GPU Architecture: What are the theoretical limits on triangle throughput in modern GPUs? For each of major vendor's latest GPU architectures, is there a clear maximum "triangles/second" bottleneck? If so, what is it architecturally and what is the performance?
Your question is not that easy to answer, as there is no standard definition of what "triangles/second" actually means.

What shading is used? What calculations are done? How are the triangles represented? This and much more has to be taken into account when looking for benchmarks on GPU-performance.

To actually compare the performance of GPUs you would have to look at a range of different measurements. GFlop/s and memory-speed as some basic ones, but also look at full benchmark scores (of which there are I am sure many).

There are websites that compile these measurements and display them in a comparison mode. A quick search brought me to this page which seems to have everything needed (I entered an example search).

This helps to compare the performance of two GPUs but if you want to know if a specific GPU is able to do the specific thing you want it to do, that may be very hard to answer and impossible without much more knowledge about what you want to do.

Calculating the maximum performance is also very hard because I believe the GPU vendors do not share everything they do on their GPUs so it can be hard to estimate the actual performance.