How to find and access "device folder" using PC? I have a rooted Android phone. I would like to access the device folder in order to find all these other folders: acct, cache, config, d, data, dev, efs, ect, factory.

Here's a picture in order to be more clear:

(Click image to enlarge)



However, when I connect the phone to the PC (running Ubuntu) using the USB cable the only thing that I find are the Card and Phone folders:



If I try to look for the folders listed previously, I cannot find anything!

I already know how to find and access them using apps like ES File Explorer, however, my goal is to find and access those folders using my PC without using apps! What should I do?
What You see is output of libmtp (Media transfer protocol) and appropriate plugins for file-manager. To access root directory of Android device from Linux, you might use 

a) adb shell (using terminal - easy solution)
b) several mtp packages listed nicely here

steps described in b) should allow You to mount root of Android device and access it from file manager, however it requires some non-trivial system modifications.