Inventors, tinkerers, and makers alike bring all sorts of innovative and creative projects and ideas to life through ready-to-go, low-cost hardware and software. They dream up and test various projects that solve real-world problems, or just do something really cool. These makers need ready-to-use tools to help them develop, test, and tweak their creations. These tools could include single board computers (SBCs), development tool chains, software interfaces, or anything that aids in the creation of a new device or the modification of an existing one.
Mass produced microcontroller boards started with the Arduino development boards and Atmel's 8-bit ATMEGA microcontrollers. Simplified software tools like Sketch and a large library of plug-and-play code meant almost anyone could pick up an Arduino and build something in a matter of minutes. Since then, many development boards have been released, each with their own unique advantages.
While these development boards provide makers and engineers with the tools to develop rapid prototypes to prove their designs, getting the captured data from the microcontroller or serial port into the Cloud often requires a much greater skillset, which includes:
- Hardware developers
- Embedded software developers
- Back end infrastructure
- Front end web portal
- Smartphone application design
- UX and UI designers
These are often a team of hardware and software engineers working together over an extended timeline. In a fast-paced market, this can prove both hazardous and expensive to any company. While creating from scratch is often an enticing challenge, the right development boards negate the need to do so.
The STM32 Nucleo pack for IoT nodes
STMicroelectronics’ STM32 Nucleo is a powerful, low-cost alternative to the Arduino series of development boards. The latest all-in-one STM32 Nucleo pack includes NFC, MEMs, and Wi-Fi expansion boards, bringing makers and engineers to the IoT cloud. The MEMs expansion board is jam packed with accelerometers, magnetometers, gyroscopes, pressure sensors, and temperature and humidity sensors. These expansion boards are only a small selection of the large number offered from STMicroelectronics. The STM32 Nucleo development boards are also Arduino UNO R3 expansion board compatible, meaning they can use almost all of the Arduino shields.
However, where the STM32 Nucleo really comes into play is with ST’s Open Development Environment function packs which provide direct connection to either Microsoft Azure’s or IBM Watson’s IoT Cloud. Pre-built binaries let the designer complete the full design implementation in a matter of minutes. This allows makers and engineers to spend time coming up with new ideas and cool projects, or focusing on adding desired features and functionality.
Breakdown of the STM32 Nucleo pack
Figure 1: STM32 Nucleo pack for IoT nodes.
The STM32 Nucleo pack features four development boards, each of which can be purchased separately. The NUCLEO-F401RE is the brains of the pack with the STM32F401RE MCU, a 32-bit ARM® Cortex®-M4 core with DSP and FPU, adaptive real-time accelerator, 512 Kbytes of Flash, and 96 Kbytes of SRAM. The board can be powered by USB or from an external source up to 12 volts. There’s an on-board ST-LINK/V2-1 debugger/programmer with three interfaces supported via micro USB: Virtual COM port, mass storage, and a debug port. The board also supports Arduino UNO R3 and ST morpho connectivity to all STM32 I/O. A wide choice of integrated development environments (IDEs) are supported, including IAR, ARM, Keil and GCC-based IDEs. The STM32 Nucleo board comes with the STM32 comprehensive software HAL library together with various packaged software examples, as well as direct access to the ARM mbed online resources. The ARM mbed online tool only works with Chrome, but it allows the user to write code through the web portal and download to the board’s memory storage over USB without the need to download large software IDEs.
Figure 2: STM32 Nucleo-64 board.
The second development board is the X-NUCLEO-IDW01M1, a Wi-Fi expansion board based on the SWPF01SA module. It is both FCC and ETSI compliant with a low power 802.11 b/g/n transceiver and an integrated SMD antenna. A 1 MB extended Flash allows firmware updates over-the-air (FOTA). Other useful features include application layer functions such as web server supporting dynamic web pages, and REST API to get and post web content. As with any IoT device, personal security is a serious concern and is covered with WEP/WPA/WPA2. Control is through a simple AT command set host interface via the UART.
Figure 3: Nucleo Wi-Fi expansion board.
The third development board is the X-NUCLEO-IKS01A2 motion MEMS and environmental sensor expansion board, which is packed with several sensors to capture all sorts of data. Its features include:
- LSM6DSL MEMS 3D accelerometer (±2/±4/±8/±16 g) and 3D gyroscope (±125/±245/±500/±1000/±2000 dps)
- LSM303AGR MEMS 3D accelerometer (±2/±4/±8/±16 g) and MEMS3D magnetometer (±50 gauss)
- LPS22HB MEMS pressure sensor, 260-1260 hPa absolute digital output barometer
- HTS221: capacitive digital relative humidity and temperature
There’s also a 24-pin DIL socket for additional MEMS adapters and other sensors. All the sensors interface with the STM32 Nucleo over the default I2C interface.
Figure 4: Nucleo Motion MEMS and environmental sensor expansion board.
The last board is the X-NUCLEO-NFC01A1, Dynamic NFC tag expansion board. Using the M24SR64-Y Dynamic NFC/RFID tag IC and NFC antenna (13.56 MHz), it is commonly used with the Wi-Fi expansion board and the ST25 smartphone application to set up Wi-Fi SSIDs and passwords in an easy-to-use and secure way. It also supports the Arduino UNO R3 connectors, but it does not contain the morpho connectors that the other expansion boards have.
Figure 5: Nucleo Dynamic NFC tag expansion board.
While the STM32 Nucleo pack for IoT node only contains these three extra expansion boards, there is a wide range of supported expansion boards available including, but not limited to, the X-NUCLEO-IHM07M1 motor driver, X-NUCLEO-IDB05A1 Bluetooth Low Energy, X-NUCLEO-53L0A1 light sensor, and the X-NUCLEO-LED61A1 LED driver.
STM32 Nucleo and the IoT cloud
The cloud refers to an internet-based service, where computer processing and data is shared in an easy to access forum. It’s usually a distributed grouping of servers spread across the world that run specific programs to capture and store data to be reviewed at a later time. A simple example is a temperature sensor that sends the temperature to a remote server, where the data is parsed and stored in a database. This is then retrieved through a web portal or a smartphone application to be viewed by the end user.
One of the key offerings with the STM32 Nucleo development board includes two software packages from the STM32 Open Development Environment. The FP-CLD-AZURE1 and FP-CLD-WATSON1 are two software packages that help connect the development board with a web dashboard running on the cloud for sensor data visualization. These provide much needed out-of-the-box support for two of the most popular IoT clouds. Both packages offer complete middleware solutions to build applications based on Wi-Fi connectivity. The software includes drivers that recognize the Wi-Fi module (SPWF01SA), sensor devices (HTS221, LPS25HB, LSM6DS0, LIS3MDL, LPS22HB, LSM303AGR, LSM6DSL) and dynamic NFC/RFID tag (M24SR64-Y). It also includes a middleware package implementing the MQTT protocol for easy interaction of STM32 Nucleo-based microsystems with cloud services. The expansion software is built on STM32Cube software technology to ease portability across different STM32 microcontrollers.
The FP-CLD-AZURE1 functional package connects to Microsoft Azure’s IoT cloud. It comes with an integrated SDK for easy access to Azure’s services. It supports MQTT, device management primitives, telemetry and firmware update over-the-air (FOTA). Sample applications are available for the X-NUCLEO-IKS01A1, X-NUCLEO-IKS01A2, X-NUCLEO-IDW01M1 and X-NUCLEO-NFC01A1 boards connected to a NUCLEO-F401RE/NUCLEO-L476RG/NUCLEO-F429ZI board.
The FP-CLD-WATSON1 functional package connects to IBM Watson’s IoT cloud through Bluemix, IBM’s platform as a service (PaaS). Similar to Microsoft Azure’s IoT cloud, it provides complete middleware package to build applications based on Wi-Fi connectivity connecting the STM32 Nucleo board with cloud-based services. Sample implementations are provided for the X-NUCLEO-IKS01A1, X-NUCLEO-IDW01M1, and X-NUCLEO-NFC01A1, when connected to NUCLEO-F401RE.
While these two packages are readily supported by the STM32 Nucleo pack, they are not the only STM32 ODE function packs available. Function packs exist to connect devices to the Amazon AWS cloud, connecting 6LoWPAN IoT nodes to smartphones via Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE), creating BLE star networks connected via Wi-Fi to the IoT cloud, and 6LoWPAN networks through sub-1GHz RF communications.
Getting up on the IoT cloud
Looking at Microsoft Azure’s IoT cloud, getting started is all documented in the user manual (UM2043). The quick start guide is also another useful document to work through. However, both of these documents make assumptions that the user has already installed the IDE of choice and knows how to use it. The following simplifies the optimal steps to take:
- Download and install any of the three IDEs. Note that while all are powerful tools, only the AC6 system workbench for STM32 is free.
- Download a serial line monitor like TeraTerm.
- Download and unzip the Microsoft Azure IDE software package (FP-CLD-AZURE1).
- Set up the IoT hub.
- Register and provision the STM32 node and get its credentials.
- Register an active account on Microsoft Azure.
- Download Microsoft Device Explorer utility for Windows or iothub-explorer, a cross platform command line tool, to provision devices and manage the IoT hub.
Once the steps in the quick start guide have been followed and the STM32 Nucleo pack has been successfully programmed, the user can connect the node to the Wi-Fi network by programming the SSID and password into source code or by using the ST25 Android application and the attached NFC expansion board.
Once all the necessary software packages are downloaded and successful provisioning and registration of the IoT node is complete, it is possible to start using the existing code base to develop custom applications. Device Explorer is a Windows-based utility that is used to provision and manage the IoT hub. On top of this, it is also used to visualize messages sent from the node, change message properties on the fly and set up firmware updates.
Figure 6: Windows Device Explorer for provisioning and IoT hub management.
The Android smartphone app provides extra features including setting up the SSID and password through the NFC tag expansion board.
Figure 7: ST25 smartphone application.
An alternative product by RushUp, the Cloud-JAM, is an accelerator specifically designed for makers, developers, and high mix, low volume products. It combines all four development boards (MCU, Wi-Fi, MEMS and NFC) of the STM32 Nucleo pack for IoT into the one compact design. One of the key features is the direct compatibility between the two development systems, allowing users to develop and debug on the STM32 Nucleo functional pack, and then download the same binary onto the Cloud-JAM. This interoperability allows the same ability to connect to the IoT cloud, as well as use the quick start guides for the STM32 Nucleo to get up and running. The datasheets and information on the Cloud-JAM product can be downloaded from RushUp’s GitHub repository.
Figure 8: Cloud JAM, accelerator product of STM32 Nucleo pack for IoT node.
Aiding makers, designers and engineers by providing comprehensive, easy-to-use tools is a positive move. STMicroelectronics has done a great job at tackling the complete package, from collecting sensor data on the embedded platform, transmitting to local networks, and storage in the IoT cloud where the nodes can be updated, controlled and monitored. The IoT cloud SDKs take the hassle out of connecting numerous systems together, allowing makers and engineers to jumpstart their development. Instead of a team of engineers with broad, separate skillsets, the full product package can be developed in a more cost-effective manner with a much improved time-to-market.


