Help explain how this receptacle is wired?
I was having a hard time making out where the neutral with the bad insulation came from. it did not look wrapped on the other screw or no wire left there I can see. That bothers me unless there was a back stab on the receptacle then the long strip would make sense it pulled out.
One common place for solid wire to break is at the strip point if the wire is nicked or not (the reason most electricians won’t use solid  wire in industrial locations or where there is high vibration).
The grounding conductors in the box should be connected to the box and the box can be the ground to the receptacle.
To me it looks like the hot jumper between top and bottom receptacles is intact so there is probably another receptacle that was not working since this one was dead. But if the hot tab is broken one of the receptacles is probably switched.
Last the wrap on the neutral is the wrong direction, the hot conductors are correct.
Code specified wrap is 66-75% the code book shows this as aluminum wire but inspectors use that as a guide for copper also.