How does the Bitcoin network deal with bad actors? Can someone explain at a high level how the network deals with bad actors (either intentionally (ie- attacker) or unintentional (ie- misconfigured node or a node running outdated code, forked code, etc)) ? 

Without knowing too much about Bitcoin's low level internals, I am assuming there are routine checks as data flows through the code on the network to test that the protocol is adhered to; and that anything outside of expected protocol becomes rejected or flagged.  I assume these checks are all essentially checked exclusively against the expected 'data model'  since obviously it's impossible to directly analyze what code is being run on independent miners/nodes. 

So please correct me if I'm wrong here, or elaborate further to fill in the big picture a bit more. 

Secondly, I wanted to know - in the case of a known hostile miner/node (or to a lesser extent, a known outdated or misconfigured network participant)- what recourse is available for other users or miners to 'report' or blacklist or avoid the affected nodes or transactions? 

Ie- is there built in function for reporting a violation of protocol (either that can be executed on attacker's system or by means of other participants in the network identifying said attacker) ? 

Your clarification appreciated, thanks !
Assuming there is a miner that will put invalid transactions into a block:

First, this miner has to find a very high-difficulty hash to make the block valid.
That alone is extremely improbable, as it is trying to find a hash faster than hundreds of thousands of honest miners.  The honest miners will probably find a correct hash to a valid, honest block, much much faster than the dishonest miner can complete his corrupt block.

Secondly, if the miner can find a hash, and successfully publish this corrupted/invalid block, any node that receives this invalid block will examine the data and recognize it as invalid.  When they see an invalid block, they will refuse to add it to their block chain, refuse to share it with other nodes, and probably blacklist the node that sent it to them.

The corrupt miner will have spent a lot of time and effort finding a hash, only to find itself quickly blacklisted and ignored.