How to prove that I am part of a list without revealing my identity? Let's suppose and scenario like a secret voting scheme, at the ID verification step.
Considerations:

There is a public list of identities of people who are able to vote (ex, people who live in a certain town).
The identity confirmation process is entrusted to a central server (Bob).
Users send requests remotely and decentralized (ex, with their respective devices).
The idea is that the ID is never sent via the communication channel.
The is no specific ID method, could be anything that does the task, digital signature, etc...

Conditions to be met

The Alice (the voter) must prove to Bob that she is on that list without revealing her identity.
The Bob (the server) has to ensure that no one who is not on the list can access to the voting.

How this problem is called and what is a practical example of the solution?
PD: The voting execution process is not important in this problem, it only deals with identity verification.
The scheme that solves your problem is called Zero Knowledge Proof of Set Membership
ZKP for Set Memberships use Accumulators. Crypto++ library provides an implementation of the accumulator