Efficient query plan for selecting all data duplicated on several columns
Updated after OP supplied test case voiding much of this answer.
Postgres version
There is a good chance Postgres 9.2 will perform better. A lot of improvements for big data have gone into it.
Simplified query
First off, you can simplify your query quite a bit:
SELECT u.usr_id
      ,t.team_name, t.team_streetno, t.team_city
      ,u.usr_firstname, u.usr_lastname, u.usr_jobtitle, u.usr_department, u.usr_email
FROM   usr  u
JOIN   team t USING (team_id)
JOIN (
   SELECT u.match_firstname, u.match_lastname, u.match_jobtitle, u.match_department
         ,u.match_email, t.match_team_name, t.match_team_streetno, t.match_team_city
   FROM   usr  u
   JOIN   team t USING (team_id)
   GROUP  BY u.match_firstname, u.match_lastname, u.match_jobtitle, u.match_department
            ,u.match_email, t.match_team_name, t.match_team_streetno, t.match_team_city
   HAVING count(usr_id) &gt; 1
   ) AS sub USING (match_firstname, match_lastname, match_jobtitle, match_department
                  ,match_email, match_team_name, match_team_streetno, match_team_city)
ORDER  BY u.usr_firstname, u.usr_lastname, u.usr_jobtitle, u.usr_department, u.usr_email
         ,t.team_name, t.team_streetno, t.team_city;


I removed the JOIN to the table team from the subquery, guessing that all the columns stem from table usr (my request for table definitions went unanswered ...) That should help a bit.
Turns out, some of the columns belong to table team.

I replace the verbose equijoin conditions with the much shorter USING syntax. That's also probably slightly faster.

Replace count(usr_id) &gt; 1 with count(*) &gt; 1. Does the same here (since usr_id is the PK, ergo NOT NULL), slightly faster.


I took the test case @RichardTheKiwi posted in the comments and created an sqlfiddle from it.
I also ran a local test with temporary tables on PostgreSQL 9.1.6.
Only slightly faster than the query in the question:
1338 ms for 15137 rows (out of 70k).
EXISTS semi-joins might be a hot contender if you have many duplicates. With only a few, not so much. You already tried and ruled that out. Are you positive you tried optimal syntax?
Window function count()
You could also try if count() as window function is faster - without CTE and without additional joins. But I doubt it. I sure does make the query shorter, though:
SELECT *
FROM  (
   SELECT u.usr_id
         ,t.team_name, t.team_streetno, t.team_city
         ,u.usr_firstname, u.usr_lastname, u.usr_jobtitle, u.usr_department, u.usr_email
         ,count(*) OVER (PARTITION BY
            u.match_firstname, u.match_lastname, u.match_jobtitle, u.match_department
           ,u.match_email, t.match_team_name, t.match_team_streetno, t.match_team_city) AS ct
   FROM  usr  u
   JOIN  team t USING (team_id)
   ) x
WHERE  ct &gt; 1
ORDER  BY usr_firstname, usr_lastname, usr_jobtitle, usr_department
         ,usr_email, team_name, team_streetno, team_city;

50% slower in my local test.
Multi-column index?
This is largely obsolete after I have seen the test case.
Indexes are obviously hard to use here, since the columns to check for dupes vary. You might be able to profile user behavior and identify the most common combinations to support those with an index. There is a more radical possibility here, though:
Postgres can use multi-column indexes, even if not all index columns are used. Performance is much better if one or more leading columns of the index are used in the condition, but it still works if not. Compare:
Working of indexes in PostgreSQL
If we can assume that most use cases will check on, for instance,  (match_firstname, match_lastname), a multi-column index like the following might help. Not sure, you'll have to test:
CREATE INDEX usr_match_multi_idx
ON usr (match_firstname, match_lastname, match_jobtitle, match_department, match_email);

Columns of the index in order of decreasing usefulness. Order of columns in your GROUP BY / PARTITION BY clause is not relevant.
Index did not help in my local test - was used, but made the query ~ 20 % slower.
Partial indexes?
If the table is read-only or at least rarely written
and many of your columns often have unique values, you could take this a step further. Rows with a unique value in one of the used match_* columns can be excluded right away. For columns with many unique values it would pay to either add a column match_email_mult boolean which you set TRUE if match_email is not unique for this row. Or, if you have many columns, you could use a bit(n) column or use an integer columns for an even small footprint on disk. More under this related question on SO.
Don't bother with columns with only few unique values.
CREATE INDEX usr_match_email_mult_idx ON usr (usr_id)
WHERE match_email_mult;

Repeat for all qualifying columns. Then add conditions to your query:
WHERE match_firstname_mult
AND   match_lastname_mult
AND   ...

Postgres can combine a number of bitmap index scans rather quickly. If that can weed out a large portion of the table to begin with, the query planner might switch from a sequential scan to bitmap-index scans ...
Not tested.