Cascade hydroelectric power plant
FIELD: power industry.
SUBSTANCE: hydroelectric power plant includes a channel connected to a water reservoir initiating a dynamic flow and orthogonal turbines located inside the channel. The channel represents a pipe consisting of connecting links and provided with the turbines equally spaced throughout the pipe length. Turbines are made in the form of tubular modules with a drive shaft outlet and have the possibility of installing the modules between the connecting links of the pipe. In addition, annular elements of aerodynamic profile are fixed in modules.
EFFECT: higher efficiency of a hydroelectric power plant, lower structural complexity and metal consumption of the device, improved manufacturability, installation and operation and uniform distribution of loads between turbines.
4 cl, 4 dwg
The invention relates to hydropower and can be applied independently to generate electricity, and as part of hydroelectric dams, diversion hydropower, free-threaded HPP systems of water supply, sanitation, and water channels.
The famous river hydroelectric containing a bypass channel and a turbine connected to a generator, characterized in that, with the aim of expanding the application area, it is equipped with shields and straight pipes connecting the river with the bypass channel and arranged horizontally or inclined, and the bypass channel is made underground and is located on the shore parallel to the river, and the turbine is placed in the tail pipe or outlet pipe sections, with the panels installed in the river channel across the stream for the input sections of the pipes downstream of the river /RU Patent 2023806, 1994/.
Known hydropower plant is not high enough efficiency, too structurally complex and expensive in manufacture and Assembly, limitedly applicable at small elevation changes, not enough technology in operation.
Known micro hydro, including hydro turbine with a generator of electric current, derived out through the elbow draft tube and connected to the shaft of the turbine, characterized in that the bed of the stator of the generator is made in view of the shirt, which is tightly dressed on the stator pack, the ends of which are welded to the flanges of the bearing caps, and around shirts created the cover for the formation of a cooling chamber, which is supplied by a pipe, inlet and outlet cooling water, while the generator is designed with a smaller diameter, and an elongated package of the stator, and the rotor core on the outer surface of the shirt is made corrugation depth of the grooves of 0.5-1.5 mm and a width of 3-5 mm, and the surface of the stator pack is smeared dielectric molding composite /RU Patent 81773, 2009/. Known micro hydro is not high enough efficiency, is not sufficiently reliable in operation, not technological repairing, and operating limitedly applicable to low-speed flows.
Known small hydropower plant with active turbine, which includes the dam water intake, cone intake, penstock, the impulse turbine, the generator current to the actuator, characterized in that the cone intake performed by the cone only in the horizontal plane, the entrance of the bottom outlet and the entrance to the taper of the conduit are situated in one plane and above them on the crest of the dam water intake installed a warm room, a wall which is facing the reservoir, is located in front of the dam and its lower edge recessed on the amount of freezing water reservoir and the asset is th turbine is made in the form of a disk, rigidly mounted on the shaft of the turbine, both sides of which on its periphery fixed buckets, made in the form of snails, twisting incident jet of water from nozzle pressure conduit so that waste water jet fell by the main jet, each nozzle pressure conduit is made in the form of a cone associated with the valve pressure conduit via an intermediate conduit, and as the brake system to stabilize the speed of the turbine wheel and, consequently, the frequency of the current with the changing in the process station, the parameters of pressure and loads on the generator from customers current applied additional DC generator, shaft which is rigidly connected with the shaft of the main generator and the field winding, which through a diode bridge to feed current from the main, three-phase circuit of the main generator, in addition, in the control circuit of the excitation winding of the main generator is applied to the rheostat, designed to change the current in the excitation winding driven centrifugal plunger, for example, systems of the vehicle, which shaft is also connected with the shaft of the main generator /RU Patent 2305793, 2007/.
Known hydropower plant is not high enough efficiency, too structurally complex, it is not possible to automatically maintain a uniform distribution of the bookmark loads between the turbines, little is adaptable to the manufacture, installation and operation, relatively expensive and limited applicable when working on low-speed flows.
The closest is a river diversion hydroelectric power plant containing a bypass channel, turbines and generators installed therein, wherein the hydroelectric power plant is further provided with turbines and generators installed at the junction of the river and the Obvodny canal and the Obvodny canal downstream with the formation of the cascade, while hydroelectric made dam /RU Patent 2023201, 2007/.
Known hydropower plant is not high enough efficiency, too structurally complex, it is not possible to automatically maintain a uniform distribution of loads between the turbines, little is adaptable to the manufacture, installation and operation, relatively expensive and limited applicable when working on low-speed flows.
The objective of the invention is to increase the efficiency of hydroelectric power, reducing design complexity, metal consumption and manufacturing cost, improving manufacturability, Assembly and use, achieving a uniform distribution of loads between the turbines.
The task is solved in that in the cascade hydropower plant, including the channel associated with the originating dynamic flow reservoir orthogonal to Urbina, located within the channel, according to the decision of the channel is collected from the connector pipe with spaced along the length of the pipe turbines, made in the form of pipe modules with the output drive shaft and install the modules between the connecting links of the pipe, while at the entrance to each tube module is additionally fixed annular elements of the aerodynamic profile, and the output of the module - turbine, however, the distance between the transverse axes of the ring elements and orthogonal turbines corresponds to 0,6÷1,2 diameter of the pipe and couplings pipe and pipe modules are equipped with connecting flanges and lifting hooks.
Distinctive features are:
channel is selected from the connector pipe with spaced along the length of the pipe turbines (which increases the efficiency of hydroelectric power plants, improving manufacturability, Assembly and use, achieving a uniform distribution of loads between the turbines);
- turbine made in the form of pipe modules with the output drive shaft and install the modules between the connecting links of the pipe, (giving reduced structural complexity, improving manufacturability, installation and maintenance);
- in modules optional fixed number of the core elements of the aerodynamic profile (thereby increasing efficiency);
ring elements mounted at the entrance to each tube module, and the turbine - exit module (which provides the optimal value of the dynamics of flow when exposed to a turbine, manufacturability, and if necessary, replacement of worn-out elements);
- the distance between the transverse axes of the ring elements and orthogonal turbines corresponds to 0,6÷1,2 diameter of the pipe (which provides the optimal value of the dynamics of flow when exposed to a turbine to reduce the negative turbulent effects).
Thus, the proposed solution meets the criterion of "novelty".
The comparison of the proposed solutions with counterparts and other known solutions are not allowed to reveal in them the features distinguishing the claimed solution to the prototype that allows to conclude that the criterion of "inventive step".
The invention is illustrated by drawings, where figure 1 presents a General view of the slit, figure 2 - block connector pipe modules, 3 - pipe module in cross section along AA, 4 - pipe module, cross section B-B.
Cascade hydroelectric contains channel 1, the orthogonal turbine 2, the connecting links 3, pipe modules 4, the driving shaft 5, the ring elements 6, the flanges 7, the hooks 8, the generator 9. Cascade hydroelectric power plant operates as follows.
By connecting the disappearance 3 channel, 1 stream water moves inside the pipe modules 4, acting on the orthogonal turbine 2. In the process of moving the thread to wrap around the ring elements 6, thus there is a redistribution of flow velocities in the cross section of the channel (reduction of flow rate in the zone of the walls of the channel and the increased speed in the zone of the axis of the channel). This redistribution of velocities leads to reduction of total flow rate, the incident on the turbine blade 2 at angles of attack close to zero, thus increasing the efficiency of the turbine (str, Simulation of unsteady turbulent flows around moving bodies of complex geometry on the basis of the Navier-Stokes equations. Bulletin of Kharkov national University No. 847, 2009).
The capacity of hydro power is equal to the sum of the capacities of working equipment, the best is this distribution of load at which the total flow of all turbines minimum or average efficiency has the greatest value. For turbines with the same characteristics of the optimal conditions corresponds to an equal distribution of load between the working turbines (PP 156, Hydraulic machines: Turbines and pumps. Textbook for high schools. M: Energy, 1978-320 pages) Uniform load distribution between the turbines increases the efficiency of the hydro and reliable functioning of the orthogonal turbine.
Turbine via a drive shaft 5 initiate the operation of the generators electron is rgii 9. Thus, low-pressure flow in the channel 1 maximizes the impact of the dynamic component of water flow to the turbine 2. Serial distribution turbines in the channel 1 provides the full energy of the driving water flow that allows a high degree transform the momentum flux into electrical energy generators 9, however, the reduction in structural complexity and metal can significantly reduce the cost of manufacturing and installation of hydroelectric power.
Cascade hydroelectric power station provides increased efficiency of hydroelectric power, reducing design complexity, metal consumption and manufacturing cost, improving manufacturability, Assembly and use, achieving a uniform distribution of loads between the turbines, which contributes to the improvement of technical parameters of generated electric power, and also allows you to generate electricity from each turbine installed prior to the completion of construction of the entire cascade HPP.
1. Cascade hydroelectric power station, including the channel associated with the originating dynamic stream pond, orthogonal turbine located within the channel, wherein the channel is selected from the connector pipe with spaced along the length of the pipe turbines, the turbines are made in the form of pipe modules with the output drive shaft and install the modules between the connecting links of the pipe, in modules optional fixed annular elements of the aerodynamic profile.
2. Cascade hydroelectric power station according to claim 1, characterized in that the annular elements mounted at the entrance to each tube module, and the turbine - exit module.
3. Cascade hydroelectric power station according to claim 1, characterized in that the distance between the transverse axes of the ring elements and orthogonal turbines corresponds to 0,6÷1,2 diameter of the pipe.
4. Cascade hydroelectric power station according to claim 1, characterized in that the connecting sections of pipe and pipe modules are equipped with connecting flanges and lifting hooks.
