In a group, is it hard to calculate the base $g$ given $g^a$ and $a$? Discrete logarithm, that is: calculate $a$ given $g$ and $g^a$, is assumed to be a hard problem in some groups.

Is it also hard to calculate $g$ given $g^a$ and $a$?
It depends. If the order $m$ of $g$'s group is known and $a$ has an inverse modulo $m$ (which is the case if and only if $a$ is coprime to $m$), then it is easy: Calculate the inverse $b:=a^{-1}\bmod m$ (for instance, using the Euclidean algorithm), and compute the power $(g^a)^b$. By Lagrange's theorem, this equals $g$.

However, there are cases for which it's hard: for example, when $n=pq$ is the product of two unknown primes $p,q$ and $g\in\mathbb Z/n\mathbb Z$, then the task is equivalent to decrypting the RSA ciphertext $g^a$ with respect to the public key $(n,a)$, which is generally assumed to be hard.