By: Kimberly Trent
Principle Investigator: Dr. Marc Millis
Objectives and Overview
Over the course of the summer, I will be reviewing much of the past theoretical spacecraft propulsion research. The discipline of theoretical propulsion, involves the research of devices and concepts such as space drives, warp drives, gravity control, and faster-than-light travel. Theoretical propulsion is a nascent field that started in the 1990s, and a great amount of the research that has been done has been compiled for the first time in the book Frontiers of Propulsion Science which is pending publication. I have access to the manuscript of this book through my Principal Investigator (PI), Marc Millis who is the main editor.
Millis led the Breakthrough Physics Propulsion (BPP) Project when it was being funded, from 1996 to 2003. Since current propulsion technology is not suited for interstellar travel, new physics, or a deeper understanding of the laws of nature, is needed so that more advanced propulsion methods can be developed. This project funded research that strived to uncover this new science. BPP ended in 2003 when the President announced his Vision for Space Exploration and NASA’s focus shifted to missions whose deadlines would only permit the use of technologies based on existing science. This resulted in theoretical propulsion research funding being terminated which ended the BPP.
Still, Millis continues to pursue this field in his spare time by working with other scientists in academia, in industry, at different NASA centers, and in Federal Labs around the country who are interested in this topic and who are committed to seeing the progression of this field despite the lack of funding. Millis founded the Tau Zero Foundation which formally connects this group of researchers. The foundation is dedicated to carrying on the goals and objectives of the BPP. To work towards this goal, this network collaborates on further research, reviews papers written on this research, and creates tools that will make it easier for the next generation of researchers to access past research on this topic. The book Frontiers of Propulsion Science is the most recent product of the efforts Millis and the Tau Zero Foundation.
The purpose of this book is to give managers, scientists, engineers and graduate students the information they need to start research in this area. The book does this by providing detailed explanations of most of the research that has taken place so far, by identifying what propulsion concepts and devices show promise but need further investigation, and by pointing out the paths with dead ends that have already been taken so that those just entering the field do not make the same mistakes, and so that they can make a well informed decision on a starting point for further research.
The book also provides an overview of the history of this field noting how it matches up with a timeline of the major milestones reached throughout the years in general physics. In addition, the book stresses the importance of approaching this research in a scientifically rigorous way. Since many critics feel that we don’t have a foundation in an understanding of the laws of nature that would allow us to carry out meaningful scientific inquiry and research in the area of theoretical propulsion, they are unconvinced that any sort of work in this area will be fruitful. In order for this research to be taken seriously by critics and other scientists, Millis and his colleagues stress that the researcher must balance between conducting their study within the rigorous constraints of conventional physics while still remaining open to the possibility of results that may test or extend our understanding of those principles.
In addition they argue that this research is important to engage in from now because if one limits themselves to only work with the physical understanding we already have, then the best they could ever be able to do is to create a slightly improved version of things we already have. We will not be able to reach a new level of space exploration with this type of thinking. Theoretical spacecraft propulsion research is important and useful because even if a breakthrough does not exist, its minimum value, which is what can be learned along the way, can still be revolutionary.
Project Description and Goals
Before I start reading the book Frontiers of Propulsion Science my PI would like me to write down my expectations of the book in terms of what questions I have about theoretical spacecraft propulsion research that I would like to have answered. After I finish reading the book, he would like me to state whether the book met those expectations, and if all of them were not met, he would like to know what was missing. Also, while reading through the book, my PI would like me to make note of the things I did not understand, and after researching what was being discussed, he would like me to write down the language that I would use to further clarify the book’s discussion. One of the purposes of this book is to provide graduate students, like myself, with a composite resource on this topic for surveying what has been done in this field so far and what next-steps can be taken so that they can make a more informed decision on a topic for their PhD dissertation. Therefore, Millis would like to have this information because he would like to know how well the book does in communicating this information on a level that graduate students would find understandable and useful.
Millis would also like to know what further clarifications would be needed for high school and college students. Since one of the next goals of Millis and the Tau Foundation is to convert the material in Frontiers of Propulsion Science into a form that would be suitable for presenting and teaching it to students at the high school and college level, they need to know what concepts need to be broken down further for each of these groups.
After I read through much of the past theoretical spacecraft propulsion research using Frontiers of Propulsion Science along with a number of other individual research papers, I will decide on a research topic that is of interest to me. I will also use the book to decide what “next-steps” should be taken for carrying out further research in this area.
Then I will write a paper, suitable for submission to the Journal of the British Interplanetary Society, on that theoretical propulsion concept or device and on the course of action that should be taken for further research.


Purpose of this guide
The Curriculum Developers Guide is part of an open professional learning series developed for staff across post-secondary institutions in British Columbia. Guides in the series include: Foundations; Leaders and Administrators; Curriculum Developers; Teachers and Instructors; Front-line Staff, Student Services, and Advisors; and Researchers.. These guides are the result of the Indigenization Project, a collaboration between BCcampus and the Ministry of Advanced Education, Skills and Training. The project was supported by a steering committee of Indigenous education leaders from BC universities, colleges, and institutes, the First Nations Education Steering Committee, the Indigenous Adult and Higher Learning Association, and Métis Nation BC.
These guides are intended to support the systemic change occurring across post-secondary institutions through Indigenization, decolonization, and reconciliation. A guiding principle from the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada process states why this change is happening.
Reconciliation requires constructive action on addressing the ongoing legacies of colonialism that have had destructive impacts on Aboriginal peoples’ education, cultures and languages, health, child welfare, the administration of justice, and economic opportunities and prosperity. (2015, p. 3)
We all have a role to play. As noted by Universities Canada, “[h]igher education offers great potential for reconciliation and a renewed relationship between Indigenous and non-Indigenous people in Canada.” (2015) Similarly, Colleges and Institutions Canada notes that “Indigenous education will strengthen colleges’ and institutes’ contribution to improving the lives of learners and communities.” (2015) These guides provide a way for all faculty and staff to Indigenize their practice in post-secondary education.
The Indigenization Project can be described as an evolving story of how diverse people can journey forward in a canoe (Fig 0.1). In Indigenous methodology, stories emphasize our relationships with our environment, our communities, and with each other. To stay on course, we are guided by the stars in the sky, with each star a project principle: deliver holistically, learn from one another, work together, share strengths, value collaboration, deepen the learning, engage respectfully, and learn to work in discomfort. As we look ahead, we do not forget our past.
The canoe holds Indigenous Peoples and the key people in post-secondary education whose roles support, lead, and build Indigenization. Our combined strengths give us balance and the ability to steer and paddle in unison as we sit side by side. The paddles are the open resources. As we learn to pull together, we understand that our shared knowledge makes us stronger and makes us one.
The perpetual motion and depth of water reflects the evolving process of Indigenization. Indigenization is relational and collaborative and involves various levels of transformation, from inclusion and integration to infusion of Indigenous perspectives and approaches in education. As we learn together, we ask new questions, so we continue our journey with curiosity and optimism, always looking for new stories to share.
We hope these guides support you in your learning journey. As open education resources they can be adapted to fit local context, in collaboration with Indigenous Peoples who connect with and advise your institution. We expect that as more educators use and revise these guides, they will evolve over time.
How to use and adapt this guide
The Curriculum Developers Guide explores Indigenous-Canadian relationships from contact to the present. This guide looks at the diversity of Indigenous Peoples and the historical and contemporary realities since contact.
You can use the guide to:
- increase your awareness of Indigenous People, our histories, decolonization, and reconciliation
- enhance your knowledge of how Indigenous history and realities in Canada affect relationships and how this may influence how you work with Indigenous people and colleagues in post-secondary education
This guide can be used as part of a learning community or in a group learning experience, adapting and augmenting it to include Indigenization pathways at your institution for Indigenous students and communities.
The Curriculum Developers Guide is not a definitive resource, since First Nation, Métis and Inuit perspectives and approaches are diverse across the province. We invite you to augment it with your own stories and examples, and, where possible, include Indigenous voice and perspectives from your area in the materials.
Note: For a technical description of how to adapt this guide please see Appendix H.
- Fig 0.1: Pulling Together: A Canoe Journey, Curriculum Developer Emphasis by Dianne Biin © CC BY (Attribution)
- Pulling Together: Foundations Guide: https://opentextbc.ca/indigenizationfoundations/ ↵
- Pulling Together: A Guide for Leaders and Administrators: https://opentextbc.ca/indigenizationleadersadministrators/ ↵
- Pulling Together: A Guide for Curriculum Developers: https://opentextbc.ca/indigenizationcurriculumdevelopers/ ↵
- Pulling Together: A Guide for Teachers and Instructors: https://opentextbc.ca/indigenizationinstructors/ ↵
- Pulling Together: A Guide for Front-Line Staff, Student Services, and Advisors: https://opentextbc.ca/indigenizationfrontlineworkers/ ↵
- Pulling Together: A Guide for Researchers, Hiłḱ̠ala: https://opentextbc.ca/indigenizationresearchers/ ↵


