Women movement is defined as a broad campaigning women’s liberation and rights with respect to men. During Rana regime, Nepali women were excluded, dominated by multiple forms of gender inequalities with deprived of basic fundamental human rights. They were oriented by patriarchal norms, traditional practices, and discriminated by Muluki Ain (1854) ( FWLD, 2006). There was no equality in terms of rights and opportunities between men and women.Their participation and access to the socio-political and economic opportunity compared to men was negligible (Asian Development Bank, 1999). With aspiration of achieving gender equality and empowering women with respect to men and state, women movement started in Nepal with the struggle of democracy against Rana regime in 1940s (Tamang, 2009). Nepal Women Association, established in 1947was the first organization to initiate the Nepali women movement. The movement heightened in progressive manner, supported by international agencies and non- state actors. Women rights were liberated, uplifted and role was empowered in the society and state, safeguarded by various reformed acts with transformation of modern Nepal.
Nepali women shares the praiseworthy contribution in the political transformation of Nepal. Also, their movement was guided by the political objectives too. In pro-democracy era, women from political elites realized that they were under represented at mainstream politics and parliament. All Nepal Women Association , Mahila Akhil Sangha and Nepal Women Association together launched ‘Satyagraha’ peacefully for political representation in high offices ( (Khanal, 1986). Addressing to this movement four women were nominated in Advisory Assembly. Panchayat era marked with oppressive, autocratic regime and graded inequalities (Khadka, 1986). Further, women movement got divided into different mainstream politics. However, they supported agitation against partyless panchayat system in 1990 with an aspirations to abolish the caste based discriminations. The adopted constitution limited reservation of women by five percent on lower house and minimum three of the 60 nominated upper house.Even though 1990s constitution safeguarded fundamental rights to all citizens without discriminations on the basis of ethnicity, caste, religion or sex, yet social discriminatory practices heightened class struggle. Large number of excluded women and marginalized groups launched the agitation against ‘the patriarchal discrimination against women’. Maoist used them as a tool leading ten years long armed conflict followed by April Uprising in 2006 ( (Mishra, 2004). It ended with comprehensive peace agreement and adopted Interim Constitution 2007. It was gender responsive. Gender discriminations was abolished completely and adopted secularism with inclusive society. Provision guarantees 33 percent representation of women in state bodies and civil service (Kolas, 2016). Nepal’s first female president and speaker of parliament are the instances depicting women’s political recognition and participation.
Interim Constitution 1951 safeguarded the basic rights like education for girls, voting rights, widow marriage. But couldn’t address the issues of gender equality against the patriarchal governing society and traditional practices. Traditional practices like untouchability, early marriage, child marriage, polygamy, dowry system, Deuki Pratha, witch hunt, badi and jhuma dominated women’s social participation and poor fulfillment of human rights.Movements were organized against to end such practices in different period of time. Addressing to it, untouchability was abolished in 1962, Deuki Pratha in 1990 (Yogi, 2012). However, many traditional practices were governed by caste system preserved by constitutions. Further, women were discriminated from inheritance rights, citizen rights, reproductive rights, criminal justice, employment, as well as exploited through trafficking and sexual violence,and child abuse (Geiser, 2005). Thus, women were suppressed and movement were directed with those agendas. In 1975 coding ‘International women year’, Nepal ensured partition share of the parental property to unmarried daughter above 35 years of age, divorce right to maintenance and end polygamy.After post conflict women movement more expanded. Sexual violence movement from 2006 onwards, Badi movement in 2007 (United Nations Resident and Humanitarian Co-ordinator’s Office, 2012) advocated on identities and women security. Responding to it, caste based discriminations was abolished, recognizes inheritance and property rights, citizenship rights along with legalizes the abortion in 2011 were major constitutional amendment addressing them (Kolas, 2016).
After 1990s, international actors like UN agencies, various NGOs fueled the Nepali women agendas through technical and financial support. Addition to it, Nepal became the signatory state of Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discriminations against women in 1992. Further, Nepal adopted 1995 Beijing declaration which provided impetus for women’s right and gender equality. At governmental level, sixth five year plan (1980-1985), ninth five year plan (1997-2002) followed by tenth five year plan (2002-2007) were launched for women empowerment. In 2002, the National Women Commission was established to ensure women rights and advance women. After post conflict, the Three year Interim plan (2007-2010) and the National Development strategy (2009/10-2011/12) and latest 14th plan (2016/17-2018/19), were executed to promote the institutional capacity and approaches to address the identified challenges (Asian Development Bank, 2010). Ministry of Women, Children and Social Welfare replaced Ministry of women and social welfare established in 1995.
On conclusion, though Nepali women movement have paved the success stories, yet they still needs to forward movement into wider social movements. Their representation needs to be more inclusive with broader agendas of identity and participation. Women activist are critiqued upon the fragmentation into mainstream politics and elite based rather they needs to focus on ending the multiple forms of inter-sectional discrimination. Their movement must be engaged in promoting the women’s right through reservation and quotas at grass root level and promote alliance building and solidarity network.
- FWLD. (2006). An Update of Discriminatory Laws in Nepal and Their Imapct on Women. Kathmandu: Forum For Women, Law and Development.
- Aryal, U. (2000). All Nepal Women’s Association. sage publication.
- Asian Development Bank. (1999, December). Women in Nepal. Kathmandu.
- Asian Development Bank. (2010). Overview of Gender Equality and Social Inclusion in Nepal. Kathmandu.
- Basnet, B. (n.d.). Women’s Human Rights in Nepal. UNESCO
- Geiser, A. (2005). Social Exclusion and Conflict Transformation in Nepal: Women, Dalit and Ethnic Groups: FAST Country Risk Profile Nepal. Swiss Peace.
- Khadka, N. (1986). Crisis in Nepal Partyless Panchayat System: The case for more Democaracy. Pacific Affairs.
- Khanal, Y. (1986). Nepal in 1985: An Uneasy Year. Asian Survey, 246-252.
- Kolas, B. R. (2016). Women in Nepal’s Transition. Peace Research Institute.
- Library, N. P. (n.d.). Women of the people. Record Nepal.
- Mishra, R. (2004). India’s Role in Maoists Insurgency . Asian Survey.
- Tamang, S. (2009). The Politics of Conflict and Difference or the Difference of Conflict in Politics: The Women’s Movement in Nepal. Retrieved from Feminist Review.
- Tamang, S. (2014). State, Women and Democartization in Nepal. In Participatory Democracy. Kathmandu: Institute for Governance and Development.
- United Nations Resident and Humanitarian Co-ordinator’s Office. (2012). FIELD BULLETIN.
- Yogi, A. G. (2012, september 10). Women Sacrificed to Gods Struggle to Rehabilitate, Deuki Tradition Wanes in Nepal. Global Press Journal.


