SQLite Data Types In Context of Disk Space
I searched for "SQLite storage space" and this was the second link:

https://www.sqlite.org/fileformat2.html

All the information you could possibly want there.

You cannot exactly work out how much storage space a given data set will use because it depends on how it was created (deletes tend to cause fragmentation for example, which means more space than would be optimal). It does explain the row format though.

SQLite is not strongly typed though. So getting a row size is out of the question. Also most databases created in the last 30 years don't use a packed row format.