Managing static (or reference) data between different environments?
The way I do this is with SSDT projects and a post deployment script that MERGE-s from a VALUES list to the target table.

If it is necessary to store different values in different environments you can use sqlcmd variables defined in the project properties and store a publish profile for each different environment.

It does require a particular development approach though. Developers should know that the contents of these tables is part of the project and that they should be editing the post deployment script and re-publishing rather than editing the data in these tables directly.

You could potentially add triggers to these tables that roll back changes and raise an error as a reminder if you feel that this may be a problem. The triggers could check a CONTEXT_INFO value and allow the modification to succeed if some specific value to allow the post deploy script to succeed.