Where are contacts located on Xperia P internal storage? I have SE xperia P, and it stopped working, or at least the display did. I can access the internal memory (where I've been saving all contacts, which i didn't back up), is it possible to find and extract them? If so, how.



These file I see when i connect the phone to PC, but I have no idea where to find contacts or SMS/MMS and such.
You need a phone with root access. The folder that usually stores the contacts is data/data/com.android.providers.contacts/databases/contacts.db As  you would imagine they are placed in a 'safer' part of the device storage. 

However, the /data folder is accessed via root directory / 

You can root the device or you can use a Contacts Contract to access the database programatically, but as a normal user you can't. 

As noted in the comments /android/data is not the same as /data