Database Growth in a table - MySQL
If you're storing it into the same database you're measuring you could use a MySQL Scheduled Event to run the query at a certain time.

an example being:

DELIMITER $$
CREATE 
    EVENT IF NOT EXISTS db_measurement    
    ON SCHEDULE EVERY 1 DAY
    STARTS '2016-11-15 00:00:00'
    ENABLE
    DO 
    INSERT INTO tableName 
    SELECT 
        table_schema AS "Database", 
        ROUND(SUM(data_length + index_length) / 1024 / 1024, 2) AS "Size (MB)" 
    FROM information_schema.TABLES 
    where table_schema = 'testdb' 
    GROUP BY table_schema$$
DELIMITER ;  


If it's a different database you'll need to use a shell script of some sort.



Bearing in mind I'm far from an expert on Linux (and ignoring the discussions around permissions, passwords in scripts, SSL etc etc), you could do something along the lines of:

mysql -hxxxx -Pxxxx -uxxxx -pxxxx -se"SELECT ROUND(SUM(data_length + index_length) / 1024 / 1024, 2) AS Size FROM information_schema.TABLES where table_schema = 'dbtest' GROUP BY table_schema;" | { read dbSizeVal; mysql -hxxxx -Pxxxx -uxxxx -pxxxx -e"INSERT INTO dbname.tablename VALUES(${dbSizeVal})"}


Which should get the size value from the remote database, and load it into a table in the local database. 



I just used:

CREATE TABLE `tableName` ( 
    `dbsize` varchar(45) NOT NULL
);


for testing this, but you would probably want a decimal, integer, float datatype depending on the data you return and how accurate you need it.

Also this doesn't include the dbname or time fields. You could use timeVal TIMESTAMP NULL DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP which would give you the timestamp field.

The database name is tricky, as you would need to carry two variables across, and my script (above) only allows for one (if you are only looking at one database you could just type it directly into the query / set a default value).