Analog Reference and Power Voltage On the Arduino website it states that the analog pins read voltages from 0 to 5 volts (default) and return a value from 0 to 1023. One can also set the range with analogReference(). However, this is probably assuming the Arduino is running at 5 volts. If one powers the board with, say 4 volts, will the analog reference still be 5 volts default, or changed to the input voltage of 4 volts?
Your suspicions are correct. Calling analogReference() with a value of DEFAULT sets the ADC reference to the voltage at AVCC which at least on the Uno R3 is tied directly to VCC and hence has the same voltage as whatever you're supplying there.