What are the options for moisture-proofing foundation from the interior
The new information has radically changed my perception of the actual problem. Preventing moisture movement through the foundation won't help.

Instead, it is cold temperatures outside causing condensation inside:  No matter how well sealed the foundation, the problem will persist.

A much less expensive solution may have several parts which can be mixed and matched:


A dehumidifier (or other measures to limit humidity like exhaust fans) to maintain a drier environment in the basement.  If the wall temperature is 40 &deg;F (4 &deg;C) and the interior temperature is 68 &deg;F (20 &deg;C), the relative humidity would have to be below 36% to prevent condensation.  For a wall temperature of 34 &deg;F (1 &deg;C), 28% relative humidity prevents condensation.  At freezing and below, condensation is unavoidable this way.
Insulation on the interior basement wall, especially above and near the exterior grade.  This will keep airborne moisture from contacting the wall and prevent any condensation.  The insulation will have to be adequate enough to keep its inside face above the dew point temperature.
Wall heating:  a little bit of heat applied from the inside to keep the basement wall warmer will prevent condensation.  You could do "off label" use of an under carpet floor heater.  I wouldn't be surprised if manufacturers of the higher end products have suggestions for satisfying local building and electrical codes.  In the DIY realm, this one has 310+ feet of cable which could be looped behind the finished wall several times (more than 3 is probably be overkill).  Placing it a little lower than needed allows the heat rising effect to keep the upper wall warm.
Exterior insulation.  Rigid foam insulation covered by a protective layer will go a long way to warming up the foundation.