According to ehuacom, Belton, South Carolina is a small town located in Anderson County. The town sits at the intersection of Interstate 85 and US 76, just 20 miles south of Greenville. Belton is bordered by the Saluda River to the east and the Enoree River to the west.
The geography of Belton is characterized by rolling hills, lush forests and winding rivers. The town sits at an elevation of 763 feet above sea level in a region that is known for its moderate climate and abundant rainfall.
The landscape in Belton consists mainly of pine forests interspersed with open fields and meadows. There are also several creeks and streams that run through the area, including Big Creek, Little Creek and Rocky River.
The area around Belton is home to a variety of wildlife including deer, rabbits, wild turkeys and waterfowl. There are also several species of reptiles such as lizards, snakes and turtles that can be found near the rivers or in the surrounding woods.
Belton’s local geography provides plenty of opportunities for outdoor recreation such as camping, fishing, hunting, boating or simply exploring nature trails on foot or by bike. The town also has several parks where residents can enjoy activities like picnicking or playing sports such as baseball or soccer.
Overall, Belton’s geography offers something for everyone – whether they’re looking to relax in nature’s beauty or explore its many wonders up close.
History of Belton, South Carolina
Belton, South Carolina is a small town located in Anderson County. The town has a rich history that dates back to its founding in 1845.
The first settlers in Belton were mostly Scots-Irish and German immigrants who came to the area looking for new opportunities. They established a thriving agricultural community that was based on the production of cotton, corn and tobacco.
During the Civil War, Belton was an important Confederate supply depot and saw several battles between Union and Confederate forces. After the war, Belton became an important railroad hub which helped fuel its growth throughout the late 19th century.
In the early 20th century, Belton experienced a period of economic decline due to the Great Depression and two major floods in 1929 and 1940. However, it eventually recovered thanks to its diversified economy which included manufacturing, agriculture and tourism.
Belton is proud of its history as it has managed to preserve many of its historic buildings over the years such as its old city hall building which is now a museum showcasing local artifacts from throughout its history. The town also hosts many festivals each year such as their famous Apple Festival which celebrates their agricultural heritage with live music, food vendors and more.
Today, Belton is a vibrant small town with a strong sense of community pride in its unique history and culture. It continues to attract new residents who appreciate all that this charming town has to offer – from its beautiful landscapes to its rich cultural heritage.
Economy of Belton, South Carolina
Belton, South Carolina is a small town located in Anderson County. The town has a diverse economy that is driven by both local and regional businesses.
The town’s economy is based on two main industries: manufacturing and agriculture. Manufacturers in Belton produce a variety of products such as automotive parts, electronics and textiles. Agriculture is also important to the local economy as the area produces cotton, corn, soybeans and tobacco.
In addition to these traditional industries, Belton also has a thriving tourism industry due to its proximity to Lake Hartwell and other nearby attractions such as Clemson University. The town hosts several festivals throughout the year which draw visitors from all over the region including their annual Apple Festival which celebrates their agricultural heritage with live music, food vendors and more.
The town also benefits from its proximity to larger cities such as Greenville and Anderson which provide employment opportunities for residents in fields such as healthcare, technology, finance and more.
Overall, Belton’s economy offers something for everyone – whether you’re looking for a job in manufacturing or agriculture or want to explore the local attractions like Lake Hartwell or Clemson University. The town’s diverse economic base provides plenty of options for those looking to make their home here in beautiful Belton, South Carolina.
Politics in Belton, South Carolina
Belton, South Carolina is a small town located in Anderson County. The town’s politics are largely influenced by the state government and the Republican Party.
The town is represented in the South Carolina House of Representatives by the District 11 Representative, who is currently Republican Steve Moss. Belton is also part of the larger District 4 which covers Anderson and Oconee Counties and is represented by Republican William Cogswell.
The town does not have any elected officials at the local level, but it does have an appointed Mayor who serves as head of local government. The Mayor is elected every four years and works with other elected officials to ensure that Belton’s laws are followed and that its citizens receive quality services from their local government.
Belton also has a Town Council which consists of seven members elected for four-year terms to represent their respective districts within Belton. The Town Council works together with the Mayor to set policy goals and make decisions on important issues affecting the town such as budgeting, zoning regulations, public safety and more.
Overall, Belton’s politics are largely influenced by state government policies and decisions made at higher levels of government. However, its local leaders work hard to ensure that residents have a voice in their community’s affairs through their participation in Town Council meetings and other forms of civic engagement.


Different types of colon polyps include adenomatous polyps, inflammatory polyps and hyperplastic polyps, notes WebMD. While a majority of colorectal polyps don't develop into cancer, nearly all rectal and colon cancers begin from these polyps. There's also a chance a person may inherit diseases that raise his risk of cancer.Continue Reading
Hyperplastic and inflammatory polyps can be grouped together, and while they don't usually become cancer, hyperplastic polyps located on the right side of the colon should be taken care of as soon as possible, says WedMD. Adenomas, also known as adenomatous polyps, have the potential to become colon cancer.
Areas of abnormal cells known as dysplasia found in the lining of the rectum or colon can lead to the development of cancer, notes WebMD. These abnormal cells are most often found in individuals with Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis and other inflammatory bowel diseases.
There are specific risk factors associated with an individual's chances of contracting colon cancer, says WebMD. Such risk factors include Type 2 diabetes, heavy alcohol use, a family history of colon cancer, hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer, obesity, smoking, and a diet rich in processed and red meats. Colon cancer is most common in individuals who are over the age of 50.Learn more about Cancer


We can not change the choices oppressors did before us, but we have the grace and ability to change the future to be one of love and understanding for all.
Storytelling is a powerful way we can learn, and Spirits of the Red Sands, an outdoor reenactment of a heart-wrenching story about three brothers as they came face to face with the British arrival in the 1800's, is one of the most profound visuals I have experienced.
We share this story not to burden your heart but to raise awareness worldwide of the native Australians plight, in hopes we can all look towards understanding, forgiveness, and a more loving and unified future for all native people of color.
For thousands of years, indigenous cultures throughout the world have fought for justice to preserve the very essence of their heritage. The plight of Australia’s aboriginal people has taught us that the magnitude of their journey will never be forgotten and that the heart of their legacy lives on. In this segment, we learn about this incredible story of adversity and triumph, as we step back in time here at Spirits of the Red Sand.
Set amongst relics of the Beenleigh Historic District, Spirits of the Red Sand is a theater experience portraying the tumultuous relationship between Aboriginals and European settlers during the 1800s. Show creator, Mike Tamaki aims to provide “educational tourism” while connecting aboriginal descendants with their cultural past. And this narrative, beginning with an introduction into Aboriginal culture and conflict, moves visitors between several different sets to tell the story of 3 brothers and their plight against hostile settlers and their oppressive dogma.
For more information, visit: https://spiritsredsand.com/


Top Climate Impacts Americans Face Today
The climate crisis has already cost the U.S. billions of dollars and too many lives
As of July 15, 2022, the United States has already experienced devastating extreme weather events such as heat waves, wildfires, drought, tornadoes, and winter storms. So far in 2022, 1 drought and 8 severe storms are billion-dollar disaster events that have cost the U.S. over $10 billion and have left 8 dead. Without decisive action and bold investments in clean energy and resilient infrastructure, we won’t be able to stem the worst impacts of climate change, making it more difficult to save our people, our country, and our planet.
- Over the past few weeks, intense heat waves have shattered daily temperature records, leaving millions across the U.S. to deal with dangerously high temperatures.
- According to NASA and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, last month was among the hottest Junes on record at around 2 degrees warmer than an average June in the late 1800s.
- As of July 15, 2022, more fires have burned in the U.S. this year than had by this time in 2021, indicating this year could be even worse for wildfire risk.
- As of today, there are currently 93 large active wildfires that have burned 3,072,433 across AK, AZ, CA, FL, NE, NV, NM, OK, TX, UT, and WY. As of today, 36,578 wildfires have burned 5,179,043 acres across the country.
- New Mexico is still battling the Hermits Peak/Calf Canyon Fire, the largest blaze in state history, which started in April and has displaced thousands of people.
- The megadrought in the American Southwest has become so severe that it’s now the driest two decades in the region in at least 1,200 years. 42% of this megadrought can be attributed to human-caused climate change.
- The zone of the country most susceptible to tornadoes, known as “Tornado Alley,” may be shifting eastward due to climate change. These new at-risk areas are more densely populated and the majority of homes were not built to withstand strong tornadoes.
- Tornado outbreaks in March and April 2022 have already caused 5 deaths and $2.6 billion of damage to homes, businesses, vehicles, and other infrastructure.
- One year after Winter Storm Uri, Winter Storm Landon caused the worst icing in Texas state history. As the climate crisis worsens, extreme weather events, such as these winter storms become the norm.
- At the peak of the storm, more than 330,000 homes and businesses lost power in the storm’s wake, from Pennsylvania to Texas.


