VARCHAR memory buffer appears to be breaking in ChineseTaiwan Collation
You need to ensure the strings (stored procedure parameters) are sent NVARCHAR

DECLARE @CollationTest table (
     ID int NOT NULL,
     KoreanV varchar(2048) COLLATE Korean_Wansung_CI_AS NULL ,
     KoreanNV nvarchar(2048) COLLATE Korean_Wansung_CI_AS NULL ,
     ChineseTaiwanV varchar(2048) COLLATE Chinese_Taiwan_Stroke_CI_AS NULL ,
     ChineseTaiwanNV nvarchar(2048) COLLATE Chinese_Taiwan_Stroke_CI_AS NULL 
    )

INSERT @CollationTest VALUES (1,
    '한국어',
    N'한국어', 
    '韓國人學台', 
    N'韓國人學台'
)

INSERT @CollationTest VALUES (2,
    N'한국어',
    N'한국어', 
    N'韓國人學台', 
    N'韓國人學台'
)
SELECT * FROM @CollationTest