work on the walls. The solution was to move the lights away from the walls to the next T-bar. In this case, it wasn’t technically the lighting that was the problem, but the tile contractor’s work. It’s something to consider if there is intricate tile work in restrooms or on other walls.


( – promoted by navajo)
The policies of the United States regarding American Indians have generally been based on two interlocked approaches: ideological and theological. During the nineteenth and much of the twentieth century, Indian affairs were guided by an ideology based on the concept of private property and a theology based on Christianity. Thus the formation of Indian policies required no actual understanding of American Indians.
Multimillionaire steel baron Andrew Carnegie cheerfully pronounced that “Individualism, Private Property, the Law of Accumulation of Wealth, and the Law of Competition” were the very height of human achievement. Politicians and Indian reformers simply sought to apply these to the Indian tribes with no real understanding of tribal cultures. Privatizing Indian land through the Allotment Act of 1887 was done through adherence to this ideology. It was felt that this would force Indians into the modern world and enable them and their children to have a future. The more practical realized that this would simply separate the Indians from their land and allow large corporate interests to prosper.
By the 1920s it was obvious to the most casual observer that there were major economic, social, and health problems on the reservations. America’s prosperity was not reaching Indian people. The poverty on the reservations was undeniable to any who had even a casual relationship with them. The Secretary of the Interior thus authorized an economic and social study of Indian conditions. Lewis Meriam led the study for the Institute for Government Research, a privately endowed foundation. To conduct the research, Meriam put together a team of social scientists, including some Native Americans.
In 1928, Meriam’s study entitled The Problem of Indian Administration (more commonly called the Meriam Report) was published. This was the most comprehensive study of Indian reservations ever done. The report strongly repudiated the philosophy of Indian policy which had prevailed since 1871.
While there were, and still are, many people who feel that poverty is a condition which Indian people have brought upon themselves, and that government policies can neither ameliorate nor create poverty, the report states:
“Several past policies adopted by the government in dealing with the Indians have been of a type which, if long continued, would tend to pauperize any race.”
Beginning in 1871, Indian policy in the United States had been guided by the ideology of private property, that only through private property could Indians (and all other people) prosper and that economic development should be based on small, privately owned family farms. According to the report:
“It almost seems as if the government assumed that some magic in individual ownership of property would in itself prove an educational civilizing factor, but unfortunately this policy has for the most part operated in the opposite direction”
The report also states:
“In justice to the Indians it should be said that many of them are living on lands from which a trained and experienced white man could scarcely wrest a reasonable living. In some instances the land originally set apart for the Indians was of little value for agricultural operations other than grazing”
The Meriam Report recognized the economic potential of Indian arts and crafts. The report recommended that the Indian Office coordinate the marketing of Indian arts and crafts so that genuineness, quality, and fair prices can be maintained. Indian arts and crafts were seen as a way of improving the social and economic conditions on the reservations.
The report also recommended that tribes be incorporated and that the tribal councils be given some decision-making powers.
The goals of Indian education during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries were to convert Indian children to Christianity, to give them Christian names, particularly surnames, so that the inheritance of property could be easily traced, to provide them with the concept of greed, and to train them as laborers and household workers. Education was often carried out through boarding schools in which Indian children were forcibly removed from their homes and the influences of their cultures. With the Meriam Report the non-Indian public is made aware of kidnapping, child labor, emotional and physical abuse, and lack of health care in Bureau of Indian Affairs schools. While the report draws attention to abuses, the assimilationist po¬licies of Indian education continues for another 40 years.
The report is particu¬larly critical of the boarding schools:
“The survey staff finds itself obligated to say frankly and unequivocally that the provisions for the care of the Indian children in boarding schools are grossly inadequate.”
While Indian education has often assumed that Indians are to be trained for manual labor, the report states:
“The Indian Service should encourage promising Indian youths to continue their education beyond the boarding schools and to fit themselves for professional, scientific, and technical callings. Not only should the educational facilities of the boarding schools provide definitely for fitting them for college entrance, but the Service should aid them in meeting the costs.”
With regard to religion, the report urges the continuation of cooperation with Christian missionaries, but cautions:
“The missionaries need to have a better understanding of the Indian point of view of the Indian’s religion and ethics, in order to start from what is good in them as a foundation. Too frequently, they have made the mistake of attempting to destroy the existing structure and to substitute something else without apparently realizing that much in the old has its place in the new.”
With regard to Indian health, the report simply stated:
“The health of the Indians compared with that of the general population is bad.”
According to the report, the general death rate and the infant mortality rate were high. Tuberculosis and trachoma (a disease that produces blindness) were very prevalent. With regard to the health care services provided to Indians by the government, the report states:
“The hospitals, sanatoria, and sanatorium schools maintained by the Service, despite a few exceptions, must generally be characterized as lacking in personnel, equipment, management, and design”
According to the report, the government run health care institutions do not provide adequate care for their patients.
Overall, the Meriam Report set the stage for a new era in Indian policy, an era in which policy could be based on actual data rather than ideological or theological fantasies.


