How to search one bible verse from a source that may contain ranges?
This is very doable, assuming you setup the structure correctly.

create database dba248824;
use dba248824;


This post table is a placeholder to make the queries work. This table already exists in your project, under some name (I don't know what), and holds your posts that have references to Bible verses.

CREATE TABLE post (
`post_id` INT UNSIGNED NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
`post_text` MEDIUMTEXT NOT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY (`post_id`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4;


Next up, we have a table to define all the books of the bible. It is not strictly necessary to have a separate table, and purists will lash me for not making use of natural keys, but I choose to include this table to minimize the size of the indexes in other tables. This only needs to be populated once, with all the books of the Bible. 

CREATE TABLE bible_book (
`bible_book_id` TINYINT UNSIGNED NOT NULL,
`bible_book_name` VARCHAR(40) NOT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY (`bible_book_id`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4;


The bible_verse table also only needs to be populated once, and would contain every verse in the Bible. Actually, if you only need to reference the verses and not return the text of the verses you can completely skip this table.

If you choose to include this table, you may choose to add a FOREIGN KEY constraint from post_bible_verse to reference this bible_verse table.

CREATE TABLE bible_verse (
`bible_book_id` TINYINT UNSIGNED NOT NULL,
`chapter` TINYINT UNSIGNED NOT NULL,
`verse` TINYINT UNSIGNED NOT NULL,
`text` VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY (`bible_book_id`,`chapter`,`verse`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4;


The post_bible_verse table is the work-horse of this setup. Here, you recover each individual verse that is referenced in a post. You'll have to translate ranges into a list of individual verses using some server side code, but once done you can easily insert into here each time a post is made referencing some verses.

CREATE TABLE post_bible_verse (
`post_id` INT UNSIGNED NOT NULL,
`bible_book_id` TINYINT UNSIGNED NOT NULL,
`chapter` TINYINT UNSIGNED NOT NULL,
`verse` TINYINT UNSIGNED NOT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY (`post_id`,`bible_book_id`,`chapter`,`verse`),
UNIQUE KEY (`bible_book_id`,`chapter`,`verse`,`post_id`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4;


To see how this setup works, lets populate some values.

First, the bible_book table. I used the "number" of the book in the Bible as the bible_book_id primary key. That is, John is the 43rd book of the bible, so it gets bible_book_id of 43. Etc.

(Remember, this only has to be done once in your case, to include all books.)

INSERT INTO bible_book
(bible_book_id,bible_book_name)
VALUES
(43,'John'),
(40,'Matthew'),
(41,'Mark');


Then, we populate all the Bible verses. As mentioned before, this is not necessary if you don't need to return the actual text of the verses.

This INSERT statement includes all the verses you mention in your example.

INSERT INTO bible_verse
(bible_book_id,chapter,verse,text)
VALUES
(43,5,1,'actual verse text here'),
(43,5,2,'actual verse text here'),
(43,5,3,'actual verse text here'),
(43,5,4,'actual verse text here'),
(43,5,5,'actual verse text here'),
(43,5,6,'actual verse text here'),
(43,5,7,'actual verse text here'),
(43,5,8,'actual verse text here'),
(43,5,9,'actual verse text here'),
(43,5,10,'actual verse text here'),
(40,3,2,'actual verse text here'),
(41,1,1,'actual verse text here'),
(41,1,2,'actual verse text here'),
(41,1,3,'actual verse text here'),
(41,1,4,'actual verse text here'),
(41,1,5,'actual verse text here');


Create a post to represent what is in your system. (You won't need to do anything in your real setup, as your blog posts already exist and presumably have some id column to use.)

INSERT INTO post
(post_id,post_text)
VALUES
(1,'some blog post here');


And finally, insert all the verses that correspond to this post. You'll have to include code to insert these verses when a post is made or updated, as a text range will not work.

INSERT INTO post_bible_verse
(post_id,bible_book_id,chapter,verse)
VALUES
(1,43,5,1),
(1,43,5,2),
(1,43,5,3),
(1,43,5,4),
(1,43,5,5),
(1,43,5,6),
(1,43,5,7),
(1,43,5,8),
(1,43,5,9),
(1,43,5,10),
(1,40,3,2),
(1,41,1,1),
(1,41,1,2),
(1,41,1,3),
(1,41,1,4),
(1,41,1,5);


Now lets see it in action. 

User searches for John 5,3. Server parses that and runs the following query:

SELECT
post_id
FROM post
WHERE EXISTS (
  SELECT 1 FROM post_bible_verse pbv
  WHERE pbv.bible_book_id = 43
  AND pbv.chapter = 5
  AND pbv.verse = 3
  AND pbv.post_id = post.post_id
);

+---------+
| post_id |
+---------+
|       1 |
+---------+


And it returns post_id of 1 (which is the post that referenced those verses.)

User searches for Matthew 3,2:

SELECT
post_id
FROM post
WHERE EXISTS (
  SELECT 1 FROM post_bible_verse pbv
  WHERE pbv.bible_book_id = 40
  AND pbv.chapter = 3
  AND pbv.verse = 2
  AND pbv.post_id = post.post_id
);

+---------+
| post_id |
+---------+
|       1 |
+---------+


Again found our post.

Now Mark 1,2.

SELECT
post_id
FROM post
WHERE EXISTS (
  SELECT 1 FROM post_bible_verse pbv
  WHERE pbv.bible_book_id = 41
  AND pbv.chapter = 1
  AND pbv.verse = 2
  AND pbv.post_id = post.post_id
);

+---------+
| post_id |
+---------+
|       1 |
+---------+


And finally, search for Matthew 3,1, which is NOT referenced by your post.

SELECT
post_id
FROM post
WHERE EXISTS (
  SELECT 1 FROM post_bible_verse pbv
  WHERE pbv.bible_book_id = 40
  AND pbv.chapter = 3
  AND pbv.verse = 1
  AND pbv.post_id = post.post_id
);

Empty set


And we verify that the post is NOT found this time.

So, yes, it is very possible to create a database structure that allows you do search for posts based on Bible verses, but it does require an appropriate setup, and parsing of the ranges into specific queries.