What are my options for making up for a narrower replacement door jamb?
Yes, google "jamb extension", and you'll get plenty of instruction. 

The only quirk to watch for is that the width of the jamb extension will sometimes vary because the door/wall relationship isn't perfect. 

One approach is to exactly scribe the extension to the plane of the wall. This is time-consuming but pretty.

If you have the jamb extension proud of the wall, then applying casing will be a pain.

If the jamb extension is not wide enough to come up to the plane of the wall, you can hammer the drywall (underneath where the casing goes!) to make it flush.

A modest gap between the door and the jamb extension can be filled with painter's caulk. 

All in all, caulk is your friend.