3-Wire 30A needs to be 4-wire 30A for new oven, can I run a ground from wall outlet?
No, you can't.  That ground wire isn't nearly big enough! 

You are allowed to retrofit just a ground, however it has to go 


back to the panel
to non-flexible metal conduit or AC cable  that goes all the way back to the panel
to another appliance whose ground wire is at least 10AWG all the way back to the panel
to the Grounding Electrode system of that panel, i.e. The copper wire that connects the panel with the ground rods/water pipe.  You cannot use the water pipe. 
To some combination of the above


There is no need for the retrofit ground to be routed with  the conductors, since it does not carry current except during fault conditions.  Use any feasible route.