Are there other ways to have more than one address involved in a SINGLE transaction input or a SINGLE transaction output? Full question:
Except for the case of multisignature, are there other ways to have more than one address involved in a SINGLE transaction input or a SINGLE transaction output?
Bitcoin address is human-readable form for representation output script. So, one output transfers funds to one address by the definition of the term address.

One transaction input always spends one output of the prevoius transaction.

Your question has no sense.