In order to properly understand anything, it is important to get an idea of its history and past. In the case of terrorism, its origins can be traced back to the start of the Muslim Brotherhood. This extremist group was originally established in 1928 by Hassan al-Banna. This group began to increase its influence in the region. It also caused the rise of various branches of Islamic extremism.
Muslim Brotherhood also established relationships with various religious groups based in Iran which were opposed to the rule of Shah in Iran. Due to this relationship, the group embraced militant ideologies and adopted them into their own. One version, the Shiite version, of the Muslim Brotherhood evolved over time and came to the fore during the Islamic Revolution in Iran. It could also be seen in the form of the Hezbollah of Lebanon, the Houthi militia of Yemen and the Shiite terrorist militants of Iraq and Syria.
The fanatic path, however, developed from the Muslim Brotherhood group and evolved into the organization of Sayyad Qutb in the 1950s and the 1960s. It went on to be developed into the violent religious organizations in Syria and Egypt during the 1970s and 1980s. From there, it became the al-Jama’a al-Islamiyya during the 1990s, followed by Al Qaeda.
Finally, it became ISIS, one of the most prominent terrorist threats in the world today.
The world has already become aware of the threat of Iran and has started to confront the nation. The terrorist groups of the previous decades have now concentrated in Qatar and Iran, heirs to the extremist and militant ideologies. Even Turkey has become involved in these dangerous ideologies.
In fact, the three countries have already divided their roles. They are working together to manipulate and control the perceptions of the world. Iran, and sometimes Qatar, is the supporter of Shiite militias. Turkey and Qatar, however, support the terrorist organizations and groups themselves. Together, these countries have been coordinating their roles after what is being called the Arab Spring. These countries are now the centers of fundamentalism.


The characteristics of the design and the variables in a research study determine the appropriate statistical analysis. A mixed model analysis of variance (or mixed model ANOVA) is the right data analytic approach for a study that contains (a) a continuous dependent variable, (b) two or more categorical independent variables, (c) at least one independent variable that varies between-units, and (d) at least one independent variable that varies within-units. “Units” refer to the unit of analysis, usually subjects. In other words, a mixed model ANOVA is used for studies in which independent units are “crossed with” at least one of the independent variables and are “nested under” at least one of the independent variables.
Mixed model ANOVAs are sometimes called split-plot ANOVAs, mixed factorial ANOVAs, and ...
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Circulatory System CEU Online
6 Florida CEU Hours On Line
Registration Date: April 2020 Enroll Any Time, Any Day Complete in 30 days
Expiration: August 31, 2020
This course defines and discusses the circulatory system in the human body. The learning objectives include the following; this course allows you to describe the location of the cardiovascular structures, including blood vessels and parts of the heart. You will also be able to discuss the function of each cardiovascular structure, including the parts of the heart, be able to compare the structure and function of the types of blood cells plasma and explain how blood pressure is created and controlled. In addition, you will also define and describe the general characteristics of blood and discuss its major function and review the major steps in blood coagulation.


Every so often I write a post about the type of sacrifices one needs to make to stay out of debt and become wealthy. I then get a comment back saying that the advise is unrealistic. No one could buy a house and have payments of less than 25% of their take-home pay. No one could wait ten years after college to buy a house while they are paying off student loans. No one could do without a cell phone, or a car, or a vacation.
Excuses are what keep people in poverty and keep people in debt. “If I get a job, I’ll be earning less than I am on welfare.” “If I don’t have a cell phone, how can I stay in touch with people?” “There are no houses in my area safe to live in that cost that little.” “I can’t move to find a job because all of my family and friends are here.”
Such excuses are signs of enabling. This may be enabling from the government – people don’t improve themselves and get out of poverty because the government gives them just enough to pay for food and shelter, so they live a miserable existence of bitterness and jealousy. This may be enabling from a friend or family member who pays your rent or lets you live at home so you can keep living like a teenager, spending any money you do earn on alcohol and pleasure rather than starting to build your life. This may be enabling from yourself, telling yourself there is no other way but to stay in the job you have and never move up and that there is no way you could save the money needed to invest and increase your income.
In America, there are many stories of people who came from desperate poverty that were able to pull themselves up. One example is Herman Cain who did it not once, but twice. First he worked his way up and became a vice president at Pillsbury. Seeing no way to progress further and become a CEO, as was his goal, he decided to start again at one of Pillsbury’s divisions, Burger King. He went back and became a manager of one of the restaurants along with several other people who were just out of high school. He then worked his way up and became the CEO of Godfather’s Pizza when it was acquired by Pillsbury. He then took that franchise from the brink of bankruptcy and built it into what it is today.
There are many other examples. Clarence Thomas. Mike Huckabee. There are also people who went bankrupt but them came back and became extremely wealthy. One example is Dave Ramsey. The reason they got where they were was because they didn’t accept government hand-outs or fall into a comfortable life of living off of others. They accepted that they would live in poverty for a period but they never allowed themselves to be poor. They were looking for the opportunities rather than thinking that the wealthy, or circumstances, or anything else was keeping them down.
The truth is, poverty is a good motivator to better your life. If you are living in a moderate three-bedroom apartment with your family of four, paid for by the government, you might be happy to stay that way and never look to make your situation better. If instead you were living in a run-down one bedroom, you might be motivated to take on an extra job (or a job at all) and look for education and experience that will allow you to buy a house. There is usually a large gap and a lot of uncomfortable conditions between living on welfare and living on-your-own. Your total income will often drop when you start earning more money since your welfare benefits will be cut, but in the end you’ll end up with more money. More than that, you’ll end up actually providing for yourself rather than taking from others.
So, stop making excuses. If there are no good jobs in your area, move to where there are more opportunities or start your own business. If there are no homes that you could buy and pay no more than 25% of your take-home pay on the mortgage, live in a small apartment and save up until you have a big enough down-payment to bring the payments in line or move to a different area with cheaper housing. If making more income will cut your welfare payments such that you’ll be making less, go without a cell phone, ride a bike, take a second job, and go to a beans and rice diet until you can earn your way through the gap.
And get away from the people who tell you that you can’t do it. You need people in your life that will encourage you to make your life better rather than those who will pull you back into the slop with them. If you live your whole life and do nothing but suck off others, what is your purpose for living? You need to contribute and make society better to live up to your full potential as a human being.
Much as I enjoy writing about investing, it doesn’t make sense unless people are reading. If you’d like to keep the articles coming, please return often and refer a friend – https://smallivy.wordpress.com. Comments are also greatly appreciated, as is lively and friendly debate. Also feel free to link to or reference posts – all I ask for is fair credit.
Disclaimer: This blog is not meant to give financial planning advice, it gives information on a specific investment strategy and picking stocks. It is not a solicitation to buy or sell stocks or any security. Financial planning advice should be sought from a certified financial planner, which the author is not. All investments involve risk and the reader as urged to consider risks carefully and seek the advice of experts if needed before investing


