Synchronization of perception of sensory information I am not an expert (actually I am not even psychologist/neuroscientist or anything like it).My question is: 

Since light and sound comes to, respectively, our eyes and ears at different times and "visual input" and "sound input" take different times to be processed (and as far as I know, even some traits of vision - like color, motion, shape - take different time to be processed), how does our brain gives rise to the counscious experience of simultaneity (in the case of actual simultaneity, of course)? 

How do we experience this synchronization of stimulus (which, of course, can include others senses, like touch and proprioception)? What would be a time line of that? Because it makes a bit confuse. Aren't we experiencing reality in real time (except for the fact that stimulus take time to get to our senses)?
Short answer
The brain actively integrates and synchronizes sensory inputs, up to the point that it actually delays one modality to match it with another.

Background
Your question is all about intersensory asynchrony and sensory integration. 

A well-known example where the two stimulus modalities you mention in your question (light and sound) are perceived as separate, while they are in fact coming from the same event, is a thunder heard after lightning. This is caused by the fact that sound travels at a speed much slower than light, and hence a thunder can lag lightning by seconds (Fig. 1).


source: NASA

In many instances, however, a multimodal perception is actually perceived as being synchronous, while they are in fact offset in time due to differences in physical characteristics of the stimuli. Take the storm as an example - when it is far away, the thunder is perceptually dissociated from the lightning, because the sound lags the light by seconds. But when the thunderstorm is close enough, the auditory crack and visual lightning are perceived as synchronous, while in fact they are still offset because of the sound travelling so much slower than light. 

So why does the brain sync perceptions into 1 event, and sometimes not? This has to do with the window of integration. Vroomen and Keetels (2010) conclude in their review on this topic that a stimulus asynchrony in the case of auditory beeps and visual flashes can be between 25 and 50 ms and still be perceived as coming from the same event. 

The window of integration between more complex stimuli can be much greater. For example, the window for speech and visual information can be as large as 203 ms. Such large windows of integration point toward higher processes playing a role in the brain. Only temporal lags below 20 msec are expected to go unnoticed because of hard-wired limitations on the resolution power of the individual senses.

Hence, Vroomen and Keetels (2010) argue there must be higher processes at work in the brain that actively synchronize percepts that are offset in time, but seem to belong to one and the same event. One such mechanism is referred to as temporal ventriloquism, which means that a perceptual modality is actively shifted in time to match it with another modality. This effect is most pronounced in visual stimuli. Visual perceptions are in fact actively adjusted in time to match a sound or tactile stimulus. Likely visual percepts are shifted preferably by the brain, because the visual system is the slowest of all the senses.

Reference
Vroomen &amp; Keetels, Att Percept Psychophys 2010; 72(4): 871-84