Bypass MS Access 2GB file size limitation
You can't bypass the built-in limitation of an Access database. You can however circumvent the built-in limitation by using built-in features like splitting the database objects between multiple *.accdb files and referencing them accordingly.

The Access 2016 Specifications state:


  Total size for an Access 2016 database (.accdb), including all database objects and data:
  
  2 gigabytes, minus the space needed for system objects.
  
  Note: You can work around this size limitation by linking to tables in other Access databases. You can link to tables in multiple database files, each of which can be as large as 2GB.
  Tip:  For more information on reducing the size of your database, see Help prevent and correct database file problems by using Compact and Repair.


You can even go a step further and, as you have already mentioned, split the data and the interface.

Split an Access database 


  Consider splitting any database that several people share over a network. Splitting a shared database can help improve its performance and reduce the chance of database file corruption.
  
  After you split database, you may decide to move the back-end database, or to use a different back-end database. You can use the Linked Table Manager to change the back-end database that you use.  


Because it is Microsoft Access, I would recommend sticking with the supported options rather than trying another solution that might or might NOT work.

We used to have an application that had the interface (FE) and data (BE) split. No noticeable performance difference, when hosted on a file server. However, when the BE reached 2 GB a write corrupted the BE and the data was unrecoverable, that was the time we decided to switch to SQL Server Express and then later to SQL Server. I don't think there should be a noticeable performance impact when you access multiple BE files containing the different tables. But having the BE on file shares will generally be slower than storing them locally.