How can I locate and solve this water hammer problem, and what are its effects on the human body?
The best recommendation when you cannot get any satisfaction from the building owner / manager is to MOVE to another place. When you rent it is not your place to be doing things like getting in a professional to work on things like the plumbing. 

If you do get ready to move now you know some more what to be looking for and asking questions about before you commit to the new abode.