Discipline in a toddler is built by consistent performance. For a child to succeed in life, it is essential for a parent to sow the seeds of discipline in early years of toddler’s life. Parents expect their child to reach sky heights, so it is their foremost duty to help their little wonder to adapt habits which will aid the child in fulfilling his goals and aspirations. An ideal parent knows the importance of discipline in shaping up a good life.
How to make your toddler disciplined?
Day night routine- By considering the well-known say ‘early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise, it is very essential for parents to set a definite schedule which should be followed regularly without failure. Children perform various activities during day-time, so a child needs proper rest to stay active and energetic. Parent should make sure their child sleeps appropriately without disturbance. According to experts, child of age 2-5 years should sleep for 12 hours a day that is 8pm to 8am and as child grows this can be reduced to 10 hours in a day.
Hygiene is must-child is exposed to dynamic environment and as we know the immune system of the toddler is highly weak, so it becomes necessary for the parent to make sure his child gets acclimatize to good hygiene habits. At tender age, kid should adapt the habit of brushing twice a day, washing hands before and after the meal, bathing regularly, to gargle and hands & feet after coming from outside and to use handkerchief while sneezing. These habits ensure your child to stay away from diseases.
Manners do matter a kid should know basic manners. A parent should teach the kid the correct way of talking, sitting and greeting elders with respect. No matter how intelligent the child is, if the child doesn’t possess good basic manners, the kid might not be able to win the world. A child should know table manners, manners of wearing clothes, play with his fellows and avoid hitting. Manners learned in childhood stays with him throughout life. A parent should be very conscious about teaching the child good habits.
Regular studies- for brighter future of child, kid should adapt to the habit of studying regularly. Parents should use various ways to engage the child for doing homework or reading regularly. This will help the child in scoring good grades and attaining quality knowledge. Knowledge empowered in childhood helps the child for lifetime. Parent should look after the child’s education, how much time the child devotes in studies from the childhood itself.
Daily Play for the child to stay physically fit it is necessary for the kid to do physical activities daily. It is crucial for the growth and working of his limbs to play games that boost the kid’s enthusiasm. Parents should allow and encourage the child to play outdoor games. It is famous proverb ‘all work and no play makes Jack a dull boy”, a guardian should motivate the kid to play outdoor games.


How can you tell if someone has been using caffeine?
Signs of using caffeine
One major sign of caffeine use is dehydration. This is because caffeine is a diuretic and makes the body process water faster through the skin (sweating) or urine. And caffeine can interrupt your sleep by making it difficult to get to sleep, stay asleep or feel rested. However, individual sensitivity and frequency of consumption determine the effect of caffeine on sleep. Other signs of caffeine intake include:
feeling jittery and shaky
increase in energy
increased blood pressure
increased frequency of urination
increased heart rate
increased panic attacks
increased tolerance (needing more caffeine for same effect)
inhibited restful sleep
uneven heart rhythm
How do we consume caffeine?
Caffeine occurs naturally 60+ plants which we drink as infusions (tea or coffee) or eat as food (chocolate. However, we also ingest caffeine as a made-made additive in foods, drinks, and medicines.
How does caffeine work?
Caffeine is a central nervous system stimulant. Caffeine affects the brain, spinal cord, nerves and metabolism in your body to make you feel more wakeful. Caffeine usually reaches peak level in the blood within one hour of injestion, remaining in the system for a total of 4-6 hours. Caffeine does not accumulate in the bloodstream or body and is normally excreted (in the urine) within several hours following consumption.
Although researchers don’t know EXACTLY how caffeine works, they believe that it blocks neurotransmitters in the brain from sending signals which communicate fatigue and drowsiness to the body. This is why caffeine’s main effect is to make you feel more awake and alert for a while, but it can also cause problems.
Safe amounts of daily caffeine
Adults: 300 mg
Children: 35-40 mg
Are you a caffeine addict?
Caffeine can become addictive if you drink or consume caffeine every day. Just as with other chemical addictions, over time your body needs more caffeine to achieve the desired effect (tolerance). Further, people addicted to caffeine experience withdrawal symptoms after they stop taking it. For more information and to evaluate your caffeine habit, see our signs of caffeine addiction article here.
Reference sources: Understanding caffeine from the FDA
Food Insight [dot] org
Photo credit: Rishi S


