How do I grant a SELECT permission to an individual user who's part of a large group that is explicitly denied?
DENY overrides GRANT, and an inherited DENY even overrides a direct GRANT.  And a DENY at the schema or database level overrides a GRANT at the object level.

So you won't be able to directly override the DENY.

You can create a view, synonym, or stored procedure owned by the same user as SuperSecretData and grant them access to that.


  is there a better way to GRANT SELECT to almost all entities on my SQL server to "Domain Users" except for a couple of tables that I'd only want some specific users to have SELECT permissions on?


Yes.  Never use the built-in roles, and always use schema-level grants.  Then you can create separate schemas for additional security.  Eg

grant select on schema::dbo to ...


instead of a built-in role

alter role db_datareader add . . .


or a database-level grant

grant select to ...