Here are some Tree Care Articles that we recommend:
Article at the University of Florida IFAS entitled “Melaleuca An Invasive Tree of Florida” by BJ Jarvis, Pasco County Cooperative Extension Horticulture Agent
This is a file from the Wikimedia Commons
Melaleuca trees (Melaleuca quinquenervia), also known as punk trees or paperbark tea trees, are native to Australia. In that country, melaleuca is well-known, planted in parks, valued by beekeepers, attractive to birds and bats. In fact, because of development, melaleuca trees in some parts of Australia are the subject of conservation efforts.
However, in Florida melaleuca is a pest, especially in the Everglades and wetlands where the trees grow into immense forests. The problem with this is our native plants are being virtually eliminated. Melaleuca grows in upland area (drier) as well as in completely aquatic locations. The Everglades, the mostly treeless “river of grass,” in some places has become the “river of trees,” a completely alien habitat to the plants and animals that have evolved to live in the glades. During the 50 years since its introduction into the state, melaleuca has taken over hundreds of thousands of acres of Everglades, threatening the very existence of this internationally known eco-treasure.
Article at the Pinellas County Extension entitled “Oak Leaf Blister” by Theresa Badurek, Urban Horticulture Extension Agent:
It’s that time of year again, the leaves are green, the flowers are blooming, the birds are singing, the oak leaves are blistering. Ah spring! Wait a minute‐ oak leaves blistering? Yes, this is a common sight in the spring. Oak leaf blister (Taphrina caerulescens) is a common fungal leaf disease on oaks in Florida. It can affect any oak, but it seems more prevalent on laurel oak. This is a fungal disease that is more prominent after cool wet weather.
The spores of this fungus infect newer leaves and cause the swollen g blister‐like tissue you see below:
Oak leaf Blister on Laurel Oak leaves.
Photo: Peggy Kane, Martin County Master Gardener.
Article at the Pinellas County Extension entitled “Laurel Wilt Disease in Pinellas County” by Theresa Badurek, Urban Horticulture Extension Agent:
Some of the leaves on trees in Pinellas County are changing colors, but it’s not so pretty.
Unfortunately we are seeing an increase in the number of bay trees ( Persea spp.) pp ) being hit by the deadly laurel wilt disease. Trees in the Lauraceae family including redbay and swamp bay are susceptible to laurel wilt. This is caused by an insect/disease complex and spread by the redbay ambrosia beetle (Xyleborus glabratus). See photos below of the beetle. This tiny little insect bores into the tree and farms a fungus (Raffaelea sp.) in the vascular tissue of the wood for its own feeding purposes. This fungal growth inhibits the circulation of water and nutrients in the tree and eventually leads to the death of the tree.
Presentation provided by the Pinellas County Extension.
Lethal Yellowing (LY) is caused by a phytoplasm, a bacteria that has no cell wall.
It is spread by a common planthopper in southern Floirda.
At least 36 palm species have been documented with LY, but Cocus nucifera (coconut) is most often associated with this disease, followed by Adonidia merrilli (Christmas palm), Phoenix dactylifera (date palm) and Pritchardia species.


Since the exhibit, “Joe Louis Barrow: A Life and Career in Context” first appeared in Woodruff Library in November of 2013, it has made a profound impression on a much wider audience beyond Emory’s campus. The exhibit emphasizes one of MARBL’s newest collecting areas: African Americans in sports. Collecting initiatives and exhibitions on this topic has been led by Dr. Pellom McDaniels III, faculty curator of MARBL’s African American Collections and assistant professor of African American studies. Boxer Joe Louis Barrow, who fought under the name of Joe Louis, is considered by many to be the first famous African American athlete. Joe Louis Barrow held the title of world heavyweight champion from 1937-1949, and retired in 1951 with the record of 68-3.
Dr. McDaniels III participated in the Annual Fredonia, Alabama Heritage Day on November 6, 2014, where he displayed the exhibit and addressed local residents interested in the life and legacy of their most famous former resident.
The exhibit was also displayed in the Chambers County Public Library as part of the celebration of Joe Louis’ 100th birthday on May 13, 2014.
The exhibit is currently on display at the Tulsa Public Library, in Tulsa, Oklahoma.
To learn more about African American sports and other MARBL African American collections, visit this page.


When a mother seeks care at her local ayurved, what caliber of services is she receiving?
Little has been known about the care provided by informal healthcare providers, which go by more than 50 terms, including hakeem, compounder, quack, herbalist, and Ayurved.
A new PLoS One publication, What Is the Role of Informal Healthcare Providers in Developing Countries? A Systematic Review, provides a comprehensive look at what is known about informal providers globally.
May Sudhinaraset and colleagues at the Private Sector Healthcare Initiative at the University of California, San Francisco searched thousands of studies in the peer-reviewed and gray literature and identified 122 for closer analysis. The review was supported by the Center for Health Market Innovations.
The team created a working definition for a diverse set of providers:
- Training: The providers studied had no formally recognized training from an institution, but often had informal training through apprenticeships or workshops.
- Payment: Patients pay these providers for services in cash.
- Registration and regulation: These providers are not typically registered with any government regulatory body and operate outside of the purview of regulation.
- Professional affiliation: Professional associations, if they exist, are more focused on networking and conduct minimal self-regulation.
Authors assessed the literature on the scope and practice, size and utilization patterns, quality, and reasons people use informal providers.
- Utilization estimates, reported in 24 studies, ranged from 9% to 90% of all healthcare interactions, depending on the country, the disease in question, and methods of measurement.
- Quality of services delivered was unsurprisingly poor, with little adherence to clinical guidelines, gaps in knowledge and provider practice. However, the authors note that the studies found that the formal sector providers often performed poorly.
- Reasons people use informal providers included convenience, affordability, and social and cultural rationale.
- Recommendations from the literature amount to a call for more engagement with the IP sector. IPs are a large component of nearly all developing country health systems.
The scope of informal providers
- Drug sellers were the most frequently studied, as well as Traditional Birth Attendants, and village doctors. Authors found that “drug sellers operate beyond their legal capacity by selling prescription-only medications as well as offering diagnostic and therapeutic medical advice.” Their practices were relatively similar across the studies.
- Village doctors and their practices presented more of a mixed bag. Authors found that “some village doctors have practices nearly indistinguishable from those of licensed allopathic physicians.”
- Preventive care is not a focus for informal providers (IPs). According to the authors,
IPs generally practice poor preventive medicine, particularly IPs whose practice primarily consists of dispensing products or services in discrete units (e.g., drug sellers). Even those IPs who offer a more continuous and preventive brand of medicine (e.g., village doctors) might have a limited practice, centered around emergent situations, due to a general inability to pay for long-term health care in their community.
Other new publications and resources are shedding light on the practices and dynamics of informal health providers:
- Mystery patients sent with common ailments to public, private, and informal providers in northern India received many incorrect treatments, and rare correct diagnoses, according to a study published recently in Health Affairs. Yet the study found only small differences between trained and untrained doctors in some important aspects of medical practice. Read about the study here.
- While informal providers work in markets free from regulation, they are heavily embedded in social relations and depend on formal government and private providers for referrals and training, according to another study focused on providers in Karnataka, India. Click to read an abstract.
- The Center for Health Market Innovations, the Private Sector in Health, and Future Health Systems jointly hosted a virtual seminar about CHMI's findings on informal providers in India. Watch the presentation here!
More research and policies of engagement are needed to address inappropriate practices and harness this large health workforce. CHMI will explore this topic in future publications and share examples of programs engaging informal healthcare workers around the world. Do you know about a program that works with informal providers? Contact us to ensure CHMI captures this information in our Programs data set.


Coralline algae are divided into two groups:
The articulated (erect), tree like with non-calcified branches attached to the substrate; and the non-articulated (encrusting), the slow growing crusty type on the rocks which this article is focused on.
Coralline algae are plants and need live rock in order to settle and grow. Corallines prefer a moderately lit environment with calcium concentration of about 400 – 440 mg/l, and a carbonate hardness of above 7dkh, preferably between 9-12 dkh.
Kalkwasser is a welcomed source for calcium carbonate and can be added as top-off water. Coralline algae do not respond well to phosphates, nitrates, and elevated CO2 levels. Increased levels will prevent or stun algae growth.
Phosphates should be at 0 ppm and nitrates below 5 ppm.
Best results can be expected at a magnesium concentration of 1400 mg/l Magnesium can be the cause for stunned growth if all the other parameters check out fine.
Coralline algae enter the aquarium in two ways, either they are already attached to the cured live rock, or they have to be seeded. Existing coralline algae can be scraped of the rock or glass of an established reef tank and be collected using a siphon. This sediment should then be applied over cured live rock where it will find hold and start to grow. The more colorful the algae source, the more colorful the newly seeded rock will be.
Coralline algae are considered a vital part in every reef and marine system. The algae produce chemicals that promote herbivorous invertebrates. These in turn keep various sea weeds from growing which would otherwise smother the algae or keep them in the shade.
These “algae” take up carbon for photosynthesis, and calcification where calcium is stored as calcium carbonate within the cell walls. It is also these cell walls that grow across the rock, structuring and holding together the reef set up. Corallines produce a form of magnesium that is beneficial for the invertebrates and the reef environment.
In summary the advantages of coralline algae are that it outgrows the nuisance algae. The healthier the coralline algae growth, the less likely the nuisance algae will grow. Corallines also add lots of color to the aquarium and help to build up a reef tank. It is not the coral that form the reef, it is the coralline algae that cements the particles together thus building the reef.
Last but not least, growing coralline algae is a sign of a healthy environment with good water values. And of course the display of a healthy reef tank is simply stunning.


