Why does my table keep getting corrupted after removing large amounts of data?
Did you really mean varbinary(max)? Seems strange to have non-text data in a text-type column.
Anyhow, corruptions shouldn't occur. Your first step would be to make sure that you are up to date within the version of SQL Server you are using. I.e., (service pack and) CU.
If it persists, then I'd suspect a bug in SQL Server or that a corruption already existed before your updates. I.e., do a checkdb first and see if it is clean. If it is clean and gets corrupted by an update, then you either have some storage/machine issue (less likely if it is repeatable) or a bug in SQL server.