Allium tuberosum, or the Japanese name nira, is a vegetable related to onion. The Chinese name for the species is variously adapted and transliterated as cuchay, jiucai, kucai, kuchay, or kutsay in Southeast Asian countries such as Indonesia, Malaysia and the Philippines. In Manipur and other northeatern states of India, it is grown and used as a substitute to garlic and onion in cooking and is known as “maroi nakupi” It is also sometimes called “green nira grass” where “nira” is Romanization of the Japanese word “韮” which means garlic chives. The plant has a distinctive growth habit with strap-shaped leaves unlike either onion or garlic, and straight thin white-flowering stalks that are much taller than the leaves. The flavor is more like garlic than chives.It grows in slowly expanding perennial clumps, but also readily sprouts from seed. In warmer areas, garlic chives may remain green all year round. In cold climates, leaves and stalks will completely die back to the ground, and re-sprout from its roots or rhizomes in the spring.
Both leaves and the stalks and immature, unopened flower buds are used as a flavoring in a similar way to chives, scallions or garlic and are used as a stir fry ingredient. In China, they are often used to make dumplings with a combination of egg, shrimp and pork. They are a common ingredient in Chinese jiaozi dumplings and the Japanese and Korean equivalents. The flowers may also be used as a spice. In Vietnam, the leaves of garlic chives are cut up into short pieces and used as the only vegetable in a broth with sliced pork kidneys.
A Chinese flat-bread similar to the scallion pancake may be made with garlic chives instead of scallions; such a pancake is called a jiucai bing or jiucai you bing. Garlic chives are also one of the main ingredients used with Yi mein dishes.
Garlic chives are widely used in Korean cuisine, most notably in dishes such as buchukimchi (부추김치, garlic chive kimchi), buchujeon (부추전, garlic chive pancakes), or jaecheopguk (a guk, or clear soup, made with garlic chives and Asian clams).
In Nepal, cooks fry a curried vegetable dish of potatoes and A. tuberosum known as dunduko sag
Packet includes approximately 100+ seeds.


The latest news from academia, regulators
research labs and other things of interest
Posted: November 20, 2007
Learn to Use Nanoscale Materials to Design Novel Biomedical Devices and Applications
(Nanowerk News) Research and Markets has announced the addition of “Biomedical Nanostructures” to their offering.
Discover how to take full advantage of nanoscale materials in the design and fabrication of leading-edge biomedical devices. The authors introduce you to a variety of possible clinical applications such as drug delivery, diagnostics, and cancer therapy. In addition, the authors explore the interface between micron and nanoscale materials for the development of applications such as tissue engineering. Finally, they examine the mechanisms of cell interactions with material surfaces through the use of nanotechnology-based material processing and characterization methods.
The text's three sections highlight its interdisciplinary approach:
- Part One: Nanostructure Fabrication
- Part Two: Bio-Nano Interfaces
- Part Three: Clinical Applications of Nanostructures
Among the key topics covered are nanotechnology in tissue regeneration; biomolecular engineering; receptor-ligand interactions; cell-biomaterial interactions; nanomaterials in diagnostics, drug delivery, and cancer therapy; and nano- and micron-level engineering and fabrication.
Throughout the text, clear examples guide you through the chemistry and the processing involved in designing and developing nanoscale materials for biomedical devices. Each chapter begins with an introduction and ends with a conclusion highlighting the key points. In addition, references at the end of the chapter help you expand your research on any individual topic. In summary, this book helps biomedical researchers and engineers understand the physical phenomena that occur at the nanoscale in order to design novel cell-based constructs for a wide range of applications.
The book is divided into three sections:
(1) Cell Biology at the Nano Scale
(2) Material Processing
(3) Clinical Applications.
nanotechnology in tissue regeneration
nanomaterials in diagnostics
cancer therapy etc
nano- & microengineering and fabrication
For more information visit http://www.researchandmarkets.com/reports/c74846


Given two sets and , we say that is a subset of (which we denote as or simply ) if every element of is also in . That is, the following implication holds:
The set is a subset of the set because every element of is also in . That is, .
On the other hand, if , then neither (because but ) nor (because but ). The fact that is not a subset of is written as . Similarly, we have .
If and , it must be the case that .
|Date of creation||2013-03-22 11:52:38|
|Last modified on||2013-03-22 11:52:38|
|Last modified by||Wkbj79 (1863)|


The next time a street floods during a heavy rain, don't blame the problem on the downpour. The actual cause may be those lovely, colorful fall leaves.
Leaves not only cause flooding, but also cause other problems when they are washed down a storm drain. Once in the storm drain, they travel through them into the Wolf River and Nonconnah Creek and on to the Mississippi River and McKellar Lake. The leaves travel so quickly, there is no time for them to decay before reaching the natural streams.
A large amount of leaves deposited at one time at the bottom of a river or lake can disrupt the ecosystem by smothering the vegetation fish use for nutrients. Also, the oxygen required to decay the leaves depletes the oxygen needed for fish to live.
Most bagged leaves left at the curb are collected separately from other wastes by City solid waste crews for recycling. The leaves are transported to the City's Earth Complex Composting Facility, where the leaves are debagged and processed into compost over a one-year period.
The resulting matured compost is ultimately sold to local landscape companies or used as a soil amendment on City parks and other public properties, thus saving the City thousands of dollars in unnecessary landfill disposal fees. Last year over 8,000 tons of compost were generated from over 2,000 truck loads of bagged leaves collected from the curbs of Memphis homes.


IJSRP, Volume 7, Issue 4, April 2017 Edition [ISSN 2250-3153]
MesfinZewdu, Elias Kadir, MelkamuBerhane
In the present day scenario, ionizing radiation is widely used to diagnose many diseases both in developed and developing world. Excessive use of ionizing radiation has an increased risk of fatal cancer. It is believed that the awareness of medical doctors about hazards of ionizing radiation and radiation dose values is one of the first step in protecting patients from radiation exposure. The aim of this study was to assess medical doctors’ knowledge about patients’ ionizing radiation exposure dose and its associated risks at Jimma University Specialized Hospital.Descriptive cross- sectional study was conducted among 110 physicians working in Jimma University Specialized Hospital.A structured, self-administered and pre-tested questionnaire was used to collect data from sampled population.


Canada-UNDP Climate Change Adaptation Facility
The Climate Change Adaptation Facility (CCAF), established by Canada in partnership with UNDP, aims to strengthen climate-resilient approaches to agriculture and water management, with an emphasis on gender-sensitive approaches. This facility incorporates national projects in Cambodia, Cabo Verde, Haiti, Mali, Niger, and Sudan, that scale up or extend projects previously supported by the Global Environment Facility’s Least Developed Countries Fund (GEF/LDCF). In addition, a global component of the CCAF promotes south-south cooperation and enhance understanding about initiatives that address adaptation, especially the gender dimensions.
The global Facility collects and analyzes information, experiences, and lessons learned emanating from the six national projects to produce and disseminate knowledge that can be shared between the countries and usefully applied in other contexts. The CCAF also helps to broadly inform climate and sustainable development policies at the local, national and global levels, while promoting global exchange of information, experiences, and lessons learned.
Click on the country name below to find out more about each national project.
As illustrated below, the Canada-UNDP Climate Change Adaptation Facility targets and supports three groups of stakeholders through its work:
1) Canada-funded adaptation projects Community of Practice which strengthens implementation of Canada-funded projects by facilitating communication, identifying lessons learned and sharing resources between project stakeholders'
2) Other CCA projects which strengthens and informs other adaptation projects supported by UNDP and other partners by documenting and sharing lessons learned from Canada-funded projects. CCAF projects will also use lessons learned from this wider portfolio to inform implementation.
3) External Partners through communicating and sharing lessons learned from Canada-funded projects and UNDP's broader CCA portfolio with partners and donors.
How to get gender-responsive adaptation right
Why is it so difficult to integrate gender into climate change responses? Even with increased emphasis from global policies, donors and funding streams, gender-responsive adaptation is still challenging. Observers mention a number of hurdles such as limited resources, lack of information or deficient expertise —it seems that many practitioners lack an understanding of how to do it. The underlying issue, though, is a refusal to accept that gender-responsive adaptation is better adaptation. We must therefore shift the way that we approach it. Typical solutions to addressing gender in climate change include scattering into proposals and other documents terms like “women” and “equality”, or increasing the number of women beneficiaries in climate projects. In practice, this fails to fundamentally change any part of the underlying design or implementation of a strategy or programme, and therefore has limited impact on ensuring true gender equality. Climate change adaptation is inherently context-specific, and often based on changing behaviour. Climatic changes vary based on the location, as do the social, economic and cultural conditions which define resilience and sustainability. Therefore, when it comes to integrating gender into adaptation, there is no single solution. This is, again, why the challenge is so real.
Key Results and Outputs
The global Canada-UNDP Climate Change Adaptation Facility has three key outcomes:
Outcome 1: Global coordination of Canada-UNDP portfolio of climate change adaptation projects is operational and visible
Outcome 2: Global knowledge management of climate change adaptation experience and lessons emerging from Canada-UNDP portfolio of projects is enhanced and effective
Outcome 3: Gender results from Canada-UNDP climate change adaptation project portfolio inform broader adaptation processes.
Programme Meetings and Workshops
Global Exchange Workshop - Niamey, 2-5 March 2015: Bringing together a diversity of knowledge and experience is the only way to tackle the challenge of climate change.
The CCAF was established in 2014 to promote south-south cooperation and enhance understanding about initiatives that address adaptation, with a focus on gender dimensions. This Facility focuses on six initiatives supported by Canada, all aiming to strengthen resilient approaches to agriculture and water management. It also provides broader exchange between these projects and other adaptation initiatives supported by UNDP and other partners. Similarly, the ACA regional programme, supported by the Government of Japan, aims to 1) improve climate information systems for informed decision-making and integrated planning approaches; and 2) test and scale up climate risk management measures including weather index insurance and community based adaptation measures, while also enhancing the capacity to access and manage climate finance. These two initiatives jointly hosted the Exchange Workshop in Niamey, Niger from 2-5 March.
Representatives from countries in Africa, Asia, Latin America and the Arab States were brought together to share experiences and document critical lessons and successes emerging from their ongoing projects. The workshop was organized around six thematic issues:
- Climate-related information and services,
- Innovations in water, soil, energy and crop management technologies and approaches,
- Strengthening policy and institutions to better integrate agriculture, food security and climate change,
- Financing measures for resilience,
- Gender-sensitive approaches, and
- Measuring impact of adaptation on development outcomes.
Every participating country shared at least one innovative experience from their project related to these themes, and participants discussed the various processes, challenges and success factors that would allow others to apply the same approach in their countries.
The participants also visited three project sites near Niamey, where adaptation activities are being undertaken with support of the GEF and the Government of Canada. Activities observed included the introduction of new irrigation techniques and supporting women’s collectives engage with alternative income generating activities, such as gardening and livestock fattening. The participants had an opportunity to speak with the beneficiaries directly and understand their experiences and challenges.
This workshop stands as the first step in establishing a community of practice around the issues of adaptation and food security. The information shared will be turned into technical briefings and comparative analyses, and the countries will continue their exchange. A full workshop report is available on the CCAF ALM website here: in English: Proceedings of Global Exchange Workshop - Niamey, 2-5 March 2015, and en Francais: Rapport de l"Atelier International d'Echanges sur l'Adaptation pour la Securite Alimentaire et la Resilience and all of the presentations and workshop materials are available on the Global Exchange Workshop Teamworks Page.
For further information, please contact Jennifer Baumwoll, CCAF project coordinator at Jennifer.firstname.lastname@example.org.
Reports and Publications
Project Brief / Fact Sheet
Training & Tools
Programme Related Events
This 5 minute video gives an introduction to the Climate Change Adaptation Facility (CCAF). Established by Canada in partnership with UNDP, the facility aims to strengthen climate-resilient approaches to agriculture and water management, with an emphasis on gender-sensitive approaches.
The CCAF facility incorporates national projects in Cambodia, Cabo Verde, Haiti, Mali, Niger, and Sudan, that scale up or extend projects previously supported by the Global Environment Facility’s Least Developed Countries Fund.
Le film du Webinaire (14 Avril, 2015) a été organisé par
This video presents a Webinar held April 9, 2015 by the Canada-UNDP Climate Change Adaptation Facility. The training is on How to Develop Exposure Essays and Microsoft Photostories - two tools that are simple to use and have great impact in telling a visual story of project deliverables. (In English)
Le Fonds d’Adaptation au Changement Climatique Canada-PNUD aide six pays à se préparer et à répondre aux impacts du changement climatique sur les vies et les moyens de subsistance
Le Fonds encourage l'échange et l'interaction entre ces pays et régions. Pour partager leurs approches novatrices et expériences réussies. Réunir connaissances et expériences est la seule façon de relever le défi du changement climatique.
El Fondo de Adaptación al Cambio Climático PNUD-Canadá apoya seis países para prepararse y hacer frente a los impactos del cambio climático en la vida y los medios de subsistencia. La iniciativa promueve el intercambio y la interacción entre los países y regiones. Para compartir enfoques innovadores y ampliar las estrategias exitosas. Reuniendo a una diversidad de conocimientos y experiencias es la única forma de hacer frente al desafío del cambio climático.
This short trailer gives an introduction to the Climate Change Adaptation Facility (CCAF). Established by Canada in partnership with UNDP, the facility aims to strengthen climate-resilient approaches to agriculture and water management, with an emphasis on gender-sensitive approaches.
The CCAF facility incorporates national projects in Cambodia, Cape Verde, Haiti, Mali, Niger, and Sudan, that scale up or extend projects previously supported by the Global Environment Facility’s Least Developed Countries Fund.
This photostory illustrates activities being undertaken and results achieved under a Canada-funded climate change adaptation project in Mali.
This video provides an illustration and comparison of the concrete activities and results achieved to adapt to climate change in Cambodia and Sudan. While working in different contexts, both countries are working to address similar challenges related to food security and water management through gender-sensitive approaches. These projects are implemented under the Canada-UNDP Climate Change Adaptation Facility- supported by the Global Environment Facility's Least Developed Countries Fund and the Government of Canada.
This video illustrates specific activities and impressive results emerging from the climate change adptation project being implemented in Sudan. Focusing primarily on the State of North Kordofan, resilient agricultural and water management practice are being introduced to address food security and water scarcity issues exacerbated by climate change. This work is part of a project supported by the Global Environment Fund's Least Developed Countries Fund, and the Government of Canada.


