i am trying to get total amount from this query
Error occurred due to a column which is not part of the equation is inside the parenthesis.

Try this:

SELECT
    s.emp_id, 
      (s.[basic] + s.da + s.allowance) -
        ((s.deduction - p.pf_own_value) +
          s.adjustment + s.fine + s.tax +
           p.pf_own_value) AS solution
FROM salary_log s
INNER JOIN provident_fund_info p ON p.emp_id = s.emp_id
WHERE s.generate_date = '2017-12-01'
    AND s.statement_type = 'salary';