Can you run a ground wire from stove directly to ground pole in the ground
Depends what you're trying to protect.  

If your goal is to protect the oven from ESD (static electricity) damage or lightning-strike damage, or help it receive radio signals, then going out to a ground spike can help you with that.  

It won't do a thing for human safety, though.  To protect humans from electric shocks, you can go one of two ways. 

GFCI protection

You replace the oven's breaker with a 2-pole GFCI breaker. If there's any place to mark this, you mark the oven's outlet with the words 

 GFCI Protected
 No Equipment Ground


And then you wire the oven correctly for a 4-wire connection (i.e. remove the neutral-ground strap on the oven) and don't connect ground.  If it's a receptacle you fit a 4-prong (NEMA 14) receptacle and do not connect ground and apply the above sticker. 

Retrofit a ground

You need a #10 ground wire going back to any of these points: 


The ground bar of the service panel this oven is powered out of
A junction box of any other circuit with a #10 or larger ground path going back to the panel 
non-flexible metal conduit which is continuous all the way back to the panel
the Grounding Electrode System, i.e. the bare ground straps between the service panel and the house's grounding electrode(s) - ground rods, metal water main, or Ufer ground. 


This wire can be retrofitted as a solitary wire.  This wire does not need to follow the same route as the other wires. 

If you really, really want to, you can replace the whole 3-wire cable with a 4-wire cable, but that is just a harder way to do the above.