How to Use a Certificate from a Different Database
In SQL Server for column encryption, you typically use the Service Master Key to encrypt your Database Master Key, which, in turn, encrypts your Certificate, which encrypts your Symmetric Key, which encrypts your data.

See https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/sql/relational-databases/security/encryption/encryption-hierarchy

For Transparent Database Encryption the hierarchy is a little different.  The Database Encryption Key in your database is encrypted by the Database Master Key in the Master Database.

https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/sql/relational-databases/security/encryption/transparent-data-encryption

In both cases the key used to encrypt/decrypt data is protected by an encryption chain that goes through the Master database.  I think both meet your requirement in effect.