Writing a T-SQL stored procedure to receive 4 numbers and insert them into a table
You could also use a table valued parameter type in the stored procedure and pass numbers through this tvp.

Create the type

CREATE TYPE GetNumbers AS TABLE   
( Numbers INT );  
GO  


Create the procedure

CREATE PROCEDURE dbo.InsertNumbers  
@GetNumbers GetNumbers READONLY  
AS   
SET NOCOUNT ON;

CREATE TABLE #Temp(Num int);
INSERT INTO  #Temp(Num)
SELECT Numbers
FROM  @GetNumbers;  
SELECT * FROM #Temp;
DROP TABLE #Temp;
GO  


Inserting into temp table is not really needed here, only done to keep it the same as the question.

Fill up a variable with data and call the procedure

/* Declare a variable that references the type. */  
DECLARE @GetNumbers AS GetNumbers;  

/* Add data to the table variable. */  
INSERT INTO @GetNumbers (Numbers)  
VALUES(10),(20),(30),(40);

/* Pass the table variable data to a stored procedure. */  
EXEC InsertNumbers @GetNumbers;  


The example used and more on tvp's here