broken wire in the wall?
I have to stop you.  

You're making a huge assumption that the dead outlets and the live ones must be "part of the same circuit", and that there's a wire in the wall between them, and that the wire is broken.  That's not what's happening at all.  

First, wires breaking in walls is rare.  And second, a house - especially a 20-year-old house - is a multitude of circuits, 20, 30 or even 40.   It's almost certainly true that the "live" circuit you're splicing from, and the "dead" circuit you're splicing to, are totally different circuits.  


  Ran scenarios inside black and outside white connected to panel - 0 V at the other end. Outside black and inside white 120V. Outside and outside 120V of course.


Wait.  If this was one circuit, how is the "inside" (you say the fed,  downline) neutral able to return power back to the panel????  It's disconnected, right?  No, if it gave the 120V reading, it must be connected back to the panel.  The answer is, it does go back to the main panel because it's a separate circuit with its own homerun back to the panel.  Then you say 


  So, twisted the Jump wire to the panel/working side and connected to the next outlet. Lights and outlets worked throughout the circuit.


Yeah, because you were backfeeding. 

You said it yourself: about half your house is dead.  About half your house.   And your house is many circuits.  What causes that, I wonder?  Read here about houses have 2 poles of power.  

Yeah.  All the circuits on one pole are dead.  

What's actually happening here is your red pole is dead from the power company. You had no idea what you were doing.  What you actually did was connect a hot from a "black" circuit to a hot from a "red" circuit -backfeeding not just that circuit, but the whole "red" bus! Making all of them hot (but in-phase when they're supposed to be out-of-phase, 120V loads don't care).  So that dead half of your house lit back up again.  

This would fail once you drew more than 15-20A on the red side, because you're backfeeding through 15-20A breakers and they'll trip. 

If the power company restored your power, your jumper would be connecting opposite poles, and KABOOM! Dead short, and breakers would trip.   

You have too little knowledge.  If you want to learn the art, then borrow a book from the library and start reading about home electrical, and then get another, and then hang out here for awhile and read and ask questions.  You'll eventually get up to speed.  In the meantime, no more playing with electricity, K? 

As for half your house being dead, call the power company and report an outage because that's what you have.  They'll fix it for free in a few hours typically (or tell you it ain't them, at which point it's electrician time).   Remember to roll back all these temporary connections before the power company lights you back up.