From ditching gluten unnecessarily to opting for low-fat foods, there are a lot of untruths surrounding healthy eating. This misinformed advice can not only cloud your judgment, it can actually prevent you from getting healthy at all.
To clarify things, we asked four doctors to reveal the diet myths they think need busting:
Myth 1: Restriction gets you results
NHS weight loss surgeon and founder of Vavista Life Dr Sally Norton says:
"The biggest myth out there is that low fat, low carbohydrate, low calorie, or any other food restriction diets, are a good option for sustainable weight loss – it's just not true. Our bodies were designed for a wide variety of fresh, unprocessed foods and that's the most important thing to focus on. There is no wonder-food, super-diet or magic-pill that will miraculously lead to weight-loss. It's just about building sustainable healthier eating habits and moving more."
Myth 2: Meat makes you gain weight
Dr Gil Jenkins, advisor to the Health Supplements Information Service (HSIS) says:
"I get annoyed when people say meat is bad for you, as we are natural omnivores. When eating meat, keep it fresh and lean, have a variety, don't fry the meat and don't cook to the point of charring. As we get older we need protein to keep our muscle bulk up in order to prevent falls and frailty. Lean meat is a good, digestible source of protein and iron, plus other minerals. "
Myth 3: You have to make huge changes to see results
Dr Ashton Harper, nutrition and gastrointestinal diseases specialist and Bio-Kult expert says:
"The best diet is one where there is a concerted and manageable shift in behaviour, such as not having 'junk food' and trying to eat smaller portions of food, without limiting the actual variety of ingredients."
Myth 4: What works for one person will work for another
Dr Daniel Jones, director of vitamin supplements company Revive Active says:
"People need to be skeptical of new trends in the diet food industry, unless it's backed by lots of great, well carried out research.The most important thing to keep in mind is that nutrition isn't one-size-fits-all. Every individual is unique, with a unique physiology that responds in its own way to nutritional stimuli. View it as an investment in your health, feeling and wellbeing and look to find what works for you."
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The Island Kingdom of Bahrain has been a port of call for millennia. In ancient times Sumerians believed that Bahrain was Paradise, where the wise and brave enjoyed eternal life. She sits in the heart of the Persian Gulf, along trade routes between Asia and the West. The 15-mile King Faud Causeway links her to Saudi Arabia. Why has this kingdom, smaller than New York City, come to be in grave peril?
Archeologists have found ancient Indian, Chinese, and Arabian coins. Islam arrived in the 7th Century, and was met by Bahraini Christians. After centuries of conflict, the Sunni Al-Khalifa family captured Bahrain from the Persians in 1783. Oil was discovered in 1932. Treaties made it a British protectorate.
Independence came in 1971 under the rule of Sheikh Isa ibn Sulman Al Khalifh. His eldest son, Hamad, became King in 1999. A delicate balance of power existed until 2010 when the Wifaq, a Shia political society, won a large bloc of seats in Parliament. This year Arab protests brought hard-line activists and unrest.
Shia protestors reject the Sunni King. Saudi Arabia and other Gulf Cooperation Council members blame Iran for inciting upheaval.
Military police were accused of mistreating and torture of detainees. The King established The Bahrain Independent Commission of Inquiry (BICI) in June 2011 to assess complaints. On November 23rd, BICI reported its findings. Minister Sheikh Khalid Bin Ahmad Al Khalifa told Gulf News that abuses had been committed. He promised that the government will implement the BICI recommendations immediately. He stressed that Iran is trying to destabilize the whole Arab world.
The Supreme Leader of Iran, Ayatollah Seyyed Ali Khamenei, addressed worshipers during prayers “We are very worried about the situation in Bahrain.” Experts believe that Iran is working for destabilization in Bahrain, Gaza, Iraq, Lebanon, and Kuwait. Iran works with Hamas, Hezbollah and Islamic Jihad. Iran’s efforts are to prepare for a confrontation with Israel and the United States. Weakened Gulf States will be in no position to stand against Iran.
According to Foreign Minister Ahmad Al Halifa, “Iran wants Bahrain to be Iran’s “Jewel in the Crown” of Gulf States. The threat is grave, and Arab countries must not stand alone facing Iran; but pay attention to Iran’s dangers, which come under a thousand guises.”
Senator John McCain from Arizona affirmed in an interview with CNN’s Wolf Blitzer that Iran is trying to orchestrate events in Bahrain. He elaborated that Iran seeks to spread its influence into the Arabian Peninsula and he pointed to Bahrain as evidence. McCain further stated that it is important to combine activities against Iran before she succeeds in building nuclear weapons.
Bahrain has been a key player for offshore banking and financial services due to their legal system and strong business ethic. To overcome the impact of social unrest, closed banks and shops, and capital flight; Bahrain is reaffirming its commitment to economic growth. On November 26th, in Munich, Tamkeen signed an agreement with German Chemicals BASF. It will be the largest plant in the Middle East.
The United States Chamber of Commerce has a large presence. There is a U.S. Bahrain Business Council to help Bahrain take advantage of the Chamber’s network of business relationships.
More than 25,000 Sailors and Marines are assigned to the U.S. Naval Forces Commander, 5th Fleet; off the coast of Bahrain. Their mission is to ensure peace and stability, and protect America’s interests in the Red Sea, the Arabian Gulf, the Arabian Sea, and parts of the Indian Ocean. They conduct peacetime military exercises with allies in the region.
Fitch, and Standard and Poor’s rating agencies have given Batelco (Bahrain Telecommunications) a credit rating of BBB-; and A-3 for short term foreign and local currency ratings. These ratings pave the way for the issuance of investment grade bonds.
President Barack Obama received a blunt message from Bahrain’s Foreign Minister Sheikh Khalid Al Khalifa. “You’ve denounced Iran’s plot to assassinate the Saudi Ambassador in Washington. But what is the US actually doing to let Iran show that it is serious? We are asking the US to stand up and to draw lines in the sand. We haven’t seen any proper response that is serious coming from your shores.”
A Middle Eastern vacuum of US leadership make Turkey and Iran the current power players. China and Russia accept Iran’s word that nuclear power plants are for energy generation and not weapons, in spite of the International Atomic Energy Agency’s latest report. Putin and Khamenei are both against NATO’s Missile Defense System. After Putin is elected president, he might draw lines in the sand. On which side of the line would Putin stand? It is a complex riddle.
The Jewish State of Israel sits amid Arab Nations, Bahrain and other Persian Gulf Kingdoms. All have nervous anticipation with regard to Iran. Khamenei repeatedly promises death to Israel. The Ayatollah threatened Turkey with a bomb to take out the newly installed NATO Defense Shield; and forecast starting a war that could spread across the Middle East. If Khamenei does not intend to launch nuclear missiles, one might ponder why he is so enraged about the Defense Shield.


New Blood Pressure Guidelines
Expert panel says treating some earlier with drugs shows little benefit, but other groups express concern
WebMD News Archive
By Dennis Thompson
WEDNESDAY, Dec. 18, 2013 (HealthDay News) -- Fewer people should take medicine to control their high blood pressure, a new set of guidelines recommends.
Adults aged 60 or older should only take blood pressure medication if their blood pressure exceeds 150/90, which sets a higher bar for treatment than the current guideline of 140/90, according to the report, published online Dec. 18 in the Journal of the American Medical Association.
The expert panel that crafted the guidelines also recommends that diabetes and kidney patients younger than 60 be treated at the same point as everyone else that age, when their blood pressure exceeds 140/90. Until now, people with those chronic conditions have been prescribed medication when their blood pressure reading topped 130/80.
Blood pressure is the force exerted on the inner walls of blood vessels as the heart pumps blood to all parts of the body. The upper reading, known as the systolic pressure, measures that force as the heart contracts and pushes blood out of its chambers. The lower reading, known as diastolic pressure, measures that force as the heart relaxes between contractions. Adult blood pressure is considered normal at 120/80.
The recommendations are based on clinical evidence showing that stricter guidelines provided no additional benefit to patients, explained guidelines author Dr. Paul James, head of the department of family medicine at the University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine.
"We really couldn't see additional health benefits by driving blood pressure lower than 150 in people over 60 [years of age]," James explained. "It was very clear that 150 was the best number."
The American Heart Association (AHA) and the American College of Cardiology (ACC) did not review the new guidelines, but the AHA has expressed reservations about the panel's conclusions.
"We are concerned that relaxing the recommendations may expose more persons to the problem of inadequately controlled blood pressure," said AHA president-elect Dr. Elliott Antman, a cardiologist at Brigham and Women's Hospital and a professor at Harvard Medical School in Boston.


In its "Final Guidance on Maintaining, Collecting and Reporting Racial and Ethnic Data on Race and Ethnicity to the U.S. Department of Education," the U.S. Department of Education (ED) says that "states, educational institutions, and other recipients may propose to ‘bridge' the ‘two or more races' category into single-race categories or the new single-race categories into the previous single-race categories."1 To aid in this process of selecting and implementing a bridging technique, this report presents 13 data-bridging methodologies for states' consideration: 9 studied by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB); 1 developed and used by the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS); as well as 3 alternative methods. While states may exclude several of the 13 from consideration rather easily, many will remain as viable options. This report will summarize each methodology's merits and weaknesses and will offer some best-practice recommendations. If states decide to bridge, a single bridging methodology should be selected based on such considerations, as the characteristics of local populations as well as data processing capabilities and should be used by all districts in the state for purposes of No Child Left Behind (NCLB).
1 U.S. Department of Education, "Final Guidance on Maintaining, Collecting and Reporting Racial and Ethnic Data to the U.S. Department of Education." Federal Register, Vol. 72, No. 202. October 19, 2007, pp. 59, 278.


To start, a squat is a basic lower-body exercise performed by bodybuilders, powerlifters, Olympians and regular gym goers alike on a regular basis. Due to the activation of more than one joint and muscle, this exercise is classified as a compound exercise. When factored into a weight training program, squats give you fast gains in size and strength. When incorporating them into your training routine, there are a number of squat variations to consider based on your individualized goals—front and back squats, overhead squat, jump squat, single-leg squat, goblet squat and sumo squat (just to name a few). A sumo squat, also known as a plie squat is a variation on a standard squat and differs in two main ways—foot positioning and muscle emphasis.
The main difference between the two exercises is the placement of your feet. During a regular squat, the feet are placed hip-width apart, and the toes face forward or slightly out. When doing a sumo squat, the feet are in a wide stance with the toes turned out at an even greater angle.
Because of the foot positioning, the muscles emphasized in each of these variations differs, too. Both work the glutes, quadriceps, hamstrings, hip flexors and calves. However, the sumo squat places more emphasis on the inner thigh adductors, which move your legs in toward your body, and glutes. Depending on your core strength, you may also find sumo squats an additional challenge to your balance, as you're putting your body into a new alignment and need stability to keep from rocking forward or back on your heels.
If you've never done a sumo squat before, it's important to master the proper form for a standard squat before moving on to any variations. To perform a regular squat, stand up straight with your feet hip-width apart and your hands by your sides. Hinge at your knees and hips as if you were sitting back into a chair and raise your arms to be parallel to the floor to help with your balance. At the bottom of the squat, your thighs should be parallel to the floor (or lower if hip flexibility allows) and your knees should be over your toes, not flaring out to the side or caving in toward the midline of your body. Keep your back straight the entire time and all four corners of your feet anchored firmly to the ground. Press through your heels and stand up straight. That's one rep. Depending on your fitness level, try starting out with three sets of 10 reps and building from there to match your goals.
Once you've mastered proper form for a standard squat, you can move on to other variations like the sumo squat. To perform a sumo squat, stand with your feet significantly wider than hip-distance apart (about three to four feet), turn your toes out 45 degrees and hold your hands by your sides. Lower yourself down by bending your knees and hips, raising your hands to meet under your chin. Keep your abs tight, back straight and do not let your knees move past your toes when lowering. Once your thighs parallel the floor, root through your heels and rise back up steadily for one rep. Again, depending on your fitness level and goals, start out with three sets of eight reps and building from there once you get more comfortable with them.
Although your own body weight is sufficient resistance to do both squats, especially for a beginner or during your warm-up, you have the option of using added resistance to increase the challenge. However, you should only add resistance if your form is perfected first. Adding resistance to improper form is a recipe for injury.
One basic way to increase the resistance for squats is by holding a barbell behind your head and across your upper back and shoulders (back squat). Hold the barbell at the same height, but resting on your chest and the front of your shoulders for a front squat. If you hold the barbell overhead, you're performing an overhead squat (pictured at the top of this article).
If you only have access to dumbbells, you can add weight by holding one in each hand and keep your arms along the sides of your body as you move through the range of motion. For sumo squats, use both hands to hold one dumbbell in front of you so that it hangs just below your pelvis. Alternatively, you can hold a dumbbell, kettlebell or weight plate in the center of your chest with both hands to perform a goblet squat.
You might even try adding a resistance band to your squat variations. With one of the long bands, stand in the middle of the band and hold both handles at shoulder height as you do your squats, focusing more of your effort on the raising than the lowering.


