How do I prevent my screen door from opening too far?
You can always install the spring.

 

Kids really love playing with these.  Until it slams onto their little fingers.

Or you can install a closer.



These you mount high and it will limit the amount how far back a door will go and how fast the door closes.  You can also lock it open when you bring the groceries in.  If you already have a closer it either needs adjusting or maybe it's not mounted correctly to do what you need.

Also, you might consider if you don't have it is a locking latch.

Edit  After I read comments placed while writing this.

I spent a few weeks one summer building and installing these until the state said I was too you to work with the tools.  I can adjust them but for the ife of me I couldn't tell anyone.  I did find this:

There are two ways to control a pneumatic door closer:


Adjusting the bracket that attaches the closer to the door.
Turning the screw on the end of the closer that regulates the rate at which the air is released from the cylinder.


If the door doesn’t close all the way, adjust the bracket:


Open the door and slide the stop out to hold the cylinder open.
Loosen the screws that attach the bracket to the door and move the bracket further out (toward the door handle).
Or remove the pin that secures the cylinder to the bracket and move it out to a hole further away.


If the door slams shut or closes too slowly, adjust the pneumatic cylinder:


To slow the closing, turn the screw on the end of the pneumatic cylinder clockwise.
To speed up the closing, turn the screw counterclockwise.


If adjusting doesn’t help, the closer may need to be replaced. Take your old door closer with you to the home improvement center to be sure the replacement will fit the hardware on your door. Some pneumatic door closers work better than others, so buy a quality one.