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Bill of Rights
A declaration of individual rights and freedoms, usually issued by a national government.
A list of fundamental rights included in each state constitution.
The first ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution, ratified in 1791, which set forth and guarantee certain fundamental rights and privileges of individuals, including freedom of religion, speech, press, and assembly; guarantee of a speedy jury trial in criminal cases; and protection against excessive bail and Cruel and Unusual Punishment. As a fundamental guarantee of individual liberty, the U.S. Bill of Rights (see appendix volume for primary document) forms a vital aspect of American law and government. It establishes many legal principles that have had a decisive effect upon law and society, including the functioning of the criminal justice system, the separation of church and state, and the exercise of Freedom of Speech.
The concept of a bill of rights as a statement of basic individual freedoms derives in part from the English Bill of Rights, passed in 1689 (see appendix volume for primary document). This document, which was created after the Glorious Revolution of 1688, established the terms by which William and Mary were accepted as king and queen of England. It forbade the monarchy to suspend laws, raise taxes, or maintain an army without consent of Parliament. It also declared that freedom of speech in Parliament could not be challenged, protected those accused of crimes from "excessive bail" and "cruel and unusual punishments," and provided a number of other privileges and freedoms (1 Will. & Mar., Sess. 2, C. 2).
Nearly a century later, seven of the 13 states of the newly independent United States of America adopted a bill of rights as part of their state constitutions, and the remaining six included elements of the English Bill of Rights in the bodies of their constitutions. Virginia, the first state to adopt a bill of rights, passed the Virginia Declaration of Rights in 1776. Drafted largely by George Mason, Virginia's declaration became a model for later state bills of rights and ultimately for the federal Bill of Rights, and it remains a part of that state's constitution.At the Constitutional Convention of 1787, the Framers of the U.S. Constitution used the English Bill of Rights and state bills of rights as resources as they sought to define the fundamental principles and institutions of U.S. government. However, they declined to add a bill of rights to the Constitution, on the grounds that the Constitution itself provided adequate protection from intrusive government. Indeed, the Constitution contained some elements of the English Bill of Rights, including Congress's exclusive power to maintain armed forces and, on the federal level, to pass laws and impose taxes. The Constitution also incorporated other specific rights traditional in English Law, including that of Habeas Corpus, which protects against unlawful imprisonment. However, the Constitution made no mention of other basic rights of constitutional government such as freedom of speech, press, and religion, and the rights of those accused of crimes.
During the Constitution's ratification process, from 1787 to 1789, state ratifying conventions pointed out the lack of such fundamental guarantees in the Constitution and submitted lists of proposed constitutional amendments. The Federalists, who supported ratification of the Constitution, eventually conceded and promised to attach a bill of rights to the document. The leading contributors to the creation of these amendments—which came collectively to be called the Bill of Rights—were George Mason, Thomas Jefferson, and James Madison, with Madison serving as their principal author and sponsor on the floor of the U.S. House during the First Congress.
On September 25, 1789, 12 amendments to the Constitution were submitted to the states by the required two-thirds majority of Congress. Two of the amendments—which dealt with congressional pay and the Apportionment, or assignment, of congressional seats to the states—were voted down by the states. The other ten amendments were ratified by December 15, 1791.
Scholars have described the Bill of Rights as protecting three different types of Human Rights: (1) rights of conscience, including the First Amendment's freedom of speech and religion; (2) rights of those accused of crimes, such as the Eighth Amendment's protection against excessive bail and fines; and (3) rights of property, such as the Fifth Amendment's provision that no one may be deprived of property without Due Process of Law.
One vital issue in the history of the interpretation of the Bill of Rights has concerned its application to the states. In the case of Barron ex rel. Tiernan v. Mayor of Baltimore, 32 U.S. (7 Pet.) 243, 8 L. Ed. 672 (1833), the Supreme Court ruled that the Bill of Rights applied only to the federal government. However, by the 1920s, the Court, using a principle known as the Incorporation Doctrine, had begun to apply selected elements of the first ten amendments to the states. According to this doctrine, elements of the Bill of Rights may be applied to the states through the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, which holds that no state shall "deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law." Thus in 1925 the Supreme Court ruled that the First Amendment protections of freedom of speech applied to the states as well as the federal government (Gitlow v. New York, 268 U.S. 652, 45 S. Ct. 625, 69 L. Ed. 1138). Incorporation gave the Supreme Court wide power to strike down state laws that it deemed to be in violation of the Constitution's Bill of Rights.
By the end of the twentieth century, nearly all provisions of the Bill of Rights had been declared binding on the states. Only five provisions of the Bill of Rights had not been applied to the states: (1) the Second Amendment's right to bear arms; (2) the Third Amendment's prohibition against involuntary quartering of troops; (3) the Fifth Amendment's requirement of Grand Jury indictment in capital cases; (4) the Seventh Amendment's provision for trial by jury in civil cases; and (5) the Eighth Amendment's prohibition of excessive bail and fines.
States are free to provide additional protections beyond those offered in the federal Bill of Rights, but they may not reduce Civil Rights or liberties to standards lower than those of the federal Constitution.
Other countries have passed bills of rights that differ from those of England and the United States. In 1789 the Constituent Assembly of France passed the Declaration of the Rights of Man, a document that stated the philosophical principles of the French Revolution. Canada adopted the Act for the Recognition and Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms in 1960 (8-9 Eliz. II, ch. 44, § 1[c]-[f] [Can.]) and the Charter of Rights and Freedoms in 1982 (Can. Const. [Constitution Act, 1982] pt. I).
Amar, Akhil Reed. 1998. The Bill of Rights: Creation and Reconstruction. New Haven: Yale Univ. Press.
Coleman, John. 1998. What You Should Know about the U.S. Constitution and the Bill of Rights. Carson City, Nev.: Bridger House.
Lewis, Thomas T., ed. 2002. The Bill of Rights. Pasadena, Calif.: Salem Press.
Monk, Linda R. 2000. The Bill of Rights: A User's Guide. Alexandria, Va.: Close Up Pub.
Reese, Lee F. 1986. George Mason's Part in Framing the Constitution of the U.S.A. and the Bill of Rights. Lexington, Ky.: Lexington Books.
Constitutional Amendment; Eminent Domain; English Bill of Rights (Appendix, Primary Document); Equal Protection; Freedom of Association and Assembly; Freedom of the Press; Privilege Against Self-Incrimination; Religion; Right to Counsel; Search and Seizure; Speedy Trial; U.S. Bill of Rights (Appendix, Primary Document). See also entries on each amendment to the U.S. Constitution (e.g., First Amendment).
Bill of Rights
The Bill of Rights, which consists of the first ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution, was drafted by the first Congress of the new government in 1789 and went into effect on December 15, 1791, when Virginia became the eleventh state to ratify the amendments.
The Bill of Rights followed a tradition in Anglo-American law of drawing up a list of basic rights to which all the people in the state were entitled. The English Bill of Rights, enacted in 1689, included the right to petition the government with grievances, the right to trial by jury, and the right not to be subjected to cruel and unusual punishments. In 1774 the First Continental Congress drew up a Declaration of Rights, which included such liberties as freedom of the press and a prohibition against standing armies in peacetime.
The Virginia Declaration of Rights, enacted in 1776, quickly became the model for other states. By 1781 eight states had enacted bills of rights, and four others had included statements guaranteeing individual rights either in the prefaces to their constitutions or in supplementary statutes. The Articles of Confederation did not include a bill of rights, however. The drafters of the Articles believed that the protection of individual rights was a state responsibility.
At the 1787 constitutional convention, edmund randolph and George Mason of Virginia and Elbridge Gerry of Massachusetts sought unsuccessfully to include a bill of rights in the new constitution. Most delegates took the view that the state bills of rights would continue to protect individual rights at the state level and that Congress would resist any attempts to infringe upon individual liberties at the federal level.
When the lack of a bill of rights became an issue in the ratification process, James Madison promised that the first Congress would enact a bill of rights as part of its business. As a member of the first House of Representatives, Madison reminded the members of this pledge. He drafted much of the final document, using Mason's Virginia Declaration of Rights as a model.
The Bill of Rights plays a central role in the protection of civil liberties and civil rights. When enacted, the ten amendments applied only to the actions of the federal government. In a long series of decisions, however, the U.S. Supreme Court has ruled that almost all the provisions in the Bill of Rights also apply to the states. Therefore, the Bill of Rights safeguards the basic rights of individuals from encroachment by all levels of government. Source: The United States Government Manual.
Bill of Rights
Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.
A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed.
No Soldier shall, in time of peace be quartered in any house, without the consent of the Owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law.
The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized.
No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand jury, except, in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the Militia, when in actual service in time of War or public danger; nor shall any person be subject for the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just compensation.
In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining Witnesses in his favor, and to have the Assistance of Counsel for his defence.
In Suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no fact tried by a jury, shall be otherwise reexamined in any Court of the United States, than according to the rules of the common law.
Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted.
The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people.
The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people.
Bill of Rights
n. The first 10 amendments to the Federal Constitution demanded by several states in return for ratifying the constitution, since the failure to protect these rights was a glaring omission in the Constitution as adopted in convention in 1787. Adopted and ratified in 1791, the Bill of Rights are:
First: Prohibits laws establishing a religion (separation of church and state), and bans laws which would restrict freedom of religion, speech, press (now interpreted as covering all media), right to peaceably assemble and petition the government.
Second: A "well regulated Militia," being necessary to the security of a free state, the right of the people keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed." This is often claimed as giving the unfettered right of individuals to own guns, but is actually limited to the right of "the" people to bear arms as militiamen.
Third: No quartering of soldiers in private homes without the owner's consent.
Fourth: No unreasonable search and seizures, no warrants without probable cause, and such warrants must be upon "oath or affirmation" and describe the place to be searched or the person or things to be taken.
Fifth: Prohibits criminal charges for death penalty ("capital punishment") or any other "infamous" crime (felony) without indictment by a Grand Jury except under martial law in the time of war or "public danger"; no person may be tried twice for the same offense; no one may be compelled to be a witness against himself ("taking the Fifth"), no one can be deprived of life, liberty or property without "due process of law"; no taking of property for public use (eminent domain) without just compensation. These rights have become applicable to states through the 14th Amendment as well as state constitutions.
Sixth: Rights of criminal defendants to a speedy and public trial, impartial local jury, information on the nature and cause of accusation, confront witnesses against him, right to subpena witnesses, and have counsel.
Seventh: Juries may be demanded in civil cases (over $20) and the jury shall be trier of the fact in such cases as required by Common Law.
Eighth: No excessive bail, excessive fines or "cruel and unusual punishment." Note that denial of bail in murder cases or when the accused may flee is not "excessive," and capital punishment (like the gas chamber) may be cruel but not necessarily unusual.
Ninth: Stating these rights shall not be construed to deny that other rights are retained by the people.
Tenth: Powers given to the United States (central government) and not prohibited to the states, are reserved to the states or to the people.
bill of rightsa document, frequently but not essentially, of high standing in constitutional law, which sets out protections for the citizen, usually protection from the state itself Some notable examples now follow:
In the UK, an Act of the English parliament in 1689 on the assumption of the throne by William and Mary. It was a reaction to the excesses of the Stuart kings and declared the pre-eminence of Parliament and the constitutional restraints on the monarch. Parliament's right to levy money and free speech in Parliament were expressly provided for. Excessive bail and cruel and unusual punishments were forbidden. It went on to provide for the Protestant succession.
In Scotland the claim of right was to the same effect. It is not, however, like the two more modern documents now considered.
In the USA, the first ten amendments of the Constitution of the USA. They protect, inter alia, the freedom of expression, freedom of the press, freedom of religion, the right to assembly and procedural rules in criminal matters. Although they would appear to relate only to federal matters, the Fourteenth Amendment, enacted to protect
Blacks after the Civil War, provides two clauses that have enabled the US Bill of Rights to extend to the states. The ‘due process’ clause has been treated as allowing the basic rights to be treated as applying to states, thus the Supreme Court has struck at state abortion legislation. The ‘equal protection’ clause is directed towards discrimination and has allowed the court to interfere with state education policy.
In Canada, the Canadian Bill of Rights, properly so called, was enacted in 1960. It was, and is, a code of conduct to be followed in the creation of federal legislation - it is similar to the US Bill of Rights and protects traditional freedoms. Subsequently there was enacted the Charter of Rights and Freedoms, which is entrenched in the constitution in Part I of the Constitution Act 1982 (Canada). The Bill of Rights remains law, and there are matters in the Bill that are not in the Charter, and vice versa. The Charter is founded on a categorization of civil liberties into ‘egalitarian liberties’, relating to equality under law; ‘legal liberties’, covering protection under the criminal code; and ‘political liberties’, like freedom of speech, assembly, etc. New categories of rights were included: ‘mobility rights’ and ‘linguistic rights’, which protect people's right to use their language if it is French or English. The Charter goes further and provides for education in the first language learned and understood; it provides aboriginal rights. See also HUMAN RIGHTS.
BILL OF RIGHTS. English law. A statute passed in the reign of William and Mary, so called, because it declared the true rights of British subjects. W. & M. stat. 2, c. 2.


