Study: How blood stem cells maintain their lifelong potential for self-renewal. A team of scientists has found that cells in a so-called “stem cell niche” are responsible for regenerating themselves for life.
Study in mice stem cells have suggested that niche cells produce a substance that stimulates blood cells and thus retains their ability to regenerate themselves. However, in the process of aging, the production of this element ceases and the blood cells begin to age.
A study led by scientists at the German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and the Heidelberg Institute for Stem Cell Technology and Experimental Medicine * (HI-STEM) was published in the journal Nature Communications.
Throughout life, blood cells in the bone marrow ensure that our body is adequately supplied with mature blood cells. In the absence of current cell proliferation, blood cells stay in a deep sleep to protect themselves from damage to the genome, which can lead to cancer.
Hemorrhage, infection, and inflammation act like an alarm clock: suddenly, blood cells begin to divide and produce new cells – for example, providing immune cells to fight infections or compensate for the loss of red blood cells or platelets. With each cell division, stem cells are constantly regenerated, so that the stem cell pool is maintained. This is what scientists call renewal.
“Sleep is essential for this unique stem cell ability,” explains Andreas Trumpp, a stem cell specialist at DKFZ and HI-STEM.
“Unlimited regenerative energy is thought to be a key property of abnormal stem cells, which play a key role in the repair and repair of tissues and organs. However, cancer cells also have this ability. said Trumpp.
A team of investigators led by Andreas Trumpp is now looking to determine which molecular signals control the ability to regenerate themselves. In their current analysis, they found in mice that sleeping blood cells carry large amounts of the protein neogenin-1 (Neo-1) in their face.
In contrast, some blood cells do not produce this receptor. Further research revealed that Neo-1 became a key molecule for regeneration: when researchers implanted a receptor in mice, stem cells were not depleted, thus losing their ability to regenerate, and the animal’s hematopoietic system was prematurely terminated.
Neo-1 is a receptor that enables the stem cell to receive external signals. But where do these vital signs come from, so important in their ability to regenerate themselves ,? Investigators have identified the netin-1 signal molecule as its binding partner and the Neo-1 receptor activator. Netrin-1 is produced by endothelial cells that line fine blood vessels in the bone marrow.
“We extracted netrin-1 from the stem cell niche of the bone marrow. Blood cells then lose their ability to regenerate themselves. Conversely, when netrin-1 production is increased by experimentation, they fall asleep deeper,” said Simon Renders, first study author.
Scientists refer to structures close to stem cells as a stem cell niche. A niche can have both cellular and non-cellular components and has a major impact on the functions and duration of blood cells. Cells carrying Netrin-1 blood capillaries are also part of the niche.
“Our results confirm the important role of stem cell niche in stem cell function as well as the ability to regenerate ourselves and our body health,” Trump explained.
Age-related degeneration of the hematopoietic system can also be observed in animals: With age, bone marrow changes its structure, and smaller blood vessels weaken. Using older mice, scientists have been able to show that this is consistent with the loss of netrin-1.
Blood stem cells initially tried to compensate for this deficiency of their vital signal generator by increasing the formation of Neo-1. However, with age, this compensation is no longer sufficient, and the hematopoietic system is increasingly losing its regenerative capacity. The effect of these changes is on the immune system.


|John Quincy Adams (image circa 1840), not a happy-looking man. Obama, don’t be like him !!!|
Of the 44 US presidents starting with George Washington, only eight have the sad distinction of being elected, serving four years, then being kicked out by voters. Two others failed to be re-nominated and one more wisely chose not to re-apply.
These eleven are a Pantheon of Losers, the disappointing one-termers, whose administrations should be a must-read object lesson for Barack Obama to study and avoid like small-pox if he hopes to win a second term in 2012.
Don’t get me wrong. Some of these were fine people who did lots of swell, admirable things. Some rank high in presidential polls, praised for wonderful honesty and rock-solid integrity, though mostly just “E for effort” on achieving their high-minded goals. For these eleven, the voters spoke clearly. “You’re fired.”
The three most recent (Herbert Hoover, Jimmy Carter, and George H.W. Bush) hold the closest lessons for Barack Obama, and I’ll talk about them in the next few days.
For now, here’s my quick take on the first eight, the ones who served before 1913. Yes, America was different back then, so direct comparisons are unfair. Still, some lessons of politics speak through the ages. With that caveat, here goes:
(Sorry in advance for the cryptic tone. And of course, if you disagree with my bad-mouthing of any of these fine fellows, please comment. This is the Internet. Haggling over politics — even very old politics –– is welcome.)
Pantheon of Losers (Part 1):
- John Adams (1797-1801):
Fine man, good lawyer, and revolutionary hero, but as president he gave us the Alien and Sedition Acts (closing newspapers, jailing dissenters, deporting immigrants), a foul temper, and a defensive demeanor. He avoided war with France but inflicted paranoia on the country. Described as irritable and nasty, he considered himself above politics. Thomas Jefferson beat him in 1800 in America’s first negative campaign. Adams made fine material for a terrific David McCullough biography and a just-as-terrific HBO miniseries, but voters knew better and gave him the first-ever Presidential pink slip. (C-SPAN 2009 poll rank: 17)
- John Quincy Adams (1825-1829):
Another fine man, eldest son of the first Adams (above). Before being president, he conceived the Monroe Doctrine. After being president, he became a pioneer abolitionist and hero of the 1841 Amistad anti-slavery case. But as president, good grief! He never escaped Andrew Jackson’s labeling of his contested election (decided in the US House after Jackson won more popular and electoral votes) as a “corrupt bargain.” Honest but frosty, Adams believed in “internal improvements,” but his biggest legislative accomplishment was a tariff bill so draconian and slanted toward New England that Southerners called it the “tariff of Abominations,” leading South Carolina to threaten nullification. Andrew Jackson beat him easily in 1828. Like his father, JQ Adams seemed to see himself as above politics. Very big mistake. (C-SPAN 2009 poll rank: 19)
- Martin Van Buren (1837-1841):
Van Buren served as Andrew Jackson’s vice president and followed him directly in office. But unfortunately, Jackson left the country’s economy in shambles after his war against the United States Bank. The Panic of 1837 brought things crashing down. Van Buren took the fall. A master back-room politico (the “Little Magician’), he lacked a personal touch. Add a penchant for personal comforts and a shade-too-clever manner (he opposed admitting Texas as a slave state, but supported deporting Indians to the west), and voters had enough. (C-SPAN 2009 poll rank: 31)
- Franklin Pierce (1853-1857):
Handsome and heroic in the Mexican War, as president he gave us the 1854 Kansas-Nebraska Act, which allowed slavery to expand into formerly-free territories based on votes of local white settlers. This led directly to two result. One was Blooding Kansas, with an estimated 200 people murdered in skirmishes and massacres by pro- and anti-slavery factions. (Click here for more on this.) The second was Abraham Lincoln, then a former-congressman practicing law in down-state Illinois, who was so outraged by the law that he decided to re-enter politics. Harry Truman put it this way. Noticing Pierce’s swell-looking portrait hanging in the White House at one point, he said: “being president involves a little bit more than just winning a beauty contest… Pierce didn’t know what was gong on, and if he did, he wouldn’t of known what to do about it.” (C-SPAN 2009 poll rank: 40)
- James Buchanan (1857-1861):
The Civil War. Need I say more? No, it wasn’t all his fault, but, as they say, the union breakup happened on his watch. By the time he handed the keys to Abe Lincoln, the country was split in two. Not only did Buchanan fail to confront the careening tensions over slavery during his term, but he also presided over Wall Street’s Panic of 1857 and a major corruption scandal. On paper, he was one of the best qualified people ever elected president: a former Congressman, Senator, Secretary of State, Minister to Russian, Minister to England, so on, so forth. But by 1860, when the secession crisis exploded, Buchanan was 69 years old, which was very old by mid-1800s standards. His Democratic Party, by 1860 hopelessly split between north and south, looked elsewhere. (C-SPAN 2009 poll rank: 42)
- Rutherford B. Hayes (1877-1881):
Another reform-minded man who considered himself above politics. Unfortunately, Hayes only reached the White House after surviving the ulgiest political mess in 19th-century US history, the contested count of 1876 — an episode eerily similar to the Bush-versus-Gore free-for-all in 2000 (hence the nick-name “RutherFRAUD”). Hayes spent whatever political chips he had left on an unsuccessful quest for Civil Service Reform — an idea popular with intellectuals but detested by most of the politicos who had won Hayes his presidency. In the process, he irritated his own Party and ignored the country’s more pressing social problems — labor unrest (over 70 died after he called out Federal troops to crush the 1877 railroad strike), growing violence against freed slaves in the South, and a bad economy. Hayes decided not to seek re-election. Nobody complained. (C-SPAN 2009 poll rank: 33)
- Benjamin Harrison (1889-1893):
Harrison defeated incumbent president Grover Cleveland in 1888, then proved such a disappointment to voters that they put Cleveland back in office after four years. This made Cleveland the only US president to serve two non-contiguous terms and reduced Harrison, essentially, to the comma in between. Harrison was conscientious and serious, but Theodore Roosevelt (not known for understatement) described him as a “cold-blooded, narrow-minded, prejudiced, obstinate, timid old psalm-singing Indiana president.” Fair or not, the voters agreed with TR. (C-SPAN 2009 poll rank: 30)
- William Howard Taft (1909-1913):
Taft never really wanted to be President. His dream job was always the Supreme Court, and it showed. Taft entered the White House in 1909 with the best possible political advantage, the full support of his mentor, highly-popular outgoing president Theodore Roosevelt. Taft then took barely two years to utterly squander the bulk of this good will. He did it mostly with three things: (a) taking sides in a bitter internal Republican power struggles, and backing the arch-conservatives like House Speaker Joe Cannon (R-Ill) and Senator Nelson Aldrich (R-RI) over TR’s friends, the progressives, (b) a high-profile stink over the firing of TR’s friend and conservation hero Gifford Pinchot, and (c) being bullied into supporting an unpopular tariff bill. To his credit, Taft had some fine progressive accomplishments, but by1912 he had rendered his party badly split, with TR himself challenging him for the nomination — which Taft ultimately won. The outcome? Taft’s Republicans lost Congress in 1910 and lost the White House in 1912. Though Taft himself ultimately got his dream job as Spreme Court Chief Justice a few years later. (C-SPAN 2009 poll rank: 24)
The lesson for Obama:
History, of course, never really repeats itself. Every situation is unique. Some of the presidents I’ve talked about here lost the seats to very talented and aggressive opponents (Jefferson and Andrew Jackson, for instance), or faced terribly difficult challenges (the 1860 secession crisis or the Panic of 1837). Still, it’s hard not to notice a pattern among the losers. And here lies the lesson for Barack Obama in 2012.
The fact is, honesty, integrity, and high-minded ideals are very nice to have in a president, but the human touch in better. Politics is their profession, and they need to embrace it and be damned good at it. Call it distance, lack of people skills, coldness, shyness, over-intellectualism — none of which are terribly bad character traits for most people in most lines of work — but for presidents these come across as poison: arrogance, uncaring, or weakness. They create an impression that “he thinks he’s better than us” or “he’s in over his head” or “he has no common sense.”
Add in a few policy failures, and voters won’t stand for it. Just look at the record.
Politics is personal, and being effective in the face-to-face, person-to-person sense is essential to not just to wining and keeping office, but also accomplishing any policy agenda. Even more so on TV.
Next up — Herbert Hoover. Stay tuned….


