How does security context propagate between schemas within a database?
Thanks to the OP's clarification of the error, I'm going to post my comment as a suggested answer.

In SQL Server, permissions are checked only when ownership changes.

Consider the following tables:


Table SchemaA.Table1, owned by Alice.
View SchemaA.View1, owned by Alice, depends on Schema1.Table1.
View SchemaB.View1, owned by Bob, depends on Schema1.View1.


Consider these situations:


Alice attempts to select from SchemaA.Table1: 

No change in ownership so permissions are not checked on the table. Alice is allowed access.
Alice attempts to select from SchemaA.View1: 

No change in ownership so permissions are not checked on the view or on the table. Alice is allowed access.
Bob attempts to select from SchemaA.Table1: 

There is a change in ownership on SchemaA.Table1 (Bob is attempting an operation on Alice's object) so Bob's permissions are checked on SchemaA.Table1.
Bob attempts to select from SchemaA.View1: 

This is a change in ownership on SchemaA.View1 (Bob is attempting an operation on Alice's object) so Bob's permissions are checked on SchemaA.View1. There is no change in ownership from SchemaA.View1 to SchemaA.Table1 so Bob's permissions are not checked on SchemaA.Table1.
Bob attempts to select from SchemaB.View1. 

There is no change in ownership on SchemaB.View1 (Bob is attempting an operation on Bob's object) so permissions are not checked on SchemaB.View1. There is a change in ownership from SchemaB.View1 to SchemaA.View1 so Bob's permissions (not Alice's) are checked on SchemaA.View1. There is no change in ownership from SchemaA.View1 to SchemaA.Table1 so Bob's permissions are not checked on SchemaA.Table1.


So, in the OP's sitation, the view [TESTCTRL].[CTRL_TEST_VIEW] depends upon the table [TESTDATA].[UserData]. The view and the table have different owners so there is a change in ownership (something some SQL Server books call a "break in the ownership chain"). To query the view, JoeUser needs to be granted the appropriate permissions to both the view and the table.