SUBSTANCE: device comprises a body made in the form of a semi-cylinder and a well. The body is separated by perforated partitions of semi-circular shape with formation of filtering sections between them. With external ends the partitions are connected to a coastal wall, in the middle part of which there is a vertical cylindrical well. The cover is installed on top of sections. Loading baskets are made of a geosynthetic material, have perforated walls that form cells between each other, where a foam polystyrene charge is located. Hinged loops with eyes are fixed on the upper parts of the baskets.
EFFECT: improved efficiency of device operation due to increased extent of water treatment and improved operation conditions.
SUBSTANCE: filter comprises a cylindrical body, the axis of which is arranged horizontally and in parallel to a flow of treated liquid, representing a shell, filtering elements and a washing accessory. Filtering elements are arranged of tubular form with the outer surface of filtering, represent slot grids, arranged in the form of a cylindrical spiral from a high-precision profile of a V-shaped form, and are fixed at two sides of the body. The washing accessory represents a T-shaped bracket, with two tubular frames installed on it with the possibility of rotation in bearing assemblies, on the sections of which arranged in parallel to filtering elements there is perforation.
EFFECT: increased reliability of device operation, simplified layout of a water-intake unit and higher efficiency of its cleaning from sludge ice and debris, and provides for protection of young fishes against ingress into a water-intake.
7 cl, 7 dwg
SUBSTANCE: filter comprises a cylindrical body, the axis of which is arranged horizontally and in parallel to a flow of cleaned fluid, representing a shell, filtering elements and a distribution device. Inside the body there is a header, with perforated pipes welded to it. Outside the body along the outer perimetre of the filter below the filtering element arranged between the body and the shell with a deflector, at the side of cleaned fluid flow movement there is a wedge-shaped perforated header installed. There is a vibrator installed on the body shell. Filtering elements are arranged of tubular shape with the external filtering surface, representing slot grates arranged in the form of a cylindrical spiral from a high-precision V-shaped bar with an anti-adhesion biologically inert coating and are fixed at both sides of the body.
EFFECT: higher reliability of device operation, efficiency of its cleaning from sludge ice and debris, and provides for protection of young fishes against getting into a water intake.
6 cl, 4 dwg
SUBSTANCE: method includes forwarding a larger part of Volga run-off from the Zhigulevskoe storage pond bypassing existing hydraulic structures of the Zhigulevskaya HPP along the valley of the Usa River for its supply into water-passage tunnels under a neck between water areas of the Zhigulevskoe and Saratovskoe storage ponds, designed to supply water onto blades of hydraulic turbines of a new hydraulic power plant in the area of the settlement Perevoloki of Samara region, and also for idle discharge of water into the water area of the Saratovskoe storage pond.
EFFECT: invention makes it possible to increase the extent of protection of structures arranged in zones of possible breakthrough of water masses.
FIELD: instrument making.
SUBSTANCE: device includes perforated cylindrical pipe, streamlined head, cleaning device in the form of two brushes connected to a turbine; besides, one of the above brushes is installed outside a strainer, and the other one is installed inside it with possibility of being rolled over it. The device is also equipped with garbage protecting device in the form of a dome-shaped housing with vertical turnback plates radially installed along the generatrix of its surface from the top with decreasing height. Turbine is propeller-type. Turbine is installed in additional cylindrical connection pipe with possibility of being rotated about its axis and attached to dome-shaped housing with possibility of being rotated vertically about outlet pipeline axis.
EFFECT: use of the invention will allow improving water intake operating reliability due to reducing the impact of floating garbage contained in water.
4 cl, 6 dwg
FIELD: power industry.
SUBSTANCE: hydroelectric power plant includes water intake located outside bed of river, main capacity, pressure waterway and waterway of turbines. Along the whole bed of river there arranged is n regulating water reservoirs for water collection, each of which is equipped with a filling channel connected to the river bed and made in upper place as to level and dam with the height of up to upper level, which is made in lower place as to level. Discharge pipeline interconnected with river bed and equipped with a gate valve is installed at lower point of each regulating water reservoir. The main capacity is made in the form of the main water reservoir located below regulating water reservoirs in the section with high level difference and equipped with filling channel connected to the river bed, and dam with height of up to upper level, which are made in upper and lower places respectively as to water level. Pressure waterway is installed downstream as to level of the main water reservoir and made in the form of pressure pipelines with length of not less than 12-15 km depending on river water level difference in order to obtain the required head, which leave the main water reservoir. Pressure pipelines consist of winter pressure pipeline for minimum water flow rate and n summer pressure pipelines for maximum water flow rate. Pressure pipelines are connected to turbine waterway. Hydroelectric power plant also includes compensation water body located at the head level of turbine waterway, which is connected to waterway of turbines and equipped with pump group.
EFFECT: increasing operating efficiency of hydroelectric power plant.
FIELD: machine building.
SUBSTANCE: invention refers to hydroelectric power plants. Hydroelectric power plant includes runner 2 fully submerged into water and installed so that it can be rotated, housing with half-round groove, which encloses runner 2 on one side. The other side of runner 2 is located in water stream. Runner 2 is provided with horizontal rotation axis. Housing is arranged at the river bottom and hinged on the ends of arms the other ends of which are hinged to the piles mounted into the river bottom. External surface of the housing is concentric to the groove, equipped with radially located soil washing-out nozzles, as well as cutters. Hydroelectric power plant is provided with a drive to perform backward swinging movement of the housing relative to the arms.
EFFECT: simplifying the manufacturing technology and reducing the cost of hydroelectric power plant.
3 cl, 2 dwg
SUBSTANCE: intake works fish-protection structure is related to the field of hydroengineering facilities and is used to prevent ingress of roe, larvae, young fish and full-grown fish into the intake works. The structure comprises a water-intake pipe 15, an inlet flow-forming head wall 12, a fish-receiving pod 5, a fish-diverting nozzle 9, an output head wall 11 of the fish-diverting nozzle 9, a curvilinear U-shaped water-receiving chamber 1, chambers-shelters for fish 7. At the inlet of the water-receiving chamber 1 there are coarse garbage-retaining grates 2 installed. Between the curvilinear convex 3 and concave 4 walls of the water-receiving chamber 1 there is the fish-receiving pod 5 installed. The fish-receiving pod 5 is arranged in the form of a vertical curvilinear wall with holes for passage of a part of a fish flow 6 with fish into the chamber-shelter 7. In the centre of the curvilinear concave wall 4 of the water-receiving chamber 1 there is a receiving window arranged with guide blades 8 of the fish-diverting nozzle 9. The fish-diverting nozzle 9 is arranged in the form of a box with water discharge with fish along a pipe 10 towards the outlet head wall 11. The outlet head wall 11 is arranged outside the limits of the water intake action area. The inlet flow-forming head wall 12 is inserted into the curvilinear convex wall 3 of the water-receiving chamber 1. The inlet flow-forming head wall 12 is arranged in the form of radial vertical blades 13. In the space between vertical blades 13 there are inclined guide partitions 14. Partitions 14 forward the flow without fish into a vertical riser of a water intake pipe 15. The pitch 16 between guide partitions 14 reduces top down. At the ends of radial vertical blades 13 there are flexible canopies 17 fixed to divert fish to the fish-receiving pod 5.
EFFECT: higher efficiency of fish diversion back into an intake works.
SUBSTANCE: corrugate tubing for load-carrying structures of underground channels comprises a corrugate metal sheet of a rectangular shape in plan, made with perforated holes on a part of the surface and having side and end stiffening ribs. At the same time stiffening ribs along the perimetre of the specified sheet are arranged in the form of metal plates arranged perpendicularly to the sheet and welded to its edges with adjacency of corrugation ends to the side surface of two oppositely arranged plates. Besides, in the specified plates there are holes for fastening bolts, and perforated holes are arranged to inject a mortar to fill cavities between corrugate metal sheets and the surface of the underground channel or the defect load-carrying barrier structure.
EFFECT: reduced weight and dimension of a tubing, lower labour intensiveness and timing of construction.
SUBSTANCE: hydraulic power unit comprises a water intake, a discharge water conduit, a turbine and a drive of its generators. The hydraulic power unit water intake is made in the form of an artificial reservoir, which is built near a river. A water intake part of the discharge water conduit is connected to the artificial reservoir, and its upper edge is arranged at the level of or below the deepest natural point of the river bottom in a site of the artificial reservoir. The artificial reservoir is connected to the river by a canal or a water conduit, the bottom of which is made in the same manner at the level of or below the deepest natural point of the river bottom.
EFFECT: invention excludes impact of hydraulic power units and their construction at ecology of rivers and streams, where they are built.
FIELD: hydraulic structures, particularly fish passes in water-intake structures.
SUBSTANCE: method involves supplying water stream free of young fish in waterway; forming hydraulic screen near water-intake influence area to separate above area from main stream of water-intake structure; forming whirlpool area near water-intake shore edge. Water stream is formed upstream water-intake structure. Water for users is taken from whirlpool area formed by inner water spray boundary and shore edge. Facility includes water-intake structure arranged at shore line, water-intake pipes connected with pump, stream former and means for water stream creation in waterway. Means for water stream creation is made as channel operating in non-pressure regime and having outlet part arranged upstream water inlet. Marks formed on channel bottom and waterway bottom coincide one with another. Stream former is located downstream water intake and directed in downstream direction.
EFFECT: creating of hydraulic conditions to protect young fish from ingress in water-intake structure.
14 cl, 9 dwg
FIELD: hydraulic engineering.
