Does dm_exec_procedure_stats.total_worker_time include signal waits?
Neal Hambly in his post at SQL Server SOS_SCHEDULER_YIELD Wait Type includes this comment (highlights are mine):

If you have long running queries, especially when in conjunction with
high signal wait times, it may be an indication of CPU pressure.
Reviewing the system performance will show if the CPUs are showing
signs of CPU pressure, and reducing workload through performance
tuning or other steps can help reduce the workloads being performed by
SQL Server.

Certainly adding more cores will change the amount of pressure each CPU must face.  So, it seems quite reasonable that more processors will reduce the pressure on each CPU, which in turn provides better CPU throughput.