Is it possible to export specific components of a .blend file? Let's say I've made a nice rig, but it relies on a Python script I made. I prepare a .blend file to distribute: I put all of the objects into a group and a store the script with a conspicuous name.

In order for some unwitting user to use my rig in one of their files, they must use the Append function once to import the group (.blend → Groups → [group]), and once more to import my script (.blend → Text → [script]).

While it's only a mild annoyance for those who know what they're doing, inexperienced users often get confused with this, especially with extra clutter whilst Appending (Scene? Node Tree? Brush? FreestyleLineStyle?).

Is it possible by any means to export specifically the components I'd like a user to import, like specifically this group and specifically this text and nothing else from the file?

Ideally, opening the resulting export would import the chosen components, eliminating the need to Append at all.
You can simply create one new "partial" file, and import into it only (eg) armatures, from your "complete" file and share that "partial" , of course. 

Or create a copy of the "complete" file and delete everything except (eg) armatures. There is no "export only (eg) armatures" command.