How does SQL Server determine precision / scale?
Determining precision and scale resulting from expressions is a rat's nest and I don't think anyone understands the exact rules in every scenario, especially when mixing decimal (or float!) and int. See this answer by gbn.

You can of course tailor the expressions to give you what you want by making much more verbose explicit conversions. This is probably overkill but:

SELECT 
   CONVERT(DECIMAL(15,6), CONVERT(DECIMAL(15,6), 0.15) 
   * CONVERT(DECIMAL(15,6), 30) 
   / CONVERT(DECIMAL(15,6), 360)),
   CONVERT(DECIMAL(15,6), CONVERT(DECIMAL(15,6), 0.15) 
   / CONVERT(DECIMAL(15,6), 360) 
   * CONVERT(DECIMAL(15,6), 30));


Neither result is rounded wrongly due to broken floating point math or wildly wrong precision/scale.

0.012500    0.012500