When planning this month’s cover story, we had no clue that a devastating earthquake and tsunami would strike Japan. But as it turns out, our feature on Miami’s comprehensive use of geospatial technology coincides with a stark reminder of the importance of emergency planning and disaster response.
As I write this, Japanese authorities and citizens are struggling to respond to multiple catastrophes triggered by the March 11 quake. The magnitude of the calamity prompted U.S. officials to call for our own nation to reassess its disaster readiness.
Connecticut Sen. Joe Lieberman, chairman of the Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs Committee, told Voice of America that events in Japan highlight the need to improve U.S. disaster preparations.
“Japan has been considered the gold standard of earthquake preparedness because they have had repeated experience with earthquakes. But this earthquake registered 9.0 on the Richter scale,” Lieberman said. “We ask how well prepared is America for a catastrophe perhaps equal to that occurring now in Japan.”
Sophisticated mapping tools like GIS are fundamental resources for emergency planners, and our cover story focuses on a leader in these technologies: Florida’s Miami-Dade metropolitan area. The metro area — which includes 36 cities — is one of the most disaster-prone urban regions in the country, enduring hurricanes, floods and earthquakes.
Perhaps, then, it’s not surprising that Miami-Dade County makes broad use of GIS.
Miami-Dade’s GIS has 300 layers of data that are shared by the various agencies. Emergency managers can view more than 6,000 critical facilities, such as schools, fire, police, hazardous materials sites and hospitals within a specific vicinity. The system uses a long list of tools — Twitter, Bing Maps, hazardous plume modeling, live traffic, the U.S. National Grid and population estimates — all of which are viewable via a unified map interface.
Among the data used by Miami-Dade’s Department of Emergency Management are the locations of underground sewer and gas lines, evacuation centers — even the locations of consulate offices. Should a hurricane strike the Florida coast, the system could steer displaced residents to evacuation routes, as well as to distribution points for ice and water. In a widespread power outage, health officials could find residents who are dependent on electricity for their medical needs.
The scale of the tragedy in Japan is hard to grasp. As of press time, the death toll from the earthquake and tsunami is expected to exceed 18,000, and more than 400,000 people had been evacuated and were staying in shelters. On top of that, damaged reactors at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station seemingly teetered on the brink of meltdown.
Our hearts go out to the nation and its citizens. It’s a stark reminder that worst-case scenarios can happen. Communities must be ready with response plans — and hope they never need to use them.


Rape of the Three Sisters
|Rape of the Three Sisters|
|Conflict||War Across the Water|
|Result|| Northern occupation of the Three Sisters|
Sistermen submitted to the Vale of Arryn to drive out the northmen
The Rape of the Three Sisters was an invasion of the Three Sisters by the north two thousand years ago. It led to a thousand years of war between the north and the Vale of Arryn, which are described in The Chronicles of Longsister.
Previously a free people ruled by their own kings, the islands of the Three Sisters were conquered by northmen who had tired of their pirating and pillaging. According to chronicles written by Sistermen and men of the Vale of Arryn, the northmen committed numerous atrocities. Supposedly, they killed children and cooked them in pots, disemboweled men and wound their entrails around spits, executed three thousand warriors in a single day at the Headman's Mount, and Belthasar Bolton made a "Pink Pavilion" out of the flayed skins of a hundred Sistermen. Northern accounts of the war do not mention these actions.
In response to the invasion by the northmen, the Sistermen turned to Mathos II Arryn, King of Mountain and Vale, for assistance in ousting the northmen. In return, the previously independent Sistermen bent the knee to the Eyrie. The Rape of the Three Sisters became the first act in a thousand years of conflict between the Starks and Arryns over the islands, known as the War Across the Water, or the Worthless War.
|“||I have no love for northmen. The maesters say the Rape of the Three Sisters was two thousand years ago, but Sisterton has not forgotten.||”|


The island of Kythira has become point of reference in the art of 18th century. The masterpiece of the series of tables of Jean-Antoine Watteau, in 1717, is the “Embarkation to Kythera”. The oil painting greatly influenced the painting of the 18th century. In 1855 Charles Pierre Baudelaire published his poem “Voyage to Kythera”. In 1984 Theo Angelopoulos won the Best Screenplay Award at Cannes festival with his film “Voyage to Kythera” and the enchanting music of Eleni Karaindrou. George Katsaros composed the song “Kythera will never find them”.
The National Archaeological Museum of Athens is dedicated to the great exhibition “Shipwreck of Antikythera”. From the depths of the sea between Kythera and Crete dredged the “Antikythera mechanism”. It is the most modern machinery of antiquity associated with sky phenomena. It is a kind of complex mechanical computer dated between 150 BC and 100 BC. From the same shipwreck was dredged the “Adolescent of Antikythera”, one of the finest bronze statues of the Hellenistic era, height 1,96 meters. The statue dated 340 B.C. and now graces the National Archaeological Museum of Athens.


The quadriceps femoris, also called simply the quadriceps, quadriceps extensor, quads, is a large muscle group that includes the four prevailing muscles on the front of the thigh. It is the great extensor muscle of the knee, forming a large fleshy mass which covers the front and sides of the femur. The proper Latin plural form of the adjective quadriceps would be quadricipites. In modern English usage, quadriceps is used in both singular and plural. The singular form quadricep, produced by hypercorrection, is frequently used.PortionsIt is subdivided into four separate portions or 'heads', which have received distinctive names: Rectus femoris occupies the middle of the thigh, covering most of the other three quadriceps muscles. It originates on the ilium. It is named from its straight course. The other three lie deep to rectus femoris and originate from the body of the femur, which they cover from the trochanters to the condyles:Vastus lateralis is on the lateral side of the femur (i.e. on the outer side of the thigh).Vastus medialis is on the medial side of the femur (i.e. on the inner part thigh).Vastus intermedius lies between vastus lateralis and vastus medialis on the front of the femur (i.e. on the top or front of the thigh), but deep to the rectus femoris. Typically, it cannot be seen without dissection of the rectus femoris. All four parts of the quadriceps muscle ultimately insert into the tibial tuberosity of the tibia. This is via the patella, where the quadriceps tendon becomes the patellar ligament, which then attaches to the tibia.


