DWT with more precise scale With a signal x of length $2^{16}$,  the DWT (computed for example with pyWavelet's wavedec) has only 16 or 17 rows (the wavelet scale is dyadic).
Is there a DWT with more scales? (ex : 1024 rows instead of 16!)
You will need to use a continues wavelet transform (cwt) where you can specify the resolution of the scales (as done in the image you posted mathworks.fr/help/releases/R2013b/wavelet/ref/cwt.gif). The DWT only has $J$ scales by definition for $2^J$ signals.