Import an xlsx file to Oracle SQL Developer and interpret it as a table
No.  SQL Developer is just a client that interacts with an Oracle database.  It is not a database in and of itself so it has no way to store and manipulate data other than via an Oracle database.

You could download and install an Oracle database on your machine, connect SQL Developer to that, and use the SQL Developer wizard to load the Excel file into a table you create in this new Oracle database. But that is a decent amount of effort to go through just to deal with a single spreadsheet.