Last modified: 2023-07-03 by
Keywords: indre-et-loire | loches | fleur-de-lys: 3 (yellow) | fishes: 6 (black) | loach |
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by Arnaud Leroy
Source: Pascal Vagnat
Loches is a city of 7,000 inhabitants located on the river Indre, sous-préfecture of the department of Indre-et-Loire.
The name of the city comes from Low Breton Loch or Lo'ch, which was reused by the Romans as Castrum Luccoe, "the fortress in the marshes".
In the VIth century, St. Gregor of Tours mentioned a castellum built on a rock dominating the Indre. Around 1030, Foulques Nerra, Count of Anjou, built a donjon which was later incorporated into a bigger fortress. The fortress was seized by King of France Philippe-Auguste in 1205, after one year of siege. In 1249, Louis IX (St. Louis) bought the fortress, which was later used as a Royal residence by Philippe le Bel and Jean le Bon. In June 1429, Joan of Arc came to Loches and tried to convince King Charles VII to move to Reims, to no avail. One of his companions was Gilles de Rais, the model of Bluebeard. Agnès Sorel, a.k.a la Dame de Beauté, Charles VII's favourite, left the Royal court of Chinon under the pressure of the Dauphin (later King Louis XI) and moved to Loches. In 1450, she died in Normandy and her body was brought back to Loches and buried into the collegial church. Her recumbent statue, later transfered into the castle, was trashed during the French Revolution and eventually reconstituted in 1970. Louis XI transformed the fortress into a Royal jail, where the prisoners were caught in famous iron cages, which were all destroyed in 1790. It is said that these cages were designed by Cardinal Jean Balue, who betrayed the King for the Duke of Burgundy and was jailed in one of his cages from 1469 to 1480. Duke of Milan Ludovic Sforza, a.k.a. the Moor, was captured by King of France Louis XII, who jailed him eight years in the fortress. Ludovic's graffitis can still be seen in the dungeon where he was kept, including the words celui qui n'est pas contan (the one who is not happy). When liberated, Sforza could not resist to the daylight and died immediatly (he was most probably poisoned).
The church St. Ours, built in the XIIth century, has two octogonal hollow pyramides covering its nave. That architecture, designed by Prior T. Pactius, is absolutely unique in the world.
Loches is the birth city of the painter Lansyer (1835-1893), Courbet's student and Delacroix's friend, and the romantic poet Alfred de Vigny (1797-1863).
Ivan Sache, 14 October 2002
The flag of Loches is white with six black fishes (3+2+1) swimming to the hoist, along which a blue vertical stripe charged with three yellow fleur-de-lys is placed.
This flag is based on the municipal arms of Loches. The fishes are loaches, in French loches, making the arms and the flag canting. However, taccordong to GASO website, the field of the arms is vert, according to and the chief of France is placed in the chief of the arms and not laterally as on the flag.
Ivan Sache, 14 October 2002Red dog casino


Policing and incarceration are major issues for social justice feminism.
The United States has the highest rate of women’s incarceration in the world. Only 4% of the world’s female population lives in the U.S., but the U.S. accounts for over 30% of the world’s incarcerated women.1 Between 1977 and 2004, the number of women in U.S. prisons increased by an unprecedented 757%.2 Discourses about gender expand the overall prison system. Legislators and prison authorities increasingly use “gender responsiveness, “the notion that prisons can be designed to respond to the needs of women and children, to expand prison budgets and justify prison building.
Prisons are unhealthy for women and families. As a 2015 CSW co-sponsored report revealed, women suffering from mental illness in LA County jails are routinely denied treatment, medication, and reproductive hygiene products, and are disproportionately punished with solitary confinement.
As sites of captivity, prisons and jails are inherently violent; they also foster specific forms of gendered and racial violence including sexual harassment, rape, and retaliation. Even meager avenues for redress have been eroded since the 1990s through legislation such as the Prison Litigation Reform Act. LGBTQ communities are disproportionately impacted: nearly 60% of incarcerated girls identify as LGBTQ, while nearly one in six transgender Americans, and forty-seven percent of black transgender people, have been incarcerated.3 Prisons entrench gender conformity by institutionalizing gender segregation and depriving trans prisoners of necessary health resources.4
Women, especially women (and girls) of color, are routinely criminalized for survival. In 1975, Dessie Woods was prosecuted for defending herself against rape by a white man in rural Georiga. Today, we see the legacy of criminalizing survival and survivors in the cases of Marissa Alexander, Bresha Meadows, and many others. Nearly sixty percent of people in women’s prison nation-wide, and as many as 94% of some women’s prison populations, have a history of physical or sexual abuse before being incarcerated. Black women are almost three times more likely to die at the hands of a current or ex-partner than other women.5
Incarceration and policing undermine reproductive and economic justice, endangering women and children through estrangement and removal, police violence, and inadequate mental and reproductive health services for pregnant women in prison. Incarceration creates economic precarity by draining the resources of families (through the bail system, the exorbitant price of prison phone calls, income and job loss due to court dates and other criminal punishment procedural requirements, tickets, etc.), undermining employment prospects, and subverting the rights of workers.6
The carceral state also threatens feminist futures by consuming resources that would otherwise be devoted to social life: child care, the environment, education, housing, health care, and other institutions that produce material safety and dignity.
CSW’s Feminist Anti-Carceral Studies initiative advances an abolitionist approach to gendered and racialized regimes of incarceration and policing. We pursue feminist, queer, and intersectional challenges to the carceral state.
Thinking Gender is an annual public conference highlighting student research on women, sexuality, and gender across all disciplines and historical periods. The 2019 Thinking Gender theme will be Feminists Confronting the Carceral State.
Join us on Friday, February 22, 2019!
Check the Conference Website for updates.
- WPA, “Hard Hit.”
- https://transgenderlawcenter.org/legal/prisons; https://williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu/williams-in-the-news/incarceration-rate-of-lesbian-gay-bisexual-people-three-times-the-general-population/; https://williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu/press/press-releases/lgbtq-youth-disproportionately-incarcerated-in-the-u-s-juvenile-justice-system/
- See https://www.prisonpolicy.org/reports.html; Noah Zatz et. al., “Get To Work or Go To Jail: Workplace Rights Under Threat.”