SUBSTANCE: invention relates to hydraulic works designed for preventing getting of young fish into diversion facilities. Proposed device contains fish retaining shield made in form of hollow guides arranged in tiers across water channels in depth with displacement of each upper tier towards diversion channel. It contains also perforated air duct located on bottom of water channel directly before said shield and train-and-fish trough arranged in upper part of channel in parallel with air duct and connected with outlet and device to let out young fish arranged in height of fish retaining shield. Guides of U-shaped are installed at angle to current of intake channel, their planes are perforated and open end part is pointed to bottom of water channel. Young fish let out device is made in form of perforated shields installed side guides for vertical displacement by drive in height of fish retaining shield relative to additional guides made from side of bank edges of intake channel. Perforation holes of shields and u-shaped guides do not coincide in light.
EFFECT: possibility of retaining and bringing young fish out of limits of influence of diversion facility.
FIELD: hydraulic engineering.
SUBSTANCE: invention relates to hydraulic works designed to protect young fish from getting into diversion facilities. Proposed device contains fish retaining shield installed in channel and made in form of perforated pipelines arranged in horizontal tiers along entire depth of channel and connected with source of working medium, perforated air duct placed on bottom of channel directly before shield and trash-and-fish trough arranged in upper part of shield parallel to perforated pipeline and air duct which is connected with fish outlet. Perforated pipelines are furnished with ejectors and fish gathering troughs. Ejectors are connected with pressure line of pump and are placed inside perforated pipelines and in communication with fish gathering troughs through perforation holes made in horizontal plane along both sides of pipelines, fish gathering troughs being rigidly fastened opposite to perforation holes. Inner space of fish gathering troughs is provided with longitudinal horizontal partitions dividing the troughs into separate fish intake parts. Surfaces of fish gathering troughs pointed to surface and to bottom of water channel are made perforated. Cross partitions found inside separate fish intake parts form fish intake channels. Initial part of fish outlet is made with fish intake pocket over entire depth of water channel. End face parts of perforated pipelines pointed to side of fish outlet communicate with inner space of pocket.
EFFECT: provision of retaining and removing of young fish over entire depth of water channel.
3 cl, 7 dwg
FIELD: hydraulic engineering.
SUBSTANCE: invention relates to hydraulic works designed to protect young fish from getting into diversion facilities. Proposed device contains fish retaining shield installed in water channel in tiers in depth of water channel with displacement of each higher tier to side of water intake channel, perforated air duct made in form of guides installed across water channel before shield on bottom of water channel, and trash-and-fish trough connected with fish outlet and arranged in upper part of shield parallel to air duct. Guides are made in form of flat plates rigidly installed at angle to flow in intake channel. Each plate is provided with horizontal axle in its upper part on which additional plate is secured from side of water intake channel for turning. Lower end face end of additional plate is provided with radial baffle whose surface has perforation holes. End face part of additional plates is provided with sector stopper from side of fish outlet, horizontal axles of plates being connected with drive. Additional plates can be perforated.
EFFECT: provision of retaining and bringing young fish out of the limits of influence of diversion facility.
3 cl, 12 dwg
FIELD: hydraulic engineering; fish protective facilities.
SUBSTANCE: invention is designed to draw off young fish from zone of influence of water diversion front. Method comes to ejecting young fish into intake part of ejecting plant from section of pond with higher concentration of young fish, creating active ejecting working stream in mixing chamber by entraining volume of water containing young fish into stream created by central ejecting hydraulic jet and further conveyance of water-fish mixture along pressure conduit into fish outlet. At the last stage of conveyance young fish is transported into fish outlet under no pressure conditions by forming hydraulic jet angle to trough of fish outlet, young fish being dropped on surface of fish outlet stream. Invention provides effective conditions for drawing off young fish into fish outlet and reduces damage to young fish. If working ejecting stream is preliminarily saturated with atmospheric air, its outer borders are saturated with air in form of finest microbubbles which form boundary layer ("air cushion") at contact with which young fish do not suffer from discomfort and easily take up hydrodynamic pressure built in mixing chamber. Moreover, provision of boundary layer saturated with microbubbles of air makes it possible to considerably reduce value of friction coupling of two streams, main getting from working nozzle and ejecting, containing young fish.
EFFECT: provision of good conditions for letting out young fish into fish outlet, reduced damage of young fish.
7 cl, 7 dwg
FIELD: hydraulic engineering.
SUBSTANCE: invention relates to devices protecting young fish and preventing their getting into diversion facility. Proposed fish protective facility includes filtering water-separating dam made in form of vertical water-separating wall arranged along water intake channel and separating inlet part of channel from water conduit, device for preliminary drawing off young fish made in form of vertical rod installed for rotation by drive arranged before water-separating wall from its end face part pointed opposite to water flow. Rod is displaced relative to water-separating wall towards water intake channel. Device for preliminary drawing off young fish is furnished with additional means to increase fish draw-off effect, said means being made in from of flat round disks rigidly secured in height of rod coaxially with rod. Disks are installed parallel to each other forming slot water intake channels. End face part of water-separating wall adjoining the rod is provided with slots located opposite to planes of arrangement of disks. Disks are installed for free passing relative to slots. Invention provides higher efficiency of drawing off young fish out limits of zone of influence of diversion facility owing to provision of disks considerably increasing area of contact with surrounding medium and creating powerful circulation flow providing diversion of young fish and trash entrained by water behind outer surface of dam.
EFFECT: provision of effective conditions for drawing off young fish out of limits of zone of influence of diversion facility.
15 cl, 16 dwg
FIELD: hydraulic engineering.
SUBSTANCE: invention relates to fish protective facilities used in diversion facilities. Proposed fish protective facility includes vertical gauze shield installed in inlet part of water intake channel at angle to its longitudinal axis, fish outlet arranged in place of mating of shield with side of channel, and device for creating whirlpool current for washing the shield containing jet guide member and made in form of chambers adjoining outer surface of shield and forming water intake holes over entire depth of water intake channel. Chambers are made cylindrical being formed by surface of shield and jet guide member and are placed in communication through water intake holes formed by edges of shield of adjacent chambers and edges of jet guide members at place of their butt joining. Each chamber is provided with independent fish outlet made in form of vertical perforated pipe arranged coaxially to chamber and communicating by independent fish duct with fish outlet. Inlet part of water intake channel is made with tangential inlet, edge of left side of channel, shield and tangential inlet are arranged in one plane.
EFFECT: improved efficiency of washing of gauze shield and drawing off young fish and trash.
24 cl, 18 dwg
FIELD: hydraulic and hydropower engineering, particularly for building water-retaining structures to provide power supply to small settlements and farms.
SUBSTANCE: method involves assembling flexible apron assembly consisted of flexible floor apron and flexible downstream apron in watercourse; securing thereof to watercourse bottom by anchors. Water outlet assembly including hydroelectric generator arranged inside it is secured to floor apron and downstream apron by rigid ties. Connected to water outlet assembly by ties are water retaining shell and rope system secured to anchor poles located on watercourse bank.
EFFECT: reduced time of structure assembling and costs for electric power generation.
FIELD: hydraulic structures, particularly fish-passing devices included in water intake structures.
SUBSTANCE: method is based on young fish's tendency to follow moving objects. Method involves forming water permeable screen including flexible elastic members and extending for the full stream depth; providing means for flexible members displacement and installation in working position; providing preliminary young fish concentration in previously created artificial water-plants and transferring young fish into fish-passing channel. Water permeable screen is formed of flexible elastic members on level of stream carrying young fish with maximal concentration. Screen is created in horizontal plane, wherein flexible elastic members are reciprocated from one bank to another along with directing young fish concentrated inside screen in fish-passing channel. Flexible elastic members imitate natural water flora, which is native fish habitat.
EFFECT: provision of controllable water intake during change in vertical young fish descent dynamics.
27 cl, 21 dwg
FIELD: hydraulic engineering.
SUBSTANCE: invention relates to device designed to prevent young fish from getting into diversion facilities. Proposed fish protective device includes suction branch pipe lowered under water level, water permeable shield, device to bring young fish off made in from of hydraulic wash-away device with slot arranged coaxially with suction branch pipe out of the limits of suction hole, feed pipeline connected with pressure line of pump and made inside suction branch pipe coaxially with the latter, and ring conical partition made coaxially to suction branch pipe and rigidly secured on outer surface of suction branch pipe. Hydraulic wash-away device is formed by two cup-like deflectors with concave side pointed to suction hole and installed one over the other to form ring slot directed along water permeable shield. Lower deflector is provided with central outlet hole whose diameter is smaller than diameter of jet forming nozzle arranged coaxially to hydraulic wash-away device and rigidly connected with end part of feed pipeline. Ring conical partition is installed with its larger base to side of suction branch pipe, its smaller base being arranged in plane of suction hole.
EFFECT: simplified design of fish [protective device, provision of effective bringing young fish of limits of influence of suction branch pipe.
7 cl, 8 dwg


THE GREAT BIG BOOK OF IRISH WILDLIFE Through the Seasons , Written by Juanita Browne, Illustrated by Barry Reynolds. A beautiful picture book tracking nature through the seasons in Ireland. It explores nature in your back garden as well as weird and wonderful natural phenomena, such as the metamorphosis from Tadpole to Frog; the Red Deer rut in autumn; or a starling flock in winter.
Introduces Irish birds, mammals, plants, insects, and amphibians. Overflowing with stunning photographs and engaging, child-friendly cartoons accompanied by clear accessible text.
A wonderful gift for children to help open their eyes to the natural world, from a real expert.
- 80 pages
- 285×225 mm


OBIEE – Prompts
A Prompt is a special type of filter that is used to filter analyses embedded in a dashboard. The main reason to use a dashboard prompt is that it allows the user to customize analysis output and also allows flexibility to change parameters of a report. There are three types of prompts that can be used −
The prompt created at the dashboard level is called a Named prompt. This Prompt is created outside of a specific dashboard and stored in the catalog as a prompt. You can apply a named prompt to any dashboard or dashboard page that contains the columns, mentioned in the prompt. It can filter one or any number of analyses embedded on the same dashboard page. You can create and save these named prompts to a private folder or a shared folder.
