Breaker trips when light is switched on in one room
If I am reading the question right:  


You tapped the switched supply of a half-switched receptacle to power a ceiling fan.  
When your turned the breaker back on and turned the on the switch, the breaker tripped.  (There had not been any such problem before you started.)  
You then tried to put the wiring back the way it was before you started - as you put it, "reversed" your work - but the breaker still trips when you turn on the switch.  


Obviously, you didn't put the wiring back quite the way it was before you started;  something changed.  These are just guesses.  

Since the breaker trips when you close the switch, it's likely the problem is with the red wire, the switched hot.  


You may have put the box together so that a ground wire is touching a switched hot terminal - the one with the red wire on it.  Try wrapping the receptacle with tape so the terminals are not exposed, and carefully fold the bare ground wires to the back of the box.   
There may be a nick in the insulation of the red wire that's coming in contact with a ground somewhere - inspect the red wire carefully.  
Maybe you miswired the receptacle with the red wire on the neutral side, so when switched on, it makes a dead short.  (Presumes the tab on the neutral side of the receptacles is not removed.)