SQL queries to find tempdb bloating
By default, SQL Server does not track and record queries that causing growth of TempDB. Moreover, even running SQL Profiler session would not help in this case. 

However, extended events is an option. Brent Ozar has a blog post with an example:

Tracking tempdb growth using Extended Events

XE sessions are more lightweight than SQL Profiler traces. Moreover, your servers, perhaps, already have two or three running now, by default.

XE sessions can be setup to target a ringbuffer, so they can be completely in memory and catch queries that exceed some threshold, for instance 20 GB or more. In this case, risk that they will cause any issues are minimal.