Use Raspberry and Arduino IDE to programm ESP8266 I currently use Arduino IDE to generate binaries for ESP8266. Afterwards I copy the binaries with SFTP to my Raspberry Pi and flash the binaries using esptool.py.

These are lots of steps I need to do manually. Is it possible to automate this and use the Raspberry Pi as a programmer known to the Arduino IDE?

The goal is, that the "Upload" button in Arduino IDE does the full job.
Have you tried installing Python for Windows? 

http://docs.python-guide.org/en/latest/starting/install/win/

In theory it should work and you should be able to run esptool.py on a Windows command line like you do on your Pi (provided that your usb to serial in recongnized by Windows).

If esptool.py fails to run under Python for Windows I would first suggest to open a ticket with the esptool maintainer and then try under a cygwin environement (https://www.cygwin.com).