Advanced Views Filter I would like to build a view (slideshow) of profiles, which is relatively easy to do. However I would like to filter them based on a node field of the page the view will be displayed on.
I defined a new content type called Category, where I describe categories in more detail. One of the node fields is called category.

My profiles also have a field category. The idea is that when a user views the node Category A, I would like to display a view showing all the profiles belonging to Category A. When the view Category B, I would like to display all the profiles belonging to Category B.

Can this be done via Contextual Filters? If so, how?

I'm not sure if this helps but the Category values are stored in Taxonomy.
Add contextual filter on term id  
select Provide default value
select type content id from url
also change your path to [your_path]/%