What is the `TABLE example` syntax called?
It's documented with the SELECT statement and it's called "TABLE Command" there.

In the SQL standard it's called an "explicit table":


  The &lt;explicit table&gt;
  
  &nbsp;&nbsp; TABLE &lt;table or query name&gt;
  
  is equivalent to the 
  
  &nbsp;&nbsp; ( SELECT * FROM &lt;table or query name&gt; )




This seems to be part of the standard at least since SQL 1992