How to check that stored procedure is valid
According to the MSDN article - Deferred Name Resolution and Compilation only the first situation is working, second is not:
"Deferred name resolution can only be used when you reference nonexistent table objects. All other objects must exist at the time the stored procedure is created. For example, when you reference an existing table in a stored procedure you cannot list nonexistent columns for that table."

For checking this kind of situations, I'd use a database project in Visual Studio with automatic (daily) deploy and verification of all warnings (maybe treat warning as errors), because these issues would be warnings, not errors.