How can I attach a sink drain to a drain that is higher than the sink?
That isn't how gravity works.

Drains like sinks are typically gravity drains where the water is drawn down into the drainpipe... by gravity.

This is in contrast to things like washing-machines where the wastewater is pumped out into standpipes.

In order to drain your sink via a standpipe above the fixture you'll need a drain pump or drain into a sump and pump it out from there.