Does the block reward get halved every 4 years regardless of hardware advancements? Is the invention of a faster computer (let's say a quantum computer) or the lack of advancements in computing power (let's say it takes a decade to make any progress greater than incremental increases on currently technology) capable of affecting the amount of time it takes to halve the block reward?

In other words, does the block reward get halved every 4 years, regardless of how much the hardware available is or isn't progressing?
The block halving takes place every 210,000 blocks. The difficulty retargeting mechanism makes it so that 210,000 blocks take approximately 4 years, but this is not exact. If the hashrate is rapidly growing, it will take a little less than that.

For example, if the total network hashrate doubles every year, it will take about 1 month less. If it doubles every week (increases by a factor of 4.5 quadrillion every year), it will take only 2 years.