Re-subscribing to a merge publication after edits made offline
None of the above.

If the 5 new subscriptions are initialized with a snapshot then by default all subscription database objects will be dropped and recreated from the snapshot bcp files.  So the data from the week offline will appear to be deleted.


  If C? Is there a way to mark those records for replication so they can
  be brought up to the publisher, and ultimately the other subscribers?


With Merge there is an option to upload pending changes before reinitialization but since your subscriptions have been removed you won't have this option.

The way to handle this is to manually sync the databases using tablediff utility or Red Gate's SQL Data Compare.  Then recreate the publication from the manually merged database - then subscriptions.