Is there way to join every row of TableA to a row of the smaller TableB by repeating TableB however many times are needed?
Another way to avoid temp tables would be this:

;WITH tmpTest AS
(
    SELECT  Num as [UserId]
            , Row_Number() OVER (ORDER BY (SELECT 1)) as [RowNo]
            , COUNT(*) OVER() AS Quant
    FROM dbo.StringToNumSet('2,3,1', ',') 
)
SELECT *
FROM tmpTest as T1
INNER JOIN 
    (
        SELECT Top 10 Id
            , Row_Number() OVER (ORDER BY SomeDateTime) as [RowNo]
        FROM TableA WITH (NOLOCK)
    ) as T2 ON T1.RowNo = (T2.RowNo % Quant) + 1;