Do non-relevant columns affect query time of select statements?
It depends, on the table structure and the available indexes.


Case A: Common (rowstore) table, no index on (order_value). 

The only possible execution plan is to read the whole table (which is of course much different when it's 2 vs 200 columns, so a few vs a few thousand bytes wide).
Case B: Common table, there is an index on (order_value) or some other indexes that include that column. 

There is a better plan now, scan the whole index (one of them) - which is of course much more narrow than the whole table, just a few bytes. Which makes irrelevant if the table has 2 or 200 columns. Only the index is scanned.
Case C: It's a columnstore table.

As the name implies, the structure of these tables are column-wise oriented, not row-wise. There is no need for any index, the table design itself is suited for reading entire columns.