Linux sqlcmd connecting to Windows Sql Server using kerberos
Try this guide: Tutorial: Use Active Directory authentication with SQL Server on Linux

And then go to point:
Connect to SQL Server using AD Authentication

Basically you will need to ssh to the client using your AD credentials and the run sqlcmd without credentials

ssh -l user@contoso.com client.contoso.com  
sqlcmd -S mssql-host.contoso.com