Can a DC motor use more current than its datasheet? I am using small dc motors connected to the 5V of the arduino which is known to provide 200mA without damaging it.

The motor I am using is a very common one found in toys -> https://www.sparkfun.com/datasheets/Robotics/ROB-09608.jpg

As I see the maximum current of this motor is 170mA. Does it mean that the motor will not drain more current than that or it means that I need to use a resistor in series with my 5V in order to make sure the current will not pass 170mA?
YES (typically resulting in melting the coils). The current used by standard or brushless motors is related to the voltage applied and the load applied. As you approach the load limit, current rises over the limit. There are many ways to control this but controlling the load is the easiest way. DO NOT run the motor through the Arduino even if you think it will be under the 200mA limit. Motors produce a lot of spikes and back-flow. 

Here's a tutorial on safely running a motor and controlling the speed: https://learn.adafruit.com/adafruit-arduino-lesson-13-dc-motors/overview