Mounting outlet on drywall furred out from cement
You have three choices here:


Run the NM cable in-wall with a sheet steel protector at least 1.6mm thick between the cable and the wall surface (to keep those pesky nails away)
Run conduit in-wall -- a 3/8" trade size EMT should squeeze down there OK although you'll be tight on wire fill with that.  You might be able to fit 1/2" EMT -- I'd try it at least, and use the 3/8" if 1/2" doesn't fit in the gap.
Run surface raceway or conduit, if you'd rather the industrial aesthetic.


All three will meet Code -- it really depends on cost and what skills and materials you have available to you.