Cannot create a row of size 11842 which is greater than the allowable maximum row size of 8060
This is down to the implementation of how VARCHAR(MAX) and NVARCHAR(MAX) actually store their data. If the number of bytes needing to be stored per column is less than or equal to 8000 bytes then the data will be stored in-row, if it is greater than 8000 bytes then it will be stored in LOB pages. When this happens, the the row holds a pointer to the LOB page that actually contains the data. 

So, working backwards, the average length of data attempting to be stored stored in each column is:

(11842 - (4 + 510)) / 299 = 38 (approximate bytes / 19 characters)

As the value for each column is underneath the 8000 byte limit, it will attempt to store the data in-row and therefore exceed the limit for a page.

You can check out sys.dm_db_index_physical_stats to find out how much is actually stored in-row vs in LOB pages. Also, SQL Hints has a decent article that covers the basics.

Since you're probably stuck with this vendor database, and the data being imported, you can force off-row storage for all nvarchar(max) columns in the table with: 

EXEC sp_tableoption 'dbo.mytable', 'large value types out of row', 1;