Before describe ajax, Ajax is not a technology but group of inter-related technologies. AJAX technologies includes. It is used in combination with other technologies to create interactive webpages.
These technologies are used for displaying content and style. It is mainly used for presentation.
It is used for dynamic display and interaction with data.
API for accessing and manipulating structured documents.
Represents the structure of XML and HTML documents.
It is used to bring above technologies together.
Used for Client-side validation.
validate user input in an HTML form before sending the data to a server.
change the appearance of HTML documents and dynamically write HTML into separate Windows.


General Philip St. George Cooke
In a page from The Photographic History of the Civil War in Ten Volumes, published in New York in 1911–1912, Union general Philip St. George Cooke is credited with "commanding the first great federal cavalry charge of the Civil War." In fact, Cooke's wartime service was less than distinguished, and he was noted for a disastrous cavalry charge in 1862 at Gaines's Mill during the Seven Days' Battles near the Confederate capital at Richmond.
Cooke was born in Loudoun County on June 13, 1809. At age fourteen he entered the United States Military Academy at West Point, New York, and graduated twenty-third in a class of thirty-eight in 1827. Cooke served on frontier duty and fought in both the Black Hawk War (1832) and the Mexican War (1846–1848). In addition, he helped to protect settlers on the Oregon Trail, fought Apache in New Mexico Territory, helped subdue Sioux in Nebraska Territory, helped restore order in Bloody Kansas, and led an expedition against Mormons in the Utah Territory. In August 1860 Cooke took command of the Department of Utah.
When the Civil War began a year later, Cooke, one of the Regular Army's top cavalrymen, chose to stay with the Union, writing, "I owe Virginia little; my country much." It was a decision that caused a long estrangement from his son, John Rogers Cooke, and a rift with his son-in-law, the future Confederate general J. E. B. Stuart. Appointed a brigadier general of volunteers in November 1861, and soon thereafter a brigadier in the Regular Army, Cooke was assigned to the defense of Washington and commanded the reserve cavalry during the Peninsula Campaign (1862). Cooke became a scapegoat after he failed to check Stuart's ride around the Union army in mid-June 1862; later that month Cooke ordered the ill-fated cavalry charge at Gaines's Mill. Shortly thereafter, Cooke left the Army of the Potomac, claiming its commanders were inept. Following the war, his command of troops was massacred by Indians, further tarnishing his reputation.
During his lifetime Cooke wrote two memoirs and a cavalry manual. In the 1880s he finally reconciled with his son. Cooke died in Detroit, Michigan, in 1895.


When children and even teenagers are asked how they are feeling, they frequently have difficulties expressing themselves (you may hear the “I dunno” response frequently). Parents I work with can see their children “act out,” whether in temper tantrums or by outright disobeying them. There can be a multitude of reasons as to the causes of these behaviors, but one I make sure to address is identifying and developing an emotional vocabulary. An emotional vocabulary means being able to identify the internal experience you are feeling and being able to express yourself in an effective manner.
Around ages 3-5, pre-school age children are first exposed to the meaning of rudimentary, basic emotions (happiness, sadness, fear, and anger). Typically, they learn from their environment and their peers that there are “good” emotions (happiness) and “bad” emotions (sadness, fear, anger). Therefore, any time they experience fear (or anxiety) or sadness and anger, they make the association that what they are feeling is wrong or “bad.” If a child’s emotional vocabulary does not develop beyond these basic types of understanding, as they get older you may see behavioral problems develop as they are not properly able to express themselves, and therefore work through their problems (internal or external) effectively.
I gave a talk recently at a local elementary school and discussed this issue with parents. The parents I speak with continually are surprised by the importance, but also direct simplicity of this issue. They frequently ask, “What can I do to start expanding my child’s emotional vocabulary?” Well, I like to de-label the basic emotions to start. First, I challenge my patients to think about times in their lives when it would be GOOD to feel sad, or when it would be BAD to feel happy.
A particularly effective example I like to use:
Imagine your dog gets sick from eating a sock. Why would it be BAD to be happy in this situation?”
What’s the answer here? Well, because you love your dog and it would mean you did not care about them if they are in pain. These types of examples challenge a child’s basic understanding of emotion and begin their education in the true complexity of emotions.
As children develop their emotional vocabulary it is important that parents begin to observe their behaviors to assist them in expressing themselves more effectively. For example, if your child is throwing a temper tantrum on the floor, it is probable they are feeling frustrated because something they want or something they want to do is not happening. Temper tantrums are the behavioral manifestation of their emotion. However, wouldn’t it be more effective to say, “Mom/Dad, I am feeling frustrated with XY and Z and I need help problem-solving.” You may be thinking, there is no way my 3 year-old child can implement this strategy, but I am here to say, yes they can and I have witnessed it first hand. I am not promising this will work every time, but it is a definitive step in the right direction and can ease stress and increase communication all at once. Try developing your emotional vocabulary this week and let me know how it goes!


