Is it possible to recover day's worth of queries from sql server log file?
Your only real chance is using a 3rd-party log analyzer tool, and even that may not work. SIMPLE recovery truncates the log when a CHECKPOINT process occurs, which is highly likely to have happened at this point.

Also, if losing the entire set of changes between backups is unacceptable, either back up more frequently in SIMPLE (if your database is small), or switch to FULL and take log backups as well to get point-in-time recovery ability. Corrupt backups notwithstanding.