Worldwide, there are many species of small birds that live in trees and mainly eat invertebrates. However, finding out exactly what invertebrates they are eating has always been tricky and is not well known, even for very common and well-studied species like the Blue Tit, which cheerfully hops around the gardens of millions of people throughout Europe. The reason for this is that the birds themselves are small, their prey is even smaller and difficult to identify in the field, and the predator-prey interaction is often happening very fast and high in the canopy, making observation almost impossible.
So, how has identification of prey been achieved in the past? For static and accessible chicks in nestboxes this has proven easier, with the use of neck collars and cameras in the nest giving good coverage. For adults, the only way has been euthanising the birds and dissecting the gut and gizzard contents, and this is not ideal – it is very destructive, excludes soft bodied dietary items from being observed and only allows identification to a low resolution. In this study, we show how large-scale faecal metabarcoding (genetically identifying prey contained within faecal samples) can overcome these challenges, identifying prey to excellent resolution across time and space in a completely non-invasive and non-destructive way. In this post, I am going to discuss the biological and natural history advances that this study has provided.
Firstly, it is interesting to note how diverse the diet of Scottish blue tits is in early spring. We identified over 400 different invertebrate prey items from nearly 800 samples at a time of year when invertebrate resources are low because leaves are not yet out. The fact that most of these were rare, with almost half only recorded from a single sample each, suggests that blue tits have a wide dietary range and are opportunistically taking advantage of many food resources as and when they find them rather than solely focussing on particular items. This is supported by there being an average of five, and up to twenty, different prey items per sample. Some prey items were favoured, with 15 species present in over fifty samples each, the most common of which (the micromoth Argyresthia goedartella) present in over a third of samples. Most of these common species, including the caterpillar of this species, were associated with resources available in early spring, such as birch catkins, but I will return to this later. Moths in general were both the commonest and most species rich prey items, with at least one of over 100 identified species present in three quarters of samples. Other common prey orders included aphids, flies, beetles, gall wasps and spiders.
Collecting faecal samples throughout early spring from a transect of 40 (now increased to 44) field sites (which cover 2° of latitude, 400m in elevation and many different woodland types) allowed us to assess how blue tit diet changed along environmental gradients and as spring progressed. Dietary variation could either be due to local resource availability or preferences, and seasonal variation in diet has implications for time-sensitive life events (such as breeding or moving) while spatial variation could affect population density or productivity. We show that dietary richness increases as spring advances but does not change significantly with geography or habitat, whereas dietary composition exhibits significant turnover along temporal and spatial gradients. Such insights into how a generalist insectivores diet varies over space and time are very rare indeed. The high resolution of the prey data also allowed us to show that moths increase in prevalence in the diet with increased latitude and elevation and aphids show a steep increase in prevalence in the diet as spring progresses, presumably as they emerge to feed on growing buds and fresh leaves.
One particularly intriguing dietary occurrence is winter moth, a species whose caterpillars are known to be a crucially important food source for feeding nestlings later in the spring, but whose presence in the diet this early in spring was unexpected. As their occurrence in the diet increased throughout the sampling period, from a 2% chance thirty days before egg laying to a 17% chance at the point of egg laying, we assume that the life stage being preyed upon is early instar caterpillars. We also forward the possibility that feeding on these caterpillars provides a direct cue to the birds to start laying eggs, as how the birds time their breeding to coincide with the late spring winter moth caterpillar peak is an area of intense research and speculation. Although we cannot provide any direct evidence of this, it would provide a very direct and probably very reliable cue and offers an interesting new avenue for further work.
As mentioned previously, much of what we knew about blue tit diet was based upon microscope identification of physical prey remains encountered within the guts of euthanised birds, with the most comprehensive studies being carried out in southern English oak woods in the middle of the last century. One of my personal highlights was the ability to compare our genetic prey dataset from Scotland today with those physical datasets from England 60 years ago. Rather incredibly, some of the common taxa identified were identical, including the springtail Entomobrya nivalis, gall wasps of the genus Andricus, and several species of fly larvae feeding on emerging tree buds. Not only does this validate our method and emphasise the widespread nature of these dietary items, it is also testament to the immense skill and patience of those with microscopes and tiny body parts to identify!
However, many of the other species that we identified were previously unknown dietary items. This is due in part to the extra identification resolution that we were able to utilise with these new techniques allied with our larger sample size, but also in part due to the differing habitats studied. Half of the ten commonest taxa we identified were exclusively or primarily associated with birch trees, which is by far the commonest tree across our study region but is far less common further south in England. This could highlight an adaptability of insectivorous birds to flexibly adjust diet according to local food sources and raises the possibility that one reason we didn’t find a significant effect of habitat on diet is due to the widespread nature of birch across our sites. It will therefore prove interesting to contrast diet with regions with differing locally abundant trees if this method gains more widespread use.
More specifically, many of the commonest dietary items found in this study, particularly the commonest moth caterpillars (Figure below), are associated with birch (and alder) catkins. This explains previous observations of tits foraging on catkins at this time of year, but rather than eating pollen or plant material as was hypothesised, it appears that they are opening the catkins to prey on the caterpillars living and feeding inside them. Equally, our dietary results are consistent with observations of tits feeding around birch and sycamore buds on freshly emerging aphids, with three out of four of the commonest aphid species associated with these. The ability of the results from this method to tie in behavioural observations, physical studies, and reflect the local habitat creates an accurate and believable picture of the diet of blue tits across Scotland at this time of year and validates metabarcoding as a technique to better understand the diets of insectivorous birds.
To find out more, read the full paper here: https://doi.org/10.1111/mec.15394
Dr Jack Shutt,
Postdoctoral Research Associate, Manchester Metropolitan University.


Most of the oil in the engine is stored in the sump, and the oil cycle is driven by the pump that rotates with the engine, oil from the bottom of the shell suction, after the oil filter to remove impurities, high-pressure oil from the engine oil flow channel to the engine everywhere, lubrication or cooling of various parts, and finally in the flow back to the oil pan.
An extremely small amount of oil in the engine is burned in the combustion chamber, so a small amount of oil consumption is normal. However, if the excess oil from the piston and cylinder wall clearance into the combustion chamber called the oil, and oil from the cylinder head of the valve system into the combustion chamber is called the next oil, both are called the oil to eat. If the engine has to eat the phenomenon of oil, of course, the oil will be consumed quickly, and because of the relationship between the oil burning, will be discharged from the exhaust pipe light cyan smoke, at this time must go to the warranty inspection is on the oil or under the oil, good for the right remedy.
Oil according to its composition can be divided into full synthesis, semi-synthetic and mineral oil, in general, the overall synthetic oil in the engine with the engine running in a lower degree of decline, and the decline of mineral oil is higher. However, if the vehicle can be replaced by the original oil or oil, even if the use of mineral oil, will not cause any damage to the engine.
Oil in addition to the composition of the difference, there is a difference in the viscosity index. Viscosity index refers to the degree of oil viscosity changes with the temperature, the most commonly used oil viscosity classification is in accordance with SAE number classification, different numbers corresponding to different viscosity range, the larger the number of the greater the viscosity. SAE number plus w refers to the oil for the cold weather, the smaller the number of viscosity smaller, the engine in the cold winter easier to start.
Oil numbers in addition to SAE 50 (example) or SAE 10W (example), such as single-stage oil, as well as 10w-40, such as the complex class of oil, complex oil can meet the high-temperature and low-temperature use of the demand. The lower the numbers before the W, and the higher the numbers in the rear, indicate that the oil can be applied to a large range of climates. To Taiwan's climate, 10W-40 has been able to meet, if the engine for a long time to high load, high speed of operation, you can choose a higher viscosity oil.


WILLIAM ERVIN / SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY WILLIAM ERVIN / SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY
American bighorns. View of male American bighorns or mountain sheep, Ovis canadensis, on rutting ground. Both the males and females of this species have spiral horns which can reach 50 cm in length on the ram. The status of each male within the flock is settled by long duels between males using these horns. The fights occur during the mating season (rut). American bighorns are found on pasture in the Rocky Mountains where they feed on grasses. Photographed in Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, USA.
Model release not required. Property release not required.


Since 2001, The Nature Conservancy Virginia Coast Reserve (TNC) and the Virginia Department of Game and Inland Fisheries (VDGIF) have combined resources in order to conduct Piping Plover, Wilson’s Plover and American Oystercatcher surveys along the coast of Virginia. VDGIF, TNC, USFWS and other partners have conducted Piping Plover surveys along the Virginia coast since 1986. Wilson’s Plovers were added to the annual survey effort in 1989. In 2001, plover survey participants were asked to record breeding American Oystercatchers as well since the three species use the same breeding habitat on the barrier islands. Combining the surveys of the three solitary nesters reduces the amount of disturbance to the nesting areas, is an efficient use of resources and will continue in the future.
2003 represents the first year Virginia has attempted to obtain a statewide breeding population estimate for oystercatchers. This was achieved by combining data collected from the annual plover/oystercatcher survey described above, the Eastern Shore Lagoon System oystercatcher productivity study described below, breeding black duck productivity surveys in the lower Chesapeake Bay, and the 2003 coastal plain waterbird survey. This effort was repeated in 2008 and we plan to replicate this large-scale effort every five years to better assess statewide trends in the distribution and abundance of breeding oystercatchers in Virginia.
Since 1999, winter surveys on the Eastern Shore have revealed that the marshes of the lagoon system provide wintering habitat for approximately 2,000 American Oystercatchers. We anticipate continuing these surveys annually to help track winter population trends in Virginia.
Since 2002, we have monitored oystercatcher productivity on Virginia’s barrier islands. We have focused our efforts on islands with and without mammalian predator management programs in order to assess the effectiveness of these programs for increasing oystercatcher reproductive success. These data also contribute to baseline productivity information for the state. We anticipate continuing these efforts in conjunction with predator management efforts.
Recent breeding surveys in the marshes of the lagoon system of the Eastern Shore has revealed that the habitat supports approximately 30% of Virginia’s breeding population. Little is known about the long term success of birds breeding in this habitat, although breeding data collected since 2003 shows reproductive success is highly variable and high failure was documented during the 2003 breeding season. We anticipate continuing to monitor birds breeding in the lagoon system in order to assess their long-term productivity and major threats to breeding.
From 2009 – 2011, the Virginia Department of Game and Inland Fisheries monitored oystercatcher productivity on nine islands located in the eastern half of the lower Chesapeake Bay. This area of the Bay supports approximately 14% of the Commonwealth’s oystercatcher breeding population and harbors over 90% of the breeding pairs in the Chesapeake Bay. No prior attempts have been made to measure oystercatcher breeding success in the Chesapeake Bay and by filling this data gap, we are able to compare reproductive success among the three most important oystercatcher breeding areas in Virginia; the barrier island chain, the seaside lagoon system and the Chesapeake Bay. Preliminary analyses suggest that the current reproductive output of Bay island population is above the minimum value needed to maintain a stable population. However, given the high erosion rates of these exposed sites, sea level rise and increased storm frequency will likely pose a more immediate threat to the Bay population than to those birds breeding on the barrier islands. Due to a lack of resources and shift in priorities, we will no longer conduct bayside studies on an annual basis, but hope to repeat these efforts every three to five years.
We have been exploring questions concerning the dynamic nature of the barrier islands that oystercatchers use for breeding. These islands are constantly re-worked and changed by the forces of the ocean, storms, sediment supply and sea level rise. These forces are responsible for maintaining the type of habitat that oystercatchers require for breeding, but are also a major cause of reproductive failure. There is growing concern over what the impacts of sea level rise will be on the geomorphology of Virginia’s barrier island chain and the future of beach nesting bird species such as oystercatchers that utilize these island habitats. As technological advances are made in quantifying changes in island size, shape, elevation and movement, we plan to collect concurrent breeding distribution and productivity data to help track oystercatcher responses to changes in habitat availability and suitability.
Researchers have not banded American Oystercatchers in Virginia since the early 1980’s. Responding to the overwhelming interest and call to mark oystercatchers with unique color bands, we began banding adults and young in 2003. Since then banding efforts have greatly increased and are being conducted on virtually all sites monitored for productivity. We anticipate continuing with these efforts as resources allow in order to gain a better understanding of important demographic parameters such as juvenile and sub-adult survival.
The Excel file (under Resources in sidebar) contains a current list of color band combinations and re-sightings for birds banded in Virginia. Banding data were provided by The Nature Conservancy and the Virginia Department of Game and Inland Fisheries. This dataset should not be published or distributed without permission. For more information contact Alexandra Wilke or Ruth Boettcher.
In 2004, The Nature Conservancy’s Virginia Coast Reserve and the Virginia Department of Game and Inland Fisheries began conducting systematic surveys for banded oystercatchers during the non-breeding season in Virginia’s seaside lagoon system. Since then, biologists from Eastern Shore of Virginia NWR and Chincoteague NWR have participated in this effort which has enabled us to investigate various demographic and life history parameters including survival rates, site fidelity patterns and migration/dispersal patterns. We anticipate continuing these surveys as resources and staff allow.
(there may be occasional variation in timing and leg placement of banding schemes)
2013-present: Duplicate black bands with white triangle-code configuration (three white engraved horizontally-oriented letters (no codes with numbers) with one character above two characters) on upper legs; single metal band on either lower leg
2010–2013: Duplicate Black bands with 2 White engraved vertically-oriented letters/numbers on upper legs
2004–2012: Duplicate Black bands with 2 White engraved horizontally-oriented letters/numbers on upper legs
2003: a combination of plain, wrap around bands. From an old report: “Each chick received a red color band placed over a U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service issued metal band on its lower right leg, a red color band placed over a blue color band on its upper right leg and either one color band on its upper left leg or a combination of color bands on its lower and upper left leg.”