Herbs are a pleasure to grow in the home landscape, adding variety and interest. Herbs are valued not only for their appearance, but for the varied uses of the plants. Some herbs are best suited for culinary use while others work well for medicinal uses or in aromatherapy. Often, herbs are used to create flower arrangements or sachets. Many herbs grow beautifully in containers and some can be successfully grown indoors year round. The popularity of herbs is subjective and depends on personal preference and the plant's intended use.
Mint is among the most popular perennial herbs, popular for its refreshing scent and its many and varied uses. In the kitchen, mint is used to add zing to a number of dishes, including sauces, vegetables and roast lamb, and is commonly used to make mint jam or jelly. Fresh or dried mint leaves can be used to brew a revitalizing tea that is not only delicious, but is believed to sooth an upset stomach. Mint is so easy to grow that if not controlled, it can become aggressive. Planting mint in containers will help to curb the plant's unbridled growth.
Basil is commonly found in home herb gardens, valued for its attractive appearance and its its pungent flavor that adds interest to a number of delicious salads, pasta dishes and sauces. Brewed in tea, basil is often used to relieve nausea. Basil can be fussy but does well in containers, either indoors or outdoors. A tender, annual herb, basil won't tolerate frosty weather.
Lavender is a must-have for every herb garden, popular for its lovely, delicate blooms, interesting shape and its long list of uses. In the kitchen, lavender is often used to season oils and vinegars. Lavender's relaxing scent makes lavender a valuable herb for aromatherapy and the blooms are often tucked under a pillow or added to a warm bath. Lavender is a hardy evergreen shrub that thrives in hot, dry weather with plenty of air circulation.


A dedicated C-band radar is deployed on AMT26 to validate Sentinel-1 Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) imager products to investigate sea surface properties.
The radar sends a microwave signal, with the same wavelength (around 6cm) as used by the Synthetic Aperture Radar on-board Sentinel-1A. If the sea surface is perfectly flat, it will act like a mirror: all the microwave energy will bounce on the surface, go forward, and will never make the trip back to the radar. However, if the sea surface is wrinkled, the microwave energy will be scattered in all directions, and some will return to the radar. Therefore, the radar measures the intensity of the signal that is actually reflected back to the radar.
Anything that wrinkles the sea surface will leave a mark on the image – this can be swell of the ocean, wind, oceanic currents or internal waves, or many other parameters. Therefore a major challenge of this technique is to understand what the sea surface actually looks like and what is received by the satellite. This is why on the AMT cruise there is a camera alongside the radar to take pictures of the sea surface which is synchronized to the radar data stream. This capacity of the sea surface to backscatter the microwave signal is called the Normalized Returned Cross Section (NRCS).
Below are some plots of data from the radar. The radar “pings” 50 times per second, and at each ping (horizontal axis) the intensity of the backscattered signal is plotted as a function of distance (vertical axis). The strength of the signal is is measured in dBm (decibel-milliwatts) and ranges from weak (blue) to strong (red) in the colour scale bar. If you look carefully, you can sometimes see tilted 'features' in the time/distance axis: which means that something is reflecting microwaves effectively, and is seen over many successive pulses, moving towards or away from the ship. It can also clearly be seen that the contrast in the images decreases progressively as you move away from the ship: which means that the signal from distant ranges is too faint for the radar to measure.
As well as different wavelengths of microwaves, there are also different orientations of the electric field in the wave with respect to the propagation direction. The E-field is always perpendicular to the propagation direction, but it can point in any direction in the plane perpendicular. So if you look towards the sea surface from the radar, the microwaves that are produced could have their E-field looking straight up and down (12/6 o'clock), or E-field pointing in the 3-9 o'clock direction. When the e-field is in the 12/6 o'clock direction, the wave is called "vertically polarized" (V). When the e-field is in the 3/9 o'clock direction, it is called "horizontally polarized" (H). But not all the light that hits the sea surface with a vertical polarization will come back with a vertical polarization. A large part of it does, that's the VV signal and some of it gets converted to H polarization. That's the VH signal. Then some of the H-polarization transmitted signal comes back as H also HH, and some of it comes back as V. That's the HV signal.
The synthetic aperture radar onboard Sentinel-1A and Sentinel-1B can measure all or some of these signals at the same time. We tried to do the same. Hence the four plots. Which look similar, but are not entirely. Some things do show up better in VV than in HH, or in the cross-polarized signals that in the co-polarized ones.
We can already use the backscatter intensity and images to investigate on the sea surface properties that are actually sensed from the Sentinel 1 satellites. But over the next two years we also intend to produce a radar that will be sufficiently stable to be able to check on the calibration of the NRCS data that we receive from the Sentinel-1 satellites, in a similar way as the ISAR instrument is used to check on the calibration of the SLTSR and the infrared radiometers on-board.
Louis Marie, IFREMER


