Azure SQL Database vs. error 8152 enhancement
You cannot enable traceflags in azure sql database (single database).

You can enable traceflags when using azure sql database managed instances:



DBCC TRACEON documentation



Since the azure sql database service is based on the latest stable sql server version


  It's (azure sql database) based on the latest stable version of the
  Microsoft SQL Server database engine.


Azure sql database service documentation

And  in your linked source it is stated that:


  ...Note that for now, even in SQL Server 2019 CTP 2.0 the same trace
  flag 460 needs to be enabled. In a future SQL Server 2019 release,
  message 2628 will replace message 8152 by default....


We should hope to see this more detailed error message enabled by default for the azure sql database service in the future, once that build is deemed stable.