Window Tempering Rules and Interior Doors
The rule is basically to use tempered glass if someone can fall through it. I don't see any distinction made between exterior and interior doors, nor would I expect to, because exterior vs interior doors do not change this risk.

"Glazing in an individual fixed or operable panel adjacent to a door where the nearest vertical edge of the glazing is within a 24-inch (610 mm) arc of either vertical edge of the door in a closed position and where the bottom exposed edge of the glazing is less than 60 inches (1524 mm) above the walking surface shall be considered a hazardous location." (California code, but I don't think it matters here.)
https://up.codes/viewer/california/ca-building-code-2016-v2/chapter/24/glass-and-glazing#2406.4.2