How do I correctly wire my ceiling fan with these other switches and outlet?
Given the most recent edit, including your comment below:
First, you need to figure out which circuit, out of everything you're working with, is the power-in. One of the easiest ways to do that is separate every circuit and turn the breaker back on, the wires that your tester reads as live is the one you want to work with as described below. Take pictures or label or draw a diagram so you can put it all back together once you're doing identifying which is the real power-in.
Somehow, your new wiring configuration is breaking the circuit or failing to complete the circuit that brings power from the panel. You need to figure out that first.
If you truly do have the end of the line there at that primary outlet you are saying is the power source, remove the black wire from the outlet (assuming you found that black is hot from the panel), throw three pigtails on it one goes back to the outlet and one to each switch (more conductors if you have more receptacles to power off it), follow the same idea with the neutrals and ground, and proceed from there as follows:
Starting from scratch, you would either run power to the fan mount jx box or to the receptacle box with the switches (usually just choose whichever creates the shortest path for the wiring), run a hot line to each switch nutted to the line voltage (power in), then run a separate hot line from the switch to the load connection. The switches need to open/close current to the fan and the light. The neutral should run through to the fan assuming the light and fan switches are dedicated. The ground should tie to switch and run to fan. Case #4 here describes the process and This is the diagram.
Now it sounds like you may be missing something, and your outlets may be wired in series and you just don't realize it. If you can't solve it with what I've laid out above, your next best thing is to find some receptacle box where it is a simple 2 conductor outlet, and run power to the fan or switches from there.
Deal with the other circuits as other circuits and be careful you aren't going to over-current the switches.