How to create a page category of products in Commerce 2? Usually in commerce 1 did:
Display-products (node), in which field "Catalog" of taxonomy-term.
Create a displays. Go to the term page and see all products! Great!

In commerce 2 tried to do but failed, probably because product is not a node, and the view for taxonomy, only works on him and no teaser.

Tell me, how do organized easy catalog on commerce2?

Preferably without the panels and search_api. Thank you.
Unfortunately, this is an issue with Drupal core itself and the Views module.

As you mentioned right now the taxonomy term views in core has Content: has taxonomy term ID which only work with nodes. 

It should be Entity: has taxonomy term ID so it can handle other entities such as Drupal Commerce products

There's an issue in Drupal core/views here that you can read about it, for the time being there's a module that will help you out with this situation.

Commerce: Product taxonomy filter


  The Module extends Taxonomy module from Drupal core and provides a new
  contextual filter "Product has taxonomy term ID (with depth)".


Note that the contexual filter has to know your entity reference machine name