Patagonia’s Huemul Deer Rebounds From Brink Of Extinction
Lee Rannals for redOrbit.com – Your Universe Online
Researchers are reporting some rare good news in the world of animal conservation. Scientists from Cambridge University, the Wildlife Conservation Society and the Chilean National Forestry Commission (CONAF) say the endangered Huemul deer, native to Patagonia, is bouncing back from the brink of extinction.
The Huemul is only found in the Latin American region, and the new report says the deer is experiencing a resurgence thanks to a collaboration between conservationists and the Chilean government. Researchers say the findings are an example of successful collaboration between local governments and scientists leading to real conservation success. They also say this could be a possible model for future efforts to maintain the region´s biodiversity.
According to the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN), Huemul deer have suffered reductions of 99 percent in their population since the 19th century. Scientists believe 50 percent of this decline has come in recent years, and only about 2,500 deer are left in the wild. The deer species is a naturally tame and approachable animal, making it easy prey for hunters. An increase in local cattle farming into national parkland has also damaged the habitats of native wildlife like the Huemul.
In order to help save the dwindling population of animals, conservationists and researchers created a small number of field stations in Patagonia, which is one of the least populated areas of the world. These stations served as a base for monitoring the species and natural habitats as well as helping park rangers enforce the conservation laws that had never been enforced on the ground.
In just five years, the Huemul population in the national park began to increase, with deer coming down from the hostile mountain areas where they had previously sought refuge and back to the sea-level valleys where it thrives naturally.
“National parks are at the heart of modern conservation, but there has to be an investment in management and protection on the ground. You can’t just have a ‘paper park’, where an area is ring-fenced on a map but physically ignored,” said CristÃ³bal BriceÃ±o, a researcher from Cambridge’s Department of Archaeology and Anthropology, who co-authored the study.
“Our results suggest that synergistic conservation actions, such as cattle removal and poaching control, brought about by increased infrastructure, can lead to the recovery of species such as the threated Huemul [sic].”
BriceÃ±o said the scattering of endangered species as habitats are encroached upon creates external threats and also limits mating diversity. This leads to levels of inbreeding that can reach “a critical extent from which there’s no return.”
“I think it’s beautiful that this has turned out to be an example of real hope for an endangered species, an example we would like to replicate,” BriceÃ±o said.
Another set of good news on the endangered animal front came out in August of last year, when researchers reported bowhead whales may also be experiencing a resurgence. In this study, scientists recorded a chorus of bowhead whales off the coast of Greenland. The report said there could’ve been as many as 100 whales that passed through these waters during the study period.


The Causes of the Second World War
Wiley, 09.09.1997 - 319 Seiten
The Second World War was the greatest conflict in history. This book provides an accessible and comprehensive introduction to the causes of the war, ideal for all students of the period. The author charts the complex route from the creation of the Versailles and Washington Systems after the First World War to their linkage and ultimate collapse following the rise of right-wing nationalism in Germany and Italy and the emergence of the phenomenon of 'double patriotism' in Japan. The book locates the subject in the context of 150 years of world history, and incorporates the latest research, including, for instance, new assessments of America's pre-war relationship with Europe. It assesses the role of the different players on the international political scene providing, in particular, a new perspective on the centrality of Anglo-German relations during the inter-war years. Throughout the book, the author balances overview and detail within his narrative account, weaving into the wider world context the manifold local struggles that contributed to the vast scale of the war.
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Chronic pain is one of the most common health concern for which people seek medical treatment. Research suggests that up to 50% of the population may be suffering from some kind of chronic pain, with back pain being the most common (1). There are number of possible causes such as diet, posture, age and injury that contribute to chronic pain but vitamin D is one factor that is now being added to the list. Vitamin D deficiency is a very common occurrence, especially in people living in colder climates. It has been linked to numerous health conditions, one of which being musculoskeletal (MSK) pain (2).
A recent study published in November 2012 found that MSK pain is related to vitamin D deficiency, and replacement of vitamin D improved pain. The researchers found that 95.4 percent of the subjects were vitamin D deficient, and 85.5 percent of the subjects had improvement in pain with vitamin D supplementation (2). Of the subjects that responded to the treatment, post-treatment serum vitamin D levels were significantly higher than in the subjects who did not respond to vitamin D supplementation. The study concluded, “Treatment with vitamin D can relieve the pain in majority of the patients with vitamin D deficiency. Lack of response can be due to insufficient increase in serum vitamin D concentration. Reassessment of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration is recommended in nonresponsive patients.” (2)
This study confirms the results of a number of other studies that have found the same results (3, 4, 5). The studies found that vitamin D deficiency may be responsible for generalized, non-specific pain especially if it is resistant to manual and conventional treatments. A possible mechanism of why suboptimal levels of vitamin D can cause pain is that there is a reduction in serum calcium since vitamin D is responsible for its absorption from the digestive tract. This in turn stimulates the increase of parathyroid hormone which promotes the excretion of phosphate. Low levels of calcium phosphate lead to the deposition of un-mineralized collagen matrix on bony surfaces. When the collagen matrix hydrates and swells then it causes pain by stimulating nervous endings on the periosteum (5).
Due to the large proportion of the population that experience both chronic pain and vitamin deficiency it would be prudent that healthcare practitioners and patients consider vitamin D levels a possible key-contributing factor. This may be especially useful in clinical settings such as pain clinics and chiropractic offices where there is a larger volume of [back] pain related cases.
The most recent data suggests that less than 50 nmol/L of serum vitamin D is a deficient state. The optimal levels are 100-160nmol/L. The most effective and accurate way to determine what dosage is required to reach optimal levels is to have your serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D assessed. The most recent guidelines from the American Endocrine Society suggest that 500-2000IU daily are effective to maintain adequate levels. For those that are deficient, 50,000 IU once a week for 8 weeks or 6000 IU daily to achieve a blood level of vitamin D above 75 nmol/L is most effective and safe (6). Doses of 2000 IU or less are not able to effectively raise serum levels into the protective range.
Vitamin D can be a simple yet very effective therapy for chronic, non-specific pain if you are deficient. To determine if is may be contributing to your pain, have a qualified healthcare practitioner assess your serum levels and supplement appropriately to restore your optimal levels. Consider liquid formulations to increase the ease of achieving higher dosages. In medicine, sometimes the simplest piece is often the most important. Vitamin D once again forces us to go back to the basics in the quest to achieve pain free function.
1) Andersson HI, Ejlertsson G, Leden I, Rosenberg C. Chronic pain in a geographically defined general population: studies of differences in age, gender, social class, and pain localization. Clin J Pain. 1993;9(3):174-82
2) Abbasi M, et al. Is vitamin D deficiency associated with non specific musculoskeletal pain? Glob J Health Sci. 2012;1:107-11.
3) Plotnikoff GA, Quigley JM. Prevalence of severe hypovitaminosis D in patients with persistent, nonspecific musculoskeletal pain.Mayo Clin Proc. 2003 Dec;78(12):1463-70.
4) Al Faraj S, Al Mutairi K. Vitamin D deficiency and chronic low back pain in Saudi Arabia. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2003 Jan 15;28(2):177-9.
5) Holick MF. Vitamin D deficiency: what a pain it is. Mayo Clin Proc. 2003 Dec;78(12):1457-9.
6) Holick et al. Endocrine Society. Evaluation, treatment, and prevention of vitamin D deficiency: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011 Jul;96(7):1911-30.
Welcome To My Blog
My goal is to post thought-provoking and informative articles so you can learn and apply the latest news from the world of natural health. Feel free to post comments and start a conversation. Stay tuned to my twitter and facebook feeds for the latest posts.


