How sensitive are feedforward Neural Network to weight changes? Let's consider the space of feedforward neural networks with a given structure: $L$ layers, $m$ neurons per layer, ReLu activation, input dimension $d$, output dimension $k$. 

Which means I'm considering the map $F: \mathcal{W}_1 \times \mathcal{W}_2 \times \dots \times \mathcal{W}_L \times \mathbb{R}^d \to \mathbb{R}^k$, where $\mathcal{W}_i$ is the space of possible weights for layer $i$. We also assume, for simplicity, that every weight matrix has a norm upper bounded by a constant $M$. 
Let's now assume that I have fixed parameters so that we obtain $v = F(W_1, \dots, W_L, x^*) \in \mathbb{R}^k$ (note that $x^*$ is fixed as well).

Now imagine that I inject some random noise $\eta \in \mathbb{R}^{m \times m} $ in a weight matrix $W_i$, where the norm of the noise is 10% of the norm of the matrix, e.g. $||\eta|| = ||W_i||/10$  . How does it affect my final output? 

which means, what's the expected value of $||v - v_*||$, where $v_*$ is the output of the network obtained after the small changes in the weights described before?

Note that this has nothing to do with the learning process, it's just about the sensitivity/resistance of a neural network with respect to random noise injected in a weight matrix.
you are asking for the condition I would say.
If you skim through the formulae, the german explanation is more
detailed.
In particular, the absolute condition at $x$ is defined as  $\kappa_{\text{abs}}:= \lim \sup _{\tilde{x} \rightarrow x} \frac{||f(x) - f(\tilde{x})||}{||x - \tilde{x}||}$, which means $\kappa_{\text{abs}} \geq 0 $ is the smallest number such that
there is a $\delta &gt;0 $ so that all $\tilde{x}$ with $||\tilde{x}-x|| &lt; \delta $ it holds that $|| f(\tilde{x})-f(x) || \leq \kappa_\text{abs} || \tilde{x} - x ||.$
The relative condition $\kappa_{\text{rel}} \geq 0 $ at $x$ is the smallest number such that there is a $\delta &gt; 0 $ so that all $\tilde{x}$ with $||\tilde{x}-x|| &lt; \delta $ satisfy:
$ \frac{|| f(\tilde x)-f(x) ||}{||f(x)||} \leq \kappa_\text{rel} \frac{|| \tilde{x} - x ||}{||x||}.$
The difference is thus, that the $\kappa_{\text{rel}}$ compares the relative change of the output with the relative change of the input.
In general, let $\tilde{f}$ denote an approximation of the real function $f$, $\tilde{x}$ the input with some noise, then there are 4 categories in numerics:

condition: Analyze $||f(x)-f(\tilde{x})||$
stability: Analyze $||\tilde{f}(x)-\tilde{f}(\tilde{x})||$
consistence: Analyze $||\tilde{f}(x)-f(x)||$
convergence: Analyze $||\tilde{f}(\tilde{x})-f(x)||$.

Your question is also related to adverserial attacks. You can have a look into the literature.
Note also that $\kappa_{\text{rel}} = \frac{||Df(x)||||x||}{||f(x)||}$, so that you could compute the condition number for any given neural network.