Crime And Punishment Online PdfBy Nosunnaldllyb In and pdf 05.04.2021 at 20:21 5 min read
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This work is a translation of Crime e Castigo.
Raskolnikov, an impoverished student, conceives of himself as being an extraordinary young man and then formulates a theory whereby the extraordinary men of the world have a right to commit any crime if they have something of worth to offer humanity. To prove his theory, he murders an old, despicable pawnbroker and her half-sister who happened to come upon him suddenly. Immediately after the crime, he becomes ill and lies in his room semi-conscious for several days. When he recovers, he finds that a friend, Razumihkin, had looked for him.
Crime and Punishment
It was first published in the literary journal The Russian Messenger in twelve monthly installments during It is the second of Dostoevsky's full-length novels following his return from ten years of exile in Siberia. Crime and Punishment is considered the first great novel of his "mature" period of writing. Crime and Punishment focuses on the mental anguish and moral dilemmas of Rodion Raskolnikov , an impoverished ex-student in Saint Petersburg who formulates a plan to kill an unscrupulous pawnbroker for her money.
Before the killing, Raskolnikov believes that with the money he could liberate himself from poverty and go on to perform great deeds. However, once it is done he finds himself racked with confusion, paranoia, and disgust for his actions. His justifications disintegrate completely as he struggles with guilt and horror and confronts the real-world consequences of his deed. At the time Dostoevsky owed large sums of money to creditors and was trying to help the family of his brother Mikhail, who had died in early After appeals elsewhere failed, Dostoevsky turned as a last resort to the publisher Mikhail Katkov and sought an advance on a proposed contribution.
Dostoevsky, having been engaged in polemical debates with Katkov in the early s, had never published anything in its pages before. In a letter to Katkov written in September , Dostoevsky explained to him that the work was to be about a young man who yields to "certain strange, 'unfinished' ideas, yet floating in the air". From then on, Crime and Punishment is referred to as a novel. In the complete edition of Dostoevsky's writings published in the Soviet Union , the editors reassembled the writer's notebooks for Crime and Punishment in a sequence roughly corresponding to the various stages of composition.
It coincides roughly with the story that Dostoevsky described in his letter to Katkov and, written in the form of a diary or journal, corresponds to what eventually became part 2 of the finished work.
Milyukov . Why Dostoevsky abandoned his initial version remains a matter of speculation. According to Joseph Frank, "one possibility is that his protagonist began to develop beyond the boundaries in which he had first been conceived".
This shift was the culmination of a long struggle, present through all the early stages of composition. Frank says that he did not, as he told Wrangel, burn everything he had written earlier. Dostoevsky was under great pressure to finish Crime and Punishment on time, as he was simultaneously contracted to finish The Gambler for Stellovsky , who had imposed extremely harsh conditions.
Anna Snitkina , a stenographer who later became Dostoevsky's wife, was of great help to him during this difficult task. The title refers to Italian criminologist and philosopher Cesare Beccaria 's "Dei delitti e delle pene" On Crimes and Punishment, , a text known in Russia due to an translation.
Rodion Romanovich Raskolnikov, a former law student, lives in extreme poverty in a tiny, rented room in Saint Petersburg. Isolated and antisocial, he has abandoned all attempts to support himself, and is brooding obsessively on a scheme he has devised to murder and rob an elderly pawn-broker.
On the pretext of pawning a watch, he visits her apartment, but remains unable to commit himself. Later in a tavern he makes the acquaintance of Semyon Zakharovich Marmeladov, a drunkard who recently squandered his family's little wealth. Marmeladov tells him about his teenage daughter, Sonya, who has become a prostitute in order to support the family. The next day Raskolnikov receives a letter from his mother in which she describes the problems of his sister Dunya, who has been working as a governess, with her ill-intentioned employer, Svidrigailov.
To escape her vulnerable position, and with hopes of helping her brother, Dunya has chosen to marry a wealthy suitor, Luzhin, whom they are coming to meet in Petersburg. Details in the letter suggest that Luzhin is a conceited opportunist who is seeking to take advantage of Dunya's situation. Raskolnikov is enraged at his sister's sacrifice, feeling it is the same as what Sonya felt compelled to do.
Painfully aware of his own poverty and impotence, his thoughts return to his idea. A further series of internal and external events seem to conspire to compel him toward the resolution to enact it. In a state of extreme nervous tension, Raskolnikov steals an axe and makes his way once more to the old woman's apartment.
He gains access by pretending he has something to pawn, and then attacks her with the axe, killing her. He also kills her half-sister, Lizaveta, who happens to stumble upon the scene of the crime. Shaken by his actions, he steals only a handful of items and a small purse, leaving much of the pawn-broker's wealth untouched.
Due to sheer good fortune, he manages to escape the building and return to his room undetected. In a feverish, semi-delirious state Raskolnikov conceals the stolen items and falls asleep exhausted. He is greatly alarmed the next morning when he gets a summons to the police station, but it turns out to be in relation to a debt notice from his landlady. When the officers at the bureau begin talking about the murder, Raskolnikov faints.
He quickly recovers, but he can see from their faces that he has aroused suspicion. Fearing a search, he hides the stolen items under a building block in an empty yard, noticing in humiliation that he hasn't even checked how much money is in the purse.
Without knowing why, he visits his old university friend Razumikhin, who observes that Raskolnikov seems to be seriously ill. Finally he returns to his room where he succumbs to his illness and falls into a prolonged delirium. When he emerges several days later he finds that Razumikhin has tracked him down and has been nursing him. Still feverish, Raskolnikov listens nervously to a conversation between Razumikhin and the doctor about the status of the police investigation into the murders: a muzhik called Mikolka, who was working in a neighbouring flat at the time, has been detained, and the old woman's clients are being interviewed.
He angrily tells the others to leave as well, and then sneaks out himself. He looks for news about the murder, and seems almost to want to draw attention to his own part in it. He encounters the police official Zamyotov, who was present when he fainted in the bureau, and openly mocks the young man's unspoken suspicions.
He returns to the scene of the crime and re-lives the sensations he experienced at the time. He angers the workmen and caretakers by asking casual questions about the murder, even suggesting that they accompany him to the police station to discuss it. As he contemplates whether or not to confess, he sees Marmeladov, who has been struck mortally by a carriage.
He rushes to help and succeeds in conveying the stricken man back to his family's apartment. Calling out for Sonya to forgive him, Marmeladov dies in his daughter's arms. Raskolnikov gives his last twenty five roubles from money sent to him by his mother to Marmeladov's consumptive widow, Katerina Ivanovna, saying it is the repayment of a debt to his friend.
Feeling renewed, Raskolnikov calls on Razumikhin, and they go back together to Raskolnikov's building. Upon entering his room Raskolnikov is deeply shocked to see his mother and sister sitting on the sofa. They have just arrived in Petersburg and are ecstatic to see him, but Raskolnikov is unable to speak, and collapses in a faint.
Razumikhin tends to Raskolnikov, and manages to convince the distressed mother and sister to return to their apartment.
He goes with them, despite being drunk and rather overwhelmed by Dunya's beauty. When they return the next morning Raskolnikov has improved physically, but it becomes apparent that he is still mentally distracted and merely forcing himself to endure the meeting.
He demands that Dunya break with Luzhin, but Dunya fiercely defends her motives for the marriage. Mrs Raskolnikov has received a note from Luzhin demanding that her son not be present at any future meetings between them.
He also informs her that he witnessed her son give the 25 rubles to "an unmarried woman of immoral behavior" Sonya. Dunya has decided that a meeting, at which both Luzhin and her brother are present, must take place, and Raskolnikov agrees to attend that evening along with Razumikhin.
To Raskolnikov's surprise, Sonya suddenly appears at his door. Timidly, she explains that he left his address with them last night, and that she has come to invite him to attend her father's funeral. As she leaves, Raskolnikov asks for her address and tells her that he will visit her soon. At Raskolnikov's behest, Razumikhin takes him to see the detective Porfiry Petrovich, who is investigating the murders.
Raskolnikov immediately senses that Porfiry knows that he is the murderer. Porfiry, who has just been discussing the case with Zamyotov, adopts an ironic tone during the conversation. He expresses extreme curiosity about an article that Raskolnikov wrote some months ago called 'On Crime', in which he suggests that certain rare individuals—the benefactors and geniuses of mankind—have a right to 'step across' legal or moral boundaries if those boundaries are an obstruction to the success of their idea.
Raskolnikov defends himself skillfully, but he is alarmed and angered by Porfiry's insinuating tone. An appointment is made for an interview the following morning at the police bureau. Leaving Razumikhin with his mother and sister, Raskolnikov returns to his own building.
He is surprised to find an old artisan, whom he doesn't know, making inquiries about him. Raskolnikov tries to find out what he wants, but the artisan says only one word — "murderer", and walks off. Petrified, Raskolnikov returns to his room and falls into thought and then sleep.
He wakes to find another complete stranger present, this time a man of aristocratic appearance. The man politely introduces himself as Arkady Ivanovich Svidrigailov. Svidrigailov indulges in an amiable but disjointed monologue, punctuated by Raskolnikov's terse interjections. He claims to no longer have any romantic interest in Dunya, but wants to stop her from marrying Luzhin, and offer her ten thousand roubles. Raskolnikov refuses the money on her behalf and refuses to facilitate a meeting.
Svidrigailov also mentions that his wife, who defended Dunya at the time of the unpleasantness but died shortly afterwards, has left her rubles in her will.
The meeting with Luzhin that evening begins with talk of Svidrigailov—his depraved character, his presence in Petersburg, the unexpected death of his wife and the rubles left to Dunya. Luzhin takes offence when Dunya insists on resolving the issue with her brother, and when Raskolnikov draws attention to the slander in his letter, Luzhin becomes reckless, exposing his true character.