We manufacture various dome lenses, such as hyper hemispherical dome lens(also called super dome lens),dome lens with flange, dome top etc..
Dome lens is composed of two parallel optical surfaces. Among optics domes are unique because, unlike any other optical components, the key attribute of the dome is to have no optical effect. Mirrors reflect light, lenses bend light, domes ideally change nothing.
Typically the lead element in an optical system, a dome is often exposed to the environment. Accordingly, domes made from hard ceramic materials are preferred due to their ability to withstand wind and rain erosion. Domes are typically found in single-use defense applications and submersible vehicles for deep ocean exploration.
Dome lens we manufactured be used to protect the lens of underwater camera, which could resist the pressure of water, and give a best view field to catch picture.And also they can be used as a cover of clock and some inspected equipment etc..
Specification of glass dome we could supplied as follow:
Materials: BK7 glass, UV fused silica etc., various types of optical glass.
Diameter: From 10 to 250 mm.
Diameter Tolerance: 0.1 mm, standard; 0.01 mm - attainable.
Surface Quality: 60/40 Scratch/Dig, standard; 20/10 Scratch/Dig, attainable depending on material type and combination of other parameters.
Power/Irregularity: 5/1 (interference fringes), standard; 0.5/0.1 (interference fringes), attainable depending on material type and combination of other parameters. Aperture 60 deg.
Decentration: 0.05mm, standard; 0.01, attainable.
Who are we?
|Range of diameter||Dia.0.7mm-Dia.400mm|
|Range of curve radius||R1.5-R∞ etc.|
|Tolerance of diameter||+/-0.1, +/-0.01, +/-0.005 etc.|
|Surface accuracy||λ , 1/2λ , 1/4λ , 1/10λ etc.|
|Tolerance of Thickness||+/-0.1, +/-0.05, +/-0.01 etc.|
|Aperture N||5, 1 etc.|
|Irregularity ΔN||2, 1, 0.5, 0.2 etc.|
|Surface quality||60/40, 40/20, 20/10, 10/5 etc.|
VY Optoelectronics Co., Ltd, established in 2010 in Optical City of China - Changchun. Our company has strong production capacity, in possession of the domestically top production line and excellent workers, which mainly are composed of researchers and technicians from the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics and Changchun University of Science and Technology, they are experienced and could produce wide range of optical lenses.
What can we do for you ?
VY Optics provide professional design of optical lenses, Coating service and all kinds of optical elements processing include mainly high-precision prism, filter, rod lens, ball lens, dome lens, cylindrical lens, grin lens, micro-lenses, optical sapphire customized components, window, spherical lenses and aspheric lenses, powell lens and infrared materials products.
Why Us ?
1. Reasonable quotation. We reject unrealistic low prices. As a prerequisite, to ensure the highest quality of lens and offer the reasonable price.
2.Quality assurance. Besides pass the ISO9001 certification, experience team and efficient equipment are the vital guarantee for the product.
3. Timely Delivery. We could ship goods to you in time as lead time we negotiate.
4. Convenient logistics services. We usually cooperate with the famous express logistics company, including 90% regions of the world and ensure the products can delivery to the customers safety and quickly.
Advanced processing equipment and complete production system could ensure that we can effectively control every aspect of the lenses processing, and avoid unnecessary loss and reduce costs!
We participated exhibitions-Laser World of Photonics in Munich, and establish the business with many foreign customers.
VY Optics could provide a variety of types of optical components, including ball lens, dome lens, fingerprint prism, filter, rod lens, grin lens, cylindrical lens, achromatic lens, prism, powell lens, optical mirrors, optical windows,and spherical lens. We have ability to process high-precision micro lens and can customized various of the sapphire products and other infrared material lens according to the customer.
VY Optoelectronics Co.,Ltd. concerns each details of the package, cleaning, anti-static , shock-resistant . According to the quantity and shape of the product , we will take a different packaging process!
In order to make the goods safe fast accurate to your hands, we generally recommend that you choose the international logistics company!


