Did I cause problems removing outlet?
You disconnected wires that were hot, wrapped them with electrical tape, and buried them in the wall after removing the junction box. You're not allowed to do that. 

You can't terminate live wires anywhere but a box.

So you have 3 choices.  


Follow the cable to wherever it goes, positively identify that it that same cable, and remove it from there also, pulling the entire cable out of the wall (or at least, as much as it's possible to remove).  That permanently removes the cable from service. 
Route the cable to a place where you can put a junction box, bring them into the box nice-n-legal with appropriate cable clamps, secure them, and then put a blank junction box cover on it.  Or a recep if you want.
Use a Tyco style in-wall splice to extend the cable to somewhere you actually do want a receptacle, fit a box there, and fit a recep there.  This may help with the next part. 


Every point on a wall must be within 6' of a recep

(that means following the wall and rounding corners, but not crossing thresholds; presuming the person will lay the appliance cord along the wall perimeter.  Standard cords are 6' long).   So what can happen when you remove a recep higgledy-piggledy, is now you leave a significant part of your wall inaccessible to any receptacle.  That's a code violation.

It is even a code violation if your site is grandfathered to before that was a requirement: you're not allowed to make things worse.  

As far as the other circuits breaking

I think there's more to this story.  I think there were more wires than the ones you have mentioned.