Few days back I was asked to fire-fight an error, which is actually not a tough one but a bit troubling for a new developer. This error can be tagged as a ‘beginner level’ error but if you are not strong with your Object Oriented Programming concepts, even an experienced developer will be forced to struggle. The error that I am going to discuss today will be:
Fatal error: Call to private Vehicle::__construct() from invalid context in C:\Users\Project1X\TeamAlpha\VehicleClass.php on line 11
A stripped down version of the code which was throwing this error is given below:
private function __construct($part1,$part2)
echo "\n From Class Vehicle - part1 is $part1,part2 is $part2";
static public function showPartId($partId)
echo "\n Part Id is $partId";
$vehicleObj = new Vehicle('Windshield','Doors');
Any person writing object oriented PHP code should be clear with this fact that constructors are “functions” found in a class. They are automatically called when we create a new instance of a class using the keyword ‘new’. We should be aware that there are three levels of restriction for any member of a class, be it a variable or a function. These levels of restrictions are implemented using the keywords – private,public and protected. The definition for ‘private’ is that, the particular member can be accessed only from within the class. It is kind of a tradition that constructors in general are declared as ‘public’ though this is not a strict rule – constructors can also be declared as ‘private’ or even ‘protected’. Constructors in PHP can be either represented by the word ‘__construct()’ or by the name of the class itself. In the above example, even if you try to use the other way of calling a constructor, that is, by using the class name(in this case, private function Vehicle()),you will still get the same error because the visibility is ‘private’
Armed with the above knowledge, let us take a look at the error again. We can see that PHP is complaining that the call to the ‘private constructor’ is made from the wrong place. This is true because if we look at the code, we can see that the class is getting instantiated outside the ‘class code’, or the private constrctor is getting called from outside the class. You definitely cannot call a private member from outside the class. This error can be fixed either by making the constructor ‘public’ or by avoiding the
instantiation of the class outside the ‘class’. The decision whether to go this way or that way can be taken only if the person who is writing this code is fully aware of what he/she is trying to achieve using this code.
There are situations where, in order to prevent instantiation of the class from outside of the class, we make the constructor ‘private’. It is perfectly alright to make a constructor ‘private’ in such a situation because when a function/method (in our case the constructor) is declared as ‘private’ and when you try to instatiate that class from outside the class, PHP will throw an error thus preventing the instatiation of the class. This reinforces the concept that “a function/method which is declared as private cannot be called from outside the class because it is a private property of that particular class”. Also, there are situations like implementing a design pattern where we want to strictly control the class instatiation by making the class constructor as private or protected.
In the above code, if we remove the line of code where the class instantiation is done and then try to run the code using the line “Vehicle::showPartId(122);”, the code will give the desired output without any error. Some people may be wondering “how can this be true?”. The reason is that, when we use the scope resolution operator and try to access a class member, we are actually calling the ‘class function’ and not the function of any object. In fact, when we use the scope resolution operator, neither are we instantiating the class nor are we creating any object and hence the ‘private constructor’ does not come into play to create an error.
I hope that next time when you declare a class constructor, you will declare the level of restriction as ‘private’ or ‘public’ based on what you want to achieve using this class.
Till next time, Happy PHPing


FROM PREFACE TO THE FIRST GERMAN EDITION
". . .The subject of study in the present work is the capitalist method of production and the relations of production and exchange appropriate to that method. The country in which these relations have hitherto assumed their most typical aspects is England. That is why English conditions have been mainly drawn upon for illustration of my theories. Should the reader, however, be disposed to shrug his shoulders pharisaically when he contemplates the conditions under which English industrial and agricultural workers live and perform their daily tasks, or if he should be inclined optimistically to console himself with the belief that things are far from being so bad in [his own country], I must assure him 'De te bafula narratur' [The story is told about you; i.e., the cap fits you].
...Perseus wore a magic cap which made him invisible when he was hunting down monsters. We draw a cap tightly over our own eyes and ears, that we may have warrant for denying even the existence of any monsters.
One word more, to avert misunderstandings. Individual capitalists and landowners are not, in my book, depicted in rose-tinted colors; but if I speak of individuals, it is only in so far as they are personifications of economic categories, representatives of special class relations and class interests. Inasmuch as I conceive the development of the economic structure of society to be a natural process, I should be the last one to hold the individual responsible for conditions whose creature he himself is, socially considered, however much he may raise himself above them subjectively...
London, July 25, 1867.


A rapid assessment method for determination of iodate in table salt samples
© Kulkarni et al.; licensee Springer. 2013
Received: 20 June 2013
Accepted: 18 October 2013
Published: 15 November 2013
In the present work, a simple and rapid method for determination of iodate is described.
Iodometric reaction between iodate, excess iodide, and acid has been used, and the iodine liberated is allowed to react with variamine blue (VB) dye in the presence of sodium acetate to yield a violet-colored species.
A calibration curve was obtained in the concentration range of 2 to 30 μg of iodate in a final equilibration volume of 10 mL. The effect of different interfering anions on determination of iodate was also studied.
The developed method was applied to iodate determination in various iodized salt samples obtained from local markets in and around Pune city, India. The amount of iodate in various table salt samples was in the range of 10 to 25 ppm.
KeywordsIodate Table salt Variamine blue dye Iodometric reaction Spectrophotometry
Iodine is an essential trace element for human nutrition. The safe dietary intake of iodine as recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) is 100 μg day−1 for infants and 150 μg day−1 for adults (Hetzel 1983). Iodine is required by the thyroid gland for the synthesis of T3 and T4 hormones (Visser 2006). The storehouse of iodine in the human body is the thyroid gland. Inadequate intake of iodine leads to iodine deficiency symptoms and disorders like goiter, extreme fatigue, mental retardation, and depression which are collectively called as iodine deficiency disorders (IDDs). In India, about 71 million people suffer from iodine deficiency disorders. Statistics furnished by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare in its report revealed that Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, and Gujarat states contributing to almost 70% population have maximum IDD cases.
The natural dietary sources of iodine include milk, vegetables, fruits, cereals, eggs, meat, spinach, and sea foods (Zimmermann 2009). However, natural sources of iodine may not satisfy its requirement by the body as iodine from these sources may not be in bioavailable form and also the concentration of iodine may be less. Adequate intake of iodine can be achieved by consumption of iodized salt. Iodization of salt is done by addition of iodate to salt samples due to its good stability and bioavailability (Bürgi et al. 2001). Thus, determination of iodate in salt samples is of considerable importance as the amount of iodate in the salt samples may vary with environmental conditions, the nature of transport, packing conditions, and cooking methods (Bruchertseifer et al. 2003).
There are various analytical methods for determination of iodate in seawater and iodized salt samples. Some of the recent methods include kinetic spectrophotometric methods (Ni and Wang 2007), flow injection analysis (Shabani et al. 2011), microspectrophotometry after liquid-phase microextraction (Pereira et al. 2010), using cadmium sulfide quantum dots as fluorescence probes (Tang et al. 2010), liquid-liquid microextraction by high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection (Gupta et al. 2011), ion chromatography with integrated amperometric detection (Babulal et al. 2010), transient isotachophoresis-capillary zone electrophoresis (Wang et al. 2009), gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (Das et al. 2004), using polymer membrane selective for molecular iodine (Bhagat et al. 2008), and neutron activation analysis method (Bhagat et al. 2009). A non-suppressed ion chromatography with inductively coupled mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) has been developed for the simultaneous determination of iodate and iodide in seawater (Zul et al. 2007). Most of the techniques are complex and involve sophisticated instruments and complex procedures. It is also observed that application of these analytical methods for iodate determination in table salt is complicated due to the presence of huge excess of chloride, for example, in the case of anion exchange chromatography with conductometric detection which requires the removal of large excess of chloride from the sample matrix (Kumar et al. 2001). Hence, development of a method that is selective for iodate and sensitive and requires simple and inexpensive experimental setup is of considerable scientific interest. Also, accurate determination of the contribution of iodine from table salt to total dietary intake requires novel methods. With this objective in the present work, a simple and rapid method for determination of iodate is described. Iodometric reaction between iodate, excess iodide, and acid has been used, and the liberated iodine is allowed to react with variamine blue (VB) dye to yield a violet-colored species with absorbance maxima at 550 nm. The developed method was applied to determine the iodate concentration in table salt samples obtained from local markets in and around Pune city in India. The kinetics of the method is very fast, and a large number of table salt samples can be screened for their iodate content in a short time. The iodate content thus determined by the developed method was compared with the iodate content determined by conventional iodometric titration. The method developed in the present work has advantages over conventional methods, for example, it is free from losses of iodine and it is interference free.
A computer-based spectrophotometer (Systronics, Ahmedabad, India) was used for all the absorbance measurements. A pH meter (Labtronics, Panchkula, India) was used to monitor the pH of the equilibrating solutions. The pH meter was standardized using pH 4, 7, and 10 buffer solutions. A digital balance (Contech, Mumbai, India) was used for weighing all the reagents. Double-distilled water was used throughout all the work which was prepared using Equitron's instrument (Mumbai, India).
Reagents and solutions
All reagents used were of analytical reagent grade (A.R. grade) and used without further purification. Variamine blue (Merck, Mumbai, India), potassium iodate (S.M Chemicals, Mumbai, India), potassium iodide (Loba Chemie, Mumbai, India), sodium chloride (Qualigens, Mumbai, India), potassium bromate (Qualigens), ammonium oxalate (Qualigens), potassium chloride (Qualigens), sodium bicarbonate (Qualigens), potassium nitrate (Qualigens), zinc sulfate (Qualigens), methyl alcohol (Qualigens), and magnesium carbonate (Qualigens) were used. A variamine blue dye solution was prepared by dissolving 20 mg of the dye in methyl alcohol and diluting the solution to 50 mL using distilled water. A potassium iodate solution was prepared by dissolving 0.0122 g of KIO3 in distilled water and diluting it to 100 mL [1 mL = 100 μg IO3 −]. Sulfuric acid (1 M) was prepared by diluting 6.95 mL of stock H2SO4 to the mark in a 250-mL volumetric flask with distilled water. A solution of potassium iodide was prepared by dissolving 25 mg potassium iodide in water and diluting it up to 100 mL [1 mL = 250 μg]. A solution of sodium acetate (2 M) was prepared by dissolving 13.608 g of A.R. grade sodium acetate in distilled water and diluting the solution to 100 mL in a volumetric flask The different interfering ion solutions such as potassium chloride (KCl), sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3), potassium nitrate (KNO3), zinc sulfate (ZnSO4), potassium bromate (KBrO3), etc. were prepared by dissolving and diluting suitable amounts of the respective salts in distilled water to make a concentration of 1 mL = 100 μg.
Samples for iodate determination
A total of 12 different brands of iodized salt samples were analyzed in the present work. The samples were purchased from local markets in and around Pune city. The samples were stored in cool and dry conditions. The contents of the packets were transferred immediately upon opening into an air tight container.
Optimization of parameters for the iodometric reaction
Various parameters associated with the iodometric reaction were optimized. The amount of potassium iodide and the concentration of acid were optimized in a similar manner as reported in our previous work (Bhagat et al. 2008) The concentration of iodate was fixed as 10 μg during the optimization experiments. Experiments were performed to optimize the dye concentration and pH of the reaction mixture. pH adjustments were done using either 2 M NaOH or 2 M HCl. The time required for the completion of the reaction was measured by studying the changes in absorbance as a function of time. The absorbance values were recorded in the intervals of 30 s till 30 min.
Measurement of iodate in the aqueous solution
An aliquot of iodate solution containing 2 to 30 μg of iodate was taken in 10-mL volumetric flasks. Excess of KI (250 μg) was added to each flask followed by 1 mL of H2SO4 (1 M). The solution turned yellow due to liberation of iodine. At this stage, 1 mL of dye solution was added followed by addition of 2 mL sodium acetate (2 M). The solutions were diluted to 10 mL with distilled water and kept for 5 min to allow the reaction to complete. After 5 min, the absorbances of all the solutions were recorded at 550 nm against water as a reagent blank. A calibration plot of absorbance values of VB dye was plotted against the amount of iodate in solution.
The effect of common interfering anions like Cl−, SO4 2−, NO3 −, Br−, PO4 3− HCO3 −, C2O4 2−, and BrO3 − on determination of iodate by the VB method was studied by the following procedure. The concentration of iodate in the reaction mixture was kept fixed as 5.72 × 10−8 M, and the concentration of interfering anions in the equilibrating solution was varied.
Application to table salt samples
Before application of the method to table salt samples, it was applied to A.R. grade laboratory reagent NaCl to study the effect of sodium chloride on the absorbance values. In the case of iodized table salt samples, a homogenous portion of 2 g of sample was weighed accurately on a balance and dissolved in distilled water. The final volume was made up to 25 mL, and the solution was used for further analysis. The concentration of iodate in the samples was calculated using a calibration curve. Each sample was analyzed five times, and the standard deviation was calculated. The iodate content in these salt samples was also analyzed by conventional iodometric titration using Na2S2O3 with starch as an indicator.
Results and discussion
Optimization of parameters for iodometric reaction
Optimized parameters used for analysis
2 to 30 μg
1 mL [2 M]
2 mL of 2 M
Calibration curve and detection limits for iodate determination
Effect of interfering anions on determination of iodate
Effect of some interfering anions on iodate determination
Interfering anion [X−]
Tolerated ratio [X−]/[IO 3 −]
Determination of iodate in iodized salt samples
Iodate values obtained in local brands of table salt
Iodate (ppm) ± SD (n = 3)
by variamine blue method
Iodate (ppm) ± SD (n = 3)
15.31 ± 2.645
14.3 ± 0.2
14.67 ± 2.336
13.6 ± 0.1
11.83 ± 1.98
10.8 ± 0.2
15.76 ± 3.80
16.3 ± 0.1
10.78 ± 0.46
9.8 ± 0.1
15.22 ± 1.90
15.5 ± 0.2
16.01 ± 1.46
14.3 ± 0.1
21.09 ± 2.50
23.2 ± 0.1
16.02 ± 0.48
15.6 ± 0.2
16.20 ± 0.56
15.9 ± 0.1
18.20 ± 0.66
19.3 ± 0.2
17.60 ± 2.34
18.5 ± 0.2
According to WHO, the daily dietary intake of iodine is 150 μg for adults. Considering the spicy food habits in India, the average intake of salt through food may be in the range of 2 to 3 g per day. Using this approximation, the contribution of iodine from table salt can be calculated to be around 30 to 40 μg per day. The bioavailability of iodine may be considered to be 100% due to its solubility in digestive fluids. The contribution of iodine from table salt is estimated to be 20% to 40% of the total iodine requirement. This contribution may not be enough in regions where the soil is deficient in iodine content. Consequently, iodine deficiency disorders will be prevalent in these regions.
A simple and rapid method has been developed for determination of iodate in aqueous samples. The method is applicable to iodate determination in the concentration range of 2 to 30 μg in a final equilibration volume of 10 mL. Optimized parameters for the method are IO3 − (2 to 30 μg), KI (250 μg), 2 M H2SO4 (1 mL), pH (5.0), time of equilibration (20 min), 2.44 μM dye (20 μg, 1 mL), and 2 mL sodium acetate (2 M). The concentration of IO3 − obtained in the salt samples was in the range of 10 to 22 ppm. The results obtained by the present method are in good agreement with those obtained by conventional iodometry, thus validating the method.
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This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.


