SQL Server 2012 Support on Windows Server 2008 R2
Yes, you can install SQL Server 2012 on Windows Server 2008 R2 (the matrix here - which is exactly where the link in your screenshot goes, if you had clicked it - shows the supported edition/OS combinations). 

The error message you posted tells you exactly what you need to do without even going to that page: Apply Service Pack 1 to the operating system. 

(Though - especially if setting up a new system - you should consider a more modern operating system, and a newer SQL Server version for that matter.)