Dunya tells him to leave and never come back. Now free and with significant capital, they excitedly begin to discuss plans for the future, but Raskolnikov suddenly gets up and leaves, telling them, to their great consternation, that it might be the last time he sees them. He instructs the baffled Razumikhin to remain and always care for them.
Raskolnikov proceeds to Sonya's place. She is gratified that he is visiting her, but also frightened of his strange manner. He asks a series of merciless questions about her terrible situation and that of Katerina Ivanovna and the children.
Raskolnikov begins to realize that Sonya is sustained only by her faith in God. She reveals that she was a friend of the murdered Lizaveta. In fact, Lizaveta gave her a cross and a copy of the Gospels. She passionately reads to him the story of the raising of Lazarus from the Gospel of John.
His fascination with her, which had begun at the time when her father spoke of her, increases and he decides that they must face the future together. As he leaves he tells her that he will come back tomorrow and tell her who killed her friend Lizaveta.
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Crime and Punishment is a novel by Fyodor Dostoevsky that was first published in Read a Plot Overview of the entire book or a chapter by chapter Summary and Analysis. See a complete list of the characters in Crime and Punishment and in-depth analyses of Raskolnikov, Sonya, Dunya, and Svidrigailov. Here's where you'll find analysis about the book as a whole. Find the quotes you need to support your essay, or refresh your memory of the book by reading these key quotes. Continue your study of Crime and Punishment with these useful links.
It was first published in the literary journal The Russian Messenger in twelve monthly installments during It is the second of Dostoevsky's full-length novels following his return from ten years of exile in Siberia. Crime and Punishment is considered the first great novel of his "mature" period of writing. Crime and Punishment focuses on the mental anguish and moral dilemmas of Rodion Raskolnikov , an impoverished ex-student in Saint Petersburg who formulates a plan to kill an unscrupulous pawnbroker for her money. Before the killing, Raskolnikov believes that with the money he could liberate himself from poverty and go on to perform great deeds. However, once it is done he finds himself racked with confusion, paranoia, and disgust for his actions.
Crime and Punishment. Fyodor Dostoevsky. Translated By Constance Garnett. This eBook is designed and published by Planet PDF. For more free. eBooks visit.
Crime and Punishment
Dostoyevsky, F. Part 1, Chapter 2. Crime and Punishment Lit2Go Edition.
Available in PDF, epub, and Kindle ebook. This book has pages in the PDF version, and was originally published in ; this is a translation by Constance Garnett. Fyodor Dostoevsky's classic, Crime And Punishment, tells the story of Raskolnikov, a destitute and desperate former student, who wanders through the slums of St Petersburg and commits a random murder without remorse or regret.
И вдруг увидел знакомый силуэт в проходе между скамьями сбоку. Это. Он .
- Не выпускай ее из приемной. Бринкерхофф кивнул и двинулся следом за Мидж. Фонтейн вздохнул и обхватил голову руками. Взгляд его черных глаз стал тяжелым и неподвижным. Возвращение домой оказалось долгим и слишком утомительным.
Он что-то им говорит. Но что. Дэвид на экране застыл в глубокой задумчивости. - Разница, - бормотал он себе под нос.
ГЛАВА 118 - Это может служить доказательством, - решительно заявил Фонтейн. - Танкадо избавился от кольца. Он хотел, чтобы оно оказалось как можно дальше от него - чтобы мы его никогда не нашли. - Но, директор, - возразила Сьюзан, - это не имеет смысла. Если Танкадо не понял, что стал жертвой убийства, зачем ему было отдавать ключ.
Хейл выжидал. Стояла полная тишина, и он внимательно прислушался. Ничего. Вроде бы на нижней ступеньке никого. Может, ему просто показалось.
Сьюзан хотела что-то сказать, но ее опередил Джабба: - Значит, Танкадо придумал шифр-убийцу. - Он перевел взгляд на экран. Все повернулись вслед за. - Шифр-убийца? - переспросил Бринкерхофф. Джабба кивнул: - Да.
ГЛАВА 44 Фил Чатрукьян, киля от злости, вернулся в лабораторию систем безопасности.


The Reading Tracks® series consists of 22 books for Indigenous learners (middle school or older). The books grew out of a desire to provide relevant and culturally affirming stories for older Indigenous literacy learners - books that would engage them.
At the same time, everyone involved in the production of these books hopes that all young Australians will learn a bit more from them about the First Australians’ ancient cultures and practices of food gathering - tracking and hunting in the central deserts and fishing on the coast.
The Elders involved in the development of these books, and the many students who wanted to share their stories, expressed their desire to have books about true stories, fishing, traditional bush tucker skills, and the old ways of tracking and hunting.
In order to achieve this, author Margaret James worked very closely with Elders and students, going on bush trips and yarning about tracking, hunting and fishing for many hours, to ensure that the stories were culturally accurate. Elders edited the books to confirm that they were appropriate for publication, and students gave their feedback after reading them.
The Reading Tracks® seven advanced books offer more able readers interesting, culturally relevant and informative stories. The advanced books are suitable for both Indigenous and non-Indigenous readers.
The Reading Tracks®: Advanced Books Set of 7 include:
- Book 1: Barramundi Fishing Story Arlaminga
- Book 2: The First Camel Cup
- Book 3: Tracking and Hunting Inarlenge (Echidna)
- Book 4: Tracking and Hunting Eland
- Book 5: Tracking and Hunting Ruumiya (Goanna)
- Book 6: Hunting Kangaroo
- Book 7: Hunting Ilia (Emu)


Millennials in Adulthood
Chapter 2: Generations and Issues
Millennials are at the forefront of the recent rise in public support for same-sex marriage and the legalization of marijuana. Millennials take more liberal positions than older generations on other major issues as well, including immigration reform. And they are far more likely than older age cohorts to express support for an activist government.
But on some issues, Millennials’ views differ little from those of older Americans. About half (48%) say it is more important to protect gun rights than control gun ownership, about the same as older generations. A majority of Millennials say that abortion should be legal in all or most cases, but so do comparable percentages of Gen Xers and Boomers, while the Silent generation is less supportive of legal abortion.
Support for same-sex marriage has increased dramatically over the past decade. But as was the case in 2004, there are substantial differences in opinions across generations. Millennials were the most supportive of same-sex marriage a decade ago and have grown more so since then. Currently, 68% favor allowing gays and lesbians to marry legally, up from 44% in 2004. During the same period, the proportion of Gen Xers who support gay marriage increased from 40% to 55% while rising by 18 percentage points among Boomers (30% to 48%) and by 20 points among members of the Silent generation (18% to 38%).
Legalization of Marijuana
Support for legalizing marijuana has risen over the same period among Gen Xers and Boomers, though less dramatically. Currently, 53% of Gen Xers and 52% of Boomers say marijuana should be legal, up 19 points and 18 points, respectively, since 2006. Silents have shown far less change. Just 30% say marijuana use should be legal, three points higher than eight years ago.
Boomers’ support for marijuana legalization peaked in the late 1970s, before plummeting in the 1980s. But today, Boomers’ support for legalizing marijuana is greater than it was four decades ago.
Views of Immigration Policy
The public has long supported a “path to legalization” for undocumented immigrants in the U.S., though there is less support for allowing them to apply for citizenship.
But only among Millennials does a majority say those in the country illegally should be allowed to apply for citizenship; 55% among the youngest cohort favor a path to citizenship, compared with 46% of Gen Xers, 39% of Boomers and 41% of Silents.
Abortion and Gun Control
Generational patterns are less clear on two other major social issues—abortion and gun control.
In recent years, half or more Millennials, Gen Xers and Boomers have supported legalizing abortion in all or most cases while Silents have been less supportive. Currently, 59% of Gen Xers, 56% of Millennials and 52% of Boomers believe abortion should be legal in all or most cases. In contrast, just 42% of Silents say abortion should be legal under most circumstances.
There also are modest generational differences in opinions on gun control. Millennials, like older cohorts, are divided over whether it is more important to protect the right of Americans to own guns or more important to control gun ownership. About half of Silents (51%), Millennials (49%) and Gen Xers (48%) and slightly fewer Boomers (44%) say that controlling gun ownership is more important than controlling gun rights.
Generational Differences over Government’s Role
Millennials have long been more supportive than older generations of an activist government. In a September 2013 survey, about half (53%) of Millennials favored a bigger government providing more services—the highest of any generation. Just 38% said they would rather have smaller government providing fewer services.
Majorities of Silents (64%) and Boomers (59%) say they would rather have a smaller government providing fewer services. Gen Xers are divided, with 49% preferring smaller government and 43% bigger government.
Notably, Millennials are as skeptical as older generations of the 2010 health care law. In December 2013—the most recent Pew Research Center survey on the Affordable Care Act—there were no significant differences across generations in views of the law. About four-in-ten in each cohort approved of the law.
Yet by 54% to 42%, Millennials think it is the federal government’s responsibility to make sure all Americans have health care coverage. There is less support among older age cohorts for the government insuring health coverage for all.
Higher Priority for Government: Programs for the Young or Old?
Millennials differ from older generations over the role of government, and they also are more likely to give priority to government programs that benefit younger people.
Millennials are the only age cohort in which more say that government programs benefitting younger people should be a higher priority than programs benefitting older people (53% vs. 31%). There is especially strong support for programs to aid the young among the youngest Millennials (ages 18 to 25): 60% say programs that benefit younger people should be a higher priority for government, compared with 45% of older Millennials.
Gen Xers are divided over whether programs for younger people (36%) or older people (40%) should receive more priority. Boomers and Silents, by wide margins, say that programs that benefit older people should be the higher priority.
Majorities across generations say that in thinking about Social Security’s future, benefits should not be reduced in any way. Even among Millennials—those furthest from retirement—more say Social Security benefits should not be reduced by a 61%-37% margin.
