Could a 130 volt bulb have overloaded a lamp specifying 120v bulbs?
You can pretty much rule out the bulb as the culprit unless the wattage of the bulbs exceeded  the labeled maximum for the floor lamp. What usually happens then is the wires feeding the socket become toast and short out causing a short circuit and possibly tripping a breaker.
Examine all the wiring in the lamp with a continuity tester or just junk it and get a new one if you're not familiar with re wiring a lamp. If it's a keepsake item you can bring it to an appliance repair store and they'll rewire it.