A named prompt always appears on the dashboard page and the user can prompt for different values without having to rerun the dashboard. A named prompt can also interact with selection steps. You can specify a dashboard prompt to override a specific selection step.
The step will be processed against the dashboard column with the user-specified data values collected by the dashboard column prompt, whereas all other steps will be processed as originally specified.
Inline prompts are embedded in an analysis and are not stored in the catalog for reuse. Inline prompt provides general filtering of a column within the analysis, depending on how it is configured.
Inline prompt works independently from a dashboard filter, which determines values for all matching columns on the dashboard. An inline prompt is an initial prompt. When the user selects the prompt value, the prompt field disappears from the analysis.
To select different prompt values, you need to rerun the analysis. Your input determines the content of the analyses embedded in the dashboard.
Named Prompt can be applied to any dashboard or dashboard page which contains the column specified in the Prompt.
A column prompt is the most common and flexible prompt type. A column prompt enables you to build very specific value prompts to either stand alone on the dashboard or analysis or to expand or refine existing dashboard and analysis filters. Column prompts can be created for hierarchical, measure, or attribute columns at the analysis or dashboard level.
Go to New → Dashboard Prompt → Select subject area.
Dashboard prompt dialog box appears. Go to ‘+’ sign, select the prompt type. Click on the column prompt → Select column → Click OK.
New Prompt dialog box appears (this appears only for column prompts). Enter the label name that will appear on dashboard next to Prompt → Select the Operator → User Input.
The User Input field's drop-down list appears for column and variable prompts, and provides you with the option to determine the User Input method for the user interface. You can select any of the following − checkboxes, radio buttons, a choice list, or a list box.
Example − If you select the User Input method of Choice List and Choice List Values item of all Column Values, the user will select the prompt's data value from a list that contains all of the data values contained in the data source.
You can also further make a selection by expanding the Options tab.
These series of checkboxes allow you to restrict the amount of data returned in output. Once selection is made, click OK.
The Prompt is added to Definition → Save the prompt using the save option at the top right corner → Enter the name → Click OK.
To test the Prompt, go to My Dashboard → Catalog and drag the prompt to column 1. This prompt can be applied to full dashboard or on a single page by clicking on Properties → Scope.
Save and run the Dashboard, select the value for a Prompt. Apply and Output value will change as per prompt value.
A currency prompt enables the user to change the currency type that is displayed in the currency columns on an analysis or dashboard.
Example − Suppose that an analysis contains the sales totals for a certain region of US in US dollars. However, because the users viewing the analysis reside in Canada, they can use the currency prompt to change the sales totals from USD to Canada dollars.
The prompt's currency selection list is populated with the currency preferences from the user’s → My Account dialog → Preferences tab. Currency prompt option is available only if the administrator has configured the userpref_currencies.xml file.
An image prompt provides an image that users click to select values for an analysis or dashboard.
Example − In a sales organization, users can click their territories from an image of a map to see sales information, or click a product image to see sales information about that product. If you know how to use the HTML <map> tag, then you can create an image map definition.
A variable prompt enables the user to select a value that is specified in the variable prompt to display on dashboard. A variable prompt is not dependent upon a column, but can still use a column.
Add Reports to BI Dashboard Pages
You can add one or more existing reports to a dashboard page. The advantage is that you can share reports with other users and schedule the dashboard pages using agents. An agent sends the entire dashboard to the user, including all data pages that the report references.
When configuring an agent for a dashboard page that contains a BI Publisher report, ensure that the following criteria are met −
- The output format of the BI Publisher report must be PDF.
- The agent must be set to deliver PDF.
You can add reports to a dashboard page as embedded content and as a link. Embedded means that the report is displayed directly on the dashboard page. The link opens the report in BI Publisher within Oracle BIEE.
If you modify the report in BI Publisher and save your changes, then refresh the dashboard page to see the modifications. Navigate to the page to which you want to add a report.
Add a BI Report to a Dashboard Page
Select a report in one of the following ways −
Select the report from the Catalog pane and drag and drop it into a section on the dashboard page.
To add a report from a dashboard page, select the report from the folder that contains its dashboard in the Catalog pane.
Set the properties of the object. To do so, hover the mouse pointer over the object in the page layout area to display the object's toolbar, and click the Properties button.
The "BI Publisher Report Properties dialog" is displayed. Complete the fields in the properties dialog as appropriate. Click OK and then click Save.
If required, add a prompt to the dashboard page to filter the results of an embedded parameterized report.


Last modified: 2012-07-26 by rob raeside
Keywords: united kingdom | saint georges cross | saint andrews cross | saint patricks cross | harp | cromwell | commonwealth | interregnum |
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image by Vincent Morley
At sea, royalist ships continued to fly the Union Jack of 1606 and the
appropriate ensign (different in England and in Scotland before 1707). The
parliamentary navy was ordered by the Council of State on 22 February 1649
as follows: "that the ships at sea in service of the State shall onely
beare the red Crosse in a white flag". The appropriate order was signed by
Oliver Cromwell on 23 February. On 5 March 1649 the Council ordered "that
the Flagg that is to be borne by the Admiral, Vice-Admiral, and Rere-Admiral
be that now presented, viz., the Armes of England [Red St. George Cross on
white] and Ireland [gold harp on blue] in two severall Escotcheons in a Red
Flagg, within a compartment."
Dave Martucci, 29 September 1999
image by Vincent Morley
Scotland was only formally reunited with England by an Ordinance of 12 April
1654 which ordered: "That the arms of Scotland viz: a Cross commonly called the
St Andrew's Cross be received onto and borne from henceforth in the Arms of this
Commonwealth ... etc"., and according to Perrin (P64) the saltire of Scotland
did not reappear on naval flags until an Order of the Council of State dated 18
May 1658 (the jack and from c1653 the flag of subordinate Generals at Sea
continuing as the impaled arms of England and Ireland).
Christopher Southworth, 16 May 2010
According to "The flagshop" this
is a naval ensign of 1659; though I do not know if that means Richard Cromwell's
Protectorate or the briefly restored Parliamentary regime.
Kenneth Fraser, 30 June 2012
The coat of arms of the Commonwealth (1649-60 [sic]) from Friar (1993). The arms of the Commonwealth appeared on the Great Seal struck in 1655. Interestingly these arms retained symbols of royalty (Crowns, Helm etc.). The arms of the Lord Protector Oliver Cromwell were incorporated into the new design.
Blazon: Quarterly 1 and 4 Argent a Cross Gules [for England] 2 Azure a Saltire Argent [for Scotland] and 3 Azure a Harp Or Stringed Argent [for Ireland] on an Inescutcheon Sable a Lion Rampant Argent [Cromwell's arms].
The supporters were a crowned lion of England and a red dragon of Wales. The Scottish unicorn was removed, as it was associated with the Stewart Monarchy.
The motto read PAX, QUĂRITUR, BELLO ("Peace is obtained [or 'sought'] by war")
Nitesh Dave, and Phil Cleary, 2 July 2000
The establishment of arms shown above, are actually those of the 'Protectorate'.
These arms cannot date from before 12 April 1654 when the arms of England and
Scotland were once again joined together, and (with the addition of the Lord
Protector's inescutcheon) are very probably later than this.
Christopher Southworth, 12 June 2010
image by Vincent Morley
Timothy Wilson, Flags at Sea (1986)
shows on page 20 a personal standard of Oliver Cromwell: quarterly, first
and fourth white with a red St. George's Cross (England); second blue with
white St. Andrew's Cross (Scotland); third blue with yellow harp (Ireland);
and overall an escutcheon bearing Cromwell's personal arms (sable a lion
Joseph McMillan, 27 September 1999
image by Vincent Morley
It is stated in Wilson's Flags at Sea (1986), p. 19:
'In 1658 Cromwell's standard as Lord Protector, in which the cross of St. George was quartered with the cross of St. Andrew and the Irish Harp, and surmounted by an escutcheon with Cromwell's personal coat of arms became the 'Standard for the General of his Highnesse fleet' and the Cross and Harp jack was replaced by the old Union Jack with the addition of a harp in the centre.'
Jarig Bakker, 26 September 1999
image provided by Nick Flowers, 3 May 2010
This standard replaced the Royal Standard which was flown by the Lord High
Admiral at sea. I recently persuaded the National Maritime Museum to show me the
sole surviving example of a naval flag from those times, which is in store and
not on display, a photo of which I attach. The Generals at Sea flew a standard
very like this, but you will notice straightaway that the cross and harp are in
escutcheons which look more like tombstones than the traditional shield shape.
This standard, if authentic, would have flown during the First Dutch War and the
subsequent war against Spain in which Blake so distinguished himself. The reason
that it alone survived is speculated as this: it was made in error (the
tombstones) and shoved into a chest and forgotten. Thus is escaped the
destruction of all Commonwealth symbols at the Restoration of Charles II. It
reappeared in the eighteenth century and was on display at Chatham dockyard
until eventually it ended up at the NMM.
Nick Flowers, 3 May 2010
Laird Clowes who saw the flag when it was still at Chatham suggested that it
might have been a boat flag, or possibly a jack. The shape of the shields is not
unique. Some ships in the Anthony Roll have shields
of this shape along the sides.
