Copying all columns of a row from table into another?
You can - you need to drop the column aliases from the INSERT list as below

CREATE TABLE SourceTest (id int, characters nvarchar(100))

INSERT INTO SourceTest (id, characters)
VALUES
(1,'hello'),(2,'goodbye'),(3,'test')

CREATE TABLE TargetTest (id int, characters nvarchar(100));

INSERT INTO TargetTest
SELECT * FROM SourceTest

SELECT * FROM TargetTest


DBFiddle

NOTE: The columns of both tables must be in the same order, and if the schema of the source table is modified the schema of the target table must be amended also. 

DISCLAIMER: Using SELECT * in production code is seen as an anti-pattern - changes to column order or table structure can cause errors. I would recommend NOT using this method.