How to obtain SQL feature list from the command line
The components for SQL Server 2012 are divided by server and then management tools. You can get the server level components by using a PowerShell command like:

Get-Service *SQL*


To get the management tools would require either registry search for the uninstall list or you can query the WMI class win32_product:

get-wmiobject win32_product | 
where {$_.Name -match "SQL" -AND $_.vendor -eq "Microsoft Corporation"} | 
select name, version