The chinese fishing nets (Cheenavala) are distinctly unique to Cochin. It is believed that traders from the court of the Chinese ruler Kublai Khan introduced these nets here. Oddly, these nets are found only in Kochi, outside China! Many fishermen earn their livelihood by fishing using these massive nets. A whole stretch of the coast along Fort Kochi and Vypeen are dotted with these nets.
The Dutch Palace was originally built by the Portuguese. Later, in 17th century, the Dutch modified it and presented it to the Raja of Kochi. Coronation of many Rajas of Kochi were held here. The palace has a fine collection of mural paintings depicting scenes from the Hindu epics Mahabharatha and Ramayana. The palace is located in Mattancherry.
Built in the 19th century by the Raja of Kochi, this palace served as the seat of the Raja of the Kochi province. The palace has been converted into a museum displaying a fine collection of articles showing the wealth and splendour of the Rajas of Kochi, including the thone and the crown. The musuem also houses a large collection of archaeological findings.
A stroll along the long tree-lined coastal pathway that lines the backwater is well worth the time spent, especially late afternoon or dusk. The bustling backwaters, dotted with fishing boats, speedboats, ships, tankers and passenger boats, can be observed from this walkway that lines the coast.
The synagogue, built in 1568, is magnificently decorated by Chinese tiles and Belgian chandeliers. Giant scrolls of the Old Testament can be found here. It is located near the Dutch Palace in Mattancherry.
It is the oldest church built by Europeans in India. On his 3rd visit to Kerala, Vasco da Gama, the Portuguese trader who reached India from Europe by sea, fell ill and died in Kochi. He was buried in the St. Francis Church. Later his remains were taken back to Portugal. In spite of that, his burial spot inside the church has been clearly marked out.
The original church, situated in Fort Kochi, was built by the Portuguese in 1505 and named as a cathedral in 1558. The British colonists destroyed the cathedral in 1795.
This lovely beach ideal for swimming is located on the north end of Vypeen island, one of the many small islands just off the mainland. The beach is lined by gorgeous coconut groves and paddy fields. Vypeen can be reached by land or by boat.
This man-made island was created in 1933 by sand dredged while deepening the backwaters for the Cochin Port, under the direction of Sir Robert Bristow. A while back the Airport, Sea port and the railway terminus (Cochin Harbour Terminus) were situated on this island.


Animals of all sorts eat hay. Timothy, sweet grass, alfalfa – you name it, and there’s an animal that eats it. But don’t confuse it with straw!
While they are young rabbits need to consume alfalfa and other legume hay for the nutrients, calories and other benefits it provides to their teeth and digestive tract. But as they get older (about six months of age) you’ll switch them over to a grass hay to make sure they get the continued nutrition they need.
An adult rabbit should get a pile of hay the size of their body on a daily basis. That’s a lot of hay!
2. Guinea Pigs
Just like rabbits, guinea pigs require a good amount of hay every day. Their diet needs to include the vitamin C enriched pellets but aside from the couple tablespoons of pellets they’ll consume each day they should get all the hay they want.
Some chins can be really picky about their food but you’ll need to find a hay they enjoy. Whether it’s timothy, sweet grass, or another fancy cut of hay, give your chinchilla some options if he’s being selective because he needs that stuff! Hay is important for the digestive tract and the regular gnawing action of the teeth to keep them trimmed naturally.
4. Tortoises and Turtles
Some species of turtles and tortoises need piles of hay each day. The larger the turtle, the larger the pile of hay will be. Full grown sulcattas will eat such large portions of grass hays that it will probably be more cost effective to purchase it from a nearby horse stable or farm supply store than a pet store.
Small or young turtles will need some help with their hay and you’ll need to cut it up into smaller pieces to make it easier for them to consume.
The degu looks like a large gerbil but needs timothy hay daily. Degus are prone to diabetes and cataracts but unlike gerbils, they can live up to 10 years when provided with a proper diet and care.
You may not have thought about pigs when you think about hay eaters but pot bellied pigs can have alfalfa hay in their diets. The hay adds extra fiber to the formulated pellets, grass, and vegetables.
While hamsters are primarily seed and vegetable eaters, they enjoy grains, crickets, cooked chicken, mealworms, and even hay as treats. So if you want to spice up your hamster's eating life try adding a little hay to his food dish!
Gerbils eat a similar diet to that of a hamster. The treats they eat are also favorites of their rodent cousins. So why not find out if your gerbil likes a hay treat?
A wallaby looks like a small kangaroo and eats mainly grass but can also have timothy hay in unlimited amounts. Pellets, vegetables, supplements, and some fruits round out this down under pet's dietary needs.
You've probably never even heard of a Patagonian cavy, much less knew that they ate hay. A Patagonian cavy looks like a cross between a rabbit and a deer but is actually a distant relative of the guinea pig (cavy). Their diet should consist primarily of grass and timothy hay to keep them going strong for their 14 years of life.
Llamas typically spend most of their days grazing on fresh grass in the pasture but hay is also an acceptable food to feed.
Just like their larger cousins, wallaroos consume a lot of grass and hay.
Many rodents will eat some hay, including pet rats. Rats have front teeth called incisors that continuously grow throughout their entire lives. Hay, along with other food that they are forced to grab and grind with their teeth, helps to keep these teeth at a reasonable length.


