Which is the right screws to use to mount ikea pegboard to studs for heavy weights with noob skills?
Your studs are probably 2x6 to get the thickness for the latest higher level of insulation which requires more wall depth. Since the studs can bear more load, they can be spaced at 24" oc rather than 16" oc.

All of those screws would work. Most of your forces on the screws will be in shear, not withdrawal, so the screw only needs to go deep enough to engage the strength of the steel and bearing of the wood, rather than getting a lot of tread into the studs for withdrawal.

I would use the SDS screws at about 2-1/2" which will give 2" of embed with 1/2" drywall. They will support over 340 lb each and therefore the peg board will be the weak point. Add as many as needed, say 1 per 100 lb of gear, and a minimum of four. I suggest predrilling pilot holes for ease of insulation.