How to enhance randomness of AES? I'm using PHP to encrypt a string and Java to decrypt it on a remote server. To perform the encryption, I'm using the strategy that can be found here.

My problem is that the strings I encrypt are pretty small and very similar each other. Nevertheless, I'd like a high degree of randomness in the encrypted values.

Just to be clear, at current this is what happens:

$$encrypt(foo1) \rightarrow barA$$
$$encrypt(foo2) \rightarrow barB$$

While I'd like something like:

$$encrypt(foo1) \rightarrow b3SA$$
$$encrypt(foo2) \rightarrow 4FrB$$

How can I enhance the randomness of the encrypted values, by keeping the algorithm I'm already using?
If you are doing things right, then you will get the level of randomness you are after. Translation: you are not doing things right. You use AES with CFB8 mode, which requires a random initial value. The initial value is a 16-byte string which should be generated randomly and uniformly, and a new IV shall be generated for every single encrypted message. Since you need it for decryption, the IV for an encrypted message shall be stored/transmitted along with the said message.

Failure to use a new IV for each message results in a wide range of weaknesses, including what you are witnessing right now (if two strings begin with the same characters, the resulting encrypted strings will also begin with the same bytes).