Pivot time series into date period columns with array aggregate cells
This question is old, but you haven’t accepted any answer yet, so I will add another one.

You need some aggregation of your data, and a pivot table. The most elegant way to do the former is by means of a CTE, and the most elegant way to do the latter is with CROSSTAB; however, as of Postgres 9.6, and unlike in other DBMS, you cannot reference a CTE from CROSSTAB. I will show an example for each of the two possible ways out: 1) Use a CTE, and reimplement a poor man’s pivoting on your own 2) Instead of a CTE, create a view once for all and reference it in your CROSSTAB queries. In both cases you’ll have to issue only one query per report, and you won’t have to create any temporary table.

The general problem of pivots is that, in pure SQL, you cannot define a query whose result has a variable number of columns, and you cannot define column headings dynamically. If you want that, you have to build your query with a procedural language, either server-side (plpgsql, as in Abelisto’s answer) or client-side (PHP, java, whatever...). My examples below are in pure SQL, so they have a fixed number of days (three, as in your example data), with fixed column headings ("day 1", "day 2", "day 3"), but they are built in a way that minimizes the needed edits when you change them.

First, the initial data. I started from the ones joanolo used, but my approach is different, because I use SMALLINT instead of BOOLEAN for result. My reason for doing this will become clear in the following. 

CREATE TABLE time_series (
  date_time TIMESTAMP NOT NULL,
  entity TEXT NOT NULL,
  result SMALLINT DEFAULT 0 -- 1 means success, 0 failure.
);

INSERT INTO time_series VALUES
  ('2016-01-01 11:00', 'a', 1),
  ('2016-01-01 17:00', 'a', 1),
  ('2016-01-01 11:01', 'b', 0),
  ('2016-01-01 11:03', 'c', 1),
  ('2016-01-01 13:00', 'd', 1),
  ('2016-01-02 11:00', 'a', 1),
  ('2016-01-02 11:01', 'b', 0),
  ('2016-01-03 11:03', 'e', 1),
  ('2016-01-03 11:04', 'e', 1),
  ('2016-01-03 11:05', 'e', 1),
  ('2016-01-03 11:06', 'e', 0);


You only really need an array of two integers (a in my examples): a[1] (total count) and a[2] (success count). The failure count is simply a[1] - a[2] and the success percentage is 100*(a[2]::float)/a[1]. You can compute the total count by COUNT(result); if you define result SMALLINT you can simply use SUM(result) to keep track of the success count. If you store result as BOOLEAN, you have to use SUM(CASE WHEN result THEN 1 ELSE 0 END). If you store them as strings, SUM(CASE WHEN result = 'success' THEN 1 ELSE 0 END). If you cannot change your time_series table, edit the code below as appropriate.

Solution 1

This is inefficient ad rather ugly, but it’s worth being shown to illustrate how to use a CTE and what pains we had to suffer before CROSSTAB came along. When changing intervals, it has to be modified in four places: initial day, final day, rows in the main selection list, and rows in the list of joined tables. However, using a numeric column rn allows not to write explicit dates in the joined tables, which simplifies the task. 

WITH ct AS (
  SELECT EXTRACT('days' FROM day - MIN(day) OVER()) + 1 AS rn, sub.* 
    FROM (
     SELECT 
          entity, 
          DATE_TRUNC('day', date_time) AS day, 
          ARRAY[COUNT(result), SUM(result)] AS a
       FROM time_series
      WHERE date_time BETWEEN TIMESTAMP '2016-01-01'                 -- initial day
                          AND TIMESTAMP '2016-01-03 23:59:59'        -- last second of final day
      GROUP BY 1,2
    ) AS sub
)
SELECT e.entity
       , d1.a AS "day 1"                                             -- add as many as you need
       , d2.a AS "day 2"
       , d3.a AS "day 3"
  FROM (SELECT DISTINCT entity FROM ct) e
  LEFT JOIN (SELECT entity, a FROM ct WHERE rn = 1) d1 USING(entity) -- add as many as you need
  LEFT JOIN (SELECT entity, a FROM ct WHERE rn = 2) d2 USING(entity)
  LEFT JOIN (SELECT entity, a FROM ct WHERE rn = 3) d3 USING(entity)
  ORDER BY e.entity;


 entity | day 1 | day 2 | day 3 
--------+-------+-------+-------
 a      | {2,2} | {1,1} | 
 b      | {1,0} | {1,0} | 
 c      | {1,1} |       | 
 d      | {1,1} |       | 
 e      |       |       | {4,3}


Solution 2

The code for the view is essentially the CTE code of the previous example, but it is simpler, because CROSSTAB allows us using GENERATE_SERIES with timestamp values, so we don’t need a numeric rn column to categorize the data. Note that this view, once created, will not need modifications.

CREATE VIEW ts_view AS
  SELECT 
      entity,
      DATE_TRUNC('day', date_time) AS day, 
      ARRAY[COUNT(result), SUM(result)] AS a
    FROM time_series
    GROUP BY 1,2;


This is the main query. When changing intervals, it has to be modified in three places: initial day, final day, and output columns. Formatting is best done client-side, but in this case I have done it server-side. Instructions on how to change this are in the comments

SELECT * FROM CROSSTAB ($$
    SELECT 
        entity, 
        day,
        -- You have to repeat the result type of the following expression
        -- as the type of the "day N" columns below.
        -- e.g.  a --&gt; INTEGER[] ,  100*(a[2]::FLOAT)/a[1] --&gt; FLOAT , etc. 
        -- In TO_CHAR, D is changed to your locale's decimal point
        TO_CHAR(100*(a[2]::float)/a[1], '990D99')||'%' 
    FROM ts_view ORDER BY 1
  $$,$$
    SELECT GENERATE_SERIES (
      TIMESTAMP '2016-01-01',  -- initial day
      TIMESTAMP '2016-01-03',  -- final day
      '1 day'
    )
  $$
) AS (
    entity TEXT
    , "day 1" TEXT             -- add as many as you need
    , "day 2" TEXT
    , "day 3" TEXT
);

 entity |  day 1   |  day 2   |  day 3   
--------+----------+----------+----------
 a      |  100.00% |  100.00% | 
 b      |    0.00% |    0.00% | 
 c      |  100.00% |          | 
 d      |  100.00% |          | 
 e      |          |          |   75.00%


As a final remark, the second argument of CROSSTAB can be something like

$$ 
WITH n(ow) AS (VALUES(DATE_TRUNC('day', NOW()))) 
SELECT GENERATE_SERIES(n.ow + '-2 days', n.ow, '1 day') FROM n
$$


and the query would always return a dynamic report for the last three days (today included).