I can just access Google and YouTube via a Wi-Fi hotspot created by my Windows 7 laptop. What’s wrong? I have followed every step of this instruction, but my Android phone can only access Google and YouTube – and no other websites. What is wrong?

It may be due to a DNS-server problem, but I cannot figure out how to fix this. When connecting to the hotspot, I cannot change any DNS-settings.
Since the hosted Wi-Fi network is just like any normal Wi-Fi connection, you have to modify it, preferably using static IP address (this lets you change DNS settings as well)


Firstly check your IP, DNS settings on your windows machine by running ipconfig/all. Take note of the Microsoft Hosted Network Virtual Adapter.
Basically you need to check its configured (Preferred) IP address, you need this later to use as your gateway and(or) primary DNS server. 
On your android device, long press on your newly created network and select modify.
On the IP settings, select Static and choose the IP address (check with your gateway for IP address range e.g gateway= 192.168.37.1, your desired IP will be anything from 192.168.37.1-255 etc)
Fill the first DNS (aka DNS 1) with the gateway IP address
Second entry choose any custom DNS e.g 8.8.8.8 or 8.8.4.4(Alternatively you can configure all Google DNS entries)


Edit


Your issue seems strange I reckon you need to reset IP settings and flush DNS:
open command prompt and enter the commands:

netsh winsock reset all
netsh int 6to4 reset all
netsh int ipv4 reset all
netsh int ipv6 reset all
netsh int httpstunnel reset all
netsh int isatap reset all
netsh int portproxy reset all
netsh int tcp reset all
netsh int teredo reset all



This will clear the stored DNS cache in Windows. When the DNS becomes corrupt you will not be able to get to some sites. Flushing and rebuilding the DNS will fix that problem.
Also resets Winsock entries &amp; resets TCP/IP stack.

Update


The problem has since been resolved by using the settings below in the Internet Protocol property (of the configured adapter) in Windows:




Then on your android device set up static settings as describe above



This successfully resolved the matter:


  You forgot to mention that The preferred and alternative DNS server
  should be 8.8.8.8 and 8.8.4.4 in Windows’ Internet Protocol
  Properties. You did not write anything into it, and I did not think
  about it either. But now it works perfectly!