The Foreword and Prologue pages come immediately after the Table of Contents and are listed with roman numerals (iv, xi) instead of arabic numerals (4, 11). These pages precede the first chapter of the book.
A Foreword is a piece of writing near the beginning of a book that tells a story about the book’s creation. A Preface and a Foreword are practically the same; however, unlike a Preface, a Foreword is written by someone other than the author of the book.
A Foreword should be a minimum of half of a page in length. There is no maximum length set by standards, but your text should not exceed the length of your longest chapter. Like an Acknowledgements page, your foreword text should appear in the same size and format as the main text of the book.
A Prologue sets up the opening to your book and introduces the main story. A Prologue, for all intents and purposes, is “Chapter 0” and should be set up in the same manner as core matter pages.
An Epigraph is a short quote or poem that is loosely tied to the book. It is often a pairing of a single line and a reference, as you can see in this example:


In this post you will find some interesting facts and history of the Parthenon in Athens.
The Parthenon is surely the most important monument of ancient Greece and is one of the most famous in the world. It was the most sacred of monuments, and was famous in antiquity as a Greek architectural masterpiece.
The Parthenon is located in the southern area of the Acropolis, in the heart of the city of Athens, on top of a hill 156 meters high and visible from several kilometers away.
The monument was a temple dedicated to the goddess Athena. The name, “Parthenon”, refers to the epithet of the goddess, “Athena Parthenos” (indicating her status of unmarried and a virgin), and the myth of her creation, by parthenogenesis, from the head of Zeus.
In fact, the colossal statue of Athena Parthenos, about twelve meters high, stood inside the Parthenon. To build it, forty talents of gold were used (about 1,140 kilograms of gold) and it cost the city seven hundred talents, the equivalent price of a fleet of 230 ships.
However, it is believed that the Parthenon was used primarily as treasury.
The Parthenon was built between the middle of the fifth century and 432 BC by architects Callicrates and Ictinus, under the supervision of Phidias, who was also entrusted with the sculptural decoration.
The gables, as well as the statue of Athena, were the work of Phidias and described several important scenes. For example, one of them depicts the quarrel that Athena had with Poseidon for possession of Athens and Attica.
Built entirely of Pentelic marble, the Parthenon rests on a base of three steps. It had eight Doric columns in the front area and 17 columns on the long sides, each 10.43 meters high, and with a base diameter of 1.905 meters. Overall, the Parthenon measured 69.54 x 30.87 meters.
The impression of absolute perfection is achieved through the specific composition of the individual elements, and thanks to clever use of barely perceptible optical corrections necessary to harmonize the views of the monument with the human eye.
In fact, some examples of the optical corrections are:
- the base arcs about 7cm (over 70 meters!)
- the columns are slightly swollen at two-thirds of their height and curve slightly towards the center of the building
- the corner columns are slightly larger and closer together than the others
- …and so on
A Brief History of the Parthenon
The Parthenon was largely unchanged until the sixth century A.D., when it was converted into a Christian church; later, in 1400, it was converted into a mosque; then it was used as a munitions depot, but most of its sculptures were still preserved. The Parthenon was significantly damaged in 1687, when the Venetians, led by Francesco Morosini, attacked Athens.
Many of its sculptures were later recovered and brought to London by Lord Elgin in 1803. Today they are in the British Museum, where they are known as the “Elgin Marbles” or “Parthenon Marbles.” Other sculptures from the Parthenon are in the Louvre Museum in Paris and in Copenhagen. Most of the remaining sculptures are preserved in Athens, at the Acropolis Museum, located at the foot of the hill, not far from the Parthenon.
After Greece gained independence, the ancient structures of the Parthenon were freed from the medieval and Turkish superstructures, as well as the rest of the Acropolis. In 1930 it was raised around the northern colonnade, but the restoration work continues to this day.
Do you want to know more about the history and architecture of the Parthenon and see how it was originally during Ancient Greece times?
Check out our guidebook to Athens, with detailed history and Past & Present images of the Parthenon, the Acropolis of Athens, the Ancient Agora and all the greatest historical and archaeological sites of Athens.
The Parthenon today
The Parthenon, along with the other buildings on the Acropolis, is now one of the most visited archaeological sites in Greece. The Greek Ministry of Culture, with funding for the Olympic Games in 2004 and funding from UNESCO, has inaugurated a massive restoration project, still in progress.
The new Acropolis Museum, which was opened in June 2009, and located at the foot of the Acropolis, collected all the fragments of the frieze of the Parthenon in the possession of the Greek government (along with others still being recovered) in an architectural space rebuilt with the exact dimensions and orientation of the monument.


An ecological architect’s job is to work with environmental and local specialists design to plan and construct arenas and sustainable buildings that meet the needs of the environment. It’s a complex endeavor, as the impact of construction has to be considered, besides building cost government requirements and regulations.
In the first case, eco-architects will tackle the job of assessing and reviewing current building structures and practices so as to comprehend the resources of energy consumption and the effect that such practices have on the environment. From this stage, eco-architects will then be required to develop a’vision’ for architecture – identifying which elements and spaces are most efficient and appropriate in fulfilling local requirements. An eco-architect that is effective needs to have the ability to create a sustainable layout program which takes into consideration both cost effectiveness and sustainability. A prosperous eco-architect should have the ability to implement his vision and then monitor and measure its effects on the environment and the community.
While it isn’t easy to come across eco-architects in practice, there are associations and organisations in the United Kingdom who are dedicated to assisting eco-architects to develop train and their careers. They offer training programs at all levels of eco-architecture. These include both classroom-based training and online classes. There are also numerous professional organisations and chambers of commerce in the uk, and eco-architect training is offered by that.
Even though eco-architects should work closely with local governments and other agencies in the united kingdom, the responsibility of eco-architects would be to make sure that any proposed building complies with local conditions, so that any environmental impact is minimal. This may entail liaising with the local planning office and supplying information about the structure, along with information concerning the design.
Among the main goals of eco-architects is to make certain that any construction is constructed with an overall perspective towards reducing the impact. This means that eco-architects must be able to create a balance between the planned construction and the surroundings. This is made possible ensuring that the building’s building is energy efficient and environmentally responsible, as well as by using sustainable materials wherever possible. Eco-architects will ensure that the building is constructed to sustainability criteria, as it is one of the simplest ways to keep prices down, Since the building is designed to be energy efficient. Using renewable sources of energy will reduce the amount of fuel and other resources.
He will have the ability to practise as an independent architect or take on tasks for businesses or eco-architects once an eco-architect gets the certificate necessary for an occupation. He will generally start by designing little jobs in his own right, until he builds up sufficient experience to begin searching for more challenging missions, working his way. A successful eco-architect’s growth is just one of the steps towards getting an builder.


Rwanda, the fabled “Land of a Thousand Hills” is a small landlocked country in east-central Africa. The country lies 75 miles south of the Equator, 880 miles west of the Indian Ocean and 1,250 east of the Atlantic Ocean – literally in the heart of Africa. The country lies within the Great Lakes region of Central Africa and boasts a moderate climate. Mountains dominate the centre and west of the country, while the East consists of savannah, plains and swamps. Rwanda has 5 volcanoes, 23 lakes and numerous rivers some forming the source of River Nile. With a land area of 26,338 Km² Rwanda is one of Africa’s smallest countries.
Uganda is a landlocked country, bordered by Sudan to the North, Democratic Republic of Congo to the west, Rwanda and Tanzania to the South, and Kenya to the East. The country lies astride the equator covering an area of 242,554 km². Topographically much of Uganda can be classified as a plateau, with numerous small hills and valleys and extensive savannah plains. The entire country lies above 900m above sea level generally sloping from South to North. The country lies in a cradle of Mountains on its East Border with Kenya, Mount Elgon, and Mount Moroto in the North East, and the South-Western Rwenzori Ranges rising to altitudes over 2000m.