Typha(redirected from nailrod)
Also found in: Dictionary, Thesaurus, Wikipedia.
(cattail), a genus of monocotyledonous plants of the family Typhaceae. Cattails are monoecious perennial aquatic or marsh grasses measuring 3–4 m tall and having a long and thick creeping rootstock. The sheath leaves, which are mostly broadly or narrowly linear, emerge from the base of the stem and sometimes exceed the stem in height. The small flowers are unisexual: the staminate flowers are naked, and the pistillate flowers have a perianth composed of many long, fine hairs. The flowers are gathered at the tip of the stem into two dense, usually cylindrical, clusters. The upper cluster is loose and narrow and consists of staminate flowers; the lower cluster is broad and dense, ranging in color from light to dark brown and consisting of three types of pistillate flowers. The fruit is a nutlet with a pappus of long hairs.
There are about 20 species of cattail, distributed in almost all parts of the world. The USSR has approximately 15 species, including the common cattail (T. latifolia), the narrow-leaved cattail (T. angustifolia), and T. laxmannii. Cattails grow, sometimes in dense thickets, in the European USSR, the Caucasus, Siberia, and Middle Asia. The species T. australis (formerly T. angustata) is widely distributed in Middle Asia.
Cattails are used as silage and building material; they are also used in the production of paper. The leaves are used for weaving baskets, mats, and twine. The rhizome is rich in starch and a favorite food of muskrats, coypus, desmans, and other animals. The bract hairs are used to make cellulose and photographic film; they are also mixed with animal hairs to make felt. Life jackets are sometimes stuffed with cattail fiber. Some cattails grow as weeds in rice fields.
T. G. LEONOVA


Scientists and engineers explain the latest propulsion technology, the most advanced is known as the ion engine, which in theory can achieve near light
This lecture video is about the planets in the Inner Solar System. The planets explored in this lecture are Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars.
Feast your eyes on icy volcanoes, ethane lakes, and ripples in Saturn’s rings – all courtesy of a doomed space probe named Cassini. ↓↓
You can’t help but notice lately that the universe actually does…. Bonus Video @ Patreon: http://www.patreon.com/strangemysteries Narration provided by JaM Advertising New Mexico www.tasteofjam.com
source cool #nasa videos- Day and Night Explanation,Causes Science for Kids #Space #videos #NASA #News #SpaceVideos


Learn basic and advanced software programs and techniques to stay updated on the latest technology. Corporate and Continuing Education offers courses from general computer usage to advanced databases.
Introduction to Personal Computers
Learn the basics on how to operate a personal computer including computer hardware, memory, storage, files and folders, and using the mouse. No typing or computer experience necessary.
This is an introduction to the Information Superhighway. Topics include what the Internet is, how to access it, file transfer protocol, web browsers, and HTML.
Introduction to Microsoft Windows Vista
This course teaches the fundamentals of the Windows Vista operating system and how to distinguish it from earlier versions of Windows.
Introduction to Microsoft Windows
This course introduces the basic features and operations of Microsoft's Windows operating system.
Microsoft Office Specialist "Test Prep"
In this session, participants will learn about the structure of Microsoft Office Specialist examinations and review sample exams.
Participants will review the fundamentals of word processing in Microsoft Word. Topics include the Word window, editing, proofreading and formatting documents.
This class covers advanced document formatting techniques; working with styles, sharing information with other programs, working with long documents, collaborating on documents and working with graphics.
Microsoft Word Mail Merge
This course covers how to use the Mail Merge Wizard to create a document, envelop, or label and then merge it with a mailing or database list of recipients. New mail merging features will be covered.
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This course reviews how to create and format tables, sort data and perform simple calculations, and convert tables to tabbed text. Participants will also review setting tab stops and converting tabbed columns of text into a Word table.
Introduction to Microsoft Excel
Participants will learn to enter and edit data, modify and format worksheets, use functions and print options, create charts, and take advantage of the basic web capabilities in Excel 2003.
In this session, participants will learn that Excel XP is an easy-to-use, yet powerful spreadsheet program. Topics include building, editing, and formatting worksheets as well as working with charts, formulas, and functions.
This class covers analyzing list data, enhancing charts and worksheets, using "what if" analysis, summarizing data with pivot tables, exchanging data with other programs, and sharing files.
Advanced Microsoft Excel
Topics include working with advanced formulas, using lookups and datatables, managing advanced lists, and working with PivotTables and PivotCharts.
Microsoft Excel AutoSum and Formulas
Learn how to use the "auto" features in Excel, such as AutoSum and AutoCalculate, to check the integrity of each spreadsheet.
Microsoft Excel Data Features
In this session, participants will learn how to efficiently manipulate data, including sorting and filtering, generating totals and subtotals, generating print titles, and establishing print ranges.
Topics include creating a publication and formatting text, working with clip art, enhancing a publication, working with multi-page publications, using special features, and producing publications for the web.
Microsoft Publisher Tips & Tricks
This course covers working with placeholders, importing spell-checked text from Microsoft Word, inserting a picture from a file or a scanner, and inserting or deleting pages from a publication.
Introduction to Microsoft PowerPoint
This class covers creating, modifying, enhancing and customizing presentations.
Introduction to Microsoft Access
This class is an opportunity to be introduced to fundamental database concepts, designing databases and tables, working with fields and records, setting data entry rules, and creating simple queries, forms, and reports.
Intermediate Microsoft Access
This class covers sharing Access information with other Microsoft Office programs, creating data pages, advanced queries, advanced forms and reports, managing database objects, creating macros and modules, and maintaining a database.
Advanced Microsoft Access
In this advanced course, participants will be introduced to fundamental work with Structured Query Language. Participants will learn advanced queries, how to conduct advanced work with macro writing and executing, importing, exporting, and linking objects, and database management and security fundamentals.
Microsoft Access Table Design
In this session, participants will learn how to establish primary keys, how to set up relationships between tables, how to establish field properties that work right every time, and how to implement quality control measures that guarantee the integrity of a database.
Microsoft Access Form and Report Writing
In this workshop, participants will learn how to manipulate controls on a form or a report, how to sort and group data for printing, and how to integrate report writing with other Microsoft Office products using OfficeLinks.
The QuickBooks program is designed with the small business owner in mind. Participants leave with resource materials.