Rosetta’s Closest Approach to an Asteroid
It’s been a fascinating day today (Saturday, July 10) here at the hacienda — watching as images of Asteroid 21 Lutetia come pouring out across the IntarWebs from the European Space Agency’s Rosetta mission (which was built and is being run by a team of scientists from a consortium of 50 contractors in 14 European countries and the United States.
I was watching earlier today as the scientists sweated out the planned “loss of signal” from the spacecraft as it went through a maneuver.
It wasn’t long, however, before they were jubilantly reacting when the signal was reacquired. And, then just a few hours later, they were nearly weeping for joy as the first closeup images came streaming back from the spacecraft. It was a great moment for all the scientists and technical support staff who have worked on Rosetta for years.
The scene above is the closest approach image and, as you can easily see, 21 Lutetia is a battered worldlet, scarred with craters. If you enlarge the image, you’ll see evidence of boulders on the cratered surface, and in the central crater (middle of the image) it looks like there might be a little slumping along the crater wall
If you zoom in on the image above, you can see are grooves between the craters. They suggest some kind of action that has deformed the surface. Could they have been formed when the asteroid was whacked during an impact event? How old are they? How deep are they? All these and other questions await answers from the planetary scientists on the Rosetta mission.
There are more images to come, so keep an eye out at the Rosetta Blog for details on these and the rest of the fascinating views of 21 Lutetia. And, just to give you feel for the scale and distances involved, here’s a great view of the asteroid from a distance of 36,000 kilometers, with the planet Saturn in the background.
Woohoo!!! This is what the exhiliration of scientific discovery feels like. It’s a process that wakes you up to the amazing things that exist throughout the cosmos — from our planetary back yard to the most distant reaches of the universe. And, the good news is — there’s always more to discover! The next stop for Rosetta is a 2014 visit to comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. Stay tuned!


On July 11, 1804, the Vice President of the United States, Aaron Burr, shot Alexander Hamilton in a duel in Weehawken, New Jersey. Hamilton died the next day. Burr, though, was never tried for his fellow stateman’s death; instead, he finished his term as Vice President without much in the way of further scandal — at least not relative to killing someone. Dueling, while hardly a nice way to solve a problem, wasn’t seen as the barbaric act as it is today. It’s probably too far afield to call it civilized, but it wasn’t chaos, either; dueling was governed by a loosely-defined set of rules and guidelines which were generally applied without question.
But what happens when someone breaks those rules? Well, things get a bit weird.
By 1826, dueling was illegal in Virginia, but let’s put that aside because the people involved in the kerfuffle we’re about to discuss also put that aside — as did the authorities at the time.
Henry Clay, the Secretary of State at the time, had a political enemy in the Senate named John Randolph. Randolph, hailing from Clay’s birth state of Virginia, had a reputation for speaking with a sharp tongue on the Senate floor. And one day, Clay caught the ire of one of Randolph’s asides. Per WETA, DC’s public media organization, Randolph called Clay a “puritan with the blackleg,” the latter term either meaning “a particularly nasty and often fatal disease that affects livestock” (per WETA) or a person who cheats at cards. Either way, the slur upset Clay.
His honor bruised, Clay demanded satisfaction — so he challenged Randolph to a duel. Randolph agreed, and the two were to draw weapons shortly thereafter. But according to the Senate rules, they shouldn’t have.
The Senate had previously decided that the open debate of the issues at the day required protection — even if the speeches took aim at their colleagues in Washington. The short version: if someone called you a nasty name during a Senate address, too bad so sad, you couldn’t challenge him to a duel. You just had to let it go. (This may have been a riff off the thinking of the Founding Fathers, who put a similar protection — although not one about dueling — in the Constitution itself.)
So, Clay should have never challenged Randolph to a duel, and in any event, Randolph should have said Clay had no such right. But Clay believed his adversary had waived that right and, for reasons unclear, Randolph was totally okay with that.
Thankfully, he wasn’t okay with killing Clay, though. And Clay probably wasn’t all that interested in killing Randolph, either. So the two men took to arms, neither wanting to shoot the other. That makes for an odd duel, and one would have hoped that the pair would come to their senses, but no such luck. On April 8, 1826, the two took aim at each other — kind of — in front of witnesses. Randolph had told a confidant that he intended to miss — “I shall do nothing to disturb the sleep of the child or the repose of the mother,” he said — and that he expected Clay to similarly not try to kill him. Randolph proved right. Clay shot and missed, Randolph returned the favor with an intentionally poorly-aimed shot of his own, and Clay kept the comedy of errant bullets going, shooting and missing again. For his second shot, Randolph fired into the air, showing his disinterest in going further with the charade.
As noted by the historical marker summarizing the day’s events, the duel ended peacefully thereafter — “the unhurt adversaries met each other halfway and shook hands.”
From the Archives: Dueling Shields: Abraham Lincoln had a stupid duel, too.
Related: “Henry Clay: The Essential American” by David S. Heidler and Jeanne T. Heidler. 103 reviews; 4.3 stars on average.


The soundtrack that terrified a nation since 1975!
Lets start with sharks at the beginning - the prototype, the ancient creature called "Megalodon." (above) This extinct species lived between 28 million years ago to 1-1/2 million years ago. It grew an amazing 46-59 feet long! With 7-inch long teeth, this monster ruled the oceans.
Rodney Fox (above) is lucky even though he was not so lucky. In 1963, he was in Australia when he was diving without oxygen and a shark grabbed him up. After a few grabs and release, he was pulled down underwater. He got free just before he took on water and was pulled into the boat. His insides were basically completely exposed, so they opted to keep the wetsuit on him to hold him together and to keep his organs from falling out. Amazingly, they repaired him. One of the luckier ones who survived an open water attack.
Here's an interview with a survivor -
My favorite movie of all time - the one I think has every element to perfection for an ideal film is "Jaws."
Shark movies -Dark Blue Sea
12 Days Of Terror
In October 2003, 13-year-old Bethany Hamilton was surfing in Kauai in Hawaii. She was lying on the board, her left arm in the water when a tiger shark bit her arm off below the shoulder. Her father fashioned a tourniquet and they got her medical help. Most adults would never get in the water again, but after her rehabilitation, Bethany went back to surfing and, in fact, is a professional surfer. If that isn't awe-inspiring and an amazing message of regaining one's life with a new reality, than I don't know what is!
How to avoid shark attacks
Avoid known shark-infested waters
Avoid polluted waters
Avoid fishing boats and areas
Wear a wet suit
Swim with a pole while you drive
Swim in a group
Smooth movements by sharks means just checking things out, but if they thrash, beware!
Dawn, dusk, and nighttime are the most dangerous times
If you're bleeding, get out of the water.
Swimming with sharks? Think again -
What to do if attacked
Don't take your eyes off the shark, know where it is
Don't make sudden movements, stay calm
Gently turn yourself so you can watch the shark coming and going or go back to back with another swimmer to watch
Hit the shark in the face, eye or gills strongly - do not play dead it doesn't work - be a threat!
Planning a vacation at the beach but wonder about the statistics of most white shark unprovoked attacks?
Western US - 98
South Africa - 58
Australia - 57
Mediterranean - 22
New Zealand - 10
Eastern US - 7
South America - 3
Japan - 2
Hawaii - 1
South Korea -1
Caribbean - 1
Mexico - 1
How about turning a shark into art? A shark's tooth pendant
The oldest shark fossils date back 300,000,000 years ago!
There are more than 400 shark species today
The shark's skeleton is made with cartilage, not bone
Sharks live 25-30 years
Odds of mega win on the lottery - 1 in 259 million
Odds of lightning strike are 1 in 78,000
Odds of being hit by fireworks at a show 1 in 341,000
Odds of dying in a car accident are 1 in 84
Odds of a shark attack are 1 in 3.7 million
Ready to plan that vacation now?
**Tomorrow's post is "Creepy Deep Sea Creatures"**


