Low temperature construction adhesive?
I think the Liquid nails adhesive you have may be the basic interior grade. Take a look at the PL urethane adhesives, ie: PL200, PL400 etc. I don't have the specs in front of me, but I think you will find one that will perform OK in lower temps. Obviously, you may need to pick a nice sunny day, keep your new planking material inside and warm  until you are just ready to set it in place. What is the reason you can't use some 16 or 18 Ga finish nails or small diameter finish screws to secure the planks? If you have access under the planks there are some good screw type systems that will attach to joists and screw up from the bottom into your new decking.