Upgrade from SQL server 2012 to 2016
What you've got sounds like it should work and would get you online quickly, however you will have no HA plan if something fails before you've got the 200GB database replicated to at least one of your secondaries.

Also what will you do if your upgrade fails? I don't think there will be a way back to the old server without going back and restoring backups.

When we've done similar migrations (2012 to 2014), we've done the following:


Create the Availability Group
Take a full backup of current production
Restore on all servers in the AAG (leaving in restore mode)
Take a differential backup of current production shortly before your 30 minute window and restore to all servers on the AAG (leaving in restore mode)
Take regular log backups of the current production server and restore (you could automate this with log shipping)
When your 30 minute window starts, restore the last of the log backups, bring the new primary online, make sure everything is attached to the AAG and you're ready to go