Descendants of WILLIAM MOUNTJOY
Note: The 2nd Governor of Kentucky , James Garrard, married Elizabeth Mountjoy who inherited several slaves which probably came with her into Kentucky. Note the willof William Mountjoy.
Submitted by Kay Withers email@example.com
Generation No. 1
1. WILLIAM4 MOUNTJOY (EDWARD3, THOMAS2, WILLIAM1) was born 11 Apr 1711 in STAFFORD CO VA, and died 27 Sep 1777 in STAFFORD CO VA. He married PHILLIS REILLY 1734, daughter of THOMAS REILLY and ELIZABETH. She was born 15 Nov 1717 in ST PAULS PARISH,VA, and died 04 Apr 1771 in STAFFORD CO VA.
Notes for WILLIAM MOUNTJOY:
Captain William Mountjoy was mentioned in the will of his maternal grandfather, George Crosby in 1731. He resided at "Locust Hill" in Stafford county and was a considerable landholder there and in adjoining counties
COPIES OF EXTANT WILLS FROM COUNTIES WHOSE RECORDS HAVE BEEN DESTROYED BY GEORGE HARRISON SANFORD KING, FREDERICKSBURG, VA.
In the name of God Amen: I William Mountjoy of Stafford county and Colony of Virginia being in health and disposing memory and knowing the uncertainty of this life do make and ordain this my last will and Testament in manner and form following;
IMPRIMIS: I recommend my soul into the hands of Almighty God who gave it me and my body to the Earth to be interred at the discretion of my Executors herein after named and concerning what temporal estate the Almighty has blessed me with I will and dispose of as follows.
Item: I give and bequeath to my son William Mountjoy my now dwelling plantation to contain two hundred acres of land.
Item: I give and bequeath to my son Thomas Mountjoy two hundred acres of land at the lower end of my Tract joining the land of Edward Mountjoy and now in possession of my said son Thomas Mountjoy.
Item: I give and bequeath to my son John Mountjoy one hundred and Sixty one acres of land including my mill and my gun.
Item: I give and bequeath to my son Alven Mountjoy one hundred and sixth acres of land it being the part of my land whereon John Bruin lived to lay it off on the back line as near square as he can and to bind on my son John's line and a Negro named Joe.
Item: I give and bequeath to my daughter Mary Allen a Negro girl named Sall now in her possession and her present and future increase and a Negro boy named Hill, also a large copper kettle.
Item: I give and bequeath to my daughter Elizabeth Garrard a Negro girl named Jude and a Negro girl named Sall with their present and future increase and a Negro boy named James.
Item: I give and bequeath to my son George Mountjoy all that tract of land lying in Fauquier county that I recovered of John Mauzy and Negroes Harry, Charles, Sue and Hannah and my silver Table Spoons.
Item: I give and bequeath to my son Edmund Mountjoy the remainder of my land lying on Licking Run in Fauquier county after 700 acres is laid off out of the tract to my two grandsons hereafter mentioned and Negroes Jerry, Will, Con, Frank, and Tom and also my Silver Tea Spoons.
Item: I will and bequeath to my grandson William Mountjoy, son of Edward Mountjoy, 400 acres of land Lying at the lower end of Licking Run Tract to include the Plantation whereon my son Edward Mountjoy lived.
Item: I will and bequeath to my grandson Edward Mountjoy, son of Edward Mountjoy, three hundred acres of land to be laid off from the end of the 400 acres of land already given to my grandson William Mountjoy.
Item: I will and bequeath to my granddaughter, Mary Mountjoy, daughter of Edward Mountjoy, two Negroes named Sarah and Peter.
Item: I will and bequeath to my granddaughter Mary Mountjoy, daughter of Thomas Mountjoy, and to my grandson William Mountjoy Allen and to my granddaughter Elizabeth Allen a young mare or horse each of them as they severally arrive to the age of sixteen years.
Item: It is my will that Sarah Mountjoy be in possession of the plantation whereon my son Edward Mountjoy lived and is now willed to William Mountjoy,
during her widowhood.
Lastly I appoint my sons Thomas Mountjoy and William Mountjoy executors of this my last will and Testament. in witness whereof I have hereunto set my hand and seal this 16th day of September 1777.
William Mountjoy [ his seal]
Signed and sealed in Presence
Stafford Sct: October Court 1777
The aforegoing last will of William Mountjoy, Gent., was presented into Court by Thomas Mountjoy an executor therein named who made oath thereto according to law and being also further proved by the oaths of two of the witnesses thereto was ordered to be recorded and on motion of the said Thomas be performing what is usual in such cases certificate is granted him for obtaining a probate thereof in due form.
Henry Tyler CSC
The foregoing will of Captain William Mountjoy [1711-1777], of Stafford county, was presented as evidence in a chancery suit which pended before the Fauquier County Superior Court of Chancery. This suit was designed to settle the claim of George Mountjoy, son of Captain William Mountjoy, to certain lands in Fauquier county which had been recovered by a suit of ejectment by Capt. Mountjoy from John Mauzy and which had been bequeathed by Captain Mountjoy to his son George by his last will. [notes of George Harrison Sanford King}
Notes for PHILLIS REILLY:
Her birth is recorded in St. Paul's Parish Register.
More About WILLIAM MOUNTJOY and PHILLIS REILLY:
Children of WILLIAM MOUNTJOY and PHILLIS REILLY are:
i. EDWARD5 MOUNTJOY, b. 01 Jan 1735/36; d. Bef. 1777, FAUQUIER COUNTY, VA.; m. SARAH //////.
ii. WILLIAM MOUNTJOY, b. 28 Sep 1737; d. 14 Sep 1820, STAFFORD COUNTY, VA..
iii. THOMAS MOUNTJOY, b. 04 Oct 1739.
iv. JOHN MOUNTJOY, b. 25 Oct 1741, STAFFORD COUNTY, VA.; d. 03 Mar 1826, PENDLETON COUNTY, KY; m. MARY ANNE GARRARD, 29 Jul 1772, STAFFORD COUNTY, VIRGINIA; b. 11 Nov 1753, STAFFORD COUNTY, VA.; d. 13 Jun 1823, PENDLETON COUNTY, KY.
Notes for JOHN MOUNTJOY:
COLONEL MOUNTJOY WAS WITH GENERAL GEORGE WASHINGTON WHEN HE CROSSED THE DELAWARE RIVER TO SURPRISE THE HESSIAN FORCES.
More About JOHN MOUNTJOY and MARY GARRARD:
Marriage: 29 Jul 1772, STAFFORD COUNTY, VIRGINIA
v. MARY MOUNTJOY, b. 06 Nov 1743; m. //////////// ALLEN.
vi. ALVIN MOUNTJOY, b. 28 Jan 1745/46; d. 03 Nov 1827, PENDLETON COUNTY, KY; m. MARY EDWARDS, 02 Sep 1777, STAFFORD COUNTY, VIRGINIA; b. 13 Jul 1760, STAFFORD COUNTY, VA.; d. 16 Mar 1839, PENDLETON COUNTY, KY.
Notes for ALVIN MOUNTJOY:
ALVIN MOUNTJOY WAS ONE OF THE ORIGINAL TOWN PROPRIETORS OF FALMOUTH, KENTUCKY. HE IS BURIED ABOUT THREE MILES NORTHEAST OF FALMOUTH AT PENROD, NOW CONCORD, KY. HE WAS A LIEUTENANT IN THE THIRD BIRGINIA REGIMENT AND SERVED UNDER CAPTAIN WM. WASHINGTON, 1777 DURING THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. HE WAS IN THE BATTLE OF PRINCETOWN, BRANDYWINE AND GERMANTOWN. AFTER THE REVOLUTION, ALVIN SERVED ON A COMMITTEE OF THREE TO SELECT THE FIRST SITE OF THE BOURBON COUNTY COURTHOUSE AT PARIS, KY.
BUILT AROUND 1790, THE ALVIN MOUNTJOY LOG CABIN IS FALMOUTH'S OLDEST STANDING RESIDENCE AND WAS THE CITY'S FIRST MEETING PLACE. A TWO-STORY STRUCTURE WITH A BASEMENT, TWO FIRST-FLOOR ROOMS AND TWO SECOND-STORY BEDROOMS, THE MOUNTJOY HOUSE HAS MADE INTERESTING AND COLORFUL HISTORY. THE CABIN'S FIREPLACES ARE BUILT OF NATIVE STONE FROM THE LICKING RIVER AND BRICK, AND THE ORIGINAL PINE FLOORS ARE NOW DARKENED WITH AGE. HUGE POPLAR LOGS STRETCH ACROSS THE ENTIRE FRONT.
IT WAS DESIGNATED A KENTUCKY LANDMARK IN 1982. ALVIN AND MARY MOUNTJOY, THE HOME'S BUILDERS AND FIRST RESIDENTS, WERE WELL-TO-D0 LANDOWNERS WITH NINE SLAVES, MAKING THEM THE SECOND-LARGEST SLAVEOWNERS IN THE COUNTY.
from FORKS OF THE LICKING PICTORIAL HISTORY OF PENDLETON COUNTY, KENTUCKY 1798-1993 published 1993
More About ALVIN MOUNTJOY and MARY EDWARDS:
Marriage: 02 Sep 1777, STAFFORD COUNTY, VIRGINIA
vii. GEORGE MOUNTJOY, b. 09 Sep 1748; d. 01 Jun 1756.
viii. ELIZABETH MOUNTJOY, b. 02 May 1751, STAFFORD COUNTY, VA.; d. 28 Aug 1832, BOURBON COUNTY; m. GOVERNOR JAMES GARRARD, 20 Dec 1769; b. 14 Jan 1748/49, STAFFORD CO VA; d. 19 Jan 1822, MOUNT LEBANON, BOURBON CO., KY..
Notes for GOVERNOR JAMES GARRARD:
[Brøderbund Family Archive #312, Ed. 1, Census Index: U.S. Selected Counties, 1800, Date of Import: Oct 13, 1996, Internal Ref. #1.312.1.1150.91]
Individual: Garrard, James
County/State: Bourbon Co., KY
Census type code: Tax List
JAMES GARRARD SERVED WITH DISTINCTION IN THE REVOLUTIONARY ARMY AND HE WAS A MEMBER OF THE VIRGINIA LEGISLATURE. HE EMIGRATED TO KENTUCKY IN 1783, AND SHARED CONSPICUOUSLY IN THE EARLY HISTORY OF THE STATE. HE WAS A MEMBER OF THE CONVENTIONS WHICH MET IN DANVILLE IN 1785, LOOKING TO THE FORMATION OF A NEW STATE; SERVED IN THE CONVENTIONS OF 1787-88, REPRESENTING BOURBON COUNTY; WAS A MEMBER OF THE VIRGINIA LEGISLATURE FROM KENTUCKY; WAS A MEMBER OF THE CONVENTION OF 1792 WHICH FRAMED THE FIRST CONSTITUTION OF KENTUCKY, WAS SEVERAL TIMES MEMBER OF THE LEGISLATURE AND IN 1806 WAS ELECTED SECOND GOVERNOR OF KENTUCKY, AND AT THE EXPIRATION OF HIS TERM WAS RE-ELECTED, FILLING THE POSITION FOR EIGHT YEARS WITH DISTINGUISHED ABILITY, HIS LONG ADMINISTRATION BEING CHARACTERIZED FOR THE PEACE AND PROSPERITY OF THE STATE.
IN HONOR OF HIM GARRARD COUNTY WAS NAMED. HE WAS A MAN OF GREAT STRENGTH OF CHARACTER; WAS A CHRISTIAN; POSSESSED A PRACTICAL MIND, WHICH MADE HIM ONE OF THE MOST USEFUL MEN IN HIS TIME; WAS GREATLY BELOVED BY THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE; IN EVERY WAY HONORED AS A FRIEND AND NEIGHBOR. OF EARLY LEGAL AND OFFICIAL LIFE IN KENTUCKY FEW MEN STAND OUT IN THE PICTURE MORE PROMINENTLY THAN GENERAL JAMES GOVERNOR. HE CAME TO THE STATE AT A TIME WHEN HE WAS MOST NEEDED AND HE LEFT HIS FINGER MARKS UPON ITS EARLY HISTORY, TELLING THE STORY OF HIS HANDIWORK AND WRITING HIS EPITAPH IN THE HEARTS, NOT ONLY ON HIS DESCENDANTS, BUT OF THOUSANDS WHO REAPED AND ENJOYED THE FRUITS OF HIS LABOR.
HE DIED AT HIS RESIDENCE, MOUNT LEBANON IN BOURBON COUNTY, JANUARY 19TH, 1822 AND IN THE WINTER OF THAT YEAR THE LEGISLATURE DECLARED A MONUMENT TO BE ERECTED TO HIS MEMORY IN THE FAMILY BURYING GROUND NEXT TO THE RESIDENCE.
THE INSCRIPTION READS, " THIS MARBLE CONSECRATES THE SPOT ON WHICH REPOSE THE MORTAL REMAINS OF COL. JAMES GARRARD. ENDEARED TO HIS COUNTY, HIS FRIENDS AND TO SOCIETY BY THE PRACTICE OF SOCIAL VIRTUES OF HUSBAND, FATHER, FRIEND AND NEIGHBOR, HONORED BY THE COUNTRY BY FREQUENT CALLS TO REPRESENT HER DEAREST INTERESTS IN HER LEGISLATIVE COUNCILS, AND FINALLY BY TWO ELECTIONS TO FILL THE CHAIR OF GOVERNOR OF THE STATE;.....A TRUST FOR EIGHT SUCCESSIVE YEARS HE FILLED WITH THAT ENERGY; VIGOR AND IMPARTIALITY, WHICH, TEMPERED WITH CHRISTIAN SPIRIT AND WITH GOD-LIKE MERCY AND CHARITY FOR THE FRAILTY OF MAN, IS BUT CALCULATED TO PERPETUATE THE INESTIMABLE BLESSINGS OF GOVERNMENT AND HAPPINESS OF MAN."
INFORMATION ON THE DATES OF BIRTHS AND MARRIAGES OF HIS CHILDREN WAS TAKEN FROM HIS BIBLE AND COPIED BY MRS. JOUETT TAYLOR CANNON, SUSANNAH HART, SHELBY CHAPTER, FRANKFORT, KY., AND MISS GENEVIEVE LINDSEY, FRANKFORT, KY., MARCH 1928
GENEALOGIES OF KENTUCKY FAMILIES [REGISTER OF THE KY. HISTORICAL SOC.] VOL O-Y PP 689-690]
More About GOVERNOR JAMES GARRARD:
Fact 1: 1796, CHOSEN GOVERNOR OF KENTUCKY
Fact 2: 1800, ELECTED GOVERNOR OF KENTUCKY FOR A SECOND TERM BECAUSE OF HIS POPULARITY
More About GOVERNOR GARRARD and ELIZABETH MOUNTJOY:
Marriage: 20 Dec 1769
ix. MARGARET MOUNTJOY, b. 25 Aug 1753; d. 01 Mar 1755.
x. GEORGE MOUNTJOY, b. 01 Sep 1757.


