What's the term that describes filtering query that makes use of indexes
Sargable (or sometimes sargeable). It's not really a word, it's made up of Search ARGument, and when a WHERE clause is sargable, that mean's it's possible for it to use an index. It doesn't mean it will use the index, and it doesn't mean it will seek, either. A lot of factors go into the optimizer's choice, and the rules can clearly differ between different platforms, and even different versions and editions of the same platform.

References:


Wikipedia
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/799584/what-makes-a-sql-statement-sargable
A question on SARGability