When you’re on the road, you want to make sure that your vehicle offers you as much protection as possible. Good safety technology and features may help you avoid serious injuries if you get into a crash.
That being said, there are other things people look for in the vehicles they buy, too. You might want to find a small vehicle to save on the cost of gasoline, or you may want to buy a mini vehicle to avoid high insurance rates or expensive car loans.
Problematically, small vehicles can be dangerous for the people inside. If an auto collision occurs, there isn’t as much room for the vehicle to crumple, meaning that the people inside could be crushed and injured more easily. These vehicles weigh much less than others on the road, too, so the lack of protection against a heavier impact is multiplied significantly.
Small cars score low on the safety tests
Usually, smaller vehicles score lower on safety tests. There are a few reasons for this, such as not having crumple zones or the framing to deal with a heavy impact.
Some small or compact vehicles are getting safer thanks to vehicle safety technologies and protective features. They’re less likely to roll in a collision than some other kinds of vehicles, for example.
That said, they’re still not safe compared to other vehicle options. In fact, the Insurance Institute of Highway Safety (IIHS) states that mini-car and small-car models take up 15 of 20 top spots when rating vehicles’ safety for death rates.
Small vehicles aren’t necessarily dangerous just because they’re small. The bigger issue is that other vehicles are so large. If two small vehicles get into a crash, the risk could be low (especially at lower speeds), but a collision with an SUV, semi-truck or bus, for example, could be fatal.
It’s impossible to fight with physics, so you need to know that a smaller vehicle won’t be as safe as a larger one in a collision. To protect yourself, you may want to do research into the different models and find those with the best safety ratings.


School Poster Promotes the Role of Women in Science
Whilst working at a primary school in London, one of our dinosaur experts spotted this wonderful poster on display promoting the role of women in science. Our team member was in the school hall preparing to deliver a dinosaur and fossil themed workshop to a class of Year 1 children, but prior to the session starting, he took the opportunity to take a picture of the inspirational poster.
Helping to Promote the Role of Women in Science
Picture Credit: Ilderton Primary/Everything Dinosaur
Famous Female Scientists
The poster features four famous and influential female scientists, Rosalind Franklin who helped work out the structure of DNA, physicist Chien-Shiung Wu, astronomer Sandra Faber and Hedy Lamarr, perhaps more famous as an actress but also an accomplished inventor who helped pioneer today’s Bluetooth technology.
The poster also explains some of the key skills required to be a good scientist such as making true and fair tests, observing and predicting as well as gathering data.
A spokesperson from Everything Dinosaur commented:
“This poster is a really good way of getting over to primary school girls that there are some amazing career opportunities in science. It celebrates the role of women in the sciences and hopefully, it will encourage and inspire the next generation. When we deliver our dinosaur and fossil themed workshops in schools, we often introduce the work of Mary Anning, who did so much to improve our understanding about life in the past. Mary Anning is a fantastic role model for primary school children, as she was finding hugely significant fossils on the beach at Lyme Regis when she was about the same age as the schoolchildren.”