Read below about how to use a dinosaur emergent reader to teach kids color names and color words.
Chances are, if you’re an early childhood educator (or a parent . . . or both!) you’ve been around kids who get really into dinosaurs.
Not every kid gets obsessed with dinosaurs, but there are definitely some who just can’t get enough of them. My son skipped over this phase, more interested in all things trains when he was younger (as opposed to his mama, who was firmly entrenched in dinos as a kid).
I distinctly remember more than one student who wanted to be a paleontologist or who told me dinosaur facts I’d never heard of.
On a side note, did you know that these childhood interests can be beneficial for kids’ brains?
Related: Free Preschool Printables
What’s the Big Deal about Making Your Own Emergent Readers?
If you’re a regular reader of Fun-A-Day, you know how much I love making books with the kids.
Here’s a list of what homemade emergent readers can teach kids. This list is by no means exhaustive:
- Left to right progression when reading
- Sight words
- Letter names and sounds
- Concept of a word
- One-to-one correspondence (one word written is equal to one word spoken)
- Print carries meaning
On top of literacy concepts, making books can also help children learn a variety of other early learning concepts. For example, this free printable dinosaur emergent reader delves into colors and color words.
Make a Dinosaur Emergent Reader with the Kids
To assemble the book, place the pages on a flat surface – printed side up. Pick up the pages. Take the right-hand side and fold it back to meet the left-hand side.
Related: Frozen Dinosaur Excavation for Kids
Press down along the fold on the right. Pull the individual folded pages out and arrange them in the order you’d like (just be sure the cover is on top). Staple everything along the left-hand side.
Related: Dinosaur Activities for Kids to Try
Here’s a video showing how I assemble these books:
Of course, if you’d prefer to cut each page in half and assemble it that way, you can.
Introduce the dinosaur emergent reader to the kids
Once the book is put together, bring the children over. I prefer to do this one-on-one or with small groups.
Tell the kids that they’re going to make a book about dinosaurs of every color. Take a quick walk through the book, talking about the different colors and asking children to search out the color words on each page.
“This page is about a red dinosaur. Which of these words says ‘red’? Red starts with the sound /r/. What letter makes the /r/ sound? Let’s find the word ‘red’!”
Underline the color words with the appropriate crayon or marker. If you’re using the black-and-white book, have the kids color in the dinosaurs on each page.
The printable dinosaur book has eleven colors in it. That might be too much for some children. If that’s the case, you have a few choices:
- Break up the bookmaking over the course of a couple of days
- Choose only specific colors to be included in the book
- Have the kids work together in pairs or small groups to complete one book
Ways to extend the bookmaking activity
Keep the books in the kids’ book boxes in the reading center. This way, they can be brought out to read and reread.
Add magnetic letters and magnetic trays to the reading center, along with the books. After they reread their dinosaur books, the kids can use the letters to make color words with the letters.
Have the children bring the books over to the math center. The kids can match various math manipulatives to each dinosaur based on color.
Send the readers home so the children can read the books to their families at home. Encourage the kids to find items around their homes that match each dinosaur color.
Preschool Dinosaur Theme Lesson Plans
Save time and get right to the playful learning with our printable lesson plan sets. Each set includes book suggestions, printable plans, over 30 learning activities (both whole group and centers) related to the theme, and corresponding printables.
The Dinosaur Theme Lesson Plan Pack also includes:
1) Dinosaur Cards for sorting by color, making patterns and more
2) Counting Dinosaur Eggs Activity (1-10) in color and B/W
3) Count the Dinosaurs Emergent Reade (3 variations)
4) Dinosaur Roll and Graph Game in color and B/W
5) Dinosaur Skeleton Activity Mats
6) Dinosaur Word Cards
7) Beginning Sound Dinosaur Sort (D, I, N, O)
8) Dinosaur Number Cards (0-35) in color and B/W
9) Alphabet Train Dinosaur Matching Upper and Lowercase Letters
10) Rhyming Dinosaur Eggs
More Dinosaur Theme Activities for Kids
Be sure to check out more great dinosaur activities by clicking on the links below the photo collage. You could have a lot of your dinosaur theme planned out with all of these ideas!
LEFT TO RIGHT:
Free Printable Dinosaur Emergent Reader // Fun A Day!
Hatching Dinosaur Eggs Initial Sound Match // Modern Preschool
Dinosaur Rhyme Time // Sweet Sounds of Kindergarten
EDITABLE Dinosaur Sight Word Game // Playdough to Plato
Salt Crystal Dinosaur Science Experiment // Schooling a Monkey
Editable Sight Word Dinosaur Game // The Kindergarten Connection
Dinosaur CVCe Puzzles // Pages of Grace
Editable Dinosaur Pick and Color Printable // A Dab of Glue Will Do
10 Little Dinosaurs Song // Stay at Home Educator
Dinosaur Counting Puzzles // Pocket of Preschool
Dinosaur Addition // Recipe for Teaching
Measurement Activities with Dinosaurs // Fairy Poppins
Matching Numbers 1-12: Dinosaur Clip Cards // Liz’s Early Learning Spot
Dinosaur Board Game Counting Activity // Fun Learning for Kids
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The intelligence of a city is the capacity to learn: to learn the past, its history and the culture of its territory. Unlike the smart city, we do not build a city from scratch and there is nothing, there is no smart city standard car intelligence is measured this ability to fit into a territorial dynamic, a story and a culture. Continuous learning through instantaneous feedback provides the digital to understand and map the urban system and driver.
Foreword ix Introduction xv Chapter 1. What Do We Mean by “Smart City” and Where Does This Idea Come From? 1 1.1. Not-so-smart smart cities! 3 1.2. The smoke and mirrors of smart cities 6 1.3. Other mirrors for other smoke: cities of the creative classes 12 1.4. So what is a “smart city”? 17 Chapter 2. The Challenges of Urban Development in the Context of the Third Industrial Revolution 21 2.1. The demographic and economic challenges: toward a change in economic model 21 2.2. Geopolitical challenges: the polar shift in development in favor of the south-west and the different strategies among industrialized and emerging countries 26 2.3. Energy transfer: the fossil fuel curse is not about to disappear.33 2.4. The six breakthroughs in urban development based on smart cities 37 Chapter 3. What Makes a City Smart? 43 3.1. Lessons from medieval cities 44 3.1.1. Architect-less cities? 45 3.1.2. How do cities become unintelligent? 49 3.2.A city is a system of life 52 3.3.Smart territory 54 3.3.1.Territory: an immaterial asset 54 3.3.2.The territory secretes innovation (and not the other way around) 58 3.3.3.The territorial dynamic in action 60 3.4.Are metropolises smart territories? 63 3.5.A city is not a collection of smarties 65 3.5.1.A city is a living system 65 3.5.2 which we understand today through new approaches 66 3.5.3 at the heart of which the sciences of complexity 67 3.5.4.help conjugate internal semi-stability and external instability 68 3.6.The dangers of a technocentric approach 70 Chapter 4. New Sciences of Cities 73 4.1.The more or less sympathetic myths of the ideal city 75 4.2.A city is an imbalanced system 79 4.2.1.Definition of an urban ecosystem 80 4.2.2.A city is a system in incomplete equilibrium 82 4.2.3.What is a city’s optimal size? 85 4.2.4.Size and inequalities are correlated 86 4.3.Smart city: an autopoietic system 89 4.4.A city must be designed as a “system of systems” 95 4.4.1.Modeling 99 4.4.2.Emergence 103 4.4.3.Evolution inside: the urban lifecycle management 105 4.4.4.System architecture as a frame of representation 107 4.4.5.The design method 109 4.4.6.Integration process: more efficiency for less 114 4.4.7.Integrating heterogeneous systems 118 Chapter 5. Smart City in Action 125 5.1.Two cities that should not exist: Norilsk and Singapore 125 5.1.1.Norilsk, the most polluted and polluting city in the world 125 5.1.2.Singapore, the smart nation 127 5.2.Pilot projects 133 5.2.1.The African city 134 5.2.2.The emergence of a territorial project through meaning: the case of Rhamna, in Morocco 136 5.2.3.Casablanca as a prototype for remedying to the tentacular growth of cities 141 5.2.4.Angola, Namibia: eco-design of a drinking water supply 146 5.2.5.Urban problem and economic transition: the Russian case of monotowns 153 5.3.The worksites of the smart city 159 5.3.1.The power of data 159 5.3.2.How much do smart cities cost? 171 5.3.3.The government of a smart city 179 5.3.4.What are the tasks and what is the form of a smart government for a smart city? 180 Conclusion 187 References 191 Index 203
Claude Rochet, Professeur Honoraire des Universités, Chercheur à l’Université de Versailles St Quentin (Paris Saclay), France.
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The press release showcasing the discovery states,
Researchers at Karolinska Institutet have now discovered a new sensory receptor organ in the skin that is sensitive to hazardous environmental irritation. It is comprised of glia cells with multiple long protrusions and which collectively go to make up a mesh-like organ within the skin. This organ is sensitive to painful mechanical damage such as pricks and pressure.
Their findings were published in the American journal Science and demonstrated an additional sensory role for the nervous system’s glial cells. These cells were generally viewed as performing a multitude of functions but only in support of the data-carrying nerve cells. In fact, a new subtype of pain-sensitive glial cell called nociceptive Schwann cells was discovered. In describing the cells’ previously unknown function the researchers “discovered a specialized cutaneous glial cell type with extensive processes forming a mesh-like network in the subepidermal border of the skin that conveys noxious [painful] thermal and mechanical sensitivity.” They concluded that “these glial cells, which are intimately associated with unmyelinated nociceptive nerves, are inherently mechanosensitive and transmit nociceptive [painful] information to the nerve.”2
For decades, medical schools and biology departments have taught that pain sensations were initiated by the activation of free nerve endings without end organs in the skin. These new findings overturn that understanding as affirmed by two scientists not involved with the Swedish research who state, “However, it has been a long-standing belief that nociceptors [pain sensors] lose glial ensheathment [a type of covering acting like an electrical insulator] when they cross the basement membrane into the epidermis [skin], leaving only the free endings of unmyelinated axons as nociceptive sensors.”3 The search for new discoveries and updating ways to better explain biological phenomena are the essence of solid biological research.
The Institute for Creation Research has been promoting an important hypothesis underlying an organism-focused, design-based theory of biological design which assumes that biological systems will be best explained by the same engineering principles constraining human-designed systems performing similar functions.4 Several engineering principles constraining sensor design may be observed in this newly discovered skin sensory organ.
This organ has “thermal and mechanical sensitivity.” A basic design constraint is that sensors must be sensitive only to specific environmental conditions and insensitive to others. This is achieved through the physical properties and construction of the sensor. Therefore, this organ may be insensitive to rapidly detecting a chemical exposure. Another principle for why myriads of exposures aren’t stimuli is because internal programming must specify for itself what constitutes actual environmental signals, cues, or stimuli. The stimuli for the newly discovered organ were limited to exposures such as “mechanical damage such as pricks and pressure.”
Further design principles highlighted by the newly discovered organ include the fact that sensors are elements in active or passive surveillance systems used to acquire data. Also, any self-adjusting system will have an integrated trigger—that must be some type of sensor—and will be the initiating element of self-adjusting processes. Thus, engineers strategically position sensors at the organism-environment boundary; which in this case is the skin.
Sensors are a vital element of ICR’s design-based model of adaptation called Continuous Environmental Tracking (CET).5 This model postulates that much of adaptation ranging from rapid physiological changes to those occurring over many generations happens via innate systems with elements analogous to those within human-engineered tracking systems, namely: input sensors, internal logic mechanisms to select suitable responses, and actuators to execute responses.
Microscopic sensors integrated into a whole organ system capable of detecting thermal and mechanical exposures which operate by engineering principles showcase the incomparable engineering genius of our Creator, the Lord Jesus Christ.
1. Anonymous. 2019. New pain organ discovered in the skin. Karolinska Institutet News. Posted at news.ki.se on August 16, 2019 accessed August 26, 2019.
2. Abdo, H. et al. 2019. Specialized cutaneous Schwann cells initiate pain sensation. Science. 365(6454): 695-699. DOI: 10.1126/science.aax6452
3. Doan, R. A. and K. R. Monk. 2019. Glia in the skin activate pain responses. Science. 365(6454): 641-642. DOI: 10.1126/science.aay6144
4. Guliuzza, R. J. 2018. Engineered Adaptability: Sensor Triggers Affirm Intelligently Designed Internalism. Acts & Facts. 47 (2): 17-19; Guliuzza, R. J. 2018. Engineered Adaptability: Creatures' Adaptability Begins with Their Sensors. Acts & Facts. 47 (3): 17-19.
5. Guliuzza, R. J. 2018. Engineered Adaptability: Adaptive Changes Are Purposeful, Not Random. Acts & Facts. 47 (6): 17-19.
*Randy Guliuzza is ICR’s National Representative. He earned his M.D. from the University of Minnesota, his Master of Public Health from Harvard University, and served in the U.S. Air Force as 28th Bomb Wing Flight Surgeon and Chief of Aerospace Medicine. Dr. Guliuzza is also a registered Professional Engineer.