Professor F W Newman was president of the Vegetarian Society, based in
Manchester and founded in 1847, from 1873-84. He was a controversial character,
influencing the Society to accept associate members and refusing to accept
that anything else should be associated with vegetarianism. Until then,
many had combined vegetarianism with a campaign against alcohol and smoking.
London in 1875 a Dietetic Reform Society was formed, this appears to have
been based from the outset in the Memorial Hall, Farringdon Street which
was also opened in 1875 (photo right from 1930). Members abstained
from alcohol and tobacco as well as being vegetarian. This was followed
by the London Food Reform Society in 1877. A young doctor named T R Allinson
(now immortalised on a popular brand of wholemeal bread) was a member
of the Society.
Later, the Society dropped the word "London" from its title
and became the National Food Reform Society. This led to some antagonism
with the Vegetarian Society, but the National Food Reform Society merged
with the Vegetarian Society in 1885, and it then became the London branch
of the Vegetarian Society.
problems followed, and in 1888 the London branch broke away from the Vegetarian
Society and formed the London Vegetarian Society, which soon flourished
as a second national society. The President was Mr
Arnold Hills (1857-1927 photo right) - he was probably President
of the various Food Reform Societies and appears to have been connected
with the Memorial Hall which was owned by the Congregationalist Church.
A magazine known as The Vegetarian was brought out in 1889 by Mr
Hills as an independent publication to run alongside the LVS.
On October 1, 1889, the LVS initiated the Vegetarian
Federal Union based in the same offices in Farringdon Street and with
the same personnel.
Between 1888 and 1891, Mohandas K. Gandhi
was an unknown law student in London. His autobiography, written in 1925,
gives the following recollections:
... During these wanderings I once hit on a vegetarian restaurant in
Farringdon Street ... [He goes on to explain how excited he felt
and how he found a copy of Henry Salt's 'Plea for Vegetarianism' which
persuaded him that vegetarianism was important from a moral perspective,
not just because of his Hindu traditions.]
... I went in for all the books available on vegetarianism and read
them ... Dr Allinson's writings on health and hygeine were likewise
very helpful. He advocated a curative system based on the regulation
of the dietary of patients. Himself a vegetarian, he prescribed also
for his patients a strictly vegetarian diet ....
... There was a Vegetarian Society in England with a weekly journal
of its own. I subscribed to the weekly, joined the Society and very
shortly found myself on the Executive Committee ... [Louis Fischer
in his 1950 biography 'The Life of Mahatma Ghandi' says that Gandhi
was on the Executive Committee of the 'Vegetarian Society of England',
but no such society has ever existed. The above is clearly a reference
to the LVS as will be seen below. ]
... Full of the neophyte's zeal for vegetarianism I decided to start
a vegetarian club in my locality, Bayswater. I invited Sir Edwin Arnold,
who lived there, to be Vice-President. Dr. Oldfield who was Editor of
The Vegetarian became President. I myself became the Secretary.
The Club went for a while, but came to an end in the course of a few
The young Gandhi (front centre-right) at the VFU Conference in Portsmouth,
May 6, 1891,
next to him in the light suit is his friend Dr. Josiah Oldfield.
(this copy of the photo is copyright © gandhiserve.org
though they have the attribution wrong,
suggesting that he was with the LVS committee in 1890)
... I was elected to the Executive Committee of the [London]
Vegetarian Society, and made it a point to attend every one of its meetings,
but I always felt tongue tied ... Meantime a serious question came up
for discussion. I thought it wrong to be absent and felt it cowardice
to register a silent vote. The discussion arose somewhat in this wise.
The President of the Society was Mr Hills, proprietor of the Thames
Iron Works. He was a puritan. It may be said that the existence of the
Society depended practically on his financial assistance. Many members
of the Committee were more or less his protégés. Dr Allinson
of vegetarian fame was also a member of the Committee. He was an advocate
of the then new birth control movement, and preached its methods among
the working classes. Mr Hills regarded these methods as cutting at the
roots of morals. He thought that the Vegetarian Society had for its
object not only dietetic but also moral reform, and that a man of Dr
Allinson's anti-puritanical views should not be allowed to remain in
the society. A motion was therefore brought for his removal. The question
deeply interested me, I considered Dr Allinson's views regarding artificial
methods of birth control as dangerous, and I believed that Mr Hills
was entitled as a puritan to oppose him. I had also a high regard for
Mr Hills and his generosity. But I thought that it was quite improper
to exclude a man from a vegetarian society simply because he refused
to regard puritan morals as as one of the objects of the society. Mr
Hills' view regarding the exclusion of anti-puritans from the Society
was peculiar to himself, and it had nothing to do with the declared
object of the Society, which was simply the promotion of vegetarianism
and not of any system of morality. I therefore held that any vegetarian
could be a member of the Society irrespective of his views on other
[Gandhi goes on to explain how he found it difficult to explain
his views so he wrote them down and someone else read them] ...
Dr Allinson lost the day ... I have a faint recollection that, after
this incident, I resigned from the committee.
Gandhi was in London from 1888, when he was 18, to 1891, when he was
21 - so the wise views above were formed when he was only about 20. His
account of this incident on the Committee throws further light on the
'problems' between the Manchester based Society and the group in London.
The following extract is by James Henry Cook, quoted by his daughter
Kathleen Keleny in her book: The First Century of Health Foods
Mr Hills was an inspiring speaker and the next time he visited Birmingham
called together a group of business men and said: "I would like to see
a first-class vegetarian Restaurant in Birmingham and if you will start
it I will subscribe ten per cent of the cost". In 1896, it so happened
that a new building was being erected in Corporation Street, Birmingham.
After much deliberation, the consortium of business men rented the whole
of the basement and ground floor to use as a Vegetarian restaurant.
As I was very keen on the whole idea, I was appointed manager. Then
the landlord asked us if we would take the whole of the seven storey
building and convert the upper five storeys into an hotel. In the summer
of 1898 the first Vegetarian hotel in England, called 'The Pitman Vegetarian
Hotel', was opened and I was made manager of that too.
The hotel was named after Sir
Isaac Pitman, inventor of Pitman Short-hand, who had been a Vegetarian
for 60 years, and at the time was the best known vegetarian in England.
- from A
Reason for Celebration: 90 Healthy Vegetarian Years (EVU)
In 1908 the Secretary of the LVS was planning to attend the first
IVU Congress in Dresden, Germany, she was unable to attend but sent
a letter of support.
The 1909 IVU Congress was held in Manchester, England, and the London
Society was actively involved. Some notes from the reports:
Miss Nicholson [LVS Secretary] spoke of her excellent work in London,
especially that connected with the feeding of poor children. Her heroic
effort in this department has gained her public recognition from the
Education Committee of the London County Council. Now that she had got
her foot in, she said she did not meant to take it out, and she owed
it all to vegetarianism. Her energy is amazing and she speaks well for
The following resolution was passed and sent by telegraph:- "The
International Vegetarian Congress now in session at Manchester, sends
Mr. A. F. Hills a grateful message of sympathy and appreciation for
his many services to the cause of a humane diet. - William E.A. Axon,
Chairman. - Oct. 15th 1909. [Mr Hills was 'on his back in an invalid
chair' at this time]
the 1910 Congress, in Brussels,
Arnold Hills was named as a Membre d'honneur of the Congress Committee,
he does not appear to have made the journey in person. A report from Miss
Nicholson was read by a delegate from the Manchester Society. The reports
from the 1913 Congress make no direct mention of LVS.
The photo on the right shows a pin produced by the London Society
in 1915. (from Jan Stastny, Prague).
The LVA magazine became the Vegetarian News in 1921.
the Congress in 1923, in Stockholm, LVS was represented by Charles W.
Forward (photo right) who had been a prominent member of the society
for many years, his position at this time was not clear. He presented
a paper on "Vegetarianism and its Basis of Scientific Truth".
Frank Wyatt, the LVS Secretary gave a "Report for London Vegetarian
6th World Vegetarian Congress
- 1926 London, England - organised jointly by the LVS and
the Vegetarian Society, Manchester. This report includes a lot of details,
and photos, of London in that year. The LVS President
in 1926 was Dr. Bertrand P. Allinson, M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P. - presumably
the same Dr Allinson that the young Gandhi had tried to keep on the committee
36 years earlier.
The 1929 Congress was held
in Steinschönau, Czechoslovakia. The report for the Vegetarian
Messenger (the Manchester magazine) was written by Franck Wyatt, the
London Secretary, showing an increasing co-operation between the two Societies.
The Editor of the Messenger commented:
The British Societies were represented by four delegates and it is
worthy of note that each delegate is a member of both the Vegetarian
Society and the London Vegetarian Society. It is also gratifying to
place on record that the two Societies joined in one national report,
presented by Mr. James Hough, and co-operated throughout the Congress
in the many events in whch the British representatives were asked to
Frank Wyatt made a similar point in his report:
The Vegetarian Society and the London Vegetarian Society each sent
two delegates, the former being represented by Dr. Walter Walsh and
Mr. James Hough, and the latter by Mrs. Harold Goddard and Mr. Frank
Wyatt. It was at least a source of satisfaction to the British delegates
themselves that all four were actually members of both societies.
Gandhi with the LVS in 1931, seated to his right (left as we look) are
Henry and Catherine Salt
(Catherine was Henry Salt's 2nd wife, his first wife Kate having died
some years earlier)
(this photo is copyright © West Sussex Wildlife Protection.
Courtesy of Simon Wild from Jon Wynne Tyson's collection.)
The 1932 IVU Congress was
held in Berlin and Hamburg, Germany. Frank Wyatt, the LVS Secretary was
the chairman of one of the sessions and was later elected to the IVU Committee.
By the 1930s it is clear that the London and Manchester based Societies
were working as one group during the IVU Congresses. See The
Vegetarian Society (UK) and IVU, 1930s for further details.
Some notes from VSUK:
World War II was a difficult time for vegetarians. The Committee of
Vegetarian Interests was formed, with representatives from the two Vegetarian
Societies, health food manufacturers and health food retailers to liaise
with the Ministry of Food and win concessions. Vegetarians were allowed
an extra ration of cheese and the committee was very concerned about
ensuring the preferential distribution of nuts to vegetarians. As the
number of registered vegetarians increased sharply during the years
of rationing, it was suspected some non-vegetarians were signing up
to claim the extra nuts and cheese! This resulted in considerable discussion
about the definition of vegetarian and methods of ensuring that only
bona fide vegetarians could draw the extra rations.
picture on the right is from a publication called This Other Eden, a vegetarian
starter kit from the 1940s. (Sent by Jan Stastny, Prague).
From the reports of the 1947 IVU Congress in Stonehouse, England:
... Before extending a welcome to those present, the President, ...
referred to the passing (during the war) of ... Mr. Frank Wyatt, the
late Secretary of the London Vegetarian Society. The delegates stood
in silence before continuing the proceedings. ...
... Mr. S. A. Hurren (London) and Mr. Roy Walker (Secretary of the
London Vegetarian Society), also spoke as well as Mr. Peter Freeman,
M.P., who had made a special journey to Stonehouse from the House of
Commons, and had to return the following morning. ...
... VEGETARIANISM IN MATERNITY WORK. Chairman: Mrs. Mary WYATT (London)
Dr. CYRIL V. PINK (London) of the Stonefield Maternity Home, gave his
experiences of the twenty-five years during which a vegetarian diet,
consisting largely of raw food, had been advised to their patients.
(full text see: http://www.ivu.org/congress/wvc47/
... Final Assembly in London.
Leaving Stonehouse on the morning of Tuesday, the 5th August, a representative
gathering of I.V.U. delegates met during the afternoon, at the Attic
Club, as the guests of the Committee and Officers of the London Vegetarian
Society and were entertained to tea. With many of the overseas delegates
returning via London, the meeting was most appropriate and Mr. S. A.
HURREN (Chairman of the Committee of the London Vegetarian Society),
in a few words, charmingly expressed the pleasure it gave them of welcoming
the delegates to London. ...
Reports from the 1950 IVU Congress, in the Netherlands, mentions representatives
from London including a joint resolution from Roy Walker (London Sec.)
and the Manchester secretary.
From VSUK again:
The Committee of Vegetarian Interests continued for many years after
the war, including representatives of vegetarian restaurateurs, the
Vegetarian Catering Association and the Plantmilk Society. As rationing
ended, they turned their attention to such things as the introduction
of a vegetarian class in the Salon Culinaire competition, the production
of cheese with non-animal rennet, standards in vegetarian catering and
the establishment of soya milk manufacturing in this country.
The Vegetarian Messenger [the magazine of the Vegetarian Society
GB] was renamed The Vegetarian in 1953. During the 1950s and 60s,
the Societies increasingly began to work together, and after 1958 combined
to replace their magazines with a joint publication, the Vegetarian
News and The Vegetarian were replaced by The British Vegetarian,
which continued as a bi-monthly magazine until 1971.
In 1969, the two societies amalgamated to form one society again, this
is the organisation we have today, The
Vegetarian Society of the United Kingdom Ltd.


