Elliptic Curves - Proving that the group is not cyclic I have a question from Stinson: 7.14. The question states:


  Suppose that $p &gt; 3$ is an odd prime, and $a,b$ is an element of $\mathbb Z_p$. Further, suppose that the equation $x^3 + ax + b$ is congruent to $0$ ($\mod p$) has 3 distinct roots in $\mathbb Z_p$. Prove that the corresponding elliptic curve group $(E, +)$ is not cyclic. Hint: Show that the points of order two generate a subgroup of $(E, +)$ that is isomorphic to $\mathbb Z_2 \times\mathbb Z_2$.


I've read through the elliptic curve material in the chapter preceding this question but I'm still a little hopeless. Can anyone explain or push me in the right direction on how to show/answer this?

I understand that points of order two (from the hint) follow the formula: $[2]P = \mathcal{O}$ but I'm not sure how this relates.
Can anyone explain or push me in the right direction on how to show/answer this?


The first obvious thing to ponder is "what does it mean that a 'group is cyclic'?  What properties does a cyclic group have, that noncyclic groups do not?"

(Broader hint: a cyclic group has a generator; noncyclic (finite) groups do not)


  I understand that points of order two (from the hint) follow the formula: 2P = 0 but I'm not sure how this relates.


It relates quite a bit, actually.  Can a cyclic group have two different elements of order 2?



Update: since Dexter has solved the problem, I'll lay out the proof I was originally trying to suggest.

One fundamental property of all finite groups is that, if $n$ is the number of group elements, we have $xP = (x \bmod n)P$ (for any integer $x$ and any element $P$).

In addition, a finite group is cyclic if it has a generator, that is, an element $G$ for which all elements can be expressed as $xG$ (for some $x$).  In addition, for any $P$, we always have $xG = P$ for some $0 \le x &lt; n$.  In particular, $xG \ne 0$ for any $0 &lt; x &lt; n$.

Now, for the group in question, we have two distinct elements $P_1$ and $P_2$, both of order two (actually, we have three, we only need two).  That is, $P_1 \ne P_2 \ne 0$, and $2P_1 = 2P_2 = 0$.

Now, suppose the group is cyclic; if so, we have a generator $G$.  We know $P_1$ can be expressed as $P_1 = x_1G$ for some $0 \le x_1 &lt; n$.  We also have $2P_1 = 0$, that is, $2 (x_1 G) = (2 x_1)G = 0$.  We know that $(2x_1)G = (2x_1 \bmod n)G$, and if that is the neutral element, we must have $2x_1 \bmod n = 0$.  The only value $0 &lt; x_1 &lt; n$ that can satisfy that is $x_1 = n/2$ (which implies that $n$ must be even).

However, by the same reasoning, if we have $P_2 = x_2G$, we have $x_2 = n/2$, but that would mean that $P_1 = (n/2)G = P_2$, and so the two points of order two were the same, but we know they aren't.

Hence, there cannot be a generator, and hence the group cannot be cyclic.

This proof may sound a bit lengthy, however, that's mostly because I spelled out the logic quite explicitly, listing the various assumed properties of groups.  Once you get more acquainted with group theory, this logic would be more natural.