SQL Server Query Optimizer Time Spent and Numbers
Yes, SQL Server can report how long it took to do any of those actions (though you may have to run it to get some additional details such as actual row counts returned)

Statistics Time

SET STATISTICS TIME { ON | OFF }


Displays the number of milliseconds required to parse, compile, and execute each statement.
https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms190287.aspx


Execution Plans

To pull the execution plan you have many options: 


Query the plan cache: (https://www.mssqltips.com/sqlservertip/1661/analyzing-the-sql-server-plan-cache/)
Trace/extended events the xml: https://www.mssqltips.com/sqlservertip/1264/capturing-graphical-query-plans-with-sql-server-profiler/)
Gather it in SSMS: via the "Include Actual Execution Plan" button in the toolbar https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms189562.aspx


On the SQL Server Management Studio toolbar, click Database Engine
Query. You can also open an existing query and display the estimated
execution plan by clicking the Open File toolbar button and locating
the existing query.
Enter the query for which you would like to display the actual
execution plan.
On the Query menu, click Include Actual Execution Plan or click the
Include Actual Execution Plan toolbar button
Execute the query by clicking the Execute toolbar button. The plan
used by the query optimizer is displayed on the Execution Plan tab in
the results pane. Pause the mouse over the logical and physical
operators to view the description and properties of the operators in
the displayed ToolTip.
Alternatively, you can view operator properties in the Properties
window. If Properties is not visible, right-click an operator and
select Properties. Select an operator to view its properties.
You can alter the display of the execution plan by right-clicking the
execution plan and selecting Zoom In, Zoom Out, Custom Zoom, or Zoom
to Fit. Zoom In and Zoom Out allow you to zoom in or out on the
execution plan, while Custom Zoom allows you to define your own zoom,
such as zooming at 80 percent. Zoom to Fit magnifies the execution
plan to fit the result pane.