Centralized master data shared among other several DBs
If your environment is currently heterogeneous or you're moving in that direction already, look into using an enterprise service bus to abstract away the implementations of each database. If it isn't, then I would advise against doing so unless absolutely necessary -- this will complicate your environment a lot, especially as you start adding in HA/DR solutions.

Replication should work for SQL Server. I'm not 100% sure of the exact supported features for heterogeneous replication, nor are your requirements very specific in the question, so I can't comment on that.

Master Data Services is a SQL Server only solution (introduced in 2008 R2, which is higher than the version you've tagged the question with), and beyond that I'm not familiar enough with it to say if it would work for your situation.