What other databases have a feature similar to Oracle's Flashback Query?
PostgreSQL does not currently have it.  But you are right, with MVCC it should theoretically be possible.  In fact, the old university Postgres had an equivalent feature called time travel, but it was later removed because it caused too much overhead and the practical use was limited.  While it would probably be possible to resurrect it, since then there have been many optimizations to the MVCC setup that would make it much harder.