Is there a limit on number of transactions included in a block? As per my understanding, every transaction is included in a block and the difficulty to find a block gets adjusted such that one block is found for every 10 minutes. Is it the case that all transactions occurred in those 10 minutes included in that block? Is there a limit on number of transactions that can be included in a block?
Short answer: Yes, there's a limit but it depends on transaction size, not count.

Basic summary of blocks

Miners are incentivized to put as many transactions into a block as they can with fees. The more transactions, the more fees the miner collects, and that can mean an extra coin on top of block rewards. A block gets bigger as more transactions are added, this is the problem and the reason why fees need to be a certain amount.

Block size limit explained

But the more transactions a block has the larger it gets in size and larger blocks can fail to propagate, creating an orphan block. Orphan blocks cause a lot of pain to the network, the miner loses 25 BTC (current block reward) and certain confirmed transactions become unconfirmed. To prevent this from happening often, the Bitcoin protocol has a block size limit to enable speedy propagation and reduce anomalies. Each block has a size limit of 1,000,000 bytes. This can change based on community consensus and probably will some time in the future due to technological progress causing the internet to be faster and more robust. A valid block is below 1 million bytes in size, otherwise it just won't be accepted by most miners.

Which transaction make it in

Most miners choose transactions as profitably as possible. They go for largest fees and smallest transaction sizes. Since they can't claim all transactions they go for efficiency. You can have a transaction a little less than the size of a block be included and processed if it had a fee beating the collective fees of the next hundred most profitable small transactions that would normally be included in a block. This system is called priority, it's all about maximizing profit for the miner.

Resulting amount of transactions

The transaction count in a block can range be reasonably anywhere. There have been blocks with no transactions other than the block reward. I say reasonably because the max depends on the smallest possible transaction size (41 bytes + 9 bytes) divided by block size. The average seems to be around 350 transactions per block.