Electrical Outlets not working after pressure-washing the house
The problem may still be at the outdoor outlet

It's not unusual for the breaker to fail to trip.  It detects excessive current only (or GFCI or AFCI if equipped), it is not a detector-all. 

You will probably need to turn off the breaker and take a closer look at the outside receptacle.  It needs to be inspected due to its role in the circuit.   If it is a GFCI receptacle, it is very easy to hook up LINE and LOAD incorrectly, causing it and everything downline to go dead.  (hook up LINE only; make sure the GFCI works fully; then hook up LOAD if you want that particular feature). 

Is the outdoor outlet a GFCI?

From your description, this outside receptacle feeds the bathroom.  It's quite possible it is a GFCI receptacle, since GFCI protection is now required for outside receptacles, and a GFCI receptacle is one way to do that.  That would be important because GFCI receptacles can protect downline loads (which you say your bathroom is).  Bathroom receptacles need GFCI more than any other location, so it's quite possible this outdoor GFCI is set up to protect your bathroom sockets. It could be as simple as resetting this outdoor GFCI, which may have been tripped by the power wash. 

However, having your bathroom GFCI device outdoors is inconvenient at best. If this is a GFCI, you might want to attach the onward wires to the LINE terminals, not use LOAD at all, and get another GFCI receptacle to protect the bathroom.