Connect to SQL Server 2012 from an Windows XP client
The version of Management Studio you should be using is SQL Server 2012. Sadly - as you've confirmed - this is not supported on Windows XP. I don't think this is a wholly artificial restriction - I think even if you could figure out some way to hack the 2012 tools into installing, you'd have other behavioral issues to deal with.

So, you have a couple of options (and I understand that these may or may not be practical):


Upgrade to a new version of Windows (and if you need XP for compatibility reasons, use XP mode). You won't get a whole lot of sympathy from Microsoft running a 10-year old operating system.
Remote to the SQL Server 2012 machine and use its copy of Management Studio.
Deal with / ignore the exception (though you may be missing other functionality too).