How can I find out the make and model of the chips in my device? I'm trying to find out what kind of GPS receiver is in my phone. Every spec sheet is vague on this. I can easily find out what kind Soc or CPU it has, but parts like GPS and FM receivers, Bluetooth modules, Gyroscope etc. are not listed anywhere.

Is there any way to find it out?
For the best resource out there, use PDADB.

This details every comprehensive chip-set used, for the Droid Charge, this is the spec sheet given.

As for Huawei U8160, this is the spec sheet given on that page.

Depending on how open the manufacturer is with the more intimate details, some may be marked proprietary which will be stated clearly. 

The other way of doing it, in the case of the Droid Charge which is a Samsung model, might be to hit up on the Samsung's open source site, and look for the appropriate kernel version for that handset and examine the kernel configuration as appropriate.