New At-Home Point of Care Test (POCT) for Anemia Will Likely Impact Clinical Laboratories
Anemia affects nearly 2 billion people worldwide each year. Currently, anemia is screened using a hematology analyzer found only in clinics and hospitals. The machines require a few tablespoons of blood and trained personnel to perform. The first of its kind, the AnemoCheck is an inexpensive, disposable, self-contained, easy to use, point-of-care, patient-operated, diagnostic test for anemia. It may shift testing out of the clinical laboratories and into the hands of patients and only requires a single drop of blood. AnemoCheck was developed by researchers at Emory University, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta and the Georgia Institute of Technology, is currently awaiting clearance by the FDA. The device is expected to be available in 2016.
AnemoCheck’s technology involves a simple prick of the finger and could potentially help reduce iatrogenic anemia. The blood is drawn into a capillary tube and the hemoglobin present acts as a catalyst for a reduction-oxidation reaction. In less than 1 minute, a color change occurs that ranges from green-blue to red. Results can even be sent to a Smartphone application. A clinical trial of the AnemoCheck POCT on 238 patients with anemia was published in the Journal of Clinical Investigations in 2014. Results showed a sensitivity and specificity of 90% and 79% respectively. The device could even detect the mildest form of anemia among many different etiologies.
Due to its convenience, simplicity and no requirement for infrastructure, AnemoCheck can be used in remote places. Additionally, since the device isn’t cost-prohibitive, it may be useful in resource-poor countries, where severe anemia is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality among children. Additionally, the device would be beneficial for chronic anemia populations in the US for home-testing. Although it is not meant to replace clinical testing, it can be used for self-screening or self-monitoring hemoglobin levels in disease-specific crises, for example sickle cell anemia. Other potential uses include behind the counter pharmacy sales to populations at high risk for anemia including pregnant women and children.
Cheaper and faster, but is it better?
Excitement surrounding this device, like other POCT has the benefit of convenience, cost savings, privacy and empowerment of consumers to take responsibility in their own healthcare and it may even bring more patients into the healthcare system. However, there are a number of valid concerns that healthcare professionals should be aware of including appropriate interpretation and follow-up of results.
Additionally, a common question surrounds POCT’s clinical benefit and whether or not convenience trumps accuracy. According to the WHO and the Disease Control Priorities Project, the relevant criterion for a “better” test isn’t which test is cheapest, but rather the cost of the test needed to provide the desired clinical benefit. In other words, if our goal is to improve public health, the cost and speed of a laboratory test do not exist in a vacuum: they must be balanced against what real clinical benefits can be derived. In the US, POCT such as the iSTAT, Biosite Triage and others have dramatically improved public health at price points of tens or even hundreds of dollars per test. At just three dollars per test, AnemoCheck, and its technology, will be beneficial for a range of indications and likely improve health worldwide.
- Tyburski EA. Et al. Disposable platform provides visual and color-based point-of-care anemia self-testing. J Clin Invest. 2014;124(10):4387-4394.
- McGann PT. et al. An Accurate and Rapid Color-Based Point-of-Care Assay for the Detection of Severe Anemia in Low Resource Settings. Oral Abstract. December 8, 2014. American Society of Hematology.
- De Benoist B. Et al. Worldwide Prevalence of Anemia. World Health Organization, 2008.
- Chin CD. Et al. Commercialization of microfluidic point-of-care diagnostic devices. The Royal Society of Chemistry. 2012. DOI: 10.1039/c21c21204h.
Author: Sarah Daccarett, MD, FCAP


The neat habit and constant color is a perfect combination for displaying in containers, gardens or as a cut flower.
Capsicum annuum 'Chilly Chili'
The peppers are long and multi-colored on compact plants - ideal for showing off. The plants are primarily for decoration, but if the peppers are sampled by curious children don't worry, they are mild.
- Colorful peppers range from yellow to red
- Fruit edible, not spicy
- Great choice for containers or gardens
Interesting Notes about Ornamental Pepper:
With ornamental peppers it is easy to choose how to use them because they fit in just about any location. The habit is usually very neat and upright so no extra support needed. They flower as well as produce colorful fruit all season long. Additionally, they love the heat and are drought tolerant.
Characteristics & Attributes
- Cut Flower/ Foliage
- Low Maintenance
- Mass Planting
- Border or Bed
- Focal Point
- Attractive fruit
- Summer Bloomer
- Full Sun
- Deer Resistant
Season of Interest (Flowering):
- Average Water


Thousands of car accidents happen every day. While some of them are unavoidable, a large portion of them could have easily been avoided by taking the right preventative measures. Often, human error is something that can be prevented by making sure that you’re cautious.
While being cautious doesn’t always guarantee you’ll stay safe, it certainly reduces your risk of an incident. By staying aware of some of the reasons for car accidents, you can reduce your chances of them happening to you. Take a look at the most common reasons why people get into car accidents and what you can do to stay safe.
Distractions come in all kinds of different packages. For some people, it could be reading a sign as they drive down the street, while for others, it’s checking a text message. Whatever the reason may be, lending our attention to something other than the road ahead of you is an instant recipe for disaster.
The only thing that you should be focused on while driving is driving itself; otherwise you put yourself and others’ lives at risk.
A lot of people ignore the speed limits believing that they’re the exception to the rule. However, the truth is that you aren’t. Despite how much of a rush you are in to get somewhere, nothing is worth potentially risking your life or other people’s. If getting somewhere on time is a big concern for you, then leave with plenty of time to spare rather than leaving too late.
Sometimes you can’t help when the rain starts to fall as you’re driving down the road. While you may not be able to control the weather, you can control how you react in it. It’s important that you are careful when driving on slick roads.
Make sure that you maintain a safe distance between you and the car in front of you in case you aren’t able to brake in time. Even though you may not anticipate that you’ll make a mistake, you can’t guarantee that other drivers won’t. Giving yourself distance between you and them when the weather is adverse will ensure that you stay out of potentially dangerous situations.
We’ve all done it at least once – we see a yellow light, so we speed up to beat it before it turns red. Unfortunately, this is the opposite of what a yellow light is telling you what to do. The idea is to slow down before you come to a complete stop. Sadly, many people speed up and wind up, getting into serious accidents.
Yellow light offenders are the only ones, either. The most dangerous is running a red light, which can completely blindside someone. Always respect the lights and what they mean.


