Sistering 2x8s to 2x4 truss system for vaulted ceiling?
This type of roof construction is what I call “stick built” That is to say individual boards are nailed together in the field in place. Another similar type is “beam and joist”.
The main difference between the two systems is the beam and joist can resist the spreading of the exterior walls when put in a vaulted design. Where as the stick built will “push” the exterior walls outward when the bottom chords are removed for a vaulted design.
I think you have two options:
OPTION #1: Install a “roof tie” from one side (2x8 joist) to the other side (2x8 joist) to keep the joists from spreading apart when you remove the horizontal 2x4’s to create the vaulted design. (If you like the ceiling vaulted up to the peak, the roof tie could remain exposed.)
OPTION #2: Install a ridge beam the length of the roof so the new 2x8 roof joists can rest on the beam. By installing the ridge beam, all of the vertical forces (Live Load and Dead Load) will act vertically on the ridge beam AND exterior walls...thus no need for the roof ties.
I like the idea of using rigid insulation so you can maintain a 1” or 2” air space between the insulation and the bottom of the roof sheathing for ventilation. However, remember the code says ventilation shall be “cross-ventilation”. In order to accomplish this you’ll need to either provide a ridge vent and cut the sheathing back so air can vent in each joist space...or cut holes through the ridge joist so air can circulate from side to side of building.
You are creating a “habitable space”. Therefore you’ll need to bring the entire structure up to code, including energy code (walls and slab on grade), structural code (wind and seismic shear resistance), exit/entrance door (3’ wide minimum), egress window (in sleeping room), bath and kitchen facilities, etc.
To answer your original question, yes 2x8’s at 24” on center sistered to the original rafters will work, but as described in Option 1 and 2, several conditions apply, (i.e.: add roof tie or add ridge beam).
**Update 1:
The new picture shows a several structural trusses with a ridge “beam” spanning from truss to truss. This is not what was described in the OP. Building structural trusses using 2x8 joists for the top chord is possible. Providing a horizontal lower chord with a vertical king post at the center could be similar to the new updated picture. However, the 2x8 joists would be buried in the roof structure in order to provide the air space required for venting.