What options are there for converting from a wood stove to another type of heating system?
With no duct work already existing, there's nothing really to "retrofit".  What you'll be looking at is a new install in an existing house, something that's ABSOLUTELY doable.  In fact, a few years back I got an estimate to install a new HVAC system and run a new trunk up to the attic and the estimate was about 12k.

The only thing that wouldn't have been new in that case was the gas line into the basement.

Newer high efficiency furnaces can be had which don't need to be vented out the chimney but can simply be vented outside the basement wall and partway up the side of the house.  Likewise running propane or natural gas is pretty straight forward.

The most complicated part will be running the ducting.  The ductwork should be sized out by a pro - size matters, particularly for the air return, which if too small can burn out the furnace.