How does the sys.objects Catalog View pull from itself?
sys.objects is not a table, it is a system catalog view. The definition shown in the question even shows Create VIEW .... Also, sys.objects is not the same thing as sys.objects$:


You cannot select from sys.objects$ on a regular connection. You need to be on a DAC connection, though not necessarily in Single-User mode, to SELECT from it.
They don't have the same number of columns. Just connect to the DAC connection and run the following:

SELECT TOP (1) * FROM sys.objects;
GO
SELECT TOP (1) * FROM sys.objects$;
GO



sys.objects$ must be an internal catalog view since the underlying fields in sys.objects (no trailing $) come from these tables: sysschobjs, syssingleobjrefs, syspalnames.