ODIN configuration file - elements' meanings I started this question in order to have more light shed on a tool that's used by almost all the Samsung device owners that perform operations such as flashing: ODIN.

Since there's already a good answer that covers the meaning behind the most commonly used checkboxes, I would like to make everyone think about the ODIN configuration file, namely Odin3.ini. This file resides in the same position as the ODIN main executable, and it's mandatory in order to run the program itself. Its content (v.3.10.7) can be observed below:

[Option]
Title=odin
FactoryResetTime=1
OptionEnable=1
SLP=0
AuthorityKey=pw
RtnForSprint=1


[APOption]
RePartition=0
AutoReboot=1
FResetTime=1
FlashLock=0
TFlash=0
NandErase=0


[CPOption]
PhoneEFSClear=0
PhoneBootUpdate=0k

[UIOption]
LED=0


[ButtonOption]
Bootloader=1
PDA=1
Phone=1
CSC=1
UMS/PATCH=0
USERDATA=0

[D300Jig]
;[0] not use / COM [1~2] usable
D300COM=0
;[0] not use / [1] use
MicroCable=0

[PortArrange]
;SAMSUNG Mobile Modem port (for Download mode)
DPort0=
DPort1= 
DPort2=
DPort3= 
DPort4= 
DPort5=
DPort6=
DPort7=
;SAMSUNG Android USB Modem port (for Samsung Kies)
SPort0=
SPort1=
SPort2=
SPort3=
SPort4=
SPort5=
SPort6=
SPort7=


As of recently, I performed some tests on the abovementioned values. You can see my findings in the answer below, which is freely editable by anyone.

Now comes the question part: was anyone able to ascertain the usage of those settings I was unable to/didn't test? For instance:


Usefulness of FactoryResetTime - it doesn't reset the flash counter, before you say that;
FTP connection output after editing SLP;
Eventual output of DeviceInfo;
Usage of AuthorityKey;
Usage of RtnForSprint (only v3.10.7);
Usage of the T Flash checkbox;
What's supposed to be chosen as UMS/PATCH file - I've never seen one.


And yes, I'm aware that this is a bit of work, it's broad, and that it's not strictly related to Android. However, I found nothing on the XDA community, and I feel that we've yet to discover the real power of this ODIN tool. Any answer about this topic has the potential to help Samsung users out there to better understand this piece of software.
As suggested by @MatthewRead, this answer will reflect the same fashion of the question - it will be editable by anyone who has something useful to say.

In regards to the original question, here are my latest findings:


For label [Options]:


Title: string. Used for changing the string displayed near "Odin"; freely customizable;
FactoryResetTime: unknown. I was able to change this value, but nothing happened;
OptionEnable: flag. When set to 0, it makes any setting greyed out;
PhoneEnable: flag. Usually not present in a fresh Odin3.ini, can be manually added. When set to 1, it makes Phone EFS Clear and Phone Bootloader Update selectable;
DeviceInfo: flag. Usually not present in a fresh Odin3.ini, can be manually added. When set to 1, it makes the DeviceInfo checkbox available. Ticking the checkbox doesn't produce any result;
SLP: flag. When set to 1, makes the program try a connection to 165.213.149.206 via FTP, in order to search for updates of the main executable. NOTE: I backtracked the IP, and it indeedly is a Korean server;
AuthorityKey: unknown. This seems like a string of some kind, and I think it's connected to the previous parameter, but I've no clues;
RtnForSprint: flag. Untested.

For label [APOption]:


From RePartition to NandErase: flags. Editing them modifies the default behaviour of the corresponding option (0 = unticked / 1 = ticked).

For label [CPOption]:


PhoneEFSClear: flag. Usually, the corresponding checkbox is greyed out. By changing the value to 1, it's possible to make it be checked, but still greyed out. Doing so will make the application prompt you to choose a firmware file, preventing you to start the flashing process only for, say, rebooting;
PhoneBootUpdate: apparently flag. The default value of 0k may seem odd, but this flag does the same thing as the previous one, on the Phone Bootloader Update checkbox.

For label [UIOption]:


LED: unknown. It may be anything: I changed this value, but nothing happened.

For label [ButtonOption]:


From Bootloader to UMS/PATCH: flags. Editing them enables or "greyes" out the corresponding checkbox (0 = disabled / 1 = enabled);
USERDATA: unknown, possibly flag. Since I didn't find any reference for this value in the program's code, I guess that this is a feature that will be developed in the future. For now, it does nothing.

For label [D300Jig]:


D300COM: integer. I changed this value, but nothing happened;
MicroCable: flag. I changed this value, but nothing happened.

For label [PortArrange]:


From DPort0 to SPort7: unknown. Untested.



Notes:


SLP: as previously mentioned, this flag triggers a FTP connection to a hard-coded IP address. I think that it may be useful in order to update Odin from a trusted source, but I've no proof. It would be useful if someone with an outdated Odin tests this;
D300Jig: I found a reference to this section in Odin's code, along with a string that's supposed to be displayed at output. Still, I wasn't able to make it work. Two Russian forums claim it to be a way to flash firmwares on old devices wo/ neither Loke nor the Recovery partition. More research is needed.