What do you call those little round rubber things in door jambs?
I don't know if this is the &quot;official&quot; name, but if you search online for &quot;Cabinet Bumper&quot;, I believe you will find exactly the item you are looking for. So it could be assumed that is what they are called - you already answered your own question.
Some alternative names I saw:

Surface Bumper
Bumper Pad