At the same time, there is considerable doubt—especially among Millennials and Gen Xers—that Social Security benefits will still exist, much less be funded at current levels, by the time they retire.
Boomers say they expect Social Security will be able to provide some—albeit reduced—benefits. Roughly seven-in-ten Boomers expect to receive benefits at reduced levels (42%) or current levels (26%).
Millennials and Gen Xers are much more pessimistic. About half of each group (51% of Millennials and 50% of Gen Xers) say that when they retire Social Security will not have enough money to pay any benefits.
Age, Race and Views of Issues
As with many attitudes about politics, there are wide racial differences across generations over the role of government, with non-whites much more supportive than whites of activist government. But in opinions about some social issues—notably same-sex marriage and immigration—the differences are much narrower.
Overall, 53% of Millennials favor a bigger government providing more services. But white Millennials prefer smaller government by 52% to 39%. Non-whites would rather have a bigger government by an even larger margin (71% to 21%).
Similarly, most white Millennials (54%) say it is not the federal government’s responsibility to provide health insurance for all; 68% of non-white Millennials say this is the government’s responsibility.
A similar pattern of racial and ethnic differences is also evident among Gen Xers and Boomers in views about the size of government and whether it has an obligation to provide health insurance for all. (There are not enough non-white Silents in the surveys to analyze.)
On other issues—such as same-sex marriage and immigration—there are only slight differences in opinions across racial and ethnic groups within generations. For example, white and non-white Millennials offer nearly identical views of same-sex marriage; 70% of whites and 67% of non-whites favor it, and differences are also insignificant among the older cohorts.
White Millennials are also about as likely as non-white Millennials, and more likely than older whites, to say illegal immigrants who meet certain requirements should be allowed to apply for citizenship. About half of white Millennials (53%) and 58% of non-white Millennials favor a path to citizenship. Among the older cohorts, 42% of white Gen Xers and 38% of white Boomers share this view. Among the Silent generation, 41% favor a path to citizenship.
When it comes to the legalization of marijuana, white Millennials are more supportive than non-white Millennials, but majorities in both groups say the use of marijuana should be legal (73% and 63%, respectively). Among Gen Xers: 58% of whites favor legalization of marijuana, compared with 44% of non-whites.


Muslim Statistics (Slavery)
While the mortality rate for slaves being transported across the Atlantic was as high as 10%, the percentage of slaves dying in transit in the Trans Sahara and East African slave trade was between 80 and 90%!
While almost all the slaves shipped across the Atlantic were for agricultural work, most of the slaves destined for the Muslim Middle East were for sexual exploitation as concubines, in harems, and for military service.
While many children were born to slaves in the Americas, and millions of their descendants are citizens in Brazil and the USA to this day, very few descendants of the slaves that ended up in the Middle East survive.
While most slaves who went to the Americas could marry and have families, most of the male slaves destined for the Middle East were castrated, and most of the children born to the women were killed at birth.
It is estimated that possibly as many as 11 million Africans were transported across the Atlantic (95% of which went to South and Central America, mainly to Portuguese, Spanish and French possessions. Only 5% of the slaves went to the United States).
However, at least 28 million Africans were enslaved in the Muslim Middle East. As at least 80% of those captured by Muslim slave traders were calculated to have died before reaching the slave markets, it is believed that the death toll from the 14 centuries of Muslim slave raids into Africa could have been over 112 million. When added to the number of those sold in the slave markets, the total number of African victims of the Trans Saharan and East African slave trade could be significantly higher than 140 million people.
. . .
Historian Robert Davis in his book "Christian Slaves, Muslim Masters - White Slavery In the Mediterranean, the Barbary Coast and Italy", estimates that North African Muslim pirates abducted and enslaved more than 1 million Europeans between 1530 and 1780. These white Christians were seized in a series of raids which depopulated coastal towns from Sicily to Cornwall. Thousands of white Christians in coastal areas were seized every year to work as galley slaves, labourers and concubines for Muslim slave masters in what is today Morocco, Tunisia, Algeria and Libya. Villages and towns on the coast of Italy, Spain, Portugal and France were the hardest hit, but the Muslim slave raiders also seized people as far afield as Britain, Ireland and Iceland. They even captured 130 American seamen from ships they boarded in the Atlantic between 1785 and 1793.
According to one report, 7000 English people were abducted between 1622 to 1644, many of them ship crews and passengers. But the Corsairs also landed on unguarded beaches, often at night, to snatch the unwary. Almost all the inhabitants of the village of Baltimore, in Ireland, were captured in 1631, and there were other raids in Devon and Cornwall. Many of these white, Christian slaves were put to work in quarries, building sites and galleys and endured malnutrition, disease and mistreatment at the hands of their Muslim slave masters. Many of them were used for public works such as building harbours.Female captives were sexually abused in palace harems and others were held as hostages and bargained for ransom. "The most unlucky ended up stuck and forgotten out in the desert, in some sleepy town such as Suez, or in Turkish Sultanate galleys, where some slaves rowed for decades without ever setting foot on shore." Professor Davis estimates that up to 1,25 million Europeans were enslaved by Muslim slave raiders between 1500 to 1800.
. . .
One of the most impressive parts of Prof. Davis’s book is his computation of the numbers of Europeans enslaved by these Muslim raiders. Combing through the historical sources, he concludes that there were about 35,000 enslaved Christians on the Barbary Coast at any one time. He then sets about estimating attrition rates. Slave numbers declined through four causes: death, escape, redemption (i.e. by ransom), and conversion to Islam. Davis gets annual rates from these causes of 17 percent, 1 percent, 2-3 percent, and 4 percent, respectively. This implies a total number of slaves, from the early 1500s to the late 1700s, of one to one and a quarter million. This is an astonishing number, implying that well into the 17th century, the Mediterranean slave trade was out-producing the Atlantic one. Numbers fell off thereafter, while the transatlantic trade increased; but in its time, the enslavement of European Christians by Muslim North Africans was the main kind of enslavement going on in the world.
. . .
In fact, even a tentative slave count in Barbary inevitably begs a host of new questions. To begin with, the estimates arrived at here make it clear that for most of the first two centuries of the modern era, nearly as many Europeans were taken forcibly to Barbary and worked or sold as slaves as were West Africans hauled off to labor on plantations in the Americas. In the sixteenth century especially, during which time the Atlantic slave runners still averaged only around 3,200 Africans annually, the corsairs of Algiers – and later Tunis and Tripoli – were regularly snatching that many or more white captives on a single raiding voyage to Sicily, the Balearics, or Valencia.
Soliman said that Egypt has turned from a transit country to a “residence country” for the women
. . .
Experts say the number of women trafficked into neighboring countries is on the rise as wealthy Arabs take advantage of difficult economic situations, marry young girls with the intent to use them in the sex trade.
Makram Ouda, executive director of the Jordanian Women Union said that they have found 70 Egyptian women who were trafficked into Jordan and kept there as part of the sex trade network after their husbands “bought” them from their parents.And while the marriage contracts are legitimate, these new brides find themselves working either as beggars or as sex workers.
. . .
The group says the majority of victims are from West, Central and East Java, West Kalimantan and North Sumatra. In many cases, the children are promised work as domestic workers but end up in prostitution dens.More than 3,900 children here have fallen victim to human trafficking in the first half of the year, according to the International Organization for Migration. The country tops the UN body’s list of child trafficking cases.
Change will come too late to heal Mrs Sayed's ruined life. But she knows that victory for Mr Boulkheir could transform the future for the daughter and grandchildren whom she had to leave behind in captivity when she finally summoned the courage to escape.
A black African of Mauritania's Haratine caste, she was born into slavery about 40 years ago - she is illiterate and has only a hazy idea of time - and grew up as the property of an Arabic-speaking Berber family, in an oasis town deep in the desert.
While her master's children went to school, she was cooking, cleaning and washing from dawn to dusk. She slept on the floor, and suffered beatings.
. . .
Slave-holding has been abolished three times, first by the country's former French overlords and then twice by different rulers of the independent state, most recently in 2007. But the law has never been enforced and no slave owner has ever been prosecuted.
. . .
Centuries of indoctrination have persuaded the Sahara's captives that slavery is religiously ordained - slaves are taught that if they run away they will be barred from heaven. As a local saying puts it: "Paradise is under your master's foot." In some remote places a runaway will still be hunted down by nomad masters.
. . .
A Berber driver, who would only give his first name, Mohammed, defended slavery. "It is our religion and custom," he said.
. . .
The crisis began after the workers' advocates successfully petitioned three district courts to declare as illegal the debts that the landlords were using to compel the workers into indentured servitude. Those debts average around 1,000 Pakistani rupees — roughly $12. The hostages, a third of whom are children, some as young as 4 months old, are landless peasants, known as haari in Urdu. According to Ghulam Hyder, a spokesman for Pakistan's Green Rural Development Organization, the landlords have killed one hostage already and are threatening to kill the others unless they drop the cases and return to work.
. . .
A 2004 study by the International Labour Office (ILO) estimated that there are up to a million haari families in Sindh alone, the majority living in conditions of debt bondage, which the U.N. defines as modern-day slavery. Last fall, Pakistan's Daily Times newspaper quoted the labor minister of neighboring Punjab province as saying that landlords hold millions of forced laborers in "private prisons" across the country.
Save the Children appeal to the Norwegian and Swedish ministers take up the issue with their Saudi counterparts, and asks private companies to take up the exploitation of children when they hit their business.
- I am not surprised by the information about the existence of such traffic to Saudi Arabia and other countries in the region, particularly in light of [the fact] that marriage with children is widespread and accepted, “said Sannah Johnson, regional director of the Middle East for the Swedish Save the Children.A well-organized network of traffickers supplying the Arab market with child brides from the North African country of Mauritania, says U.S. diplomats. Retrieved as sex slaves in their thousands from Yemen, in addition to that there is an extensive sex industry in Yemen offering sex with minors to rich men from the Gulf states, the Wikileaks documents and Aftenposten Bergens Tidende has access to.