A new project in New York City is letting residents buy and sell renewable energy to each other, bypassing the central authority and the associated costs. Could this be the future of distributed energy? If so, what are the impediments?
Who will maintain the wires or distribution between buildings? That should be the job of the utility distribution company and can be competitively bid by cities or counties. It can also be managed by the municipal utility as is currently done in many cities already. But, for pricing to be truly transparent, they should not own any generation. Energy supply should be on the open market and priced competitively with full effects priced into the product. For example, many states have outlawed smoking in public places. Power generation should not be exempted. Any waste or emission should be the responsibility of the generator. In other words, no smoking allowed…
When will renewable energy be as reliable as we have come to expect from fossil fuels? In some cases it already is, even at the granular rooftop level. In very sunny climates, solar is very consistent. With automatic load management and limited storage, it’s sufficient enough to be off grid altogether. Perhaps a better question is, “Does solar really need to be as reliable as fossil fuel power plants?” As more and more devices become unplugged, like project FreeCharge is doing, communities are realizing that the in many ways, distributed solar power is more reliable and resilient than central station fossil-fueled power plants. Just ask the residents of New Jersey after Superstorm Sandy.
Read more about peer-to-peer energy transactions.


Immunotherapy is one of the most technologically advanced yet basic forms of cancer treatment. It uses the body’s own defense mechanism, the immune system, to fight cancer.
Immunotherapy is probably most familiar to you in the form of vaccinations for the flu, polio, chicken pox, and other contagious diseases. In those cases, people are injected with a dead or weakened form of the virus responsible for the disease. That prompts the immune system to produce antibodies and white blood cells that ward off infection from the live virus.
For cancer prevention, two immune system-stimulating vaccines are now in use: one to protect against infection by the hepatitis B virus, which can give rise to liver cancer; and one to prevent infection by the human papillomavirus (HPV), which is linked to cervical cancer, some cancers of the head and neck, as well as anal and penile cancers.
Immunotherapy has also become a key weapon in doctors’ arsenal for treating cancer. At many hospitals around the country, immune system-based approaches now account for nearly half of the treatments against the disease.
Such approaches can take a variety of forms, such as monoclonal antibodies, immune system proteins that zero in on diseased cells, and transplants of blood-forming stem cells, which can rebuild the immune system of patients with leukemia, multiple myeloma, and other blood-related cancers.
In 2010, a therapy called Provenge became the first therapeutic cancer vaccine to receive approval the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). It uses specially treated samples of patients’ own tumor cells to spark an immune system attack on cancer. The technique behind Provenge and therapeutic cancer vaccines now in clinical trials was pioneered by Dana-Farber scientists and their colleagues at other institutions.
One of the newest forms of immunotherapy for cancer uses antibodies to release a “brake” on the immune system’s response to tumors. Ipilimumab, an antibody that blocks a “stop!” signal on immune system cells, became the first agent to prolong the survival of melanoma patients in a clinical study and was approved for use by the FDA last year. A related approach, targeting a separate signal, has shown very encouraging effects in several types of tumors, including lung cancer, kidney cancer, colon cancer, melanoma, and lymphoma.
As we learn more about the fundamental operations of the immune system, scientists are honing vaccines to make them more specific – better able to target particular types of cancers while minimizing damage to healthy tissue – and longer lasting. In one promising approach, Dana-Farber investigators are using tiny polymer scaffolds to control the release of immune system-stimulating proteins, potentially prolonging the immune system’s attack on cancers.


The idea of perception applied to social relations
Perception is one of the classic themes of psychology. In this sense, psychology in the beginning of the 20th century focused on the study of the laws that determine our sensory perception. Over time, some psychologists have observed that these laws can be applied in the social field.
Aspects of social perception
The process of perception means, in the first place, the existence of an observer and a person who is the object of perception. The observer adopts the role of judge, perceives the behavior of others and gives it meaning.
The information we receive from others is complex, as the information we receive is quite varied.
So, in the first place, we notice the physical characteristics of the neighbor (its structure, height and appearance in general). In this way, we perceive the unobservable characteristics of the subject, which involves a series of feelings and emotions. Also, we can capture the characteristics of his personality, his ideology and abilities. The perception process also involves the observer’s culture and past experience.
One of the key elements in social perception processes is the issue of social role. We usually recognize the other through the role they play in society, especially the prestige and professional success of some people, but we underestimate those who play a role of lesser social recognition.
The role of prejudice in the perception of the other
When we meet a person our perception of him may be conditioned because of our prejudices. Prejudice is a preconceived idea. Opinion about others based on prejudice is a strategy that leads to the creation of stereotypes. Thus, we classify someone not for their personal qualities, but for other reasons ( social class , ethnicity, language or way of dressing).


Electronic mail, most commonly called email or e-mail since around 1993, is a method of exchanging digital messages from an author to one or more recipients. Email operates across the Internet or other computer networks via an email provider's server facility.
Some early email systems required the author and the recipient to both be online at the same time, in common with instant messaging. Today's email systems are based on a store-and-forward model. Email servers accept, forward, deliver, and store messages. Neither the users nor their computers are required to be online simultaneously; they need connect only briefly, typically to a mail server, for as long as it takes to send or receive messages.
Historically, the term electronic mail was used generically for any electronic document transmission. For example, several writers in the early 1970s used the term to describe fax document transmission. As a result, it is difficult to find the first citation for the use of the term with the more specific meaning it has today.
The core group of generic top-level domains consists of the com, info, net, and org domains. In addition, the domains biz, name, and pro are also considered generic; however, these are designated as restricted, because registrations within them require proof of eligibility within the guidelines set for each.
Historically, the group of generic top-level domains included domains, created in the early development of the domain name system, that are now sponsored by designated agencies or organizations and are restricted to specific types of registrants. Thus, domains edu, gov, int, and mil are now considered sponsored top-level domains, much like the themed top-level domains (e.g., jobs). The entire group of domains that do not have a geographic or country designation (see country-code top-level domain) is still often referred to by the term generic TLDs.


