Prevent Inserts without Column List
No, there is no such configuration available.  

Of course, you are not the only one concerned about style. You might find some posts by Alexander Kuznetsov helpful in pursuing your overall reliability goals.

One of his posts is: Developing Low-Maintenance Databases

https://www.simple-talk.com/sql/database-administration/developing-low-maintenance-databases/

He has an online book entitled: Defensive Database Programming

https://www.simple-talk.com/books/sql-books/defensive-database-programming/

But SQL Server has no 'strict checks' although Erland Sommarskog has proposed that something should be done about this.  (No traction yet, though.)

http://www.sommarskog.se/strict_checks.html

So, perhaps you can create a process that examines the text of a stored procedure, but it will not be simple.  And you can have rigid code review.