History of actions that occured on a table in SQL Server
Here's some out-of-the-box features of SQL Server that can help you accomplish your goal. You'll need to proactively enable / set one of them up before they collect the data you need.
For reference:

Triggers - Fire whenever data changes in a table, can implement logic similar to being in the context of a stored procedure.

Temporal Tables - System versioned copies of the user defined tables that track changes.

Change Tracking - Automated tracking of changes for your user defined tables.

Change Data Capture - Keeps track of DML changes to the specified user defined tables.

Audit - Automatically tracks a multitude of actions at the server level.