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Northam Family History
14-Day Free Trial
Northam Name Meaning
English (Devon): habitational name from Northam in Devon, named in Old English with norþ ‘north’ + hamm ‘enclosure hemmed in by water’ or ‘promontory’.
Source: Dictionary of American Family Names ©2013, Oxford University Press
Similar surnames: Wortham, Northey, Worsham, Fordham, Northup, Gotham, Burcham, Southam


John Gravelyn, MS3
The Trainer Project
Mobility is something most of us take for granted everyday, but some people have no choice or ability to move. The power wheelchairs that make mobility possible for this population are extremely expensive and must be customized to each person. The PWCT solves this problem by converting the person’s existing manual push wheelchair into an extremely safe power mobility device. The device has been built before multiple times but each iteration had a lot of room for improvement and the newest version will be the one that is reproduced. The summer research is focused on designing and building the sixth version of the power wheel chair trainer (PWCT). This version is designed to be reproduced at a high rate, is much less expensive, and is also designed to be safe enough to be approved by the FDA and the IRB. The design relies on mechanical principles and requires fewer motors and which are expensive and less safe.
Faculty Mentor: John Farris, Engineering
Page last modified August 2, 2013


"You then find it in decreasing frequencies as you go towards modern Europeans," Trinkaus said.
The team also says that the shoulder joint of the cave-dwelling humans appears quite primitive and likely would have made throwing spears and other projectiles difficult.
"The shoulder joint suggests they were not doing a whole lot of vigorous throwing, which requires an extreme rotation of the shoulder joint," Trinkaus said.
This feature, he adds, is seen in "Neandertals and earlier humans going back millions of years. It suggests [human] behavior and anatomy is more mosaic in that time period."
The team argues that Neandertals, rather being replaced, became mixed in with modern humans.
"The only way I can explain the anatomy of these fossils and the fossils from a number of other sites across Europe is that there was a fair amount of interbreeding," Trinkaus said.
Studies of the remains of other ancient Europeans, including the 24,500-year-old skeleton of a child found in Portugal, likewise suggest Neandertals contributed to modern human makeup.
With closely related animals that can interbreed, it's not unusual for the dominant species to absorb the other, Trinkaus says.
Extinct indigenous peoples such as the Tasmanians (from Australia) and the Tierra del Fuegians (from South America)—both of whom disappeared in the last thousand years—nevertheless have living descendants as they intermixed with settlers, he points out.
However, previous DNA studies of Neandertal remains suggest the hunter-gatherers left little or no impression on our genetic makeup.
These studies include recent research based on DNA extracted from fossilized Neandertal bones, which indicates the last common ancestor of modern humans and Neandertals lived some 400,000 years ago. (Related news story: "Neandertal Gene Study Reveals Early Split With Humans" [October 26, 2006].)
But Fred Spoor, professor of evolutionary anatomy at University College London, says such findings don't prove that mixing between the two human species didn't occur.
"Neandertals and modern were undoubtedly capable of interbreeding, and their offspring may well have been viable," he said.
Over the past decade most researchers have come to view the disappearance of the Neandertals as being more complex than the species either being absorbed or replaced by modern humans, he adds.
"The question is not whether every Neandertal who came in view of a modern human was immediately killed off," Spoor said, but the extent to which Neandertals interbred with modern humans and ended up in their "final mix."
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The first unit to occupy Camp Barkeley was the 45th Infantry Division, consisting of 19,000 men under the command of Maj. Gen. William S. Key.
The division occupied the still unfinished camp on Feb. 23, 1941. The 45th Divisional News was published at Camp Barkeley. One member of the paper's staff, William Mauldin, became a famous war cartoonist during World War II.
Other units in addition to the 45 trained at Camp Barkeley, among them the 19 Infantry Division and the 11 and 12 Armored divisions. The Medical Administrative Officer Candidate School was established at Barkeley in May 1942, and from it 12,500 candidates eventually graduated.
The military camp also served as a camp for German prisoners of war. On Feb. 1, 1944, the 1846th Unit POW Camp was activated under the command of Lt. Col. Harry Slaughter. At its peak in March 1945, the POW camp housed 840 prisoners. Two months after the camp opened, 12 prisoners escaped, but all were recaptured within a week.
On April 30, 1945, Camp Barkeley was deactivated. At its peak it had a total population of 50,000 people.
Source: Handbook of Texas Online
Near the Coronado's Camp store on U.S. Highway 277, Gary McCall discovered what he regards as a long-forgotten treasure Thursday.
McCall, 65, who was born and raised in Tuscola, likes to look for arrowheads, Native American artifacts, and just about anything else he can find on property he owns near the rural stopover.
The area was once part of Camp Barkeley, one of the nation's largest military camps during World War II, so he is used to finding a variety of items, from spent cases to the remnants of ration cans to loose change.
But he "didn't expect to find anything" like the long-forgotten dog tag of Oren G. Goodwin, which said the owner was blood type O, inoculated in 1943 against tetanus and a Protestant with a next of kin in Idaho Falls, Idaho.
Sitting in the office of his wholesale used auto dealership Monday, McCall marveled at the recovered tag's still relatively pristine nature.
Though his attempts to contact Goodwin's family are still ongoing, he has learned some facts from a nephew of the soldier he managed to track down, including that Goodwin died a few years ago -- and didn't actually serve overseas.
"The war ended," McCall said.
But many mysteries remain, including which unit Goodwin was attached to.
Six Goodwins served in the 12th Armored Division, one of the more famous units at the camp. But none are Oren G. Goodwin, said John Critzas, president of the division's museum foundation in Abilene, by telephone.
"There could be an omission," Critzas said. "... But I don't believe he was a member of our division based on the records I have currently available."
Camp Barkeley eventually grew to be a complete city unit twice the size of Abilene with a 2,300-bed hospital, two cold storage plants, a bakery, four theaters, two service clubs for enlisted men, 15 chapels, and 35 post exchange buildings, according to www.hispanicabilene.com. The Handbook of Texas Online puts its peak population at 50,000.
The camp was deactivated on April 30, 1945.
McCall said he had been to the place where he found the tag "several times." He found Goodwin's ID tag in a utility easement.
"I'd been running the dozer up through there," McCall said. "... It was a wonder it wasn't tore up or crushed or something." The rest of the area is covered with grass and trees "so thick you can hardly walk through it," he said.
McCall immediately knew what he was looking at. Scooping it up, he contacted his father, area historian Dan McCall, who served in World War II and was able to decipher what each component of the tag meant.
McCall wanted to contact Goodwin's family, although he was fearful he had been killed in the war. After looking around on the Internet, he dialed information in the state of Idaho. When given a choice of business or residence listings, he chose the latter.
He dialed the number given, and someone answered. To his surprise, it was a company, not a private home.
"I asked him if he knew this guy, and he said, 'Yeah, that's my uncle'," McCall said.
It turned out that while the company itself was owned by the Goodwin family, the man who picked up the phone, Oren G. Goodwin's nephew, doesn't actually work there.
"He said he just answered the phone because there wasn't anyone else there to answer it," McCall said.
The number was in Utah, not Idaho, much to McCall's surprise.
"So I was given a completely different area code, and a number that went to a business, not a residence," he said.
The man said he would try to put McCall in touch with other family members. He is still waiting for that contact.
"He proceeded to thank me for taking the time to hunt him down," he said. "He thought it was quite a thing to find that -- and he didn't know his uncle was even in Texas."
McCall plans to keep looking for Goodwin's other dog tag, something he is certain must remain since they are issued in pairs.
If Goodwin's family does not want the tags, McCall said, he would probably donate the item to a museum, possibly the one associated with the 12th Armored Division in Abilene.
"I don't want (the tag) to just be thrown in a drawer," he said. "A lot of people would probably like to see it."
Attempts by the Reporter-News to contact Goodwin's family were unsuccessful Monday.
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Laguna Bacalar, Special Waters
History of the Special Waters of Laguna Bacalar
In the southeast corner of Mexico, close to the Bay of Chetumal and the northern border of Belize, is Laguna Bacalar (Lake Bacalar). Spectacularly colored, with large submarine cenotes that feed it that clear water, with extensive uninhabited mangrove and jungle shores, Mexico's second-largest freshwater lake is located in the Yucatan Peninsula, just a few hours from Merida. Laguna Bacalar is remarkably beautiful with near-pristine waters, and it is becoming a favored destination for many residents of the Yucatan Peninsula who want to enjoy the weather, the beauty and the serenity of that area.
The lake has often been called La Laguna de Siete Colores, leaving one to wonder if the seven colors refer to the traditional light spectrum (ROYGBIV) or are a Maya reference to the water's seven shades of blue. Lying in a hammock on the shore and looking out over those pleasing blue waters, luxuriating in a cooling breeze, it is easy to imagine that people have been coming right here to do exactly the same thing for a long, long time.
When Did Mayans Come to Bacalar?
It might surprise you to know that experts cannot reach a consensus about an approximate date (even to the nearest couple of thousand years!) when humans came first to live along Laguna Bacalar. Until recently, it was generally believed that the Maya were the original inhabitants of Quintana Roo, establishing civilizations south of and in the Yucatan Peninsula between 3500 and 2000 years ago.
The various Meso-American city-states and cultures of the Maya rose to prominence in different eras and regions, creating a mosaic of power and influence that waxed and waned across central America over at least three millennia. Western scholars generally agree on a framework of Maya history that looks something like the diagram to the right. The Maya have a rather different framework for viewing this history, believing that their ancestors have been coming here for a much longer time.
Recently, archaeologists working in submerged caves and cenote systems near the Tulum seashore (in places that were as much as 30 meters above sea level at the end of the Pleistocene Era, just 11,700 years ago) have discovered artifacts that seem more in line with the Maya version of history. They have found human skeletons radio-carbon dated to be between 8050 and 11,670 years old. Research is incomplete and there is little that ties these humans to any specific cultural heritage. That said, some anthropologists can imagine an enduring and separate maritime Maya culture that was built upon the long-range coastal and freshwater canoe-borne trading known to occur through most of Maya pre-Colonial history. These mobile traders and wayfarers were from their regional city-states, but their sea-faring, trans-regional roles in trade provided them a wider worldview and a more arms-length relationship with their political, religious, and even commercial hierarchies. In other words, they may have identified as Maya, but they were also rather independent and roamed far from their original homes.
Location, Location, Location
Though it is not clear when they began, prosperous trade routes ran through Laguna Bacalar and traders (plus a population that supported that trade) inhabited the lake shores. It seems probable that Maya settlements became well established along the lake sometime between 4000 and 3000 years ago, whether or not these were aligned with a regional Maya power. Some histories propose that 1580 years ago, the Itzaes culture, known for aggressively establishing and managing trading networks that circumnavigated the Yucatan Peninsula, founded Siyaancaan de Bakhalal, the Maya port city of Bacalar.
Fast forward 1100 years. The Spanish subdue the local Maya and Gaspar Pacheco founds the colonial pueblo of Salamanca de Bacalar on the formerly Maya site, a process that is done all over the Yucatan Peninsula. Fast forward another 100 years and Bacalar falls to pirates, becoming a lawless trade outpost. After another 100 years, colonialists reclaim Bacalar, build Fuerte de San Felipe (San Felipe Fort) from deconstructed Maya monuments, and establish a mestizo culture. 130 years later, the War of the Castes kills or expels non-Maya and returns Bacalar and much of Quintana Roo to a purely Maya rule. Not for long, however. Because soon Federal Mexico regains control of Quintana Roo and the Maya rebels are quashed. 80 years after that, archaeologists discover Ixcabal, a vast Maya city complex comparable to Calakmul. It is only about 25 kilometers west of Bacalar, and the barely-explored site has hundreds of structures and a much larger and taller pyramid than El Castillo in Chichen Itza. For being situated on a low jungle plain with thin soil, no above-ground water and unforgiving weather, it seems to have been a curiously popular spot. Little is known about the culture that apparently thrived there, but perhaps it was related to the once-popular trade routes along Laguna Bacalar.
The 110-kilometer peninsula/isthmus of Xcalak, east of the 65-kilometer-long Bay of Chetumal, provided a protected passage up the important Honduras-Belize-Yucatan water corridor. Archaeological findings and historical records indicate that this coastal passage was a core canoe trade route between the Maya states with access to the southern Caribbean coast of current-day Belize, Guatemala, and Honduras and the rest of the Yucatan Peninsula.
From the Bay of Chetumal, the large seagoing dugout canoes continued north in the lee of the Xcalak Peninsula and then through a cut (perhaps pre-Hispanic and man-made) and into calm waters behind the barrier reef along the Caribbean coast. Other local routes headed further north up into the Bays of Ascención and Espiritu, and from there, through inland waterways and a pre-Hispanic canal connecting the saltwater Chunyache Lagoon to the inland Muyil freshwater lagoon. Trade continued seaward along the coast past Tulum, Cozumel and Cancun and around the tip of the Yucatan Peninsula. This is where traders exchanged obsidian and other goods for valuable salt that is still produced on the northern parts of the Yucatan Peninsula. This would have been a one-way journey from Rio Motagua, Honduras, of about 1000 kilometers.
The Bay of Chetumal was probably an important way-point in the journey. It provided protection from weather, fresh water, and river access to inland trade. Geography shows us that from the Bay of Chetumal, mariners in paddlecraft can navigate fresh water to the upper reaches of the New and the Rio Hondo Rivers, providing access to northwest Belize. The Rio Hondo also provides access to Laguna Bacalar through the Canal Chac. It goes to a 15-kilometer freshwater riverine-and-flats system that passes through Huay Pix and is the principal exit of water from Laguna Bacalar. Approximately 52 kilometers long, Laguna Bacalar is fed by a few cenotes and many underwater springs. There are also several streams flowing into the lake from large seasonal marshlands to the west, north, and northeast of the far north end of the lake.
The Three Waters of Laguna Bacalar
It turns out Laguna Bacalar is not actually a single body of water. It is actually three irregular but parallel waterways that run more or less north to south, with a slight east-west slant. Close by is another lake-and-marshlands system, Chile Verde, that drains low-lying marshlands north and east of the lake into Laguna Guerrero and the Bay of Chetumal. The westernmost body of water is the largest and also the closest to civilization and Highway 307, and this is the water that is usually referred to as Laguna Bacalar.
If you head due east across the Laguna Bacalar from the town of Bacalar, you will pass through a 800-meter navigable cut called the Pirate Canal and into a second lake that is five kilometers long. That lake exits to the south toward the Canal Chac and eventually into the Rio Hondo. Here, the water ranges from one to fifteen meters deep, and the "Bacalar blue" water of this lake is very clear. The bottom is covered with light-colored sand or silt, and the shore is sandy with a few low shrubs and trees.
If you continue east across this second lagoon, you will pass through a half-kilometer shallow cut into a third lagoon of meandering backwaters with many narrow side channels. This body of water runs parallel to the main Laguna Bacalar for almost its entire length. It is a gently-flowing, shallow and clear waterway that is bordered on the west by low wetland flora and on the east by low jungle. Sometimes kilometers wide and sometimes only meters wide, these waters require some local knowledge to navigate, as it would be easy to get lost here. The waters are home to a number of bird and a few mammal and amphibian species. Strangely, there are very few fish in the lake. And also strangely, but wonderfully, in each of its many channels and passages, the water is extremely clear. The principal lake, Laguna Bacalar, shows vibrant blue colors with surprising variation in hue, not only from place to place but in one place from time to time, almost moment to moment. Whatever the reason, the blue of Laguna Bacalar has always seemed somehow special.
Blue is the Coolest Color
What about that blue color? For one thing, the shades of blue and the intensities of the colors change as tradewind-driven clouds come and go, often many times an hour during the day. And the lake presents different colors of blue in different places at any one moment, probably due to the varying water depth and bottom color and the viewer's height above water. The lake also presents different colors of blue at different moments of the day, probably due to changes in sunlight and turbidity, or suspended solids, in the water. One of the beauties is the changeability of the lake coloring; but mostly it's the blue. There is just a special "Bacalar blue" that seems to please everyone who sees it.
Many of us who live here have a special fondness for the blues of the Caribbean on a clear bright sunny day. Other people might love the blue found in deep ice or snow. The source of this special coloration and, as it turns out, the color of water itself, is a somewhat complex thing. In nature, the eye/mind sees specific colors because the object we look at absorbs some parts of the sunlight bathing it and reflects other parts. The reflected parts of the spectrum are what we perceive to be the object’s colors. That's the way color works for everything we look at in sunlight. Well, everything *except* water.
Water is unique in nature in that some sunlight is absorbed and agitates the water molecule’s electrons, causing them to radiate – not reflect – light at a specific blue frequency. This process is called vibrational transition. Water is the only naturally-occurring substance to exhibit this property and this may account for why the “special blue” of certain waters is so pleasing to the eye for many people. "Bacalar blues" are special colors. The clarity and mineral content of Laguna Bacalar, combined with the radiant blue the sun brings out, lend the lake an especially pleasing and ever-changing range of colors.
Generally, the deeper the water and the clearer the water and the brighter the light and the more reflective the bottom, the more vibrant the color your eye will see. So varying depths of similar water will yield different colors and intensities of blue. And varying whiteness of the lake bottom will also vary the color. As will varying light intensity, varying turbidity, varying sky color and cloud cover. Laguna Bacalar has all these things playing together, like an orchestra creating a constant symphony of blue, a spectral ballet. These factors combine, producing an astonishingly dynamic and beautifully-colored lake from moment to moment of every sunny day. We are not the first to be enchanted by these waters, and probably, we will not be the last.
Stay tuned for another upcoming article about traveling from Chetumal Bay to the north end of Laguna Bacalar. For almost ten years, Scott Wallace and his wife Peggy have operated www.bacalarmosaico.com, a website about Bacalar and Laguna Bacalar with information useful to visitors.
Read the second article, Laguna Bacalar, Back in Time
Read the third article, Laguna Bacalar Paddle Marathon


