Minimum length of concrete fasteners to floor and ceiling to attach a wall?
First you have to think about what you need from the fasteners:  


shear strength 
pullout strength 


Then you have to think about what you have to anchor into:  


thickness of concrete in floors and ceilings 
strength (PSI rating) of concrete 


Then you can select an anchor / fastener with the strength you need, given the embedment possible and the strength of the concrete.  

For this application, I'd bet that 1/2" expansion anchors or drop-in anchors would work, they require 2" embedment (about 5 cm).