Is there some way to compress CSS and Javascript only for certain users? When I check the source of my web pages I am appalled at the amount of Javascript links in the page, but I have disabled the CSS and JS compression as I am often in development mode.

Is there some way to disable the compression for admins and developers and enable it only for viewers?
You're looking for AdvAgg. If the user has the correct permissons you can add ?advagg=-1 to the URL and all CSS/JS files are un-aggregated for that page request. You can also set a cookie on the admin/config/development/performance/advagg/operations page so you no longer need to add that to every URL.