Semiconductors Blog Posts
How to Model the Interface Trapping Effects of a MOSCAP
Looking to analyze interface trapping effects in a MOSCAP? Learn how to use a feature in the Semiconductor Module that enables you to add charging and carrier capture/release effects to a model.
Simulating the Tunneling Current Across a Graded Heterojunction
Interested in semiconductor design? Get an intro to the theory behind quantum tunneling as well as a demonstration of simulating the tunneling current across a graded heterojunction.
Self-Consistent Schrödinger-Poisson Results for a Nanowire Benchmark
This benchmark model of a GaAs nanowire validates the Schrödinger-Poisson Equation multiphysics interface, which is useful for modeling systems with quantum-confined charge carriers.
Evaluating a Schottky Diode with a Semiconductor Benchmark Model
We present a model of a Schottky diode with benchmarked results, validating the use of simulation to analyze the performance of semiconductor devices.
Studying the Program and Erase Cycle of an EEPROM Device
Using the Semiconductor Module, you can study the program and erase cycles of an electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM) device.
Optimizing ISFET Designs with Multiphysics Simulation
Ion-sensitive field-effect transistors (ISFETs) measure pH levels for soil analysis, the production of dairy products, and more. Multiphysics simulation can help us optimize these devices.
Modeling a MOS Capacitor with the Semiconductor Module
MOS capacitors (MOSCAPs) contain 3 main parts: a semiconductor body or substrate, an insulator film, and a metal electrode (or gate). You can use the Semiconductor Module to model MOSCAP designs.
Learning Quantum Mechanics Concepts with Double-Barrier Structures
Quantum mechanics is a notoriously difficult subject to learn — and teach. Modeling a double-barrier structure is an effective way to teach quantum mechanics concepts to physics students.
- COMSOL Now
- Today in Science


