Oracle EXPDP using QUERY parameter with results from SELECT
No, there is not.

You have already defined manually the filters for each table, why not use that? Just dynamically generate the parameterfile before running expdp:

select 'QUERY=' || table_owner || '.' || table_name || ':"' || where_condition || '"'
from t_definition;

QUERY=DEV.TBL1:"WHERE CMP_ID=0"
QUERY=DEV.TBL2:"WHERE 1=0"
QUERY=DEV.TBL3:"WHERE SEQ_ID=10 OR CMP_ID=0"
...


Or use DBMS_DATAPUMP.