Antonym for apophenia I understand that apophenia is the standard term in psychology to describe the tendency to spot patterns where none exist (analogous to a Type I error - false positive). 

Is there a standard term to describe the opposite phenomenon? The tendency to miss a pattern where one exists (analogous to a Type II error - false negative).
I wouldn't call this reference authoritative, but after a bit of research the first article in this journal (originally published in the Journal of Parapsychology) introduces the term "randomania" as "attributing chance probability to (apparently) related phenomenon." Note that this term is specifically defined in contrast to apophenia.

As an aside, this blog post discusses the history of the term apophenia (and potential modern misapplications of its current definition).