Chemical and Biological Engineering
Chemical Engineering (B.S., M.S., Ph.D.)
Chemical engineering builds on the sciences, especially chemistry and now biology, to design good processes and products useful for society. Chemical engineers tend to be the broadest of all engineers and thus are employed in a wide range of industries. Besides being well-trained in sciences they appreciate the central role of economics as they are often concerned with the production of products that will be sold and bought at an affordable price. Their professional skills are required wherever engineering and chemistry or biology intersect. This occurs not only in the chemical industry but also in the biological, environmental, health, legal, and medical fields. Chemical engineers are researchers, designers, producers, and managers. Petroleum, paints, plastics, paper, detergents, pharmaceuticals, vaccines, microchips, drugs, processed foods, fertilizers, conventional and nuclear fuels, insecticides, rocket propellants, synthetic fibers, and rubber are among the many products they help create.
Biotechnology (cert., Ph.D.)
The ability to manipulate the genetic content of microbial, insect, animal, and plant cells has led to a variety of commercial applications in medicine, nutrition, materials science, and the environment. New biotechnology-derived pharmaceutical products are gaining FDA approval, and the sequencing of the human genome will lead to tremendous new opportunities in disease prevention. Study biotechnology at Tufts to develop the skills needed to develop today's products.
Bioengineering - Cell and Bioprocess Engineering (M.S.)
The Cell and Bioprocess Engineering track in the Bioengineering M.S. program looks at bioprocess design and optimization with emphasis on molecular and cellular processes. Our major educational objective for students is the attainment of core knowledge in both upstream and downstream engineering aspects of modern biotechnology. The core subject areas integrate applied biology, chemical reaction engineering and systems analysis. Topics include enzyme and pathway engineering; fermentation and bioreactors; and cellular systems modeling and analysis.
Materials Science and Engineering (Ph.D.)
Materials scientists study how the history of a material influences its structure and properties, advancing understanding in research areas that include metallurgy, solid-state physics, and biomaterials. The interdisciplinary Materials Science and Engineering Ph.D. program offers graduate students a wide array of opportunities to study and develop materials that will change the world.


The Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture announced Thursday that it had suspended the permit allowing Pasture Maid Creamery in New Castle, PA, to sell raw milk for human consumption. The move came Monday after testing revealed Campylobacter in the creamery’s raw milk.
Campylobacter is found in a wide variety of healthy domestic and wild animals including cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, chickens, ducks, geese, wild birds, dogs, cats, rodents, and marine mammals. The bacteria usually live in the intestines as part of the animal’s normal flora, and is shed in feces. Most Campylobacter species do not cause any signs of illness in the animal host.
Ingestion of Campylobacter bacteria by humans causes diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, headache, and muscle pain. Symptoms typically appear two to five days after exposure. Most cases are mild, do not require hospitalization, and are self-limited; however, Campylobacter jejuni infection, or campylobacteriosis, can be severe and life-threatening.
Campylobacteriosis may cause appendicitis or infect other organs. It can also enter the blood stream. Guillain-Barre syndrome is a severe complication of campylobacteriosis that can lead to paralysis. An estimated one in 1,000 cases of Campylobacter infection results in death.
According to the Pennsylvania Department of Health, at least six people became ill with campylobacteriosis after consuming raw milk from Pasture Maid Creamery in February.
Freezing raw milk will not kill Campylobacter; anyone who has purchased raw milk from Pasture Maid Creamery is urged to discard the milk. Anyone ill with symptoms of campylobacteriosis should contact their health care provider and report their illness to the Pennsylvania Department of Health.© Food Safety News


© Photographed July 10, 2016
Erected by M.A.G.I.C.
(Mishicot Area Growth and Improvement Committee)
Mishicot, Manitowoc County, Wisconsin
DANIEL SMITH MILL
In 1844, a Yankee by the name of Daniel Smith came up the river from Two Rivers to this spot to establish a saw mill. Two workers by the name of Louis LeClair and Fred Drews came with him. The mill was powered by a water wheel. A dam and a mill pond were created. Two years later he established a second mill up the river. The remains of that dam and mill are still visible to the north of highway 147. With time the mill on this spot was powered by a steam engine and as farmers came into the area and the land was cleared, the mill became a Grist Mill for grains. In 1847, Daniel Smith named the small village after a Potawatomi Indian Chief Mishicott, also spelled Meshigand, who lived in the area. In 1996, the mill on this spot was torn down to make room for the Country Store. For more information on Daniel Smith and Chief Mishicott, visit the Mishicot Historical Museum located next to the water tower.
The marker is affixed to the facade of Mishicot Country Store, and is accessible from eastbound Main Street, at its T-intersection with Randolph Street, at or near
City of Mishicot: The West / Upper Mill
(Originally published in the Winter 2016 MAGIC newsletter)
Mishicot Historical Museum and Research Center
Click here to learn more about the history of Mishicot
Click here to view all Mishicot Heritage historical markers.
The marker is affixed to the post, just beneath the American flag.
Daniel Smith is buried directly across the road,
at the top of the knoll at Mishicot Cemetery.
The referenced Mishicot Historical Museum, next to the water tower.
The marker is located in Mishicot, Wisconsin.


