SQL Server Installation Error: Object reference not set to an instance of an object
The Details.txt log shows an error of:

(01) 2018-02-07 01:38:44 Slp:     Inner exception type: System.OverflowException
(01) 2018-02-07 01:38:44 Slp:         Message: 
(01) 2018-02-07 01:38:44 Slp:                 Arithmetic operation resulted in an overflow.
(01) 2018-02-07 01:38:44 Slp:         HResult : 0x80131516
(01) 2018-02-07 01:38:44 Slp:         Stack: 
(01) 2018-02-07 01:38:44 Slp:                 at SNIOpenSyncExWrapper(SNI_CLIENT_CONSUMER_INFO* , SNI_ConnWrapper** )


As the first error that occurs, when it initially attempts to connect to the database engine. This might be the better error to chase down, since it seems to indicate something interfering with the connection. A quick search shows some similar with people running Lavasoft (Adaware, etc) Software - any chance you're running this?