David Prothero, 4 May 2010
The 'compartment' flag lasted a relatively short time and was replaced by the
plain old cross and harp, which was also the design for the naval jack. This
compartment was yellow and might have been oval or perhaps rectangular and
inside were the two escutcheons (right way up and pointed at the bottom) with
cross and harp. All this was on a red field. It ended up being used by the vice
I think the important thing which concerns me is the shape and orientation of the escutcheons. The Commonwealth's 'logo' was the cross and harp side by side in pointed shields. This device appears on coins, medals and in books, as well as on the engraved sterns of ships. I know of no other instance - apart from the problematical Standard - where the escutcheons are otherwise. Which is why I really want to get to Amsterdam when the Rijksmuseum and the Scheepsvaatmuseum are open again after their period of restoration. The Dutch painters were so good at the detail in their pictures of the battles of the First Dutch War.
The designs go through the standard so that the Harp is always further from the hoist. But it faces the wrong way - all other harps I know of face left; this faces right.
Nick Flowers, 4 May 2010
The flag stored at the National Maritime Museum (which was originally at
Chatham and exactly matches the example shown) is 464 x 625 cm - see Tim
Wilson's Flags at Sea P19 and Plate XI - which
makes it (at over 15 feet wide) the correct size for a command flag of this
The First Dutch War was beautifully covered in paintings by the Elder Van de Velde, and a study of these might well reveal whether the addition of a wreath to the more usual command flag of a general at sea was more than a 'one-off'? I consider Nick's theory that the mistaken placing of the escutcheons upside down may well have caused the flag to be stored (rather than issued) makes a great deal of sense, although it is possible that the addition of a wreath may well have been an unused trial? As noted above, the shape of the shields themselves is not that unusual.
The red flag bearing two escutcheons and surrounded by a green wreath was established for senior generals at sea (replacing the Royal Standard) in 1649 (exact date lost but certainly prior to 21 April). These same escutcheons on a yellow oval, being the flag of junior generals at sea, was dropped (and replaced with the same design as the jack) in March 1653 - see Perrin, pp 63-4.
The right way up is a simple matter of England should be at the hoist, and
Ireland's harp the right way up. As to why it was put away rather than
corrected, your guess is as good as mine? Perhaps it was ordered by (General at
Sea Blake) himself, and he forgot to collect it?
My knowledge of this particular period is not good, but of course, England and Scotland were seperate countries until the Act of Union of 1707 and the 1605 Union of Crowns dissolved by the execution of Charles I in 1649 (and only restored by the accession of Charles II in 1660). As far as I know the Scottish saltire did not appear on English naval flags until 1658?
Christopher Southworth, 4 May 2010
Sir William Laird Clowes wrote, in collaboration with others, a seven volume history "The Royal Navy", published in 1898. In volume 2 page 115 is a drawing of the flag with measurements 1'.9" and 1'.3". [Sic: feet seem to have been converted to inches.] "At the same time it was directed that every man-of-war should carry on her stern an escutcheon containing in one compartment a red cross, and in another a harp. This escutcheon seems to have suggested as a flag of command, instead of the Union, a flag bearing the arms of England and Ireland in two escutcheons on a red field within a compartment 'or'. In the case of a vice or rear-admiral, the compartment seems to have been unornamented. In that of an admiral, it was encircled by a laurel wreath. A variant of this flag is still preserved in an old chest in the house of the Admiral Superintendent at Chatham. Through the kindness of Staff-Commander J.E. Coghlan, R.N., I am enabled to illustrate and describe it. It measures 21 inches by 15 inches [sic]. The field is red; the encircling wreath is green; the English excutcheon bears the red St George's Cross on a white ground, and the Irish escutcheon bears a yellow seven stringed harp on a blue ground. I take this to have been an Admiral's boat flag. It may, however, have been a jack."
The Standard was moved from Chatham to the Royal United Services Museum in
1908 and from there to the National Maritime Museum in 1948. [National Archives
David Prothero, 4 May 2010
I have recently read a suggestion that the Standard at the National Maritime
Museum could have been a prototype, run up quickly for approval by the Generals
at Sea, and that it was put aside and forgotten - and thus survived. A theory
just as good as any other so far! One other thing that has bothered me about the
NMM standard was the placing of a green (vert) wreath on a red (gules)
background - colour on colour?
Nick Flowers, 23 May 2010
image by Rob Raeside, 7 April 2001
The colour of the major's company of an infantry regiment. Lord Robart's Regiment of Foot fought on the Parliamentary side, but under the Earl of Essex in 1642-44, and not under Cromwell.
Ian Sumner, 12 July 2000
The flag size was 6' 6" x 6' 6", the canton (being the George cross in the top corner) was 2' 2" square. It has a 'wavy pile', this being a wavy point tapering to about a third of the diagonal across the flag.
Chris Rogers, 2i/c of Lord John Robartes Regiment of Foote of the English Civil War, 7 April 2001
Some other flags of companies of Lord John Robarte's Regiment of Foote are:
Colonels = Plain red colour.
Lt Col's = Plain field with canton of St. George.
Majors = Red field, canton and wavy pile.
1st Cap't = Red field, canton and one estoile (being a wavy 5 pointed star)
2nd Cap't = As above with 2 estoiles
3rd Cap't = As above with 3 estoiles
4th Cap't = As above with 4
etc up to 6th Cap't Company
Chris Rogers, 20 June 2001
image located by Jarig Bakker
From "Flags", by Eric Inglefield, (1979)
I think that this must be Oliver Cromwell's banner from the time when he was
Lord Protector; May 1657 until he died in September 1658.
Part republic, part monarchy; hence the crown.
I guess that O P stands for Office of Protector.
David Prothero, 8 July 2002
I think the OP on the flag actually stands for 'Oliver Protector', in the
same way that ER stands for Elizabeth Regina. There is a portrait of Oliver on
an Irish Roll of Account with the inscription 'Oliver by the Grace of God Lord
Protector of the Commonwealth of England', which I think sums it up.
Fran Sluman, 10 February 2003


Samatha (Pāli; Sanskrit: śamatha), refers to the practice of «Tranquility» or «concentration» meditation. Buddhism somewhat considers meditation in general to be an act of concentration on a particular object and/or idea. Therefore, meditation from other religious traditions are sometimes refered to as a variation of samatha meditation that differ in the focus of concentration; such as breathing, scriptual passage, mantra, religious picture, a rock, body (as a representation of death), and so on. In this sense, samatha is not a Buddhist meditation.
For Buddhists, it is commonly practiced as a prelude to and in conjunction with Vipassanā meditation (insight meditation) which focus on Buddhist dharma. Traditionally, there are 40 objects of meditation, although the breath as an object of meditation has always enjoyed the widest popularity. Mindfulness of breathing or ānāpāna meditation which accompany Buddhist doctrine of rising and falling can be used for both Samatha and Vipassanā Meditation.
Samatha lead to states of meditative absorption or concentration called Jhana which is often translated as state of tranquility or bliss. Thus, it furthers the right concentration aspect of the Noble Eightfold Path.
Shamatha is also used in Tibetan Buddhism.


12+ Visual Studio Class Diagram Relationships. For visual c++ projects, look in the utility category to find the. Open visual studio installer from the windows start menu, or by selecting tools > get tools and features from the menu bar in visual studio.
I wish, though that objects used had more visual examples to help visualizing the objects. The uml class diagram is a graphical notation used to construct and visualize object oriented systems. Figure 4.31 shows a class diagram from our case study with the classes customer, ticket, and coupon, their attributes, and their associations looking at the class diagram in figure 4.31, you can read the association between the classes customer and ticket as follows
A class is a blueprint for an object.
12+ Visual Studio Class Diagram Relationships. I have tried with visual studio but the best it seems to be able to do is class diagram based on inheritance, and since most of my classes just inherit so basically what im looking for is a way of generating, from existing code, a class diagram that reflects the relationship between my classes. You can view members of the class, add new, delete the existing ones, see implementations, check parent classes, perform basic refactoring, add notes, and so on. As you know a class diagram is a diagram showing different classes in a system their attribute, operation and the relationship among different objects. Open visual studio installer from the windows start menu, or by selecting tools > get tools and features from the menu bar in visual studio.


Classroom Management Techniques for New Teachers
Dec 30, 2011 Classroom Management 4140 Views
In addition to being highly knowledgeable in the subject matter, teachers also need to know how to manage classroom dynamics effectively. This entails organizational and disciplinary skills that both help make different types of classroom interactions more systematic and aligned with the learning objectives. Otherwise, classes that are conducted by teachers with very minimal classroom management skills tend to produce less favorable outcomes, such as low student achievements. Some studies, in fact, suggest that when teachers are inefficient at managing disruptive classroom behavior, the average pace of cognitive development among all students suffer greatly.
If you are a native English speaker who intend to teach English as a second or foreign language (ESL/EFL), it will be well to note that the paired factors of 1) disruptive behavior of students, and 2) inability of teachers to effectively manage classroom behavior, jointly cause an alarming number of new educators to leave the teaching profession. This means that in addition to generating mediocre results in terms of the learning goals for students, ineffective classroom management also cause stress, deep resentment and burnout among many teachers, to the point of compelling some of them to consider another profession. In second or foreign language learning, the cultural and linguistic gaps among students and teachers can also aggravate the learning conditions in many ways.
That said, the underlying principle should be obvious: teachers need to develop classroom management skills in order to attain positive learning outcomes. While it is true that managing student behavior is not an absolute guarantee to success, well-managed classroom behavior is a requirement for establishing an environment that is conducive to learning. After all, learning takes place most positively when students are properly motivated to learn.
Given this teaching scenario, don't lose heart nonetheless. Disruptive behavior is a normal occurrence in the learning process such that veteran educators have established different methodologies and techniques in order to quell learning disruptions. In addition, the demand for English language educators are in the uptrend globally simply because there is a real need to learn the lingua franca of globalization among non-native speakers. Behavior among learners also varies, depending on many factors such as location, economic segmentation, and the motivation to learn. While there is a real linguistic and cultural gap between teachers and students, such differences have been used by enterprising educators as positive inputs for learning.