None other than Charles Darwin was the first scientist to seriously analyse this most peculiar human behaviour. In The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals (1872) Darwin described in detail the involuntary spasms tickling triggers in babies, children, adults, and non-human primates. He concluded that tickling was an ingredient in forming and keeping social bonds. Such bonding occurs through stimulating each other to laugh and feel merry. This is particularly true for parents and children.
Darwin noted that the key to success in tickling is that "the precise point to be tickled must not be known" to the person being tickled. Thus, it is surprise rather than tactile pressure that is a key ingredient in tickling.
Subsequent laboratory experiments have found that in people who are extremely suggestible, the threat of being tickled without laying a finger on them is enough to induce hysterics. This is as effective with adults as with children and provides a clue to the fact that tickling is not merely a physical sensation as Darwin theorised.
I don't know how sold I am on the idea that tickling is conducive to forming social bonds. I've had a few girlfriends who would threaten very severe punishments for even thinking about tickling them. Some more from an interesting (if not slightly old) article on tickling, from the Telegraph:
However, the work does change the nature of a long-running debate over one ticklish conundrum that has split scientists for more than a century: the cause of our merriment. Some say that the chuckle induced by a tickle is a reflex. Others argue that it is the result of close physical contact with another person, and thus "socially induced", an idea put forward by Charles Darwin in 1872. The inability to tickle oneself had been thought to support Darwin's theory. However, the new work shows tickle-induced laughter is indeed a reflex, one that can only work in social situations, say, when a friend is brushing a feather against the sole of your foot.
There remains one deeper question. Why do we laugh? The psychologist Wallace Chafe put forward the idea that laughter serves to incapacitate us, acting as a disabling device that allows you to relax when you realise that a threat is not genuine.
In his new book, Phantoms in the Brain (Fourth Estate), Prof Vilayanur Ramachandran of the University of California says that this idea, though intriguing, does not explain our need to generate "rhythmic, loud explosive sounds". We chortle to tell other people that a perceived threat or anomaly is trivial. "You approach a child, hand out menacingly . . . But no, your fingers make light, intermittent contact with her belly," he writes. "As a result of this tickle, the child laughs, as if to inform other children, 'He doesn't mean harm'."
And in the end, I really haven't got a good idea what the answer to tickling actually is. Perhaps it's just a quirk of evolution, one of those occasions when the reflex elicits a not very sensible reaction (and here I'm thinking of the feeling you get when you hit your funny bone - which I presume you can do yourself?).Go Top


USA Today reports that new testing has pushed the Shroud of Turin back to Christ’s time:
Many experts have stood by a 1988 carbon-14 dating of scraps of the cloth carried out by labs in Oxford, Zurich and Arizona that dated it from 1260 to 1390, which, of course, would rule out its used during the time of Christ.
The new test, by scientists at the University of Padua in northern Italy, used the same fibers from the 1988 tests but disputes the findings. The new examination dates the shroud to between 300 BC and 400 AD, which would put it in the era of Christ.
It determined that the earlier results may have been skewed by contamination from fibers used to repair the cloth when it was damaged by fire in the Middle Ages, the British newspaper reported. The cloth has been kept at the cathedral since 1578.
Actually, the news is from 2013, but you probably still think it’s a medieval fake.
The truth is that there is no known way to reproduce the image. The old article notes that there is also no surefire way to prove it bears the image of Christ, but it could. I love these kinds of mysteries on the borders of the explicable, the sort of stuff you find in books such as Paul Badde’s The True Icon: From the Shroud of Turin to the Veil of Manoppello or even the Pacific Northwest’s own (Greg Kandra would have you believe we’re all irreverent hippies who worship the Seahawks–it’s not like we’ll deify the Mariners) Patricia Treece in her The Mystical Body: A Reflective Investigation of Supernatural and Spiritual Phenomena. All these phenomena frustrate the predicative and calculative understandings of reason, which is not to say that those are the only understandings of reason available to us.
The researcher Giulio Fanti has put a lot of work into overturning the medieval forgery dating:
The latest findings are contained in a new Italian-language book — Il Mistero Della Sindone or The Mystery of the Shroud, by Giulio Fanti, a professor of mechanical and thermal measurement at Padua University, and Saverio Gaeta, a journalist.
Fanti, a Catholic, used infra-red light and spectroscopy – the measurement of radiation intensity through wavelengths — in his test. He said the results are the outcome of 15 years of research.
The Telegraph also reports that a new app, sanctioned by the Catholic church and called “Shroud 2.0,” allows anyone to use a smart phone or tablet to explore the shroud in detail.
The Turin Shroud is the most important and studied relic in the world. Many papers on it have recently appeared in important scientific journals. Scientific studies on the relic until today fail to provide conclusive answers about the identity of the enveloped man and the dynamics regarding the image formation impressed therein. This book not only addresses these issues in a scientific and objective manner but also leads the reader through new search paths. It summarizes the results in a simple manner for the reader to comprehend easily. Many books on the theme have been already published, but none of them contains such a quantity of scientific news and reports. The most important of them is the following: the result of the 1988 radiocarbon dating is statistically wrong and other three new dating methods demonstrate that the Shroud has an age compatible with the epoch in which Jesus Christ lived in Palestine. A numismatic analysis performed on Byzantine gold coins confirms this result. This book is, therefore, very important with respect to the Turin Shroud. It is unique in its genre and a very useful tool for those who want to study the subject deeply.
There you go, that’s the newest news on the authenticity of the Shroud of Turin
I love the physicality of the Christian faith, perhaps because my body has always been a bit weak despite its solid appearance. As Larry Chapp put it: Christianity is the most worldly religion of all.
If you’re not a Puritan prude then you should delve into Leo Steinberg’s probing of Renaissance depictions of Christ’s masculinity.
You might also want to take a look at my recent interview with Duke Professor Thomas Pfau entitled Threatening Naturalism’s Universal Authority.
Finally, if all that doesn’t totally put you off then toss a coin my way via the PayPal donation button on my homepage.


Technology a real force in the classroom, survey shows
Technology is proving to be a big time saver for teachers, according to a new survey by the Canvas team from software-as-a-service firm Instructure.
The survey of Asia Pacific teachers found 75% of respondents expressed that employing technology for their own and students' use enables them to spend more time teaching and giving individual attention to students, rather than spending lots of time on lesson planning, marking, reporting and more.
The survey results give credence to the idea that a ‘flipped classroom' model can work well for both students and teachers, as technology can help students get a head start on learning a subject at home, then use their classroom time for more group discussion and analysis.
According to Instructure, the performance benefits for both teachers and students are clear.
Significant numbers of respondents found that using technology to aid their teaching saves them time (53%), makes them more effective as a teacher (77%) and contributes to students being able to achieve better results (64%).
Technology employed included personal computers, smartphone and tablet apps to create lesson plans, set assignments, grade work, track students' progress and provide feedback.
“The results of our survey reveal that teachers feel very strongly that technology is helping them to deliver a better, more interactive and immersive learning experience for their students,” explains Troy Martin, director of APAC at Instructure/
“However, when it comes to policing the use of devices to make sure pupils stay on track in lessons, the teacher has a new set of challenges to overcome,” he says.
Martin says the survey results are a far cry from the idea that technology is pushing teachers and students apart, the majority (77%) think that employing technology in the classroom makes it easier for them to communicate with and relate to their students.
However fears remain over how diverting technological devices can become, with 54% of those surveyed reported that their students get distracted by technology.
The survey shows 75% of teachers are OK with students bringing their own personal electronic devices to class for educational purposes, but in order to stem the tide of unnecessary usage in class, more than half (56%) said they have instigated a rule of no texting, emailing or use of social media for personal reasons in class.
Looking ahead to the next five years, teachers indicated that privacy will be the biggest issue to tackle in education technology, with security following closely behind.
“As we see time and again in the schools we work with, the Canvas software has the ability to help foster great teacher and student relationships, which we believe are absolutely key to making any learning program successful,” Martin adds.


