Physical only checkdb is failing, but full one is completed successfully
Yes, this a defect in SQL Server 2017 up to CU14. There was a similar issue with nonclustered columnstore indexes in SQL Server 2016.

It's detailed in this video: CHECKDB Bug With SQL Server 2017 And ColumnStore Indexes

A more portable repro of the issue is this:

SELECT *, CONVERT(NVARCHAR(MAX), m.text + m.text + m.text + m.text + m.text) AS texty
INTO dbo.corrupt
FROM sys.messages AS m;

CREATE CLUSTERED COLUMNSTORE INDEX cx_corrupt ON dbo.corrupt;

DBCC CHECKDB WITH PHYSICAL_ONLY;

DROP TABLE dbo.corrupt;