What are my options for installing 240v receptacles in an attached garage?
A subpanel is probably the safest bet. It will allow easier access to cut power in an emergency, and it will offer better protection of the wiring. 

If you go with option 1, you'll have to step down to #12 or #14 wire at some point to feed 120V receptacles.  Which means you'll potentially be able to draw 30 amps on a #12/#14 wire, before the breaker trips.

If it were me, I'd install a subpanel with a 30A main breaker. Then use a 20A single pole breaker to feed the 120V receptacles, and a 20A double pole breaker to feed the 220V receptacle. You could use a 15A breaker for the 120V receptacles, but since it's a shop (where you'll likely use high draw devices) I'd go with 20A.  If you do use 20A for the 120V receptacles, make sure you use receptacles rated for that amperage and #12 wire.