In slave raids on Southern villages, conducted by government-backed Arab militias known as murahaleen, estimated hundreds of thousands of blacks, mostly women and children, were captured, transported to the North and enslaved.
Since 1995, AASG's partner, Christian Solidarity International (CSI), has been working to free Sudan's slaves. The organization provides funds to the indigenous network of Africans and Arabs who cooperate on returning the captives. CSI's efforts resulted in the liberation of over 80,000 slaves.
In 2005, under guidance of the US Government, the North and the South signed a Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA) that ended the war and provided for Southern self-determination. The CPA ended the slave raids, but left the fate of those already in bondage unresolved. According to the recent Congressional testimony of CSI's CEO Dr. John Eibner, approximately 35,000 are still serving their masters in parts of Southern Darfur and Kordofan.In the week prior to the independence, CSI liberated 404 slaves.
The judge in the town of Hajja, which is home to some 300 slaves, according to residents, said he had certified the transfer only because the new owner planned to free the slave.
But his decision has triggered a campaign by local human right activists.
A 2009 report by the human rights ministry found that males and females were still enslaved in the provinces of Hudaydah and Hajja, in northwest Yemen -- the Arab world's most impoverished country.
. . .
"We are still in the process of trying to count the numbers of slaves," the coordinator of rights group Hood, Mohammed Naji Allaw, told AFP, explaining that slaves were "owned by title deeds, or inherited within families."
The news website almasdaronline earlier spoke of "500 slaves" across Yemen.
In addition to "slaves whose owner can use them however he wants," the ministry report also refers to other groups subjected to slave-like conditions, although they are not bound by documents.
One group includes "former slaves who have been officially set free, but remain at the service of their former masters, who continue to feed them but never pay them wages," the report said.
Allaw said such people are still referred to as "the slaves of such and such a family, or the slaves of such and such a tribe."Enslaved groups are descendants of an empire which ruled Yemen in the 11th and 12th centuries, with their origins in ancient Ethiopia, across the Red Sea from Yemen. They were enslaved after their empire was defeated.
- The Scourge of Slavery - Christian Action, 2004 Vol 4
- John Derbyshire - Fear of the Horizon (Book Review) - National Review Online, September 13, 2006
- Robert C. Davis, "Christian Slaves, Muslim Masters: White Slavery in the Mediterranean, the Barbary Coast and Italy, 1500-1800", New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003, pp. 23-24
- Waslat Hasrat-Nazimi - Human trafficking, prostitution thrive in Afghanistan - Deutsche Welle, October 24, 2012
- Manar Ammar - Human trafficking, sex trade to Egypt on the rise, Jordan reported as hub - Bikya Masr, October 3, 2012
- Made Arya Kencana - Measures to Protect Children From Sex Exploitation ‘Still Weak’ - Jakarta Globe, November 4, 2011
- Nick Meo - Half a million African slaves are at the heart of Mauritania's presidential election - Telegraph, July 12, 2009
- E. Benjamin Skinner - Pakistan's Forgotten Plight: Modern-Day Slavery - TIME, October 27, 2009
- 2,000 minorities girls converted to Islam forcibly: report - Daily Times, September 5, 2012
- Little girls end up as sex slaves for Saudis - Aftenposten, May 9, 2011
- South Sudan becomes a free nation, but tens of thousands of its people remain enslaved in the North - iAbolish.org, July 20, 2011
- Jamal al-Jaberi - 'Slaves' in impoverished Yemen still dream of freedom - AFP, July 20, 2010


The Registered Replication Report (RRR) is a new type of article introduced last year by Perspectives on Psychological Science. Like several other new APS initiatives, RRRs are designed to help stabilize the foundations of our science by providing more definitive estimates of the reliability of important findings in the psychology literature.
Conventional replication attempts rarely eliminate all uncertainty about an original finding because myriad factors could explain discrepancies between the original result and the result of the replication. A replication study might yield a smaller effect than the original if the earlier finding overestimated the true effect size or if the replication underestimated it. Discrepancies could result from differences in procedure, flaws in the replication or in the original design, noise in the measurement itself, or an underlying effect that varies widely across different populations. Just like the original finding, a direct replication provides just one estimate of the size of the effect of interest, and that estimate can be noisy.
An RRR provides a more definitive assessment of the size of an effect. The final Report comprises multiple direct replications of a single finding, all using the same vetted protocol and materials. The design is preregistered, and all results are published regardless of the outcome. In effect, the RRR is a planned meta-analysis, but one that is free from several problems that plague conventional meta-analyses such as publication bias, variation in measures, and differences in procedure. RRRs are designed and carried out by multiple researchers with different vested interests, to reduce the influence of experimenter bias.
The process of proposing, conducting, and writing an RRR differs in critical ways from all other types of articles. Several stages are involved, all designed to produce a definitive answer about the size and reliability of an important effect.
Because RRRs, as large-scale replications, require a substantial investment of resources, only studies with high replication value are considered. They must be important to theory or to real-world psychological practice. There must be uncertainty regarding the size and reliability of the effect. Such uncertainty is common for findings that have not previously been the focus of many published replications.
Before an RRR can proceed, the editors must assess the replication value of the original study and, if the replication value is high, subsequently help the proposers develop a detailed, accurate methodology. The process typically begins when a researcher submits a brief (one-page) proposal highlighting why a finding has high replication value. Researchers are welcome to email the replication associate editors (firstname.lastname@example.org) for input before submitting this initial proposal via the journal’s online submission system.
To assess replication value, the editors ask experts in the area to consider several issues. Although many studies merit direct replication, to proceed to the full proposal stage for an RRR, the study must meet many or all of the following criteria:
- The study has been highly influential.
- It is methodologically sound and the interpretation of its result is unambiguous.
- It has not already been directly replicated (much).
- It forces a reconsideration of an important theory or establishes the foundation for a theoretical position.
In addition, the relevant theoretical models or the empirical understanding of the studied phenomenon should benefit from a more precise estimate of the effect size, and multiple labs should be interested in and able to participate in the mass replication of the effect.
If the study meets these criteria, the lab that initially proposed a RRR is invited to complete an extensive proposal form designed to elicit all the methodological and procedural details necessary for an accurate direct replication of the original study. The form asks about the details of the original study’s method and how those procedures would be implemented in the proposed study. The form is deliberately granular in order to eliminate any judgment calls by the labs that eventually will follow the protocol. The form also asks the proposer to highlight any methodological information that was missing from the original publication. The editors work with the proposing researchers to make sure that this form is as complete as possible.
During the next stage of review, the editors contact the authors of the original paper (where possible) to solicit their help in refining the protocol. Together, we correct mistakes, fill in missing details known to the original authors but not elaborated in the original paper, identify any necessary manipulation checks, and specify acceptable testing conditions and subject samples. In consultation with the original authors and with the benefit of hindsight, we occasionally identify small methodological changes to the original methods that will improve the methodology for the replication while measuring the same effect. In sum, this stage of review optimizes the protocol by making sure we account for factors thought to diminish the original effect and by implementing all of the conditions believed to increase the chances of reproducing the original effect. This stage often involves a back-and-forth, constructive process, with the editors acting as neutral brokers mediating the development of an unbiased protocol.
Once we reach consensus, the next stage of the process involves distilling the extended proposal form into a concise, precise protocol description that specifies how the replication must be conducted. Once this protocol is finalized, APS posts a public call for laboratories interested in participating in the RRR. Interested labs submit a Secondary Replicator Form (SRF) describing their qualifications to conduct the study and explaining how they would meet the protocol requirements in their own setting. These SRFs are reviewed by the editors. After the lab’s participation is approved, they conduct a direct replication that follows the protocol, preregistering the details of their plan on the Open Science Framework website (see Nosek, p. 12). This preregistration ensures that participating laboratories do not change their methods in ways that could affect the outcome, and the editors review each plan for accuracy before it is registered.
The results from all the replicating laboratories are published together in a single report, regardless of their outcomes, with researchers from all the participating labs included as authors. The core of this final RRR is a figure depicting the measured effect size from each lab (with confidence intervals), along with a meta-analysis of the effect size. The graph and paper emphasize the size and reliability of the effect rather than a binary judgment of whether or not the original effect “replicates.”
If you are interested in participating in an RRR, monitor the Perspectives on Psychological Science website and the Observer. Each project is announced in those media as well as via social media such as the APS Facebook page and Twitter account. A number of proposals are working their way through the review process now. For some projects, Perspectives and APS can provide grants to support these efforts. If you would like to propose an RRR, email the replication editors at email@example.com.
Brandt, M. J., IJzerman, H., Dijksterhuis, A., Farach, F. J., Geller, J., Giner-Sorolla, R., … van’t Veer, A. (2014). The replication recipe: What makes for a convincing replication? Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 50, 217–224.
Nosek, B. A., Spies, J. R., & Motyl, M. (2012). Scientific utopia II. Restructuring incentives and practices to promote truth over publishability. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 7, 616–631.


Maria Teresa Romeiro Leal, who works with seamstresses in a Brazilian slum, reveals two realities about business and poverty: first, workshops owned by poor women can compete in the world of haute couture; and second, making quality goods is the best way for poor women to find business partners, open markets, and earn a living.
