Does SQL Server 2008 have an equivalent to Oracle's “table%rowtype” syntax or (Data Type)?
No version of SQL Server has this. It would be useful (PostreSQL has the same and I like it).

In SQL Server, there are table types (CREATE TYPE), temporary tables (CREATE TABLE #foo) and table variables (DECLARE @var TABLE), but you can't mimic or inherit a table definition using %TYPE or CREATE TABLE .. INHERITS/OF