Unable to Connect LocalDB Server in Navicat Premium
Is Navicat installed on the same computer as LocalDB? LocalDB doesn't allow for remote connections.

Assuming that Navicat is installed on the same computer: is Navicat a service or desktop application? LocalDB runs, by default, as a private user process that only your Login can see (no problem for a desktop application that you are running). If you want others (such as a service) to be able to access your LocalDB instance, you need to share it using the sqllocaldb.exe command line utility.

Also #1: (localhost)\MSSQLLocalDB is not a valid syntax. The reason for specifying (localdb)\InstanceName is that the (localdb)\ portion of it is a special syntax that the underlying connection library understands and hands-off to the LocalDB library (it is special because it can auto start up that instance of LocalDB simply by trying to connect to it using that syntax).

Also #2: SQL Server Native Client is a connection library (ODBC is another type of connection library), and it is being used by Navicat to connect to SQL Server. If Navicat is saying that you need to install SQL Server Native Client, then you need to download it from Microsoft. And yes, the last version of it was for SQL Server 2012. But if Navicat requires it, then you kinda need it.

Now, it appears that Navicat Premium is a desktop app so you likely don't need to worry about sharing the instance, unless there are other users logged onto your computer that you want to be able to access this instance. But for now, I will assume that it is only you using it. Keeping in mind the fact that LocalDB isn't a service and so not always running, and that it can be auto-started by attempting to connect to (localdb)\something, it should be understood that it takes several seconds for the LocalDB instance to start. The amount of time it takes is longer than the default connection timeout, at least in SQL Server Management Studio (SSMS). So, when initially connecting, it is expected to get the timeout error, so immediately try connecting again. If you wait too long (several minutes) to attempt connecting again, you will get the timeout again as the instance will auto-shutdown after several minutes of no connections.

So, again, assuming that both LocalDB and Navicat are running on the same computer AND by the same Windows Login, try connecting to (localdb)\MSSQLLocalDB. When you get the connection timeout error, immediately try connecting again. If it doesn't work, then something else is wrong.