mssql-service error exit with status 255 ubuntu
Seems like the only solution is downgrading:
On a Ubuntu server do the following to perform a downgrade to the previous (14.0.3022.28-2) version:
systemctl stop mssql-server
sudo apt-get install mssql-server=14.0.3022.28-2
systemctl start mssql-server

For other linux OS use your package manager or download the package manually from here: https://packages.microsoft.com

Update 2018-03-25:
The support team replied and included a solution for this problem in the release notes:

To resolve this error, enable SQL Server Agent and restart SQL Server with the following commands:
sudo /opt/mssql/bin/mssql-conf set sqlagent.enabled true
sudo systemctl start mssql-server

https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/sql/linux/sql-server-linux-release-notes#known-upgrade-issue