Should I disable filesytem journaling for MS SQL Server (Linux/Windows)
Filesystem-level journaling is not listed as a requirements for the installation of SQL Server on Windows or Linux.  SQL Server goes to great lengths to make sure writes are durable (check out this mammoth article on some improvements made in SQL Server 2017 CU6 on Linux in that regard).

Since it's not required, I would conclude that it is safe to disable.

Since, as you noted, it will inevitably result in more load (writes) on the system, I think the same guidance would apply to SQL Server as it does to Postgres (that disabling the filesystem journaling behavior would be beneficial to system performance).

As there is no official guidance around this filesystem feature that I can find, I'm just sharing my personal thoughts on that matter.