The first Justin retained a former name, and the second Justin was named after the first.
(Sch: dp. 1,419, t.; l. 287'6"; b. 39; dr. 19'8"; s. 10 k.; cp. 35; a. 26-pdrs.)
The first Justin, a schooner, was launched in 1891 by R. Dixon & Co., Middlesbrough, England; purchased from Bowring & Archibald; and commissioned 27 April 1898, Comdr. George E. Ide in command.
Justin performed collier service in the Chesapeake Bay area until sailing for Guantanamo Bay 2 June for coaling duties during the Spanish-American War. Returning to Virginia, Justin operated along the East Coast and in New England, then departed Norfolk 11 October. After visiting Brazil, Chile, Peru, and Mexico, she arrived San Francisco 3 February 1899 and decommissioned there 17 February.
Recommissioned at Mare Island 19 September 1900, Justin sailed 1 October for duty in the Far East. - For the next 7 years she provided fuel and supplies to the Asiatic Fleet during a period of intense and growing American activity in the Orient. She returned to San Francisco 23 November 1907 via Guam and Honolulu. From 1907 to 1915 Justin carried coal to units of the Pacific Fleet stationed at widely scattered points from the West Coast to South America. She decommissioned at Mare Island 20 December 1915.


An Untapped Legacy: The Pioneering Compositions of Florence Price
Seldom in the world of music do we stumble upon an untapped legacy that has the potential to rewrite our understanding of its history. One such legacy is that of Florence Price, a pioneering African American composer whose compositions are only beginning to receive their due recognition. This article aims to shed light on her significant work and immense contribution to classical music. It's time for us all to delve deeper into this overlooked chapter in musical history and unravel the story about one extraordinary woman who dared carve her path amidst adversity. So, let's dive into the profound world of melody, harmony, rhythm, and above all - resilience.
The Life Story of Florence Price
Florence Price's early life was characterized by an undying passion for music, which would later prove instrumental in her career as a prolific African-American composer. Born to a mixed-race family in Little Rock, Arkansas, in 1887, Price was exposed to music early on, with her mother, a music teacher, being her first tutor. She further honed her skills and musical knowledge at the New England Conservatory, a prestigious institution she attended disguised as a Mexican to evade the racial prejudice of the day.
Her musical journey, however, wasn't without its racial barriers. As an African-American woman in a racially charged America, she faced numerous obstacles. Regardless, she remained steadfast and dedicated herself to her craft, producing compositions that would later break racial and gender barriers in the world of classical music.
Price's gradual rise in popularity was a testament to her determination and exceptional talent. Her Symphony in E minor, awarded first prize at the 1932 Rodman Wanamaker music contest, garnered her much acclaim. This recognition elevated her status, making her the first African-American woman to have her work performed by a major symphony orchestra.
A historian or biographer well-versed in the role of women composers throughout history would agree that Price's contributions were not only groundbreaking but also set the stage for future generations of musicians and composers. In the face of adversity, she left an untapped legacy that continues to inspire and motivate many in the music industry today.
Price's Musical Style & Influences
Delving into the heart of Florence Price's compositions, one can't help but notice the untamed fusion of diverse musical elements that characterizes each piece. Worth remarking upon, and indeed a significant aspect of her musical identity, was her profound receptiveness to European influences. Price was deeply inspired by Romantic composers, with their emphasis on emotional expression and individualism echoed in her own work. This fascination brought a certain romanticism and grandiosity to her compositions.
Nevertheless, Florence's music was not purely an imitation of European ideals. Instead, she cleverly interwove these western influences with the rich tapestry of African American spirituals. These spirituals, deep-rooted in the history and experiences of her ancestors, played an intrinsic role in Price's musical style, imbuing her work with a sense of authenticity and emotional depth.
Moreover, traditional folk tunes were among her sources of inspiration. The rhythmic patterns and melodic simplicity often associated with these tunes were weaved seamlessly into her compositions. This fusion of European romanticism, African American spirituals, and folk tunes resulted in a unique style, a testament to Price's exceptional creativity and innovative spirit. Hence, any musicologist studying Price's work would undoubtedly be captivated by her ability to synthesize such diverse musical influences into coherent, moving pieces of music.
The Hidden Treasures: Masterpieces by Florence Price
Throughout her life, Florence Price created substantial contributions to classical music, with many of her brilliant works remaining underappreciated during her lifetime. Among other contemporaries, Price stands out due to her exceptional and pioneering compositions. Now, these hidden treasures are being rediscovered, bringing a fresh perspective to the classical repertoire.
One of the most noteworthy pieces from Price's catalog is the Symphony No 1. This masterpiece showcases her ability to combine traditional classical structures with unique, personal inspirations. A testament to her innovative style, it blends elements of African-American folk traditions with the symphonic genre, delivering a profoundly moving and innovative musical experience.
Another significant contribution from Price's vast collection of compositions is the Piano Concerto. This piece is a finely crafted work that showcases the intricacies and grandeur of the piano. It's a testament to Price's meticulous composition skills and musical foresight. The Piano Concerto, like Symphony No 1, remains an underappreciated masterpiece that music lovers and scholars are keen to rediscover.
The rediscovery of Florence Price's work in the classical repertoire is not just a recognition of her talent, but also a reevaluation of the contributions of overlooked artists. Increasingly, her compositions are being recognized as seminal works that have shaped the landscape of classical music. An experienced conductor or musician who is proficiently acquainted with rehearsing and performing these pieces can provide further insights and understanding, contributing substantially to this ongoing rediscovery process.
A Legacy Rediscovered
Recent years have seen a significant revival in the appreciation of Florence Price's profound compositions, with several individuals and music institutions playing pivotal roles in this resurgence. Notably, renowned institutions and esteemed musicians have undertaken the task of deciphering and performing Price’s works, reinforcing their importance in the annals of musical history. Additionally, the modern appreciation of Price's music has led to a reflective contemplation on the impactful contributions she has made. It causes one to ponder upon the potentially altered landscape of the music world, had these delayed recognitions come sooner. The impact of Price’s compositions on earlier generation musicians, had they been recognized in their time, could have been significant, potentially offering a different shape and tone to the course of music history. This rediscovery not only underscores the importance of Price's work but also emphasizes the need for continuous exploration and understanding of underappreciated artists. For cultural analysts dedicated to the study of societal trends in art forms, this is a relevant and intriguing area of focus.


By 2050, the world population will reach nine billion people and three quarters of the global population will live in cities. The development path to 2050 will be marked by shifts in land-use and weather patterns, and by changes in the way water and food resources are obtained and managed all over the world. These global changes (GCs) will affect the emissions, environmental transport pathways and fate of chemicals, and thus affect the exposure of the natural environment to chemicals. Future changes may also alter the sensitivity of ecosystems to chemical exposure.
The ECORISK2050 project "Effects of global change on the emission, fate, effects and risks of chemicals in aquatic ecosystems" brings together a world leading and interdisciplinary consortium of universities, research institutes, industry and regulatory and governmental authorities to deliver a cohort of Early Stage Researchers (ESRs). The project will analyse and address risks of chemicals of emerging concern focusing on scenarios up to 2050.
The coupled training goals and research objectives of the project are:
- Firstly, to assess how the inputs of chemicals from agriculture and urban environments and their fate and transport are affected by different environmental conditions, including those of specific EU regions, and how this will change under GC scenarios in order to assess the likely increase in chemical risks to human and ecosystem health.
- Secondly, to identify potential adaptation and mitigation strategies that can be implemented in the short and medium term, to abate unacceptable changes in risks, and use the GC scenarios to propose robust implementation pathways.
- And lastly to develop a set of tools for use by industry and policy makers, that allow the impacts of a range of GC related drivers on chemicals risks to be assessed and managed.
ECORISK2050 is a Europe wide project funded by the European Union in the framework of the H2020 Marie Sklodowska Curie Action – Innovative Training Networks. This project is coordinated by the Wageningen University. The Ecotoxicology group of the IMDEA Water Institute is one of the participants in the consortium that carries out the project.
The new website of the ECORISK2050 project is now available. You can access the web here.
This project received funding from the EU Horizon 2020 program under Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement No 813124


12197 - Tonsil, Adenoid and Ear Tube Surgery (Spanish)
Ease anxiety and set realistic expectations in this popular guide for both children and their parents. Updated with a fresh new look, and expanded information on pain management and medications. Tonsil, Adenoid, and Ear Tube Surgery supports shared decision making and informed consent. Features cartoons, coloring, and games for kids and has practical tips and reassuring facts for parents.
- Preparing for surgery, admission
- Surgical team, anesthesia
- Adenoidectomy, tonsillectomy, tympanotomy
- Post-op diet and medications, home recovery tips for tonsil, adenoid and ear tube surgery, when to call the doctor
- 16 pages, full-color cartoon artwork


