What is the fastest way to insert large numbers of rows?
One common approach:


Disable / drop indexes / constraints on target table.
INSERT dbo.[Target] WITH (TABLOCKX) SELECT ...
With credit to JNK of course, you can do the above in batches of n rows, which can reduce the strain on the transaction log, and of course means that if some batch fails, you only have to-start from that batch. I blogged about this (while in reference to deletes, the same basic concepts apply) here: http://www.sqlperformance.com/2013/03/io-subsystem/chunk-deletes 
Re-enable / re-create indexes / constraints on target table (and perhaps you can defer some of those, if they are not necessary for all operations, and it is more important to get the base data online quickly).


If your partitions are physical and not just logical, you may gain some time by having different processes populate different partitions simultaneously (of course this means you can't use TABLOCK/TABLOCKX). This assumes that the source is also suitable for multiple processes selecting without overlapping / locking etc., and making that side of the operation even slower (hint: create a clustered index on the source that suits the partitioning scheme on the destination).

You may also consider something a lot more primitive, like BCP OUT / BCP IN.

I don't know that I would jump to SSIS to help with this. There are probably some efficiencies there, but I don't know that the effort justifies the savings.