Shorted receptacle, now another recep (GFCI) not working. Breaker perhaps?
It sounds like one of the wire connections is faulty.  Problem is, it's not where you want it to be.
It's very common after an overload for a wire connection (where wire attaches to a device) to simply stop working.  What has happened is that it was making a poor connection up til now (either because backstab connections were used, or it was under-torqued) and the surge of current burned it out entirely.
For any given wire, this could occur on either end of the wire.  You don't know which.    When you replaced the receptacle, that obviously re-seated that end of the wires.  But the problem could be at the other end, which is presumably at another switch, recep, or wire nut that is also on that circuit.
It can also happen at &quot;wire nuts&quot; which aren't tight enough.  People who don't tighten wire nuts enough usually use tape to keep them from just falling apart, so tape is a warning sign.
So it becomes a &quot;bug hunt&quot; trying to find it.