Do 240 volt dryers need to be AFCI protected
No -- the 2014 NEC only calls out AFCIs for 120V, 15 and 20A outlets -- the dryer is 240V, so it doesn't need an AFCI.


  210.12 Arc-Fault Circuit-Interrupter Protection. Arc-
  fault circuit-interrupter protection shall be provided as required in 210.12(A) (B), and (C). The arc-fault circuit interrupter shall be installed in a readily accessible location.
  
  (A) Dwelling Units. All 120-volt, single-phase, 15- and
  20-ampere branch circuits supplying outlets or devices installed in dwelling unit kitchens, family rooms, dining
  rooms, living rooms, parlors, libraries, dens, bedrooms,
  sunrooms, recreation rooms, closets, hallways, laundry areas, or similar rooms or areas shall be protected by any of
  the means described in 210.12(A)(l) through (6):