Maria Teresa, known as Tetê, has found a new way to alleviate one of the oldest problems afflicting Brazil's urban poor. Unemployment is the bane of life for migrants who have settled in shantytowns, or favelas; but development programs have failed to help the poor find reliable income. Tetê realizes that, despite good intentions, small enterprise programs fail on several fronts: they fail to produce high quality goods, they fail to understand and develop markets, they fail to make best use of their workers' skill, and they fail to see themselves as viable, competitive manufacturers competing in a global economy. Rather than organize poor women to produce poor goods, Tetê is raising both the standard of the product and the living standard of the people. This philosophy guides her cooperative, which makes expensive high-fashion clothing and sells it to Rio de Janeiro's elite. The same philosophy will guide other small businesses that follow Tetê's lead and benefit from her efforts to promote and certify small, high-quality enterprises owned and run by the urban poor. With her co-op as a model, Tetê is now defining an industrial standard that will mark good merchandise produced with the best practices in community development, environmental protection, and fair labor.
Located just south of Rio de Janeiro, Rocinha is notorious as the largest slum in South America. Migration from Brazil's drought-ridden Northeast has made Rocinha into a city within a city. Many residents are domestic workers in the wealthy gated communities nearby. Poverty is linked to racial bias: Afro-Brazilian women, like those Tetê works with, earn only 53 percent of what white women earn, according to research by the Inter-Union Department of Statistics and Socio-Economic Studies. Prejudice against people who live in favelas means that education and employment opportunities are few, though the entrepreneurial spirit in the favelas is strong. Once, the textile industry offered only sweatshops to women from the slums; by training poor women in design, management and marketing, Tetê shows industry what it has been missing.
The cooperative, Coopa-Roca, is one enterprise employing one group of women in one niche market; but its story shows how Tetê's ideas add up to a system greater than any one co-op or community. Coopa-Roca, short for the Women's Artisan and Seamstress Cooperative of Rocinha, grew from a recycling project Tetê started in Rocinha. Nordestinas, or women from Brazil's Northeast, are famous for sewing, and at first, co-op members sewed quilts, pillows, and rugs to sell at local fairs. Gradually, the women gained experience in manufacturing, marketing, and distribution. The shift to high fashion occurred amid the public excitement generated by Rio de Janeiro's international fashion shows in 1994, when Tetê and Coopa-Roca members realized that well-designed clothing could bring much more income than common products ever could.Without help, however, this leap into high style might have fallen short. The first step was to procure fabric that would meet the standards of high fashion. Tetê sought out donations from mills that produced pure silk, linen, and poplin–fabrics normally unaffordable to poor tailors. Factories agreed to give Tetê end-bolts and remnants but refused to deliver them. A German partner linked to the European Fair Trade Association paid for a mini-van for Coopa-Roca to collect the donated cloth. Tetê networked in Rio de Janeiro to find fashion designers that would donate their time and talent to teach Coopa-Roca members the basics of clothing production. One day after the first training session, Elle and Vogue magazines came to report on the cooperative.
Seeking more press coverage, Tetê uses fashion shows and national media as an outlet for Coopa-Roca's merchandise. In the mid-nineties, the co-op started participating in fashion shows held at the Banco do Brasil Cultural Center and the National Museum of Fine Arts in Brazil. Members traveled to Berlin, showing at the Haus der Kulturen. Tetê has continued to place Coopa-Roca's clothes in the best fashion, lifestyle, and home decorating magazines. Tetê organizes expositions as well, not only to bring in new clients and publicize Coopa-Roca, but to recognize the individuals responsible for the collective's success. Entering the world of fashion has removed Coopa-Roca from the "ghetto" of small producers and has enhanced the self-image of workers and other residents of Rocinha, who identify the products with their community.
This new approach to marketing has brought new partnerships. The clothing manufacturer Triumph International provided Coopa-Roca with six months of technical assistance and paid for staff positions. Tetê took advantage of this short-term support to perfect design, distribution, and marketing systems. Tetê also managed to convince Light, a utility company, to remodel Coopa-Roca's building. What was once a one-story building is now a three-floor workshop with offices and a meeting room.
Job training is a natural part of expansion, so along with core manufacturing skills such as designing, cutting, sewing, and finishing, staff learn delivery, administration, and publicity. These jobs offer more than a paycheck: staff improve their math and language as well. One program with a view to the future is "The New Generation of Coopa-Roca," through which thirty young women ages fourteen and twenty-one receive training in production techniques and management. New Generation is supported by UNESCO and the C&A Institute.
Tetê continues to promote her ideas. She has signed a contract with the Discovery Channel to make a documentary about Coopa-Roca. Esmod, a French fashion school within SENAC, the national technical training college, is providing training for Coopa-Roca members. Tetê also organized the Retalher exposition in April, 2000, which brought together important artists in Rio de Janeiro, attracting significant visibility for the program and generating invitations to present the exhibitions in Brasilia and São Paulo. As a result, Tetê and members of Coopa-Roca will be inaugurating the Community Fashion Project at the SENAC-Esmod center in São Paulo to begin activities in low-income communities in São Paulo.
Although Tetê began locally, she has set her sights on national success. The centerpiece of her plan is a manufacturing certification--an industrial standard label--which will designate what she calls "green handicrafts." Certification will be a major breakthrough for small producers hoping to compete in high-end markets dominated by famous brands and foreign manufacturers. Once in place this certification will not only identify good quality products, but will promote organizations that fulfill certain managerial, social, and environmental responsibilities. This label will help organizations in a number of ways. It will help them catch up to better-known competitors by adding a unique social value to their merchandise. Moreover, certification will be a reward and incentive for other small producers to approach their work more professionally. Lastly, it will introduce the public to a new form of socially responsible consumerism that does not sacrifice quality to charity.
Besides setting up the certification standard, Tetê's goals at Coopa-Roca are: 1) making Coopa-Roca completely sustainable and self-sufficient, 2) creating more small businesses in other communities, 3) systematizing information and processes, 4) cooperating with interested institutions with questions regarding traditional techniques of Brazilian handicrafts relating to fashion and design, and 5) maintaining the culture of self-esteem, identity, and citizenship in the cooperative model, not at the expense of becoming a sweatshop. Tetê has already pushed forward on many of these fronts, including training two more groups of women interested in organizing a cooperative to produce clothing and handicrafts. She has also been spreading her strategy by explaining her experience to other poor communities.
Tetê was strongly influenced early in life by three family members. Her father, a leading physician, was one of the first doctors to volunteer every Saturday in Rio de Janeiro's favelas. Her mother, a teacher, encouraged her to broaden her education to understand all of society's ills and opportunities. Her oldest sister founded Rio's first Arts Education School, the first school to teach education and the arts to mixed classes of wealthy, middle-class and favela children. The school, which opened in 1960 and still operates today, grew out of her sister's civic work.From age nine to seventeen Tetê attended classes at the school, and later taught there on weekends. When she attended the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, she sought out the Brazilian educator, Paulo Freire, for special tutoring. She started visiting Rocinha with her family's housekeeper, learning about the reality of the favela and thinking about how she could implement Freire's ideas about popular education and solve the economic difficulties of the women she met. Tetê graduated with a degree in social science and a license to teach elementary school–-a combination that prepared her well to launch Coopa-Roca.


Cool course offered in Spring 2016 at VIU.
ENGL 273: Ancients and Moderns: HOWARD O’HAGAN, FLANNERY O’CONNOR, AND THE KING JAMES BIBLE
Professor Richard Arnold
Of the many versions of the Hebrew/Christian Bible, the King James (1611) is arguably the most venerable, literary, and influential. Its epic dramas and sonorous cadences have touched writers from Shakespeare to Margaret Laurence.
This course will examine the influence of the Bible (both Old and New Testaments) on two fiction writers: Howard O’Hagan from Western Canada and Flannery O’Connor from Southern U.S. Focussing on the novel TAY JOHN by O’Hagan and THE COMPLETE STORIES by O’Connor, we will note how these 20th-century authors are imbued with the ancient myths and theology of the Bible, and how they parody the well-known stories in order to reflect the contemporary milieux they lived and worked in.
A third primary text, READING THE BIBLE by Robert D. Lane, will offer additional critical perspective.


The Canary (Serinus canaria) evolved on a group of small islands off the West African coast in the Atlantic - the Canaries (notably Tenerife, La Gomera and La Palma), the Azores and the Madeira islands. It’s also found in Morocco, and there are populations in Hawaii (where it was introduced in 1911) and Puerto Rico. Wild canaries are still fairly common, favouring mountains and woodlands, but adapting well to most environments. The total wild population is estimated at 110-160,000.
The Canary Islands are named after their famous native bird
The Canary has been bred by humans for so long that pet birds are classed as a separate subspecies - Serinus canaria domesticus. No caged Starling, Linnet or Goldfinch (popular European pets at one time) could come near its appealing musical mixture of melody and energy. This popularity was soon bolstered by the fact that selective breeding produced many wonderful shapes, sizes and colour variations amongst pet Canary populations, from whites, oranges and pinks to the iconic yellow that lots of people automatically associate with the bird.
Wild Canaries are still fairly common
The bird is known by a number of alternative names, including the Atlantic, Island, Common or Wild Canary. It nests in trees and bushes, away from other Canaries. They are largely solitary outside the breeding season, too, but come together in flocks for feeding. They forage on the ground and in weeds and grasses, where their safety-in-numbers approach lessens the chance of being caught by predators.


On a page of music, you can find many different types of symbols from notes to letters.
In a song, letters like p, mp, pp, f, mf, and ff are used to explain whether a piece should be loud or soft.
These letters are called “dynamics.” See the dynamic chart below.
1. Make a list of 4-6 of your favorite toys, games, devices, or household items.
2. Match each one to a dynamics. Would your stuffed animal be soft or loud? Would your device be loud or soft? (My popcorn popper is mp-medium soft)
3. Take a picture and send it to Ms Perryman: email@example.com.
4. Have fun!


By Janice Jones |Last Updated January 30, 2020
Is dog depression real? It is sad to think our four-legged family members may be depressed. They provide us with so much love and companionship, and we want only the best for their well-being.
