Are there scientific studies related to the Bitcoin technology? Besides “Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System”, which is more like a brief description of the general framework, are there other ‘scientific or research grade’ studies about Bitcoin technology? Can similar decentralized crypto-currency models be found in the literature?
Bitcoin is a relatively new phenomenon and the peer-review process takes a while, so there is not much out there yet.

The most notable is a network analysis of bitcoin transactions done around the alleged "allinvain" theft earlier this year.

http://arxiv.org/abs/1107.4524

Other than that, there are currently a few articles published in academic journals that focus on bitcoin (as well as pop-sci and pop-compsci articles in various places)

For example

Grinberg, Reuben, Bitcoin: An Innovative Alternative Digital Currency (April 21, 2011). Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1817857

The best answer may be to do this in the form of a community wiki where articles published in academic journals can be posted by subject, as if bitcoin survives it will obviously start to receive a lot of attention.