How to add fields to a content type? I installed Drupal 8 minimum. 
Create content type. Like normal there is one field. The body field. 

I can't add an other field. In extend/modules all field types are enabled. Also fields and fields UI. What am I missing or have to enable to add fields to content type like: Image, link, references, etc.

I ran drush cr a couple of times.
I highly suggest that you do not use the minimal install in Drupal, and go with the standard install. 

It is way more efficient to use the standard install and then remove the modules that you do not want, than to use the minimal install and install a bunch of stuff.