Datetime progressive sum PostgreSQL
I think you mean “seconds”, not “minutes”, and your values are slightly off.
If my suspicion is right, you could do it with the window function first_value and use extract to extract the number of seconds:
SELECT *,
       EXTRACT(epoch FROM
               time - first_value(time) OVER (ORDER BY time)
              )
FROM mytable;

 id | track_seg_id |        time         | date_part 
----+--------------+---------------------+-----------
  1 |            0 | 2020-05-23 07:45:32 |         0
  2 |            0 | 2020-05-23 07:46:04 |        32
  3 |            0 | 2020-05-23 07:46:53 |        81
  4 |            0 | 2020-05-23 07:46:58 |        86
  5 |            0 | 2020-05-23 07:47:03 |        91
  6 |            0 | 2020-05-23 07:47:08 |        96
  7 |            0 | 2020-05-23 07:47:11 |        99
  8 |            0 | 2020-05-23 07:47:16 |       104
  9 |            0 | 2020-05-23 07:47:20 |       108
 10 |            0 | 2020-05-23 07:47:23 |       111
(10 rows)