Can we look at how long it took to solve for the most recent block in the blockchain? (and how?) For example, can we see, the latest block, somebody got lucky and solved it in 1 minute, but then the next block, nobody solved it until 18 minutes later? (and how can we see it?)
Blocks have timestamps, but they are not very accurate. The protocol rules only (roughly) require them to not be more than 1 hour in the past and not more than 2 hours in the future. At least historically, miners have used this flexibility, effectively turning part of the timestamp as an additional nonce field. I don't know if this is still common practice.
Still, this means you can't rely on block timestamps to determine when they were actually created. It is possible to run a Bitcoin node yourself, and just observe when your node learns about every block - if you have decent connectivity, it will generally be within seconds of the block being found. There are also block explorer websites that generally keep track of this information.