How do I enable a module by exporting the configuration? I enabled these core modules: Language, Content translation, Config translation, and Interface translation. I exported the core.extensions.yml file, but when I placed the same file in the development environment, those modules weren't installed.

How can I install modules by exporting the configuration?
You need to import the configuration from the file, into the database. Configuration files are only a backup to configuration. The active configuration is in the database.

You can import configuration at /admin/config/development/configuration or run drush cim.