Camera Calibration using Single Input Image Given a camera, permanently located at the same position, angle and distance from what is being captured, and a single calibration image ( a row of vertical lines [ | | | | ] ), how would one go about using the image to apply correction (barrel distortion) to all subsequent images?

Numerous examples exist online for the camera calibration problem, but most attempt to achieve the correction through guess-work, or highly involved processes to correct real-world images. However, I cannot find anything on calibrating a camera whose position and subject is always at the same position, and where the expected positions of vertical lines are known prior to correction. 

The closest I've come to my approach is the plumb-line calibration method described by brown (1971).

Are there any algorithms or pseudo code out there which describes an approach to calibrate using a single input image of vertical lines (where distortion would be clealry visible by the gap between each line)?

Close-Range Camera Calibration - D.C, Brown
Take a look at this paper here: "Straight lines have to be straight" by Faugeras et al.
http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/PL00013269#page-1

It is straight forward to implement, but essentially removes distortions by observing the straightness of lines.

It should be straight forward to implement if you remove some automation (e.g. you click on the lines manually rather than relying on image processing).