Best way to replicate MySQL database tables
"Sharding" involves servers running in parallel, not replicating one from another.

The most practical way to copy a schema without the data is via mysqldump --no-data.  However, there is no automation for that.

Bluntly put, you have to reinvent the sharding wheel.  There is very little that addresses the many issues of sharding.

That said, I suggest you look at Spider, Clustrix, NDB Clustering, and perhaps a few others.

I strongly suggest you perfect a way to copy a 'project' from one shard to another.  It should be as close to non-invasive as practical.  Then it could be the main tool for updating hardware, updating software, offloading a busy shard, retiring hardware, etc.  Specifically to your question, you can build a new shard with upgraded Laravel/schema/etc, then migrate projects to it.  Rinse, repeat.