Drinking too much of any alcohol can be catastrophic to you and your health. In moderate amounts, however, there’s evidence that wine - specifically red wine - can be good for you.
The science surrounding wine is fairly complicated. Most varieties of alcohol in moderation are good for you; according to the Mayo Clinic, it can increase your good cholesterol, steady your blood pressure, protect your arteries and curb your risk of blood clots. Drinking too much can make you obese, increase your risk of liver disease, raise the likelihood of certain cancers, and make you more likely to die by alcohol overdose or in a car accident. Drink too much, and any benefits of wine might be wiped out.
The jury's still out on whether the benefits of moderate consumption of wine outweigh those of other liquors. Red wine, however, has something that not all liquors have: a vaunted nutrient called resveratrol. It comes from the skin of the grapes used to make red wine, and it's been tentatively linked to a whole range of potential benefits: more good cholesterol, less bad cholesterol, overall heart health, lower risk of cancer, slower macular degeneration, anti-aging and anti-Alzheimer's effects, and more.
What's not clear is if those benefits are attributable to wine or the "wine lifestyle" of wealth, a good diet, and interesting dinner table conversation. Most are derived from the results of single studies - some of which were small or have yet to have their findings duplicated. Resveratrol has only been subject to limited tests in mice; some of its benefits have been described via dietary studies rather than direct testing and observation in the lab.
What research has been done, however, is promising. A 2013 study published in Science found that resveratrol acts on a protein involved in inflammation, cell metabolism and aging. Other research has described the mechanisms by which resveratrol guards against obesity and fights cancer.
There's another upside to red wine: tannins. They're much more common in red wine than resveratrol -- accounting for about half of red wine's bioactive compounds. Scientists found tannins on the cells that line the human heart slowed the production of a protein that hardens human arteries. What that means for resveratrol is unclear. What appears to be true, however, is that multiple compounds in red wine are linked to better heart health.
White wines probably aren't as healthy for you as red ones. They have less resveratrol and fewer flavonoids - important compounds that contribute to the antioxidant qualities of red wines. White wines are also more acidic; if you drink too much, you may do damage to your teeth.
It's not all bad with white wines, however. They have less resveratrol but more of a chemical called tyrosol; one study in the Journal of Agricultural Food Chemistry found that tyrosol may have similar heart-healthy qualities. If you are picking a white, go for one with more tyrosol - maybe a Verdicchio.
Possible short-term side effects
- allergic reaction
- impaired decisions
Possible long-term side effects
- alcohol dependence
- death and disease
- liver cirrhosis
- weight gain
- in moderation:
- reduced risk of heart disease
- reduced cholesterol
- reduced inflammation
- may combat macular degeneration
- may help to slow aging
- may act against alzheimer's


Scientists in Norway say they have conclusive genetic evidence that sparrows recently evolved a third species.The Italian sparrow, they argue, is a cross between the ubiquitous house sparrow and the Spanish sparrow.
Whether it is a distinct species has been the subject of a long scientific debate.
The Oslo team say in the journal Molecular Ecology that their evidence resolves the question.
Many bird-watching guides already identify the Italian sparrow as a separate species.
But this study, led by evolutionary biologist Glenn-Peter Saetre from the University of Oslo, is a genetic snapshot that appears to settle the debate.
The researchers studied populations of Italian and Spanish sparrows that share the same habitat in the south-east of Italy.
They took blood samples from the birds in order to extract DNA.
"By examining the genetics, we have shown conclusively that the Italian sparrow is of mixed origin - it is a hybrid of the house sparrow and the Spanish sparrow," Dr Saetre told BBC Nature.
"Second, and perhaps equally important - it is not reproducing with the Spanish sparrow, even though the two birds live side-by-side."
If the birds had been breeding, the scientists say that they would have found genetic "intermediates" - birds with genes from both species.
"But we didn't find this, so we think [the two species] have formed some kind of reproductive barrier to each other," Prof Saetre said.
"Either the [Italian sparrows] just don't like the look of the [Spanish sparrows] or perhaps they have evolved a different breeding season.
"We're not sure what the reason is, but they are not reproducing."
In evolutionary biology, the definition of a distinct species is not entirely clear-cut.


This might surprise you: Having kids reduces your blood pressure, according to a new study.
Researchers from Brigham Young University and California State University at Long Beach looked at 198 married adults, ages 20 to 68.
The study participants wore portable blood pressure monitors for 24 hours and went about their typical lives. About 70 percent of the couples had children of various ages.
Parents scored an average of 4.5 points lower than the childless couples in systolic blood pressure (when the heart is contracting) and 3 points lower in diastolic blood pressure (when the heart is in between beats).
The results were more significant among women. Mothers had a 12 and seven-point difference in blood pressure compared with childless women.
“Women were driving the effect,” lead researcher Julianne Holt-Lunstad, a psychologist at Brigham Young University in Provo, Utah, tells USA Today. “Women with children had the lowest blood pressure, and women without had the highest.”
The researchers took into account other factors that influence blood pressure, such as age, gender, exercise, employment, smoking, and body mass. They also controlled for length of marriage and duration of marriage before kids.
“While caring for children may include daily hassles, deriving a sense of meaning and purpose from life’s stress has been shown to be associated with better health outcomes,” Holt-Lunstad told the British Daily Mail.
Holt-Lunstad conducted a similar study last year when she found that happily married people had lower blood pressure on average than single people. Those who were in a bad marriage had the worst blood pressure of all.


For those readers who may not have followed the events: Matilda is a historical movie about the love affair of the future Tsar Nicholas II with the ballet dancer Matilda Kschessinka. The film covers the time span from 1890 until 1896 and does not touch Nicholas II’s rule and his death, when, along with his family, he was killed by Bolsheviks in 1918. The whole family was canonized by the Russian Orthodox Church Abroad in 1981 and by the Russian Orthodox Church in 2000. Even before reaching Russian cinemas, the film about the last Tsar’s pre-marital affair has stirred heated controversies. Conservative Orthodox believers called the film “blasphemous,” because the pre-release trailer shows the Russian ruler and future saint in sex scenes and emotional turmoil over his romantic love for the ballet dancer and his raison d’etat-marriage with Princess Alexandra of Hesse.
She compares the Matilda controversy to the 2012 Pussy Riot case:
In both cases, the critics bemoan the “insult of religious feelings”. But what is so special about the feelings of Orthodox believers for their rulers? How are we to make sense of this panic over lèse-majesté (“injured majesty,” the insulting of a monarch), over the violation of the dignity of the sovereign, as a form of blasphemy?
From the perspective of Orthodox believers, the Pussy Riot controversy had a tragic political dimension. The event posed the question whether the language of political protest could have a place inside their Church. Many Orthodox believers probably felt that, in principle, it should, but few could support the kind of articulation staged by the rebellious performers. Some, like Diakon Kuraev, tried to find a way around it by arguing that the incidence had taken place in the week of Russian Carnival. The tragic dimension of the controversy and court trial following the group’s performance lay precisely in the alienation of those open-minded Orthodox believers who felt that, at the end of the day, maybe some criticism of close church-state relations was not entirely out of place. Whoever did not feel offended in his or her religious feelings, such was the message at the court trial, was not a true Orthodox believer . (Also for the convicted women and their families the consequences of the performance were tragic, however, my point here is about the Orthodox believers.)
A couple of thoughts from me, an Orthodox Christian.
First, though it apparently doesn’t matter under Russian law, as a moral issue, I see this film and Pussy Riot’s performance as substantially different. The punk band went into a church and invaded an altar to make a political statement.  That is sacred space, period. Had they done this on the street, no problem. This is not the same thing as this film, morally speaking. It may be hard to convey fully to Western Christians how sacred Russian Orthodox believers hold their churches, especially their altars. Personally, I would find it inappropriate, but not blasphemous, if an anti-Putin protester held up a sign inside the cathedral. But if you watch the video, these three women acted in a manner that disrespected not Putin (who cares about that?), but the Mother of God and ultimately the sanctity of the Cathedral.
Second, it seems to me that Orthodox critics of the movie have a very weak case. It may or may not be a tasteless film, but a movie that shows a Tsar having a love affair that he actually did have can hardly be considered blasphemous, especially given that Nicholas II was given sainthood for the way he died (executed, along with his family, by the Bolsheviks). The memory of the tsar-saint does not need to be protected from filmmakers, especially if the story they tell is essentially true (that she was his mistress, which she indeed was). To repeat: Nicholas Romanov is not a saint because of the way he lived, but because of the way he died. If you read Robert Massie’s excellent history Nicholas and Alexandra, the execution scene will bring you to tears. I had not realized how bravely the Tsar and his wife and children lived in captivity, awaiting their execution.
Third, the memory of Tsar Nicholas II does not belong to Orthodox believers. He was the Tsar of all Russia. Nor does the historical truth belong only to those who wish to remember it a certain way.
I wish the 100th anniversary of the Bolshevik Revolution were being marked by a different film, but that’s neither here nor there. Next year is the centennial of the Romanov family’s execution. I hope the Russian film industry tells the story of the royal family’s captivity and death at the hands of those demons. I am reading The Gulag Archipelago now, so you can imagine where my imagination is regarding the evil of Soviet communism.