We all at some time or another have experience acute back pain. But what are some of the ways that you can relieve this troubling pain?
Pain is a sensation that provides us with information about tissue -damaging stimuli and thus often enables us to protect ourselves from greater damage (Seeley, R., Stephens, T., & Tate, P., 1999). Pain at low levels can motivate you to rest the injured area so that the tissues can be repaired and prevent any additional damage (Balch, 2006). If the pain is severe, it can motivate you to seek treatment. Acute pain in the lower back can alert you that there is a problem that needs immediate attention and this pain may last long after an injured area has healed.
There are two types of pain sensations: One is the sharp, well-localized, pricking or cutting pain which results from rapidly transmitting action power (Seeley et al., 1999). Another is diffuse, burning, or aching pain resulting from action potential that spread more slowly (Seeley et al., 1999). Some lower back acute pain may have any types of this pain sensations and it is important to seek immediate treatment for this so it will not turn into long-term chronic pain. It is important differentiate the type of pain sensations locations. Superficial (somatic) pain sensations which arise from stimulation of receptors in the skin that are highly localized as a result from the pain stimuli (Tortora & Anagnostakos, 1987). Deep or visceral pain sensations are not because of the absence of stimulated receptors in the deep structures (Seeley et al., 1999).
There are a variety of treatment options that can alleviate pain but it all depends on your pain level and treatment preferences. Acupressure is contact healing (use of finger and hand pressure) that seeks to restore health by restoring the normal flow of chi (life energy) the flows through the body along pathways called meridians (Balch, 2006).
Acupuncture uses the insertion of needles to promote energy flow in the pain areas. Biofeedback combines a variety of relaxation methods such as guided imagery and meditation with the uses of instruments that monitor the individual's response (Balch, 2006). Chiropractic is the manipulation of the spinal column to make it properly aligned and it has been a proven treatment for lower back pain. Massage involves the manipulation of muscles and other soft tissues particularly back pain. There are different kinds of massage therapies: deep tissue massage, neuromuscular massage, reiki, rolfing, shiatsu, sport massage and swedish massage (Balch, 2006).
The best herbs to use for pain-relief are angelica, black haw, cramp bark, kava kava, rosemary, and valerian root which are also good for pain related to cramps and muscle spam (Balch, 2006). There is a tea that is effective in relieving tension and nerve pain that is consist of blue violet, catnip, chamomile, gotu kola, licorice, rosemary, white willow, or wood betony (Balch, 2006). Essential oils of jasmine, juniper, lavender, peppermint, rose, rosemary, and thyme have been effective in the treatment of a variety of types of pain (Balch, 2006). Fresh papaya juice and/or fresh pineapple is highly recommended for the treatment of inflammation of back pain (Balch, 2006). Capasicin the ingredient is cayenne can provide pain relief when regularly applied to the affected area (Balch, 2006).
Another lifestyle modification that can be added to the relief of back pain are relaxation techniques such as Tai Chi (meditation in motion), Qi Gong (slow motion exercise of movement and breath meditation), TENS (Transcutaneous Electric Nerve Stimulation) Unit Therapy (electrodes therapy for localized pain) and Transcendental Meditation (a state of deep relaxation) (Balch, 2006). Even though there are alots of treatments options it is important to find out what treatments will work for your back pain.
Seeley, R., Stephens, T., & Tate, P. (1999). Senses. In Essentials of anatomy and physiology (3rd ed., pp. 234-235). Boston, MA: The McGraw-Hill Companies.
Tortora, G., & Anagnostakos, N. (1987). Sensory. In Principles of anatomy and physiology (5th ed., pp. 342-344). New York, NY: Harper & Row.
Balch, P. (2006). Pain. In Prescription for nutritional healing (4th ed., pp. 799-807). New York, NY: Penguin Group


A virtual private network allows you to browse the internet without exposing your personal internet connection.
It's kind of like having a friend go to the grocery store for you. You'll still make the requests, and get the items you want but you won't be the one everyone sees shopping.
There are literally hundreds of reasons why you might want to protect your personal internet connection. Some people prefer additional anonymity when browsing online; others want to keep advertisers from tracking their behaviors. It may also be that you're simply trying to access Netflix while studying or traveling abroad and missing shows due to region locking.
To understand how VPNs work, let's learn a little about how the internet works. We'll start with the example of an ISP, but the same concept holds true for public wifi networks, employers, cell phone plan providers, etc.
When you access the internet from any of your devices, your request must first go through your internet service provider (also called an ISP). Your ISP is responsible for being the middleman between you and the internet. You request Facebook.com, and your ISP connects to Facebook and sends the data back to your device.
Your connection looks like this:
During this intermediary exchange, your ISP is able to see all of your network traffic. They know that it's you requesting Facebook.com, and exactly what you're looking at or doing there. Everything you do passes through their pipes, clear as day for them to look at and log for future use.
Using a VPN hides your IP address and encrypts your network traffic, effectively stopping this from happening.
Encryption is the process of protecting data in such a way that only authorized parties can read it. Anyone who isn't authorized (hackers, spies, snoopers) just see unintelligible bits and bytes.
If you were to first connect to a VPN and then request Facebook.com though, your connection would look like this:
Your ISP connects you to the VPN, which creates a tunnel between you and the VPN server, which acts as your gateway to the internet. To your ISP, it just looks like you're accessing the VPN server. They're unable to see what your VPN server is requesting for you.
Now, I know what you're thinking:
"I don't do anything wrong, so I probably don't need a VPN."
This argument couldn't be more wrong.
The truth is that VPNs are sometimes used for nefarious purposes, but that's not the norm. In fact, the vast majority of VPN usage is routine and commonplace -- and has been so for years.
Many people may already have experience using a VPN through their workplace. Chances are, if you're a remote employee, or work from the field so to speak, your company asks you to log into their internal network through a VPN. It's an easy way to securely and privately access company resources while not on premises.
One of the neatest things about using a VPN is that you can change your location. Most VPN service providers have multiple locations that you can connect to at your leisure. So you can appear to be coming from another city, another state, or halfway around the world!


Humans 2.0: Scientific, Philosophical, and Theological Perspectives on Transhumanism is a book that looks at transhumanism, which is essentially the idea that technology should be used to improve human lives. This extends from the more innocuous, such as using a prosthesis to replace a missing limb, to the morally serious, such as using genetic enhancements to improve a human’s performance or even uploading a person’s consciousness into a machine for the purpose of immortality.
Rana and Samples use the opportunity to talk about the similarities between Christianity and transhumanism. Transhumanist ideals are realized in Christianity. It will probably never be possible to obtain immortality through uploading our consciousness into a machine, but there is a real way we can attain it — by submitting to God and becoming a Christian. Christianity has a way that we can live forever, through the sacrifice of Christ on the cross and his overcoming death through the resurrection. As Christians we also have hope that one day we will live in a place where life-improving technologies will no longer be necessary because there will be no more sickness or disease. This provides some common ground that we can find with those who believe in the promises that transhumanism makes.
The book comes in three parts. Part one talks about the science behind transhumanism. They touch on things like gene editing, neuroprosthetics, and brain-computer interfaces, and how these kinds of things could potentially become a reality. They even have a helpful appendix you can read to have a better idea of biology and how some of these technologies work regarding how they affect us at the cellular level. Part two talks about the ethics of transhumanism, whether enhancing humans genetically, rather than simply therapeutically, would be an ethical use of that technology. They talk about the image of God and what it means for humanity. The third part consists of talking about transhumanism and Christianity, and showing how Christianity actually makes reality what will likely only remain a dream in transhumanism.
Transhumanism is becoming more and more important all the time, especially as science and technology continue making advancements, allowing us to do today what was only science fiction 50 years ago. As scientists continue to make advances with technologies like in-vitro fertilization, cloning, artificial womb technology, gene mapping, etc., it looks like some of the more fanciful technologies may at one point become reality. It behooves Christians to understand what transhumanism is so that we can offer an intelligent response to transhumanist arguments and also so we can show how the teachings of Christ can give us what transhumanists ultimately long for. There are still some insurmountable obstacles which may never be overcome for these kinds of technologies. But that can make Christianity all the more appealing for those to whom death seems like an unkillable enemy.


Goals and targets
When learning a language it can be useful to have some goals and targets to aim for. Many learners have long-term goals, such as wanting to be fluent in the language their learning eventually. This is a good thing to aim for, but that ‘eventually’ may never arrive.
It might be more helpful to set yourself short-term goals and targets, such as being able to talk about a particular subject, or learning a particular grammatical rule or set of rules. You could try breaking each big goal into smaller tasks which are relatively easy to achieve. These could be things you aim for every day, every week or every month. You could aim to learn perhaps 5-10 new words about a particular topic each day and to focus on it for a week or a month, depending on how deep you want to go into it. You could also try talking and/or writing about what you’re learning to practise using the new words.
By focussing on particular topics you will learn words in context, which is much more effective then trying to learn long lists of random words, and maybe you’ll learn new things about the topics themselves as well.
You could also set yourself the goal or doing particular tasks using only the language you’re learning. This might involve ordering a meal, finding particular information from written or spoken sources, joining in a conversation, or even giving a talk or presentation about what you’re learning.