In Tamil, we use the word கடவுள் (kadavul) to indicate God. நம்மைக் கடந்தும் (kada) நமக்கு உள் (ul) இருப்பதுவே கடவுள் (Meaning that the one which is away from us and yet inside us is God). A very simple word with very deep meaning. One can keep contemplating on this word alone. Deeper introspection will drive us to the concept of Infinity. Talking about infinity from a philosophical perspective will take us directly to this very famous Sloka (Hymn). This śloka is from the Bṛhadāraṇyaka Upanishad and forms the mangalācarana mantra (Shanthi Sloka) for the Īśāvāsya Upanishad.
Excerpts from various commentaries on this sloka is summarised as understood by me in https://soundar53.substack.com/p/infinity


3D designs of homes have become more popular in recent years. They can help you visualize how your home will look and make it easier to plan renovations or redesigns.
Creating a 3D model of your home is not as difficult as it may seem. With the right tools and resources, you can create a realistic 3D design of your house quickly and easily.
The first step to creating a 3D design of your house is choosing the right software. There are many software programs available that are specifically designed for creating 3D models, such as SketchUp, Blender, and Autodesk’s Revit.
Each program has its own advantages and drawbacks, so it’s important to do some research before deciding which one is right for you.
Once you’ve chosen the software you want to use, the next step is to start planning your design. Take accurate measurements of each room in your house and draw out a floor plan on paper or with a computer-aided design (CAD) program. This will give you an idea of how the different elements in each room fit together and provide a template for creating the 3D model.
Once you have all your measurements and plans in place, it’s time to start modeling. Begin by adding walls, windows, doors, furniture, appliances, and other details to create a basic layout of each room in your house.
Then add textures such as wood or stone flooring or wallpaper to each element to make it look more realistic. Finally, use lighting effects such as shadows or reflections to bring life to your model.
Finally, when all the elements are in place and you’re happy with the overall look of your 3D design, it’s time for rendering. Rendering involves using powerful computer algorithms to calculate how light interacts with each element in the scene and produce photorealistic images of what your model looks like from various angles.
Creating a 3D design of your house is easier than ever thanks to modern software programs and powerful computers. With careful planning and attention to detail, anyone can create an accurate 3D representation of their home quickly and easily.
Creating a 3D design of your house can be done with dedicated software programs like SketchUp or Blender that allow users to create detailed layouts with furniture placement, lighting effects, textures and more for realistic results.
7 Related Question Answers Found
3D design of house is a process of creating a three dimensional representation of a building or structure. It is an effective way to visualize the entire layout, interior and exterior, and understand the overall size and scale of the building.
3D design can also be used to create realistic renderings and simulations of how the building will look in its final form. The benefits of 3D design are many.
Creating a 3D interior design house can be both a thrilling and challenging task. With the right tools, techniques, and a bit of imagination, you can create an extraordinary 3D interior design house that will leave your friends and family in awe. Here are some tips that will help you turn your dream into reality.
Designing a 3D exterior house can be a daunting task, but with the proper tools and techniques, it can be an exciting and rewarding experience. One of the first steps when designing a 3D exterior house is to create a plan. This plan should include dimensions, materials, and other details that will be incorporated into the final design.
3D interior design is a powerful tool for creating stunning visual effects, and it’s becoming increasingly popular for both home and business environments. It can be used for everything from designing a room to constructing a commercial space, and the results can be extremely impressive. But how do you make a 3D interior design?
With the ever-growing field of 3D interior design, it has become increasingly important for those interested in this field to learn and understand the fundamentals. Learning 3D interior design requires an appreciation of both digital and physical elements, such as lighting, composition, and color. For those looking to gain a better understanding of how to use 3D software to create realistic interiors, here are some tips on how to learn 3D interior design.
Designing a 3D house requires the right tools and software. To be successful in creating a 3D model of a house, you need to find the right software that fits your needs and budgets. Some of the most popular 3D design software on the market include SketchUp, FloorPlanner, HomeByMe, and Sweet Home 3D.
3D room designs offer a great way for you to visualize how your new space will look and feel. With the help of digital tools, it is easy to create a 3D room design with realistic lighting, furniture, and other elements. By taking the time to properly plan and design your 3D room, you can ensure that your space looks exactly as you envisioned it.


Situated in cluster of red brick buildings to the east of Harvard, Harvard College Observatory (HCO) is an astrophysical institution managed by the Harvard University Department of Astronomy. Founded in 1839 in Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA, HCO’s mission is to advance the knowledge of the universe through astronomical research and education. Harvard College Observatory contributed to astronomical research and both its research and premises are an example of the 19th and 2oth century achievements in the fields of science and architecture. HCO is a place of interest regarding the history of science, reflecting not only the history of astronomy and astrophotography but also the role of women in science.
The establishment of HCO is interwoven with the development of astronomy within higher education institutions in North America. There were two main reasons behind HCO’s foundation. The first reason was that in the late 19th century astronomy was beginning to be taught as a science subject and not as an extension of philosophy. The second motivation was that universities were starting to receive funds for astronomical research. Astronomy is a science based on observations and exact calculations, so there was a need for a place where researchers would have the means to conduct their research.
In 1973, HCO and the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory formed the Harvard–Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics (CfA). The entrance is at the west of CfA’s premises, near Madison Street, in 60 Garden Street. The first building of today’s CfA complex is the mansion of the HCO. It is a building made of bricks that it was built to safeguard astronomical data. The establishment of this building as well as the arrival of Harvard’s first ‘Astronomical Observer’ in 1839, William Cranch Bond (a well-known Boston clockmaker), marked the foundation of HCO. The first astronomical instruments were installed during the fall of the same year.
The mansion served as an office, when astronomer Edward Charles Pickering became director of HCO, in 1877. Pickering advanced HCO, by establishing a photographic program that covered both the northern and southern hemisphere, as well as opening the doors of astronomy to women. The new director recognised that the new technologies, such as telescopes and astrophotography, facilitated data collection and made possible to photograph light patterns around stars. Moreover, he acknowledged the women’s suffrage movement and the abilities of educated women. Pickering convinced the Harvard Corporation to hire women to work as ‘computers’, to catalogue and identify stars, a meticulous work originally performed by young men.
Moving towards the top of the Observatory Hill there are a number of domes.
Since the late 19th century, the grounds of HCO have consisted of numerous domes surrounding the mansion, as well as laboratories, dormitories and a dance hall- today converted to laboratories, offices and meeting halls. Within these premises the women ‘computers’, who were college graduates, teachers and single mothers, known as ‘Pickering’s Women’ or ‘Pickering’s Harem’, implemented essential classification research on photographic images and identified around 400,000 stars. Their work allowed the determination of the composition and position of these stars. Pickering employed more than 80 women to photograph and catalogue the stars, effectively mapping the night sky. The work of many of those women at HCO advanced astronomical research: Annie Jump Cannon, for instance, catalogued over 350,000 stars and developed a classification system that it is still used today; Williamina Fleming worked on the first system to classify stars by spectrum; Henrietta Swan Leavitt generated a law to calculate stellar distances and Antonia Maury assisted in spotting for the first time a double star and formed her own classification system.
The Sears Tower on Observatory Hill is part of the observatory’s Building A and is now considered a historic astronomical observatory, listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
This square brick building with a Greek Revival entrance is the oldest part of the complex and was built in 1843. In 1847, a visit from a comet became the stimulus to purchase the 15-inch Great Refractor from Munich. This, HCO’s first telescope, was placed in the Sears Tower and was active for nearly 75 years. It was the most important device for astronomical research in the United States for 20 years. This telescope contributed to important achievements in astronomy: the discovery of the eighth satellite of Saturn in 1848; the first observation of Saturn’s inner ring in 1850; the first daguerreotype of the bright Vega, in 1850, as well as to take detailed images of the moon (1847 – 1852). In 1851, these first clear photographs of the moon were honoured with an award at the Great Exhibition in London. During the past 50 years, the Great Refractor has been used for public ‘Observatory Nights’ and special research projects. It is now being restored. The Sears Tower is now used as a laboratory, library and observatory.
In 1955, Donald Menzel, chair of the Department of Astronomy at Harvard University and Director of the HCO, supported the relocation of the the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory (SAO) to Cambridge. George Field facilitated the interactions between HCO and SAO by creating the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, in 1973. HCO is now part of the CfA that supports research in astronomy and astrophysics as well as sponsoring a variety of workshops, conferences and seminars. Additionally, CfA is a venue aimed at engaging the public with science by organising ‘Observatory Nights’- free of charge for the public- at the premises of the HCO, as well as by hosting lectures and events on astronomy throughout the year.
Alison Doane, curator of a glass database, highlighted the contribution of HCO in astronomical research stressing that: ‘Besides being 25 percent of the world’s total of astronomical photographic plates, this is the only collection that covers both hemispheres,’ (The New York Times, July 10, 2007). HCO houses now a collection of historic significance which includes around 500,000 glass astronomical plates (mid 1880s – 1989) as well as Daguerreotypes and collodion plates of the planets, the moon, the sun and solar eclipses (1849 – 1885). Digital Access to a Sky Century @Harvard (DASCH) is a project in progress which aims at digitalising and archiving these glass plates that cover 100 years of temporal variations in the universe.
Books & Articles
Bailey, S. I., The History and work of Harvard Observatory, 1839 to 1927: an outline of the origin, development, and researches of the astronomical observatory of Harvard college together with a brief biographies of its leading members’ Published for the Observatory, (McGraw-Hill Book Company, INC: New York and London, 1931)
Bunch, B.H., & Hellemans, A., The History of Science and Technology: A browser’s guide to the great discoveries, inventions, and the people who made them, from the dawn of time to today, (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2004)
Jones, B.Z., The Harvard College Observatory: The First Four Directorships, 1839-1919, (Harvard University Press: Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1971)
Mack, P. E., ‘Strategies and Compromises – Women in Astronomy at Harvard College Observatory 1870-1920’, Journal for the History of Astronomy, 21:1, (1990): 65- 76
Harvard College Observatory, http://www.cfa.harvard.edu/hco/
Johnson G., ‘A Trip Back in Time and Space’, The New York Times, 10 July, 2007, http://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/10/science/10astro.html?pagewanted=all&_r=1&
Digital Access to a Sky Century @ Harvard (DASCH), http://dasch.rc.fas.harvard.edu/status.php
The women who mapped the universe and still couldn’t get any respect, http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/the-women-who-mapped-the-universe-and-still-couldnt-get-any-respect-9287444/?no-ist