THURSDAY, Dec. 9, 2010 (HealthDay News) -- A shorter jump-training program may help reduce women basketball players' risk of knee injuries by improving their landing technique, a new study suggests.
Most jump-training programs are complex regimens that last six to eight weeks, but British researchers wanted to see if a shorter, more "user-friendly" program could offer similar benefits.
This study included 15 competitive women basketball players who did three jump-training sessions a week for four weeks. During the sessions, the athletes received coaching and feedback on appropriate landing technique.
By the end of the program, the athletes showed significant improvements in proper landing technique, meaning that their knees were straighter when they landed after a jump. They also had a nearly 75 percent improvement in distance on the crossover hop test, indicating increased strength and stability of the knee.
The findings appear in the December issue of The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research.
Female basketball players are particularly susceptible to knee injuries, especially to the anterior cruciate ligament. A larger study is needed to determine whether this shorter jump-training program could significantly reduce the high rate of knee injuries in this group of athletes, said the researchers.
The American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons has more about ACL injuries.


Dog may eat some materials which are normally not included in their food. This problem is called PICA. This is a deprived appetite. They often eat materials kike soil, rock, rubber, plastic, wood etc. It is a compulsive disorder. The other compulsive disorders seen in dogs are excessive licking, spinning in circle etc. These are repetitive in action and are non beneficial behaviors, Pica is very risky too because some times these foreign materials block the intestine and may end in death.
Causes of Pica
1. Stress – produced by environmental factors like competition with other pets, change in home, too much punishment, confinement in small cages or crates etc.
2. Lack of socialization may cause it. Similarly if you give too much attention Pica may be developed. It is a behavior disorder.
3. Nutritional imbalances. Iron deficiency can produce Pica.
4. Parasite infestations can produce anemia which leads to Pica.
5. Gastrointestinal disorders like nonabsorbitive and nondigestive diseases. Pancreatic insufficiency, hypothyroidism, inflammation of bowels, intestinal lymphosarcoma etc may be the cause.
6. Endocrine disorders like diabetes mellitus and hyper adrenal activity can cause it.
Control of Pica
1. Consult a veterinarian to know whether Pica is produced by any disease. Blood tests should be done to rule out pancreatic insufficiency, hypothyroidism, anemia or endocrine disorder X ray may be taken to locate the foreign bodies. If it is due to a disease that must be treated.
2. Identify the cause and eliminate it. Cages and crates may be changed. Allow the dog to go out for sometime.
3. You should not pay much attention to this disorder. If you try to pet or console the dog this habit would be reinforced.
4. You should not punish the dog that would enhance the problem.
5. All the objects which your dog likes to chew may be sprayed with materials like pepper, eucalyptus etc.
6. You can use pet repellent also.
7. Keep dangerous materials like plastic, rubber, yarn, string etc out of dog’s reach.
8. Wire basket muzzle can be used. This would allow dog to sniff and breathe but would not allow eating.


COLD EXPOSURE, FROSTBITE AND HYPOTHERMIA
Chilling to a newborn or young kitten can quickly lead to death. The most common cause of hypothermia that we have encountered is to get up at 6:00 a.m. and go out to check on a very pregnant female only to discover that she has given birth and not known what to do. We would often find the kits still in their sacs, cold and wet and quite dead. Many a time the lifeless little forms have been revived and have grown into loving adults, so we never give up.
We wipe the sacs away from their noses and drop the kits down into our shirts to rush them into the nursery. We give mouth to mouth resuscitation and heart massage and briskly towel their fur. A blow dryer, set on warm, blowing on the kit all the while is an added benefit. With kittens this small we put the nose and mouth into our own and blow very gently so as not to burst the lungs. Sitting there reading this, you may be saying to yourself, that there is no way that you would put some bloody, slimy animal in your mouth, but you would be surprised at what you will sacrifice to save your new infant. I only have one human daughter, but she knows who her “blood brothers and sisters” are in our home.
The exotic body temperature should be 101 degrees for all species that we have worked with. If the body temperature drops below 97 degrees you may see symptoms of shivering and then collapse, quickly followed by coma. You must warm the chilled cat gradually and then keep him warm. For more information see the chapter on kittens and cubs.
To warm an adult, dry him if he is wet and apply warm water packs to the armpits, chest and tummy. Make sure the packs are warm and not hot. As the cat begins coming around you can offer a little honey or sugar water.
Frostbite is much more serious and warm water soakings are called for to raise the temperature more quickly. The affected area will look pale white, and then red and swollen as the circulation returns. Topical Antibiotics and protective bandaging will speed the healing process. The dead tissue will usually fall off within three weeks. The ears are most often damaged in extreme cold. A warm den box will prevent this from happening.
If you find this site helpful then please help us keep it going: Donate to Save Tigers
Note: I am not a veterinarian. If your exotic cat has suffered frostbite please consult a licensed veterinarian.


A 5" Potted Euphorbia Lactea 'Cristata' or Coral Cactus.
How to care for your new Coral Cactus:
LIGHT: Coral Cacti requires large amounts of sunlight but should not be exposed to direct sunlight for long periods, as it can damage the plant. This rare cactus grows best in environments with bright direct sunlight or partial shade. It is recommended to turn your coral cactus regularly so that all sides of the plant receives sunlight.
WATER: Water when top 2 to 4 inches of the soil feels dry. Water the soil, but not the plant directly.
* Note: Plants and planters may vary. Pictures shown are examples of style.


WIKIMEDIA, KARUOJISAN FROM JAPANPlants can warn each other of insect attacks by communicating via the symbiotic fungi wrapped around their root systems, according to a study out this week (May 9) in Ecology Letters.
When aphids attack, bean plants (Vicia faba) release chemicals that repel the herbivorous insects and attract parasitoids that hunt the aphids. British researchers have now demonstrated that the same chemical responses are induced in bean plants that are not under direct aphid attack, but only if they connected to aphid-infested bean plants by a network of thread-like mycorrhizal mycelia—symbiotic fungal structures known to help gather more nutrients for the plants.
The mechanism of communication is not clear, but the researchers suspect it is likely to be a chemical signal passed through this underground fungal network. The plants were covered with bags during the experiment to prevent airborne communication.
“In the past, we thought of [symbiotic fungi] making nutrients available from the [roots and soil], but now we see another evolutionary role for them in which they pay the plant back by transmitting the signal efficiently,” coauthor John Pickett of agricultural research institute Rothamsted Research in the U.K. told BBC News.
The findings could help researchers protect crops that suffer from aphid damage by introducing a plant that is particularly susceptible to aphid infestation into the field. When aphids attack, that plant would send an early warning signal to other plants through this underground fungal connection.


Every year, mosquitoes infect 400 million people with dengue fever, causing severe headaches and joint pain. Since a 2009 outbreak in Key West, the Florida Keys Mosquito Control District has spent $1 million a year to try to curb the primary vector: Aedes aegypti. Last July, another mosquito-borne virus reached U.S. shores: chikungunya. Now officials are considering a radical—and highly controversial—approach to control the spread of tropical disease: genetically modified mosquitoes. http://www.popsci.com/mosquitoes-designed-self-destruct.


