How do I get a full transaction index with Bitcoin Core? How can I sync bitcoin full node so that I can access all details of transactions occurring on other nodes and other wallets also, like blockchain.info. 

I have synced a full node using below commands, but that's giving details of node wallet account details.

sudo apt-add-repository ppa:bitcoin/bitcoin
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install bitcoin-qt
sudo apt-get install bitcoins
The commands you have used are not for syncing to the bitcoin blockchain but to install a bitcoin, now with this client you can sync if you want, you will need days or weeks depending on your computer bandwidth and performance and 250+ giga of hard drive, you can start syncing by locating your bitcoin directoryand simply running:


  ./bitcoind


You can find more information about using and running properly a bitcoin full node here: https://bitcoin.org/en/full-node