Does keyless encryption exist? Does there exist an encoding/hashing/encryption scheme whereby the original string can always be derived in its entirety given the entire encoded/hashed/encrypted string, and nothing else (no key/password). But also, no portion of the original string can be derived given any portion of the encoded/hashed/encrypted string.

Basically this would be an algorithm that deterministically and reversibly jumbles up a string in such a way that the reversal algorithm requires the entire jumbled string.

Does such a thing exist? If so, what search terms should I use to learn more about it? I don't know enough about the subject to know the right words to find more information.
Clarification


  I'm wondering whether there exists an encoding/hashing/encryption scheme whereby the original string can always be derived in its entirety given the entire encoded/hashed/encrypted string, and nothing else (no key/password). But also, no portion of the original string can be derived given any portion of the encoded/hashed/encrypted string.


I am assuming that "no portion of the original string can be derived given any portion of the encoded/hashed/encrypted string" means "no portion of the original string can be derived given anything less than the entire encoded/hashed/encrypted string", otherwise the question would be self-contradictory.

Answer

It sounds like you are looking for a permutation. A permutation is an invertible transformation on a fixed-size set of blocks. If your input is larger, the/an All-Or-Nothing Transform may be useful. The OAEP mentioned by @DannyNiu is an example of an AONT.

For example, many block ciphers are built by interleaving applications of a permutation with the addition of secret key material. The permutation provides diffusion, which ensures that if you modify any part of the output then attempt to invert it, you end up back at a completely different input. 

If you simply strip the key addition portion from a block cipher, it should also do what you're asking. For example, AES consists of subBytes, mixColumns, shiftRows, and addRoundKey. If you were to omit the addRoundkey operation, you would be left with a fixed permutation that provides the required avalanche effect and some degree of unpredictability. Another example of a permutation is keccak-f, which does the mixing for the SHA3 algorithm.

A key-less permutation does not provide encryption

Note that such a construction with no key is no longer providing encryption, as it is not possible to provide confidentiality of the message without some kind of secrecy, which is what the key provides. If anyone who has an input message can compute an output "ciphertext", or anyone who has an output "ciphertext" can invert it to the input message, then clearly confidentiality of the input cannot be achieved.

You tagged this question with "encoding", so perhaps confidentiality is not required in your use case. You would need to establish what you need this construction for and whether or not this is an issue.