Getting column information from the MySQL command line
Add -e option:


  ·   --execute=statement, -e statement
  
  Execute the statement and quit. The default output format is like that produced with --batch. See Section 4.2.4, “Using Options
  on the Command
             Line”, for some examples. With this option, mysql does not use the history file.


mysql -uroot -pPassword1 -e "select column_name from information_schema.columns where table_schema = 'dbName' and table_name = 'tableName';"


Test:

root@onare:/home/onare# mysql -uroot -ponaare -e "select column_name from information_schema.columns where table_schema = 'test' LIMIT 10;"
+--------------+
| column_name  |
+--------------+
| AnswerID     |
| QuestionID   |
| ReplyContent |
| id           |
| emp_id       |
| call_start   |
| call_end     |
| call_type    |
| idEmployee   |
| eName        |
+--------------+
root@onare:/home/onare# 


EDIT 2:

If you want to avoid the query header (column_name), use --skip-column-name:

root@onare:/home/onare# mysql -uroot -ponaare -e "select column_name from information_schema.columns where table_schema = 'test' LIMIT 10;" --skip-column-names
+--------------+
|     AnswerID |
|   QuestionID |
| ReplyContent |
|           id |
|       emp_id |
|   call_start |
|     call_end |
|    call_type |
|   idEmployee |
|        eName |
+--------------+
root@onare:/home/onare#