IS-A relationship with only single sub entity
I would not create another table for verbs because join operations on big tables (especially multiple ones in the same query) may be expensive. I would create one table, with the shared AND the non-shared fields, AND add another column "isverb", set it to 1 for verbs and 0 for non-verbs. You could also later on add "isadjective" etc.

In this case it just makes sense to do:

SELECT * FROM words where isverb = 1


rather than:

SELECT * 
FROM words w 
INNER JOIN verbs v ON w.type = v.id 
WHERE w.type = 2


The application is a dictionary. So it's write once, read a zillion times and so I don't personally see a need for a complicated database design. You essentially just need very fast reads which you can achieve without joins to multiple tables