How do I transition from sheet vinyl to bare concrete?
Floor transition trims (or strips) are usually glued. I would avoid an anchor, because in this case it's not really a transition (it's just vinyl on concrete, so it's less than 1mm) and the anchor head (no matter how flat) will not be flush; it'll look bad, and could lead to tripping.

The thing is that the smallets trims expect some height difference. Perhaps you can use a carpet trim, that's fastened with nails (and is flatter).