How to stop the peeling of new paint that's not properly adhered to new drywall due to underlying spackle dust
After the fact? Sorry, no, the area where the problem is, is UNDER the paint, and adding something to the surface of the paint won't fix it. Scrape, sand or whatever it takes to get any poorly adhered paint off the wall, sand to feather edges, patch if need be, sand more, clean throughly, and repaint. 

Or hire a pro painter to fix it...