What caulk to use for basement leaks at cove joint where floor meets the wall? Polyurethane, silicone, or latex-based Drylok?
Water should never come up from below the slab.  If water is coming up then your sump pump is undersized and not handling either the influx of ground water or the rain and influx of ground water.  The sump pump should have a high level alarm.  If the water ever gets anywhere near the bottom of the slab the alarm should be going off.
You aren't going to be able to turn your basement slab into a boat bottom if water is that high in the water table then water will wick up through the porous concrete slab or through any number of penetrations or cracks.  You might want to seal the crack to prevent radon / water moisture from entering your basement in that case I'd go for the quikrete product.