Do all Bitcoin client enforce checkpoints? The core Bitcoin client has a list checkpoints - blocks where it will only accept a particular block header. This means that if someone builds a blockchain with more work that does not include these checkpoints, Bitcoin Core will not accept it:

There are currently 13 checkpoints in Bitcoin:

    checkpointData = (Checkpoints::CCheckpointData) {
        boost::assign::map_list_of
        ( 11111, uint256S("0x0000000069e244f73d78e8fd29ba2fd2ed618bd6fa2ee92559f542fdb26e7c1d"))
        ( 33333, uint256S("0x000000002dd5588a74784eaa7ab0507a18ad16a236e7b1ce69f00d7ddfb5d0a6"))
        ( 74000, uint256S("0x0000000000573993a3c9e41ce34471c079dcf5f52a0e824a81e7f953b8661a20"))
        (105000, uint256S("0x00000000000291ce28027faea320c8d2b054b2e0fe44a773f3eefb151d6bdc97"))
        (134444, uint256S("0x00000000000005b12ffd4cd315cd34ffd4a594f430ac814c91184a0d42d2b0fe"))
        (168000, uint256S("0x000000000000099e61ea72015e79632f216fe6cb33d7899acb35b75c8303b763"))
        (193000, uint256S("0x000000000000059f452a5f7340de6682a977387c17010ff6e6c3bd83ca8b1317"))
        (210000, uint256S("0x000000000000048b95347e83192f69cf0366076336c639f9b7228e9ba171342e"))
        (216116, uint256S("0x00000000000001b4f4b433e81ee46494af945cf96014816a4e2370f11b23df4e"))
        (225430, uint256S("0x00000000000001c108384350f74090433e7fcf79a606b8e797f065b130575932"))
        (250000, uint256S("0x000000000000003887df1f29024b06fc2200b55f8af8f35453d7be294df2d214"))
        (279000, uint256S("0x0000000000000001ae8c72a0b0c301f67e3afca10e819efa9041e458e9bd7e40"))
        (295000, uint256S("0x00000000000000004d9b4ef50f0f9d686fd69db2e03af35a100370c64632a983")),
        1397080064, // * UNIX timestamp of last checkpoint block
        36544669,   // * total number of transactions between genesis and last checkpoint
                    //   (the tx=... number in the SetBestChain debug.log lines)
        60000.0     // * estimated number of transactions per day after checkpoint
    };


(Source.)

Do other Bitcoin clients enforce these checkpoints? In particular, if someone were to create a blockchain from the genesis block longer than the current public one, would some clients accept this chain, causing a fork?
The short answer is no, because you can run Bitcoin Core with -nocheckpoints, and different versions may have different checkpoints.

The long answer is that it doesn't matter. If checkpoints ever actually prevent a reorganization of a fully synchronized client, it means that the assumptions on which Bitcoin's security relies (collusion of a majority of hashpower to rewrite the blockchain is too uneconomical to ever be a problem) are fundamentally broken. Checkpoints are not a security feature for this reason, and are often mistaken for one.