Property class Length Annotation PersistedResolvableAnnotation
I found the issue myself. I will document it in case anyone else is facing the issue in future.

The following user definition:

CREATE USER [Angela] WITHOUT LOGIN
    WITH DEFAULT_SCHEMA = [Angela];


created the following code in the model.xml that avoids publishing, maybe because the schema (Angela) used there is invalid because it simply does not exist:

&lt;Element Type="SqlUser" Name="[Angela]"&gt;
            &lt;Property Name="IsWithoutLogin" Value="True" /&gt;
            &lt;Relationship Name="DefaultSchema"&gt;
                &lt;Entry&gt;
                    &lt;Annotation Type="PersistedResolvableAnnotation" Name="[Angela]"&gt;
                        &lt;Property Name="TargetTypeStorage" Value="SqlSchema" /&gt;
                        &lt;Property Name="Length" Value="9" /&gt;
                        &lt;Property Name="Offset" Value="63" /&gt;
                    &lt;/Annotation&gt;
                &lt;/Entry&gt;
            &lt;/Relationship&gt;
        &lt;/Element&gt;


After changing the user definition to:

CREATE USER [Angela] WITHOUT LOGIN
    WITH DEFAULT_SCHEMA = [dbo];


the model lookes as followes and could be published:

&lt;Element Type="SqlUser" Name="[Angela]"&gt;
        &lt;Property Name="IsWithoutLogin" Value="True" /&gt;
    &lt;/Element&gt;


I have a feeling that this strange behavior is kind of a follow-up of another misbehavior because I would expect the not existing schema to raise a compiler error.