Postgres – how to alter the WHERE clause of a postgres index
No, you cannot alter an index. Because, even if PostgreSQL allowed this, it would need to rebuild the index anyway. Unless it implemented very smart checks on the WHERE clause, which would serve quite rare use cases.

Having many indexes is also not optimal. Every time you run a query, the planner has to consider all existing indexes and pick up the best one. If you have several indexes, the planner takes more time. Not ages - but still, this delay affects each and every query involving that table.

My suggestion is... be patient and build a big index. You can use CREATE INDEX CONCURRENTLY to avoid locks.