Is this an error in SQL Server's documentation for ROLLBACK?
The ROLLBACK TRANSACTION documentation is correct, albeit not clear without additional context.
ROLLBACK is shorthand for the similar ROLLBACK WORK statement rather than ROLLBACK TRANSACTION. Below is an excerpt from the ROLLBACK WORK doc page:

ROLLBACK [ WORK ]   [ ; ]
This statement functions identically to ROLLBACK TRANSACTION except
that ROLLBACK TRANSACTION accepts a user-defined transaction name.
With or without specifying the optional WORK keyword, this ROLLBACK
syntax is ISO-compatible.
When nesting transactions, ROLLBACK WORK always rolls back to the
outermost BEGIN TRANSACTION statement and decrements the @@TRANCOUNT
system function to 0.

Note the same applies to the similar COMMIT TRANSACTION and COMMIT WORK statements.