This article is based on the premise that families of children with disabilities, like families of all other children, want their offspring to have meaningful, enjoyable, and successful lives. Furthermore, it recognizes that in order for this to be possible professionals must respect and appreciate each family's unique position as they strive toward this end. The overall family dynamics that are impacted by the presence of a child with a disability are first presented. Second, the reader is introduced to fathers and siblings and their perspectives, which are often neglected in a literature that has traditionally emphasized the mother's role within the family system. Finally, parental viewpoints and opinions regarding community inclusion for their children with disabilities are discussed.
Adjustments: Dealing with the Disability
When a family is first told their long awaited "bundle of joy" has a disability, it is not easy to predict how each family member will react (Powers, 1993). Most families first receive this information from medical professionals while they are dealing with the hospitalization of their infant or toddler (Long, Artis, & Dobbins, 1993; Pearl, 1993). Receiving information pertaining to the birth (or diagnosis) of such a child is indeed overwhelming (Buck, 1950; Long et al., 1993; Meyer, 1986b).
Each family member's reaction stems from intense feelings and draining emotions, often leaving them confused, bewildered, and full of questions. Of course, a major key to working effectively with such families is to respect their right to express this intense and constantly varying range of emotions (Fewell, 1986; Gibbs, 1993).
Over the years I have often heard that parents must learn to accept the fact that their child has disabilities. I know no parent who hasn't accepted their child's disabilities. When you get up in the morning and force your child's legs into braces, put them in a wheelchair, feed them breakfast, give their antiseizure medication, you have accepted and are dealing with your child's disability. (Statum, 1995, p. 68)
Professionals naturally may make generalizations regarding how parents might react and respond to their child with a disability. This is usually in hope of working more effectively with the families. Often, however, the parental feelings, emotions, and behaviors are unpredictable. After all, few families are prepared to face the complex issues confronting them (Singer & Powers, 1993).
© ______ 2008, Merrill, an imprint of Pearson Education Inc. Used by permission. All rights reserved. The reproduction, duplication, or distribution of this material by any means including but not limited to email and blogs is strictly prohibited without the explicit permission of the publisher.
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One of the best and the most important initiatives taken by the government of India, Swachh Bharat Abhiyan aims at a clean and hygienic country. Catering to the need of the moment, this initiative is already in its second year and the government seems really enthusiastic about this one. But is Swachh Bharat an initiative only for the government of India? Are we, the youth, not responsible for the current state of hygiene and cleanliness of our own country?
We are, right? Then let’s come together and help the government achieve this great initiative, here is how-
Working together towards a common goal – Time has come when you need to step up and help your own country. We all have been waiting for this opportunity for the longest time and now it is here. Let us make a common, attainable goals, like – The street should not have even a single plastic waste, the garbage should be cleared out daily by the municipality people; delegate the responsibilities and just don’t settle for anything less than perfect. Keep a check and involve other people of the society as well.
Educating people for the better future – Start doing your bit, educate your domestic help and workers in and around your housing colony. Go to small villages which are closer to where you put up and explain to them how important it is to use a toilet for them and for the rest of us. Tell them that they are polluting the environment and you are getting affected too.
Talk to the local government officer – You can always talk to the local government officials and offer them your help and support. A couple of volunteers can be of great help in covering a bigger area in spreading the awareness and spearheading the campaign. Help them in taking surveys and doing other important bits of the campaign.
Industrial pollution – Reach out to a higher authority who can go and check the factories which according to you pollute the environment. Keeping a track of so many factories can be a tough job, naming them for the government can be of great help.
Stop other people – The moment you see someone littering or polluting the environment, go up to them, talk to them in the politest of manner, explaining why you seem so bothered about the environment, throwing in some major health risks and other problems which might occur due to pollution can be of some help too.
Well, I am sure I don’t need to explain how a clean environment will benefit all of us, the other things which make it effective are–
Government and the nation share the same interest – if we all are working towards a common goal, we can ensure that the objective is met by 2019 or even before that.
Unity in diversity – This coming together of all the people for one cause can be transferred to various other causes and we can finally see some actual work happening in the country. We can do this for proper rules and putting a proper system in place.
Carry forward – The youth can carry forward this abhiyan as a regular project and pass it on to the generations to come because we want this initiative to last forever.
Uniformity in implementation – The youth is all over the country, so they can ensure that this campaign is successful in every state, city and village of the country. The reach of youth is way beyond political barriers and reach of technology.
Swachh bharat can become way bigger if only we give it a chance to become big. We need to be an active part of the campaign for it to become effective on a nation-wide level. We are the nation and like Mahatma Gandhi rightly said, we should be the change we wish to see in the society!


Short Answer Questions Key
1. Who is the first character mentioned in The Easter Parade?
2. What does Emily explain to the neighborhood children?
3. What is the first location mentioned in the novel?
4. What is the relationship between Emily and Sarah?
They are sisters.
5. In Part 1: Chapter 1, where do Emily and Sarah go to visit their father?
6. What is Emily and Sarah's father's profession?
He writes headlines as a copy-desk man.
7. What do Emily and Sarah have to contend with Pookie about?
Living above her means.
This section contains 4,524 words
(approx. 16 pages at 300 words per page)


The history of taxi’s
In this blog, I will tell you all about how taxis first started. The way the world has changed in terms of transport is so dramatic and no one ever really thinks about just how far we have come over the years. Taxis weren’t always around to chauffeur people about but there were other types of transport that taxis actually originated from.
Where did it all start?
Years ago, there were no such thing as a ‘taxi service’ or a ‘taxi company’. People would hitchhike to their destinations or they would walk. But, in 1823 a two wheeled, two seat carriage called a cabriolet was brought to England and introduced to us from France. This was a huge thing as people could get around the cities with ease and it wasn’t too expensive either. Continue reading All you need to know about the history of taxi’s
Elесtrіс fіrерlасеs аrе mаnufасturеd аnd dеѕіgnеd іn а vаrіеtу оf wауѕ. Thе соnѕtruсtіоn gеnеrаllу dіffеrѕ оn thе ѕtуlеѕ аnd dеѕіgnѕ рrеfеrrеd, аѕ wеll аѕ оn thе mаtеrіаlѕ аvаіlаblе. An оаk еlесtrіс fіrерlасе іѕ јuѕt оnе рорulаr орtіоn fоr mоѕt hоmеоwnеrѕ.
Oаk wооd іѕ uѕеd fоr fіrерlасеѕ аnd оthеr hоmе hеаtіng аnd сооlіng unіtѕ оr furnіturе duе tо а numbеr оf rеаѕоnѕ. Nаturаllу, іt іѕ а kіnd оf wооd thаt роѕѕеѕѕеѕ grеаt ѕtrеngth аnd durаbіlіtу. It саn rеѕіѕt іnѕесt аnd аll kіndѕ оf fungаl аttасk bесаuѕе оf іtѕ hіgh tаnnіn соntеnt.
Othеr thаn thаt, аn еlесtrіс fіrерlасе mаdе оf оаk wооd уіеldѕ аn аttrасtіvе nаturаl tеxturе. It hаѕ grаіn mаrkіngѕ thаt mоѕt реорlе соnѕіdеr аѕ hіghlу аttrасtіvе. Thіѕ іѕ оnе оf thе rеаѕоnѕ thаt mоѕt hоmеоwnеrѕ рrеfеr аn оаk еlесtrіс fіrерlасе fоr dесоrаtіvе рurроѕеѕ.
Continue reading Electric fireplaces – Designed in a variety of ways
Arbоrісulturе аnd lаndѕсаріng gо hаnd іn hаnd. Mаnу lаnd dеvеlорmеnt рrојесtѕ іnсоrроrаtе trееѕ аѕ аn іmроrtаnt аеѕthеtіс fеаturе bесаuѕе thеу аdd tо thе bеаutу оf а ѕtruсturе оr lаndѕсаре. Hоwеvеr, wіthоut рrореr dеvеlорmеnt рlаnnіng аnd mаіntеnаnсе, trееѕ саn роѕе а hаzаrd and usually require specialist attention from a certified tree service company.
Dеvеlоріng ѕtruсturеѕ аrоund trееѕ саn bе trісkу. Plаntѕ аnd fоlіаgе thаt аlrеаdу еxіѕt іn аrеаѕ thаt аrе bеіng dеvеlореd nееd tо bе іnѕресtеd fоr hеаlth. Trееѕ саn gеt hіt bу hеаvу соnѕtruсtіоn mасhіnеrу аnd bесоmе dаmаgеd. Evеn іf thеу rеmаіn ѕtаndіng, thеіr ѕtruсturаl іntеgrіtу wіll hаvе bееn соmрrоmіѕеd аnd саn еvеntuаllу саuѕе dаmаgе tо а buіldіng lаtеr оn. Cоnѕtruсtіоn ѕіtеѕ thuѕ bеnеfіt frоm аrbоrісulturе ѕuрроrt thаt еnсоmраѕѕеѕ trее іnѕресtіоn, рrоtесtіоn аnd рrеѕеrvаtіоn рlаnѕ. Thіѕ wау, thеу саn wоrk аrоund trееѕ wіthоut dаmаgіng thеm.
Continue reading Arbоrісulturе аnd lаndѕсаріng gо hаnd іn hаnd
Sеѕѕіlе оаk, аlѕо knоwn аѕ (Quеrсuѕ реtrаеа), іѕ а brоаdlеаf trее аnd іѕ nаtіvе tо thе Unіtеd Kіngdоm аnd muсh оf Eurоре.
Thеrе аrе оnlу а fеw dіffеrеnсеѕ соmраrеd tо Englіѕh аnd реdunсulаtе оаk; bоth thеѕе ѕресіеѕ аrе ѕіmіlаr іn арреаrаnсе аnd соmmоnlу hуbrіdіѕе wіth оnе аnоthеr. Thе trее іѕ оftеn рlаntеd оutѕіdе оf іtѕ nаturаl hаbіtаt.
Idеntіfуіng а Sеѕѕіlе Oаk Trее
It іѕ а hugе dесіduоuѕ trее аnd саn grоw uр tо а hеіght оf 40m. Unlіkе Englіѕh аnd реdunсulаtе оаk, thе асоrnѕ аrе ѕtаlklеѕѕ. Thе trunk ѕіtѕ mоrе uрrіght аnd thе brаnсhеѕ аrе аlѕо ѕtrаіghtеr wіth lоngеr lеаf ѕtаlkѕ thаn thоѕе оf thе Englіѕh оаk.
Continue reading Sеѕѕіlе оаk
The secret is out!
Ever heard of Rhonda Byrne? Well, maybe you have heard of ‘The Secret’?
The Secret was written by Rhonda Byrne in 2006 and at the time was a complete sell out! Everyone went mad for it! Because it was a self-help book, people soon started to realise that after they read the book, they could not get it out of their minds! Soon, more than 19 million copies were sold worldwide and the book was actually translated into 45 different languages!
Although, with everything good comes criticism as well. People criticised ‘The Secret’ and basically said it was a load of rubbis Continue reading The secret is out!
Things have evolved so much when it comes to the Internet that it is enough just to Google whatever information we need, and we will find it right away. It may seem simple, but it is not, because there will be more than one web page that will have the same type of content we are looking for. So how will the search engine know which one you display first? It is because the search engine optimization, meaning that the content on a web page was optimized so it will respect the latest requirements of search engines. And in this game, Google, which is the Internet’s mastodon, makes the rules. If you have a website, but very few or even none visitors on it, this may happen because your content is not optimized for the search engine.
Once upon a time, just having a website was enough to draw all the attention to your business or activity online. Today, this is far from being enough, co Continue reading Search Engine Optimization
In today’s modern society, we tend to value two things, which are time and speed. We never seem to have enough time, especially to do the things that make us happy. And we always are on a continuous run from one place to another. We forgot to slow down and notice the small things that make this life enjoyable and fulfilling. So my XAMJWG photography project is a challenge to slow down and immortalize those moments we often disregard, caught in the rapid vortex of our everyday lives. To make this happen, I had to find a way to chase all my worries away and appreciate the simple things in life. I remember how my grandma used to tell me how people back in the days did not hurry, having time to contemplate their surroundings and find joy in what we may find insignificant. I wanted to try to capture those things in images. Continue reading Photography Takes me to a Wonderful Place
Hi Guys i wanted to put an informative post up about about the interlace between photography and web design.. Enjoy!
Since the appearance of the camera, photography never stopped being a much-appreciated art form. Even in modern days, when technology is everywhere, and anyone is capable of taking a photo, this art form did not go obsolete. More than that, it is incorporated in the web design of many websites. Apparently, no high-tech graphics can be as personal as a photo can. People tend to identify themselves with a picture on the internet, making photography a sought after technique when it comes to online design. Regardless of the website’s theme, an experienced photographer will always manage to make those pictures that will be able to tell more than an informative text. Continue reading Photography & Web Design
Xamjwg is a go! I can’t tell you how excited i am! well i’m going to try haha. As you can see by the featured image ” Just taking care of a few things” sums this project right up, the photo shows my new studio set up with my brand new 52′ LG smart TV, i am just taking care of a few extra things to get this all fired up! I’m looking to have everything ready for the new year.
I’m really happy with my website now, it took me a while to get it figured but i finally got there after some help from my friend Shane (who by the way is amazing at search engine optimisation feel free to go and check his work out, his website is awesome! It’s all so simple now, WordPress is defiantly my favorite blogging platform by far. Continue reading XAMJWG
Hi guys just wanted to do a quick blog post about a mindset coach i have been using for the last 16 months, his name is Dave O’Connor and he’s a 7 figure MLM coach. I started listening to Dave when i started having self belief issues in my previous en-devour that i mentioned in my last post, i was told that Dave is the man to go to. I started out reading affirmations thirty minutes in the morning and 30 minutes before i would go to sleep, consistently telling myself i am this, i can do that, i have unshakable belief etc.. I had been doing this religiously for a week now and i did not see any benefit from it and wasn’t sure that it would work, i told my mentor straight away and she said you need to stick with it, give it time and trust me.
So it did.. Continue reading Dave O'Connor