In his essay "Women's Brains," Stephen Jay Gould argues against prejudice against women in terms of their intelligence or lack of it. It is fascinating that the "facts" he refers to from the 19th century, which were so widely accepted then as scientific evidence, seem so preposterous today. Nobody today would claim that women are less intelligent than men because women have a measurably smaller brain, but that is precisely what Paul Broca did in the last century.
Gould is trying to get the reader to see that women have suffered from great social prejudices of many varieties, and that stereotypes about their intelligence relative to men have kept them "in their place." It seems that he is merely making small points about the well-known fact that this culture has been run by men and for men, and that this culture fears and hates women. It is no surprise that science and scientists such as Broca reflect that prejudice. Again, to this reader, Gould's essay and argument seem clearly evident. He is not telling this reader anything he does not already know.
Gould is also saying that we cannot trust science and scientists to give us the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth. What science deals with in many cases---measurement---tells us only a part of the story, and often a misleading part.
Still, in case the reader is not aware of this connection between science and misogyny, Gould reminds us, using Broca to represent the most dangerous kind of scientist. Not on


Steel is one of the most important materials in the modern world. Everything from manufacturing to transportation to construction uses steel. Steel fabrication is the process of turning raw steel into finished goods. Globally, the steel fabrication business is important to many nations' economies.
What is Steel Fabrication?
Steel fabrication is the process of shaping raw steel into different sizes, shapes, and designs to satisfy the needs of certain projects. This process includes cutting, bending, welding, and assembling steel parts to create structures and machines. Steel fabrication is used in a wide range of industries, including construction, automotive, aerospace, and manufacturing.
The steel fabrication market has the potential to grow at a CAGR of 6.2 % over the projected period of 2022-2030, with a market value of USD 21.20 billion in 2021 and is anticipated to increase to USD 32.45 billion by 2030.
Steel Fabrication Processes:
The steel fabrication process involves several steps, including:
1. Design: The design phase is the initial step in the manufacture of steel. Software is used by engineers and designers to produce 3D models of the final product.
2. Material selection: Choosing the right raw materials for the project is the next stage. This involves picking the steel's type, thickness, and dimension.
3. Cutting: After the raw materials have been chosen, the steel is cut using a range of instruments, including plasma cutters, saws, and shears, into the necessary shapes and sizes.
4. Bending: Using hydraulic press brakes or rollers, the steel is bent into the desired forms after it has been cut.
5. Welding: The finished product is made by joining the bent and cut steel components together. Typically, MIG or TIG welding processes are used for welding.
6. Finishing: To prevent corrosion, the finished object is cleaned and painted or powder-coated.
Global Steel Fabrication Industry:
The multi-trillion-dollar global steel fabrication business is crucial to the global economy. Demand from several industries, including construction, infrastructure, automotive, and energy, is what propels the business.
With more than 50% of the world's production is from Asia, this region is the biggest market for steel fabrication. The greatest producer of steel worldwide is China, followed by South Korea, Japan, and India. The steel fabrication market is also heavily dominated by North America and Europe, with the United States, Germany, and Italy among the top producers.
Demand Drivers for Global Steel Fabrication:
The demand for steel fabrication is mainly driven by investment in infrastructure projects in developing nations, which is anticipated to contribute to the growth of the metal fabrication industry. Due to the increasing number of modern technology metal fabrication industry are preferred in infrastructure projects.
The global steel fabrication market is expected to grow significantly in the coming years, driven by increasing construction act technology advancements in the industry are leading to the adoption of new technologies, such as 3D printing and robotic welding, which is expected to drive the market.
The worldwide steel fabrication market is essential to many various industries, including manufacturing, oil and gas, aerospace, and defence. In the upcoming years, the demand for steel fabrication is anticipated to increase as economies all over the world continue to grow and develop. Many causes, such as growing urbanization, population expansion, and infrastructural development, are fuelling this increase.
However, the steel fabrication industry also faces several challenges, including fluctuations in raw material prices, competition from other materials, and changing environmental regulations. To remain competitive and successful in this industry, companies will need to focus on innovation, efficiency, and sustainability in their operations.
The report predicts that the global market will expand by between 6% to 7% annually from now until 2025, growing to a value of US$ 32.45 billion thanks to a production volume of 232 million tonnes.
Steel fabrication is a vital industry that plays an essential role in the global economy. With demand for steel products continuing to grow, the steel fabrication industry is poised for continued growth in the coming years. By outsourcing fabrication to global partners, companies can take advantage of specialized expertise, reduce costs, and speed up production, making them more competitive in the global marketplace.
There are dominating players in the global steel fabrication market enlisted here; ArcelorMittal, Tata Steel, Nippon Steel & Sumitomo Metal Corporation, China Baowu Steel Group, POSCO, ThyssenKrupp AG, Nucor Corporation, and Steel Dynamics Inc. amongst others
To Know more about this : https://reportsandinsights.com/blogs/the-process-of-steel-fabrication


Heat and dust storms plagued the United Arab Emirates at the end of February 2009. Temperatures soared to 37 degrees Celsius (98.6 degrees Fahrenheit), the highest February temperatures since record keeping began in 1974. Pushed by winds gusting to 35 knots (65 kilometers per hour), dust storms reduced visibility throughout the region, according to the United Arab Emirates-based publication The National.
Parallel plumes of dust blow off the coast of the United Arab Emirates and over the Persian Gulf in this image acquired by the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on NASA’s Terra satellite on February 28, 2009. In this true-color image, the beige plumes of dust partially obscure the satellite’s view of the ocean water. In some places, the dust appears to form wave patterns that run perpendicular to the dust plumes. Neither the capital city of Abu Zabi (also known as Abu Zaby or Abu Dhabi) nor the human-engineered Palm Island Resorts escape the plumes.
Part of the Arabian Peninsula’s Empty Quarter, or Rub’ al Khali, the United Arab Emirates is covered by sand seas and dry salt lakes. The sand and fine sediments provide ample material for dust storms.
- Baker, R.A., and Bhattacharya, S. (2009, March 1). Freak weather spoils weekend plans. The National. Accessed March 3, 2009.
NASA image by Jeff Schmaltz, MODIS Rapid Response Team. Caption by Michon Scott.
- Terra - MODIS


Until television overtook them, movies were the favorite visual entertainment in the United States. Fully half of the population, 60 million people, went to the movies each week during the 1930s. Because it was a period of economic depression, people needed the enjoyment, the escape, and the fantasy of films more than ever. The 1930s and 1940s became Hollywood's Golden Era. Among the hundreds of movies produced by the big studios each year, women were featured both in the very popular romance-melodramas and in the newer form, the independent woman films. Often, there were creative mergers: romance combined with independence and Eve types displayed strength and assertiveness. The newer type of film, however, had stronger women playing stronger parts in greater quantity than ever before, or possibly since.
The fantasy power of movies operated at full throttle. Precisely when the Depression created mass insecurity, vivacious women in film were surviving and taking control of difficult situations. As independent Eves, they used their physical attractiveness to carve out decent lives for themselves; as careerists, they became pilots, illustrators, reporters, doctors, lawyers, and businesswomen. And as aristocratic women whose family fortunes gave them unprecedented freedom, they often demonstrated, comically or melodramatically, some of the dilemmas of wealth; after all, women were not expected to function alone as adults. Hollywood also reveled in the opportunity to satirize the rich while clearly showing them in enviable positions. Aristocratic women paraded around in sumptuous surroundings while the masses were unemployed. In My Man Godfrey ( 1936), a classic screwball comedy, Carole Lombard and her socialite friends went to a charity treasure hunt. Lombard won the prize by bringing back a real life bum. In The Women ( 1939) rich New York City women were ridiculed for their useless lives, while a lengthy fashion show punctuated the middle section of the movie.
It is an interesting cultural statement that in the classless United States, during the bleak days of the Great Depression, moviegoers were treated to films about rich women. Many movies showed country homes, servants galore, and gorgeously dressed hostesses presiding over classy cocktail parties. The conspicuous signs of wealth in a country that preached egalitarianism appeared ironic indeed. Yet these films produced no revolutions; audiences enjoyed them and kept coming back for more. Their dreamlike qualities seemed to provide the needed escape. The U.S. public accepted the myth of everyone being equal while knowing full well that it was a myth. Blacks were not equal to whites, and rich people were different from everyone else. But Hollywood's movies about wealthy people in the United States were very popular in the 1930s.
The major studios of Hollywood each produced about 200 movies a year during that period. They satisfied an audience of all ages and races. There were family movies as well as special interest movies for every taste. Actresses found roles, as stars and in supporting roles, in most of Hollywood's offerings, though they were featured in romance-melodramas and independent women films. A generation of female movie stars arose to meet this seemingly insatiable appetite for movies. The list of women who became stars in the 1930s and 1940s cannot be rivalled by any subsequent generation of movie stars, primarily because there are no longer such large numbers of movies made each year. While Bette Davis, under long-term contract to Warner Brothers, often made three or four movies a year during the 1930s, a movie star in the post-1950 generation would be lucky to make one movie every two or three years. Joan Crawford, another star of the era, worked for MGM during the 1930s and made 29 movies during the decade.
While the 1930s generation of women actresses played in all of the standard fare--westerns, gangster movies, melodramas, and comedies--they also starred in the variations of independent women films. This role featured a heroine who was often restless and spent a lot of time discovering herself, though she usually ended up defining herself in terms of romance and marriage. The independent woman was also the working girl who found life bleak during the depression; her only path to future security and happiness was in the arms of a rich man. This film genre, in its variety, distinguished itself from the other types by featuring women, especially strong women, whose personal quest seemed to personify everyone's search for answers in very trying times. Indeed, this may have been part of its appeal; audiences were treated to unsettled times with a woman, usually the traditional anchor of the home, thrust into a new life situation. The resolution, with her returning to the home, offered assurances to both sexes that the difficult, and unusual, times would eventually be righted. The status quo ante depression would be restored.
Though many movie actresses played in this genre, Katharine Hepburn and Rosalind Russell are probably the most clearly identified as exemplars of independent women. In the period under discussion, 1930-50, Hepburn played in five career woman films and four aristocratic women films, while Russell was a career woman seven times and an aristocratic lady three times (see table). Other popular stars of the period, Barbara Stanwyck, Bette Davis, and Joan Crawford, though often known for their work in romance and melodrama, also played many roles where their strength, independence, and grit were critical factors. They demonstrated some of the varieties of independent women. Careerists were portrayed along with aristocratic ladies and independent Eves. Hepburn was never an Eve. Her screen roles were the most consistent as she never entered into a long-term contract with any studio, in contrast to most other actresses. Bette Davis and Joan Crawford, as already suggested, did not have the luxury of choosing roles, but their personalities and talents lent themselves to roles about unusual women.


