Which Kitchen outlets do NOT need GFCI?
The NEC (NFPA 70 2011 edition) requires GFCI receptacles in kitchens of dwelling units where the receptacles are installed to serve the countertop surfaces. It does not mention a distance requirement in kitchens.
The distance requirement of 1.8 meters (6 feet) is for sinks located in areas other than kitchens.
Section 210.8 A of NFPA 70 2011 Edition deals with GFCI protection in dwelling units (see below).

210.8 Ground-Fault Circuit-Interrupter Protection for Personnel.
Ground-fault circuit-interruption for personnel shall be provided as
required in 210.8(A) through (C). The ground-fault circuit-interrupter
shall be installed in a readily accessible location. Informational
Note: See 215.9 for ground-fault circuit-interrupter protection for
personnel on feeders.
(A)  Dwelling Units.   All 125-volt, single-phase, 15- and 20-ampere receptacles installed in the locations specified in 210.8(A)(1)
through (8) shall have ground-fault circuit-interrupter protection for
personnel
(1) Bathrooms
(2) Garages, and also accessory buildings that have a floor located at
or below grade level not intended as habitable rooms and limited to
storage areas, work areas, and areas of similar use.
(3) Outdoors
Exception to (3): Receptacles that are not readily accessible and are supplied by a branch circuit dedicated to electric snow-melting,
deicing, or pipeline and vessel heating equipment shall be permitted
to be installed in accordance with 426.28 or 427.22, as applicable.
(4) Crawl spaces — at or below grade level
(5) Unfinished basements — for purposes of this section, unfinished
basements are defined as portions or areas of the basement not
intended as habitable rooms and limited to storage areas, work areas,
and the like
Exception to (5): A receptacle supplying only a permanently installed fire alarm or burglar alarm system shall not be required to have
ground-fault circuit-interrupter protection.
Informational Note: See 760.41(B) and 760.121(B) for power supply requirements for fire alarm systems.
Receptacles installed under the exception to 210.8(A)(5) shall not be
considered as meeting the requirements of 210.52(G).
(6) Kitchens—
where the receptacles are installed to serve the countertop surfaces
(7) Sinks — located in areas other than kitchens where receptacles are
installed within 1.8 m (6 ft) of the outside edge of the sink
(8)
Boathouses