Does blender offer a posterization option for rendering? For example zbrush has the following option:

http://docs.pixologic.com/user-guide/materials-lights-rendering/posterization/

Maya has vector renderer which create a comic like poster effect. Does blender's option for posterization work with animation?
Not as such, no. But there is a toon shader for Blender Internal, and some similar results have been developed for Cycles.

What is probably more useful to you is a compositing setup that will operate on the render, rather than the material. Some success has been had with this node setup, using the "Round" algorithm. It separates RGB, rounds each to the nearest 0.1, and then recombines them.

Hope that helps!