Oracle multi-tenant vs SQL Server
Can somebody tell me what are the direct equivalents of these features in SQL Server 2012?


An Oracle Pluggable Database is similar to a SQL Server User Database.  

Before Oracle 12c an Oracle Instance could only have one Database.  With Oracle 12c Oracle added the ability for a single Instance to manage multiple Databases, like SQL Server has always done.

See Introduction to the Multitenant Architecture from Oracle Docs.

And Database Engine Instances from SQL Docs.