New Democratic Revolution
Last updated by chinatravel at 2016/11/5
May Forth Movement in 1919 was considered as the source of major events in Chinese history. The blasting fuse of the movement was a series of unfair treaties imposed upon China after the First World War. Strong patriotism gave rise to first the movement initiated by students and then nation wide revolts o different social classes. May Fourth Movement introduced various new ideas into China and the most conspicuous one was the spreading of Marxism and Leninism. In 1921 in Shanghai, 12 representatives of Communist Groups all over the country, including Mao Zedong, held together the first National Congress which declared the founding of the Communist Party of China.
During the process of New Democratic Revolution led by the Communist Party of China, Chinese people experienced four historical periods, namely, Northern Expedition (1924-1927), Agrarian Revolution (1927—1937), War of Resistance against Japanese Invaders (1937—1945), and War of Liberation (1945—1949). During the war of Resistance against Japanese Invaders, the Communist Party and the Kuomintang Party entered into cooperation and won the war against Japanese invaders. In 1945, Kuomintang Party triggered the civil war which dragged on three years. Finally, the Communist Party of China overthrew the Kuomintang in 1949.


The repr module provides a means for producing object representations with limits on the size of the resulting strings. This is used in the Python debugger and may be useful in other contexts as well.
This module provides a class, an instance, and a function:
class class repr.Repr
Class which provides formatting services useful in implementing functions similar to the built-in repr(); size limits for different object types are added to avoid the generation of representations which are excessively long.
This is an instance of Repr which is used to provide the repr() function described below. Changing the attributes of this object will affect the size limits used by repr() and the Python debugger.
This is the repr() method of aRepr. It returns a string similar to that returned by the built-in function of the same name, but with limits on most sizes.
Repr instances provide several members which can be used to provide size limits for the representations of different object types, and methods which format specific object types.
Depth limit on the creation of recursive representations. The default is 6.
Repr.maxdict Repr.maxlist Repr.maxtuple Repr.maxset Repr.maxfrozenset Repr.maxdeque Repr.maxarray
Limits on the number of entries represented for the named object type. The default is 4 for maxdict, 5 for maxarray, and 6 for the others.
New in version 2.4: maxset, maxfrozenset, and set.
Maximum number of characters in the representation for a long integer. Digits are dropped from the middle. The default is 40.
Limit on the number of characters in the representation of the string. Note that the “normal” representation of the string is used as the character source: if escape sequences are needed in the representation, these may be mangled when the representation is shortened. The default is 30.
This limit is used to control the size of object types for which no specific formatting method is available on the Repr object. It is applied in a similar manner as maxstring. The default is 20.
The equivalent to the built-in repr() that uses the formatting imposed by the instance.
Recursive implementation used by repr(). This uses the type of obj to determine which formatting method to call, passing it obj and level. The type-specific methods should call repr1() to perform recursive formatting, with level - 1 for the value of level in the recursive call.
Formatting methods for specific types are implemented as methods with a name based on the type name. In the method name, TYPE is replaced by string.join(string.split(type(obj).__name__, '_')). Dispatch to these methods is handled by repr1(). Type- specific methods which need to recursively format a value should call self.repr1(subobj, level - 1).
The use of dynamic dispatching by Repr.repr1() allows subclasses of Repr to add support for additional built-in object types or to modify the handling of types already supported. This example shows how special support for file objects could be added:
import repr as reprlib import sys
- class MyRepr(reprlib.Repr):
- def repr_file(self, obj, level):
- if obj.name in [‘<stdin>’, ‘<stdout>’, ‘<stderr>’]:
- return obj.name
- return repr(obj)
aRepr = MyRepr() print aRepr.repr(sys.stdin) # prints ‘<stdin>’


A weevil is a type of bug from the curculionoidea family. Weevils are considered herbivores pests with their ability to damage and kill crops in the larval stage and as adults, in the farms or even in stores. This results to numerous losses to farmers.
Weevils occur in various range of colors and shapes. The common types are slender or oval shaped with a shiny dark colored covering. An adult weevil has an elongated head forming a snout, the elongation allows the weevil to effectively bore grains or crops without any difficulty.
There are many types of weevils; boll weevils, rice weevil, flour weevil, bean weevil, black vine weevils, rose weevil, white pine weevil, cowpea weevil, wheat weevil etc. They are commonly named according to the type of crop it destroys.
Weevils life origin depends on the type of species, commonly the adult weevils lay eggs near the host plants which later hatch into larvae during the winters and finally adults in the summer however weevils are universal species thus there breeding times and seasons may vary.
7 Easy Ways of Getting Rid of Weevils
Here are some of the best home remedies to get rid of weevil bugs
Discard Rotten Food
If any foods has any contamination when brought home for storage or in plantations, the adult weevils will lay eggs while consuming the food, they eventually form a large colony of infestation. To get rid of the weevils it is important to consider the following precautions and ways of ridding out weevils.
Remove all the contaminated food in the house-contaminated food product is one of the good breeding grounds for weevil infestation. Removal of the contaminated food is a single but most important step in getting rid of weevils. Gather all the products that may be contaminated in the cupboards, sacks, trashes and sacks and move it far away from your house.
When making purchases it is important to inspect on items you are buying. Products with holes or any sign of damage on the packaging should not be purchased.
Keep your food frozen so as to kill the any eggs, larvae, or weevils. You may also heat the foods beyond 130 degrees for about half an hour. This exposure will accomplish the same thing as freezing.
Before freezing or heating, it is important to keep in mind the types of food recommended for heating or freezing. Heating of seeds may cause enzymes to be denatured thus germination may not be possible.
When you realize that you have been infested with weevils, it is important to first conduct a thorough cleaning of your cupboards and pantry. Remove absolutely everything off from the shelves and vacuuming them. To maximize this, make sure all the cracks where flour or other food pits may have hidden by having a thorough cleanup with a rag and cold water.
Conduct a regular cupboard and pantry cleanup – High hygiene is a simple and precise way to destroy weevils. Start by cleaning the cupboards and pantry regularly to prevent food spills from making it easy for weevils to breed.
Find the infested material and eliminate it – it is important to remove the weevil infested food so as to prevent it from infecting the others. A bag of maize in a store infested with weevils should be removed so that other bags are not infected.
When disposing the contents of the cupboards, be quick and ensure that all the old food is wrapped with double cage material. This ensures that the little blighters do not get enough time or chance to escape. The disposal bin should be somehow far away from your house alternatively you can dispose it in your own compost bin and burn.
Seal any cracks in the cupboards, shelves or stores – Cracks provide an ultimate breeding ground for weevils as it keeps keep food trapped until it is contaminated making an easy place for the weevils to lay eggs
Buy foods in smaller amounts to minimize contamination – This is a simple way to deter weevils, a lot of foods may be contaminated more easily than a small amount. In case of weevil infestations, severe losses are incurred in large stores.
Rotate the food stock regularly and don’t mix the new food with the older one. This short cuts the weevil’s life cycle thus preventing a continuous life cycle. Mixing of foods allows the weevils to interact with one another and interbreed.
This may cause a difficult task to eliminate weevils as more genitival versions of weevils are created which may be resistant to pesticides or any other way.
Seal Food in Storage
Store all the perishable foods in tight sealed containers to prevent weevils from entering the container and lay eggs. Air tight container is also important in weevil control as the oxygen from the outside is prevented from entering the container with food. This prevents weevil survival in case there has been inhabitation.
Thoroughly wash any storage containers which had been infested with the weevils. Run them clean with a relevant dirt washer with hot water, rinse and dry. It is a way of successfully killing the eggs, larvae or the weevils themselves.
Use of pesticides
Use of Pyrethrins is the most effective way of getting rid of weevils using a pesticide. The chemical content in pyrethrins instantly kills the weevils. However since weevils live and breed in food, contaminating the food directly with an insecticide is not good for your health.
It is advisable to empty your cupboard before spraying it down. This prevents the food from directly contacting the chemical content in pyrethrins. Leave the cupboard empty for some hours after spraying before filling it back.
Try the natural ways to fight weevils – Use the Natural Weevil Control Bay leaves or cloves.
These are natural leaves with a natural weevil deterrent. Drop a bay leaf or two onto the top of the storage container with your foods after you have done you have frozen or heated the foods. This allows ultimate protection from weevils as the deterring smell from the bay leaves is repellent to weevils.
Use of Clovers
Cloves are another type of natural deterrents for weevils, they are similarly used as the Bay leaves. After treating your food with a hot or cold environment, drop a clover leaf on top of it before storage.
It is also good to scatter a couple or more around the cupboards and pantry. Cloves and bay leaves are the most economical ways of getting rid of the weevils as they are all over available naturally.
Use of matchbooks
Take a plain matchbook and open it. Set it in with your grains or pastas to prevent weevils. Apparently, matchbooks has a sulfur smell which naturally acts as a weevil repellent and deterrent. Using matchbooks is the simplest but funny way of controlling weevils.
Living in a weevil infested environment is deterrent to work, comfort and may cause severe losses when they infests in our crops and stores. However they are not much a challenge to stress up with. Weevil control tips are ways we can have weevil control at ease by using simple, reliable, environmental friendly and cheap resources within our reach and comfort.


Termites in Wisconsin
Termite Activity in Wisconsin
Termites are active across the state, from Washburn to Eau Claire to Green Bay and down to Madison and Milwaukee, Wisconsin.
What Types of Termites are in Wisconsin?
Are Formosan Termites in Wisconsin?
Formosan termites have not been identified in Wisconsin. This species typically lives in very warm locations in the southern U.S.
When Do Termites Swarm in Wisconsin?
Generally, termites swarm on a warm day after a rainfall. Swarms may occur during the winter in heated buildings. The swarming habit of the most common species in Wisconsin is described below.
- The eastern subterranean termite swarms during the daylight from March to May.
More Information about Termites in Wisconsin
According to Termite Infestation Probability Zones (TIP Zones), Wisconsin is located in TIP Zone #3 (slight to moderate), which means there is some potential for damage by termites. Areas with lower probabilities for activity require fewer termite control measures to meet International Residential Code building standards for new homes than areas with more frequent activity.
Although drywood termites are not established in Wisconsin, it is possible for this species to travel in wooden objects, such as furniture and wine crates, and establish colonies in the state. Drywood termites have been found in areas far from their native habitats. A licensed termite inspector can help identify species not native to the state.
In states like Wisconsin where termites are active, it is essential to maintain an effective termite prevention and control program. If you own a home in Wisconsin, talk to your termite control expert about methods to help protect your home from termite infestations and damage.