The world of databases has changed significantly in the last eight years or so. Do you remember the time when word database was equivalent to a relational database? Relational databases ruled this niche for more than forty years. And for a good reason. They have strong consistency, transactions, and expressiveness, they are a good integration tool, and so on.
But forty years is a long period of time. A number of things have changed during this time, especially in the technology world. Today, we can see that relational databases cannot satisfy every need of today’s IT world. Having fixed database schema, static representation of data and impedance mismatch are just some of the obstacles that users of relational databases faced. That, in turn, gave space for a completely new branch of databases to develop – NoSQL databases.
And one of the leading NoSQL databases in the market right now is MongoDB. This serial covers basics of using MongoDB and NoSQL databases, how can you use it from different frameworks and platforms, and how it can be hosted on the cloud.
The series is composed of the following articles:
- Introduction to NoSQL and Polyglot Persistence
- MongoDB Basics – part 1.
- MongoDB Basics – part 2.
- Using MongoDB in C#
- MEAN Stack Crash Course – Using MongoDB with Node.js, Express and Angular 4
- Serverless and Playing Around With MongoDB Atlas
Read more posts from the author at Rubik’s Code.


Danish scientists 'close' to HIV cure
The Aarhus University Hospital, in Aarhus, Denmark is conducting clinical trials which will test a “novel strategy” where the HIV virus is stripped from human DNA and then destroyed permanently by the body’s immune system.
The HIV virus must be released from “reservoirs”, which are formed in DNA cells, and brought to the surface of those cells. Once it comes to the surface, the body’s natural immune system can kill the virus by being boosted by a vaccine.
The results of the tests they believe will show that “finding a mass-distributable and affordable cure to HIV is possible,”
the Danish scientists working on the cure said in a statement, it was reported in the Telegraph.
The technique has already been proven to work in laboratory tests and the Danish scientists are currently conducting human trials.
The laboratory tests were so successful that the Danish Research Council has awarded the scientists 12 million Danish Kroner ($2.97 million) to carry out clinical trials on humans.
“I am almost certain that we will be successful in releasing the reservoirs of HIV. The challenge will be getting the patient’s immune system to recognize the virus and destroy it. This depends on the strength and sensitivity of individual immune systems,” Dr. Ole Sogaard, a senior researcher at the Aarhus University Hospital in Denmark, told the Telegraph.
15 patients are currently taking part in the trials and if they respond to treatment they will then be conducted on a wider scale.
However, Dr. Sogaard stressed that combating people’s behavior; such as unprotected sex and sharing needles remained of paramount importance in the fight against HIV and that a cure is not the same as a preventative vaccine.
With current HIV treatment, a patient can live a relatively normal life with few side effects even into old age, but if treatment is topped then symptoms reappear within two weeks.
A cure, as well as saving health services billions of pounds, would remove the need for patients to take continuous HIV medication.
The Danish team is among the most advanced in the world, but the technique is also being researched in Briton, the US and Europe although studies have not yet moved to the clinical trial stage.
Five universities in the UK, Oxford, Cambridge, Imperial, University College London and King’s College have jointly formed the Collaborative Eradication of Reservoirs UK Biomedical Research Centre Group (CHERUB), which is dedicated to finding a cure for HIV.
“When the first patient is cured in this way it will be a spectacular moment. It will prove that we are heading in the right direction and demonstrate that a cure is possible. But I think it will be five years before we see a cure that can be offered on a large scale,” said Dr. John Frater, a clinical research fellow at the Oxford University Nuffield School of Medicine, a member of the CHERUB group.
The technique uses drugs called HDAC inhibitors, which are more commonly used to treat cancer, and was found almost by accident when Timothy Brown an HIV sufferer developed leukemia. He had a bone marrow transplant from a donor with a rare genetic mutation, which made his cells resistant to HIV. Mr. Brown, who became known as the Berlin patient, became the first man to ever be fully cured of the disease.
His case caused a revolution in research, with two new principal approaches. The first is gene therapy, which is expensive and not easily transferable to gene pools around the world, and aims to make a person’s immune system resistant to the HIV virus.
The second is the HDAC inhibitor approach, as being used by the Danish team, by the CHERUB group in Britain and by other laboratories in the US and Europe.
Worldwide the number of new infections in adults has become broadly stable for the past 4 years. In 2011, 0.77% of the world’s population or 34 million people were recorded as suffering from HIV, according to according to the World Health Organization (WHO).
The rate of Infection has begun to drop in all areas of the world except for sub-Saharan Africa and Eastern Europe where it is still rising.
In Russia HIV AIDS is a serious and growing problem. In 2012 Russia recorded a 12% rise in infections with 200 people becoming infected every day. Nearly 60% of new cases were due to sharing infected needles while as many as 39% were due to heterosexual sex.
However, Russia does have one of the best records in the world for successful anti-retroviral treatment of pregnant mothers who then give birth to healthy children, according to HIV expert, Dr.Alexei Mazus Head of Moscow’s HIV treatment and prevention center and an HIV expert.
Dr. Mazus also said that Russia is developing a number of vaccines in the search for a cure for HIV.
“Vaccines have been developed at three scientific centers, in Moscow, St. Petersburg and Novosibirsk. Hopefully, at least one of the three vaccines developed in Russia will become a scientific step forward," Dr. Mazus was quoted as saying by the website Russia Beyond the Headlines in March.


