Is it possible to backup a subset of a database in Microsoft SQL Server?
In SQL Server Management Studio (SSMS), you can generate a script that would create the structural components of your database (tables and views, as well as users, functions, and procedures). You could use the script(s) returned on your development DB.

To run this, right-click on your database in SSMS, and choose Tasks => Generate scripts.... This opens a wizard that will step you through the process, giving you the option of what you want to copy over.

For tables, there are advanced options you can set. This allows you to include indexes and triggers, and to include the data in the tables. However, this would give you all the data from the tables, not just a selected amount.

If you want all the data from selected tables, and no data from the rest, then two passes through this will let you generate two scripts.

In the first pass, select everything, script things as "DROP if exists" (assuming you want to replace anything that's already there), do not include data, and save that as a single script.

In the second pass, only select the tables that you want to copy over the data for; do not choose the "DROP if exists" option; and do include the data, saving this as a second single script (or, if you prefer, as one script per table).

NOTE: This creates scripts that you would run on your database, rather than true backups.


Among other things, this does mean that any objects that have been removed from the production database, will not be removed by the script; it just recreates what it knows about. If what you really want is a clean DB to start with, you may want to drop the current dev database and create a new one with the same name. make sure you've captured every object in the first script, though, or things will be missing.
And, if you need to populate some tables with just a part of the production data, then you would either need to manually remove extra rows from the script file, or use a different process to populate the tables.