What prevents miners from mining more bitcoin after 21million btc? What prevents miners from mining more bitcoin after 21million btc was mined?
The Bitcoin protocol allows block authors to create a limited amount of new bitcoins in the outputs of the coinbase-transaction (which also collects the transactions fees) in each block. The amount of the so called block subsidy is limited by the consensus rules.1 Creating more than the allowed amount makes a block invalid to other Bitcoin nodes. 

Each full node unilaterally enforces the consensus rules. This means that while a miner would be able to create a block that breaks the consensus rules, every other full node in the network would recognize it as invalid, drop the block, and ban the peer that sent it to them.

A change in the consensus rules that allows blocks that were previously considered invalid is called a hardfork. Hard forks require social consensus of the complete ecosystem or will cause a split of the network as each node operator determines for themselves which software to run. Even if a majority of the hashrate and a majority of the network's nodes hardforked to a new version of the Bitcoin protocol that allowed blocks with a higher block reward, the remaining nodes enforcing the original consensus rules would consider it invalid and continue to follow their own rules. Therefore, an intolerant minority may be able to veto a hardfork, especially if this minority has a significant share of the economic weight. If the economic majority prefers the original rules, miners following the hardforked chain may find it difficult to sell their mining reward. This is essentially what happened in the case of the SegWit2x hardfork attempt.

In the case that both protocol versions have some economic support, a persistent fork may be calved in the form of an airdropped altcoin. This is essentially what happened in the cases of Bitcoin Cash spinning out from Bitcoin, and Bitcoin Cash calving Bitcoin SV.



1
The block subsidy started at 50 bitcoin per block and halves every 210,000 blocks. We're currently in the third era where miners are allowed to create 12.5 bitcoin per block. Having recently passed block 600,000, more than 18,000,000 bitcoins have been found already, and the next halving to 6.25 bitcoins per block is coming up at block 630,000 in spring 2020.