Add If Statement To Stored Procedure
The basic form is:

INSERT dbo.table
(
  cols
)
SELECT 
  cols
FROM @tvp AS t
WHERE NOT EXISTS 
(
  SELECT 1 FROM dbo.basetable AS b WHERE b.key = t.key
);


In your case, that would be:

INSERT INTO [Habib].[dbo].[SE]
(
  [empID],
  [POD],
  [empNotes],
  [hiredate],
  [terminationdate],
  [terminationtime],
  [address],
  [city],
  [state] /* why do people prefer horizontal scrollbars to vertical ones? */
)
SELECT 
  [empID],
  [POD],
  [empNotes],
  convert(char(10), [b].[hiredate], 101),
  convert(char(10), [b].[terminationdate], 101),
  LTRIM(RIGHT(CONVERT(VARCHAR(20), [b].[terminationdate], 100), 7)),
  [address],
  [city],
  [state]
FROM @TempTable AS b
WHERE NOT EXISTS
(
  SELECT 1 
    FROM [Habib].[dbo].[SE] AS se
    WHERE se.empID = b.empID
);


One thing you need to find out, though, is if users enter existing empID values here and expect to update existing employees with new information for the other columns... if so, you're throwing their updates away without telling them.