Why does the varchar datatype allow unicode values?
But the Trademark(™) and Registered(®) symbols are Unicode characters.

You are wrong here. Your strings contain only ascii characters.
Here is a simple test that shows you that your characters are all ascii (+ some extended ascii with ascii codes between 128 and 255):
declare @VarcharUnicodeCheck table
(
col1 varchar(100)
)

insert into @VarcharUnicodeCheck (col1) values ('MyCompany')
insert into @VarcharUnicodeCheck (col1) values ('MyCompany™')
insert into @VarcharUnicodeCheck (col1) values ('MyCompany░')
insert into @VarcharUnicodeCheck (col1) values ('MyCompanyï')
insert into @VarcharUnicodeCheck (col1) values ('MyCompany')

select *,
        right(col1, 1)as last_char, 
        ascii(right(col1, 1)) as_last_char_ascii
from @VarcharUnicodeCheck;

Here you can clearly see that all your characters are 1-byte encoded:

Yes they are not pure ascii characters but they are Extended ASCII.
Here I show you real Unicode character Trademark(™) and its code and binary representation:
declare @t table (uni_ch nchar(1), ascii_ch char(1));
insert into @t values (N'™', '™');

select unicode(uni_ch) as [unicode of ™], 
       ascii(ascii_ch) [ascii of ™], 
       cast(uni_ch as varbinary(10)) as [uni_ch as varbinary], 
       cast(ascii_ch as varbinary(10)) as [ascii_ch as varbinary]
from @t;


Finally, you can see that Trademark(™) Unicode character has 8482 code and not 153:
select nchar(8482), nchar(153)