Get list of all tables and columns "touched" by application
It sounds like, for this particular scenario, you should run a trace in SQL Profiler. You can open it from the Tools menu in SSMS or find it in the Start > Applications > SQL Server 2008 R2 > Performance Tools folder.

Create a new trace and connect it to your database. Use the "blank" template and in the Events Selection tab just select Stored Procedures > RPC:Completed and TSQL > SQL:BatchCompleted.

Pause (but not stop) your trace until you're ready to click something, then start the trace back up and see exactly what queries the application produces. If you're still getting a lot of noise in your traces, you can use the column filters and the CientProcessID or SPID fields will probably help you nail it down.