How many blocks can securely be encrypted with XTS I could not find in the NIST recommendations on XTS how many blocks can securely be encrypted with XTS-AES.

Through the recommendations, I've found:


  The length of the data unit for any instance of an implementation of XTS-AES shall not exceed $2^{20}$ AES blocks.


The specification cited in NIST The XTS-AES Tweakable Block Cipher states:


  The number of 128-bit blocks in the data unit shall not exceed $2^{128}-2$. The number of 128-bit blocks should not exceed $2^{20}$.


From what I understood, data units are sectors, so a sector can have at most $2^{128}-2$ blocks but you can only encrypt $2^{20}$ blocks which cannot be correct (it seems too little compared to a disk's capacity).
From what I understood, data units are sectors, so a sector can have at most $2^{128}-2$ blocks but you can only encrypt $2^{20}$ blocks which cannot be correct (it seems too little compared to a disk's capacity).


The data unit is the sector, yes, but both of those quotes only talk about the length of a single data unit. The larger number in the latter reference ("shall not"), is an absolute bound, while the second ("should not") is a recommendation.

The recommendation from the second reference is that a sector should be no larger than $128 \cdot 2^{20}$ bits, i.e. 16 MiB. SP 800-38E makes this recommendation a requirement:


  The length of the data unit for any instance of an implementation of XTS-AES shall not exceed $2^{20}$ AES blocks. Note that Subclause 5.1 of Ref.[2] recommends this limit but does not require it.


(The ref above is to the IEEE standard based on the draft spec you linked.)



The total disk capacity encrypted can be much larger, since it consists of many sectors. For recommendations, you can see appendix D.4 of the second specification, where $2^{36}$ and $2^{40}$ (1 TiB and 16 TiB) AES blocks are mentioned.