How to organise and understand a terribly modelled database
To add on to the first two comments on your post, yes unfortunately this is the case in a lot of Vendor systems. Reverse engineering, and normalizing their less than optimal schemas has been a fairly common task I've dealt with for multiple Vendor systems at multiple different companies I've worked for. There's a couple things I recommend to make it slightly easier on yourself either now or at least in the future:

Documenting your progression is important. As you find out the relations between entities, I'd recommend building out a database diagram for them, and then expanding on that diagram as you learn about other relevant entity relations. Of course in a large scale system, a single database diagram can become unwieldly, so you might want to break it up into multiple diagrams for each subject matter in the system. E.g. ERP systems typically have a multitude of modules that span different subject matters between Finance, Sales, Production, etc and in such a case I'd recommend at least a separate database diagram for each module.

Familiarize yourself with a schema search tool, such as the Find DB Object feature of the Oracle SQL Developer or the search features of PL SQL Developer as mentioned in this StackOverflow answer. (Microsoft SQL Server has the luxury of RedGate's SQL Search tool, but unfortunately I don't think RedGate offers an equivalent for Oracle in their tool belt.) This will be helpful in understanding all the places an entity is referenced and how it's used.

As much of a pain as it can be working with the Vendor and their documentation, if you have a technical contact who can at least answer the question if their application itself (or if they have a tool or database dictionary) that exposes the entity names of the fields behind the UI then that could make your job with reverse engineering their system a lot easier. Surprisingly this is fairly common practice that I've seen among many Vendor systems I've encountered. In some cases it was a dedicated shortcut key while focused on the field in the UI, sometimes it was a matter of right clicking the field and it was an option in the context menu, other times it was a separate tool bundled with their software (which was also used for customizations), and I've even seen it purely in the database in a dedicated schema / database dictionary. Also you may need to be a super user of sorts to be able to access that information. Either way, the Vendor should be able to answer that question for you.


Best of luck!