SQL Server AlwaysOn Failover Transparency
It depends on how long it takes the clustering to fail over and then for crash recovery to run.
No, not unless you program your app to resubmit the query.
Yes, provided that you setup an AlwaysOn listener (that might not be the correct name) and the IP 10.10.10.10 is the IP address which the cluster service and AlwaysOn are using for the floating listener.  If that IP is an IP which is assigned to one of the specific servers which is hosting a copy of the database then no.