Conscious Leadership and Resilience
One of the most important success factors for entrepreneurs and their ventures is their capacity for resilience.
Resilience is the ability of individuals, teams and organizations to withstand or recover quickly from difficult conditions and to maintain a sense of equilibrium with respect to both success and adversity. When people are challenged, they can sometimes rise to the occasion. But if the challenge seems too great, they may “crash and burn.” This is where the skills of leadership are an essential resource. Leadership is about ensuring that people (including yourself) are prepared to be their best, meet challenges, overcome obstacles and reach critical goals.
It is said that things are always changing, but not always progressing. During a time of adversity, many challenges will present themselves such as meeting the fear of the unknown and the unfamiliar, dealing with loss, and a general sense of vulnerability. These can plunge us into unhelpful survival strategies – attack, escape or rigidity (fight, flight, freeze) — and may result in some form of regression, inertia, ambivalence, confusion or conflict.
In order to progress through change, it is important to cultivate qualities such as flexibility and stability, balance, connection and the ability to “let go.” It is easy to stay balanced when life moves smoothly, but in order to maintain equilibrium during turbulent times, one must have developed these qualities until they are “in the muscle”. Preparing for change requires practice.
Crisis, transition and transformation are three key dynamics entrepreneurs and business leaders need to learn to address during times of upheaval and adversity. In this program you will learn roadmaps and practices, and develop resources and tools designed to help manage various stages of adversity and profound change effectively.
Conscious leadership involves building your venture from a state of centered presence, accessing multiple intelligences and living your highest values in service to a larger purpose to the benefit of all stakeholders. Thus, conscious leadership involves being:
- Emotionally intelligent
Achieving competence in conscious leadership involves important practices such as:
- Formulating and communicating a clear and meaningful vision for the future.
- Focusing on higher purpose.
- Influencing through inspiration.
- Balancing self-interest and the common good, in themselves and others.
- Respecting and integrating multiple perspectives.
- Leading by example (walking your talk).
- Exercising mindful self-leadership and reflecting thoughtfully on the lessons gained from experience.


Dogs are better walking companions than humans on almost all counts, a new study shows, with the possible exception of conversation (though I generally favor them in that category as well).
Research at the University of Missouri has found that people who walk dogs are more consistent about regular exercise, walk at a brisker (therefore more healthy) pace, and show more improvement in fitness than people who walk with a human companion, according to the New York Times health blog, “Well.”
In a 12-week study of 54 older adults at an assisted living home, 35 people were assigned to a 5-day-a-week walking program — 23 walking with a friend or spouse, 12 walking dogs at a local animal shelter.
The dog walkers showed a big improvement in fitness, while the human walkers began making excuses to skip the workout. Walking speed among the dog walkers increased by 28 percent, compared with just a 4 percent increase among the human walkers.
“The improvement in walking speed means their confidence in their walking ability had increased and their balance had increased. To have a 28 percent improvement in walking speed is mind boggling,” said Rebecca A. Johnson, a nursing professor and director of the Research Center for Human Animal Interaction at the University of Missouri’s College of Veterinary Medicine.
Johnson said the dog walkers were far more consistent in sticking with the program than those who were walking with humans: “In the human walking group, they were regularly discouraging each other from walking,” she said. “Missouri is a hot state. We would hear them saying: ‘It’s hot today. I don’t want to walk, do you?’ ”
The dog walkers, on the other hand, were nearly always up for the task:
“When the people came to the animal shelter, they bounced off the bus and said, ‘Where’s my dog?”’ Johnson said. “And the dogs never gave any discouragement from walking.”
The study, not yet published, is continuing, and Johnson said she suspects differences will show up in other areas, like depression and anxiety.
Already, though, Johnson said, many people in the dog-walking group stopped using canes and walkers. “They would say, ‘Now I’m physically fit enough to take my dog for a walk,”’
Posted by John Woestendiek December 16th, 2009 under Muttsblog.
Tags: adults, assisted living, balance, better, center, college of veterinary medicine, companions, confidence, dog, dog walking, dogs, fitness, health, human animal interaction, humans, improvement, older, rebecca a. johnson, research, speed, study, university of missouri, walk, walking
A children’s day care center in a Chicago suburb was also used for dogfighting — up until it was raided Tuesday, authorities said.
Three men were charged Wednesday, including the husband of the operator of the day care center, located in Maywood. Authorities were seeking two others, according to the Associated Press.
Nine battered dogs, four of them puppies, were rescued. Investigators found a blood spattered garage floor and wounded and malnourished dogs not far from where the children played.
Cook County Sheriff Tom Dart said about 10 children were found in the day care center during the raid, but they were not in the immediate vicinity of the dogs. The day care center was shut down Wednesday.
Posted by John Woestendiek September 25th, 2009 under Muttsblog, videos.
Tags: arrests, center, chicago, children, cook county, day care, dog, dogfighting, dogs, fighting, investigation, maywood, operation, raid, rescued, ring
Nobody has busted out of the Idaho Correctional Center in more than 20 years, and prison officials say the credit goes to the Dirty Two Dozen — a team of snarling guard dogs that patrol the perimeter.
Their names sound friendly enough – Cookie, Bongo and Chi Chi among them — but the dogs, they say, are a mean lot, former death row inmates deemed too dangerous to be pets. Most would have been euthanized at the local pound if not for the prison duty that served as their reprieve.
The program began in 1986, when 24 dogs — German shepherds, Rottweilers and Belgian malinois, boxers and pit bulls — were placed in the space between the inner and outer chain-link fences that surround the prison.
The canines require no salary, don’t join unions and are more reliable during power outages than electrical security systems. They also seem to have a powerful deterrent effect.
“We’re basically giving them a second chance at a good, healthy life,” Corrections Officer Michael Amos, who heads the sentry dog program, told the Associated Press. ”Those same instincts that make them a bad pet make them good sentries.”
“The average offender has no problem engaging in a fight with a correctional officer — they’re used to fighting with humans. But they don’t want to mess with a 100-pound rottweiler who has an attitude and who wants to bite the snot out of them for climbing that fence,” said James Closson, a dog trainer in Boise. He arranged the donation of some overaggressive dogs to the prison when the sentry program was new.
Over the years, the dogs have bitten handlers, badly mauling a staff member who in the late 1990s entered the kennel without first making sure all the animals were caged. But no inmates locked up at the prison have been bitten, authorities said.
Interestingly, the prison also has a program in which inmates train and care for shelter dogs, designed to give the dogs a better chance of getting adopted. But those dogs, though they may have behavioral issues, aren’t as hard core as those that guard the fence.
Posted by John Woestendiek March 25th, 2009 under Muttsblog.
Tags: adam golfarb, angus love, belgian malinois, boise, boxers, center, correctional, corrections, criminals, deterrence, deterrent, dogs, escapes, fence, guard, humane society, idaho, mean, pennsylvania institutional law project, perimeter, pit bulls, prison, prisoners, rottweilers, sentries, shepherds
A brand new, a 50,000-square-foot indoor dog park has opened in Dallas — but the play area has been closed to pit bulls.
Unleashed, a multi-service dog center, complete with café and grooming services, says its insurance provider requested the ban on pit bulls.
“It’s not our call,” said co-owner Cody Acree. “I’d much rather take every animal and customer.”
Pit bulls were banned after a customer was bitten by his own dog during the park’s first day of operation, according to an article in the Dallas Morning News.
John Boeglin, 49, went to Unleashed with his three rescue dogs — including a pit bull mix. When his pit bull mix, Pinta, met another pit bull, the dogs began to fight and Boeglin was bit when he tried to separate them.
The incident has led to additional restrictions at the park. Dogs now have their temperament observed when they check in, and vaccination and veterinary record must be preented to verify breed.
“Its unfortunate, but we’d much rather the remaining customers have an experience that’s pleasant,” he said.
Acree said that pit bulls are still welcomed in the supply and grooming centers at the facility — just not the park area.
Posted by John Woestendiek March 19th, 2009 under Muttsblog.
Tags: ban, banned, bite, breed bans, breed-specific, business, center, complex, dallas, dog bite, dog park, dogs, park, pay to play, pets, pit bulls, pits, play, restrictions, texas, unleashed


