When to use a multidimensional relationship in an ERD?
I'm going to share some terminology with you that may help in your research.

The relationship you pictured is what is called a "ternary" relationship.  It involves three entities.  The simple relationships we usually deal with involve only two entities, and could be called "binary".  There are "quaternary" relatinships, and so on.  The general term is "n-ary".

You may also want to look up the following:  Star schema, Ralph Kimball, Data warehousing, and multidimensional data model.  A star schema is basically the intersection of relational tables and multidimensional  modeling.  There's too much here for me to do the subject justice.  Happy hunting!