SQL Server 2016 replication between Windows 10 and Windows Server 2012
https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-GB/library/ms143506.aspx shows SQL 2016 Dev as supported on Win10 Home, and I don't know of any explicit feature limitations--though you are right in general that you're limited to what the OS supports.

Have you tried to set up replication using the built-in service logins? I believe the instructions around adding Windows logins are for security best practice, which may not be an issue for a dev environment.