How secure is SHA1? What are the chances of a real exploit? I read that, in February 2017, a SHA1 collision was calculated for the first time. This, and earlier theoretical proof, means that SHA1 is officially cryptographicaly insecure. But, when using SHA1 in a protocol (SAML assertions in my case), both the protocol dictates a certain message format and the information in the message has to be meaningful to create a real collision exploit. Under these circumstances, how feasible is a real exploit?

Not being hindered by any real knowledge in the field I suspect this will 'never' happen. Or am I missing something?
Actually SHA-1 has been "officially insecure" for a longer time, since an attack method was published in 2011. The 2017 collisions was just the first known case of actually running the attack. But everybody was already quite convinced that the attack worked, and, indeed, the 2017 collision was produced with the expected computational cost.

The important point is that we are talking here about collisions. A collision is when you find two distinct messages that are hashed to the same value.

In many protocols, collisions don't matter; what is important is the resistance to second preimages. A second preimage is like a collision, except that the attacker does not get to choose one of the messages; the attacker is challenged to find a colliding pair of messages, the first one being fixed. Finding second preimages is a lot harder than finding collisions. For a "perfect" hash function with a 160-bit output (like SHA-1), a collision can be found with effort 280, while finding a second preimage requires effort 2160 (i.e. a million billion billion times more). Moreover, while a structural weakness is known in SHA-1, that allows lowering the cost of the collision attack from 280 to 263, making it merely "very expensive", no such weakness is known that would help for second preimages.

So right now, SHA-1 seems still very very robust for second preimages, and any protocol that uses SHA-1 and relies on second preimage resistance can keep on doing so safely for the time being.

The tricky issue is to determine if a given protocol relies on second preimages, or if collisions can impact it. SAML is a complicated beast. It seems that it uses SHA-1 in conjunction with digital signatures, and this relies on second preimages, except in situations where attackers can get to choose part of the data that is being signed, in which case they might want to exercise a collision between "innocent-looking data" and malicious data. In the case of the published SHA-1 collision, this is done with PDF files because the PDF format is flexible enough to turn an difference in only a few bits into an arbitrary visual effect.

The cautious course of action would be to migrate to SHA-256. There is no absolute urgency to do so; but if ten years from now you still use SHA-1, then this means that your software management is terrible (and this is much more likely to be an issue than SHA-1 weaknesses).