MS SQL Server 2005 DB backup with partitioned tables to non-partitioned SQL Server 2012
Community Wiki answer compiled from comments to the question†

Jon Seigel:


  It isn't possible to restore a database that uses Enterprise edition
  features on an instance that doesn't support those features. You'll
  have to either remove partitioning and then use backup/restore, or
  export/import the data.


Kin


  See this answer on another question that shows how to use bcp
  out and BULK INSERT in native mode to transfer the data quickly.


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