Any possible way to encrypt SQL Server 2012 database or backup?
There are plenty of ways to utilize encryption in SQL Server 2012.  Here is an article that goes into further detail:
http://sqlmag.com/database-security/sql-server-encryption-options

Note, transparent data encryption is only available in Enterprise edition. 
https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc645993(v=SQL.110).aspx