A carnivorous, or meat-eating, dinosaur, Deltadromeus was a fleet-footed predator that inhabited western North Africa approximately 90 million years ago during the Cretaceous period (144–65 million years ago). Deltadromeus is a member of the order Saurischia—the “lizard-hipped dinosaurs”—and is further classified in the Theropoda, a subcategory that includes all of the predatory dinosaurs.
The name Deltadromeus agilis comes from the Greek words for “agile delta runner,” and was inspired by this dinosaur’s delicate skeletal structure. Its limbs were especially long, thin, and fragile, enabling Deltadromeus to move swiftly and with great agility. Experts believe it was among the fastest dinosaurs to ever exist.
Deltadromeus grew to a length of more than 25 feet (7.6 meters), and measured approximately 8 feet (2.4 meters) tall at the hip. The arms were relatively long in comparison to its hindlimbs, and ended in grasping hands with three clawed fingers. Its long hindlimbs ended in feet bearing three clawed toes. Like its fellow theropods, Deltadromeus had razor-sharp teeth that were well adapted for ripping and tearing flesh.
Deltadromeus was a bipedal dinosaur, meaning that it stood upright and walked or ran on its two hind legs. Its speed and agility most likely allowed it to prey upon small animals with deadly efficiency. Like all dinosaurs, Deltadromeus reproduced by laying eggs.
Several toe bones embedded in a rocky hillside were the first evidence of Deltadromeus. These fossils were discovered by Gabrielle Lyon in 1995 during an expedition in the Kem Kem region of the Moroccan Sahara. Fossilized tracks belonging to Deltadromeus were also discovered—a permanent record of where this dinosaur ran through the muddy banks of rivers that once traversed the area. During the same expedition, remains of another theropod, Carcharodontosaurus, were also discovered at the Kem Kem site. The Kem Kem fossil beds are interesting to paleontologists because they represent the period when Africa was breaking away from South America to form two separate continents, thus lending insight about dinosaur evolution during this period (see biogeography). (See also dinosaur.)


What can we make the traces of ‘migrant stories’ reveal about the history of the British Isles over a thousand years?
The following is a list of key words that emerge in the Year 7 Enquiry – What can the traces of ‘migrant stories’ reveal about the history of the British Isles over a thousand years?
To work something out by thinking logically rather than from being told the answer.
Traces / Sources
Items left behind in the past. These can be almost anything and are rarely left behind on purpose for future generations to find. Examples range from written records, diaries, poems, registries and even buildings, films and songs.
Evidence is what historians – when making inferences – can transform sources/traces of the past in to.
Age of Discovery
The period in which many Europeans sailed across the world to ‘discover’ places they’d never been to before. These lands usually had other people living there.
a group of people who invaded and settled on the British Isles and came from what is now Germany c. 400AD.
The religion for the majority of those living on the British Isles until the 1500s.
a group of people that lived in Scotland, Ireland, Wales and Corwnall as well as lots of other parts of Europe by 1000 AD
a religion shared by lots of different nations across Europe by 1000 AD
The religion for the majority of those living on the British Isles for at least the last millennium.
The process of taking over control of another land.
a modern term for ‘exile’ – forcing (someone) to leave a place.
a series of countries ruled over by one country – for example the British Empire.
Expelled / Exiled
to force (someone) to leave a place.
Seven different kingdoms on the British Isles up to 800AD that were often at war with one another
to enter somewhere by force
to attack and take control of land.
to abduct (someone) and hold them captive
to move to a new place. We call these people migrants.
The religion for the majority of those living on the British Isles since the 1600s.
sudden attack on the enemy, usually followed by a retreat.
The process from which the majority of those living on the British Isles turned from Catholic to Protestant.
the kidnapping and transporting of people from West Africa to work, without pay, in North, Central and South America.
an alternative punishment to hanging. Convicted criminals were transported to Australia to serve their prison sentences.
‘Norse’ people from Scandinavia (in present-day Denmark, Norway and Sweden) between the 8th and 11th centuries


