Binlog commits and flushes on SQL Server (compared to MySQL)
Being more 'click-and-go', does SQL server set everything to safe values?

It's baked in to Availability Groups (physical) and Transactional Replciation (logical) that a replica cannot commit changes ahead of the primary.
In AGs transaction log records are streamed to the replicas as they are hardened on the primary, but on a failover, any transaction that failed to commit on the primary will be rolled back on the replicas.
In Transactional Replication changes are harvested from the transaction log on the primary (called the &quot;Publisher&quot;), but only committed transactions are sent to the Distribution database.

What are equivalent settings, or settings one must know when dealing with primary/secondary consistency, and their performance impact?

Since consistency is always guaranteed, the main thing is to understand the difference between Sync and  Async replicas.