- Why you should use a strong password.
- People need to use strong passwords to protect their personal and financial information from unauthorized access. Strong passwords are typically longer and more complex than weak passwords, making them more difficult for hackers to guess or crack. They are also less likely to be found in a list of commonly used passwords, which are often used by hackers in their attempts to gain access to an account. By using a strong password, you can reduce the risk of your account being compromised and your personal information being stolen. Additionally, many websites and online services now require users to have strong passwords, as they have become more aware of the importance of password security.


Staff at a popular zoo in Guanxi, China, have been accused of animal cruelty and trying to swindle visitors, after it was revealed that they had glued a basket to the carapace of a large tortoise so superstitious people could throw coins in it.
Throwing coins at specific objects, from temple bells and statues to airplane engines before a flight, is believed to bring good luck, but this superstition sometimes crosses certain boundaries. Case in point, this African spurred tortoise at Nanning Zoo, in the provincial capital of Guangxi, that had a straw basket glued to its carapace for people to throw coins into. Photos of the animal crawling around in its enclosure with the basket sticking up went viral on Chinese social media and attracted criticism both from animal lovers and those who saw the gimmick as a way to swindle zoo visitors.
The shocking photos were posted on Weibo, China’s version of Twitter, by a user named “Tea-tia” who said they were taken during the National Day holiday. He criticized the zoo for using the animal to swindle money out of visitors, and urged police, the media and the National Forestry Bureau to investigate.
“I don’t know why the zoo would use this method to exhibit precious animals,” Tea-tia said.
A spokesperson for Nanning Zoo told Pear Video that management was investigating the unfortunate incident, but had yet to release a statement.


Weve all had those days where we simply dont have a moment to breathe. After you drop the kids off at school you have to pick up the dry cleaning and get to work yourself. In addition to picking the kids up from school, you also have to run to the store and get dinner on the table. Life can be exhausting and stressful and it could affect you more than you realize!
Effects of Stress on the Body
Stress is a natural reaction and it is something you cant always control. Deep breathing exercises can help you to calm down in a stressful situation, but your body will still react. For many people, stress incites feelings of anxiety and worry it could also speed up your heart rate and breathing.
In addition to these physical symptoms, stress could also affect you in ways that you cannot see. Extended periods of stress, for example, can lead to cognitive problems such as memory loss and difficulty concentrating. These things, in the long run, could add to your stress which makes it a never-ending cycle.
Anxiety and Brain Health
With stress, many people also experience anxiety and increased worry. I remember a specific time when I was supposed to pick up my son from soccer practice but I had misplaced my keys. I spent ten minutes rushing frantically around the house looking for them only to find that, in my hurry, I had knocked them off the kitchen table and under the chair.
When we become stressed, it sometimes feels like everything seems to fall apart. You lose your keys, forget important things at work and waste an inordinate amount of time worrying about things we just cant control. With our brains running a mile a minute, its no wonder we get a little forgetful and frazzled.
We all know that stress can make you a little crazy but scientists have discovered that stress actually changes the way your brain processes and stores information.
Research recently published in the Journal of Neuroscience suggests that periods of stress induce significant changes in the brain that can be linked to both emotion and memory this may explain why we feel overly emotional and forgetful when we are stressed. Stress impacts two important parts of the brain: the amygdala and the hippocampus.
The amygdala is part of the limbic system and it is responsible for processing emotions. The hippocampus is also part of the limbic system and plays a significant role in long-term memory. During periods of chronic stress, the electric signals to the hippocampus weaken while those to the amygdala become stronger this results in weakened memory and intensified emotion.
This is often seen to be the case in stress-related psychiatric disorders. Think about it when you realize youve forgotten an important file at work you are more likely to think about how anxious you are to complete the project, overlooking the fact that it isnt even due until the end of the week.
The brain is an amazing organ but incredibly difficult to understand. It is important to realize, however, the things which have an effect on your mental ability and productivity. Stress can be very damaging to your memory and can intensify your emotions, making stressful situations seem even worse. If you realize this tendency of the brain, however, you will be better able to manage stressful situations much more quickly.