How to transfer postgres databases from one server to other
Well, according to the instructions you should use the postgres 12 tools against the 9.1 database when dumping for an upgrade

so your first step it to upgrade your backup procedure to use the pg_dump from postgres 12 

If your network between the two VPSs has low tatency you can do that over the network, but if not you'll need to find a different way.

Possibly copy the 9.1 data files onto the 12 server using rsync  and the run pg_upgrade --link over those files to upgrade the 9.1 files to 12

you can do an initial pass with rsync while the database service is running and then shut it down for the final pass.