Can I remove this post on the lower floor of a two-storey home?
That's not a structural component, at least not under normal building standards.  But just to be sure, check underneath in the basement or crawlspace.  Is there a support below it?  If so, then it's carrying some load.  If not, you're good to remove it.
Check in the attic above it.  Is there anything being supported?  Chance are good that the answer is no.