How are transactions verified by nodes other than the initial receiver? If I understand correctly, when I create a new transaction from my wallet, I have to sign it and encrypt it. My wallet encrypts the message using the public key of the node it is connected to, so it can decrypt the message when it receives it, and signs the message with my private key, so the node knows it was me who sent the message because my public key is then sent along with the message.

What I don't understand is that when this message is transmitted to the other nodes for verification, how can they decrypt it if it was encrypted using the initial node public key. Furthermore, I read that also the miners should verify the validity of the transactions they have received. How can they decrypt the transactions?
If I understand correctly, when I create a new transaction from my wallet, I have to sign it and encrypt it. My wallet encrypts the message using the public key of the node it is connected to, so it can decrypt the message when it receives it, and signs the message with my private key, so the node knows it was me who sent the message because my public key is then sent along with the message.


You understand incorrectly. Nothing is encrypted in Bitcoin, there is no need to do so, and, as you noticed, it would make it impossible to verify the contents of the transaction.

Transactions are only signed. The signature both ensures the integrity of the transaction and proves that the sender is actually allowed to send the Bitcoin.