After World War II, thousands of Nazi war criminals escaped justice with the help of ratlines — which were set up by the Vatican, South American politicians, and sometimes even U.S. spies.
As the dust settled after World War II, scores of Nazis tried to escape punishment for their crimes by fleeing Europe. And thousands made their way to South America through secret networks nicknamed “ratlines.”
Helped by South American politicians, the Vatican, and even U.S. intelligence, Nazi war criminals successfully traversed escape routes from Europe to countries like Brazil, Chile, and Argentina. Some of them were eventually located and brought to justice. But many more Nazis were never captured.
This is the shadowy story of ratlines, the spidery system of escape routes created by American spies, South American politicians, Vatican officials, and other individuals who helped Nazi war criminals flee Europe.
The Emergence Of Ratlines After World War II
The word “ratline” comes from the sea. According to Slate, it refers to ropes near a ship’s mast, which sailors might have climbed while trying to survive a sinking ship. But after World War II, it took on a different connotation.
Then, thousands of Nazis seeking to flee Europe did so via the so-called ratlines that offered an escape route to various countries in South America, mostly to Chile, Brazil, and Argentina. They were assisted in large part by Argentine President Juan Peron, who had grown to admire European dictators like Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini.
The Guardian reports that Peron’s admiration stemmed from his time as a military attaché in Italy and his relationships with SS agents. Additionally, Peron saw the Nuremberg trials as an “insult to military honor” and sought to bring scientists, engineers, and nuclear experts into Argentina.
So, in 1946, History reports that Peron enlisted Argentine Cardinal Antonio Caggiano to open a dialogue with his French counterparts. Caggiano then let them know that Argentina would be willing to accept Nazi collaborators.
The ratlines were officially open. And before long, others would join Peron in helping Nazis escape from Europe and start new lives in South America.
How Nazis Escaped To South America
According to Deutsche Welle, the ratlines did not have any formal structure. Rather, they emerged spontaneously after World War II. But many Nazis who escaped via the ratlines followed a similar path across the Alps to Italy.
Once in Italy, many Nazis followed the “monastery route,” which allowed them to hide out in local monasteries. Most then traveled to Rome, where they were assisted further — sometimes by American and British spies and sometimes by prominent members of the Catholic Church.
As Philippe Sands, the author of The Ratline, told NPR, American and British spies helped Nazis for a single reason: to fight communism.
“They were virulently anti-communist,” Sands explained. “In 1948 and ’49, there was a tremendous concern amongst the British and the Americans in particular that Italy would be the launching pad for the Soviet Union… the British and the Americans started recruiting [Nazis] and, indeed, I think, used the ratline, the escape route to Argentina, as a recruitment tool.”
At the same time, many Nazis found refuge within the Vatican. For instance, Bishop Alois Hudal helped Nazis because he believed they were “completely blameless” and that by helping them escape he “snatched them from their tormentors with false identity papers,” according to Deutsche Welle.
These “false identity papers” helped Nazis get passports from the International Committee of the Red Cross, which they then used to sneak out of Europe (usually through ports in Italy or Spain) without being detained.
With this help, thousands of Nazis were able to escape from Europe to South America. History estimates that between 500 and 1,000 went to Chile, up to 2,000 relocated to Brazil, and as many as 5,000 fled to Argentina.
So who were they?
The Nazis Who Traveled Along Ratlines
Following World War II, countless Nazi war criminals escaped Europe via ratlines to South America, where they could start anew.
“It was with a sense of deliverance, of escape, a veritable joy in the heart, that I boarded the plane that would carry me to South America,” Nazi collaborator Pierre Daye said, according to The Guardian. “They may be looking for me in that troubled Europe. But they cannot reach me. I fly far from a world gone mad, towards peace. It’s all over. I have escaped.”
Other infamous Nazis who escaped in this way included Adolf Eichmann, Josef Mengele, Klaus Barbie, Franz Stangl, and more.
Eichmann, an architect of Adolf Hitler’s “Final Solution” to exterminate European Jews, was able to escape Europe with the help of a Franciscan monk. Mengele, who conducted cruel medical experiments at concentration camps, including on children, fled to Argentina through Italy with the help of the Catholic Church. Barbie was helped by American anti-communist spies, and Stangl was helped by Bishop Hudal.
“You must be Franz Stangl — I’ve been expecting you,” Hudal said to Stangl, according to Deutsche Welle, before handing the man who was once nicknamed “White Death” forged documents to assist his escape.
Even Adolf Hitler himself was rumored to have escaped to Argentina, though historians generally agree that this conspiracy theory is not true.
Safe in South America, Nazis who were responsible for the deaths of thousands settled into their new lives. Eichmann began again in Buenos Aires with his family. Mengele floated between Argentina, Paraguay, and Brazil. Barbie hid out in Bolivia, and Stangl snuck into Brazil via Syria.
“In those days, Argentina was a kind of paradise to us,” Nazi Erich Priebke, who’d approved the transfer of 2,000 Roman Jews to Auschwitz, remembered fondly in 1991, according to The Washington Post.
But not all Nazis were able to escape. Some, like Rudolf Höss, attempted to flee but were tracked down, put on trial, and executed for their crimes. And “paradise” wouldn’t last for all of the Nazis who escaped to South America via ratlines. Before long, Nazi hunters would come looking for them.
What Happened To The Nazis In South America?
Though the Nazis who settled in South America may have hoped to live the rest of their lives in obscurity, many people were not so quick to forget their crimes. According to History Extra, Nazi hunters soon set out for revenge.
Entities like Mossad, Israel’s intelligence agency, and individuals like Fritz Bauer, a district attorney in West Germany, worked tirelessly to ensure that justice was served. In 1960, Israeli intelligence agents kidnapped Eichmann, then brought him back to Israel and sentenced him to death.
In 1967, Stangl was located thanks to help from a Holocaust survivor named Simon Wiesenthal and sentenced to life in prison in West Germany. In 1983, Barbie was extradited to France, where he died while serving a life sentence.
Mengele, on the other hand, managed to avoid detection and capture. He ultimately drowned off the coast of Brazil in 1979 after suffering a stroke, and it wasn’t until 1985 that forensic testing revealed his true identity.
Indeed, despite some high-profile arrests of Nazis living in South America, many who escaped Europe via ratlines managed to live out the rest of their lives in their new homes. Eduard Roschmann, who allegedly killed tens of thousands of Jews in Latvia, died in Paraguay in 1977. Walter Rauff, who killed an estimated 100,000 with his mobile gas chambers, died in Chile in 1984.
They, and thousands of others, successfully used the ratlines to escape to South America after World War II. These Nazis were able to disappear into new names and new lives and avoid prosecution for their crimes.
But questions about the ratlines remain. For starters, historians are curious how much Pope Pius XII knew about the ratlines that helped Nazis.
“Did the pope issue direct instructions or was it a more general order to help people without papers?” historian Hubert Wolf asked. “Or is there concrete evidence that the pope, with encouragement from the CIA, thought: ‘It would be a good idea to send nationalistic people to Latin America because Communists were actively trying to overthrow the continent?'”
For now, questions like this one don’t have an answer. But what’s certain is that thousands of Nazis — like sailors fleeing a sinking vessel — used the ratlines to escape justice in Europe. Though some were eventually hunted down, many more simply disappeared into South America forever.
After reading about the ratlines used by Nazis after World War II, look through these chilling photos that illustrate the Nazis’ rise to power. Or, discover the stories of some of the resistance fighters of the war.


A Gaialike mechanism may be protecting some coral reefs by preventing sea surface temperatures (SSTs) from rising past a certain threshold. The study from the National Center for Atmospheric Research in Boulder, Colorado, and the Australian Institute of Marine Science finds evidence of an ocean thermostat regulating SSTs in an extremely biologically diverse region of the western Pacific.
Warming sea temperatures in much of the tropical world have led to ocean-wide epidemics of fatal or near-fatal coral bleaching. Bleaching has become increasingly widespread in recent decades, with SSTs in tropical, coral-rich waters increasing 0.3-0.4 degrees C (0.5-0.7 degrees F) over the past two to three decades, and spiking higher.
But between 1980 and 2005, only four episodes of bleaching occurred on reefs in the Western Pacific Warm Pool—a lower rate than any other reef region. SSTs in the warm pool naturally average 29 degrees C (84 degrees F), close to the proposed thermostat limit, and have warmed up only half as much cooler areas of the oceans.
Researchers speculate on several processes that might regulate these temperatures. As surface waters warm, more water evaporates, increasing cloud cover and winds that cool the surface. And/or, in some areas, warming alters ocean currents, bringing in cooler waters. Plus, evaporation removes heat. So these reefs already adapted to hot water might be more protected from warming than reefs that are not… Whatever it is, turns out to be, it might well mean salvation for reefs in the coming decades.


We all have the potential for free will, but we rarely use it. Instead, we often live our lives on autopilot and our so-called `freely chosen`actions are just the automatic reactions of our prior conditioning to new stimuli.
However, by cultivating mindfulness and a deep awareness of the content of our minds (e.g. aversions, clingings, preconceptions, wishful thinking, preferences, etc.) that conditions our tendencies and patterns of thought and feeling, we can come to live freer lives.
Luane Russwurm: Do you mean this only rhetorically?
Adam Pearson: No, I’m talking about actual freedom of choice independent from all of the conditioning that usually determines our actions: patterns of thought, patterns of feeling, preconceptions, limited concepts and schemas, likes, dislikes (themselves determined by past conditioning), biases, delusions, clingings, aversions, whims, desires, cravings, behaviours motivated by social expectations and conceptions of others’ wants and standards of value, judgments, values, past experiences, opinions of those we respect, etc., etc.
We have a capacity for free will, but we rarely exercise it because we live our lives on autopilot and do not usually cultivate awareness of all of the features at play in our minds that shape our actions.
Cultivating this mindfulness and deep awareness has the effect of loosening the effect of the autopilot mindset. In turn, it leads to greater freedom as well as, in most cases, less suffering, since it weakens the pull of the causes of suffering in our lives, namely, craving, aversion, clinging, and self-delusion.
Nick Govas: “I don’t think we even have the capacity for free will. We are but mindless automatons, ruled by our desires and by our institutions. all one can hope to do is be aware of this reality, and to accept it.”
Adam Pearson: “People tend to live as automatons, but this does not mean that is how we must live. Free will is for most people only a potential, not an actuality. It must be discovered by cultivating awareness of the conditioning factors within the mind and thereby learning how to move beyond them and to refrain from blindly doing what they predispose us to do.”


