How can I fix a leaky door with new compression stripping?
Something moved or warped. The door, the door jambs, the wall...

Easiest thing to do is add additional weather stripping. They make weather stripping that comes on either wood or aluminum strips for attaching to the door jambs. Comes with either the D style weatherstrip or the kerf style which you purchased. It's basically what you bought with a rigid piece that you can drive screws through. Kits come with 2 long pieces for the sides and 1 for the top.

Cut each to size place on door stop on outside of door and screw it into place. If the door isn't perfectly plumb you can install it a little off plum. If there's a little warp in the door you can notch the back of the aluminum ones to bend it into shape a little.

Lock your door, including deadbolt then attach them from the outside making sure not to press them up against the door too tight or you won't be able to unlock the deadbolt.