Compute positive-sequence component of three-phase signal at fundamental frequency
The Positive-Sequence (PLL-Driven) block computes the positive-sequence component (magnitude and phase) of the input 3 signal over a running window of one cycle of the fundamental frequency given by input 1. The reference frame required for the computation is given by the input 2. The first two inputs are normally connected to a PLL block.
The positive-sequence component of a three-phase signal (V1 or current I1) is computed as
A Fourier analysis over a sliding window of one cycle of the fundamental frequency (input 1) is first applied to the three input signals. The block evaluates the phasor values at the fundamental. Then the transformation is applied to obtain the positive sequence.
As the block uses a running average window to perform the Fourier analysis, one cycle of simulation must complete before the outputs give the correct magnitude and angle. For example, the block response to a step change of V1 is a one-cycle ramp. For the first cycle of simulation, the output is held constant to the values specified by the initial input parameters.
Specify the frequency of the first cycle of simulation.
The minimum frequency value determines the buffer size of the Variable Time Delay block used inside the block to compute the phasors.
Specify the initial positive-sequence magnitude and phase (relative to the PLL phase), in degrees, of the input signals.
Specify the sample time of the block, in seconds. Set to 0 to implement a continuous block.
Fundamental frequency (Hz) required by the computation. This input is normally connected to the Freq output of a PLL block.
Angle of the reference frame (rad/s) required for the computation. This input is normally connected to the wt output of a PLL block.
The vectorized signal of the three [a b c] sinusoidal signals. Typical input signals are voltages or currents measured by Current Measurement or Voltage Measurement blocks.
Outputs the magnitude of the positive-sequence component in the same unit as the input signal.
Outputs the phase of the positive-sequence component, in degrees, relative to the reference frame wt (input 2).
|Sample Time||Specified in the Sample Time parameter|
Continuous if Sample Time = 0
The power_PositiveSequencePLLDrivenpower_PositiveSequencePLLDriven model computes the positive-sequence component of a three-phase signal containing harmonics. It shows that the block outputs accurate magnitude and phase even if the fundamental frequency of the input signal varies during the simulation.
The model sample time is parameterized by the Ts variable set to a default value of 50e-6 s. Set Ts to 0 in the command window to simulate the model in continuous mode.


Handling food safely is the best way to prevent many of the illnesses related to food consumption. Making a sandwich is one thing but when it comes to handling uncooked and raw foods it is of vital importance that certain steps be taken to insure safety.
Perhaps the simplest to remember and easiest to do is to just wash your hands. There are many bad things that can be spread about on your hands. Washing your hands can reduce diarrheal disease-associated deaths by up to 50 percent. Wash your hands with soap for at least 20 seconds to make sure you get all areas. If you touch raw meat or fish, make sure you wash your hands again before touching any other food items.
Cross contamination is a big problem but an easy one to avoid. Cross contamination occurs when raw or unwashed food items come in contact with safe food items. This often happens during barbeques where people have a tendency to reuse plates or utensils. Juices from raw meats can also leak out and contaminate other food in the refrigerator. To prevent contamination, use different plates and containers and utensils for each raw meat item. If you wash any meat in the sink, make sure you clean the entire area thoroughly before using it for something else.
Make sure you cook meat thoroughly to get rid of any bacteria. Use a meat thermometer to insure the food is safe. For most meats the internal temperature at the thickest part should be 145 degrees, 160 degrees for ground meat.
When you’re done, store properly. Remember that bacteria multiply rapidly on food between the temperatures of 40 and 140 degrees. Milk is vulnerable so don’t leave it out too long. Make sure your refrigerator is maintained at a temperature of less than 40 degrees to prevent bacteria spreading. Be safe with the food you eat.


Convert circle 1-millimeter diam. (∅ 1 mm) versus hectare (ha)
in swapped opposite direction
from hectare to ∅ 1-millimeter circles
Or use utilized converter page with the
area surface multi-units converter
|conversion result for two |
surface area units:
|From unit |
|Equals Result||To unit |
|1 circle 1-millimeter diam. ∅ 1 mm||= 0.000000000079||hectare ha|
Prefix or symbol for circle 1-millimeter diam. is: ∅ 1 mm
Prefix or symbol for hectare is: ha
Technical units conversion tool for surface area measures. Exchange reading in ∅ 1-millimeter circles unit ∅ 1 mm into hectare unit ha as in an equivalent measurement result (two different units but the same identical physical total value, which is also equal to their proportional parts when divided or multiplied).
How many hectare are contained in one circle 1-millimeter diam.? To link to this surface area - circle 1-millimeter diam. to hectare units converter, only cut and paste the following code into your html.
The link will appear on your page as: on the web units converter from circle 1-millimeter diam. (∅ 1 mm) to hectare (ha)


