Identifying which values do NOT match a table row
Use EXCEPT:

SELECT * FROM
  (values (1),(2),(3),(4)) as T(ID)
EXCEPT
SELECT ID 
FROM [TABLE];


See SqlFiddle.



The values constructor will only work on SQL Server 2008 or later. For 2005, use

SELECT 'value'
UNION SELECT 'value'


as detailed in this SO answer.