Cure Your Heartburn and Acid Reflux – Fatal Effects of Acid Reflux (Study)
If a new study in the journal Clinical Otolaryngology is right, the Gastroesophageal reflux disease is not just uncomfortable and painful, it can also be potentially fatal.
In fact, it was found to increase your risk of this fatal disease by a scary 232%.
Fortunately, there are easy steps to avoid this if implemented in the early stages.
They ran two separate studies.
They collected medical information from the Korean National Health Insurance Service National Sample Cohort from 2002 to 2013. All the patients considered were older than 40, since this is the age where these forms of cancer become more common.
In the first study, they identified patients with acid reflux who had sought treatment and matched them with twice as many people from the general population without acid reflux. They then checked on who went on to develop cancer of the lips, oral cavities, oropharynx, hypopharynx, and larynx.
In the first study, they found that people with acid reflux were 2.32 times more likely than healthy people to develop cancer of the larynx.
Cancers of the lips, oral cavities, oropharynx, and hypopharynx were not more common in the acid reflux group.
In the second study, they found that people with cancer of the larynx were 2.03 times more likely to have a history of acid reflux than those without this type of cancer.
This definitely suggests that acid reflux poses a serious risk for larynx cancer.
But larynx cancer is not the only danger, nor is acid reflux. In fact, another study has shown that you are one thousand, three hundred, and forty-five percent more likely to get one of six other fatal types of cancers.
Cure Your Heartburn and Acid Reflux – Does This Common Vegetable Cure Everything?
One vegetable has been identified as literal ‘superhero’ among all nutritious and beneficial food sources.
Plus it’s one of the most powerful weight loss secrets I known (and I know many).
Celery is one of the most nutritious and hydrating vegetable you can consume.
Celery leaves are a good source of vitamin A whereas the stems are rich in vitamin B1, B2, B6 and C. Apart from being a vitamin powerhouse celery is rich in the minerals calcium, iron, phosphorus and sodium. It is also a good source of amino acids, plant hormones and essential oils that give celery its characteristic smell.
The sodium content in celery is very different from the table salt most of us consume too much of. In celery, it is present in an organic form that is soluble and essential for body salt balance. Celery juice, in fact, is an excellent rehydration drink (forget the sport drinks, and try this one the next time) that replenishes the salt lost due to activity.
Below are just few of the amazing benefits of celery:
– Celery is loaded with at least 8 anti-cancer compounds that fight against different types of cancer including prostate, colon and stomach cancer.
– It lowers cholesterol by as much as 7 points even when just 2 small stalks of celery are consumed every day.
– The sodium and potassium minerals present in celery helps regulate body fluid.
– Drinking a glass of celery juice every day for one week results a serious drop in blood pressure.
– The chemical compounds in celery have a soothing effect on the nerves and helps induce sleep.
– Celery juice helps eliminate toxins from the body and dissolves urinary and gall bladder stones.
This vegetable has even been shown to have the power to increase sexuality without causing side effects of pharmaceutical drugs.
And since it’s a negative calorie food (you burn more digesting it than you get calories from eating it) – the more celery you eat, the slimmer you’ll get.
The next time you visit the greengrocer, don’t forget to stock up on celery, and include it in your diet every day for amazing benefits and good health.
Cure Your Heartburn and Acid Reflux – 10 Second Trick to Eliminate Acid Reflux
A burning sensation in the throat and chest and indigestion… sound familiar? But you don’t have to reach out for antacids every time.
No… instead there is a simple, 10 second trick. It’s so simple you wouldn’t usually think of it as cure or solution.
But it can completely eliminate acid reflux on the spot. And it won’t cost you a dime.
Heartburn is caused by many things – eating oily foods, overeating, not getting enough physical exercise and unhealthy lifestyle or bacterial infection. The excess production of gastric juices is the culprit, but it is quite simple to treat heartburn.
The simplest and easiest way is to drink a glass of cold water. It stabilizes the body fluids and soothes the burning sensation in the throat and chest.
Be sure not to drink water that is too cold, and also make sure that you go for a walk after drinking water. It really helps!
Another good idea is to make it a regular habit to drink a glass of cold water just before you go to sleep. This helps in the digestion process and controls the production of acid in the stomach.
The most important thing you need to keep in mind is to avoid acidic food, oily and spicy food. All of these food types can cause acidity problems.
Do you have the habit of drinking a glass of milk or any other cold beverage just before you sleep? Actually, it might not be a good idea. A glass of milk might provide short term relief but what actually happens is that the fat content in the milk increases heartburn instead of controlling it.
If you have severe heartburn, another solution is to add a spoon of baking soda to a glass of cold water and drink it. The alkali in the soda neutralizes the acids and controls heartburn.
For some ideas to cure your heartburn and acid reflux, watch this video – How To Stop Acid Reflux | How To Treat Acid Reflux
This post is from Scott Davis’ Acid Reflux Solution. This program helps you to cure your heartburn and acid reflux by using natural remedies to quickly heal your stomach without dangerous medicine or risky surgeries. It can also help you to remove some disorders of acid reflux such as constipation or IBS.
To find out more about the program, go to How to Cure Your Heartburn and Acid Reflux
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Chemical stressors refer to toxic agents such as gasses like ozone and sulfur dioxide, heavy metals, and pesticides/herbicides. These substances induce change – usually damage – in living organisms like the human body. Many chemical stressors occur naturally or have natural counterparts.
However, what all chemical stressors have in common: they work by crossing the blood-brain barrier. Inhaling ozone, whose concentration in the air increases significantly on hot sunny days, can lead to chest pain, sore throat, airway inflammation, and more frequent asthma attacks. People with the highest risk of experiencing the negative health impact of ozone exposure are those with asthma, children, the elderly, and outdoor workers. Similarly, mercury exposure will cause decreased coordination, increased tremors, decreased sensation, and damage to the nervous system, kidneys, liver, and the immune system in the long run.
Pesticides/herbicides, another chemical stressor, can also cross the blood-brain barrier and result in numerous terrible diseases and health problems with regular exposure. One of the most dangerous herbicides is paraquat, sold in the United States under plenty of brand names, such as Gramoxone, Blanco, Parazone, and Firestorm. It is a potent herbicide developed to destroy weeds and grasses that have become resistant to glyphosate, another toxic substance commonly used across the country.
The disease most often associated with extensive paraquat exposure is Parkinson’s disease. Nevertheless, short-term exposure can lead to excess fluid in the lungs and gastrointestinal problems such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, heart failure, and kidney failure. People exposed to paraquat and maneb, a fungicide, have a whopping 250% greater risk of developing Parkinson’s disease than the rest of the population. Let’s find out if and how herbicide exposure can cause Parkinson’s disease.
What Is the Blood-Brain Barrier, and Can Chemical Stressors such as Herbicides Cross It?
The blood-brain barrier surrounds most blood vessels in the brain and is highly selective, which means it only allows certain substances to cross it and reach the brain. Its function is to protect the brain from toxins, pathogens, and circulating neurotransmitters such as glutamate that can damage neurons if their levels increase too much.
The blood-brain barrier acts as a boundary between the circulating blood and the brain’s extracellular space. Only water, some gasses like oxygen, and lipid-soluble substances can easily cross it. Dangerous chemical stressors can sometimes cross the blood-brain barrier, leading to serious health consequences. To enter the central nervous system, chemical stressors such as herbicides directly interact with the luminal side of the cerebral endothelium, which makes up the blood-brain barrier.
As a fundamental component of the neurovascular unit, the blood-brain barrier acts as the interface of the brain, facilitating communication between the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system. Its purpose is to protect the brain against circulating toxins and pathogens that can cause brain infections, including chemical stressors, while allowing essential nutrients to reach the brain.
When it comes to herbicides like paraquat, several old medical studies found that the toxic substance cannot cross the blood-brain barrier. Therefore it wouldn’t be able to cause Parkinson’s disease because it cannot reach the part of the brain responsible for releasing dopamine known as the substantia nigra. Paraquat manufacturers have been heavily relying on these outdated studies, bringing them up every time Parkinson’s disease as a result of paraquat exposure was brought up.
In previous rat experiments, it was seen that paraquat is poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. Consequently, roughly 50% of a single dose ingested by rats settles in their gut within 32 hours after administration, and only 5% to 10% of it is absorbed. Excretion occurs in urine and feces, with approximately 45% of a single dose eliminated after 48 hours. Because of these findings and some early evidence that paraquat is mostly excluded from the brain, it has been assumed that the herbicide would not cross the blood-brain barrier to such a great extent that it would cause Parkinson’s disease. Nevertheless, recent studies have shown that paraquat can actually cross the blood-brain barrier and lead to Parkinson’s.
How Can Paraquat Cross the Blood-Brain Barrier and Cause Parkinson’s Disease?
Recent medical studies were carried out to determine whether paraquat can cross the blood-brain barrier and cause Parkinson’s disease. Paraquat is structurally similar to N-methyl-4-phenyl pyridinium (MPP+), a neurotoxin that interferes with oxidative cellular processes and eventually leads to cell death. This neurotoxin ultimately causes parkinsonism by destroying certain neurons that produce dopamine in the substantia nigra. Using a brain microdialysis technique, it was shown that the herbicide could cross the blood-brain barrier. This technique entails sampling and collecting small-molecular-weight substances from interstitial spaces, like the space between the brain and the blood-brain barrier. Nowadays, it is a widely used method in neuroscience, being one of the few techniques available that allow the quantification of neurotransmitters such as dopamine.
Paraquat induces oxidative stress, followed by neuronal loss in the substantia nigra. Oxidative stress and the imbalance between free radicals and antioxidants in the body may cause cellular damage, impair the DNA repair system, and mitochondrial dysfunction, leading to neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson’s disease. The symptoms of Parkinson’s disease stem primarily from low levels of dopamine. This neurotransmitter plays a crucial role in sending messages to the part of the brain that controls movement and coordination. Impaired movement and coordination are hallmarks of Parkinson’s disease, along with symptoms such as rigid muscles, tremors in the hands, and speech changes.
Paraquat can reach the central nervous system through neutral amino acid transporters associated with the blood-brain barrier. The neurotoxicity of paraquat may be related to the herbicide altering the blood-brain barrier’s permeability. The processes governing the entrance and release of chemical stressors through the blood-brain barrier are biological. They operate according to principles applicable in toxicology and pharmacology. The blood-brain barrier cannot differentiate between helpful substances and toxicants crossing it.
New studies focusing on the link between lack of dopamine and Parkinson’s disease have also revealed that other brain chemicals may play a role in developing this neurological disorder. Nevertheless, a low level of dopamine remains the main culprit behind Parkinson’s disease.
About the Author
As the case manager at Atraxia Law, Miguel Leyva specializes in gathering and organizing relevant information about the injuries people suffered due to herbicide exposure. He also provides support to those struggling with Parkinson’s disease due to paraquat exposure.


Unauthorized Migrants: Numbers and Characteristics
Most of the unauthorized population lives in families, a quarter has at least some college education and illegal workers can be found in many sectors of the US economy.
Estimates of the Size and Characteristics of the Undocumented Population
The undocumented population of the US now numbers nearly 11 million people, including more than 6 million Mexicans according to new estimates based on the most recent official data available.
Immigration Data Excerpts
In light of President George W. Bush's January 7, 2004 announcement of a new immigration initiative, the Pew Hispanic Center provided information about attitudes towards immigrant and immigration policy, and estimates of the size of the undocumented population in the United States. Sources for the data are the National Survey of Latinos, conducted in 2002 jointly by the Pew Hispanic Center and the Kaiser Family Foundation, and the Center's March 2002 report entitled “How Many Undocumented: The Numbers Behind the U.S.-Mexico Migration Talk.”
How Many Undocumented
The Numbers Behind The U.S.-Mexico Migration Talks
New Solution, New Problem?
Estimates of Numbers of Unauthorized Migrants Residing In the United States
The Total, Mexican, and Non-Mexican Central American Unauthorized Populations in Mid-2001


About Gothic Literature
The Gothic novel came into vogue in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, beginning with Horace Walpole's novel "The Castle of Otranto," which was published in 1764. Perhaps the most famous of all original Gothic novels is Ann Radcliffe's "The Mysteries of Udolpho." Today, the word Gothic has come largely to represent something that is sensational, dark and related to the supernatural. Many things that were exciting and new in the first Gothic novels have now become stereotypes.
Emphasis on the Supernatural
Gothic novels are pervaded with a sense of mystery. There are often prophecies, omens, ancestral curses and visions. Sometimes ghosts appear or inanimate objects move. In some novels these events are eventually explained, but in others they remain truly supernatural. There is also an inclination to the bizarre and sensational. Plots may include incest or devil worship. Bram Stoker's "Dracula" is an example of a supernaturally-inspired Gothic novel.
Most characters in Gothic novels appear to be under the sway of very strong emotions. Terror, shock and grief are common, along with long, emotional speeches. The female characters especially may faint, cry or scream on a regular basis. Love scenes are written with equal sentimentalism and strong language. In Gothic literature the weather is often used to convey emotion or a sense of foreboding. For instance, in the novel "Jane Eyre" by Charlotte Bronte, a lightning bolt strikes a tree as a symbol of divine wrath against potential bigamy.
There are certain elements of plot that are common among Gothic writers. Most Gothic stories are set in a castle or at the least a large and rather frightening house, preferably with a dungeon or secret passages. Outside, extreme and rugged terrain emphasize the sense of wildness and loneliness. Another common plot device is a woman in distress and menaced by powerful and immoral men. The women of Gothic literature are rarely strong minded and spunky; rather, they are virtuous, curious, sensitive and always alone in the world.
Examples of Gothic Literature
Although the true Gothic novels have long died out, they left a lasting impression on writers for decades and centuries to come. Writing in the late 18th century, Jane Austen wrote her novel "Northanger Abbey" as a way of spoofing the Gothic novels popular at that time. Examples of mainstream literature influenced by the Gothic include the writings of Charlotte and Emily Bronte and Sir Walter Scott's "Ivanhoe" and other books. Romantic poets like Samuel Coleridge, Lord Byron and John Keats wrote narrative poems that are Gothic in style. Even more modern writers like William Faulkner and Truman Capote are thought to be influenced by the Gothic.
Angela Barley started writing professionally in 2008. Her work has appeared in U.K. newspapers such as "The Evening Standard," "The Independent" and "The Times." Barley holds a Master of Arts in journalism from Goldsmiths College, University of London.


