Limiting the CPU/Memory utilization for a Query in SQL server 2008R2
The short answer is 'Yes'. 
You can use RG to limit the CPU consumption of that process.
Note that RG is only available in Enterprise and Data Center editions of SQL Server 2008R2. Use the Microsoft documentation excellent walk-through to learn about using RG: Resource Governor How-to Topics

Longer answer - RG does not address the root cause, it's a band aid to help with the symptoms, and make the disease less disturbing to the other users.
If I were in your place, before resorting to RG solutions, I would invest some time trying to optimize the process itself. 
Although 'accessing 80 million rows' doesn't mean much, and just accessing data rows should not consume a lot of CPU. 
My experience has proven again and again that many processes that take hours, can be reduced to minutes (and in some cases, to seconds), and be made to consume orders of magnitude less resources than the original.
Optimization effort should include not only the technicalities, such as proper indexing, schema tweaks, query syntax, and plan investigation, but also higher level evaluation of the process architecture and flow, does it do a full refresh or incremental update? how many times do you access the same tables? are there many temp tables involved? too many steps? Perhaps some redundant work being done?
If you provide some more details about the process, and why it takes so much CPU, people here will be happy to help you.

Of course, there is no guarantee that you will succeed, and eventually you may end up resorting to use RG, but IMHO the effort is very worth while.