What wires connect to what here?
The short black wires are pigtails; their color can be disregarded. 

Ground is always color-coded green, yellow-green stripe, or bare. It goes to the metal chassis of the junction box and lamp, or any ground wires coming from the lamp (e.g. There should be one running down any chains).  It never goes to anything else. 

The cluster of black wires goes to your black supply wire.  These are all "hot" wires.  You can simply attach the supply wire to the black pigtail after stripping off about 5/8" of wire so it'll go in the wire nut.  

With those dealt with, all that can remain is neutral.  Those go together.  They are white except for the black pigtail, which we'll pretend is white. 

Neutral is safe if everything is working, but certain malfunctions can cause neutral to become hot, so it is insulated like it's hot.