What would you like to do?
Providence and the Blackstone Rivers and Scituate Reservoir.
There are many rivers throughout the world. Some bear importance due to their being near famous landmarks, such as the Nile with the pyramids of Egypt. Two more such river…s are the Mississippi river and the Seine.
River Don River Ouse River Aire
Shannon Thames Nile
Please rephrase - the question is unclear.
Moon River (Andy Williams sang this for years) # Swanee River (spiritual) # Deep River (spiritual)
Three Greek Islands are: -Crete(largest Greek island by area) -Paros -Rhodes
Thames, Severn, Mersey, Avon, Trent.
The 3 rivers in Kansas are Missouri river, Kansas river and Arkansas river
On the Greek island of Andros, the River Arnipotamos flows into the bay of Lefka, the River Achla which flows into the bay of Achla, the Megalos Potamos River flows into Parap…orti beach in Hora and the Dipotamata River flows into the bay of Syneti. On the Bahamian island of Andros there are thousands of kilometres of freshwater rivers that come from rainwater collected in the many caves in the island's interior. Many of those rivers have not been named.
Leguan,Wakenaam and Hogg Islands
An island in a river or lake may be called an eyot or holm.
1. Ocklawaha River 2. Halifax River 3. St. Lucie River
Dutch sailor Willem de Vlamingh named both of these in 1697. He named the Swan River after the huge populations of black swans which he saw there.He named Rottnest Island aft…er seeing the quokkas and the nests they made in the grassland and bushland. He thought they were huge rats, so he named the island Rottenest (now Rottnest) which meant rat's nest in Dutch.


Klinefelter syndrome occurs when a male has an additional X chromosome, making them 47 XXY. Under normal circumstances males have XY sex chromosomes and females have XX sex chromosomes.
Rarely people with Klinefelter syndrome can have even more X chromosomes, such as 48 XXXY or 49 XXXXY. This is associated with more severe features.
Usually patients with Kleinfelter syndrome appear as normal males until puberty. At puberty can develop features suggestive of the condition:
- Taller height
- Wider hips
- Weaker muscles
- Small testicles
- Reduced libido
- Subtle learning difficulties (particularly affecting speech and language)
There is no way to treat the underlying genetic cause of Klinefelter syndrome. Treatment aims to help with the features of the condition:
- Testosterone injections improve many of the symptoms
- Advanced IVF techniques have the potential to allow fertility
- Breast reduction surgery for cosmetic purposes
Multidisciplinary team input:
- Speech and language therapy to improve speech and language
- Occupational therapy to assist in day to day tasks
- Physiotherapy to strengthen muscles and joints
- Educational support where required for dyslexia and other learning difficulties
Life expectancy is close to normal. Infertility can occasionally be treated with advanced IVF techniques.
There is a slight increased risk of:
- Breast cancer compared with other males (but still less than females)
- Anxiety and depression
Last updated January 2020


Latest posts by Dr. Howard Tamashiro (see all)
- Hearing Problems May Lead to Mobility Issues - March 13, 2017
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- Meds that Could Cause Hearing Loss (and Other Side-Effects Too!) - February 8, 2017
Identifying the Signs of Hearing Loss
Hearing Loss Overview
Hearing loss is the third most common medical condition in the United States, affecting 20% of the population. Though hearing loss may occur to anyone at any age, it is most prevalent among older Americans. One in three people age 65 and older, and 50% of people age 75 and older, experience some degree of hearing loss.
Hearing loss is often a natural process of aging, though there are other causes, such as exposure to loud noise or due to the use of certain classes of antibiotics. Because it is an invisible condition that usually occurs gradually, you may not notice at first changes in your hearing.
Here, we outline the common signs that you may be experiencing hearing loss.
Signs You May Be Experiencing Hearing Loss
Turning Up the Volume
One key sign of hearing loss is gradually turning up the volume on your TV, radio, and other devices. Because hearing loss interferes with the reception of sound waves and issues with amplification, the sounds you experience in your daily life may become muddled. As a result, people with hearing loss tend to turn up the volume on their devices, believing this will help them hear with more clarity. If your loved ones have asked you to turn the volume down, you may be experiencing hearing loss.
Hearing – But Not Understanding
Speech recognition becomes difficult with untreated hearing loss. During conversations – whether one-on-one or with multiple speakers – you may hear, but have difficulty understanding what is being said. Hearing loss takes many forms, which means you may have difficulty understanding people with voices of high frequencies (such as women and children) or you may not be able to differentiate between certain sounds in speech (confusing words with “s” and “th” or “b” and “p”).
Asking People to Repeat Themselves
Also related to speech recognition, during conversations you may find yourself asking people to repeat themselves. You may misunderstand what has been said, or you may have just not heard clearly. Additionally, with hearing loss, it is difficult to identify the direction from which sounds come. This means you may have difficulty understanding someone if they are standing behind you and speaking.
Avoiding Social Situations
The accumulation of difficulties and frustrations that come with hearing loss may lead you to avoid social situations altogether. Hearing becomes difficult when you are in particularly noisy situations, such as parties or restaurants, and people with hearing loss tend to overcompensate by “pretending” to participate in conversation. Gradually, untreated hearing loss leads to a social withdrawal from the people and activities we love. If you’ve found yourself avoiding social engagements lately, it may indicate a hearing loss.
Changes in Your Mood
Hearing loss has been linked to depression and anxiety. When you are struggling to hear, simple interactions may become frustrating. You may find that you are more impatient. When it comes to communication, the difficulty with understanding may lead to conflict due to mishearing what is being said. In the workplace, untreated hearing loss has been linked to a decrease in productivity. These changes in your mood may indicate a hearing loss.
What to Do if You Suspect Hearing Loss
Hearing specialists estimate that it takes a person an average of seven years from the time they first notice changes in their hearing until they decide to seek help. It is important to take a hearing test sooner rather than later, as untreated hearing loss is related to many other health issues, such as an increased risk for dementia and links to depression and anxiety.
If you suspect you are experiencing hearing loss, contact us at Hearing Center of Hawaii for a hearing exam. We will evaluate your hearing abilities and work with you toward better hearing health.


Oscura is a Zahner blackened patina on steel that has been developed for interior use. Activated steel surfaces create a mottled and artistic ambiance that varies from sheet to sheet. The primary surface is sealed with a clear coat to mitigate rusting due to the effects of the ambient interior environment.
The iron alloys are not commonly used in the uncoated state. Left to nature’s devices, these alloys will develop a rust oxide which will eventually corrode in entirety. The natural color of the iron alloys, when cleaned of scale and mill oil, is a dark blue-gray.
The steels have a dark blue-gray color, while the heavier carbon alloys of cast iron are almost black. Cast iron has a dark carbon-gray surface, which will weather to black. The wrought iron forms are dark blue-gray in tone. Heating blackens the surface, and subsequent shaping drives the dark tones into the surface. Wrought iron is almost always coated with a thick paint to inhibit corrosion.
Oscura Blackened Steel can be blackened or given colors ranging from dark brown to black. One such method to achieve these tones is by dipping it in a heated chemical bath. This process can develop a deep black oxide over the surface of the steel. Oxides produced by this alkali method are weak and prone to abrasion if not protected with waxes or oils. Protection against corrosion is enhanced slightly, but the base metal characteristics may cause a blackened finish on steel to fail if not continuously maintained in an indoor environment.


