Generation of institution names I have found a number of parsers for the automatic extraction of institution names from texts (e.g. this one). My task is in a sense the inverse one: I want to automatically generate reality-like institution names, with a possibility to differentiate them by type (private-held, public, educational, etc.) and by branch.
Is there any algorithm / application / papers to be found? Alternatively, is there any (free access) database with such data?
Conditional on you having data, yes, you can. Check out Generative Adversarial Networks and/or Reinforcement Learning for text generation. This paper is a good starting point: https://openreview.net/forum?id=rJedV3R5tm.
Also, here's a tool that might help you. What you can do is generat these institution names without differentiating by type, and then build another model to classify them.