What is a good example of a psychological theory that became formalized into neural and computational terms? As far as I see it the goal of cognitive sciences is to find a description of mental processes in terms of neural computations that can be eventually formalized by a mathematical theory to generate accurate predictions. However, I was wondering whether we got to such a point in any area.

The first positive examples that came to my mind were vision and the Gestalt rules of perception or decision-making. But what about other processes?
Check out all of the videos in this playlist
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lrppe54fixc&amp;list=PL1hKzFfV5qJlVTjD8XWzyiaHxBZZ7iWs9&amp;index=3

The particular video I linked gives the example of the "Papez circuit".  Other interviewees mention other examples as well.