A Micro Solution for a Global Problem
A new book, More Than Good Intentions: How a New Economics is Helping to Solve Global Poverty, by Dean Karlan, an economist by trade, and Jacob Appel, a seasoned researcher in the field, tackles the subject of how best to eliminate global poverty, given our understanding of human psychology and hard evidence. Their goal is to educate the general public about the workings of microfinance and its global variables.
Poverty affects a large portion of the world’s population, and many solutions have been offered over the years. Microfinance, a method of alternative investment by which as little as $25 can be loaned to someone in a developing country to grow their business, has taken the spotlight over the last decade. Both online organizations and brick-and-mortar stores offer opportunities for shoppers to contribute extra pennies to microfinance programs in an attempt to collect funds to ease global poverty.
Microfinance has been promoted as a panacea to solve global poverty, and organizations like Kiva (Kiva.org) are attractive to socially conscious Americans that want to feel like they are making a difference in the life of a specific person in a developing country. But microfinance has also been criticized as being one-dimensional and offering a narrow view of a multi-dimensional topic. No single program can solve world poverty single-handed and at best, serves as one element of a comprehensive solution.
The book relies heavily on market research and methodology, but spares non-technical readers the statistics and theorems of most research papers. It does discuss a research practice Kaplan and Appel use called randomized control trials (RCT), but the authors also use anecdotes and stories to illustrate their point and keep the story moving.
Karlan and Appel offer seven ideas to consider for reducing global poverty that yield relatively short-term, measurable results. Interestingly, microfinance isn’t one of the options, but other ideas include how de-worming kids affects school attendance in Kenya. Another is educating people about the importance of savings and personal finance. They also explain that providing free chlorine in easy-to-use dispensers at water collection points can reduce cases of diarrhea that is claiming the lives of 2 million people each year.
More Than Good Intentions is a great resource for anyone interested in global affairs, especially global poverty reduction in developing countries, serving as a good overview of the microfinance conundrum. It’s aimed at the general reader and provides insight to a problem that is more complex than it might seem.
Megy Karydes is founder of World Shoppe, a fair trade importing business that works directly with artisans in South Africa and Kenya. To learn more, visit World-Shoppe.com.


