Is there research that employs realistic models of neurons? Is there research that employs realistic models of neurons? Usually, the model of a neuron for a neural network is quite simple as opposed to the realistic neuron, which involves hundreds of proteins and millions of molecules (or even greater numbers). Is there research that draws implications from this reality and tries to design realistic models of neurons?

Particularly, recently, Rosehip neuron was discovered. Such neuron can be found only in human brain cells (and in no other species). Are there some implications for neural network design and operation that can be drawn by realistically modelling this Rosehip neuron?
It looks like you really have two questions here. I'll try to answer the first one, and you should think about making a separate question for the second.

There is research into using simulated models of biologically realistic neurons. While there are large projects like the Human Brain Project aimed at simulating human brains, there is also a lot of lower-level AI research. SPAWN is an interesting system that got a lot of press a few years ago, and has continued to be developed since then. It uses realistic neurons to simulate several brain-regions at once, creating a surprisingly general AI system that could perform many types of motor and vision tasks using the same basic design.