Intuitive explanation on why stochastic encoding performs better in channel coding I am a little confused about stochastic encoding in channel coding. For example, in the identification problem (R. Ahlswede and G. Dueck, “Identification via channels”), the authors claim that we can achieve nearly 0 probability of error when using $O( \log \log M)$ bits, where $M$ is the total number of messages. Instead, deterministic encoding would require us to use at least $O(\log M)$ bits instead.
Can anyone give an intuitive explanation of why stochastic encoding is so effective? One possible idea which opposes the result is that the stochastic code would result in many possible codes for a single message which should make it more difficult for the decoder as the codes are now more 'tightly packed', i.e., there are many more valid codes possible for the same number of bits transmitted.
Well, I think you are conflating two things. It is correct that in a lot of settings probabilistic encoding (e.g., Polar Codes, Convolutional Codes, LDPC Codes) [assuming you know a good model for the noise process of the channel] does much better than algebraic coding, intuitively because channels have memory and block codes ignore that memory.
However, Ahlswede's Identification Problem is quite different. It is NOT a traditional channel coding problem There is a good review  here
The author states

In the problem of identification via channels, introduced by Ahlswede and Dueck the receiver is only
interested in testing whether a particular message was sent, but the encoder does not know which message
the decoder wants. Errors are now considered in terms of false alarm and missed identification. It turns out
that for this case, one can design systems such that the number of different messages one can identify grows
doubly exponentially with the blocklength. The trick is that each message can map into a list of codewords
and the encoder selects one randomly. As long as the fraction of the pairwise overlap of these lists is small,
the error probabilities will be small