How do I prepare concrete walls before applying water-dispersion paint?
More coats of primer might have done the trick. Paints have different levels of coverage/opacity. 

If you wanted to even out the texture, that is harder; maybe some sort of skim coat over the entire wall, to unify it? Or pre-paint/joint compound/etc. over just the areas that were chipped.

I don't know whether you can add additional layers over your existing paint; the can may give more info about overcoats.