If you happen to handle classes where disruptive behavior is present, then there are classroom management techniques that you can implement to reduce or even eliminate disruptive classroom behavior. This article presents two solutions--one a process and the other a set of methodologies--that you can use in various combinations depending on the learning conditions in each of your classes.
A. Class Management Process
This set of steps aim to transform the classroom environment into one that actively encourages learning. By modifying both the physical and human aspects of the classroom, teachers will be able to establish an ecosystem that has a positive atmosphere and one that compels everyone to attain learning goals.
1. Have a plan. Nothing beats a comprehensive strategy for achieving learning goals. Each learning session must follow a pre-planned outline that details 1) the expected learning outcomes; 2) how the teacher is to introduce, demonstrate, or explain a lesson or subject matter; 3) the techniques by which the teacher will motivate the class to actively participate in the learning process; 4) how the students will participate; and 5) the alternative strategies in case the actual learning outcomes and student behavior are not what has been expected.
2. Establish the best learning climate possible. Excluding human factor, the overall learning conditions in any classroom can be modified readily. How a room looks and feels have a direct impact on learning. Lighting can be configured depending on the teaching purpose, for example (well-lit rooms facilitate clear reception of all sensations especially those that are visual while a darkened room magnify sound sensations and may be good for articulating pronunciations, and other verbal concepts; a spotlight focuses students' attention to a particular learning stimulus such as the teaching conducting a lecture, a visual image, or the whiteboard.). Get rid of disruptive background noise (a faulty electric fan or air conditioning unit, for example) whenever possible. Clutter and other visual pollution that unnecessarily divert people's attention should also be addressed.
3. Conduct class sessions efficiently. Clarify the goals you want your students to achieve and the ways by which they can achieve them. Never appear to be disorganized to your students. Be consistent in order to set an example and establish a clear system for different classroom activities.
4. Practice authority positively. Develop mutual respect but integrate wholesome humor in your interactions. This will allow you to reach out to all your students and to avoid neglecting any one. Maintain a positive and accessible demeanor so that your students will be encouraged to communicate. Practice the so-called three F's required of successful educators: firmness, fairness, and friendliness.
B. Class Management Techniques
Managing student behaviour is critical to the success of your teaching sessions. You can use any of the following techniques in order to establish the right learning attitude among your students.
1. Subject Focus. Everyone in your class should be primed for learning before you introduce a new subject matter. When students are engaged in chatter that is unrelated to the subject matter or appear to be doing something not related to the lesson, don't continue your teaching until you get their full attention. Temporarily stop discussing the subject matter whenever you think students are not paying attention since that would be a waste of time and effort. Otherwise, opting to teach even when students are not paying attention will establish the notion that it is okay to be rude and to ignore someone speaking to you.
2. Modelling. For the learning process to be healthy and effective, teachers need to establish their leadership and authority inside the classroom. They also need to exhibit the very traits they want their students to develop and possess. As role models, teachers should know and practice how to show respect and concern for others so that students can emulate their actions. In addition, teachers should show decisiveness and fairness in order to establish a good, disciplined environment for learning.
3. Proximity and Modality. Students tend to be more involved when teachers are at arm's length compared to when they are more distant. This is because people tend to do whatever they want given the chance to do so. In a classroom setting, students in locations that are farthest from the teacher are likely to do their own thing and misbehave compared to those who are in close proximity to the teacher. To address this issue, move across the room during lectures or seatwork as much as possible. Equally engage as many students as possible and make it clear that you confer due attention to everyone and care about their learning achievements.
4. Reward System. Teachers should understand what motivates students and use these as platforms for cognitive development. Human needs such as a sense of belonging and affirmation can be used for further nurturing good classroom behaviour. Also called "Positive Discipline" by some educators, this technique showcases positive traits instead of calling students' attention to bad behaviour. Praise and reward often accompany this technique and are used to reinforce everyone's preference for good behaviour.
5. Regular and Random Aptitude Assessments. To check whether students are learning as much as expected, teachers should give regular tests in the form of announced exams, seat works, group activities, and other assignments such as random concept checking. Unannounced quizzes should also be regularly given not only to monitor students' progress but also to compel students to consistently pay attention in order not to fail in the surprise quizzes.
6. Lesson Management. The teacher's understanding of people's motives and behaviour is just one side of the coin. The other side concerns teachers themselves. The fact is, while it is assumed that teachers know their subject areas adequately, sharing their knowledge is another matter. Due preparation and planning is necessary to conduct each learning session successfully.
Teaching is a rewarding profession and is critical in preparing the next generation of people for meeting the challenges of tomorrow. It can also be a highly stressful discipline especially for new teachers who are easily intimidated by adverse classroom dynamics. These guidelines should be able to help teachers streamline their classroom engagement strategies in order to yield positive outcomes--both for them and their students.


Wild Welfare welcomes Scotland’s announcement that they will look to introduce legislation to ban wild animals in travelling circuses.
Wild Welfare does not believe that circus environments can properly provide for either the physical or mental welfare needs of wild animals. In response to the news, Wild Welfare’s director Georgina Allen said: “We’re thrilled at Scotland’s recent decision. Wild animals have no place in the circus environment.
“The Wild Welfare team works hard to ensure captive wild animals are not exploited for entertainment in any capacity, by working with zoos and captive animal facilities to educate them on appropriate animal interactions. This news about a ban in Scotland’s circuses further recognises that a wild animal’s welfare needs cannot be met in a situation where they have to perform tricks or stunts.”
Wild Welfare hopes this positive animal welfare move from Scotland urges the UK government to make the same steps and that a ban can soon be celebrated in England.
Notes to Editors
For more information or interview requests please contact Wild Welfare on firstname.lastname@example.org. Wild Welfare is a global organisation committed to improving animal welfare standards in captive wild animal facilities. Its mission is to partner with zoo associations, accredited zoos and aquariums, zoo professionals and leading international animal welfare organizations in identifying and improving the conditions of captive wild animals kept under circumstances of severe distress.
Wild Welfare was established in 2012 and has rapidly established itself as an internationally recognised hub in zoo animal welfare reform, forming effective collaborative relationships with a number of animal welfare NGOs, reputable universities and professional bodies.
Wild Welfare’s vision is to end the suffering of captive wild animals around the world and ensure that full and sustainable protection is given to all animals in human care.
Image Source: Wikimedia commons


The Navajo Indian and the Apache Indian
In the United States there are Native American Indians living among the people in redundant with the United States. The Native American Indians have different tribes and most of the tribes would come together to create a one tribe. Most of the tribes are still living among the people and other tribes vanished. As the Navajo tribe and Apache tribe have several groups of tribe in the bloodline. The Navajo Indian and the Apache Indian differ in the histories, the cultures, and traditions. The Navajo Indians history begun in the 1500s and the meaning of Navajo are “The Great Ones” or “Tewa Navahu as cultivated lands.” Between the Navajo Tribe and other Native American tribes; the Navajo Tribe is known to be the largest tribe. The Navajo are mainly dwelling in New Mexico and Arizona. In the 1600s, the Spanish came into the Navajo territory but the Navajo Tribe was stealing with sheep and horses from the Spanish. The Navajo Tribe and the Spanish began to set up a trading post within the homeland that both share, and traded homemade items and the hunting foods. The Navajo did not know the Spaniards and the Mexicans would take violent action, because of the raids on the camps. Then the Spanish sent in their military to evacuate the Navajo Tribe. Only two/thirds surrendered and moved to a different territory. Then the rest of the Navajo Tribe refuse to give up the territory and hid into the mountains and canyons to avoid being caught. Around the 1800s, the Navajo finally settle into a dubiety on Fort Sumter, New Mexico. When the Navajo tribe settled they began to raise their own sheep also the soldiers give them prosperous and profitable edge to the territory. The United States Government established a Permanent Trust Fund in 1984 with the Navajo Nation Council. As the Navajo tribe deposits twelve percent of all revenues received each year as the total land of 17.5 million acres and to discover oil. Today, the Navajo...
References: American Indian Originals (n.d.). Apache Indian Culture: History, customs, and beliefs. Retrieved from http://www.americanindianoriginals.com/apache-culture.html
Indians.org (2012). American Indians Articles: Navajo Indians. Retrieved from http://www.indians.org/articles/navajo-indians.html
The Navajo Nation (2004). Navajo Culture: The Navajo today. Window Rock, Arizona. Economic Development. Retrieved from http://www.navajobusiness.com/fastFacts/Culture.htm
White Mountain Apache History (n.d.). The White Mountain Apache Tribe Today. Retrieved from http://www.wmat.us/wmahistory.shtml
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North of the Danube – Erskine Caldwell & Margaret Bourke-WhitePosted: 26/04/2012
This publication was the second collaborative book between Caldwell and Bourke White who had previously produced You Have Seen Their Faces in 1937. Published in 1939, North of the Danube attempts to recreate the winning formula of Caldwell’s text accompanied by Bourke White’s photographs to produce a documentary narrative of a current event or issue of concern which attempts to explain to the distant reader/viewer the situation in question. (Some of the images were published in the 30 May, 1938 issue of Life Magazine alongside those of John Phillips.)
Following the annexation of Austria within Hitler’s murderous realm, Czechoslovakia was next to fall. Pro-Nazi groups within the ethnic German population were vocal in claims about suffering at the hands of the Czechs which provided a pretext to justify the annexation of certain border regions (the Sudatenland) in 1938. Anxious to avoid confrontation with Germany, the main Western European powers compromised with Hitler and cobbled together an agreement at Munich which allowed the Germans a free hand with the areas they claimed. The following spring saw much of what has now become the Czech Republic being fully seized by Germany to become the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia within the Third Reich which lasted until 1945. This is the context within which this book was produced for a primarily American audience.
