Timeout on CPU usage?
There has been a quick and dirty method in SQL Server for 20 plus years - you set the value of Query governor cost threshold to your arbitrary amount and then if the estimated cost of the execution plan exceeds that the query is rejected - I believe the end user receives some kind of error message but I haven't seen this enabled in the wild for a VERY long time so can't remember any details.
NB: more than just CPU costs is included from the link : CPU time, memory, and disk IO.