How to retrieve missing values of an id from a list?
I don't fully follow your examples, if you could clarify them a little it might help, but in general it sounds like you're trying to find what data exists in one table but not another? If so, then you want to use a LEFT JOIN and a WHERE clause that filters on the missing records like so:
SELECT *
FROM TableWithAllRecords
LEFT JOIN TableMissingRecords
    ON TableWithAllRecords.KeyField = TableMissingRecords.ForeignKeyField
WHERE TableMissingRecords.ForeignKeyField IS NULL