Describing the Bool-And monoid in terms of categories Normally I put the question before the context, but in this case I want to admit
the possibility that the context and my understanding nullify the question.
Plus it helps me think through my question.

I recently started reading Category Theory for Programmers (Bartosz
Milewski), and this is my
understanding of categories: they are "algebraic structures" which consist of
objects and arrows/morphisms between those objects. The morphisms have to obey
the laws of associativity, so

$$ a \rightarrow ( b \rightarrow c ) = ( a \rightarrow b ) \rightarrow c $$

And there must be an identity morphism for each object.

Now, Milewski goes on to explain that monoids (which I'm pretty comfortable with
in the set-theoretic sense) are also viewable as categories. This is the part I
am having trouble with. One of the exercises in the book is to consider the
Boolean-and monoid (booleans with the and operator) as a category:


  Represent the Bool monoid with the AND operator as a category: List the
  morphisms and their rules of composition.


I want to give some examples, which I'll do in a SML (though I'll borrow Haskell names).

The monoid could be described set-theoretically with the following signature:

signature MONOID = sig
  type m
  val mempty : m
  val mappend : m -&gt; m -&gt; m
end


Further, the monoid for booleans with the and operator would be given as

structure BoolAnd : MONOID = struct
  type m = bool
  val mempty = true
  fun mappend x y = x andalso y
end


So, here is my understanding of this monoid as a category and its morphisms: is
it correct?


The objects in the category are booleans (true and false) and functions from
booleans to booleans
BoolAnd.mappend is a morphism from the former to the latter
mappend true is an identity morphism for the function objects in the
category (I say "an" because isn't the actual identity function fun id x = x
also an identity morphism for the functions, thanks to polymorphic types? Or
does that not count in category-land? I know that mappend true is equivalent
to the identity function under composition of functions with type bool -&gt; bool.)
the identity morphism for boolean objects appears to be just fun id (b:bool) = b
the given identity morphisms should be associative:


(* example, not proof *)
- open BoolAnd;
- (id o (mappend true)) o not;
val it = fn : bool -&gt; bool
- it false;
val it = true
- id o ((mappend true) o not);
val it = fn : bool -&gt; bool
- it false;
val it = true


The rules of composition seem to be that mappend true is the identity, while
mappend false is a "sink" of sorts, causing the resulting function to always
return false. But id and mappend don't directly compose, because the types
do not align (when id is specialized to booleans, as in the bullets above).

Am I missing something? Is something wrong? Did I give too much detail (there
seems to be an emphasis on avoiding digging in to the objects too much)?

I ask this both to confirm my understanding so that I have a good foundation for
the remainder of the book and also because it took me a long time to identify
the objects and morphisms at work; some of them I am still shaky about.
Monoids are one-object categories. The elements are morphisms, monoid multiplication is composition and the monoid identity is the identity morphism.

In the case of Booleans-with-AND the monoid is $M = (\{\top, \bot\}, \land, \top)$. The category therefore has a single object (we could call it $M$) with two morphisms $\top : M \to M$ and $\bot : M \to M$. Composition is given by $\land$ and the identity morphism is $\top$.



To give a little more context, there is a way to view a monoid in such a way that the objects are the elements of the monoid: as a discrete (no non-identity morphisms) monoidal category. Category Theory for Programmers covers the topic of monoidal categories in Chapter 22, "Monads Categorically".