The Kiss (Klimt)
The Kiss (Lovers) was painted by the Austrian Symbolist painter Gustav Klimt between 1907 and 1908, the highpoint of his "Golden Period", when he painted a number of works in a similar gilded style. A perfect square, the canvas depicts a couple embracing, their bodies entwined in elaborate robes decorated in a style influenced by both linear constructs of the contemporary Art Nouveau style and the organic forms of the earlier Arts and Crafts movement. The work is composed of oil paint with applied layers of gold leaf, an aspect that gives it its strikingly modern, yet evocative appearance. The painting is now in the Österreichische Galerie Belvedere museum in the Belvedere palace, Vienna, and is widely considered a masterpiece of the early modern period. It is a symbol of Vienna Jugendstil—Viennese Art Nouveau—and is considered Klimt's most popular work.
It was painted soon after his three-part Vienna Ceiling series which created a scandal and were criticized as both 'pornography' and evidence of 'perverted excess'. The works had recast the artist as an enfant terrible for his anti-authoritarian and anti-popularist views on art. He wrote, "If you can not please everyone with your deeds and your art, please a few". By contrast, The Kiss was enthusiastically received, and immediately found a buyer.
Klimt depicts the couple locked in intimacy, while the rest of the painting dissolves into shimmering, extravagant flat pattern. The patterning suggests the style of Art Nouveau and the organic forms of the Arts and Crafts movement. At the same time the background evokes the conflict between two- and three-dimensionality intrinsic to the work of Degas and other modernists. Paintings such as The Kiss were visual manifestations of fin-de-siecle spirit because they capture a decadence conveyed by opulent and sensuous images. The use of gold leaf recalls medieval "gold-ground" paintings and illuminated manuscripts, and earlier mosaics, and the spiral patterns in the clothes recall Bronze Age art and the decorative tendrils seen in Western art since before classical times. The man's head ends very close to the top of the canvas, a departure from traditional Western canons that reflects the influence of Japanese prints, as does the very simplified composition. The two figures are situated at the edge of a patch of flowery meadow. The man wears a robe with black and white rectangles irregularly placed on gold leaf decorated with spirals. He wears a crown of vines while the woman is shown in a tight-fitting dress with flower-like round or oval motifs on a background of parallel wavy lines. Her hair is sprinkled with flowers and is worn in a fashionable upsweep; it forms a halo-like circle that highlights her face, and is continued under her chin by what seems to be a necklace of flowers. Similarly juxtaposed couples appear in both Klimt’s Beethoven Frieze and Stoclet Frieze.
It is thought that Klimt and his companion Emilie Flöge modeled for the work. but there is no evidence or record to prove this. Others suggest the female was the model known as 'Red Hilda'; she bears strong resemblance to the model in his Woman with feather boa, Goldfish and Danaë. Klimt's use of gold was inspired by a trip he had made to Italy in 1903. When he visited Ravenna he saw the Byzantine mosaics in the Church of San Vitale. For Klimt the flatness of the mosaics and their lack of perspective and depth only enhanced their golden brilliance, and he started to make unprecedented use of gold and silver leaf in his own work.
It has also been argued that in this picture Klimt represented the moment Apollo kisses Daphne, following the metamorphosis of Ovid narrative.
In February 2013 Syrian artist Tammam Azzam superimposed an image of the painting onto a bombed building in an unidentified part of Syria, in a work called Freedom Graffiti, to call attention to the plight of war in his country.
- Klimt Museum
- Partsch, 267, 276
- Inscribed on the reverse of the 1899 Nuda Veritas. See Schwartz, 29
- Partsch, 267
- Klimt by Gilles Neret, 57
- Private Life of a Masterpiece, BBC TV
- Vives Chillida, Julio (2008). El beso (los enamorados) de Gustav Klimt. Un ensayo de iconografía. Lulu. ISBN 978-1-4092-0530-2.
- Alfred Weidinger, Stefanie Penck: Gustav Klimt The Kiss. Berlin, Jovis Verlag 2013, ISBN 978-3-86859-310-5
- Schwartz, Agatha. Gender and Modernity in Central Europe. University of Ottawa Press, 2010. ISBN 0-7766-0726-X
- Partsch, Susanna. Klimt: Life and Work. London, Bracken Books, 1989. ISBN 1-85170-286-5
- O'Connor, Anne-Marie (2012). The Lady in Gold, The Extraordinary Tale of Gustav Klimt's Masterpiece, Portrait of Adele Bloch-Bauer, Alfred A. Knopf, New York, ISBN 0-307-26564-1.
- Julio Vives Chillida, "El significado iconográfico de El beso (los enamorados), de Gustav Klimt", comunicación al primer Coup de Fouet Art nouveau International Congress, Barcelona, junio de 2013.
|Gustav Klimt's The Kiss, Smarthistory|
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Kiss.|
- Gustav Klimt at the Österreichische Galerie Belvedere


Most of the animal bites are from family pets. Guinea pigs are sweet, gentle, and docile animals, yet they bite sometimes. They don’t bite without any cause.
They may bite when subjected to conditions like stress, fear, etc. A guinea pig’s bite does not cause any severe health complications as with other pet animals, yet their bites may be painful.
Guinea pigs rarely bite their owners, and even if they do, it won’t be anything critical. However, if your guinea pig is irritated, it may bite hard, resulting in pain and bleeding. You might need some antibiotics and tetanus shot after the bite. Tetanus shots should be compulsorily taken if not taken in the last ten years.
There may be multiple causes why guinea pig’s bite, and we will discuss it in detail. We get confused between a nip and a bite, so we will also explore the difference between them.
We will know about the potential threats like any infection or the spread of any disease in case you get bitten.
Why do guinea pigs bite humans?
They are widely accepted as pets because of their docile nature, sweet looks, friendly response while feeding and eating.
Guinea pigs tend to develop a strong relationship with its owner and persons. They enjoy playing and grooming with them.
Although guinea pigs share a friendly relationship with their owners, they, too, can bite just like any other pet. It is typical behavior of animals, and so do guinea pigs.
But what triggers the bite? Here are some common causes:
- Afraid: Every animal will bite or attack when subjected to any fear. When a guinea pig is being followed, held up, or deprived of free movement, it can bite in panic.
- Stress: Guinea pigs are susceptible to change in their surroundings and quickly get stress with any unwanted changes. If your guinea pig is not happy with the ambiance, annoyed with any noise, then it may bite. A stressed-out guinea pig is likely to bite.
- Territoriality: Guinea pigs bite if they have a feeling that you are invading their space. Especially unneutered guinea pigs show a territorial behavior. They tend to secure their territory to allure their mating partner.
- Pain and illness: Guinea pig suffering from some pain can bite when you try to hold your guinea pig.
- Mistaking you for food: If your guinea is hungry and your hands smell like the food, they may bite your fingers, assuming it to be the food.
A Guinea pig may bite you as a reaction to your action, which it doesn’t like. It is a normal animal behavior when they get hurt, afraid, or irritated. They bite to express their discontent.
Like small children start crying when they don’t like anything, guinea pigs also bite as negative reinforcement.
Suppose your guinea pig once bites you, and you release them or allow them to play, so next time when they are feeling uneasy when you hold them, it may bite to notify you.
Also read: Do guinea pigs bite?
Difference between nipping and biting in guinea pigs
We need to understand the difference between nipping and biting. Guinea pigs are often found nipping, which we confuse with biting. Biting is rare among guinea pigs.
Nipping is like a small bite or pinch. Guinea pigs do so without keeping their mouth wide open. It hardly hurts and is not painful. This habit is common in other pets too.
Guinea pigs also nip each other to show affection towards each other while grooming. At times, to show their dominance, they even bite one another.
Guinea pig nip one another to establish the order of dominance. They want to attain your attention, or when they want to move you away from its path, they will nip you.
You must not be worried when your guinea pig is nipping you. It is just trying to show its love, affection, and love towards you. If a guinea pig wants something, then also they may nip their owners.
Do guinea pigs bite hurt?
Guinea pigs nipping doesn’t hurt us; instead, you will enjoy them nipping gently. Guinea pigs nip to express themselves to us in a painless manner. But it is not the same for bites.
You will feel the pain when a guinea pig bites you. Guinea pig bites with its mouth wide open and holds tightly. They will not leave quickly and keep on holding hard. You come to know that your guinea pig is furious or afraid of you.
Many argue whether the guinea pigs bite is painful or not. It entirely depends on your tolerance for pain; still, most people suggest that it is painful.
Guinea pigs have long and sharp incisors, which help them to chew hay and leafy vegetables. They can chew through most of the things with their teeth.
Skin also can be cut through easily when guinea pigs bite. The cuts are deep enough to allow bleeding, and it may take a few days to heal the wound.
Young guinea pigs have smaller teeth than adult ones, and their aggression level isn’t so high. So the bite of a young guinea pig is less painful than the adult ones.
Also, it depends on the cause of the bite. If the guinea pig is furious or afraid, it may bite hard, whereas it may bite softly in other situations. You will come to know whatever is the cause.
Are guinea pig bites dangerous?
Once bitten by your guinea pig, you will feel the pain. But is it a potential threat to our health and how long will it take to recover?
The bite of a few animals can be very dangerous, especially those living in the wild. The animals in the wild are the carrier for various germs and pathogens.
We can be exposed to those germs when these animals bite us. That is not the case with domestic animals.
Guinea pigs bite can cause a lot of bleeding, which should be immediately stopped by applying pressure.
If the cut is near to any significant artery, then refer to a doctor; otherwise, it can lead to severe damage. In some cases, there may be some skin infections due to the bite.
It is recommended to get some antibiotics as well as tetanus shots if your guinea pig have bitten you hard.
Do guinea pigs bite spread diseases?
Guinea pigs are infected with various germs, but all these diseases do not get transmitted to humans. These bacteria and viruses are not likely to survive in humans.
However, some guinea pigs do carry diseases that can get transferred to us. These includes:
- Pasteurellosis: Pasteurella bacteria is a common bacteria causing respiratory infection and pneumonia among rodents and guinea pigs. You can be infected if the bacteria are present in the guinea pig.
- Tularemia: It is caused by bacteria that can be transferred from guinea pigs to humans. This disease is not very common but highly infectious and life-threatening too. It can be treated with antibiotics.
- Rabies: This disease is also not very common in guinea pigs. It can be transferred to humans once guinea pigs are infected with it.
- Tetanus: That is a common bacterial toxin that can enter our body through the wound. We should take a tetanus shot as a precautionary measure.
Few other diseases like skin infections can affect us. But this is not transferred by biting. Instead, they are passed on by skin contact.
Guinea pig bites resulting in any disease are rare, and you should visit the doctor if you have further symptoms.
Are guinea pig bites infectious?
A wound can become the gateway for the germs to enter our body, doesn’t matter how the injury took place.
Once the bacteria enter our body, they can be infectious. Our body is exposed to various such bacteria and is highly susceptible to diseases.
When guinea pigs bite you, the germs present in their mouth, teeth, and saliva can enter your body.
As the teeth are not sterilized, guinea pigs bites can be a potential source of bacteria.
These bites can be infectious if left untreated. The care of these bites is natural and can be done at home only. However, if you see any severe signs of infection you must reach out to a doctor.
How to treat a guinea pig bite?
Guinea pig owners have to go through such a situation someday. Although guinea pigs are docile animals, still they can be impatient and bite their owners.
Guinea pig being lowermost in the food chain can quickly feel stressed and afraid for petty reasons.
You should be prepared for how to help yourself when a guinea pig bites you. The following steps will help you with the treatment and get instant relief.
Access the severity of wound
To start with the treatment, we need to assess the severity of the wound.
Guinea pig bites may not be the same all the time. Sometimes the injury may be quite deeper than usual. It will depend more on the shape and size of the teeth.
Guinea pig bites can be treated at home usually, but professional advice may be required in a few rare cases.
Once your pet bites you, keep it away from you as it may bite you again. Observe the damage caused.
It is advisable to put a clean cloth on the wound and apply little pressure to stop blood loss. After preventing the blood loss, you should do the inspection.
The stitching would be required if the wound is:
- Deeper than 1 centimeter (0.3 inches)
- It is nearby to any sensitive area near the face or neck or nearby to any joints which need regular movements.
- Results in continuous bleeding even after placing the cloth and applying pressure for ten minutes.
If any of the above problems are observed, you better visit a doctor for treatment, else you can treat it yourself.
Clean the wound with some cold water
After you have applied pressure for ten minutes, observe the wound. Has the blood flow stopped? Blood may still come out in drip. You should stop using force at this moment.
Wash the wound after the blood flow has stopped. That is required as the guinea pig teeth are not clean and contain food particles and germs. Cleaning the wound would help us remove any such debris and bacteria.
Wash the wound under cold and clean running water. Tap water or any bottled water will do as available. Cleanse the wound with water only and do not try to open or rub the wound as it may start the bleeding again.
You should apply any antibacterial soap available to wash the wound. That is a recommended step to remove any dirt particles. It is going to pain when you use the soap but you should not avoid it.
If the dirt enters the body through the cut, it can be infectious. You have to follow an antibiotic course if the wound is not cleaned correctly, and it gets infected.
Apply some antibiotics over it
Apply a clean and dry cloth on the wound after you have washed it. Care should be taken that you do not rub the wound while applying cloth. Any rupture of the can again cause further problems.
The drying of the injury is also essential as any water particles will develop into pus and won’t let the wound repair fast.
After drying the wound, you put some antibiotic ointment like Neosporin. That is helpful to reduce bacterial activity in the injury and hence prevent any infection.
The antibiotic ointment is just like a protection cover that safeguards you from any infection.
Even if there is any bacterium left inside the wound, the ointment won’t allow it to develop and hence help in repairing the injury faster.
It also moistens the wound, which reduces any irritation. You can also use some pain relieving ointments if it is painful.
Dress the wound to keep infections away
In case the guinea pig hasn’t bitten you hard and the wound isn’t deep enough, you can leave the scar open to heal.
Just see the bleeding is stopped. Still, it is better to apply some ointment and put on a bandage. It keeps the skin around the wound moist.
Moist skin helps the skin to recover faster in the following ways:
- Tissue formation is faster.
- Safeguarding from any infection.
- Reduce scar formation.
Covering up the wound with a suitable bandage helps to protect the wound from any further physical injury. Even if there is some bleeding, the dressing will absorb the blood.
Cover the wound completely; it is better to cover a larger area than the injury. Affix the dressing with an adhesive bandage, like Band-Aid or any surgical tape.
Check for signs of infection
Monitor the development of the healing process daily. You need to change the dressing every day and check if there are any infections.
The bandage may stick to the skin if there is any bleeding. In such cases, don’t pull the bandage with force, instead, soak the dressing with water to loosen up and then remove slowly.
After the removal of the bandage, rewash the wound with soap and water. Dry the wound with a cloth and then examine the wound.
Check whether the wound is healing day by day. If it is not improving, then there is a chance of infection. Look for the following symptoms:
- The skin around the wound is red or warmer than body temperature.
- Any foul smell is coming out from the injury.
- Pain for a more extended period than a day
- Formation of pus (On the first day, the clear discharge will be formed of the dead cells, but opaque, thick discharge after that is not right).
- Any loss of sensation of the portion of the wound.
The symptoms will be severe, like fever, nausea, weakness, and discomfort when the infection spreads.
Any of the above symptoms should give you an alarming signal of the infection or any disease transmitted from guinea pig, and you should visit the doctor immediately.
Do you need a tetanus shot after a guinea pig bite?
Home treatment is sufficient for the guinea pig bites. Still, many ask whether to take a tetanus shot after being bitten by a guinea pig.
Tetanus is caused due to bacteria entering the body from the wound. The risk is more when we get injured in an open space as the bacteria are found in the soil. Animal bites can also lead to tetanus.
The rate of infection from tetanus is significantly low; still, you must take the precautionary measure.
The tetanus vaccine is active for ten years only, so if you haven’t received the tetanus shot in recent years, it is better to take it. Remember that the vaccine should be made within 48 hours of the incident.
Rabies is another disease which you should be concerned about. It is sporadic among guinea pigs. There is a vaccine available for it also.
This disease virus spreads through saliva. So, there is a chance of it to spread through an animal bite. Visit a doctor immediately if your guinea pig is suffering from rabies. The disease must be treated at the initial stage, or else it can be fatal.
- Why Do Guinea Pigs Bite? (How Hard & Ways To Stop them)
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- Guinea Pig First Aid Kit: Essential Supplies & How To Make One?
- Guinea Pig vs. Hamster: Should I Get a Guinea Pig or Hamster?
- Why Do Guinea Pigs Bite Their Cage? (+How To Stop Them)


