SQL Clustering options with 2012 standard Ed
On a standard SQL Server license on SQL Server 2016 you can setup AlwaysOn Availability Groups on two hosts without the need for shared storage.

On SQL Server 2014 and 2012 the only high availability option you have with a standard license is to create Alwayson Failover Cluster Instances which depend on you using shared storage.

So using the standard edition the only option you have is to run SQL Server 2016 with AlwaysOn Availability Groups. Remember that a FCI or AG will only set you back a single SQL license if the secondary server is not queried. The setup is not that complicated but a bit out of scope, you can start here