How can I speed up this simple query
This is as you say a very simple query, so the optimal index here is very clear. Thanks for showing the whole table structure, indexes and full query, not all people do that.

You indexes are in the good direction, but you must know that (in general, there are other query plans like index_merge) a table scan can only use one index. In this case, as you are filtering by two columns, you have to add the multi-column index:

ALTER TABLE data_dylos ADD INDEX (node_id, added_on);


You have to create it on that order (node_id, added_on) and not in reverse (added_on, node_id), as that would be a different index. The difference is that in a BTREE index, after a range join type is used, the rest of the index is useless.

That is the optimal index query-wise. If you continue to have performance problems you may want to review your configuration (specially innodb_buffer_pool_size). 

There are additional techniques that may help you, like caching or partitioning, but those are more advanced, or may require more structure changes, so try this first.