How do I configure ADB for the Huawei U8650 on Windows? I have an Huawei U8650 smartphone. And, as I understand, I need system device drivers for it to be able to develop and debug applications for it using Windows.

On Linux this is as simple as just typing an identifier number in a few places and I'm able to run and debug applications. However I can't seem to find the appropriate drivers to be able to do this on Windows.

Does anyone have any idea how to set it up on a Windows machine?
As pendant to the UDEV setup you describe in your question, Windows needs a special driver. Until recently that meant the manufacturer had to provide one matching to the device; but luckily we now have the Universal Android USB Driver, which should work for most devices. If that doesn't work for yours, you need to check with Huawei for a specific driver.