Query Progress postgreSQL
No, currently there is no such feature in Postgres.

Some work has been done to prepare for that in future releases. One result of that is the view pg_stat_progress_vacuum introduced in 9.6 which makes use of that new infrastructure. 

But currently (2018) nothing of that infrastructure is used for regular SQL queries (including the upcoming Postgres 11).



Postgres Pro Standard (a fork of PostgreSQL) provides the extension pg_query_state which can display the execution plan of a running statement and the information which step is currently executed. But you need to run Postgres Pro, the extension is not compatible with the "normal" PostgreSQL version.