Excel grab data from MS SQL Server with WHERE clause based on cell contents
Could you make a tab in your sheet that holds all of your SQL data?  Each time you load your sheet you could refresh this data to make it fresh then everything else could be an Excel formula (lookup on SQL tab) to get at what you want.  My reason for suggesting this is you sound a lot more familiar with Excel over MS Query.  

Otherwise in MS Query use your table as a data source and join with the SQL data (again I'd probably throw the result in a new tab)