Input and Output of all funds in the same block? Hope, someone can clarify this problem to me.
Please have a look at the btc address: 1CRTSXJXa3LsaHwjTA5yTbqbyi6QituztX
There have been 2 transactions so far. 1 input and 1 output.
BUT: According to the blocktime and height, these transactions happend at the same time. How is this possible, as I can't transfer funds, that I haven't received in advance?
There are two transactions associated with the address: 1CRTSXJXa3LsaHwjTA5yTbqbyi6QituztX 
Tx 1: e53cfb481ea8c2e2ff2827c7148393fbd617d7fc545c4a1a475221839344ca48
Fee: 0.00009072BTC
Fee rate: 3.02 satoshi/vByte
Tx 2: 9fa21b4ed7b242f0ddf1962c8f942109ae8f48ec5b03fff8e00a03e116c6bd44
Fee: 0.00002724BTC
Fee rate: 12.16 satoshi/vByte
Both were included in block 598408
This is possible and you can always spend unconfirmed UTXO. Child tx will use higher fee rate, this is dependent on parent tx so both are included in same block. If the fee rate for both transactions combined is higher than most of the transactions in mempool, miners will prioritize such transactions.
Child pays for parent: How would you create child pay for parent in bitcoind-cli