Backup and restore SQL Server database with encrypted columns: what should I backup along with database?
You are using column encryption. This is not always-encrypted. When you backup your data base and restore it, you only need to recover the master key. Anything else will be restored through the backup file.
You can restore the master key with this command:
USE [Your_DB_Name]
GO

OPEN MASTER KEY DECRYPTION BY PASSWORD = 'Your_MasterKey_Password'
ALTER MASTER KEY ADD ENCRYPTION BY SERVICE MASTER KEY
CLOSE MASTER KEY