Does clustering provide disaster recovery in MS SQL Server?
By itself, no: clustering relies on shared storage. A failover cluster with shared storage looks like this:



All 4 of the components - the 2 servers, the switch, and the shared storage - should be located in the same data center.

Disaster recovery is about maintaining availability even when you lose a data center. That means you need the same infrastructure pictured here, but in yet another data center, with some kind of mechanism keeping the data in sync between those environments.

Options include:


Storage replication
Always On Availability Groups
Log shipping
Database mirroring


But all of these are above and beyond plain ol' failover clustering.