Morchoine Surname History
The family history of the Morchoine last name is maintained by the AncientFaces community. Join the community by adding to to our knowldge of the Morchoine:
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The nationality of Morchoine is often difficult to determine in cases which regional boundaries change over time, making the nation of origin indeterminate. The original ethnicity of Morchoine may be difficult to determine based on whether the name came about organically and independently in different locales; e.g. in the case of family names that are based on a professional trade, which can crop up in multiple regions independently (such as the name "Dean" which may have been adopted by members of the clergy).
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The meaning of Morchoine come may come from a craft, such as the name "Fisher" which was given to fishermen. Some of these craft-based last names may be a profession in some other language. For this reason it is important to research the country of origin of a name, and the languages used by its early ancestors. Many names like Morchoine come from religious texts like the Bhagavadgītā, the Quran, the Bible, and so forth. Often these surnames relate to a religious expression such as "From the ash tree".
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In times when literacy was uncommon, names such as Morchoine were written down based on how they sounded when people's names were recorded in government records. This could have given rise misspellings of Morchoine. Researching misspellings and spelling variations of the Morchoine last name are important to understanding the etymology of the name. Last names like Morchoine change in how they're said and written as they travel across communities, family unions, and eras over generations.
Last names similar to MorchoineMorchoisne, Morchon, Morchons, Morchouane, Morchouasne, Morchouse, Morchoven, Morchower, Morchowitz, Morchuchowitch, Morchuk, Morchutt, Morchy, Morci, Morcia, Morciano, Morciau, Morciaux, Morcicek, Morcich
morchoine Family Tree
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Marion Vieweg (2016)
The Paris Agreement is a milestone in international climate diplomacy. The global community agreed to “holding the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels and pursuing efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels”, and to a new architecture with mitigation commitments from all Parties. At the same time, coal expansion seems to continue unabated, and some of the countries putting forward their climate commitments under the UNFCCC are planning and constructing new coal-fired power generation capacity at large scale (Global Coal Plant Tracker, 2016). This paper looks at how these coal plans and related national energy strategies link to the submitted INDCs, and analyses the implications for achieving stated commitments.


Throughout the U.S. civil rights movement, Dorothy I. Height often kept to the background and worked tirelessly behind the scenes for racial equality and women's rights.
But now Height's name is front and center on a Washington, D.C., landmark. The U.S. post office near Union Station has been renamed in honor of the longtime United Methodist, who died on April 20, 2010 at the age of 98.
The post office is the first federal building in the district to bear the name of an African-American woman, according to The Associated Press.
Her many United Methodist friends and admirers say such a distinction is a fitting tribute to the woman who was known as "the godmother of the civil rights movement."
"I think she would be very pleased," said friend, the Rev. Mamie Alethia Williams, pastor of John Wesley United Methodist Church in Glen Burnie, Md. "The post office is used every day. It is the kind of place that connects people not only locally but also nationally and globally, and it is no respecter of persons. That represents what she was about."
Height spent 33 years on the national board of the YWCA and more than 40 years at the helm of the National Council of Negro Women.
During the 1960s, as the council's president, Height helped organize voter registration in the South, voter education in the North and scholarship programs for student civil rights workers. She also tackled issues of poverty as her organization supported free school breakfasts for children, promoted community gardens and advocated for improved housing.
She helped organize the women's caucus in the National Council of Churches in the 1970s, and later worked toward empowering black families as the founder of Black Family Reunion Celebration.
Erin Hawkins, the chief executive of the United Methodist Commission on Religion and Race, called Height "a living embodiment" of the United Methodist mission to transform the world. She also was one of the few women in the inner circle of civil rights leaders.
"No gathering of national civil rights leaders was complete without her presence."
Bishop Woodie White.
When Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. gave his historic "I Have a Dream" speech in 1963, Height was the only woman, besides Coretta Scott King, invited onto the platform.
When Barack Obama was sworn in as the nation's first African-American president more than 45 years later, she was on the platform once again.
That historic inauguration was not her first encounter with an occupant of the White House.
She was friends with Eleanor Roosevelt and recognized by three U.S. presidents. She received the Presidential Citizenship Medal from Ronald Reagan in 1989, the Presidential Medal of Freedom from Bill Clinton in 1994 and the Congressional Gold Medal from George W. Bush in 2004.
"She played a far more important role in influencing race and social justice in America than many realize," said retired Bishop Woodie White, the first chief executive of the United Methodist Commission on Religion and Race.
She offered advice on policy decisions and held her own in a room full of men, White said, and she did it all with quiet dignity and courage, usually wearing one of her trademark hats.
"No gathering of national civil rights leaders was complete without her presence," the bishop said.
Naming a post office
It quite literally takes an act of Congress to name a U.S. post office.
The naming process begins with a U.S. representative proposing the dedication of a post office building. Members of Congress have an informal agreement that a state's entire delegation (Democrats and Republicans alike) will co-sponsor the dedication. A post office dedication bill must pass the House and Senate before the President signs it into law.
President Barack Obama signs H.R. 6118, the "Dorothy Height Bill" in the Oval Office on Dec. 15, 2010. The bill designates the United States Postal Service near Union Station in Washington as the "Dorothy I. Height Post Office." A web-only photo courtesy of Pete Souza/The White House.
Of the 31,871 post office buildings in the United States, only 599 bear the names of an individual.
Delegate Eleanor Holmes Norton (D-D.C.) shepherded the bill to honor Height through Congress. As the District of Columbia's sole congressional representative, Norton cannot vote on the U.S. House floor, but she can vote on procedural matters and in House committees. She also can introduce legislation.
President Barack Obama signed H.R. 6118 naming the post office for Height on Dec. 15, 2010. A plaque with her name now hangs in her post office.
"My colleagues in the House and Senate may argue about closing the government down or raising the debt limit, but both sides of the aisle knew better than to delay a bill to name a federal building in Washington, D.C., for Dr. Dorothy I. Height," Norton said at the dedication on Feb. 22.
The congresswoman said Height was "a mentor to millions because she accommodated no division in the human family."
A woman of faith
Her Christian faith helped shape her commitment to breaking down divisions between races, between genders and between denominations.
"I find through meditation and prayer that there are very few things that I do not find some way to deal with," Height told United Methodist Communications in 2005.
Height grew up Baptist in Rankin, Pa., and as a college student began attending St. Mark's Methodist Church. That led to her longtime affiliation with The United Methodist Church.
She stuck with the denomination even as it struggled to end segregation and welcome women leaders.
"She saw the potential of the church," her friend Williams said. "She saw The United Methodist Church speaking for women and children oftentimes more loudly, more clearly and more demonstrably in the broader community. That vision was a part of her vision."
She also championed Christian unity, said Williams, who chaired Height's national ecumenical prayer breakfast for 10 years.
"I think we can learn from her that when we have faith in God and faith in ourselves, we can achieve a great deal and overcome insurmountable odds."
*Hahn is a multimedia news reporter for United Methodist News Service.
News media contact: Heather Hahn, Nashville, Tenn., (615) 742-5470 or [email protected].


Miguel Lopez-Medival Japan Vocabularyrename
kaploop's version from 2016-04-25 03:39
|Shinto||The traditional religion of Japan|
|Prince Shotoku||Served from 593-621 as regent for his aunt, the empress|
|Regent||Is a person who rules a country for someone who is unable to rule alone|
|Court||A group of nobles who live near and serve|
|Lady Murasaki Shikibu||A woman author, she wrote The Tale of Genji around 1000|
|Zen||New form of Buddhism|
|Unprecedented||Having no equal|
|Equestrian||Related to horses|
|Brocades||Rich cloths with designs woven into them|
|Cormorants||Large diving boards|
|Figurehead||A person who appears to rule even though real power rests with someone else|
|Shogun||A general who ruled Japan in the emperor's name|
|Bushido||The samurai code of rules|
Why is most of Japan's land hilly, and not flat?:The islands of Japan are the tops of undersea mountains and volcanoes.
What was the unit of political life in early Japan?:The unit was clans.
For about how many centuries was Chinese the official language of Japan?: It was the official language for about 6 centuries.
Where did Japan's court move in the late 700s?:They moved to Heian.
What years were considered to golden age of Japan?: From the 800s to the 1100s were the years considered as the golden age of Japan.
How did the Yamato rulers gain power?:They conquered the neighboring clans with their strong military.


