What are different ways to replace ISNULL() in a WHERE clause that uses only literal values?
Answer section

There are various ways to rewrite this using different T-SQL constructs. We'll look at the pros and cons and do an overall comparison below.

First up: Using OR

SELECT COUNT(*)
FROM dbo.Users AS u
WHERE u.Age &lt; 18
OR u.Age IS NULL;


Using OR gives us a more efficient Seek plan, which reads the exact number of rows we need, however it adds what the technical world calls a whole mess of malarkey to the query plan.

 

Also note that the Seek is executed twice here, which really should be more obvious from the graphical operator:



Table 'Users'. Scan count 2, logical reads 8233, physical reads 0, read-ahead reads 0, lob logical reads 0, lob physical reads 0, lob read-ahead reads 0.

 SQL Server Execution Times:
   CPU time = 469 ms,  elapsed time = 473 ms.


Second up: Using derived tables with UNION ALL
Our query can also be rewritten like this

SELECT SUM(Records)
FROM 
(
    SELECT COUNT(Id)
    FROM dbo.Users AS u
    WHERE u.Age &lt; 18

    UNION ALL

    SELECT COUNT(Id)
    FROM dbo.Users AS u
    WHERE u.Age IS NULL
) x (Records);


This yields the same type of plan, with far less malarkey, and a more apparent degree of honesty about how many times the index was seeked (sought?) into.



It does the same amount of reads (8233) as the OR query, but shaves about 100ms of CPU time off.

CPU time = 313 ms,  elapsed time = 315 ms.


However, you have to be really careful here, because if this plan attempts to go parallel, the two separate COUNT operations will be serialized, because they're each considered a global scalar aggregate. If we force a parallel plan using Trace Flag 8649, the problem becomes obvious.

SELECT SUM(Records)
FROM 
(
    SELECT COUNT(Id)
    FROM dbo.Users AS u
    WHERE u.Age &lt; 18

    UNION ALL

    SELECT COUNT(Id)
    FROM dbo.Users AS u
    WHERE u.Age IS NULL
) x (Records)
OPTION(QUERYTRACEON 8649);




This can be avoided by changing our query slightly.

SELECT SUM(Records)
FROM 
(
    SELECT 1
    FROM dbo.Users AS u
    WHERE u.Age &lt; 18

    UNION ALL

    SELECT 1
    FROM dbo.Users AS u
    WHERE u.Age IS NULL
) x (Records)   
OPTION(QUERYTRACEON 8649);


Now both nodes performing a Seek are fully parallelized until we hit the concatenation operator.



For what it's worth, the fully parallel version has some good benefit. At the cost of about 100 more reads, and about 90ms of additional CPU time, the elapsed time shrinks to 93ms.

Table 'Users'. Scan count 12, logical reads 8317, physical reads 0, read-ahead reads 0, lob logical reads 0, lob physical reads 0, lob read-ahead reads 0.

 SQL Server Execution Times:
   CPU time = 500 ms,  elapsed time = 93 ms.


What about CROSS APPLY?
No answer is complete without the magic of CROSS APPLY!

Unfortunately, we run into more problems with COUNT.

SELECT SUM(Records)
FROM dbo.Users AS u 
CROSS APPLY 
(
    SELECT COUNT(Id)
    FROM dbo.Users AS u2 
    WHERE u2.Id = u.Id
    AND u2.Age &lt; 18

    UNION ALL

    SELECT COUNT(Id)
    FROM dbo.Users AS u2 
    WHERE u2.Id = u.Id 
    AND u2.Age IS NULL
) x (Records);


This plan is horrible. This is the kind of plan you end up with when you show up last to St. Patrick's Day. Though nicely parallel, for some reason it's scanning the PK/CX. Ew. The plan has a cost of 2198 query bucks.



Table 'Users'. Scan count 7, logical reads 31676233, physical reads 0, read-ahead reads 0, lob logical reads 0, lob physical reads 0, lob read-ahead reads 0.
Table 'Worktable'. Scan count 0, logical reads 0, physical reads 0, read-ahead reads 0, lob logical reads 0, lob physical reads 0, lob read-ahead reads 0.

 SQL Server Execution Times:
   CPU time = 29532 ms,  elapsed time = 5828 ms.


Which is a weird choice, because if we force it to use the nonclustered index, the cost drops rather significantly to 1798 query bucks.

SELECT SUM(Records)
FROM dbo.Users AS u 
CROSS APPLY 
(
    SELECT COUNT(Id)
    FROM dbo.Users AS u2 WITH (INDEX(ix_Id_Age))
    WHERE u2.Id = u.Id
    AND u2.Age &lt; 18

    UNION ALL

    SELECT COUNT(Id)
    FROM dbo.Users AS u2 WITH (INDEX(ix_Id_Age))
    WHERE u2.Id = u.Id 
    AND u2.Age IS NULL
) x (Records);


Hey, seeks! Check you out over there. Also note that with the magic of CROSS APPLY, we don't need to do anything goofy to have a mostly fully parallel plan.



