Restoring database from a server that uses data compression
Correct, an error will be raised when attempting to RESTORE.

Same thing goes if other Enterprise features, such as table partitioning, are used. For those finding this answer in search, usage of Enterprise features are listed in sys.dm_db_persisted_sku_features.

What I would recommend is to use Developer Edition in your development and testing environments, if you don't support Standard in production (it sounds like your app is in-house only). This edition includes the Enterprise engine; it just isn't licenced to be used in production, and will be able to restore the Enterprise backups just fine.