Can central alarm smoke detectors be used instead of 120v smoke detectors in a new residence?
In a single family dwelling, it would be best to use regular smoke alarms. Pick a brand that also sells an interconnect relay, and you can use that to connect it to your security system.

To answer your question, yes you should be able to use low voltage smoke detectors as long as the central control panel has a battery backup and the overall system functions similarly to a normal system. If the smoke detectors don't have a built-in audible notification device, then you'll also need to install one of those in each required location.

Drawing up a building plan to show the Fire Marshal your proposed fire &amp; life safety plans will be an important step. Getting that plan approved will help make sure you don't purchase and install a bunch of equipment that doesn't pass their interpretation of the code. 

Usually you would only go through this much extra work if you wanted addressable smoke detectors, but in a single family dwelling that's an extra expense that's not needed in my opinion. That level of system is usually only needed in a commercial or multi-family setting.

In a commercial or multi-family setting, you'll usually want strobes and horns in public areas, horns in each unit, pull stations in the hallways, and the central monitoring station to be able to tell the first responders exactly which zone or location triggered the alarm. In a a single family dwelling, you should be able to easily locate what area needs attention without those features. Regular smoke alarms typically have latching alarm indicators, so it helps you diagnose problems by letting you know which device triggered the alarm.


  R314.2 Smoke detection systems.
  
  Household fire alarm systems installed
  in accordance with NFPA 72 that include smoke alarms, or a combination
  of smoke detector and audible notification device installed as
  required by this section for smoke alarms, shall be permitted. The
  household fire alarm system shall provide the same level of smoke
  detection and alarm as required by this section for smoke alarms.
  Where a household fire warning system is installed using a combination
  of smoke detector and audible notification device(s), it shall become
  a permanent fixture of the occupancy and owned by the homeowner. The
  system shall be monitored by an approved supervising station and be
  maintained in accordance with NFPA 72.
  
  R314.4 Power source.
  
  Smoke alarms shall receive their primary power from the building
  wiring when such wiring is served from a commercial source, and when
  primary power is interrupted, shall receive power from a battery.
  Wiring shall be permanent and without a disconnecting switch other
  than those required for overcurrent protection.