Azure Virtual Machine - local temp storage (D: drive) - how much IOPS it can handle?
For VM Series with premium storage a portion of the local SSD is reserved for caching of premium disks.  That's why the D3 has 200GB of Temp Storage, but the DS3 has only 28GB of available Temp storage, with 172GB reserved for disk caching.
The IOPS are similiarly shared between the Temp storage (D:) and the disk cache.  The total IOPS is 16,000, but your effective IOPS and throughput will depend on the utilization of the disk cache.  If you turn off read caching on your data disks, or they are lightly-utilized, you'll have more IOPS available for temp storage.
That's why caching and temp storage are together in the grid:
Max cached and temp storage throughput:  
16,000 IOPS 
128 MBps  
172GB cache size 
28GB temp storage