Search within same ID across several rows
This requirement is known as relational division. One popular approach is

SELECT sentence_id
FROM   YourTable
WHERE  meaning_id IN ( 12455, 15333 )
GROUP  BY sentence_id
HAVING COUNT(DISTINCT meaning_id) = 2 


SQL Fiddle

If your table has a unique constraint on sentence_id,meaning_id you can drop the DISTINCT in the query above.