Sql Server Database Books
I can't recommend any books in particular but I have several locations of free books on this page: http://sqlstudies.com/study-and-reference-tools/

For example this page has something like 30 free SQL books.  

In general though you pick up the various DMOs and system views/functions as you study associated technologies.  For example you will learn about the replication DMOs etc as you study replication.

The Periodic Table of DMOs by Tim Ford is a great place to start on the DMOs however.  It has all of the DMOs broken down by category and functional area.