MySQL - How to check for a value in all columns
SQL doesn't provide a good way of doing this because it's probably not a good table design to have N columns that might have values in the same domain. This is potentially a case of "repeating groups" like if you have columns phone1, phone2, phone3, ... phoneN.

If you have a number of columns that have the same logical domain of values, it could be a case where it's a multi-valued attribute (like the phones example). The standard way of storing multi-valued attributes is as multiple rows in another table, with a reference to the row they belong to in the primary table. 

If you do that, then you only have to search for the specific value in one column of the dependent table.

SELECT t.* FROM mytable AS t
JOIN phones AS p ON t.primaryKey = p.refKey 
WHERE p.phone = ?