Our canine relationships have deepened to where dogs who were once
relegated to the dog house outside now shares our home, our time and even our
For many of us, the relationship we share with our dogs is akin to our human relationships whether we admit it or not.
When we share such a close relationship, human or canine, it isn’t difficult to observe subtle changes in their personality.
When humans are sad, anxious or depressed, they will likely tell you so. With dogs, the signs may not be readily apparent.
Animal behaviorists have shown us many psychological disorders that occur in dogs and how to treat them.
We know that dogs can suffer from phobias, anxiety, PTSD, separation anxiety, and more. Depression, it would seem is another disorder that dogs are not immune too.
Is Depression common in dogs? Scientists say yes.
In a 2013 British study, researchers found that one in four British dogs were suffering from some form of depression because they were being left alone while their owners worked.
Consider the type of symptoms people exhibit when they are depressed: Sadness, lethargy, difficulty sleeping or sleeping too much, withdrawal behaviors, even anger.
People do not obtain the same pleasure in daily activities that they did before the onset of their depression.
Dogs that are depressed can also show many of these same symptoms.
A dog that is less active or even withdrawn, have a change in their sleeping and waking behaviors or changes in appetite may be depressed.
These symptoms could also be the result of a medical problem, so if your dog does begin to show some of these symptoms, it is important to take him to your vet for a complete checkup.
Our dogs are vulnerable to many of the same triggers that cause depression in people. As is the case in humans, change can bring about sudden bouts of depression.
A change in their daily schedule, the loss of their primary caregiver, or a relocation can bring on depression in dogs. Owners that were home most of the time return to work or our vacation plans that require our dogs to be boarded can be stressful and trigger depression. Unless your dog is used to travel, vacationing with your dog could cause stress, anxiety, and possibly depression due to the change in routine.
The addition of a new family member, a new baby or even a new pet may change his overall comfort level and plunge him into a state of confusion and sadness. Even when the dog does not experience any noticeable changes in their own life, our overwhelming stress can carry over to them.
Sometimes we humans fail to see the dog’s
pain because ours is so great.
Jane may have missed the signs altogether because she too was grieving the loss of her other dog but she was observant enough to realize that her cocker was just very lonely.
The addition of another dog helped Josey snap out of her depression. It took about a week of adjustment, but now the two dogs are best buds, and Josey is back to her usual self.
Extra TLC and the elimination of stress may be all that is required to have your dog bounce back to his usual happy self. More serious depression, however, will need medication and even therapy. If extra love and attention are not enough, it is time to seek veterinary evaluation.
According to Dr. Jane Bicks, author and authority on the holistic treatment of animals suggest that home therapy is right for your dog and also for you.
Beyond daily walks, there are other things you can do to cheer your dog and help him recover.
Begin a new socialization program. Take him to places you haven’t been in a long time. If your dog is grieving the loss of a canine playmate, take him for playdates or arrange a visit to the dog park. You may eventually want to get another dog, but you need to heal first so don’t jump into new dog ownership until you feel ready.
Extra time and TLC. Sometimes all it takes is more time with your dog. Play games and reward with food treats when he is acting happy and energetic. Avoid extra treats when he moops.
Karen Sueda, DVM, board-certified Veterinary Behaviorist, said medications for depressed dogs are the same as those used by depressed humans -- Paxil, Prozac, and Zoloft or Clomicalm for separation anxiety.
The good news for dogs suffering from depression is that is relatively short lived. Removing or fixing the underlying cause is usually sufficient to help your dog snap back. The type of chronic depression that affects people’s lives is not as common in dogs.


| There are many minerals accepted as gem materials. Some gem materials are organic in origin rather than mineral, such as amber and coral. Here are some additional gems of interest you may encounter on your gem quest.
Amber is the fossil resin of ancient pine trees. By ancient I mean a mere twenty to thirty million years ago! The most interesting pieces of amber contain a fossilized ancient insect or leaf; these pieces are the most valued.
Amber is found in yellow, gold, orange, brown and rarely in bluish and greenish shades. Amber can be easily identified because it is so lightweight. Technically this means it has a very low specific gravity. A piece of amber will float in concentrated salt solution. Plastic imitations will not do this. Amber is a soft material, with a hardness of around 2 to 21/2. It will be easily scratched and should be worn and stored with care. Amber has a low melting point and can be pressed into larger pieces or molded in to shapes when it is soft. Pressed amber pieces will be less expensive. As amber ages it may turn red or pressed amber may take on a white cast.
Amber is found in a variety of places: Baltic amber is found floating in the Baltic Sea: some amber is dug from pits. Some amber is found in the Dominican Republic.
Amber will range in price from low to expensive; the highest prices will be for the most unusual pieces bearing some long dead creature. Most amber is very affordable. Fine bead strands in a large size with pleasing color will fall in the moderate category. Fine amber jewelry may be antique and command a higher price for that reason.
Apatite has appeared on the gem markets of the world as a very affordable substitute for Paraiba tourmaline. Canada is the source for the intense sea-blue and green stones can be easily mistaken for the much more expensive tourmalines. Neon describes the color intensity. Apatite is also found in colorless, pale yellow and pastel violet colors. Occasionally apatite is found with a fibrous structure and is cut in cat's-eye cabochons. Apatite deposits occur in Burma, Spain, Mexico, California, Sri Lanka, Mozambique, Madagascar, Brazil, and India. Despite its many sources, few are available to the gem market.
|(Apatite trillion 4.22 carat, photo by David Dikinis)
As beautiful and affordable as the exquisite apatites are, they only have a hardness of 5 on Moh's scale. Perfect for earrings and pendants, they lack the durability for a ring stone. Most apatite are cut into small gemstones weighing one carat or less and fall into the low end price range. Stones from two to five carats are quite rare and would most likely fall into a moderate price range. Exceptional stones- large and very intense in color- could command higher prices if you could find one.
Azurite is a deep intense blue copper bearing mineral. Very rarely it can be found in small transparent crystals or in small geodes with tiny crystalline pockets of azurite along with other minerals. Most pieces are cut into cabochons. Frequently azurite is combined with malachite; the result of this marriage is a unique stone with deep blue combined with dark green.
Generally small azurite cabochons will fall into the low price range. Larger or unusual pieces may be moderate in price. It is not normally sold by the carat, but by the piece. Azurite has a hardness of about 31/2 to 4; handle it with care.
Benitoite was mistaken for fine blue sapphire when it was first found in California in 1906! Benitoite is the official state gemstone for California; its only known source is in San Benito County. Unfortunately the gemstone is very rare and those not living in California may never have the chance to see one.
|Benitoite, 2.28 carats, San Benito County, California
(Photo by ICA/Bart Curren)
Even California residents will have to search to find one. The color of benitoite, in the best qualities, is a medium dark blue. It has a high dispersion that is difficult to see in the darker blue stones. The hardness is 6 to 61/2 and it is brittle, so it must be set into protective settings with care if worn as a ring stone. Benitoite is available in small stones, usually one carat or less, with the largest one in the Smithsonian weighing about 7.80 carats. Fine quality stones will be in the expensive range.
Calcite is rarely cut into gemstones; it is soft with a hardness of 3 and it has perfect cleavage in three directions which makes it is quite difficult to cut. A banded variety of calcite generally found as stalagmites is called onyx marble; it may be incorrectly referred to as "Mexican onyx." This material is carved into all sorts of things like chess sets, boxes or in candlesticks, especially in Mexico, and is low in price. "Iceland spar" is a colorless form of calcite found in Iceland. It forms fascinating crystals. If you put a piece of Iceland spar over print and look through it the print will appear doubled. Calcite is the most birefringent gem material and that is an easy way to observe birefringence. Calcite is commonly dyed and sold as cheap beads and other jewelry items in Mexico.
Coral is composed of the skeletons of sea creatures, the "coral polyp." Coral grows in warm waters in various seas. The finest coral is red coral from the Mediterranean. Coral is found in seas around Japan and Hawaii and many other locations. Coral comes in a variety of colors: white, pinks, orangy-pinks, red-oranges, and black. Coral is carved or cut into beads or cabochons.
|(Coral photo by ICA/Bart Curren)
The deep orange-red material is called "oxblood" and is the highest priced of the corals. Soft pink material is called "angel's skin." Coral has a hardness of 3 1/2 to 4, so treat it gently. Coral will range in price depending on its color, size, and the quality of any carving. A small cabochon may be low in price; large fine beads or beautiful fine cameos will be in the moderate to expensive classification.
Diopside is a mineral occurring in a few colors, but a stone you might encounter is chrome diopside. The most desirable chrome diopside comes in a brilliant spectacular green color; it can easily be mistaken for chrome tourmaline. It is low in price for small stones but fine larger pieces may hit the moderate per carat prices. It has a hardness of 5 1/2 to 6 1/2 and it is brittle with perfect cleavage so it should be set with care. It is a good choice for earrings. You may occasionally find diopside in "star" and "eye" stones.
|(Chrome diopside photo by ICA/Bart Curren)
Fluorite comes in some magnificent colors: violet, bright green, blue, yellow, orange, and pink. But as a faceted gem fluorite is too fragile to be wearable. It has a hardness of 4 with perfect cleavage in four directions; often pieces are filled with cracks. It is a material that can be beautiful when cut into beads. Crystals of fluorite are pretty just to look at because they come in perfect natural tetrahedrons. Beads are affordable.
Hematite is a metallic appearing dark gray material that is cut into beads, cameos, intaglios and cabochons. It is actually an iron ore. It is quite heavy. Most hematite will be in the very affordable range.
Jet is not a mineral but a fossilized coniferous wood. Actually it is a lignite coal and will burn! Jet was very popular in mourning jewelry during the Victorian Period, but it is rarely used today. If you are looking at antique jewelry, the age, craftsmanship of the piece will affect the price more than the jet itself. It is a soft material, hardness of 2 1/2 to 4 and brittle so handle it carefully.
