Is there a (non-binary) MySQL collation that doesn't treat different mathematical symbols as the same character?
From 10.1.14.1 Unicode Character Sets in the MySQL 5.5 Reference Manual (emphasis added):


  For supplementary characters in general collations, the weight is the weight for 0xfffd REPLACEMENT CHARACTER. For supplementary characters in UCA collations, their collating weight is 0xfffd. That is, to MySQL, all supplementary characters are equal to each other, and greater than almost all BMP characters.


and:


  The current rule that all supplementary characters are equal to each other is nonoptimal but is not expected to cause trouble. These characters are very rare, so it will be very rare that a multi-character string consists entirely of supplementary characters.


So the answer to your question appears to be "no".

finally:


  If you really want rows sorted by MySQL's rule and secondarily by code
  point value, it is easy:
  
  ORDER BY s1 COLLATE utf32_unicode_ci, s1 COLLATE utf32_bin


Though it is not clear to me how this should be applied for comparisons.

The documentation extracts quoted above are unchanged for MySQL 5.7.