Import Postgres 8.3 database in Postgres 10.5
According to the manual, you have to use pg_dump:

24.4.1. Migrating data via pg_dump
To dump data from one major version of PostgreSQL and reload it in another, you must use pg_dump; file system level backup methods will not work. (There are checks in place that prevent you from using a data directory with an incompatible version of PostgreSQL, so no great harm can be done by trying to start the wrong server version on a data directory.)

(emphasis mine, this is no different for version 10 than for version 9).
You might be able to get this trick to work; it's a simple one-liner but I've never used it myself.