Issues installing SQL Server 2008 R2 or any other version on Windows 10
That looks like serious damage to your installation.

Have you considered uninstalling all SQL Server and Visual Studio (especially VS2010) software? If you have database files, you can probably leave them in place (but I would prefer to also make copies elsewhere).

Then delete the folders that may still have some SQL Server components from previous installs so as to have a 'clean' slate to work from. Then Install from the installation media for a brand new install.  Attach or restore the files and see if that resolves your problem.