Will a SQL Server 2008 R2 MDF file work on SQL Server 2016 with Windows Server 2016?
The article you reference merely states what version of the SQL Server engine is supported on the various operating systems.

You should not encounter any problems attaching (you don't restore) your mdf file to the SQL Server 2016 instance running on Windows 2016.  

Note: During the attach, the database will be upgraded to SQL Server 2016 and can never be restored back to a SQL Server version that is prior to 2016.