How can I fill in an interior hole in a block wall?
There are as many ways as opinions.
My suggestion would be to use mortar mix.  Several layers, letting it cure between them.  One to rough it in, and at least one more to assure coverage and finish.
I would not use foam and drywall compound.  They are different from the material in the wall.  Also drywall compound may not be ideal in places like a basement, which might be more moist than the rest of the building.