Is possible to charge device and provide data transfer using a single USB port? I have a tablet that only has one USB port that it used to recharge the battery (so no extra charger port), and I need to connect another device to it (ex: USB drive or printer) that only needs to transfer data (ie it does not need power from the USB) at the same time the charger is on.

                       ____________
                      |            |
                      |   TABLET   |
                      |____________|
                             |
                     ________|________   
              ______|____      _______|_______
             |           |    |               |
             | USB DRIVE |    |    CHARGER    |
             |___________|    |_______________|


There are some cables that allow to connect those devices (like the one pictured below), but it seems that applied to the example above it would provide energy to the USB drive and not to the tablet.



Is this possible? Do you guys know anything that can make this work?
It is depending on your device. Some Samsung Tablets can be charged while using OTG with special adapters. The cable you post in your question don't work.
Some devices have a special mode for USB Host and changing at the same time. Most devices can only charge OR host.