How should I reconnect my light fixture?
Your specific wiring is not entirely clear from your picture but here is the number one mistake novices make:

In most older homes the switch loop comes down from the light fixture to the switch and then back up to feed the light. At the time your house was built the switch location did not require a neutral. So you probably only have a 2 wire cable going to the switch and as the Electrical Code requires, the white wire feeds the switch hot and the return from the switch back to the light is a black wire. The white wire to the switch is supposed to be re-identified a different color. Usually it just gets black tape put on it but often it was not properly re-identified at all. (Probably the case at your place)

So, what this means is that you have reconnected your light to the hot black from the panel and the neutral white back to the panel. So your light is on all the time as long as the breaker is on. If you connected the white and black from the switch to these bundles then when you flip the switch it should trip the breaker.

You need to identify which cable goes to the switch. The white wire in that cable should be taped black and connected to the black bundle. Then the black wire coming back from the switch goes to the black on the light. The white on the light goes to the white of the cable feeding the box from the panel.

Good luck!