Mysql Database Design - identifying required patterns
I don't know if there is a design pattern beyond &quot;normalize properly&quot;, but I don't think you're too far off from a workable solution.
Given your description I don't see a need for a Subgroup entity - we can just have Groups and denote one of those as &quot;The Board&quot;.
For specific GroupFunctions, we'll consider those to be a special case for GroupMembers, i.e. once someone is assigned to a group they can be assigned Chair/Vice Chair/Special Assistant to the Jr Vice Chair/etc.  Each GroupFunction can be assigned to at most one GroupMember.
As for active/passive/etc., it's entirely possible to have one level for the Member and different levels for each Group, but you might need some transaction logic if a &quot;passive&quot; member cannot be an &quot;active&quot; member of a group.  Alternately, you could derive the MembershipType for each Member based on the groups they are members of.
I'll leave the datatypes and full DDL to you (including audit tables), but this should work:
CREATE TABLE MembershipType
(
  MembershipTypeCd
 ,Name
 ,CONSTRAINT PK_MembershipType PRIMARY KEY (MembershipTypeCd)
 ,CONSTRAINT AK_MembershipType UNIQUE (Name)

);

CREATE TABLE Member
(
  MemberId
 ,MembershipTypeCd
 ,CONSTRAINT FK_Member_Has_MembershipType FOREIGN KEY (MembershipTypeCd) REFERENCES MembershipType (MembershipTypeCd)
 ,CONSTRAINT PK_Member PRIMARY KEY (MemberId)
);

CREATE TABLE MemberFunction
(
  FunctionShortName
 ,Name
 ,CONSTRAINT PK_MemberFunction PRIMARY KEY (FunctionShortName)
 ,CONSTRAINT AK_MemberFunction UNIQUE (Name)
);

CREATE TABLE Group /* A reserved keyword in most DBMS - may make sense to rename */
(
  GroupId
 ,Name
 ,CONSTRAINT PK_Group PRIMARY KEY (GroupId)
 ,CONSTRAINT AK_Group UNIQUE (Name)
);


CREATE TABLE GroupMember
(
  GroupId
 ,MemberId
 ,GroupMembershipTypeCd
 ,CONSTRAINT FK_GroupMember_Member_Of_Group FOREIGN KEY (GroupId) REFERENCES Group (GroupId)
 ,CONSTRAINT FK_GroupMember_Is_Member FOREIGN KEY (MemberId) REFERENCES Member (MemberId)
 ,CONSTRAINT FK_GroupMember_Has_MembershipType FOREIGN KEY (GroupMembershipTypeCd) REFERENCES MembershipType (MembershipTypeCd)
 ,CONSTRAINT PK_GroupMember PRIMARY KEY (GroupId, MemberId)
 ,CONSTRAINT AK_GroupMember UNIQUE (MemberId, GroupId)
)
;

CREATE TABLE GroupFunction
(
  GroupId
 ,FunctionShortName
 ,CONSTRAINT FK_GroupFunction_Available_For_Group FOREIGN KEY (GroupId) REFERENCES Group (GroupId)
 ,CONSTRAINT FK_GroupFunction_Is_MemberFunction FOREIGN KEY (FunctionShortName) REFERENCES MemberFunction (FunctionShortName)
 ,CONSTRAINT PK_GroupFunction PRIMARY KEY (GroupId, FunctionShortName)
);

CREATE TABLE GroupFunctionAssignment
(
  GroupId
 ,FunctionShortName
 ,MemberId
 ,CONSTRAINT FK_GroupFunctionAssignment_Assigned_To_GroupMember FOREIGN KEY (GroupId, MemberId) REFERENCES GroupMember (GroupId, MemberId)
 ,CONSTRAINT FK_GroupFunctionAssignment_Assigment_Of_GroupFunction FOREIGN KEY (GroupId, FunctionShortName) REFERENCES GroupFunction (GroupId, FunctionShortName)
 ,CONSTRAINT PK_GroupFunctionAssignment PRIMARY KEY (GroupId, FunctionShortName)
);


Pictures are usually easier to understand (if you are unfamiliar with IDEF1X, read this):