SQL Server 2012 - How to Remove Partition on Publisher but not Subscriber?
You can override the way DELETE commands are replicated to the subscriber by using the @del_cmd parameter for sp_addarticle. You can specify a custom stored procedure that takes care of the archive logic or ignore DELETE commands altogether by setting it to NONE.

However, the rows kept at the subscriber won't be replicated any more if for some reason you re-initialize the subscription, which I suppose is not exactly desirable. 

I don't think that replication is the right way to skin this cat. Probably a custom SSIS package would do the trick more cleanly.