"Linked server does not contain table" error when using VFPOLEDB provider linked server
Eventually found the answer when attempting to work around the problem using SSIS and the VFP ODBC driver. VFPODBC provided a more verbose error message, stating that the .fpt file was missing for the dbf file I was attempting to query. 

The staff that did the original data copy (the VFP data is hosted off server) failed to include all the data available (.cdxs, .fpts, .etc). After recopying the data, the linked server described above functions correctly.