Brahmas are an Asiatic breed of chicken, originating in the Brahmaputra region in India where they were known as “Gray Chittagongs.” Their heritage is unclear, but they are believed to be closely related to the Jungle Fowl (Gallus Gigantus) and the Cochin.
The first Brahmas were brought to the U.S. from British India in 1846, and were used as a utility fowl for their edibility and generous egg laying and hardiness even during the winter months, although today they are kept mainly for ornamental purposes as selection for utility has taken a back seat to selection for appearance. Some of the earliest imports to the U.S. reached weights of nearly 14 pounds, but rarely is such massive size seen today: standard weight for a cock is 11 pounds; hens are 8.5 pounds. By the 1870s Brahmas had become so popular that they were admitted into the American Poultry Association’s Standard of Perfection.
Brahmas are calm, friendly birds that make good pets or exhibition fowl. Males are calm and generally not aggressive towards humans. They are not skittish or easily scared, making them a popular choice for families with children. Due to their docile demeanor, Brahmas can be easily trained so that they can be handled by almost anyone. They should be hand trained when young because their large size makes them difficult to control in the early stages of training if they are full grown.
Brahmas are massive in appearance, in part due to profuse, loose feathering and feathered legs and toes. Approximate weights:
- Cock – 12 pounds (5.443 kg)
- Cockerel – 10 pounds (4.536 kg)
- Hen – 9 pounds
- Pullet – 8 pounds
The American Standard of Perfection recognizes three Brahma varieties: light, dark, and buff. The light Brahma has a base color of white, with black hackles edged in white and a black tail. The cocks’ saddle feathers in a light Brahma are striped with black. The dark Brahma has the most notable difference between cock and hen. The hen has a dark gray and black penciled coloration with the same hackle as the light whereas the cock has black and white hackles and saddle feathers, and a black base and tail. The wings of a dark Brahma are white-shouldered and the primary feathers (remiges) are edged with white. Buff Brahmas have the same pattern of black as light Brahmas, except with a golden buff base color instead of white. In Australia Brahma Breeders are creating more colours and along with the accepted American varieties – Light, dark, and buff the Australian Poultry Association have accepted black, blue, partridge, crele and even barred varieties of Brahma.
Pekin (not available anymore)
Pekin bantams are a True bantam, a breed of miniature chicken which has no large fowl counterpart,(also known as erroneously Cochin bantams, although in the UK Cochin bantams are simply miniaturised versions of large Cochin) are round, and their carriage tilts forward, with the head slightly closer to the ground than their elaborate tail feathers. This ’tilt’ is a key characteristic of the Pekin bantam. They have sometimes been described as looking like little walking teacosies, or feathery footballs. The cockerels often have longer feathers that protrude outwards from their feet. The range of Pekin colours is extensive, including black, white, buff, lavender, mottled and red – and the list is continually growing. Rarer colours are in great demand, and many breeders spend years perfecting new lines of colours in their birds.
Pekin Bantams are very docile, and with careful and regular handling they will be happy to sit on their owner’s lap to be stroked and petted. They make ideal pets for families with younger children for this reason. However, the Pekin bantam cockerels can still be aggressive and defensive of their territory and mates once they reach sexual maturity, but are generally gentle natured and have been known to share incubation of the eggs.
The hens are regularly broody and are known to be good sitters and attentive mothers.
Approximate weight (metric)
The first Pekins are alleged to have been looted from the private collection of the Emperor of China at Peking (former name of Beijing) towards the end of the Opium Wars around 1860. However, some sources suggest that a consignment of birds from China around 1835 were given to Queen Victoria, assuming the name of ‘Shanghais’ and that these birds were bred with further imports and were developed into the breed we know today as Pekin Bantams. They are known in America and Canada as Cochins. This is the subject of some debate within the pekin/cochin breeders community.
The Silkie (sometimes incorrectly spelled Silky) is a breed of chicken named for its atypically fluffy plumage, which is said to feel like silk. The breed has several other unusual qualities, such as dark blue flesh and bones, blue earlobes, and five toes on each foot (most chickens only have four). They are often exhibited in poultry shows, and come in several colors (red, buff, blue, black, white, and partridge).
In addition to their distinctive physical characteristics, Silkies are well known for their calm, friendly temperament. Among the most docile of poultry, Silkies are considered an ideal pet. Hens are also exceptionally broody, and make good mothers. Though they are fair layers themselves, only laying about three eggs a week, they are commonly used to hatch eggs from other breeds and bird species.
Silkies most likely originated in China, but Southeast Asia is also sometimes proposed. The first western account of the breed comes from Marco Polo, who mentioned chickens with fur-like plumage in his Asian travelogues in the 13th century. The Renaissance author Ulisse Aldrovandi also spoke of chickens akin to Silkies. Today, the breed is recognized for exhibition, and is fairly common in the poultry world.
It is unknown exactly where or when fowl with their singular combination of attributes first appeared, but the most well documented point of origin is China. Other places in Southeast Asia have been named as possibilities, such as India and Java.The earliest surviving written account of Silkies comes from Marco Polo, who wrote of a furry chicken in the 13th century, during his travels in Asia.In 1599, Ulisse Aldrovandi, a writer and naturalist at the University of Bologna, Italy, published a comprehensive treatise on chickens which is still read and admired today. In it, he spoke on “wool-bearing chickens” and ones “clothed with hair like that of a black cat”.
Silkies most likely made their way to the West via the Silk Route and maritime trade. The breed was recognized officially in the North America via acceptance in to the Standard of Perfection in 1874 (the first year of publication).Once Silkies became more common in the West, many myths were perpetuated about them. Early Dutch breeders told buyers they were the offspring of chickens and rabbits, while sideshows promoted them as having actual mammalian fur.
In the 21st century, Silkies are one of the most popular and ubiquitous ornamental breeds of chicken. They are often kept as ornamental or pet chickens by backyard keepers and in zoos, and are also often used to incubate and raise the offspring of other poultry (including waterfowl like ducks and geese) and game birds such as quail and pheasants.
Silkies are often a bantam breed, but this varies according to region, and many breed standards class them officially as large fowl. Almost all North American strains of the breed are bantam sized, but in Europe the large is the original version. However, even “large” Silkies are relatively small chickens, with standard bantam size males weighing only four pounds (1.8 kilos), and females weigh three pounds (1.36 kilos).The American Standard of Perfection calls for males that are 36 ounces (1 kilo), and females that are 32 ounces (910 grams).
Silkie plumage is unique among chicken breeds; Silkie-like feathering may appear as a recessive mutation in individuals of other varieties, but no other true breed has it. It has been compared to silk and to fur. Their feathers lack functioning barbicels, and are thus similar to down on other birds and leave Silkies unable to fly. The overall result is a soft, fluffy appearance.
Silkies appear in two distinct varieties: Bearded and Non-bearded. Bearded Silkies have an extra muff of feathers under the beak area that covers the earlobes. They also are separated according to color. Colors of Silkie recognized for competitive showing include Black, Blue, Buff, Gray, Partridge, Splash and White. Alternative hues, such as Cuckoo, Red, and Lavender, also exist. All Silkies have a small Walnut-type comb, dark wattles, and turquoise blue earlobes. In addition these defining characteristics, Silkies have five toes on each foot. Other breeds which exhibit this rare trait include the Dorking, Faverolles, and Sultan.
All Silkies have black skin, bones and grayish-black meat; their Chinese language name is wu gu ji literally “dark boned chicken”), meaning “black-boned chicken”.Melanism which extends beyond the skin into an animal’s connective tissue is a rare trait, and the Silkie is one of only a handful of chickens to exhibit it. Disregarding color, the breed does not generally produce as much as the more common meat breeds of chicken.
Silkies lay a fair number of cream-colored eggs, but production is often interrupted due to their extreme tendency to go broody; a hen will produce 100 eggs in an ideal year. Their capacity for incubation, which has been selectively bred out of most egg-laying fowl, is often exploited by poultry keepers by allowing Silkies to raise the offspring of other birds. In addition to being good mothers, Silkies are universally renowned for their calm, friendly temperament. They do well in confinement, and interact very well with children. This docility can cause Silkies to be bullied by more active or aggressive birds when kept in mixed flocks.
The Orpington is a breed of chicken named after Orpington, England,which was made famous in part by this breed. Belonging to the English class of chickens, it was bred to be an excellent layer with good meat quality.Their large size and soft appearance together with their rich color and gentle contours make them very attractive, and as such its popularity has grown as a show bird rather than a utility breed. They go broody very often, and make great mothers. Being rather heavy, they are able to fly small distances and rarely do, so they work well as backyard birds. Due to their build they do well in very cold climates. The fluff of their feathers allows rain water to penetrate, so they must be kept out of the rain.
The original Black Orpington was bred by William Cook in 1886 by crossing Minorcas, Langshans and Plymouth Rocks to create a new hybrid bird. Cook selected a black bird that would exhibit well by hiding the dirt and soot of London. The first Orpingtons looked very much like the Langshan. According to the British Poultry Standards, the White was bred in 1889, the Buff in 1894, and the Blue in 1905. When the breed was shown in Madison Square Gardens in 1895, its popularity soared.
The original colors are black, white, buff, blue and splash. Although there are many additional varieties recognized throughout the world, only the original colors are recognized by the American Standard, the Buff being the most common.In the beginning of the twentieth Century Herman Kuhn of Germany developed a Bantam variety.The Bantam retains the large appearance, but in a smaller size. Like the Standard varieties, there is a large variety of colors in the Bantam version (i.e. black, blue laced, white, buff, red, buff black laced, barred, buff columbian, and birchen.)The Bantam retains the friendly personality of the Standard breed, and seldom or never flies, so it too makes for a good backyard.
The Orpington has a heavy, broad body with a low stance, and the down from their body covers most of their legs.
Some characteristics of an Orpington are:
- Heavy weight (7 to 10 pounds),
- Soft, profuse feathering, which almost hides the legs of the bird,
- Curvy shape with a short back and U-shaped underline,
- A small head with a medium single comb.
- Large and usually easily tamed
- Fluffy feathers making it look distinctively large.
Approximate weight (metric)
The Cochin or Cochin China, originally known as the Chinese Shanghai, is a breed of chicken. The name Cochin came from the original Chinese name (in pinyin: jiujin huang, pronounced jil jin hwaang), meaning nine jin yellow, erroneously conflated with the then-current names for what are now parts of southern India and Vietnam, where jin is a traditional Chinese measurement of weight. In China itself, the name is actually used for any large chicken or even a dish made from one.
Cochin ancestors first originated in the united states after the Chinese Shanghai chicken, which was tight-feathered and had moderate to no feathers on their legs, was brought to the eastern coast around 1845. They soon became a hit, and Shanghai lovers took the fluffiest and most feather legged chickens to breed them for those traits exactly. Their result was vey nice, with the fully feather-legged and fluffy chicken we now call the Cochin. This began what was known as the “hen craze,” which stretched from the mid-1800’s to the early 1900’s, when people around the world bred chickens purely for their looks, rather than to create a better egg layer and such. The Cochin today is a very large, fluffy feathered bird with fully feathered legs and feet. Their very fluffy cushion and short, fluffy tail give them a unique look, with their short, curved-looking back as a result. The cochin is a hardy, friendly , and docile chicken. Cochins also will adapt very easily to confined spaces or open range. Cochin hens are fairly broody and good mothers, however, they are slow to mature. This breed was admitted into the APA in 1874. There are 18 colors of the cochin chicken, six of them being birchen, blue, buff, gold laced, red, and white. The standard-sized cochin is of the Asiatic class, and the roosters weight 11 pounds, while the hens weight 8.5 pounds. The bantam version of the cochin is of the feather legged class. The bantam rooster weighs on average 32 oz, while the hen weighs a smaller 28 oz. A male’s comb should be of medium zise, with five points that stick straight into the air. He should also have round and long wattles and earlobes. The female has a rather small comb, which conforms to their head. Their wattles and earlobes are small as well.
This chicken was originally bred in China and later exported to Britain and America in the mid 19th century. As a very distinctive breed of chicken, it apparently created a bit of a craze among poultry lovers in the English-speaking world, effectively launching poultry fancy as we know it today.Not only was this breed one of the largest seen, with cocks weighing up to 11 pounds (5 kg), but also the soft and plentiful plumage makes the bird quite conspicuous by exaggerating its already large size. Once in the United States, the breed underwent considerable development into its current state. There is also a bantam version, which is often called the “Pekin bantam”, but should not be confused with the separate true Pekin bantam.
As above, the most distinctive feature of the Cochin is the excessive plumage that covers leg and foot. The skin beneath the feathers is yellow and the egg colour is brown. Eggs are also medium in size. Standard weight is 11 pounds (5 kg) for a cock, 9 pounds (4 kg) for a cockerel, 8.5 pounds (3.9 kg) for a hen, and 7 pounds (3.2 kg) for a pullet. Colour varieties include buff, black, partridge, blue, silver laced, splash, golden laced, and white. Cochins also come in a variety called frizzled, in which the feathers are turned outward. Cochins are well known as good mothers, even as foster mothers for other breeds, and they can lay many eggs, but usually not for extended periods of time. Cochins are also known to be good pet hens for the garden, as they are tame and regarded as one of the most ‘friendly’ chicken breeds. Cochins are quiet chickens. They scarcely crow or cluck, only when laying eggs.
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“The wrath of God is being revealed from heaven against all the godlessness and wickedness of men who suppress the truth by their wickedness, since what may be known about is plain to them, because God has made it plain to them.”
The Scripture is a book that gives us an honest assessment of the real situation which we face in our lives. They present the facts and then challenge us to think them through to their logical conclusion. Years ago I had a High School history teacher who had a favourite expression. He would present us with a set of facts and then challenge us to “Think!” We would then begin to sift through the facts and draw conclusions which were supported by the information we had received. Nothing that was unsupported by the facts was allowed to stand. What does this have to do with the book of Micah or Paul’s letter to the Romans? It seems that each author starts with a set of facts, granted they are facts revealed by God, but facts none the less. They then begin to draw conclusions about human sinfulness in a way that is inescapable.
Micah looks at the fact of Jerusalem’s disobedience to the Covenant which god had established with His people. The reality of their sin led to a real experience of judgement. The Apostle Paul assesses the wickedness of human behaviour and sees the reality of God’s judgement falling upon humanity. In both cases what the biblical writer “sees” is a judgement that in essence amounts to God giving humanity over to a punishment which really fits the crime. The deadness of our lives is exposed for all to see. T. S. Eliot describes this so well in his poem “The Hollow Men”. In that poem the uselessness of human existence is exposed. Everything fails us. The Old Testament book of Ecclesiastes focuses upon the same reality, “Meaningless! Meaningless! Says the teacher. Utterly meaningless! Everything is meaningless.” Ecclesiastes 1:2. This Old Testament book explores this theme for twelve chapters and finally brings us to one final hope. This is that we must reverence God for this is the beginning of wisdom. There really is no other hope.
Dr. Tony Compolo expresses this truth by pointing out that when we work with youth and in reality any other age group, the reality we face is that there is an utter and complete deadness within. It is as if God has given us over to our sin. It has alienated us from Him and from one another. Humanly speaking, as we sift the evidence, we might conclude that our situation is utterly hopeless. If we come to that conclusion however we would be wrong. Humanly speaking it is hopeless, but our hope is not found in what we can do for ourselves, or for one another. It is found in that great act of grace accomplished by the Lord Jesus Christ upon Calvary’s Cross. He has taken upon Himself our sinful unbelief, and in exchange given us His perfect righteousness, leading to new life. This transaction accomplished entirely by God’s grace must simply be received by faith. In faith we receive His life for our death. Praise God!


Tips for Dental Hygiene
by Carol Hovis, Byrnes HEC Health Educator
In honor of National Dental Health Month in February, I am sharing the American Dental Association’s brushing and cavity prevention tips.
Taking care of your teeth and your children’s teeth is an important part of keeping yourself healthy. The American Dental Association says “Oral hygiene, just like diet and exercise, should be factored together when teaching children how to keep themselves healthy.” Let’s begin with brushing.
Brushing teeth twice a day with a soft bristled brush is a good start. Be sure to use a toothbrush that fits the size of the mouth (i.e. child’s size toothbrush for child’s mouth). For young children,
use a toothbrush and plain water when teeth start to appear. For children over 2, use a pea-sized amount of toothpaste with fluoride. Continue to assist your children until they are about six or seven years old. Encourage children and other family members to brush their teeth for about 2 minutes. This is a long time when you are brushing. There are toothbrushes that play music for two
minutes, sand timers that last for two minutes or you can simply use a timer on your cell phone.
Toothbrushes should be replaced every 3-4 months, or sooner if the bristles are frayed. Worn and fraying toothbrushes don’t do a good job of cleaning teeth. Be sure to use toothpaste with fluoride which strengthens tooth enamel.
Flossing should begin as soon as two teeth begin to touch. Young children will need you to continue flossing for them until you are comfortable that they no longer need your assistance. Your dentist will be able to inform you if your child is brushing and flossing properly.
For adolescent children, reminders may be needed about continuing good oral hygiene habits and making nutritious food and drink choices.
Do visit your dentist twice a year for regular check-ups and professional cleanings.
If you begin good oral hygiene at an early age, your children will be more likely to continue those good habits as they grow up.