Hit wire on concrete wall while drilling a hole - problem?
You can't just leave damaged wires in the wall.  The circuit might seem to work for now, but when a higher load is placed on it or anything moves the wires just a little bit, they can arc, short out against the conduit and melt/burn/damage other nearby wires.  This could happen years down the road, or the next time you plug something in.

I mentioned conduit, because in a concrete wall, the wires are going to be running in some.  This should make repair easier since the damaged wire can be pulled out and replaced.  You will want to make a larger hole in the wall to inspect your damage and fix any sharp edges that would damage new wire or prevent you from pulling new wire in the first place.

Also, circuit breakers will trip when the wire is shorted completely, but some arcing and burning can happen at a low enough current that the breaker won't trip immediately.  You can't rely on a breaker when dealing with physically damaged wires.