How to selectively import and export specific content without overriding existing destination database? I want my client to contribute content to the website, but the problem is, I'm simultaneously doing work on the site, modules, theming, adding stuff also etc...

I'm aware of the features module and can import and export selective tables with backup migrate or even phpmy admin, but it's tedious and error prone...

What data I want to import and export is:

- Content type
- Taxonomies
- Content itself including text and images(can ftp them manually no problem)


What would be an easy and simple solution for this without getting into code or shell access?
As you already mentioned, use features module to transfer configuration. 

For actual content, you will need to use Views Data Export to export stuff. Make a CSV file. 

VDE tutorial

Then use Feeds module to import the CSV file content into your other site.

Feeds Tutorial

Alternatively, for nodes you could just use Node Export, but you will still need feeds for the taxonomy importing.