What processes produced the basalt columns of the Giant's Causeway? The Giant's Causeway is, according to the Wikipedia page was formed during


  during the Paleogene Period, Antrim was subject to intense volcanic activity, when highly fluid molten basalt intruded through chalk beds to form an extensive lava plateau.


Of particular note is the distinct columnar pattern (as seen in the picture below):



Formed, according to the Wikipedia page by


  As the lava cooled, contraction occurred. Horizontal contraction fractured in a similar way to drying mud, with the cracks propagating down as the mass cooled, leaving pillarlike structures


What was the geochemical/petrology process(es) cause the contraction features that resulted in the columns being formed in the Giant's Causeway?
These are basalts with columnar joints. Basalt is an igneous rock that forms when magma (liquid + crystals) erupts onto the surface as a lava flow or gets injected into cooler shallow crust and forms an intrusive dike or sill.  Because basalt cools quickly, basalt commonly contains glass as well as crystals. The physical properties of magma changes rapidly as it cools through the liquid-glass transition temperature. When a magma cools through the liquid-glass transition temperature, its specific volume decreases and its viscosity increases rapidly. The volume of the lava flow decreases (it shrinks) and it become more viscous and brittle. This creates stresses in the lava flow that eventually causes it to fracture. Columnar joints are fractures that have formed because the stress has exceeded the brittle strength of the rock.