How to enable windows authentication on server that is not part of domain
Plan answer: No.

Let me explain:

Windows Authentication is just that, authenticating with a Window's login. So if you are dealing with a workgroup computer where you are on a domain it will not work, because that server can only authenticate a local account.

If you are talking about connecting with SSMS, you can try the runas coomand through command prompt and use the "netonly" parameter. I use this for connecting from workgroup to domain.