Are there any quantum-resistant symmetric encryption schemes? It seems that quite a few currently available encryption schemes will possibly be broken by quantum computing. Are there any symmetric encryption schemes that will remain unbroken (either because of their design or by increasing the key size)? In particular are there any such schemes that may be used with a single key in a non-deterministic manner?
Yes; virtually all of them. Quantum computers give a quadratic speedup on a general search problems (so key lengths need to double), but I don't know of any symmetric schemes in actual use for which quantum computation gives a bigger speedup.