“The physical body is born with a certain amount of enzymes to maintain health and vitality. When these enzymes are depleted in the physical body the body becomes diseased and gradually expires… in this ‘civilization’, due to improper eating habits, we have knowingly or unknowingly reached a point where our bodies are severely depleted.”– Dr. John Ray Whitman
Of course we all know that eating fruits and vegetables are important for their fiber and nutrient content, but did you know that they contain another important substance that can extend your life? I am talking about enzymes.
We are born with the ability to make so many enzymes so we can’t take more enzymes to replace what we lack don’t have. However, we can use strategies to help us preserve the ones we have.
If we eat cooked food, unfortunately, we will lose vital enzymes needed to run the rest of our body. That is because they have to leave the important jobs they were doing to help us digest our food. These lost enzymes can never be replaced in our system. Once they are gone, so are we! Finite! Bye-bye!
One way to extend our lives is to eat a diet rich is raw or live foods. Cooking above 118 degrees kills the enzymes in our food so our digestive system must rob our own bodies from the limited number of enzymes that they produce to do the job. The way that raw foods can help is because they contain enough enzymes to start the breakdown process in our stomachs on their own without any assistance from us. That is why when we go on an all fresh fruit and vegetable detox fast, we get so much energy and lose so much weight despite eating all the calories that we want.
What’s more, the enzymes contained in plant food can help with the process known as glycolisis more quickly, and important process for turning sugar into ATP. If you like learning about that sort of scientific stuff, you may want to check out my article on Diabetes and Fruit.


Researchers at Bath University have been awarded almost £500,000 to develop a computer system to help autistic children with their maths skills.
The interdisciplinary team, from the psychology and computer science departments, is working with children with autism from local schools to help them design a computer-based tutor that will act in a similar way to a personal tutor, but under the control of the student.
The new system will contain details of the student’s strengths and weaknesses and this will guide how the system interacts with the child and presents the material to be learnt.
The project is being led by Dr Mark Brosnan, senior lecturer in the Department of Psychology, who said: ‘An increasing number of studies show computer-aided learning is well-accepted by children with autism that demonstrate a fascination with computers.
‘Children with autism can be good at maths and a small percentage can be exceptionally good at maths, but in mainstream schools they do not always receive the tailored, one-to-one tutoring they need to take account of their skills and capabilities.
‘The aim of this system is to push for more personalised education for children with autism so they are taught at their own level, which is often outside of their National Curriculum level.’
The three-year project is in its first year and the team is currently working with 11 to 14 year olds to help them design the system.
Dr Brosnan added: ‘We are going out to schools and working with Key Stage 3 children, asking them what they like about computers.
‘If children with autism are involved in the design of the program then they are more likely to use it and it is more likely to meet the needs of other children.’
Funding for the project has come from the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC).


21 Feb 2013:
Chinese Air Pollution Triggers
Steep Rise in Nitrogen Deposition
A spike in Chinese air pollution over the last three decades has caused a 60 percent increase in the levels of nitrogen pollutants that ultimately end up back on the nation’s land and in its water
, a new study has found. In an analysis of 270 monitoring sites across the country, researchers found that the annual deposition of nitrogen, as measured in precipitation, had increased from 13.2 kilograms per hectare in 1980 to about 21.1 kilograms per hectare in 2010. Scientists say so-called nitrogen deposition occurs when nitrogen in the atmosphere is washed back to the planet’s surface by rain and snow in the form of pollutants such as nitrates and ammonium. Elevated nitrogen levels can trigger harmful ecological effects,
from soil acidification to feeding algae blooms. According to the study, published in the journal Nature
, leaves of herbaceous and woody plants absorbed 33 percent more nitrogen in 2010 than in 1980, while the rice, wheat, and maize crops on unfertilized fields experienced a 16 percent increase. The spike in air pollution levels has been driven by an increase in industrial emissions, agricultural uses, and transportation.


William Shakespeare Synopsis Breviate
William Shakespeare, English playwright and poet, is widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language and the world’s preeminent dramatist. An authoritative account of Shakespeare's life does not exist, but it is commonly accepted that he was born in 1564, and it is known that he was baptized in Stratford-upon-Avon. At the age of 18 he married Anne Hathaway, who bore him three children. Between 1585 and 1592 he began a successful career in London as an actor, writer, and part-owner of the theater company, the Lord Chamberlain's Men, later known as the King's Men. Shakespeare produced most of his known work between 1590 and 1613. His early plays were largely comedies and histories. Next he wrote mainly tragedies until about 1608, producing plays such as Hamlet, King Lear, and Macbeth, considered some of the finest in the English language. In his last phase, he wrote tragicomedies and collaborated with other playwrights. He appears to have retired to Stratford around 1613, where he died three years later. Shakespeare was a respected poet and playwright in his own day, but his reputation did not rise to its present heights until the nineteenth century. The Romantics, in particular, acclaimed Shakespeare's genius, and the Victorians hero-worshipped him. In the twentieth century, his work was repeatedly adopted and rediscovered by new movements in scholarship and performance. His plays remain highly popular today, consistently performed and reinterpreted in diverse cultural and political contexts throughout the world. His surviving works consist of 38 plays,154 sonnets, two long narrative poems, and several other poems. His plays have been translated into every major language and are performed more often than those of any other playwright.