Can one recover the full list of public keys generated in electrum with the seed/private key? I used the wallet.change_gap_limit command in the electrum console in order to generate some 20.000 public keys.
Would I be able to recover all of these using my seed after completely removing electrum from my system, reinstalling it and running the change_gap_limit command again?
Yes.

As a plan B if that fails, you should be able to use piped bitcoin explorer bx commands offline. This is because Electrum v2.0 and above uses the same BIP 32 Hierarchical Deterministic (HD) technology that bx supports.  

However, the Electrum HD paths are different from the BIP 44 convention. See It appears Electrum uses: m/0/0 for wallet addresses and m/1/0 for change addresses. Additionally, the English Electrum Seed Word List is quite different from the newer English BIP 39 Seed Word List, and I don't believe Electrum uses a PBKDF2 stretching function that is not invertible. See stretch->passlib.pbkdf2 for high level details for what bx mnemonic-to-seed is doing. Unlike BIP 39, an Electrum private key should be invertible to a group of Electrum seed words.

For the synthesis of BIP 44 paths for Bitcoin m/44'/0'/0'/0/0 private key and M/44'/0'/0'/0/0 public address using bx, see Example 7. See BIP 44 path-levels.  The change level is set to 0 for external addresses that you share with others to receive funds. The change level is set to 1 for a wallet's internal return addresses. 

If the information above is too pedantic, read Chapter 5 of the Mastering Bitcoin Book. Albeit, details about Electrum are scarce.