postgres jsonb return specific paths of json object
You almost certainly can't. 

JSON doesn't [yet] have the equivalent of XML's XSLTransform, which could do what you describe, but [still] only after retrieving the entire blob of XML to work with. 

Databases are really good at finding little bits of stuff and putting them together; they're far less good and taking large blobs of stuff and pulling them apart. 

I assume what you're showing is a simplification but what you've shown could be done easily with ordinary, relational tables.