Viewing File System through a Windows Laptop I have a HTC Desire X running Android 4.0.4 (not rooted). 
When I connect my phone to my Win7 Laptop, from my laptop, this is the filesystem I see


LOST.DIR (Empty)
Android\data\com.htc.album.thumbnails\


00,01,02,03,04,05,06,07,08,09,11,12,12_720,carmode

\DCIM\100MEDIA (Empty)
.data\mail\attachthumb (Empty)


Where is the rest of my file system? The OS, the programs etc?
Is there a way to view it from my laptop?
As Shywim wrote, direct access from your Windows PC is limited to certain directories – by default. But there are some helpers available to give you more details. Some examples include:


DavDrive Lite – make the local file system available via WebDAV. This would require another 3rd party tool on your Windows PC (some WebDAV client)
FTPServer – a small and lightweight FTP server. I'm not sure how much of your internal storage can be exposed with this without root.
AirDroid – access your files (and much more) via your web browser on the PC. AirDroid is a feature-loaded remote maintenance tool for your Android device, and does much more than just let you copy/paste files.
As you're using Windows: MyPhoneExplorer Client might be worth a look as well. It requires a PC companion (available for free on their website), and offers you a lot of additional features to maintain your Android device remotely.


Of course, there would be other means. Also already mentioned was ADB. For this, you might want to take a look at QtADB as graphical frontend – and at Is there a minimal installation of ADB? for how to get ADB set up without too much overhead.