An algorithm for identifying a fruit with words Let's say a person picked up a fruit and wanted to identify it.

The person knows certain features about the fruit, such as its color and where it was plucked from, but not its name. They also have knowledge that's relevant for identifying the fruit, but they're not aware that it's relevant (such as the color of the soil below them).

What algorithm could you use to narrow the space of possible answers, such that you could identify the fruit with questions and facts alone?

For an example of how an algorithm/software might work:

Question One

"Is this fruit red?"

Yes / No

Question Two

"Did you find this fruit in May?"

Yes / No

Question Three

"Does this fruit taste sour?"

Yes / No

Question Four

"Does the fruit feel hard?"

Yes / No

A bit like the game of 20 Questions, except in this case, the person does not know what the answer may be—only certain characteristics of the answer.

Is there any algorithm or approach that might work to solve this problem in this particular way?
Have a look at decision trees. 

You might rather quickly see a connection to your problem: think about what you should have at each node of the tree and what at each edge. Then think about what should be at the leaves (or very bottom) of the tree and how that might answer your problem.