The Federal National Mortgage Association, usually called Fannie Mae, was created by Congress in 1938 but became a private company (under a Federal government charter) in 1968. Fannie Mae raises money from investors and then lends the money to banks and other mortgage lenders. Fannie Mae's underlying purpose is to promote home ownership by ensuring that lenders have adequate capital. The U.S. government took control of Fannie Mae in September, 2008, during an economic panic and crash of the real estate market. In exchange for a capital infusion (FNMA and Freddie Mac together got about $188 billion so they would remain solvent), the Treasury took a new class of "senior preferred" shares that originally paid a 10% dividend. The Federal Housing Finance Agency served as conservator.
Fannie Mae can be reached by calling 1-800-7-FANNIE. Their Web address is www.fanniemae.com.
Rates: Interest rates ("yields") on Fannie Mae loans are reported in the Wall Street Journal's Money and Investing section under "Money Rates." See also "LIBOR Rate" and "Money Rates."
Guides: Fannie Mae publishes several "Guides," including the Fannie Mae Selling Guide, the Fannie Mae Single Family Servicing Guide and the Fannie Mae Multi-Family Servicing Guide. The Guides are available in electronic form through www.allregs.com.
Mortgage-Backed Securities: Fannie Mae sponsors several kinds of mortgage-backed securities, including ARMs and REMICs. Prospectuses and other information are available on the Mortgage-Backed Securities section of the Fannie Mae Web site.


What are dental crowns?
Dental crowns are tooth-shaped caps that address damage or decay. It is very common to require a dental crown after a root canal or treatment for a large cavity.
Once placed, a dental crown covers the portion of your tooth that sits above your gum line. In addition to improving the appearance of your affected tooth, a crown restores your chewing and biting abilities.
Are there different types of dental crowns?
At RenovaSmiles, the team offers several different types of dental crowns, including:
The type of crown you most benefit from depends on many factors. When selecting the material for your crown, your RenovaSmiles provider considers factors like:
- Your tooth’s location
- The function of your tooth
- How much of your tooth is remaining
- The color of your surrounding teeth
Your personal preference also plays a role, so make sure to speak up and ask questions during your initial consultation.
After conducting an exam and gathering all of the necessary information, your dentist can make recommendations for a crown that best aligns with your needs.
Does it take more than one appointment to receive a dental crown?
Receiving a dental crown typically takes two separate appointments. At your first appointment, your dentist conducts an exam, asks you about your goals for treatment, and takes a series of digital X-rays to get a closer look at your tooth roots and jawbone.
If your gums and jaw are healthy and there’s no infection present, your dentist moves forward with treatment.
First, your dentist administers a local anesthetic. Once the anesthetic sets in, they prepare your tooth to receive a crown. To do this, your dentist carefully files down your tooth and removes a thin layer of enamel.
Afterward, your dentist takes a mold of your tooth. Your dentist sends your mold to a laboratory that manufactures your permanent crown. Finally, your dentist places a temporary crown on your tooth to protect it.
A week or two later, after the laboratory completes your permanent crown, you return to RenovaSmiles. Your dentist once again administers a local anesthetic and then lines up your permanent crown with your tooth and bonds it in place with dental cement.
How do I care for my dental crown?
Caring for a dental crown is similar to caring for your natural teeth. The team at RenovaSmiles recommends brushing your teeth twice a day, flossing once each day, and visiting the office every six months for a professional cleaning and exam.
You should also avoid biting your fingernails, chewing on ice cubes, and using tobacco. By following these tips, your crown can last for between 10-15 years.
To learn more about dental crowns, make an appointment with the team at RenovaSmiles by calling the office nearest you or by clicking the online booking tool.


During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, globalization arrived to Central Europe at a scale unknown to former generations. Central Europe became connected to other parts of the world via railways and modern channels of communication, which brought material and immaterial goods produced in global centers or in some remote places of the world. Millions of Central European sought a better life overseas, mainly in the United States. Exotic commodities, fashionable cultural products and “exotic” people arrived to Central Europe, reshaping local cultures. By analyzing these phenomena in fin-de-siècle Hungary, this project seeks to investigate Central Europe’s entry into the global world in the age what historians call first globalization or First Global Economy (ca. 1880–1914).


- First come, first served is something you say which means that the first people to arrive will be able to get the best choices.
- To receive something or be dealt with in the order in which they ask or arrive.
- Those who are the first to arrive are the first to be waited on.
1. I love this restaurant but with the first come, first served rule it’s hard to get a good table.
2. A lot of my university classes are available on a first come, first served basis.
3. I wish this bakery didn’t sell their bread on a first come, first served basis because my favourite loaves are gone before lunch time!
4. My favourite beauty retailer is giving out free makeup samples but it’s first come, first served!
file, form a line, line, line up, order, progression, rank, row, series, string, succession, tail tier, train, queue, wait in line


A new study in the Journal of Adolescent Health reports that teenagers who experience cyberbullying are more likely to develop negative responses such as depression and addictive behaviors.
The study's lead author, Dr. Manuel Gamez-Guadix of the University of Deusto in Spain, said that it is important to understand how cyberbullying impacts adolescent health. While many adolescents both become cyberbullying victims and also bully others themselves, those that experience cyberbullying attacks for six months or longer are more likely to experience problems such as depression or substance abuse.
Interestingly, the correlation between cyberbullying and depression worked in both directions. Teens who experienced cyberbullying were more likely to become depressed, but depressed teens were also more likely to become cyberbullying victims. Bullying can cause depression, but depressed teens may also display loner or antisocial behaviors that can make them attractive targets for bullies.
Bullying is not a new phenomenon, but as teens increasingly live their lives online the proliferation of social media can make the threats and insults of bullying much more permanent and visible. Parents can help by monitoring their child's online activity, but parents also need to be engaged in their child's real-world life. Particularly as the media continues to draw the connection between cyberbullying and suicide, children and adolescents may internalize the message that self-harm is a natural response to becoming a victim.
One way parents can help is by helping their children develop resilience. Resilience is is the ability to "bounce back" after a negative experience. Whether it's having losing a pet, not making the team, or experiencing cyberbullying, the ability to recover and move on after a negative experience is a vital life skill. Research has shown that relationships are key to developing resilience. In fact, one strong relationship with a caring adult can be enough to transform how children and teenagers respond to all risk factors. Monitoring your children's online activity is important, but it's absolutely critical for them to also get the message that you care.


