SSIS to Progress Openedge
Progress' collation tables are to control how indexes are sorted and assigned and some character handling if you are operating across several locales. Open Edge comes with a variety of collation tables for popular languages. The purpose is to help with sorting and comparisons.  You can specify collation tables upon startup.  If you do not but name a database in startup Progress will use the collation table for that database.  If you do not specify either then Progress will use a collation table called BASIC.

As for MS SQL: both databases have data in the same language, correct? And your ODBC test was from SQLServer -> Open Edge which was successful.  Some things to watch out for:


If you are using any "only in SQLServer" datatypes the data could get
corrupted.  Open Edge has a match for all types they say, but I have
not tried them all.  If you are sticking with the standard ones
VARCHAR, INT, NUMERIC, DATE, TEXT you should be fine.  If you have
any binary columns Open Edge will convert those to character, so they
will not operate the same.  The Open Edge documentation lists the
datatype equivalents (https://www.progress.com/documentation).


In case you are interested, Open Edge does have a SQLServer specific DataDirect branded ODBC driver you can use. It is intended to make connections to SQLServer easier. 


Make sure you have the Open Edge driver on the MS ODBC Data Source    Administrator box you will use.
I've heard of issues with the 64 bit versions of various drivers and    the ODBC Data Source Administrator.  I do not know if they are now    fixed in late 2017, but if you have the 32-bit versions they may be    more compatible all around.


How To options:


You can use SSIS. Build your package and run it to import the data into SQL Server.  If you want to try any automation make sure that the SQL Server Agent job runs on the same server as your ODBC Data Source Administrator and the user has the privileges to all of those areas.  
You can use the SQL Server Import/Export wizard to move your data. This might be the easiest way.  Setup your data source and target and import data from Open Edge.  They do note that any binary data will be converted to "datatype 23", and you have to manually go to each column definition and set the datatype in the dropdown to binary.  To play it safe, check the datatypes after you import. 
Another option, if you wanted to go this way, is to use free ETL tools to move your data.  You don't say how much, how complex or how often; but ETL is another choice. This would remove the connection concerns since these packages typically come with a variety of connectors for many types of data sources.  If that interests you, you can check out this ETL wiki for options.