Word Choice in Writing Practice Exercises
Read the following study guide for a concept review:
Below are several sentences with a blank. Following each sentence are three words or phrases that all have similar denotations, but different connotations. See how the sentence sounds with each word in the blank. Then rank those words by connotation, marking the word with the strongest connotation 1 and the word with the weakest, or most neutral, connotation 3.
- Example: I'm feeling kind of ________ today.
- ____ down
- ____ depressed
- ____ discouraged
- Ranked by connotation:
____ under the weather
____ well off
____ worn out
- Joe has been looking a little ________ lately.
- Our new neighbors are ________.
- It takes a lot of ________ to do what he did.
- I'm totally ________.
- She told him a ________.
- This is clearly a ________ situation.
Read the paired sentences below, making careful observations as you read. Then answer the inference questions that follow. Be sure to support your answers with specific observations from the sentences.
|A.||Let's get together as soon as possible.|
|B.||Let's meet as soon as we are able.|
- Which sentence suggests that the writer has a more formal relationship with the reader?
- Which sentence suggests that the writer is more anxious to meet with the reader?
|A.||Rhonda has a very colorful way of speaking.|
|B.||Rhonda has a very showy way of speaking.|
- Which sentence is more critical of Rhonda? How can you tell?
|A.||They have been meeting in the hope of clearing up their differences.|
|B.||They have begun negotiations in an attempt to resolve their conflict.|
- Which sentence seems more hopeful about the outcome?
- Which sentence describes a more serious situation?
- Which sentence suggests a more informal relationship between the parties that are meeting?
- 2, 1, 3
- 3, 2, 1
- 2, 1, 3
- 2, 3, 1
- 1, 2, 3
- 3, 2, 1
They are meeting, not negotiating; they hope to clear up rather than resolve; they have differences, not a conflict. These words are not only less serious; they're also less formal.
- Sentence B suggests a more formal relationship between reader and writer. In sentence B, the writer uses the word meet while the writer of sentence A uses the less formal get together.
- Sentence A suggests that the writer is more anxious to meet with the reader. In sentence A, the writer uses the phrase as soon as possible, while the writer of sentence B uses the less urgent phrase as soon as we are able.
- Sentence B is more critical. The word showy suggests that she's a bit too colorful.
- Sentence A seems more hopeful, since it uses less serious words throughout: meeting instead of negotiations; in the hope instead of in an attempt; clearing up instead of the more serious resolve; and differences, which is much milder than conflict.
- Sentence B clearly describes a more serious situation. See the answer for 4.
- The word choice in sentence A suggests a more informal relationship between the parties.
- Kindergarten Sight Words List
- First Grade Sight Words List
- 10 Fun Activities for Children with Autism
- Signs Your Child Might Have Asperger's Syndrome
- Theories of Learning
- A Teacher's Guide to Differentiating Instruction
- Social Cognitive Theory
- Child Development Theories
- Curriculum Definition
- Why is Play Important? Social and Emotional Development, Physical Development, Creative Development


Fixed-Position Stop System
A method of addressing problems on assembly lines by stopping the line at the end of the work cycle—that is, at a fixed position—if a problem is detected that cannot be solved during the work cycle.
In the fixed-position stop system, an operator discovering a problem with parts, tools, materials supply, safety conditions, etc., pulls a rope or pushes a button to signal the supervisor. The supervisor assesses the situation and determines if the problem can be fixed before the end of the current work cycle. If the problem can be fixed, the supervisor resets the signal system so the line doesn’t stop. If the problem can’t be corrected within the remainder of the cycle time, the line stops at the end of the work cycle.
The fixed-position stop system was pioneered by Toyota to solve three problems: (1) The reluctance of production associates to pull the signal cord if the entire line would be stopped immediately; (2) unnecessary line stoppages to deal with minor problems that could be resolved within one work cycle; and (3) the need to stop the line at the end of a work cycle rather than mid-way through the cycle to avoid the confusion—plus the quality and safety problems—inherent in restarting work tasks part of the way through a cycle.
The fixed-position stop system is a method of jidoka, or building in quality, on manual processes along moving assembly lines.


Boy scouts has meant so much to me and has helped me discover what i like to do through the 27 merit badges that i earned over the years getting my eagle scout was a long and memorable journey and has helped me become who i am today. - explorer scouts and overland project plan: for my coursework i am planning to see what role explorer scouts hold for the young people in the community, focusing, in particular, on the organisation and undertaking of the 'overland' project. Student essay catherine received a 400-600 word essay entitled, 2008, a lesson from great examples here so much of eagle scouts april 7, request for eagle scout troop 130 honors both earned the list below is go through scouts of the.
Boy scouts of america (bsa) boy scouts of america is one of the biggest youth organizations in the united states the mission of the boy scouts of america is to prepare young people to make ethical and moral choices over their lifetimes by instilling in them the values of the scout oath and scout law. Scouts are sub-divided into three groups (1) reverse, ie, scouts of 17 years and above (2) boy scouts from 11 to 17 years and (3) wolf-clubs: juniors from 8 to 11. It looks like you've lost connection to our server please check your internet connection or reload this page. Eagle scout essay example if you want to become a member of the eagle scouts, it is essential to devise a winning personal statement that reflects your targets, aspirations and management abilities this statement needs to be a part of your application which will be reviewed by the experts in the eagle scout board.
Prompt: write an essay explaining how scout grown up throughout the novel, to kill a mockingbird to kill a mockingbird essay jean louise scout finch makes several progressions as a character from the beginning of the novel to kill a mockingbird to the end of part one. Boy scouts of america was established in 1910 as a part of the international scout movement and was chartered by congress in 1915 we will write a custom essay sample on boy scouts of america. Boy scouts are young boys trained to perform useful service and help peoples the girls who are trained for useful service form girl guide the boys up to ten years of age are called tender foot and the girls are called brownies. An important part of becoming an eagle scout is writing a personal statement of your goals, ambitions and leadership skills your statement has to be included with your application to the eagle scout board of review.
For boy scouts, a troop trip to the rugged backcountry of philmont scout ranch in new mexico is a near-universal rite of passage, but there's no equivalent capstone for girl scouts not all regional councils offer all the trainings necessary to take girls on a backpacking trip. For an essay about the loss of scout's innocence from to kill a mockingbird, please provide some quotes, with page numbers, along with the analysis. Empathy in 'to kill a mockingbird' essay in the novel 'to kill a mockingbird' by harper lee, learning to walk about in someone's skin is a main theme, particularly as two of the main protagonists jem and scout learn to do this as they grow up throughout the book along with the reader.
Scout's education in to kill a mockingbird essay sample write about: what she learns from different people and events how the writer shows scout's education. Scouting scouting : the boy scout movement was established in 1908 in the british isles by sir baden powell today the movement extends to every civilized country including india. Boy scouts of america essay - the name of this case study is united way and the boy scouts of america - i will be introducing you to the case while giving you a basic overview and relating it to class. Scout finch - one of the hallmarks of memorable literature is the creation of interesting, believable characters this is a reason why harper lee's to kill a mockingbird is still remembered to this day.
Girl scout essay posted on september 3rd, 2012, by essay girls scouts is a very important organization, where girls have an opportunity to reveal their full potential, increase their self-esteem and learn fundamental moral rules and principles which will help them in the course of their life. That the young narrator of to kill a mockingbird goes by the nickname scout is very appropriatein the story, scout functions as both questioner and observer scout asks tough questions, certainly questions that aren't politically correct, but she can ask these questions because she is a child.
And men of the 1930s in the beginning of the novel, scout showcases the role of a strong, independent young lady, much like the working women of the 1930's. Scout continues to investigate the world that she can, and matures quickly due to her curiousity lastly, scout finch is a very innocent young lady many things in the world are not known to her in full context, but she will eventually learn, and gain experience. Girl scout cookies essay girl scouts of the usa from wikipedia, the free encyclopedia the girl scouts of the united states of america (gsusa) is a youth organization for girls in the united states and american girls living abroad.


Sibel OktaySep 26, 2022
Coalition Politics and Foreign Policy in Europe
University of Michigan Press 2022
From Austria to New Zealand, coalition governments often pave the road to foreign policy. In Western Europe, nearly 90 percent of postwar governments include two or more political parties. Israel, the Middle East’s only consolidated democracy according to many, has never experienced single-party rule in its history. Even the United Kingdom, known for its long streak of single-party rule, now navigates multiparty cabinets. Coalitions are everywhere, but we still have little understanding of how they act in foreign affairs. History shows that coalitions can sometime engage in powerful international commitments such as participating in military operations, but at other times, they postpone their decisions, water down their policy positions, or promise to do less than they otherwise would. What explains these differences in behavior?
Sibel Oktay's book Governing Abroad: Coalition Politics and Foreign Policy in Europe (U Michigan Press, 2022) unpacks the little-known world of coalition governments to find out. Oktay argues that the specific constellation of parties in government explains why some coalitions can make more assertive foreign policy decisions than others. Building on the rich literature in political science on coalitions, legislatures, and voting behavior, the book weaves together sophisticated statistical analyses of foreign policy events across thirty European countries alongside in-depth case studies from Denmark, the Netherlands, and Finland. It brings political parties back into the study of foreign policy, demonstrating that the size of the coalition, the ideological proximity of the governing parties, and their relationship with the parliamentary opposition together influence the government’s ability to act in the international arena. This book challenges our existing perceptions about the constraints and weaknesses of coalition governments. It sheds new light on the conditions that allow them to act decisively abroad.
Sibel Oktay is associate professor of political science at the University of Illinois at Springfield and a nonresident senior fellow at the Chicago Council on Global Affairs. Her research focuses on the interaction between domestic politics and foreign policy, and how leaders influence those relationships. She has published in the European Journal of Political Research, British Journal of Politics and International Affairs, and European Security, among others. She has also written for outlets including War On The Rocks, The Hill, and Responsible Statecraft. She is a 2022-2023 recipient of the Jefferson Science Fellowship from the U.S. Department of State.
Lamis Abdelaaty is an associate professor of political science at the Maxwell School of Syracuse University. She is the author of Discrimination and Delegation: Explaining State Responses to Refugees (Oxford University Press, 2021). Email her comments at firstname.lastname@example.org or tweet to @LAbdelaaty.


