Macroeconomic Time-Series Database
Your root question is subjective and it's a little hard to fully envision what your data looks like without some examples, but it sounds like a Relational Database Management System (RDBMS) could work for you based on the type of querying you'll be doing.
If you solely want something free than PostgreSQL. If you want something with the most features built into it out of the box and are ok with paying then Microsoft SQL Server. Both can house your data, have Views (and other types of objects) which can save your queries (predetermined formulas) for conversion, and support importing data from CSVs and other files if needed as well (though I recommend you do as much of your data gathering and importing into the database via a non-database language like Python).
Your additional requirements for creating dashboards and other ad-hoc querying will be supported by either of these databases as well.