Athenian — definition
1. Athenian (Adjective)
Athenian (Adjective) — Of or relating to or characteristic of Athens or its inhabitants.
2. Athenian (Noun)
Athenian (Noun) — A resident of Athens.
2 types of
Alcibiades Demosthenes Draco Socrates
4 parts of
Athens Athinai Greek capital capital of Greece


In this beginner Chinese reading practice we’ll look at a couple different ways to say “can” in Chinese. These phrases are taken from an excerpt of Ben’s diary – a foreign exchange student in China. You can follow Ben’s story and learn Chinese along the way.
As a beginning Chinese reader, you may initially find it difficult to recognize many characters. We start our lessons from ground zero with audio and pinyin available to assist you. You’ll be able to quickly go from HSK 1 to HSK 2 and onward. At this early stage in your Chinese study you can progress very quickly through daily practice. Although you may not recognize many characters yet, you will be able to progress quickly as you read stories. Especially when starting out you will benefit from the audio recordings included and you may also want to try watching Chinese video lessons.
The examples below will give you an idea of what our beginning Chinese reading practices are like.
Suggestion for study:
- Hit “play” and follow along with the Native Speaker
- Review the translation and try to understand the meaning
- Don’t stress about memorizing every character at this point
- After completing the practice sentences, try downloading our app to learn more
To read the entire lesson you can click here
If you'd like another HSK 1 level reading practice try this lesson
Take your Chinese reading skills to the next level using our app:


From Middle English galoche, galache, galage (meaning shoe), from Old French galoche, perhaps altered from Latin gallica ( meaning a Gallic shoe), or from Late Latin calopedia (meaning wooden shoe, or shoe with a wooden sole), from Ancient Greek diminutive of καλόπους (kalópous, “a shoemaker's last; wood + foot”).
galoshe (plural galoshes)
- (obsolete) A clog or patten.
- Nor were worthy [to] unbuckle his galoche. - Chaucer.
- Hence, an overshoe worn in wet weather.
- A gaiter, or legging, covering the upper part of the shoe and part of the leg.


Today’s post is by Lindsey Mazur, Registered Dietitian, master’s student and founder of Manitobans Against Weight Stigma. You can connect with Lindsey on Twitter at @HAESRD.
Sizeism, or discrimination based on physical size and weight, is a human rights issue with serious consequences. This form of discrimination impacts those of larger body size as well as those of short stature. Like other forms of discrimination, sizeism has been found to lead to worsened health, physically and emotionally, and lowered quality of life .
As a dietitian working primarily in women’s health, I have heard horrible stories of experiences of sizeism from my clients. While I am not able to share specific stories, I can say that, in line with the research , my clients faced weight stigma in the doctor’s office, at school, in the workplace, in their homes, and in public. Their stories inspired me to begin a master’s degree with a research focus on sizeism in health care.
While completing a course in health policy, one of the exam questions was to imagine yourself as a policy maker promoting a new policy to improve population health. My policy idea was to amend the human rights code to recognize sizeism. This prompted me to get in touch with Manitoba MLA (Member of Legislative Assembly), Dr. Jon Gerrard who just introduced a bill regarding this in October 2016! MLA Gerrard told me the bill was considered “dead”, meaning it was not passed. Because of the failure of that first bill, I wanted to increase public pressure to push the government to support such a bill, so I founded Manitobans Against Weight Stigma with two goals:
- To increase public awareness of sizeism and;
- To push the Manitoba Government to change the Manitoba Human Rights Code to include “physical size and weight”.
Talking with MLA Gerrard, I found out that his awareness of sizeism increased after years of consulting with the late Dr. Moe Lerner, a medical doctor in Manitoba who faced weight discrimination himself and became an outspoken advocate for the topic.
After talking with other local advocates, I learned of Dr. Jill Andrew’s work in Ontario, founding the #SizeismSUCKS movement and creating an online petition to include recognition of sizeism in the Ontario Human Rights Code in January 2016. Dr. Andrew’s #SizeismSUCKS campaign is now national with over 45,000 signatures for the petitions!
Manitoba is the first and only place in Canada to propose a bill, to change the Human Rights Code to include physical size and weight as a protected characteristic, to be included alongside other characteristics such as race, gender, etc.
As part of the national #SizismSUCKS movement, the Manitoba online petition has almost 9,000 signatures to support this bill.
Here is a timeline of the bill and some of the advocacy activities here in Manitoba:
- October 6, 2016 – Bill 207 was first introduced
- October 13, 2016 – Bill 207 was debated
- Then, Bill was considered “dead”
- November 23, 2016 – Manitobans Against Weight Stigma hosted the Rally to End Weight Discrimination, on the steps of the Manitoba Legislative Building to push the Manitoba Government to adopt a Bill to end sizeism.
- November 23, 2016 – The Bill was re-introduced as Bill 200
- November 2, 2017 – Bill 200 was voted on, and lost with a vote of 35-16
- October 25, 2017 – The Manitoba Government proclaimed Dwarfism Awareness Day, based on the advocacy work of the Little People of Manitoba and its President, Samantha Rayburn-Trubyk, in an effort to raise awareness and fight sizeism based on short stature.
- March 19, 2018 – The Bill was re-introduced as Bill 216
- October 2018 – Bill 216 to be debated/voted on again
- October 10, 2018 – Flash Mob to Fight Sizeism, organized by Manitobans Against Weight Stigma
Manitobans Against Weight Stigma has organized the Flash Mob to Fight Sizeism for October 10, 2018 to dance or “move” the Manitoba Government to change! We will be dancing on the grounds of the Manitoba Legislative Building to break stereotypes based on weight and size and show that regardless of health status or ability, Manitobans of all shapes and sizes deserve respectful and fair treatment in schools, workplaces, health care and in the public!
You can support these advocacy efforts in the following ways:
- Attending and/or participating in the Flash Mob to Fight Sizeism
- Writing letters or emails to the Manitoba Premier and MLA’s to encourage them to adopt the bill.
- Connecting with Manitobans Against Weight Stigma on Facebook or Twitter/Instagram @MBWeightStigma and signing the petitions in the national #SizeismSUCKS Movement
- Puhl, R. and C. Heuer, Obesity Stigma: Important Considerations for Public Health. American Journal of Public Health, 2010. 100(6): p. 1019-28.


