Crow's notation: Identifying relationships without the FK in the PK
According to this post, as pointed out by mustaccio, while the formal way of showing an identifying relationship is by including the FK in the PK in the child table, this is not always done since it might not be practical to have big PKs that include the foreign key(s).

The logical meaning is simply that the child cannot exist without the parent, and as long as it is true, the relationship is identifying.

Therefore, in the example I stated, if we assume that all the students in our database have to be enrolled in a university, the relationship between a Student and a University is classified as identifying, since a Student cannot exist without a University.