Does there exist a Cipher / Hash identification tool? Let's suppose I have two strings

One string is plaintext

The other is the result of running the plaintext through an unknown cipher.

Does there exist a tool where I can enter the pre and post-cipher text and have the tool spit out which cipher or hash may have been used?

I understand that such a tool isn't guaranteed to be accurate, but if it exists, it would be very useful to me right now.
No, such a tool does not exist and could not exist for any modern, secure cipher. If you do not have access to the key, you cannot correlate plaintext with ciphertext. For a hash algorithm, you can heuristically guess what the algorithm may be based on the length of the output, but that would only allow you to classify the digest as being from one of any number of possible hash algorithms. For example, a 160-bit output could be SHA-1, or maybe RIPEMD160, but not MD5.

If you have the input to the hash algorithm as well as the digest, then you can determine with certainty which hash algorithm was used to create it simply by running the input through all candidate hash algorithms and seeing which one results in a matching digest for that input.