What does Maj and Ch mean in SHA-256 algorithm? I'm guessing they're some kind of standard function but what do they do and what do the names mean? A little explaination or link me to an article would be great.
The definitions given in FIPS 180-4 are
$$\begin{align}
\operatorname{Maj}(x,y,z)&amp;=(x\wedge y)\oplus(x\wedge z)\oplus(y\wedge z)\\
\operatorname{Ch}(x,y,z)&amp;=(x\wedge y)\oplus(\neg x\wedge z)
\end{align}$$
where $\wedge$ is bitwise AND, $\oplus$ is bitwise exclusive-OR, and $\neg $ is bitwise negation. The functions are defined for bit vectors (of 32 bits in case fo SHA-256).

$\operatorname{Maj}$ stands for majority: for each bit index, that result bit is according to the majority of the 3 inputs bits for $x$ $y$ and $z$ at this index.

$\operatorname{Ch}$ stands for choose (source: poncho) or choice, as the $x$ input chooses if the output is from $y$ or from $z$. More precisely, for each bit index, that result bit is according to the bit from $y$ (or respectively $z$ ) at this index, depending on if the bit from $x$ at this index is 1 (or respectively 0).