This is an attempt to put together common CPU scheduling questions from various sources for the convenience of computer science students.
1. Consider N processes sharing the CPU in a round-robin fashion (N>=2). Assume that each context switch takes S msec and that each time quantum is Q msec. For simplicity, assume that processes never block on any event and simply switch between the CPU and the ready queue.
In the following your answers should be functions of N, S and T.
a) Find the maximum value of Q such that no process will ever go more than T msec
Time taken for one process per quantum = quantum,Q+context switch,S
Max wait time, T = N(Q+S)
T = NQ+NS
Q = (T-NS)/N
b) Find the maximum value of Q such that no process will ever go more than T msecs between executing instructions on the CPU?
Max wait time, T = N(Q+S) - Q ie.last instruction just before context switch executes at the end of the quantum of the first time when process executes..
T = NQ+NS-Q
T = Q(N-1)+NS
Q = (T-NS)/(N-1)
2. Suppose that there are two processes, PH and PL, running in a system. Each process is single-threaded. The operating system’s scheduler is preemptive and uses round-robin scheduling with a quantum of q time units.
The scheduler supports two priority levels, HIGH and LOW. Processes at LOW priority will run only if there are no runnable HIGH priority processes. Process PH is a HIGH priority process.
It behaves as described in the following pseudo-code:
while (TRUE) do
compute for tc time units
block for tb time units to wait for a resource
That is, if this process were the only one running in the system, it would alternate between running for tc units of time and blocking for tb units of time. Assume that tc is less than q.
Process PL is a low priority process. This process runs forever, doing nothing but computation. That is, it never blocks waiting for a resource.
a. For what percentage of the time will the low priority process PL be running in this system?
Express your answer in terms of tb and tc.
tb/(tb + tc)
b. Repeat part (a), but this time under the assumption that there are two HIGH priority processes (PH1 and PH2) and one LOW priority process (PL). Assume that each HIGH priority process waits for a different resource. Again, express your answer in terms of tb and tc. Your answer should be correct for all tb greater than 0 and all 0 less than tc less than q.
(tb−tc)/(tb+tc) if tc is less than tb
0 if tc greater than or equal to tb
Suppose a processor uses a prioritized round robin scheduling policy. New processes are assigned an initial quantum of length q. Whenever a process uses its entire quantum without blocking, its new quantum is set to twice its current quantum. If a process blocks before its quantum expires, its new quantum is reset to q. For the purposes of this question, assume that
every process requires a finite total amount of CPU time.
(a) Suppose the scheduler gives higher priority to processes that have larger quanta. Is starvation possible in this system? Why or why not?
No, starvation is not possible. Because we assume that a process will terminate, the worst
that can happen is that a CPU bound process will continue to execute until it completes.
When it finishes, one of the lower priority processes will execute. Because the I/O bound
processes will sit on the low priority queue, they will eventually make it to the head of the
queue and will not starve.
(b) Suppose instead that the scheduler gives higher priority to processes that have smaller quanta. Is starvation possible in this system? Why or why not?
Yes, starvation is possible. Suppose a CPU bound process runs on the processor, uses its
entire quantum, and has its quantum doubled. Suppose a steady stream of I/O bound processes
enter the system. Since they will always have a lower quantum and will be selected for
execution before the process with the doubled quantum, they will starve the original process.
I have just invented a new scheduling algorithm that I claim gives the highest
priority to processes that have just entered the system, but is fair to all processes. The algorithm works like this:
There are two queues, one for new processes and one for old processes. When a process enters the system, it is put at the end of the new queue. After 2 milliseconds on the new queue, whether a process has been scheduled or not, it is moved to the end of the old queue.
When it is time to schedule a process, the system schedules the process at the head of one of the queues, alternating between the two queues. Each process runs to completion before the next process is scheduled. Assume that processes enter the system at random times and that most processes take much longer than 2 milliseconds to execute.
(a) Does this algorithm give the highest priority to new processes? Explain your answer.
This algorithm does not give the highest priority to new processes. There are several reasons.
First, even if executing processes took much less than 2 milliseconds to execute, the scheduler
would alternate between “new” processes and “old” processes, giving equal priority to both.
Second, given that executing processes take much longer than 2 milliseconds to execute, most
“new” processes will not get scheduled during their 2 milliseconds on the ”new” queue and
will then drop to the bottom of the “old” queue without ever having been given any priority.
Now they have to wait for processes older than them to execute, and processes newer than
them to execute.
(b) Is this algorithm starvation free? Explain your answer.
Yes. Because the scheduler alternates between the two queues, every job that is not executed
from the “new” queue eventually ends up in the “old” queue and from there, eventually
reaches the head of the queue and is executed.
(c) Discuss whether this algorithm is fair to all processes. By “fair” we mean every process has a wait time approximately equal to the average wait time, assuming all processes have close to the same execution time.
No, it is not fair to all processes. Some lucky “new” processes will get to execute when they
reach the top of the “new” queue, while some will drop to the bottom of the “old” queue and
have to wait much longer to execute. These unlucky processes will have to wait for all of
the processes older than them to complete, and will have to wait for many processes younger
than them to complete as well.
Can any of the three scheduling schemes (FCFS, SRTF, or RR) result in
starvation? If so, how might you fix this?
Yes. The SRTF algorithm can result starvation of long tasks if short tasks keep arriving.
The FCFS algorithm will result in starvation only if some thread runs forever. Finally, RR
does not result in starvation, since all threads get some of the CPU. To fix SRTF, we might
add some priority mechanism to make sure that threads that have waited for a long time
without running get at least some of the CPU now and then (priority increments when
threads don’t get to run). The multi-level scheduler is a good approximation to SRTF that
can be designed to avoid starvation. (the result wouldn’t be quite SRTF any more).
To fix FCFS, we would need to find some way of preempting threads that have run forever,
possibly by giving some CPU to other threads. Effectively, this would add elements of RR
or multi-level scheduling into FCFS (it wouldn’t be quite FCFS any more).
Describe the differences among short-term, medium-term, and long-term scheduling.
Short-term (CPU scheduler) –selects from jobs in memory those jobs
that are ready to execute and allocates the CPU to them.
Medium-term - used especially with time-sharing system as an
intermediate scheduling level. A swapping scheme is implemented to
remove partially run programs from memory and reinstate them later to
continue where they left off.
Long-term (job scheduler) –determines which jobs are brought into
memory for processing.
The primary difference is in the frequency of their execution. The
short-term must select a new process quite often. Long-term is used much
less often since it handles placing jobs in the system and may wait a while
for a job to finish before it admits another one.
Some systems simply treat the readers writers problems as critical section problems and hence the implementation simply use P and V. What requirement of the Readers Writers problem does this implementation not satisfy?
Readers cannot read concurrently.
Assume that 3 processes all with requirements of 1 second of CPU time each and
no I/O arrive at the same time.
a)What will be the average response time (i.e., average time to
completion) for the processes under FIFO scheduling?
Answer: 2 seconds
Time for completion for process A = 1
Time for completion for process B = 2
Time for completion for process C = 3
Average time for completion = (1+2+3)/3 = 2
b) Answer part “a” for Round Robin (RR) scheduling assuming a timeslice of 0.1 sec and no overhead for context switches (i.e., context switches are free).
Answer: 2.9 seconds
Time for completion for process A =0.28
Time for completion for process B =0.29
Time for completion for process C = 0.30
Average time for completion =0. 29
c) Answer part “a” for Shortest Job First (SJF) scheduling.
Answer: 2 seconds
d) Multilevel Feedback Queue Scheduling (MFQS) is a fairly good, general CPU
scheduling algorithm, can lead to starvation under certain circumstances. Briefly describe how starvation can occur using MFQS and how to modify MFQS so that starvation can be avoided.
Long jobs on low-priority queues can starve if a continuous
stream of short jobs keep the high-priority queues full.
Soln: hold a lottery among the QUEUES, weighted in favor
of short queues
implement aging, so that jobs that remain on
low-priority queues for a long time are promoted
e) What advantage is there in having different time-quantum (i.e. timeslice) sizes on different levels of the MFQS approach?
1) different time quanta help differentiate between
long and short jobs
2) for long jobs, short quanta mean unnecessary context
switches (so different time quanta improve throughput)
3) Introduces more fairness
Consider a system with two processes, P1 and P2. Process P1 is running and process P2 is ready to
run. The operating system uses preemptive round robin scheduling. Consider the situation in which
P1’s scheduling quantum is about to expire, and P2 will be selected to run next.
List the sequence of events that will occur in this situation, in the order in which they will occur.
Create your list by choosing from the events shown below, using the event numbers to identify events.
For example, a valid answer might be: “7,5,4,8,5,2”. If an event occurs more than once, you may
include it more than once in your list.
1. P1’s user-level state is saved into a trap frame
2. P2’s user-level state is saved into a trap frame
3. a timer interrupt occurs
4. the operating system’s scheduler runs
5. there is a context switch from thread T1 (from process P1) to thread T2 (from process P2).
6. P1’s user-level state is restored from a trap frame
7. P2’s user-level state is restored from a trap frame
8. a “system call” instruction is executed
9. thread T2 (for process P2) is created
10. thread T1 (from process P1 is destroyed
Write your answer here:
Suppose that the operating system is running a round-robin scheduler with a 50 msec time quantum. There are three processes with the following characteristics:
- Process A runs for 60 msec, blocks for 100 msec, runs for 10 msec and terminates.
- Process B runs for 70 msec, blocks for 40 msec, runs for 20 msec, and terminates.
- Process C runs for 20 msec, blocks for 80 msec, runs for 60 msec, and terminates.
Time Running process Events 0-50 A B enters at time 10. C enters at time 20. 50-100 B 100-120 C C blocks until time 200. 120-130 A A blocks until time 230. 130-150 B B blocks until time 190 150-190 Idle B unblocks at time 190 190-210 B C unblocks at time 200. B terminates at time 210 210-260 C A unblocks at time 230. 260-270 A A terminates at time 270. 270-280 C C terminates at time 280.
Consider the following preemptive priority-scheduling algorithm based on dynamically changing priorities. Larger priority numbers imply higher priority. When a process is waiting for the CPU (in the ready queue, but not running), its priority changes at a rate alpha; when it is running, the priority changes at a rate beta. All processes are given a priority of 0 when they enter the ready queue for the first time. The parameters alpha and beta can be set to give many different scheduling algorithms.
- (a) What is the algorithm that results from beta > alpha > 0?
- (b) What is the algorithm that results from alpha < beta < 0?
- (a) Since processes start at 0, any processes that have been in the system (either running or waiting) have higher priority. Therefore, new processes go to the back of the queue. When a process runs, its priority keeps increasing at the rate of beta, which is more of an increase than for the processes in the ready queue. Therefore, every time the process has timerrunout, it goes to the front of the ready queue and gets dispatched again. This is the equivalent of FCFS.
- (b) This time, any new processes entering the system have higher priority than any old ones, since priority starts at zero and then becomes negative when the process waits or runs. New processes go in at the front of the queue. When a process runs or waits, its priority decreases, with the waiting processes decreasing faster than the running process. This is a LIFO (last-in-first-out) algorithm.