Creating a "Related pages" view which also excludes the current node I want to create a view-block of related articles. The base for distinction is a given vocabulary. 

The node which serves as base to such related content list should be excluded from the list.

I couldn't find a way to achieve it with the basic type of view-arguments "Filter criteria". Maybe it is possible somehow with the seemingly more complex types of view-arguments "Contextual filters" ?
If you use Views content panes and Panelizer, then:


Set up the view as a content pane with argument input for the Node ID (Nid). Then, set up a contextual filter for Content: Nid and check the "Exclude" box.
In Panelizer, add the view pane and pass the current node ID to the content pane as a the Nid argument.