Does SQL Server 2016 Standard Edition include replication?
Yes. (See the REPLICATION section in Editions and supported features of SQL Server 2016
Yes. The distributor (Distribution Server) is located on a SQL Server instance and has to be correctly licensed, be this a production server or development server.
Yes. License required. A replication from a production server to another (dev) server is considered a move of productive data and so the target is no longer a DEV server, but a productive server.


The basic premise regarding Microsoft Licenses for SQL Server is: If it contains productive data, it is a productive server and requires (correct) licensing. 

IMHO : Do no try to circumvent MS licensing fees by being clever and innovative. It will almost always backfire.


  DISCLAIMER: Please contact a Microsoft SQL Server licensee/specialist/re-seller or Microsoft themselves to obtain information about correct licensing. No guarantee given for above made statements.