What backup/restore strategy can I use for the following scenario
You cannot exclude parts of the database from backup and restore in the sense that those parts disappear or just become empty. SQL Server requires that all filegroups are either current or offline. You can bring non-current offline filegroups online by making them current by restoring enough backups.

A database is an inseparable entity when it comes to data and consistency.

If you could empty partitions/tables by not restoring them you could break trusted foreign keys and indexed views.