what AD groups logins my user belongs to?
what AD groups, from the list above, does my login belong to?


All you need to do is execute the following command:

EXEC xp_logininfo 'domain\useraccount','all';
GO


If the account does not have access via any group on that server, AND is a legit account in the domain, you will get no records returned. If the user is found to have permissions you can identify the group they have access from by checking the permission path. This will return the group domain\groupname that is giving the domain user access.