Valerie Ahyong / Floor Associates / Landscape Architect / Arizona State University, Masters in Landscape Architecture, 2011 / 04.18.18
Where is design going?
Design is always changing and evolving. As our cities, communities, and environments continuously evolve and change, so does design. Design should continue to be at the forefront of any change that occurs, and be done in a methodical process, because change can provide unique design opportunities.
How can design education be more relevant?
Design education can be more relevant by staying up-to-date with current trends – understanding what other design education programs and schools are offering; what design professionals and firms are doing, and are seeking in ideal candidates. Understanding what the idea candidate should be can help influence design education on its program and offerings to help students get to that level. A design education program should be uniquely advantageous, and at the forefront of design education and innovation.
What are the future skillsets designers need to learn now?
Providing opportunities for students to have real world experiences that allow them to attain unique design skillsets and personal growth. Students need hands on experience through good internships and field visits, inter-continental and overseas travel, peer/professional mentoring; they need to understand how design translates from an idea on paper to something constructed and becomes reality. Sometimes these opportunities are so short lived or unattainable by students for various reasons or limitations. Future designers also need to stay up-to-date with design trends; understand fundamental design processes; and be fluent with current design software.
Practical business and communications skills are also important. Every day you are interacting with people to some extent, and its important to have the ability to communicate your design to others and have meaningful discussions. When you enter the workforce you become a part of the business world to some extent – whether you are a sole proprietor, or working for a firm – large or small, fundamental business skills are part of your every day process.
What should a design school do to prepare students for transdisciplinary work?
Collaboration —- Working cohesively together with a team of diverse personalities, experiences, opinions, and skillsets, and the ability to adapt and work with those unique characteristics is critical. Providing opportunities to cross- or interact with other programs internally, or even other schools within the University. And even providing more interaction with professionals from different realms of design.
What should a design school do to forward equity and inclusion?
Find opportunities to be collaborative with and communicate to the surrounding community. Collaboration with schools at different age levels, and engage them with design; coordinate with other organizations and share how design can help impact their projects and/or programs; and communicate with the general public on what is design, and what the design school is doing and offering.


Computerised information systems use hardware and software to generate information. This information must then be communicated to the user by using specific communication methods. In this study unit, we look at information systems, accounting information systems and modern methods of communication.
Communication is the transfer of information from a sender to a receiver. It refers to the means and methods whereby data is transferred between processing locations through the use of communication systems. Communication systems are defined as systems for creating, delivering and receiving electronic messages. The communication system comprises of the following
A device to send the message
The channel or communication media
A device to receive the message
An information system is a system that comprises people, machines and methods by which data is collected, processed, transferred and distributed. The system may be manual or automatic. This study unit will focus on the automatic system. An accounting information system measures business activities (data), processes the data and communicates usable information to decision makers.
What is a Network?
Before the evolution of networks, organisations made use of stand-alone computer systems. Computers would be found in strategic places in the organisation but were not linked to each other. Stand-alone computers are now used mainly by sole proprietors and for personal use.
Computer networks are now more accessible to organisations and individuals on a large scale. Terminals are linked to a mainframe and this gives users access to a central processing function. These terminals can be linked via internal or external communication channels.
A network consists of two or more computers that are linked in order to share resources, such as printers and CD-ROMs, exchange files, or allow electronic communications.
There are different configurations that can be used to ensure connectivity. Configuration refers to the way that hardware devices are connected to each other.
The computers on a network may be linked through cables, telephone lines, radio waves, satellites, or infrared light beams.
Fig 4.1 gives an example of a network in an organisation comprising a local area network or LAN connecting computers with each other, the Internet, and various servers.
The three basic types of networks include:
Local Area Network (LAN)
Wide Area Network (WAN)
Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
Local Area Network
The Local Area Network (LAN) enables multiple users in a relatively small geographical area to exchange files and messages, as well as access shared resources such as file servers. Rarely are LAN computers more than a mile apart. It is generally limited to a geographic area such as a writing lab, school, or building.
In a typical LAN configuration, one computer is designated as the file server. It stores all of the software that controls the network, as well as the software that can be shared by the computers attached to the network. Computers connected to the file server are called workstations. The workstations can be less powerful than the file server, and they may have additional software on their hard drives. On most LANs, cables are used to connect the network interface cards in each computer.
Wide Area Network
The Wide Area Network (WAN) is an interconnection of various LANs through telephone network to unit geographically distributed users. Dedicated transoceanic cabling or satellite uplinks may be used to connect this type of network. Using a WAN, anybody in Zimbabwe can communicate with countries like Japan in a matter of minutes, without paying enormous phone bills. For example when we log on to the Internet, we become a part of a WAN. A WAN uses special communication tools such as multiplexers to connect local and metropolitan networks to global communications networks like the Internet. To users, however, a WAN will not appear to be much different than a LAN or a MAN. Metropolitan Area Network
The Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) is usually the interconnection between various LANs in a particular geographical area like a metropolitan city like Harare.
Computer Networks configurations
Basically, there are two types of network configuration, peer-to-peer networks and client/server networks.
A network is referred to as peer-to-peer if most computers are similar and run workstation operating systems. Peer-to-peer networks are more commonly implemented where less then ten computers are involved and where strict security is not necessary. All computers have the same status, hence the term 'peer', and they communicate with each other on an equal footing. Files, such as word processing or spreadsheet documents, can be shared across the network and all computers on the network can share devices, such as printers or scanners, which are connected to any one computer. Other computers can access these resources but a computer that has a particular resource must be turned on for other computers to access the resource it has. For example, if a printer is connected to computer A and computer B wants to print to that printer, computer A must be turned on.
A computer network is referred to as client/server if (at least) one of the computers is used to "serve" other computers referred to as "clients". Besides the computers, other types of devices can be part of the network. Client/server networks are more suitable for larger networks. A central computer, or 'server', acts as the storage location for files and applications shared on the network. Usually the server is a higher than average performance computer. The server also controls the network access of the other computers which are referred to as the 'client' computers. Typically, teachers and students in a school will use the client computers for their work and only the network administrator (usually a designated staff member) will have access rights to the server.
In a client/server environment, each computer still holds (or can still hold) its (or some) resources and files. Other computers can also access the resources stored in a computer, as in a peer-to-peer scenario. One of the particularities of a client/server network is that the files and resources are centralized. This means that a computer, the server, can hold them and other computers can access them. Since the server is always On, the client machines can access the files and resources without caring whether a certain computer is On.
Another big advantage of a client/server network is that security is created, managed, and can highly get enforced. To access the network, a person, called a user must provide some credentials, including a username and a password. If the credentials are not valid, the user can be prevented from accessing the network.
The client/server type of network also provides many other advantages such as centralized backup, Intranet capability, Internet monitoring, etc.
Table 4.1 provides a summary comparison between Peer-to-Peer and Client/Server Networks.
Table 1: Peer-to-Peer Networks vs Client/Server Networks
Peer-to-Peer Networks vs Client/Server Networks
Easy to set up
More difficult to set up
Less expensive to install
More expensive to install
Can be implemented on a wide range of operating systems
A variety of operating systems can be supported on the client computers, but the server needs to run an operating system that supports networking
More time consuming to maintain the software being used (as computers must be managed individually)
Less time consuming to maintain the software being used (as most of the maintenance is managed from the server)
Very low levels of security are supported or none at all. These can be very cumbersome to set up, depending on the operating system being used
High levels of security are supported, all of which are controlled from the server. Such measures prevent the deletion of essential system files or the changing of settings
Ideal for networks with less than 10 computers
No limit to the number of computers that can be supported by the network
Does not require a server
Requires a server running a server operating system
Demands a moderate level of skill to administer the network
Demands that the network administrator has a high level of IT skills with a good working knowledge of a server operating system


