Can I upgrade my hardwired smoke detector in apartment without triggering central alarm?
There is unfortunately only one right answer to this question: don't mess with the landlord's property.  In the USA at least the landlord is responsible for the alarm, and your touching it creates liability problems all around.

Beyond that, a typical central alarm for commercial properties uses a completely different signaling mechanism (you want to alert the central station but NOT the other apartments).  The nest simply does not play in that world, yet.