Does Postgres offer a feature like “NEWSEQUENTIALID” in MS SQL Server to make UUID as primary key more efficient
uuid-ossp module
PostgreSQL uses the standardized UUID generation algorithms provided by ITU-T Rec. X.667, ISO/IEC 9834-8:2005, and RFC 4122. From the docs on uuid-ossp,

The uuid-ossp module provides functions to generate universally unique identifiers (UUIDs) using one of several standard algorithms. There are also functions to produce certain special UUID constants.
uuid_generate_v1() This function generates a version 1 UUID. This involves the MAC address of the computer and a time stamp. Note that UUIDs of this kind reveal the identity of the computer that created the identifier and the time at which it did so, which might make it unsuitable for certain security-sensitive applications.

So long as the MAC address does not change, you'll be golden.
That all said, I agree with @a_horse_with_no_name,

From my understanding this is only necessary in SQL Server because tables are stored in a clustered index which makes random insertions slower then with a heap table. Postgres has no such concept, so I don't think that would make a difference in Postgres

In fact, given the chance of fewer collisions and more security, I would take it. And to that I would use uuid_generate_v4()

uuid_generate_v4() This function generates a version 4 UUID, which is derived entirely from random numbers.