Is it possible to encrypt data in such a way that it cannot be decrypted with the key used to encrypt it but can be decrypted with another key I'm very new to cryptography and encryption so I apologize if the answer to this is well known, but I can't find anything in my research.

The crux of the problem is the need to store data on an offline device which cannot be trusted. Is it possible to encrypt the data in such a way that it cannot be read by the device that encrypts it, but can be read by a server that the device later uploads the data to?

The device can communicate with the server before going offline and capturing data so an exchange of keys can take place before any data is encrypted if that helps.
Yes.  Use public-key encryption: encrypt the data using the server's public key.  You should be able to fill in the details from there.