How can one put information within a signal waveform and make it to traverse through different kind of medium? This is a soft question. There are different types of signals
like analog ,discrete or digital one.

But my question is how can one put information within a signal waveform and make it to traverse through different kind of physical medium, electronic circuits,devices etc?

Moreover ,in physics,we have Newtons laws for conservation of mass and energy . Now,is there any similar law in case of signals?
Maybe what you want is information theory. Information can be quantified by Shannon entropy. An analog signal channel always has some level of noise which limits the rate of information that can be sent through it. That limit is called the Shannon limit, or more specifically for a given channel bandwidth the Shannon–Hartley theorem.