A Character Research of Lord of the Flies, a Novel by William Golding
1.Identify each of the next characters by referring especially to the novel: (please note the several ods of figure revelation)
a good)Ralph:Ralph is exposed as a democrat, innovator, and mediator in Lord of the Flies. These character revelations are created clear through his text and actions.
Proof his democratic qualities emerged when he wins the election for the leadership of the band of boys. Despite the fact that he could take complete control of the group, he felt obliged to provide consolation to the loser, Jack: "Ralph viewed him [Jack], wanting to offer something. 'Jack's responsible for the choir. They might be.[h]unters'" (19).
Proof Ralph's capability to lead becomes obvious when he sets from the three-man scouting objective of the island; "Piggy" really wants to join the expedition, and runs on the guilt trip to make an effort to get his way. This manipulation emerged in the kind of the groups' brand calling "Piggy": "'Better Piggy than Fatty,' he [Ralph] explained finally, with the directness of real leadership" (21-22).
Finally, indication of Ralph's capability to mediate is definitely witnessed when he implies a partial alternative to the males' predicament to be stranded on an island: "'Shut up,' explained Ralph absently. He lifted the conch. 'Seems to me we must have a chief to choose things'" (18). This is a good example of Ralph's mediating expertise, because he searches for answers to the boys' mutual issue of being stranded on an island.
b)Jack:Jack is shown to be


The First Act
What are acts for, and how can you best utilize them to tell your story?
It can be argued (as many have done) that all stories have three acts: a Beginning, a Middle, and an End. Yet what does that tell you, the potential screenwriter, about the structure of storytelling?
Firstly, to define an act:
- act: A finite block of story action, its conclusion leading either a new direction for the story’s conflict, or to a resolution.
An act is like a story all unto itself. It too has a beginning, middle, and end. Acts should be treated not just as part of a larger whole, but also as separate entities with their own internal structure and rhythm.
The “Hollywood paradigm,” as espoused by Syd Field and others, is that Act One is the first 25% of the script, Act Two is the middle 50%, and Act Three the final 25%. Screenplays are timed using a rule-of-thumb which estimates one page equals one minute of onscreen time. Thus, a 120 page script would be a two-hour film. Therefore Act One is roughly 30 pages (or 1/2 hour), Act Two 60 pages (or one hour), and Act Three, the final 30. There are many films that break this form, but for the purposes of this discussion, we’ll stick to this traditional, mainstream style.
If you think of drama as being about the building and releasing of tension, then it helps to see act structure as the rails upon which the oncoming train of conflict rides. In other words, act structure guides the direction, flow, and acceleration of dramatic action.
If Act One is the Beginning, then what does a beginning entail? What do we need to know as a viewer in order to understand the story and its purpose? Several important elements are: character introductions, a sense of place and time, any background or history necessary to follow the present story action, and a direction for the characters and story to travel. Act One, then, is about laying a foundation.
As first acts tend to be short (and Hollywood currently leans toward ever shorter first acts), how can you convey the necessary information to get a story off the ground, without becoming bogged down in exposition, or without short-changing the story or characterizations? One way to look at it, is that once you have a skeleton of essential structural information, you have a clearly visible form upon which to add the remaining flesh to bring it to life. It is the skeleton which will suggest to you which elements are absolutely necessary, and which are merely decorative or excessive. And in a screenplay, you must cut anything unnecessary!
There are three keys to a first act structure–the first supporting “bones” in your screenplay’s skeleton. Each of these keys is typically present in every story, whether a screenplay or not. Understanding the function and placement of these keys will help you create a smoothly running launch-pad for the rest of your screenplay.
The three keys are:
- The Initiating Incident
- The Call to Action
- The Commitment to Act
The Initiating Incident
A screenplay needs to begin with an initiating incident. This is the event or action that sets the plot in motion.
Here are several examples if Initiating Incidents, each with an example of their resulting effect on the story. The title links are to copies of the screenplays discussed.
|Event: The ore-carrier Nostromo receives an apparent distress signal from a dead planet.
Result: The ship’s computer, Mother, awakens the crew to investigate.
|Event: Dim insults a woman singing Beethoven’s 9th in the Korova Milk Bar, and Alex whacks him with his cane.
Result: Dim challenges him to a fight, then backs down.
|Event: Jerry has a revelation about his work as a sports agent.
Result: He writes a radical “Mission Statement”.
|Event: The Empire boards the Rebel blockade runner.
Result: Princess Leia hides the Death Star plans in R2-D2’s memory.
You see how neatly the Initiating Incident causes the next event in the story. This is exactly the kind of inevitable chain of events you are trying to create in your screenplay. Notice also, that it is the characters that determine how events are to proceed, and that their unique psychology dictates exactly what will happen next (their next action) based upon their personal goals.
The Call To Action
Following the Initiating Incident, there will be a period of time during which the characters, especially the main character, need to orient themselves in light of the information presented to them by this big event. Here they will question and explore. Their world and their place in it are shown, and often, a reason is given as to why the main character doesn’t quite fit into that world.
The Initiating Incident has a special resonance for the main character, although they may not yet realize it, because the Initiating Incident signals to them that a fundamental shift has taken place in their lives, and that new, major change is in the wind. Where this shift is keenly felt and realized by the main character comes at the Call To Action.
The Call To Action is like the horn blown to signal the beginning of the hunt. The main character, depending on their goals and temperament, may or may not respond. Dramatically, it is often better to either have the character refuse to join the action (due to internal conflict), or be prevented from joining (due to external conflict). Time-wise, the Call To Action typically takes place between pages 15 and 20 of a screenplay.
Here are some examples of Calls To Action in same three films as cited before, and the main character’s reactions to them:
|Call: The crew lands on the planet, only to find a wrecked alien spacecraft.
Response: The crew explores the derelict craft, finding alien eggs kept in storage.
|Call: Asserting himself to Alex, Georgie proposes that the gang should pull a real heist.
Response: In sharp refusal of their plan, Alex attacks Georgie and Dim to show them who’s boss.
|Call: Jerry puts the Mission Statement in the mailbox of everyone at the agency, but has second thoughts.
Response: The Mission statement is publicly lauded; privately, all at the agency think Jerry is doomed.
|Call: Luke sees Leia’s holographic cry for help.
Response: When asked by Ben Kenobi to join a rescue attempt, Luke refuses.
Following the Call, a period of reflection takes place, in which the characters absorb the implications of the Call, and/or of their refusal or inability to act upon it. During this brief moment, events transpire to drag the character into the thick of the conflict. Often it happens that the enemy (who already know what they want!) have regrouped and make their move.
The Commitment To Act
At this point, something happens that forces the main character to join the story. They can no longer refuse for one or more reasons. The reasons may be moral (the enemy has violated the main character’s code of conduct), intellectual (the main character is now convinced they must act because they believe inaction will be worse), or physical (if the main character doesn’t motivate, he/she will suffer or die). The more reasons, the higher the stakes will be, thus the greater the drama.
This commitment usually happens somewhere between page 25 and page 30 in a screenplay.
Here are several examples of Commitments To Act, preceded by their motivating situations:
|Situation: An alien larva attaches itself to crew-member Kane’s face.
Commitment: Ripley refuses to let the crew bring Kane aboard, citing contamination procedures. (Note this late use of her refusal of the Call). She is overridden by science officer Ash, who lets the crew and larva inside.
|Situation: During the heist, Alex kills a woman, then Dim smashes his face with a bottle, leaving him helpless as police arrive.
Commitment: Alex goes to prison.
|Situation: Jerry is fired by his former pupil, Bob Sugar.
Commitment: Jerry vows to steal all of Bob’s clients away from the agency and go into business for himself.
|Situation: Luke finds his Uncle and Aunt dead, killed by Imperial Stormtroopers.
Commitment: Luke no longer has a reason to stay on Tatooine, and he wholeheartedly decides to join Ben Kenobi on his rescue mission.
Next time you watch a film, try and pinpoint these first act structural elements. Seeing how they are applied will increase your own understanding of how to use them in your own screenwriting work.
|← Effective Dialogue||Screenwriting Essentials||Unlocking Act Two →|


