Get taxonomy terms by taxonomy term id When I'm on a taxonomy term page, I want to list all my taxonomy in that vocabulary.

So I have a taxonomy term ID in the URL. I need to lookup which vocabulary has this value, than list all the values of that vocabulary.
You'll need a Taxonomy Term view with a Taxonomy vocabulary: Vocabulary ID contextual filter. 

The problem here is there isn't a core-provided argument plugin for a default value. The closest thing is the Taxonomy term ID from URL provider, but it supplies the Term ID, not the Vocab ID. So you can: 


Use the PHP Code plugin provided by Views to retrieve the term ID and return the vocab ID. (Not recommended, as it could cause various problems &amp; won't be compatible with D8).
Implement a custom module with views integration via hook_views_plugins() and a handler that extends the views_plugin_argument_default class. (You can use the Views module's 
views_plugin_argument_default_taxonomy_tid provider as an example).