The book itself can be regarded as a straightforward travelogue; the text consists of a series of separate chapters in which Caldwell describes his experiences and what they saw during their travels in these areas. These take the form of individual stand-alone chapters which when read together, produce an overall sense of the tension and turmoil bubbling just beneath the surface. Certainly one of the most effective passages, in my opinion, is when Caldwell recounts how a pro-Nazi German couple attacked a fellow train passenger because they suspect she is Jewish. However, in spite of occasional illuminating gems such as this, there is little depth to the text. There is no deeper analysis about the historical context and no serious attempt is made to explain the complexities of the area that were bound up with the existing economic and social structures that produced tensions between the Czech, Slovak and Hungarian populations and ethnic groups.
This is to be expected really; unlike their work in the American South, neither Caldwell nor Bourke-White had any particular knowledge about this geographical region and this is compounded by having to explain the complexities to an audience who is equally ignorant. Certainly in comparison to You Have Seen Their Faces, this book does not have the emotional resonance or depth of understanding that their first collaborative publication had. Looking at how this book was described by the publisher, this lack of in-depth knowledge is explained away by explicitly positioning Caldwell as an ‘observer’ and stating that this book is neither a piece of reportage nor a political commentary. This would indicate to me that even at the time of publication the limitations of the book were realised.
Turning to Bourke-White’s images, which are positioned as a ‘supplement’ to Caldwell’s text and appear between various chapters on specific regions and cities they visited, they too, in my opinion, suffer from a lack of engagement with the subject. They can be briefly categorised into three broad groups; Arcadian pastoral scenes peopled by peasants whose mode of dress and work appears to be something out of the middle-ages; quaint, picturesque cities whose olde-worlde foreignness is emphasised for an American audience, and the brooding Nazi presence whose appearance threatens to disrupt and destroy this apparently unchanged way of life. Although the Nazis are ever-present in the background, Bourke-White does not train her camera upon them; a couple of images appear within the book but her focus is primarily upon a sympathetic portrayal of rural harmony epitomised by traditional agrarian society. Similarly, some industrial images are present but they are downplayed in favour of photographs of agriculture.
Unlike You Have Seen Their Faces, there is no serious attempt to represent poverty or the harshness of rural life and the simmering tensions between the peasant and the landlord; this economic system, unlike the American South, is not subject to any serious scrutiny. Hints are provided that all is not quite so harmonious as it appears, but clearly the priority of both Caldwell and Bourke-White was to focus on the Nazi threat rather than attempt any serious engagement with the region.
The manner in which Bourke White represents the peasants of the area in many ways reflects popular American preconceptions of European ‘mother’ countries from which early immigrants came from in the nineteenth century. Time and distance transforms a backward, impoverished, rural fight for survival into a rose-tinted idealised space where traditional values and morals, lost thanks to the frantic pace of modern urban life, have somehow been preserved. In this context, the viewer is made perfectly aware that the omnipresent threat of Nazi violence will irrevocably destroy this ancient traditional culture rooted in the past. The peasants in Bourke White’s photographs may be poor but they’re happy.
In contrast, the few photographs of ethnic Germans are immediately Nazi in appearance; crowds with arms raised in salute and serious looking men glaring at the camera dressed in quasi-military attire. By comparison with the peasant who is represented as an inextricable part of the soil, Bourke White represents the ethnic Germans in Czechoslovakia as a violent force who are bent on racial conquest. Throughout this book, Caldwell’s text and Bourke White’s images combine to produce a straightforward duality between black and white; the good Czechs versus the bad Nazis. Simplicity in this case is essential for a distant audience.
Caldwell and Bourke White’s stance in this book is quite clear; the Nazis are a menacing force who threaten to destroy an traditional culture and a small nation who Americans should sympathise with and protect to a certain degree. However, North of the Danube has the feel of an instant book hurriedly put together by a successful author and a celebrity photographer in order to capitalise on hot news. Caldwell and Bourke-White spent five months in Czechoslovakia, from the end of March to August 1938, at the same time as the crisis was reaching boiling point so it was topical. On a personal note, Bourke White complained of Caldwell’s numerous temper-tantrums throughout the time which caused her some difficulties in making photos. In my opinion, this lack of serious engagement with the subject matter comes through in both the text and images.


The Philippines is a festival country. Every province in every region finds a reason to celebrate almost everything – from the religious feasts to customary traditions, to just about anything that can be celebrated. You’ve probably heard about Bangus Festival of Dagupan, Pangasinan, which celebrates the staple produce of the province – milkfish or bangus. How about the Flower Festival of Panagbenga in the country’s summer capital, Baguio? This celebrates the bountiful flower harvests which is one of the big income earners in the city.
In Lucban, Quezon, south of Luzon, Pahiyas Festival is gaining popularity not just from the townsfolks of Quezon, but even residents from the metropolitan cities, find their way to join the colorful feast celebrated every 15th of May. The celebration is in honor of San Isidro Labrador, the patron saint of farmers. The farmers of Lucban, Quezon express their thanksgiving for a bountiful harvest with a grand display of colorful rice wafers, fruits, vegetables, and handicrafts adorning every house in the town.
Pahiyas Festival is an ancient celebration dating back to the 16th century. Legends have it that San Isidro Labrador magically plowed the field every time he went out of the church. This story was passed on by the Spaniards to the Filipinos during the colonial period. The word “pahiyas” means “precious offering” as connoted by the root word “hiyas” which means “jewel”. Since then, the people of Lucban and nearby towns and provinces excitedly await the summer month of May when Pahiyas Festival is held.
Every year, May 15th is marked in the calendar as a day of merriment in Quezon. The streets of historic Lucban come to life and vibrant colors as people adorn their houses with local agricultural harvests – fruits, vegetables, rice grains, rice stalks, flowers and ferns. Additionally, colorful rice wafers locally called “kiping” are arranged in two or three layers of chandeliers. Kiping is made from rice dough and the local residents use different kinds of leaves to add flavor and color to the thin wafers.
The festival’s highlight is a procession on the streets of Lucban where the image of San Isidro Labrador is carried by devotees as people eagerly await the passing of the image. The procession features a pair of giant paper mache figures of a farmer and his wife, which lead the procession, and followed by the images of San Isidro Labrador and Sta. Maria de la Cabeza, who carries a basket with “triangulo biscuits”, distributed to the children during the procession. The celebration’s culminating event is a grand food sharing among the residents and the guests.
Part of the festival is an annual competition which chooses the best decorated house. After the competition, the decorations (agricultural produce) from the winning house are thrown away to the huge crowd as free treats. The kipings adorning the other houses will be cooked and eaten as rice chips. During the procession, people display their harvest in front of their houses so that the parish priest can bless them when the procession passes by their street.
Pahiyas Festival is the people of Lucban’s way of saying “thank you” for a bountiful harvest.


CARE OF YOUR
Orthodontics | Our Difference
Patients wearing braces need to be vigilant when it comes to keeping their braces, teeth and gums clean. By following Dr Bill or Dr Patty’s instructions on oral hygiene and avoiding certain foods, you can maintain straight teeth for life.
Foods to Avoid
Patients should avoid foods that are sticky, hard or chewy. They should also avoid any food and drinks that are known to cause cavities. Patients should brush, floss and rinse their mouth regularly between meals.
The foods below are known to cause breakage of orthodontic appliances and are examples of what NOT to eat:
- hard or sticky lollies
- whole apples
- soft drinks
Caring for Your Retainer
Retainers, just like your teeth collect plaque, bacteria and food particles. You should clean your retainer everyday! Keep your retainer soaking when it is not in your mouth. Use a mouthwash rinse to freshen it up and keep it free of bacteria. Keep your retainer away from heat; the plastic can crack if it gets too dry or too hot. Try not to bend the wires; flipping your retainer in your mouth can do this.
Brushing with Braces
Now that you have braces, your teeth are more difficult to clean, so you have to be very careful to keep those new braces clean. You should brush your teeth properly after every meal and snack. Always keep your toothbrush handy, you should even be brushing at school or work after lunch. You will also need to replace your toothbrush more often, since the braces will make it wear out quicker.
Brush the outside of your teeth using small circular motions, making sure to include the outside of your the back teeth too.
Start with your gums and the area between your gums and braces. Keep the toothbrush at an angle, down for the upper teeth, up for the lower teeth. Move back and forth in a circular pattern.
Clean under the braces and the rest of your teeth by angling the brush up to reach your upper teeth and down to reach your lower teeth.
Brush the chewing surface of your teeth. Move the brush back and forth, careful to reach those back teeth!
Finish your brushing session by getting those hard to reach inside parts. After you are finished, rinse your mouth out with water. Follow with an antiseptic dental rinse.
Flossing with braces
Flossing with braces is a bit on the tricky side, so it takes a few minutes to perfect. But don’t give up, flossing is very important to the health of your teeth.
Thread your floss under the wire that connects your braces together.
Once you have threaded the floss under the wire, wrap the floss around the tooth on one side. The floss is then pushed up towards the gum line and then pulled down toward the wire. Repeat this step 5 times to remove all plaque.
Wrap the floss around the neighboring tooth and repeat the process on this tooth. Once both teeth are done, pull the floss out and repeat the process for the next two teeth.
The interdental brush is especially good in cleaning the tooth surface next to the braces.