On this day in 1943, the last surviving members of a B-17 crew prepare to leave the Greenland Ice Cap. They’d been stranded on an icy glacier for months.
The entire crew had survived the crash on November 9, but early rescue efforts had been a mixed bag of successes and failures. (See yesterday’s post.) By December, seven men were still trapped on the glacier: Six of the original B-17 survivors, plus one man, Don Tetley, who’d been attempting a motorsled rescue when his partner was killed.
The situation was grim. The worst of winter was coming, and further rescue attempts would be difficult. The stranded men would have to save themselves! Tetley and three others would take the one remaining motorsled to Ice Cap Station, about 30 miles away. They’d send a new motorsled back for the others.
Tetley’s group departed, carefully treading across a field of ice crevasses that surrounded the B-17 wreckage. Just when they thought they’d cleared the field, one man stepped on a hidden crevasse. The move was fatal.
In a sad twist, Private Clarence Wedel was a newlywed. His wife would soon give birth to a little girl who would never know her Daddy.
Tetley’s group tried to continue, but its motorsled broke down. They’d traveled only 6 miles from the B-17 wreckage. Fortunately, a resupply plane flying overhead happened to see the new “Motorsled Camp” that Tetley’s men created. They would start getting supply drops, just like the men at the B-17 wreck.
The weeks that followed were grueling. The worst of winter had hit. Dogsled teams were sent on rescue missions, but the dogs suffered in the weather. Motorsleds kept breaking down. Rescuers had to turn back because their feet were frozen.
Fortunately, Army Colonel Bernt Balchen was hatching a plan. Why couldn’t a PBY Catalina land on the ice next to Motorsled Camp?
Balchen’s plan went into motion on February 5—and it worked! (See picture.) Within 15 minutes, the Motorsled Camp survivors were loaded onto the PBY, and then . . . nothing. The plane was frozen to the ice. A few men jumped up and down on the PBY’s wings, rocking the plane until it became unstuck. The PBY finally took off, safely delivering three survivors to Ice Cap Station.
Three down. Three to go.
Things were going badly at the original wreck site. One man was having delusions. Another was dealing with an unhealed injury from the November 9 crash. All were despondent and had considered suicide. These men sorely needed the surprise that came in early March: A routine supply drop brought letters from home.
Things began to look more promising.
By mid-March, the PBY crew was ready to try again. It was too treacherous to land near the wrecked B-17, but they could land at Motorsled Camp and drop off a dogsled team. That team would retrieve the 3 remaining B-17 survivors, then return to Motorsled Camp. The PBY would come back for them there.
The dogsled team arrived at the B-17 wreckage on March 18. The survivors were oddly stoic. “After 129 days of fighting everything the Arctic could throw at us,” one wrote, “I guess nothing could excite us.”
The next day, they left the B-17 wreckage for good. Motorsled Camp would be their home for a few more weeks while they waited for a break in the weather. That break finally came on April 5, when the PBY returned for its last load.
The story of that last flight off Greenland’s ice could probably fill its own post! Suffice it to say that everything went wrong: The plane was too heavy. An engine failed. The PBY was running out of fuel. The front wheel wouldn’t go down. When the plane finally skidded to a stop, it nearly crashed into another plane.
Nevertheless, they’d made it. After 5 grueling months on the Greenland Ice Cap, the last B-17 survivors were finally headed home.
Enjoyed this post? More World War II
stories can be found on my website, HERE.
Bernt Balchen et. al, War Below Zero: The Battle for Greenland (1944)
Captain Donald M. Taub, The Greenland Ice Cap Rescue of B-17 “PN9E” (U.S. Coast Guard History Program)
Captain Oliver LaFarge, On the Ice Cap: Sudden Death Strikes Again (St. Louis Post-Dispatch; May 12, 1943)
Captain Oliver LaFarge, Daring Rescue at Sled Camp (St. Louis Post-Dispatch; May 13, 1943)
Captain Oliver LaFarge, They Waited in Darkness: Fierce Storms Depressed Men Who Remained with Wrecked Bomber (St. Louis Post-Dispatch; May 14, 1943)
Captain Oliver LaFarge, The Long Wait: Rescue Off Icecap After Five Months (St. Louis Post-Dispatch; May 16, 1943)
Mitchell Zuckoff, Frozen in Time: An Epic Story of Survival and a Modern Quest for Lost Heroes of World War II (2013)


*As the title indicates, this is a change/continuity AP essay written for World History class. Vaguely, the essay question was: Describe change and continuity in France from the mid-1700s to the mid-1800s.*Like many other European nations in the 1700's, France experienced a dramatic shift of sentiments against the monarchy, nobility, and Catholic Church as the people, fired by rousing new Enlightenment ideals, began to question authority and emphasize the need for equality, liberty, and democracy. The social and political changes in France were best characterized by three different periods - the weak monarchy of King Louis XVI and the subsequent period of confusion after his removal from power, the reign of Napoleon Bonaparte and his downfall, and the new order brought about by the Congress of Vienna; central to these changes were Enlightenment influence, nationalism, and France's relations with other countries. However, despite the great social upheavals of this time period, gender roles remained more or less unchanged and although women had begun to rouse the idea of women's rights, little changed in the way that society viewed women because men still held economic power.
France was the most advanced country of Europe in the 1700's, home to many leading philosophers such as Voltaire and Montesquieu. Despite its prominence, it was experiencing domestic instability and civil unrest. The aloof


IELTS Writing Sample #29
Some governments say how many children a family can hare in their country. They may control the number of children someone has through taxes. It is sometimes necessary and right for a government to control the population in this way.
Do you agree or disagree?
Give reasons for your answer.
- You should write at least 250 words.
- Allow yourself 40 minutes for this task.
It is certainly very understandable that some governments should start looking at ways of limiting their populations to a sustainable figure. In the past, populations were partly regulated by frequent war and widespread disease, but in recent years the effects of those factors have been diminished. Countries can be faced with a population that is growing much faster than she nation's food resources or employment opportunities and whose members can be condemned to poverty by the need to feed extra mouths. They identify population control as a'means to raising living standards.
But how should it be achieved? Clearly, this whole area is a very delicate personal and cultural issue. Many people feel that this is not a matter for the state. They feel this is one area of life where they have the right to make decisions for themselves. For that reason, it would seem that the best. approach would be to work by persuasion rather than compulsion This could be done by a process of education that points out the way a smaller family can mean an improved quality of life for the family members, as well as less strain on the country's perhaps very limited, resources.
This is the preferred way. Of course if this docs not succeed within a reasonable time scale, it may be necessary to consider other measures. such as tax incentives or child-benefit payments for small families only. These are midway between persuasion and compulsion.
So. yes. it is sometimes necessary, but governments should try very hard to persuade first. They should also remember that this is a very delicate area indeed, and that social engineering can create as many problems as it solves?