Add article to transaction replication without generating a snapshot at all
There really isn't a supported way to do what you are asking. You can use a backup/restore but that would be to a new database. You could try a filtered article where you only grab data after a certain create date.

Or you could use a manual process such as an SSIS package or T-SQL Scripts to stage the schema and data. But the snapshot is more or less a required item.

I would probably do a single article snapshot or maybe look to filter if you can filter create_date > getdate() and then add in rows manually after if you have such a column, or an identity column, etc.

A few links:

About manually preparing.

About using backups or other methods.

About filtering.