Postgres table partitioning "no partition of relation "parsel_part" found for row" error?
Your problem is related to this point in the documentation:


  When creating a range partition, the lower bound specified with FROM is an inclusive bound, whereas the upper bound specified with TO is an exclusive bound.


(emphasis added)

So in fact in

CREATE TABLE parsel_2014_10 PARTITION OF parsel_part 
     FOR VALUES FROM ('2014-10-01') TO ('2014-10-31');


the date 2014-10-31 is not included in this partition, and hence nowhere in all your partition tables (and same for all ending dates)

See the example at: https://www.postgresql.org/docs/10/static/ddl-partitioning.html#DDL-PARTITIONING-DECLARATIVE

The to value of one partition must be the same as the from value of the next one (because the to part is exclusive and the from is inclusive).