The water jet is an effective tool to remove plaque and debris lodged deep between teeth and around braces. The water jet shoots a pulsing stream of water that dislodges remaining food particles. Adding an antiseptic dental rinse to the water is recommended. Use the water jet after your regular brushing and flossing routine.


Scientific Name(s): Cnicus benedictus
Common Name(s): Cardin, Carduus benedictus, Holy thistle, Spotted thistle, St. Benedict's thistle
Drug class: Herbal products
Medically reviewed by Drugs.com. Last updated on Oct 22, 2021.
Blessed thistle has been traditionally used to stimulate secretion of gastric juices and saliva, to increase appetite and facilitate digestion, and to stimulate the flow of bile. It is a common ingredient in combination formulas for gastric health. Anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and cytotoxic activities have been reported and thought to be due to the chemical constituent cnicin. However, there are no clinical trials to support these potential uses.
No clinical studies exist to provide dosing recommendations for blessed thistle. Doses of 4 to 6 g daily have been traditionally used.
Blessed thistle is contraindicated in patients with gastric ulcers or other inflammatory bowel conditions, such as Crohn disease.
Avoid use. Blessed thistle should not be used in pregnancy. Information regarding safety and efficacy in lactation is lacking.
None well documented.
Allergy and cross sensitization have been reported with other members of the Asteraceae family. Stimulation of gastric acid secretion has been reported. Emesis is likely with high dosages.
Clinical information is limited. Emesis is likely with high dosages (5 g or more).
- Asteraceae (daisy)
Blessed thistle is native to southern Europe, western Asia, and North Africa, and has been naturalized throughout the United States and Europe. It is considered a noxious weed and grows mostly in stony, uncultivated areas. It is an annual, growing about 0.7 m in height with leathery, hairy leaves 30 cm long and 8 cm wide. The entire plant is covered with down and bears pale yellow flowers in dense, prickly flower heads. Blessed thistle should not be confused with Silybum marianum, which is commonly referred to as "milk thistle."Duke 2002, Khan 2009, Ulbricht 2008, USDA 2016 Synonyms are Centaurea benedicta and Cirsium pugnax.
The plant was widely cultivated during the Middle Ages in Europe and was used in many herbal formulations of the period.Blumenthal 2000 Its medicinal use as a healing herb was mentioned by Shakespeare in his play Much Ado About Nothing.Shakespeare 1914 It was thought to be useful against the bubonic plague; however, its main uses were for treatment of digestive complaints, gout, fever, and headache.Duke 2002, Khan 2009 Blessed thistle was also recommended as an emmenagogue and galactogogue, and for the treatment of intestinal worms.Duke 2002, Khan 2009 The plant's dried leaves, stems, and flowers have been used medicinally. Blessed thistle, used in flavoring Bénédictine liqueur, has generally recognized as safe (GRAS) status as a flavoring agent. It is available as a single herb and in homeopathic preparations. Blessed thistle is approved by the German Commission E for treatment of dyspepsia and loss of appetite, and is a minor component of a multiherb cancer remedy formulation.Blumenthal 2000
The most prominent constituent of blessed thistle is the bitter sesquiterpene lactone ester cnicin. The leaves and plant parts contain tannins, sesquiterpenes, a high mineral content (primarily potassium, manganese, magnesium, and calcium), phytosterols, triterpenoids, and small amounts of volatile oil.Blumenthal 2000, Duke 1992, Jaiswal 2011, Khan 2009 Linoleic and oleic acid have been identified in the seed.Duke 1992
Uses and Pharmacology
Limited studies suggest cytotoxicDuke 2002, Erel 2011, Vanhaelen-Fastrè 1972, Vanhaelen-Fastré 1978 and antimicrobial activityBroekaert 1993, Bruno 2003, Duke 2002, Panagouleas 2003 of extracts of the plant and of the chemical constituent cnicin. Cnicin has been shown to have anti-inflammatory properties in vitro and in rat paw edema tests, with similar efficacy to indomethacin.Duke 2002, Erel 2011 Inhibition of acetylcholinesterase and antioxidant activity has also been demonstrated by an ethanol extract of the plant.Paun 2015
Use of blessed thistle is largely based on the ability of the bitter principle cnicin to stimulate secretion of gastric juices and saliva, and potentially bile; however, research reveals no clinical data regarding use of this plant for any indication.
No clinical studies exist to provide dosing recommendations for blessed thistle. Doses of 4 to 6 g daily have been traditionally used. The leaves (1.5 to 2 teaspoons per cup of water) and dried flowering shoots (1.5 to 3 g 3 times/day) have also been used.Blumenthal 2000, Duke 2002
Pregnancy / Lactation
Avoid use. Blessed thistle has been traditionally used as an emmenagogue and should not be used in pregnancy. Although traditionally used to promote lactation, information regarding safety and efficacy in lactation is lacking.Blumenthal 2000, Duke 2002, Khan 2009, Ulbricht 2008
Allergy and hypersensitivity to blessed thistle have been reported.Ulbricht 2008 Use caution in people sensitive to other asteraceous plants. Blessed thistle extract was found to be strongly sensitizing in a study of 12 species in the Asteraceae family.Blumenthal 2000, Duke 2002, Ulbricht 2008
At high doses (5 to 6 g), blessed thistle is a known emetic.Blumenthal 2000, Duke 2002, Ulbricht 2008 Avoid use in persons with gastric ulcers, as stimulation of gastric acid secretion has been reported.Blumenthal 2000, Duke 2002, Ulbricht 2008
Clinical information is limited. The oral, median lethal dose of cnicin in mice was 1.6 to 3.2 mmol/kg.Khan 2009
- Centaurea benedicta
- Cirsium pugnax
This information relates to an herbal, vitamin, mineral or other dietary supplement. This product has not been reviewed by the FDA to determine whether it is safe or effective and is not subject to the quality standards and safety information collection standards that are applicable to most prescription drugs. This information should not be used to decide whether or not to take this product. This information does not endorse this product as safe, effective, or approved for treating any patient or health condition. This is only a brief summary of general information about this product. It does NOT include all information about the possible uses, directions, warnings, precautions, interactions, adverse effects, or risks that may apply to this product. This information is not specific medical advice and does not replace information you receive from your health care provider. You should talk with your health care provider for complete information about the risks and benefits of using this product.
This product may adversely interact with certain health and medical conditions, other prescription and over-the-counter drugs, foods, or other dietary supplements. This product may be unsafe when used before surgery or other medical procedures. It is important to fully inform your doctor about the herbal, vitamins, mineral or any other supplements you are taking before any kind of surgery or medical procedure. With the exception of certain products that are generally recognized as safe in normal quantities, including use of folic acid and prenatal vitamins during pregnancy, this product has not been sufficiently studied to determine whether it is safe to use during pregnancy or nursing or by persons younger than 2 years of age.
Always consult your healthcare provider to ensure the information displayed on this page applies to your personal circumstances.


We journey through the world’s oceans to discover what do plankton eat. Planktons are small and microscopic organisms that live in fresh or sea water. Plankton isn’t a species, it’s the name for a large group of organisms that live in the waters of the world; such as krill, jellyfish and the eggs and larvae of larger animals. Even sea salp colonies which can grow up to ten meters in length are considered plankton. However, most of the plankton in the ocean can be categorized as plants.
What do plankton eat?
Planktons are photosynthetic organisms; they can manufacture their own food by means of photosynthesis just like what plants do!
Planktons get their energy from sunlight, just like plants do, using a process called photosynthesis. The answer to what do plankton eat? Is very similar to asking what plants eat too. Many creatures in the ocean eat plankton. They form the base of the oceans complex food chain. Plankton are very small, and because they are so tiny, they are too weak to swim, therefore they simply drift in the water. Planktos literally means ‘made to wander’.
Plankton also needs to consume nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorous, iron and silicic acid, to survive and reproduce. They then convert these nutrients into proteins and carbohydrates. Just like other living organisms, plankton also needs trace elements of silicon and calcium to thrive.
Plankton is primarily divided into four broad categories: Phytoplankton, Zooplankton, Bacterioplankton, and Mycoplankton. Although smaller plankton obtains their food through photosynthesis, larger plankton will actually feed on smaller groups of plankton. So, when we ask, what do planktons eat? The answer is sometimes, plankton! Zooplankton generally encompasses bigger plankton creatures, whilst phytoplankton, bacterioplankton, and mycoplankton are smaller in size.
What animals eat plankton?
Now that we know what do planktons eat, what animals eat plankton? Shrimp and krill are plankton feeders. The most famous animal that consumes plankton are whales, specifically, baleen whales. Baleen whales are named after their long baleen bristle-like hairs that hang from their jaws, which filter sea-water to extract krill and plankton from it. Jellyfish, which are considered large zooplankton, eat smaller phytoplankton.
What kind of fish eat plankton?
Typically, fish that eat plankton are known as ‘forage fish’. Forage fish are fish that search for food and do not hunt prey. Forage fish are usually small, bait or oily fish that travel in groups known as schools and shoals. Herrings; known as sardines and pilchards, anchovies, menhaden, capelin, smelts, sand lance, halfbeaks, pollock, butterfish and juvenile rockfish, are all forage fish that eat plankton.
How do plankton get their food?
Plankton, in particular, phytoplankton, contain chlorophyll. Chlorophyll also exists in terrestrial plants. It is used to convert sunlight into energy in a process known as photosynthesis. The majority of plankton float in the upper level of the ocean, known as the photic zone, where the nutrients they need can be found. So, what do planktons eat apart from sunlight? Plankton obtains their necessary nutrients from algae, bacteria, waste and debris known as detritus, and in microscopic creatures such as rotifers and protozoa. The nitrogen that plankton requires is formed naturally by the Earth’s atmospheric conditions that produce nitrogen gas, which plankton then extract from the water.