Tables shared information
I have a couple of questions:

1) Do you need to keep a detailed history of changes? Or only who/when was the record created and who/when last updated it?

2) Assuming no detailed history is needed, the main question I have is whether your alternate solution, of using a separate tracking table(s), will be any easier to maintain than adding the columns to every table. You will either need to: a) add code into every query/stored procedure that manipulates data to update the tracking table; b) add a trigger to every table that needs to be tracked. 

3) How often do you expect to query this data? My experience with this type of auditing is you only need it when something bad has happened.

My impression of your options are:

1) I think using the Object_id for the tables as your FOREIGN TABLE ID is a good idea. Why would this change? Do you expect to drop and recreate tables during deployments? And if you do, you can easily map the old object_id with the newly created one and update the tracking table. You could add this logic to your deployments.

2) Wouldn't this negate your reason for not adding the tracking columns into the main tables?

3) See comment for 2), plus I don't think this would work as well as 2).

As far as performance, if you use a separate tracking table, I think it would be best to keep it as separate from the main tables as possible (option 1).

The biggest potential performance boost I can see by using a tracking table is for querying the data. You will be able to tune the indexes specifically for those queries. Also, all your data will be centralised. If the columns are on the base tables additional indexes will probably be an overall disadvantage. BUT!!! Back to my question 3): How often are you going to need to query this data? 

As far as day-to-day performance your real impact will come down to how you implement updates of the tracking table. Changes to the stored procedures would be better than triggers in my opinion.

I'm sorry if I haven't really answered your question, but I hope my comments help.