SAP HANA Database is Main-Memory centric data management platform. SAP HANA Database runs on SUSE Linux Enterprises Server and builds on C++ Language.
SAP HANA Database can be distributed to multiple machines.
SAP HANA Advantages are as mentioned below -
- SAP HANA is useful as it's very fast due to all data loaded in-Memory and no need to load data from disk.
- SAP HANA can be used for the purpose of OLAP (On-line analytic) and OLTP (On-Line Transaction) on a single database.
SAP HANA Database consists of a set of in-memory processing engines. Calculation engine is main in-memory Processing engines in SAP HANA. It works with other processing engine like Relational database Engine(Row and Column engine), OLAP Engine, etc.
Relational database table resides in column or row store.
There are two storage types for SAP HANA table.
- Row type storage (For Row Table).
- Column type storage (For Column Table).
Text data and Graph data resides in Text Engine and Graph Engine respectively. There are some more engines in SAP HANA Database. The data is allowed to store in these engines as long as enough space is available.
In this tutorial, you will learn-
Data is compressed by different compression techniques (e.g. dictionary encoding, run length encoding, sparse encoding, cluster encoding, indirect encoding) in SAP HANA Column store.
When main memory limit is reached in SAP HANA, the whole database objects (table, view,etc.) that are not used will be unloaded from the main memory and saved into the disk.
These objects names are defined by application semantic and reloaded into main memory from the disk when required again. Under normal circumstances SAP HANA database manages unloading and loading of data automatically.
However, the user can load and unload data from individual table manually by selecting a table in SAP HANA studio in respective Schema- by right-clicking and selecting the option "Unload/Load".
SAP HANA Server consists of
- SAP HANA Index Server
SAP HANA Database Main server are index server. Detail of each server is as below-
- It's the main SAP HANA database component
- It contains actual data stores and the engine for processing the data.
- Index Server processes incoming SQL or MDX statement.
Below is the architecture of Index Server.
SAP HANA Index Server overview
- Preprocessor Server
This server is used in Text Analysis and extracts data from a text when the search function is used.
- Name Server
This Server contains all information about the system landscape. In distributed server, the name server contains information about each running component and location of data on the server. This server contains information about the server on which data exists.
- Statistic Server
Statistic server is responsible for collecting the data related to status, resource allocation / consumption and performance of SAP HANA system.
- XS Server
XS Server contains XS Engine. It allows external application and developers to use SAP HANA database via the XS Engine client. The external client application can use HTTP to transmit data via XS engine for HTTP server.
"HANA" mean High Performance Analytic Appliance is a combination of hardware and software platform.
- Due to change in computer architecture, the more powerful computer is available in terms of CPU, RAM, and Hard Disk.
- SAP HANA is the solution for performance bottleneck, in which all data is stored in Main Memory and no need to frequently transfer data from disk I/O to main memory.
Below are SAP HANA Innovation in the field of Hardware/Software.
There are two types of Relational data stores in SAP HANA: Row Store and Column Store.
- It is same as Traditional database e.g. (Oracle, SQL Server). The only difference is that all data is stored in row storage area in memory of SAP HANA, unlike a traditional database, where data is stored in Hard Drive.
- Column store is the part of the SAP HANA database and manages data in columnar way in SAP HANA memory. Column tables are stored in Column store area. The Column store provides good performance for write operations and at the same time optimizes the read operation.
Read and write operation performance optimized with below two data structure.
Main Storage contains the main part of data. In Main Storage, suitable data compression Method (Dictionary Encoding, Cluster Encoding, Sparse Encoding, Run Length encoding, etc.) is applied to compress data with the purpose to save memory and speed up searches.
- In main storage write operations on compressed data will be costly, so write operation do not directly modify compressed data in main storage. Instead, all changes are written in a separate area in column storage known as "Delta Storage."
- Delta storage is optimized for a write operation and uses normal compression. The write operations are not allowed on main storage but allowed on delta storage. Read operations are allowed on both storages.
We can manually load data in Main memory by option "Load into Memory" and Unload data from Main memory by "Unload from Memory" option as shown below.
Delta storage is used for a write operation and uses basic compression. All uncommitted modification in Column table data stored in delta storage.
When we want to move these changes into Main Storage, then use "delta merge operation" from SAP HANA studio as below –
- The purpose of delta merge operation is to move changes, which is collected in delta storage to main storage.
- After performing Delta Merge operation on sap column table, the content of main storage is saved to disk and compression recalculated.
Process of moving Data from Delta to Main Storage during delta merge
There is a buffer store (L1-Delta) which is row storage. So in SAP HANA, column table acts like row store due to L1-delta.
- The user runs update / insert query on the table (Physical Operator is SQL statements.).
- Data first go to L1. When L1 moves data further (L1- Uncommitted data)
- Then data goes to L2-delta buffer, which is column oriented. (L2- Committed data)
- When L2-delta process is complete, data goes to Main storage.
So, Column storage is both Write-optimized and Read-optimized due to L1-Delta and main storage respectively. L1-Delta contains all uncommitted data. Committed data moves to Main Store through L2-Delta. From main store data goes to the persistence layer (The arrow indicating here is a physical operator that send SQL Statement in Column Store). After Processing SQL Statement in Column store, data goes to the persistence layer.
E.g. below is row-based table-
Table data is stored on disk in linear format, so below is format how data is stored on disk for row and column table -
In SAP HANA memory, this table is stored in Row Store on disk as format –
And in Column, data is stored on disk as –
Data is stored column-wise in the linear format on the disk. Data can be compressed by compress technique.
So, Column store has an advantage of memory saving.
Sizing is a term which is used to determine hardware requirement for SAP HANA system, such as RAM, Hard Disk and CPU, etc.
The main important sizing component is the Memory, and the second important sizing component is CPU. The third main component is a disk, but sizing is completely dependent on Memory and CPU.
In SAP HANA implementation, one of the critical tasks is to determine the right size of a server according to business requirement.
SAP HANA DB differ in sizing with normal DBMS in terms of –
- Main Memory Requirement for SAP HANA ( Memory sizing is determined by Metadata and Transaction data in SAP HANA)
- CPU Requirement for SAP HANA (Forecast CPU is Estimated not accurate).
- Disk Space Requirement for SAP HANA ( Is calculated for data persistence and for logging data)
The Application server CPU and application server memory remain unchanged.
For sizing calculation SAP has provided various guidelines and method to calculate correct size.
We can use below method-
- Sizing using ABAP report.
- Sizing using DB Script.
- Sizing using Quicksizer Tool.
By using Quicksizer tool, Requirement will be displayed in below format-


Registration for the White House Historical Association’s 2015-2016 field trip programs is now closed. Please email email@example.com to be added to the waitlist.
The War of 1812 is an important part of American history, and of particular importance to the Washington metropolitan region. The events leading up to the burning of the White House during the War of 1812 have been well chronicled. Eyewitness accounts and recollections by American and British soldiers, sailors, and civilians have helped bring to light this humiliating episode of America's second war with Great Britain. Among the most celebrated events of the war was the saving of George Washington's portrait by Dolley Madison before the White House was burned on August 24, 1814.
Forged by Fire: Dolley Madison, the White House, and the War of 1812, helps students discover the impact of the War of 1812 in Washington, D.C. with a special focus on the White House and Dolley Madison's famed flight. Each student will step back in time and research and play the role of an historic figure in Washington, D.C. during the War of 1812 as part of a costumed reenactment. In conclusion to the program, each class receives a DVD of their filmed production.
During the program students will also tour historic Decatur House, the first private residence on Lafayette Square built by War of 1812 naval war hero Stephen Decatur in 1818.
After completing the Forged by Fire program, students will be better able to:
- Identify and explain the causes of the War of 1812
- Categorize key War of 1812 events chronologically
- Describe the regional differences that divided the United States before and during the war
- Explain the historical impact of the War of 1812 from a local and national standpoint
- Distinguish different historical points of view on the same issue
- Takes place at the historic Decatur House, located at 1610 H Street NW.
- Free of charge
- 2.5-3 hour experience


Your digestive system is housed in over 400 types of tiny bacteria. Professionals think these bacteria – when in the appropriate environment – can make use of certain sources as well as nutrients to either hinder the development of or eliminate pathogenic germs that are the reason for digestive imbalances and also disease.
Although our body generates its own ‘internal germs’ we can likewise top them up by consuming items that contain great microorganisms or probiotics as there far better understood.
Clinical research study has actually revealed that specific probiotic pressures such as lactobacillus can have a valuable effect in helping reduce incidents of looseness of the bowels. Specifically, taking these stress probiotics has actually aided people to recuperate from diarrhea triggered by taking antibiotics.
It’s important to mention that antibiotics are unplanned – implying they eliminate both the poor as well as great microorganisms.
The only way probiotics can benefit you is when they reach your digestive system and are then able to re-colonize with your existing microorganisms. However, this is easier stated than done.
It ends up that, manufactured probiotics that are located in yogurt are very vulnerable and also sensitive to extremely acidic atmospheres such as the human stomach.
Pro supplement groups will argue that many otherwise all the probiotics consisted of in yogurt are exterminated in the tummy and also never ever get to the reduced gastrointestinal system.
Another crucial point is that probiotic bacteria have to live if they’re to profit you. The truth is, most commercial yogurts are pasteurized which is a high-temperature process that kills bacteria.
Nevertheless, yogurt firms are now beginning to include probiotics after the yogurt has been pasteurized.
It’s additionally worth keeping in mind that average yogurt does not include probiotics and so is a waste of time when it pertains to recovering equilibrium in your digestive system.
Common yogurt also has a lot of sugar which is unhealthy as it can encourage the development of yeast infections such as Candida fungus.
If you’re going to take yogurt after that make certain it has real-time cultures. Lots of probiotic yogurts will have the term ‘Bio-active’ published on the packaging to represent they consist of live bacteria stress.
The other alternative to topping up your own excellent microorganisms is to take probiotic supplements. When you search online or perhaps see your local organic food or medicine store you will certainly locate a wide variety of various brands selling you probiotics.
The fact is, not all probiotic supplements are produced equivalent. One claim made versus supplements is that a lot of the microorganisms they consist of are dead by the time you purchase them.
You see made probiotics are likewise prone to warmth. When they’re created they require to be frozen or maintained at reduced temperatures otherwise they die.
There are cases where probiotic supplements are delivered in unrefrigerated containers or shown under warm lightning which can additionally impact the high quality of the product.
The good news is, probiotic pressures are being developed that are much less at risk of warmth.
As you can see there are both benefits and drawbacks to taking both of these choices. The important thing is, taking either supplements or yogurt has actually not hurt anyone’s wellness so you have little to shed by trying both and also finding out which one helps you.


Many developed and developing countries are facing heavy vehicular traffic as a common problem in their metro cities. Various cities are implementing traffic management centers which can make commuter life easy and reduce traffic-related risks by providing alerts via dynamic messaging about incidents that may cause a delay.
With the convergence of many transport intelligent systems, mobile apps are being developed to provide intelligent transportation by giving real-time information on traffic density. Google Maps is one of the best in-built smart mobile apps which can provide a route, the distance along with travel time based on the traffic density. These apps prove vital for providing the following features.
With intelligent transportation technology apps in smartphones, the user can find the best possible route with less traffic density to reach the destination.
Mobile apps incorporated with intelligent transportation technology can provide the best public transit options by using crowd-sourced data which is real-time user input.
Check This Out: Top Intelligent Transportation Companies
The user can find parking apps which can provide information about available parking space in high traffic density areas for vehicles to park.
Driving with data
Future advancements in transportation system can enable the building of roadways embedded with fiber optic cables that underpin Wi-Fi. These can provide the required data to commuters if their vehicles are equipped with communication and power infrastructure.
The well-planned and artful use of these transportation technologies can provide vehicular traffic analysis in such a manner that can prevent heavy and substantial traffic risks which ultimately results in better quality of life for the commuters.