Many people play video games as a temporary retreat from work or study, or to occasionally escape in the experience of traveling virtually to places and situations unlikely or impossible in the real world.
According to recent studies by the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH) in Toronto and by psychology researchers at Iowa State University, putting in a lot of joystick time might not be all fun and games. These studies have connected video games with the potential for both attention disorders and addiction problems.
Iowa State University researchers Edward Swing and Douglas Gentile have been at the forefront of this new research topic. Their collaborative study, published in the journal Pediatrics in July, has found a modest link between playing video games and watching television, and attention problems in more than 1,300 children between the ages of eight and 11, based on assessments by teachers.
The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) recommends that children watch a combined maximum of two hours day of television and video games. This study found that children who watched more than this suggested amount were 1.5 to two times more likely to display attention difficulties.
“Most children are way above that,” Swing said. “In our sample, children’s total average time with television and video games is 4.26 hours per day, which is actually low compared to the national average.”
One possible reason for the link between video games and attention issues is the effects of video game play on the brain, Gentile said.
“If we train the brain to require constant stimulation and constant flickering lights, changes in sound and camera angle, or immediate feedback, such as video games can provide, then when the child lands in the classroom where the teacher doesn’t have a million-dollar-per-episode budget, it may be hard to get children to sustain their attention,” he said.
Based on the study’s findings, Gentile and Swing concluded that excessive video gaming may be a contributing factor to attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children. They caution that while the association between attention problems and video game exposure is significant, it’s relatively small.
In addition to co-authoring the study, Gentile also published a study in 2009 in the journal Psychological Science that found that 8.5 per cent of video game players aged eight to 18 showed pathological behaviours when playing, spending twice as much time playing and receiving poorer grades in school—even after controlling for sex, age, and weekly amount of video games played. This minority was classified as addicted by exhibiting at least six out of 11 destructive symptoms in family, social, school, or psychological functioning.
However, not all games are equal in their addictive potential. Online role-playing games, like World of Warcraft, seem to be especially alluring.
There are often in-game advantages given to teams consisting of several players. The social pressure and expectations of being available to go on “runs,” (coordinated group game missions) at specific times can promote unhealthy levels of play.
Cyber café Battlenet 24 in Montreal provides 24/7 access to all gamers. 21-year-old Sebastian Hendren, an occasional Battlenet gamer, said he could understand the addictive potential of such games.
“They make you want to play more,” he said. “You finish a game, and you just want to keep on going.”
Hendren said he knows individuals who would regularly meet to play for several hours in the evening on World of Warcraft game missions—he considered them to be addicted.
A survey conducted last year by the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health in Toronto confirmed that young people are spending increasingly more time playing video games, watching television, texting, and performing similar activities.
Of 9,000 students surveyed in Ontario from grades 7 to 12, nearly 10 per cent got at least seven hours of “screen time” every day, meaning video games and television. Over 10 per cent of the participants had reported a problem associated with video game use in the previous year.
Dr. Bruce Ballon, head of CAMH’s Adolescent Clinical and Educational Services, commented that seven hours a day in front of screens seemed a “bit out of control.”
Michael Hoechsmann, a professor at the departments of integrated studies in education at McGill and an expert on video game culture, said that he was “uncomfortable with the medicalization of video game playing behaviour which is implied in an addictions model.”
However, he added, “many games are compelling, time-intensive and structured in such a way that players can be drawn to spending more and more time trying to reach new levels of achievement within the game environment.”
He said that in many cases, “the same player who seemed ‘addicted’ to game playing will unplug and walk away, or become a casual player.”


During piloting in a narrow channel, or a canal, human errors may yield to ship's grounding, or collision due to inexperience, careless, or a delay in taking into account the effects of natural forces such as wind and currents, the forces of bank effects and shallow water affecting ship's maneuver.
The pilot has to deal with these hydrodynamic forces that affect his vessel through the different navigational areas of the Canal, this can be done by adjusting their impact on the ship by adjusting the speed and distance of his vessel, either to the bank, or to the shallow water.
Forces of nature, wind and currents, the pilot must learn to recognize them and work with them so that his vessel is not affected negatively by them.
All these forces and conditions are present in the Suez Canal in addition to all the other operational characteristics and requirements of the Canal.
Good piloting requires both judgment and experience because piloting is a constant process of analysis and control of variable forces and conditions, a decision-making and action process all the way through.
When maneuvering a vessel in the Canal, the pilot does not have the benefit of friction, and brakes, so he must maintain an equilibrium of motion and forces, in order to be able to control his vessel.
As the international trend in training runs by simulation, Suez Canal Authority established the "Maritime Training and Simulation Center" to be one of the greatest centers specialized in the field of training pilots in the Middle East applying the advanced methods in practical training and educational pilotage courses.
One of the main objectives of this center is to train Suez Canal pilots to gain valuable and superior experiences in the field of pilotage under many conditions, in order to transit safely the Canal to avoid collision and grounding in all environments instead of being directed to anchor, that were not possible before, thus keeping the Canal open all the time for ships transit.
Main Center's Objectives:
Typical Simulator Bridge
- Training of S.C.A Pilots on the main maneuvers for transiting safely the Canal for different ship's tonnage and draughts up to 66 feet for time being and 72 feet in the future.
- Training the Pilots in order to be able to control his vessel on different weather conditions especially in nil visibility, fog, sandstorm, and full darkness.
- Maintaining the effective track keeping through interpretation of navigation aids and the geographical features.
- Controlling the ships in emergency cases such as a steering system failure using proper procedures and techniques, a fault in navigation / communications equipments, and crash stop maneuver for a ship during the pilotage and mooring alongside the Canal to avoid grounding and collision.
- Analyzing any accident in the Canal in order to find out the causes by the aid of ship's parameter curves recorded during simulation session.
- Periodical examinations for S.C.A pilots according to working rules for promotion and ship tonnage increment.
- Studying the expected behavior of special types of ships before their first transit and making researches on the constructions intended to be executed along the Canal.
- Updating the technical information of the pilots to the latest technology in the field of pilotage with the aid of advanced maritime courses.
- Simulation of any Port, Approach, Channel, or restricted, confined waterways all over the world with the associated necessary navigation aids.
"Maritime Training and Simulation Center" is the latest achievement in Suez Canal Authority. This center is one of the most specialized centers in the Middle East for training pilots which provide unique, integrated bridge engine room-radar/ARPA systems for real time "full mission" ship handling exercises and experimentation. The center's activity started in 1996 in order to train pilots along the year.
The theoretical training for pilots will be executed through special courses in the field of pilotage which are mainly applied in maritime institutes and academies all-over the world.
The course is comprised of a number of units, each with a set of discrete training objectives which will provide a logical sequence in the acquisition of piloting and ship handling skills.
On the other hand, the practical training will be executed with the aid of the Ship handling simulator.
The Suez Canal maritime Simulator is designed to meet the demands of all navigating officers and Masters for training in radar plotting, collision avoidance, navigation, maneuvering or for refreshing and updating skills. The flexibility of the system also allows research on certain specified matters.
System Main Features :
Complete and realistic radar, plotting, and navigation information.
Real bridge hardware.
Ergonomic and user-friendly system.
Modular construction for system extensions and upgrading.
Realistic simulation of various type of ship.
Ship maneuvering of various types of ships.
Realistic ship model behavior is included in the system to allow pilots to gain experience in ship maneuvering.
The instructor monitors exercises, run on the simulator console, through several light push-buttons, a keyboard, a data display unit, and a joystick which controls an electronic.
Marker found on the raster radar display unit. A printer, a plotter, and a VHF telephone complete the basic instructor's station.
The pilots will be on the ship's bridge that is designed to closely resemble a typical ship's bridge. The simulated Own Ship responds to commands in a realistic way as realistic situations are encountered by the pilot.
The bridge has controls and indicators for the various functions normally found on a ship's bridge. The engine performance is controlled by a bridge control system and the rudder is controlled by a steering gear and a steering system which includes an automatic pilot.
For navigation purposes, the bridge is equipped with :
ARPA radar, gyro and log indicators, clock, wind speed and direction indicator, rate of turn indicator, rudder indicator, echo sounder, radio navigation aids, ship's sound signals ( fog horn, gong, bell), anchor control.
The functions of the S.C.A simulator have been developed by our specialists to represent the situation at any port in the world including its environmental features, the prevailing currents, wind, and weather parameters.
|SUMED PORT"EL-AIN EL-SOKHNA"
We have already executed the simulation of the national project of " EAST - BRANCH" port in Port Said including the proposed secured navigational aids, to train pilots who are going to pilot ships through the port at the beginning of its real activities. Also we have executed the simulation of " SUMED" port in El-Am El-Sokhna including 4 Single Mooring Buoys for tankers up to 500,000 tons. "DAMIETTE PORT" including its approach, geographical features, and all surrounding shore objects.
According to our gained experience from the previous achievements, we have now the capability of simulating any Port, Approach, narrow channels, and restricted waters all over the world including its geographical and environmental features by executed its radar and visual database. Supplying ports with valuable and effective electronic and visual navigation aids necessary for safe navigation in a cost damped way, and evaluating their effects in the proposed locations. Our instructors have a large experience in the field of training pilots theoretically & practically on pilotage art.


Hummingbird Robotics Kit
The Hummingbird robotics kit is a spin-off product of Carnegie Mellon's CREATE lab. Hummingbird is designed to enable engineering and robotics activities for ages 10 and up that involve the making of robots, kinetic sculptures, and animatronics built out of a combination of kit parts and crafting materials. Combined with a cross-platform, very easy-to-use visual programming environment, Hummingbird provides a great way to introduce kids to robotics and engineering with construction materials that they are already familiar with.
The Hummingbird kit contains a large number of sensors, lights, and motors compared to similarly priced kits. To get a closer look at the kit components, check out the Hummingbird site or watch the video. For technical details about the controller and kit components, refer to the datasheet.
- Control. The Hummingbird controller is the core of the kit and provides the means to use the various motors, LEDs, and sensors. The control sub-kit also includes an auxiliary motor power supply, a USB cable to connect Hummingbird to the computer, and a handy screwdriver to simplify connecting components.
- Light and vibration. The Hummingbird kit contains eight single color LEDs (two each of green, red, yellow, and orange), as well as two tri-color LEDs. It also contains two vibration motors similar to the type found in cell phones.
- Motion. The Hummingbird comes with four HS-311 servos, four extension cables for these servos, and two regular DC motors.
- Sensing. Hummingbird comes with light, temperature, sound, and distance sensors, as well as a rotary knob. Other sensors may be released over time.