Error when running SQL Server 2014 64-bit Import/Export Wizard
I was able to resolve the issue by uninstalling and reinstalling the entire Visual Studio and SQL Server software stack on my laptop.

The cause of the problem appears to be with the anti-virus that corporate security has setup on my laptop. Apparently, the group policy is too restrictive and blocking the update from successfully performing its job. There are no failures or warnings to this fact. I was able to isolate this as the cause because I have an identical setup on remote desktop servers that I can log in to. I was able to successfully update VS2017 to 15.9.9 and edit script tasks/components without error on the remote desktops.

Upon inquiring with our corporate security team as to whether my group policy matches the servers, it was confirmed that mine did not match, which is not necessarily a problem - user and server policies are different. However, it was confirmed that I was in the wrong user group policy. I was switched into a different policy and the installation was successful. This further backs my suspicion of virus scanner interference because I had to previously ask that the virus scanner be disabled so that I could perform re-installations (this was the third time that I had to reinstall the stack).