Kyanite is an interesting gem: it is color-zoned in shades of blue and blue-green. Most material is visibly included. Most kyanite is from Brazil but it is also found in Africa. It has a hardness that ranges from 4 to 7.5; this extreme variable hardness as well as perfect cleavage makes it difficult to cut. Faceted stones are generally under five carats but can be found up to twenty carats. This is a collector item and price will vary depending on size, color, and clarity. Ordinary ones should fall in the low price per carat category, but exceptional ones will be more.
Malachite is an opaque green copper mineral. It is banded in different shades of green and can be cut into interesting patterns. Malachite is found in large pieces and is often carved into decorative objects and cut into beads and cabochons. Small beads and cabochons will be low in cost. Other decorative items will be priced according to size and workmanship. Most malachite is mined in Democratic Republic of Congo and Zambia. Malachite is often found with azurite: these combination blue and green pieces are a unique gem material. Malachite is soft, with a hardness of 31/2 to 41/2 and it must be kept away from acids. Don't clean it in ammonia, it could discolor.
Obsidian is a volcanic glass that usually comes in black or brown; some has inclusions that give it a sheen. Snowflake obsidian has a white inclusion that looks like a "snowflake" This is a very inexpensive gem material which can be found in the western United States near volcanoes. Obsidians are cut into beads and other decorative objects and should be very affordable.
Rhodochrosite is a pink to orange to red gem material that has a magnificent intensity when it is transparent. It can be faceted, but is very fragile and impractical for jewelry use. The hardness is only 31/2 to 41/2 and the stone is brittle. Translucent rhodochrosite is cut into beautiful beads and cabochons. Some material is more opaque and banded. Rhodochrosite beads will range in price depending on size, color, and translucency. Prices will start on the low side and nice qualities will be in the moderate range.
Rhodonite is an opaque pink material that usually has black streaks. It is cut into beads and cabochons; these will be very affordable. Rhodonite may also be carved into decorative objects. It has a hardness of 5 1/2 to 6 1/2.
You won't find scapolite without looking, but there are some beautiful yellow, violet and pink ones out there for the avid gem hunter. It does come in a few more colors and in cat's-eye form but these are really hard to find. Scapolite is mined in Brazil, Kenya, and Myanmar (Burma). It has a hardness of 6. It will be moderate in price unless stones are small or very pale in which case they will be low in price.
Sodalite is a dark blue mineral that can easily be confused with lapis lazuli. It is one of the mineral components of lapis lazuli. Some sodalite has calcite streaks. Sodalite can be semi-transparent to opaque. It is cut into beads and decorative objects and will be very affordable. It differs from lapis lazuli which is a "rock" containing calcite and pyrite.


What Happens When You Eat Too Many Sweets & Fast Foods?
If you’re a junk food junkie or have a monster sweet tooth, you could be doing damage to your health. Fast food and sweets are typically light on essential nutrients and heavy on ingredients that could lead to health problems. Eating too many fatty and sugary foods has been linked to everything from obesity to tooth decay and chronic diseases that can shorten your life.
Fast food typically contains high amounts of saturated fats, trans fats, sodium, and many more calories than most people should consume in one meal. A 2008 Harvard review of 16 studies reported by PubMed concluded that fast food consumption may be worsening America’s obesity epidemic. Sweet foods and sweetened drinks are also high in sugar that can pack on pounds. A separate review of 30 studies published in the “American Journal of Clinical Nutrition” in 2006 concluded that high consumption of sugary drinks contributes to weight gain and obesity.
Diabetes and Heart Disease
The excessive amounts of sodium in fast food can lead to elevated blood pressure. High blood pressure is a risk factor for heart disease and stroke. A diet high in saturated fat and trans fats also increases the risk of these diseases by clogging the arteries. The risk of stroke may be related to the number of fast food establishments in a neighborhood, according to a study published in the "Annals of Neurology" in August 2009. In the study of a neighborhood in Nueces County, Texas, the risk of stroke among residents increased 1 percent for every fast food restaurant in the neighborhood. Additionally, a paper published in “Physiology & Behavior” in 2010 reported that large epidemiology studies show an association between the sugar-sweetened beverages sold at many fast food establishments and the risk of Type 2 diabetes as well as heart disease.
The sugar in sweets and sweetened beverages encourages bacteria to produce acid that eats away at tooth enamel, eventually leading to tooth decay. Every time bacteria comes in contact with sugar or starch in the mouth, acid is produced that attacks the teeth for 20 minutes or more, according to the American Dental Association. Some soft drinks contain a whopping 11 teaspoons of sugar in a single serving. The ADA recommends limiting sweets and sugary drinks, brushing twice a day, flossing once daily and having regular dental checkups.
Fast food can be healthy if you choose wisely. The American Heart Association suggests visiting the websites of fast food chains beforehand to identify the healthiest choices. Skip the fries and onion rings, which are usually deep-fried. The association recommends grilled chicken sandwiches, which are often healthier and leaner than burgers. Additionally, the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics suggests splitting your order with a companion to cut the calories you consume and evaluating whether a “value meal” is really a value before ordering. If you don’t need the extra food or a super-sized portion, it might not be a good value for your wallet or your body.
- Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics: Fast Food, Healthy Food
- American Heart Association: Eating Fast Food
- American Dental Association: Diet and Tooth Decay
- PubMed.gov: Fast Food Consumption and Increased Caloric Intake: a Systematic Review of a Trajectory Towards Weight Gain and Obesity Risk
- PubMed.gov: Intake of Sugar-Sweetened Beverages and Weight Gain: A Systematic Review
- Wiley.com: Fast Food and Neighborhood Stroke Risk
- PubMed.gov: Sugar-Sweetened Beverages and Risk of Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes
Jan Sheehan is an award-winning medical and nutrition writer, having entered journalism in 1992. She is a former contributing editor for "Parents" magazine. She has also written nutrition articles for "Self," "Fitness," "Ladies' Home Journal," "Health" and other magazines. Sheehan has a Bachelor of Arts in journalism from Purdue University.


Moon Light World Map
The map below shows where the Moon is visible from the Earth, depending on weather conditions and moon phases.
UTC time = Monday, November 19, 2012 at 1:16:00 PM.
= The Sun's position directly overhead (zenith) in relation to an observer.
= The Moon's position at its zenith in relation to an observer (Moon phase is not shown).
Fraction of moon illuminated: 39%
|Previous phase||New Moon||Tuesday, November 13, 2012 at 10:09 PM|
|Next phase||First Quarter||Tuesday, November 20, 2012 at 2:33 PM|
Position of the Moon
On Monday, November 19, 2012 at 13:16:00 UTC the Moon is at its zenith at
The ground speed of the movement is currently 439.14 meters/second, 1580.9 km/hour, 982.3 miles/hour or 853.6 knots. The table below shows the Moon position compared to the time and date above:
|Time||Longitude difference||Latitude difference||Total|
|1 minute||0° 14' 29.3"||16.37 mi||West||0° 00' 10.2"||0.20 mi||North||16.37 mi|
|1 hour||14° 29' 23.8"||982.20 mi||West||0° 10' 18.7"||11.81 mi||North||982.56 mi|
|24 hours||11° 53' 04.4"||805.62 mi||East||4° 18' 10.8"||295.73 mi||North||863.22 mi|
Locations with the moon near zenith
The following table shows 10 locations with moon near zenith position in the sky.
|Victoria||Mon 5:16 PM||792 km||492 miles||428 nm||NNW|
|Port Louis||Mon 5:16 PM||959 km||596 miles||518 nm||S|
|Saint-Denis||Mon 5:16 PM||1060 km||659 miles||573 nm||SSW|
|Antananarivo||Mon 4:16 PM||1347 km||837 miles||727 nm||SW|
|Moroni||Mon 4:16 PM||1550 km||963 miles||837 nm||W|
|Diego Garcia||Mon 7:16 PM||1704 km||1059 miles||920 nm||ENE|
|Mogadishu||Mon 4:16 PM||2011 km||1250 miles||1086 nm||NW|
|Dar es Salaam||Mon 4:16 PM||2064 km||1282 miles||1114 nm||WNW|
|Dodoma||Mon 4:16 PM||2461 km||1529 miles||1329 nm||WNW|
|Male||Mon 6:16 PM||2481 km||1542 miles||1340 nm||NE|
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As the weather gets colder, and homeowners start to fire up their wood stoves and fireplaces, the use of these appliances increases fire danger for millions of families around the country. Whether a family uses a wood stove as a primary heating source, or whether the fireplace simply provides some comfort on a mild Los Angeles night, families need to remain current on fire safety and fireplaces.
According to the United States Fire Administration, common causes of residential fires include improperly maintained chimneys and stovepipes. Homeowners must not forget to maintain fireplaces, as well as ensure their home alarm safety system is hooked up to the smoke detectors.
Soot and Creosote Prevention
One of the best ways to keep fireplaces safe is to reduce the buildup of a contaminant called “creosote” inside the chimney. Creosote can impede airflow and increase fire danger. Preventative maintenance and smart use of the fireplace should ensure low buildup during the season. For example, when a fire burns in the fireplace, glass doors should remain open. This helps improve airflow and aid in the combustion process, which reduces sooty buildup in the chimney.
In addition to taking steps to reduce the buildup of soot or creosote, a yearly cleaning of the fireplace as well as an inspection should reduce fire danger. Many systems in the home need to be inspected on a yearly basis and this includes installations such as chimneys and devices like wood stoves. The company hired to perform the inspection should specialize in chimney operation and maintenance.