Food waste is a big problem worldwide. Roughly one-third of our food is wasted. And closer to home, the average American household throws away one-quarter of the food they buy. But it’s not just individuals that are wasting food. Hospitals, supermarkets, restaurants and others end up throwing away huge amounts of food every single day.
Massachusetts is going to war against such waste with the strictest policies nationwide going into effect this October. The ban will only affect those who are throwing away at least one ton of organic material per week. It requires them to either donate or repurpose useable food, and then to ship the rest of the food waste to an anaerobic digestion facility, where the food waste can be recycled into energy, compost and animal feed.
This ban will include 1,700 business in the area, including supermarkets, hospitals, hotels, universities, nursing homes, food services and others.
There are three advantages to this trend:
Those in need will be feed
It’s a depressing thought to think of the vast amount of food being sent to landfills that could feed those struggling to put food on the table. These regulations will force institutions to get creative about repurposing much of their food waste into donations. It's sad that regulations had to force this to happen, but it's a good outcome.
Landfills will receive less
When such huge amounts of food waste are sent to landfills, the waste does not properly break down and decompose, ruining the natural cycle of food waste being turned into compost, which in turn gives life to new growth. Instead, landfills fill up, become more costly and create greenhouse gases. Diverting food waste away from landfills will take a little pressure off of overfilled landfills.
Food waste will be turned into something valuable
The food that can’t be repurposed or donated will be made into compost, used to create clean energy, or used to feed animals. These uses mimic the cycle of the old farmstead — instead of the modern habit of piling our leftovers in rotting landfills. It’s a common-sense decision.
The question I have is this: Will other states follow suit?
Related on MNN:


Winter is a great time of year to cook ‘winter warmers’ such as soups, casseroles and stews, or even large amounts of rice and pasta. But if we don’t handle them properly then they can be a food safety risk. Read below for tips to prepare, store and reheat properly to minimise food safety risks.
Cooking in bulk is cost effective, saves time and reduces food waste. However, we need to be extra careful handling these large amounts of food because, if they are left to cool slowly, bacteria can grow and produce dangerous toxins that won’t be destroyed by further cooking.
Click here to read the full article published by the Food Safety Information Council.
To keep update to date and learn more tips about minimising food safety risks enrol into CFT Food Safety training


In this section you'll talk to people and research occupations. Start your research with things that you can read or watch.
The second step in planning your career is to explore the occupations you’re interested in and maybe discover some new ones. Find the tools you'll need.
One of the best ways to explore a career option is to try it. There are several ways to get hands-on experience in an occupation, educational program or industry without making a major commitment.
By exploring your options you can find out:
- What people do on the job
- What the working conditions are (hours of work, shift work, indoor, outdoor, seasonal)
- What the training or educational requirements are
- Which skills people need to do the job
- What the employment outlook is
- What typical career paths are available
Looking at Challenges and Opportunities
There are thousands of career options. This is both a challenge and an opportunity.
The Challenge: Explore career options without feeling overwhelmed.
The Opportunity: Explore career options you may not have thought about.
Here's how to manage the challenge and make the most of the opportunity:
- Know your interests, abilities, work values, skills, traits, preferred working conditions and multiple intelligences. If you aren't sure what these are, check out Know Yourself.
- Focus on 1 occupation and explore all aspects of it. Choose an occupation from My Favourite Occupations in My Career Plan. If you still haven't chosen an occupation in your Career Plan, check out the Interests Exercise and Abilities Exercise.
- Browse to see what occupations grab your interest.
Pick the way you want to work. Shift work or regular hours? In an office, at a warehouse or on the road? Explore these choices so you can find the occupations that fit your career.
Broaden your search by looking at industry sectors not just the jobs within them. For example, it you're interested in nursing, think health care. Interested in computer programming? Think information technology.
Be careful where you get your intel. Many groups present information in a way that supports their own goals. This is true of organizations, businesses, political causes and lobby groups. Claims that sound too good to be true usually are.
Check the date of information you're using. Is it current? Information about jobs can go stale quickly. This is just as true about the future. We can't be sure what may happen years into the future. Information with those kind of predictions shouldn't form the core of your career plan. But it can give you some insight as you gather research.
Gather information from a number of sources. Compare what you find. Can you note biases? Use various sources to create a well-rounded perspective.
Look for information that applies to where you're living now or where you'd like to live. Some types of work are only available in specific locations. Examples would be jobs that are only in large urban centres or only in remote areas.
Do people keep talking about the same jobs, programs or businesses? Are you interested in this area of work? Are you looking in the right place for information? These patterns may be pointing you in promising directions.


People’s behaviour in groups is fascinating and frequently disturbing. As soon as humans are bunched together in groups we start to do odd things: copy other members of our group, favour members of own group over others, look for a leader to worship and fight other groups. Just glance at Sherif’s Robbers Cave experiment for proof of how easy it is to provoke war between groups.
But think about the types of groups you belong to, and you’ll realise they differ dramatically. Some groups are more like soldiers in the same unit or friends who have known each other from childhood. Long-standing, tight-knit, protecting each other. Perhaps it’s not surprising people in these groups radically change their behaviour, preferring members of their own group over others in many ways.
Other groups, though, are much looser. Supporters of a large sports club, for example, or work colleagues only together on a project for a few months or even a group of people in an art gallery appreciating a painting.
It seems impossible that people stood together for only 30 seconds to look at a painting can be said to form a group in any measurable way. Surely it’s too fleeting, too ephemeral? This is exactly the type of question social psychologist Henry Tajfel and colleagues set out to answer (Tajfel et al., 1971).
They believed it was possible for a group, along with its attendant prejudices, to form at the drop of a hat. In fact they thought a group could form even when there was no face-to-face contact between members, none of the people knew each other and their ‘group’ behaviour had no practical consequences. In other words they had absolutely nothing to gain (or lose) from this barely existent group.
Forming a ‘minimal group’
Tajfel and colleagues came up with a neat solution for testing their idea. Participants, who were 14 and 15 year-old boys, were brought into the lab and shown slides of paintings by Klee and Kandinsky. They were told their preferences for the paintings would determine which of two groups they would join.
Of course, this was a lie designed to set up the idea of ‘us’ and ‘them’ in their minds. The experimenters wanted two groups of boys with not the faintest idea who was also in their own group or what the grouping meant or what they had to lose or gain.
After this setup, the boys were taken to a cubicle, one at a time. Each was then asked to distribute virtual money to the other members of both groups. The only information they had about who they were giving it to was a code number for each boy and that boy’s group membership.
There were a series of rules for the distribution of the money that were designed to tease out who the boys favoured: their own group or the other group. The rules were changed slightly in different trials so that it was possible to test a number of theories. Did the boys distribute the money:
- To obtain maximum joint profit?
- For maximum ingroup (own group) profit?
- For maximum difference between groups?
- Using favouritism? This involves a combination of maximum ingroup profit and maximum difference?
From the way the virtual money was distributed, the boys did indeed demonstrate the classic behavioural markers of group membership: they favoured their own group over the other. And this pattern developed consistently over many, many trials and has subsequently been replicated in other experiments in which groups were, if you can believe it, even more minimal.
When I first came across this experiment, my first reaction was to find it startling. Remember, the boys had no idea who was in their group ‘with them’ or who was in the other group. But, the most puzzling aspect of this experiment is that the boys had nothing whatsoever to gain from favouring their own group – there didn’t seem to be anything riding on their decisions.
Out in the real world there’s a good reason to favour your own group – normally it is also advantageous to yourself. You protect yourself by protecting others like you.
Social identity theory
What Tajfel argued, though, was that there was something riding on the decisions the boys made, but it was something very subtle, yet incredibly profound.
Tajfel argued that people build their own identities from their group memberships. For example, think of each of the groups you belong to: say at work, or within your family. Part of who you are is probably defined by these groups. Putting it the other way around: the nature of your group memberships define your identity.
As our group membership forms our identity, it is only natural for us to want to be part of groups that are both high status and have a positive image. Crucially though, high status groups only have that high status when compared to other groups. In other words: knowing your group is superior requires having a worse group to look down upon.
Seen in the light of social identity theory, then, the boys in the experiment do have a reason to be selfish about the allocation of the virtual cash. It is all about boosting their own identities through making their own group look better.
No experiment can, or should, be automatically taken at face value. Questions have to be asked about whether it is really telling us what the authors claim. There are two criticisms often levelled at this experiment and its interpretation:
- The participant’s behaviour can be explained by simple economic self-interest. But: in another experiment only symbols were used rather than ‘virtual’ money and the results were the same.
- The participants were responding to what they thought the experimenters wanted (psychologists call this ‘demand characteristics’). But: Tajfel argues it is unclear to the participants what the experimenters wanted. Recall that the rules for distributing money frequently changed. Also, the participants were encouraged to think that choosing whose paintings they liked (the ‘first’ experiment) was unrelated to the allocation of virtual money (the ‘second’ experiment).
Despite these criticisms, Tajfel and colleagues’ findings have stood the test of time. The experiment, or something like it, has been repeated many times with different variations producing much the same results.
Centrality of group membership
Social identity theory states that our identities are formed through the groups to which we belong. As a result we are motivated to improve the image and status of our own group in comparison with others.
Tajfel and colleagues’ experiment shows that group membership is so important to us that we join the most ephemeral of groups with only the slightest prompting. We will then go out of our way to make our own group look better compared to others.
The simple fact of how important group membership is to us, and how easily we join groups, often without realising it, is both a subtle and profound observation about human nature.
→ Try one of PsyBlog’s ebooks, all written by Dr Jeremy Dean:
Image credit: CottonIJoe
10 Brilliant Social Psychology Studies
→ This post is part of a series on 10 brilliant social psychology studies:
- The Halo Effect: When Your Own Mind is a Mystery
- How and Why We Lie to Ourselves: Cognitive Dissonance
- War, Peace and the Role of Power in Sherif’s Robbers Cave Experiment
- Our Dark Hearts: The Stanford Prison Experiment
- Stanley Milgram: Obedience to Authority Or Just Conformity?
- Why We All Stink as Intuitive Psychologists: The False Consensus Effect
- Why Groups and Prejudices Form So Easily: Social Identity Theory
- How to Avoid a Bad Bargain: Don’t Threaten
- Why We Don’t Help Others: Bystander Apathy
- Conforming to the Norm