How do I make rows of views blocks on a basic page reacting collectively to an exposed filter? I have to make a page, containing 3 rows with 3 blocks with content teasers.
Preferably the page layout should be made through a basic page content type item, through the Layout Builder, so it is easy to add other stuff. 

At the top of the page should come a view's exposed filter for the teasers. So, the teasers that are shown must be filtered for some selected content types plus for some taxonomy terms. I've been able to make that filter on a normal view page. Also I accomplished to get the filter in a separate block. But, because of the fact that both a basic page and a view page need a url, I couldn't accomplish this idea. 

Is it possible to make a basic page with separate rows of view blocks via the Layout Builder, reacting collectively to an exposed views filter?
Views Attachments Displays have the option to inherit the exposed and contextual filters from the Views displays they're attached to. So you can try to create one Views Page Display with some of your results, then create as many Attachment Displays (not Block Displays) as you need and attach them to the Page Display. 

I haven't tried the Layout Builder with different Views displays like that, but I think it may work to rearrange them a bit. 

I think you could also have Views Blocks (that are on the same Views) share the same Exposed filter settings (don't override them), and use the Exposed filter in a block option where you place the exposed filter part of Views as a block in a theme region instead of always appearing it automatically above the Views results. 

You may also want to check out the Views Global Filter module that affects all Views exposed filters once a user chooses one option.