Smart Habits During Fireplace Usage
A clean chimney is a safe chimney, but there are also a few things to remember about safe operation of a fireplace. For example, the fire should never be lit with a flammable liquid. Additionally, materials like cardboard and trash shouldn’t be burned, even though it might seem like a good way to recycle. Also, use wood meant for burning, not moist wood that can increase the rate of contaminant buildup in the chimney.
Additional Safety Devices
All homeowners know that installation of smoke detectors offers essential protection against fire danger, but those systems aren’t meant to sit on the wall like a decorative painting. Test the smoke detectors on a quarterly basis and make sure the home alarm safety system will notify the alarm company if fire breaks out and assistance from the fire department is needed.
Installation of a carbon monoxide detector is another essential device for homes with fuel-burning appliances, and the alarm company can suggest devices that will pair well with the smoke detectors used in the home.
Another helpful component to ensure safety of the fireplace is the installation of a thermometer in the flue to keep track of the temperature and make sure that creosote buildup isn’t causing dangerously high temperatures that could result in fire. Creosote is incredibly combustible, and if it gets too hot or thick, a chimney fire could erupt.
With an open flame burning inside a home, there is always some danger of fire even if a family has taken every necessary precaution to prevent a wayward spark from turning into a home fire. Revisit fire safety each season when temperatures dip and the family starts using the fireplace. Also, make a plan for evacuation just in case of an emergency.


- Lifespan: 12 – 15 years
- Mass: Female: 23 – 25 kg (Adult)
- Origin: Spain
- Scientific name: Canis lupus familiaris
- Higher classification: Dog
- Rank: Breed
Nature & Character
The Galgo Español is, typically greyhound, outdoors a lively, agile and runny dog. In the house, however, he behaves quietly and unobtrusively. Basically, he is friendly, but can be reluctant to strangers. To his keeper, however, he builds a deep relationship, is affectionate and shows great willingness to accept an education that takes into account his sensitive nature.
Origin & History
Little is known about the origins of the Galgo Español. However, if it is true that his ancestors are seen in ancient races of Asian greyhounds and the Galgo was already brought to the Iberian Peninsula by the Celts, its origins date back to the fifth century BC. His name, however, is of Roman origin. He was called Canis Gallicus, ie Gallic dog, which became "Galgo". In times of Moorish rule, crossings with the Sloughi and the Podenco Ibicenco were added, until it can be seen in illustrations from the 12th century in roughly the same way as he was bred purebred until the 19th century. The Galgo Español is one of the ancestors of the greyhound, an English greyhound. In the 1930s, however, these breeds were crossed again and again to produce more efficient offspring for dog racing. This still makes it difficult for the layman to distinguish between the two races.
Galgo Español breed characteristics
The elongated head with barely visible forehead or stop is more pronounced at the Galgo Español than the Greyhound. More important than other breeds is the depression in the skull between the eyes. The small, oval eyes benefit the Galgo Español during hunting with visual contact, because they are arranged slightly laterally offset and allow a good all-round view.
The long, almost straight up, slim but strong neck contributes to the elegant appearance of the Galgo. At the center of his graceful appearance are the long forelegs and hind legs. Both are very filigree and dry. That is, muscles, tendons and in the hindquarters also the bones are clearly visible under the skin of the fully erect limbs. The side view shows an imposing chest, which is pulled down deeply, but the elbows are not reached. As typical for a greyhound, the ribs are strongly pronounced and indicated visible, which should not be confused with malnutrition. The belly is accordingly slim and raised.
The Galgo Español carries his tail hanging. It is set very low and about 50 centimeters long so that it would reach almost to the ground, it would not be formed in the lower third of a sweeping, often in a semicircle laterally upward bow. With a withers height of up to 70 centimeters leaves the Galgo Español already from afar an impressive impression. Despite its considerable size, it only reaches a weight of 30 kg with its slim body, but quite large tolerances are possible here. Small bitches can also have a stick size of only 60 centimeters at 20 kg body weight.
The coat can occur in many different shades. There are two varieties led, one of which has a very short, smooth top coat without undercoat and the second shows a slightly longer, harsh roughhair.
Galgo Español nature & character
The Galgo Español basically needs a lot of exercises. Due to its pronounced hunting drive, however, the freewheel can be difficult. However, in wild areas and with appropriate education, he can live out his urge to move well and reach short-term maximum speeds of up to 80 km / h. In the house, however, the Gaglo Español is typically greyhound-type, quiet and almost inconspicuous, blending harmoniously into family life.
However, his character also requires an innate caution. He shows a distanced behavior towards strangers but is not aggressive. On the other hand, the Galgo Español is very affectionate and dependent on the constant contact with its owner or his human family and needs a loving and consistent leadership. With appropriate education and socialization, he is also well suited for living together with children, even if dog and children, of course, should never be left unattended.


The Yam bean originated where the Andes meet the Amazon and is locally grown in South and Central America, South Asia, East Asia and the Pacific. It is produced in three species which are called the Amazonian, Mexican and Andean.
Interbreeding of the bean has resulted in fertile and stable hybrids. This gives it potential to be reclassified as a single species, provide high quality food production and offer a sustainable cropping system that has been needed in Africa.
Researchers believe they have discovered a protein-rich starch staple in the yam bean in Peru. They were previously considered a root vegetable due to the high water content; however this 'Chuin' type has lower water content. Families living in the area have been producing it as flour. The crop has extremely high seed production, but its seeds contain high concentrations of rotenone.
This toxic compound has been used for reducing fish populations and parasitic mites on poultry. Seeds are never consumed since they are mildly toxic to humans and other mammals. If the rotenone was removed from the seeds, they could provide a strong protein source as well as seed oil profitable in the food industry.
Sιraphin Zanklan, a scientist at Centre Songhai in Porto-Novo (Benin), has investigated the yam bean for its potential to grow and produce food under West African conditions. The study was funded by a scholarship from the German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD). Thirty-four yam genotypes were grown with and without flower removal at one droughty location and one irrigated location. Of the 33 traits that were measured, nearly all showed large genetic variation. This and the easy spreading of its seeds, make the crops very desirable to breeders. Results from the study will be published in the July-August 2007 issue of Crop Science.
The study identified genotypes with high storage root production. Flower removal increased storage root production by 50 to 100%. Several yam bean genotypes showed very low reduction in storage root and seed production under drought stressed conditions. As expected, the storage roots did show high protein and starch contents. They have as much as three to five times more protein than potatoes or yams. Most importantly, it was found that storage roots can be processed into 'yam bean gari.' This is similar to the current staple of West Africa, 'cassava gari,' a granular flour.
The bean could make a significant contribution to the improvement of food support, especially where resources are poor. The research is ongoing at the International Potato Center, which has a mandate for the bean in the frame of Andean Root and Tuber Crops. Further evaluation is needed on the range of yam bean variations under different conditions. More information on where they can be grown, their agronomic potential and genetic diversity is important to determine the types of breeding programs necessary for yam beans.
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The website of the Nichiren Mission of Hawaii has a three long pages devoted to its history. Part 3 (of 3) recounts the changes after the end of World War II. Here are some excerpts I found interesting about adapting Japanese Buddhism to American Christian worship practices.
Chronologically speaking, the second half of the 100 year history of the Nichiren Mission of Hawaii begins with the 50th Anniversary celebration of the birth of Nichiren Buddhism in Hawaii. It is more practical, however, to draw a line in 1946, when Bishop Mochizuki returned from the relocation camp on the mainland U.S.A. and re-opened the Mission. The year marked the end of the Japanese-style and the beginning of the American-style Nichiren Mission of Hawaii. The impact of the war made the change inevitable.
The Japanese living in Hawaii and their descendants who had never been forced to choose between Japan and America, were forced to do so by the Pacific War. Most of them, quite naturally, chose to be Americans. The psychological change caused various changes in the Japanese American society such as the disappearance of Japanese kimono from the group pictures of temple events. Cut off from the roots in Japan, even Japanese Buddhist ministers changed—from sectarian to interdenominational in outlook. English began to replace Japanese in family conversation. Culturally, they have become Americans rather than Japanese.
On the other hand, as the constitutional freedom of religion and assembly was restored to Japanese Americans after the war, many of them flocked to the Buddhist temples and Shinto shrines, reacting to the religious suppression during the war years.
In the mind of those who flocked to the Buddhist temple, however, there was a subtle change. They felt like seeking refuge in Japanese Buddhism while refuting things Japanese. As a result, they were drawn by the un-Japanese Americanized Buddhism.
A positive effect of the Pacific War on Japanese Buddhism in Hawaii was the consolidation of inter-denominational friendship among Buddhist priests. Almost all Japanese Buddhist priests in Hawaii were sent to relocation camps on the mainland U.S.A. Living together as virtual prisoners in the confinement of these camps for several years required them to stand together. The solidarity among them resulted in the establishment of the Hawaii Buddhist Council to work together actively in the postwar years….
Activities of the temples were Americanizing in many ways: songs in praise of the Buddha were sung at Sunday School; sermons were given in English; and the Young Buddhist Association (YBA) was organized. On Sundays, services were performed in both English and Japanese. Prior to the war, Sunday services were held weekly but only a few members participated in them with most members preferring to visit the temple only for traditional services, such as ohigan and obon. However, as the temple activities became Americanized, members who visit the temple every Sunday increased and it became customary for everything to be carried out on Sundays. Also, under the auspices of the Hawaii Buddhist Council, joint services of the member temples became established as annual events.
Priestly costume also changed. Except for formal services such as ohigan and obon priests at that time wore a robe and stole over a white shirt, black tie and trousers in black. Today this habit has been abandoned except for the priests of the True Pure Land School.
Even the entertainment after special services became international from Japanese. A famous Korean dancer, Ms. Halla Pai Huhm, who became a temple member during Bishop Mochizuki’s tenure, performed traditional Korean dances with her disciples after the annual services for ohigan and obon.