Find Underlying Data Type (int - integer) of Oracle Table instead of number
According the ANSI, DB2, and SQL/DS Data Types:


  SQL statements that create tables and clusters can also use ANSI data types and data types from the IBM products SQL/DS and DB2. Oracle recognizes the ANSI or IBM data type name that differs from the Oracle Database data type name. It converts the data type to the equivalent Oracle data type, records the Oracle data type as the name of the column data type, and stores the column data in the Oracle data type based on the conversions shown in the tables that follow.


INT, INTEGER and SMALLINT are all mapped to the Oracle datatype NUMBER(38). Since that's what is stored in the dictionary, there's no way to recover the type as specified in the original query.

If you're not using comments on your columns for other purposes, you could store that information there when you create your tables, and retrieve it via the ALL_COL_COMMENTS (or similar) view.