Enable SQL Server FILESTREAM - Windows Based Docker Container (not linux)
Not sure if this is the problem but the link you gave in the question says that the image was last updated 3 years ago:

Plus it says that:
&quot;This image is compatible with Windows Server 2016 (Core, with Desktop)...
I'm concerned about that &quot;with Desktop&quot; but I cannot tell if this is the problem.
I would rather suggest you to use this one by running:
docker pull mcr.microsoft.com/mssql/server:2017-latest 

Let us know if it works.