Get the matching condition in the SELECT list
Possible realization. Fulltext search replaced with common LIKE substring search.

Source table:

CREATE TABLE test (val VARCHAR(16));

INSERT INTO test VALUES
('1 chaining'),
('2 fullfill'),
('3 full chain'),
('4 no pattern');


Patterns table (can be temporary or table-type variable):

CREATE TABLE patterns (pattern VARCHAR(8));

INSERT INTO patterns VALUES
('%chain%'),
('%full%');


The query:

SELECT test.val, STUFF( ( SELECT ',' + pattern
                          FROM ( SELECT test.val, patterns.pattern
                                 FROM patterns
                                 WHERE test.val LIKE patterns.pattern
                               ) tmp
                          FOR XML PATH('') 
                        ), 1, 1,'' 
                      ) matched_patterns
FROM test;


Query result:

    val      | matched_patterns 
------------ | ---------------- 
1 chaining   | %chain%          
2 fullfill   | %full%           
3 full chain | %chain%,%full%   
4 no pattern | 


fiddle