SQL server 2016/2017 in terms of better performance
For version, 2017.  Later versions have additional features and improvements, so for performance always prefer the latest version.

Enterprise Edition can scale up to larger machines:


and has more sophisticated High Availability and Disaster Recovery features.  But they have the same query optimizer and support the same programability features.

In general large databases, and databases with very demanding throughput requirements may perform better on Enterprise Edition, but smaller databases on smaller servers will perform the same.

See generally Editions and supported features for all of the differences.