Do you need to run uninstallers/cleaners on Android to maintain performance levels like on Windows? You'll have to forgive me as I'm not as familiar with the internal workings of Android/Linux as I am with Windows.

I'm curious about performance degrading on an Android device in the absence of, for lack of a better term, maintenance. When I try out a bunch of apps and then uninstall them, do I need to run any sort of cleanup? I know Android doesn't have a registry like Windows but does it have some part of the operating system that gets cluttered up and needs to be tended to/purged over time?
As for uninstalling apps, I don't think so.  Standard apps (ones that don't use root access) have at most three parts:
A single executable file

A .apk archive containing the entire app -- similar to Windows apps that are entirely contained in a .exe file (like most installers: It not only carries all the code it needs but also all pictures, config files it needs, etc.)

It is stored in /data/app usually


A single folder containing all userdata

This is for things like settings storage, or caches

Although this is comparable to yoir appdata folder it doesn't get cluttered because apps are only allowed a single folder here that is managed completely by the system and is easily deleted when uninstalled

Stored in /data/data


Possibly another folder in /sdcard/Android/data

Basically the same as the /data/data folder but if the app needs a lot of space for extra files it puts them here

When an app is uninstalled, all these parts are destroyed by the system, so I can't think of anything that would get cluttered but the fragmentation of the sdcard.  DO NOT download any defrag apps (I haven't found a single one that wasn't some sort of scam).  Instead, get a card reader and defrag it on your PC if need be.
Edit: As suggested by Izzy below, SD Maid is a nice manager/cleaner