Get the pais_id not associated to fabricante_distribuidor_id and producto_solicitud_id, the opposite from SELECT query
@Lennart's answer is one way to negate your query, but it only selects países that are associated with other fabricantes_distribuidores. If you want to include países that are not linked with any distribuidor, too, you have to add an outer join (I use a left outer join as per convention):

SELECT DISTINCT nom.pais_id 
FROM nomencladores.pais_fabricante_producto_solicitud nom 
LEFT JOIN negocio.fabricante_producto_solicitud neg
ON ( neg.id = nom.fabricante_producto_solicitud_id ) 
WHERE neg.id IS NULL OR 
NOT ( neg.fabricante_distribuidor_id = 1 AND neg.producto_solicitud_id = 1 );


Check the differences in results between the original query, Lennart suggestion and mine:

mysql&gt; SELECT * FROM nomencladores.pais_fabricante_producto_solicitud;
+----------------------------------+---------+
| fabricante_producto_solicitud_id | pais_id |
+----------------------------------+---------+
|                                1 |       1 |
|                                2 |       2 |
+----------------------------------+---------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql&gt; SELECT * FROM negocio.fabricante_producto_solicitud;
+----+----------------------------+-----------------------+
| id | fabricante_distribuidor_id | producto_solicitud_id |
+----+----------------------------+-----------------------+
|  1 |                          1 |                     1 |
|  3 |                          3 |                     3 |
+----+----------------------------+-----------------------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)


Your query:

mysql&gt; SELECT DISTINCT nom.pais_id
    -&gt; FROM   negocio.fabricante_producto_solicitud neg
    -&gt;        INNER JOIN nomencladores.pais_fabricante_producto_solicitud nom
    -&gt;          ON ( neg.id = nom.fabricante_producto_solicitud_id )
    -&gt; WHERE  neg.fabricante_distribuidor_id = 1
    -&gt;        AND neg.producto_solicitud_id = 1;
+---------+
| pais_id |
+---------+
|       1 |
+---------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)


Lennart's:

mysql&gt; SELECT DISTINCT nom.pais_id FROM
    -&gt; negocio.fabricante_producto_solicitud neg
    -&gt; INNER JOIN nomencladores.pais_fabricante_producto_solicitud nom 
    -&gt; ON ( neg.id = nom.fabricante_producto_solicitud_id ) 
    -&gt; WHERE  NOT (neg.fabricante_distribuidor_id = 1 AND
    -&gt; neg.producto_solicitud_id = 1);
Empty set (0.00 sec)


Mine:

mysql&gt; SELECT DISTINCT nom.pais_id 
    -&gt; FROM nomencladores.pais_fabricante_producto_solicitud nom 
    -&gt; LEFT JOIN negocio.fabricante_producto_solicitud neg
    -&gt; ON ( neg.id = nom.fabricante_producto_solicitud_id ) 
    -&gt; WHERE neg.id IS NULL OR 
    -&gt; NOT ( neg.fabricante_distribuidor_id = 1 AND neg.producto_solicitud_id = 1 );
+---------+
| pais_id |
+---------+
|       2 |
+---------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)


EDIT: You should only use LEFT JOIN for the "negative" of distribuidor, other relations should be read with normal JOINs:

SELECT DISTINCT ps.id, ps.nombre 
FROM nomencladores.pais_fabricante_producto_solicitud nom 
LEFT JOIN negocio.fabricante_producto_solicitud neg
ON ( neg.id = nom.fabricante_producto_solicitud_id )
JOIN pais ps
ON ( nom.pais_id = ps.id )
WHERE neg.id IS NULL OR 
NOT ( neg.fabricante_distribuidor_id = 1 AND neg.producto_solicitud_id = 1 );


Example results:

+------+--------+
| id   | nombre |
+------+--------+
|    2 | Perú   |
+------+--------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)


Again: this will select the id and name of every different country on the database that has a solicitud. If you want to select every possible country (no matter if they have solicitudes or not), you have to move the LEFT JOIN to pais and chain it:

SELECT DISTINCT ps.id, ps.nombre
FROM pais ps
LEFT JOIN nomencladores.pais_fabricante_producto_solicitud nom 
ON ( nom.pais_id = ps.id )
LEFT JOIN negocio.fabricante_producto_solicitud neg
ON ( neg.id = nom.fabricante_producto_solicitud_id )
WHERE nom.pais_id IS NULL OR neg.id IS NULL OR
NOT ( neg.fabricante_distribuidor_id = 1 AND neg.producto_solicitud_id = 1 );


On my example, we would get:

+------+---------+
| id   | nombre  |
+------+---------+
|    2 | Perú    |
|    3 | Uruguay |
+------+---------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)


Both solutions are technically correct, the confusion on what the definition of "the opposite" is. The first one is countries that have solicitudes but not for that provider, the second is all countries on the database (having solicitudes or not) minus the ones that have solicitudes for that particular provider.