Copy Oracle database 10g to 12c
In your case you could not use transportable tablespace because the source database have to be Enterprise edition.

In general, I would prefer upgrade using rman. But in your case it is not so easy because direct upgrade from 10.2.0.4 to 12.1.0.2 is not supported.
You would have to upgrade to intermediate release (e.g. 10.2.0.5) that can be directly upgraded to 12.1.0.2.
See https://docs.oracle.com/database/121/UPGRD/preup.htm#UPGRD12359

So for you the best approach will be upgrade using old import (imp) or data pump import (impdp).

I have one recipe using old import. Upgrade using data pump import will be similar:

Assume the source database name is "sourcedb" and target "targetdb".


make full export on source database:



  set oracle_home=c:\oracle\product\10.2.0\db_1
  
  set oracle_sid=sourcedb
  
  c:\oracle\product\10.2.0\db_1\bin\exp system/pass buffer=1200000 file=d:\dump\full_sourcedb.dmp log=full_sourcedb.log full=y
  consistent=y
  
  copy full_sourcedb.dmp to the target machine



create new target database "targetdb" using dbca (custom database - select or remove all components what you need oracle spatial etc.)


choose the right character set. You can find out character set on your sourcedb by this query:




  select parameter, value from nls_database_parameters where parameter
  like '%CHARACTERSET%';



on the target machine run following command. It will produce the log with sql stamenets used by import, where you can find the create statements for creating tablespaces.
You have to edit them (with new datafiles locations) and run manually before import because old import cannot remap datafiles:



  create tablespace "TEST" blocksize 8192 datafile 
  'd:\oradata\targetdb\test01.ora' size 2000m       extent management
  local  autoallocate  online permanent  nologging segment space
  management auto;
  
  etc.



after all tablespaces are created, you can run import on the target machine:



  imp system/pass full=y log=d:\dump\full_import_sourcedb.log
  file=d:\dump\full_sourcedb.dmp


check out d:\dump\full_import_sourcedb.log for errors


after sucessful import on the target machine:



  --recompile objects 
  
  @%ORACLE_HOME%/rdbms/admin/utlrp.sql
  
  --check out all database components 
  
  select  owner, object_type, object_name from dba_objects where status != 'VALID' order by 1,2,3;
  
  --gather statistics
       shutdown immediate startup
  
  begin
   dbms_stats.gather_database_stats(
            method_opt => 'FOR ALL COLUMNS SIZE AUTO',
            estimate_percent => 100,
            cascade => TRUE   ); 
  
  end; 
  
  /


Note:
import using data pump import (expdp, impdp) may be easier:

instead of consistent=y you have to use flashback_time="to_timestamp('04-04-2016 11:55:00', 'DD-MM-YYYY HH24:MI:SS')" .........

During import you don't have create tablespaces manually and you can use remap_datafile parameter.