Why can I select multiple columns from dual?
The number of columns in a table has nothing to do with the number of columns in the projection of a SELECT statement.  You can always add additional computed columns to the projection (at least practically...  theoretically, you might eventually hit some sort of logical limit).  

The fact that you are querying dual here is irrelevant.  You can do exactly the same thing with any table.  The projection in this query

SELECT e.*, 2+2 computed_one, 2+3 computed_two, 2+4 computed_three
  FROM emp e


returns all the columns in the emp table along with three additional computed columns computed_one, computed_two, and computed_three.  The fact that dual always has exactly one row makes it useful when you want the result to have exactly one row but other than that, there is no logical difference whether you use dual or a single-row, single-column table that you create yourself.