How to identify consonant/vowel pattern matches in MySQL?
To do it in one pass:

UPDATE ...
    SET pattern = 
        REPLACE(
        REPLACE(
        ...
        REPLACE(value
                'a', '0')
                'b', '1')
                ...
                'z', '1');


Doesn't your table need

PRIMARY KEY(value),
INDEX(pattern)


There is probably a way to convert those 0s and 1s into a bit string and store it into a BIGINT UNSIGNED for slightly faster lookup and less disk space.