Before the mid 1860’s, the impact of the railroads in the United States was limited, in the sense that the tracks ended at this Missouri River, approximately the center of the country. At the point the trains turned their freight, mail, and passengers over to steamboats, wagons, and stagecoaches. This meant that wagon freighting, stagecoaching, and steamboating did not come to an end when the first train appeared; rather they became supplements or feeders. Each new “end of track” became a center for animal drawn or waterborne transportation. The major effect of the railroad was to shorten the distance that had to be covered by the older, slower, and more costly means. Wagon freighters continued operating throughout the 1870’s and 1880’s and into the 1890’s. Although over constantly shrinking routes, and coaches and wagons continued to crisscross the West wherever the rails had not yet been laid. The beginning of a major change was foreshadowed in the later 1860’s, when the Union Pacific Railroad at last began to build westward from the Central Plains city of Omaha to meet the Central Pacific Railroad advancing eastward from California through the formidable barrier of the Sierra Nevada. Although President Abraham Lincoln signed the original Pacific Railroad bill in 1862 and a revised, financially much more generous version in 1864, little construction was completed until 1865 on the Central Pacific and 1866 on the Union Pacific. The primary reason was skepticism that a Railroad built through so challenging and thinly settled a stretch of desert, mountain, and semiarid plain could pay a profit. In the words of an economist, this was a case of “premature enterprise”, where not only the cost of construction but also the very high risk deterred private investment. In discussing the Pacific Railroad bill, the chair of the congressional committee bluntly stated that without government subsidy no one would undertake so unpromising a venture; yet it was a national necessity to link East and West together. ?
1. The author refers to the impact of railroads before the late 1860’s as “limited” because ?____?
A. the track did not take the direct route from one city to the next
B. passengers and freight had to transfer to other modes of transportation to reach western destinations
C. passengers preferred stagecoaches
D. railroad travel was quite expensive
2. What can be inferred about coaches and wagon freighters as the railroad expanded?
A. They developed competing routes.
B. Their drivers refused to work for the railroads.
C. They began to specialize in private investment.
D. There were insufficient numbers of trained people to operate them.
3. Why does the author mention the Sierra Nevada in line 17?
A. To argue that a more direct route to the West could have been ?taken.?
B. To identify a historically significant mountain range in the West.
C. To point out the location of a serious train accident.
D. To give an example of an obstacle faced by the central pacific.
4. The word “subsidy” in line 27 is closest in meaning to ?_____?.
A. persuasion B. financing C. explanation D. penalty


Definitions of formation
n. - The act of giving form or shape to anything; a forming; a shaping. 2
n. - The manner in which a thing is formed; structure; construction; conformation; form; as, the peculiar formation of the heart. 2
n. - A substance formed or deposited. 2
n. - Mineral deposits and rock masses designated with reference to their origin; as, the siliceous formation about geysers; alluvial formations; marine formations. 2
n. - A group of beds of the same age or period; as, the Eocene formation. 2
n. - The arrangement of a body of troops, as in a square, column, etc. 2
The word "formation" uses 9 letters: A F I M N O O R T.
No direct anagrams for formation found in this word list.
Words formed by adding one letter before or after formation (in bold), or to afimnoort in any order:
s - formations
All words formed from formation by changing one letter
Browse words starting with formation by next letter


Plantar fasciitis is a common condition that causes heel pain. Plantar fasciitis is due to irritation and inflammation of the tight tissue that forms the arch of the foot. Common symptoms of plantar fasciitis include heel pain with prolonged walking and standing, usually standing after rest produces acute symptoms. It is sometimes referred to as policeman’s heel.
This condition is difficult to treat. However Acupuncture and deep soft tissue work is an effective treatment for this condition.
A heel spur is a condition that in many cases can cause plantar fasciitis. A heel spur is a hook of bone that forms where the plantar fascia attaches to the heel bone.
An ankle sprain results when the ligaments of the foot are either stretched too far or tear due to the injury. There are several grades of injury, from a small tear to complete rupture.
Early mobilisation and Acupuncture to control swelling are effective for the early rehabilitation for this problem.
Achilles Tendonitis & Rupture
Achilles tendonitis causes pain at the back of the heel made worse by walking or running. Exercise and Acupuncture are both effective treatments for this chronic condition.


Determining the Severity of Your Epilepsy
If you’ve been diagnosed with epilepsy, you’re not alone. It’s the fourth most common neurological disorder in the United States. But not everyone with epilepsy experiences the same types of seizures or the same number of seizures. Over the years, researchers have tried to come up with ways of measuring how severe someone’s epilepsy is. For example, adults who are diagnosed with epilepsy may be measured with the Liverpool Seizure Severity Scale, but children may be assessed with information based on the Early Childhood Epilepsy Severity Scale (E-Chess). Regardless of the method or scale used, this information helps your neurologist plot the course of your treatment. But aside from the scales, what’s most important to you is how you understand your own epilepsy.
People with mild epilepsy generally have few seizures, although they may have periods when they are more frequent than others.
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