How do I get transactions from the Bitcoin Blockchain with bcoin? Is this possible with bcoin? Do I need a full node to get transactions or does it work with an SPV?
SPV Node

SPV node watches your addresses on network broadcasts.
So on SPV Nodes you won't be able to grab other transactions then your address. It communicates with other peers, fetches your transactions using bloom filters and then watches pool broadcasted transactions. So you only get transactions that are addressed to your wallet.

Full Node

With fullnode, there are two places bcoin looks for tx:


Mempool
Chain


Bcoin will always return transactions from mempool.
If you want to get transactions from chain, either by address or by transaction Hash, you need to enable indexing: index-address and index-tx respectively.

You can check RPC docs: RPC-Docs