How to link a computer processor to an Arduinno on a board? I am completely new to Arduinno, so please forgive if the question is stupid.

Here is the problem: I have a project where I want an Arduino (or similar microchip board) to handle some sensors and actuators. But I need very advanced "artificial intelligence" to handle the data provided by those sensors.
There are two major obstacles for placing this intelligence on the Arduinno, according to my researches. 


First, the Arduinno is coded in a language similar to C: I could of course find a way to write the intelligence, but it will be a time-consuming task for the developper
Second, I might encounter a problem with memory: I will store heavy matrix of data, do complicated calculation, and this might be too much for an Arduinno
Third, I read on stackexchange that there are some ways to compile Python code on Arduinno boards, such as the Arduinno Mega. So I can code this intelligence in Python (which is an easy task), and compile the resulting code on Arduinno. However, I will reach a caveat: some libraries I will use will be entirely compiled, and this will take too much memory on an Arduinno (such as the second issue I mentionned)


So I have another solution, but I am not sure if it is state-fo-the-art, or even a feasible solution:
I would like to separate two tasks:


Write an Arduinno code to handle the sensors and create numeric data
Write a Python code on my computer and compile it as an executable file on my computer
Then somehow, I "extract" the processor of my comouter (Intel, by the way) and I plug it on the Arduinno board. The Arduinno sends the data to the processor, and the processor runs permanently the Python file and gives back data


So question:


Is it possible overall?
Was it ever made?
What communication links are good for exchanging data between processor and Arduinno microchip: USB, Serial, Ethernet?
How can I handle the input of the processor, so that it collects data from the Arduinno and then uses it in the Python code?
It sounds like you need a lot of compute power. You can either put the sensors and AI on one device (and @majenko's suggestion of a Raspberry Pi would be a direction to pursue) or you need two devices, one to manage the data collection - Arduino, perhaps -  and one to do the AI. We don't know enough about your post-processing and AI to make a good recommendation, but, as you already have a PC with Python running on it, an Arduino talking to the PC would be a good start. 

You didn't say which Arduino you're considering, but as most people mean "Uno" when the speak of a generic Arduino, I'd just suggest that an Uno is far too under-resourced for the post-processing part of your project, but probably ideal for the data collection. Cross-compiling your Python code for an Uno still doesn't address its processing speed and memory size limitations.

There are, of course, a lot of "Arduino" products, some with considerably more resources, that may approach your needs - I'm thinking of the Arm-based boards, here - but I've no way of evaluating your project needs at that level.

My own first approach would be to use what you have, to start with: an Uno collecting data and sending it to your PC. Once you have something running, you'll understand the needs and issues better and if you still want a stand-alone solution at that point, you'll be much better able to make that choice.