Table 'Users'. Scan count 5277838, logical reads 31685303, physical reads 0, read-ahead reads 0, lob logical reads 0, lob physical reads 0, lob read-ahead reads 0.
Table 'Worktable'. Scan count 0, logical reads 0, physical reads 0, read-ahead reads 0, lob logical reads 0, lob physical reads 0, lob read-ahead reads 0.

 SQL Server Execution Times:
   CPU time = 27625 ms,  elapsed time = 4909 ms.


Cross apply does end up faring better without the COUNT stuff in there.

SELECT SUM(Records)
FROM dbo.Users AS u
CROSS APPLY 
(
    SELECT 1
    FROM dbo.Users AS u2
    WHERE u2.Id = u.Id
    AND u2.Age &lt; 18

    UNION ALL

    SELECT 1
    FROM dbo.Users AS u2
    WHERE u2.Id = u.Id 
    AND u2.Age IS NULL
) x (Records);


The plan looks good, but the reads and CPU aren't an improvement.



Table 'Users'. Scan count 20, logical reads 17564, physical reads 0, read-ahead reads 0, lob logical reads 0, lob physical reads 0, lob read-ahead reads 0.
Table 'Workfile'. Scan count 0, logical reads 0, physical reads 0, read-ahead reads 0, lob logical reads 0, lob physical reads 0, lob read-ahead reads 0.
Table 'Worktable'. Scan count 0, logical reads 0, physical reads 0, read-ahead reads 0, lob logical reads 0, lob physical reads 0, lob read-ahead reads 0.

 SQL Server Execution Times:
   CPU time = 4844 ms,  elapsed time = 863 ms.


Rewriting the cross apply to be a derived join results in the exact same everything. I'm not going to re-post the query plan and stats info -- they really didn't change. 

SELECT COUNT(u.Id)
FROM dbo.Users AS u
JOIN 
(
    SELECT u.Id
    FROM dbo.Users AS u
    WHERE u.Age &lt; 18

    UNION ALL

    SELECT u.Id
    FROM dbo.Users AS u
    WHERE u.Age IS NULL
) x ON x.Id = u.Id;


Relational Algebra:
To be thorough, and to keep Joe Celko from haunting my dreams, we need to at least try some weird relational stuff. Here goes nothin'!

An attempt with INTERSECT

SELECT COUNT(*)
FROM dbo.Users AS u
WHERE NOT EXISTS ( SELECT u.Age WHERE u.Age &gt;= 18
                   INTERSECT
                   SELECT u.Age WHERE u.Age IS NOT NULL );




Table 'Users'. Scan count 1, logical reads 9157, physical reads 0, read-ahead reads 0, lob logical reads 0, lob physical reads 0, lob read-ahead reads 0.

 SQL Server Execution Times:
   CPU time = 1094 ms,  elapsed time = 1090 ms.


And here's an attempt with EXCEPT

SELECT COUNT(*)
FROM dbo.Users AS u
WHERE NOT EXISTS ( SELECT u.Age WHERE u.Age &gt;= 18
                   EXCEPT
                   SELECT u.Age WHERE u.Age IS NULL);




Table 'Users'. Scan count 7, logical reads 9247, physical reads 0, read-ahead reads 0, lob logical reads 0, lob physical reads 0, lob read-ahead reads 0.

 SQL Server Execution Times:
   CPU time = 2126 ms,  elapsed time = 376 ms.


There may be other ways to write these, but I'll leave that up to people who perhaps use EXCEPT and INTERSECT more often than I do.

If you really just need a count
I use COUNT in my queries as a bit of shorthand (read: I'm too lazy to come up with more involved scenarios sometimes). If you just need a count, you can use a CASE expression to do just about the same thing.

SELECT SUM(CASE WHEN u.Age &lt; 18 THEN 1
                WHEN u.Age IS NULL THEN 1
                ELSE 0 END) 
FROM dbo.Users AS u

SELECT SUM(CASE WHEN u.Age &lt; 18 OR u.Age IS NULL THEN 1
                ELSE 0 END) 
FROM dbo.Users AS u


These both get the same plan and have the same CPU and read characteristics.



Table 'Users'. Scan count 1, logical reads 9157, physical reads 0, read-ahead reads 0, lob logical reads 0, lob physical reads 0, lob read-ahead reads 0.

 SQL Server Execution Times:
   CPU time = 719 ms,  elapsed time = 719 ms.


The winner?
In my tests, the forced parallel plan with SUM over a derived table performed the best. And yeah, many of these queries could have been assisted by adding a couple filtered indexes to account for both predicates, but I wanted to leave some experimentation to others.

SELECT SUM(Records)
FROM 
(
    SELECT 1
    FROM dbo.Users AS u
    WHERE u.Age &lt; 18

    UNION ALL

    SELECT 1
    FROM dbo.Users AS u
    WHERE u.Age IS NULL
) x (Records)   
OPTION(QUERYTRACEON 8649);


Thanks!