What to call a column that references another row in the same table?
There are several things in play here. A table that has a self-referential key is said to have a reflexive foreign key, though that doesn't look like it applies here because you'll have missing values.

What you're looking for is a hierarchical query, which can be achieved in Oracle by using a CONNECT BY clause.

They can be a bit difficult to get your head around at first, but there are plenty of good examples on the internet. A good one to start with is here. For once, the official documentation is quite clear too! 

Something like:

SELECT id, bar, reference_id, LEVEL
FROM yourtable
CONNECT BY PRIOR reference_id = id;


... will get you started on your data.