Can I share a MySQL database among multiple users exclusively?
Set up a DATABASE of the shared data.  GRANT users only SELECT permissions.  (And maybe a few other non-destructive privs.)

Set up another DATABASE for each user.  GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES TO user1_db.* ON 'user1'@...;

Then set up a way to initialize their db with a copy of the readonly copy.  Perhaps it could be a Stored Proc.  Or maybe a shell script.

Another approach is to set up a Docker instances, one per user.  Again, there needs to be a script to initialize their data.

OR...

If each dev does not need to mess with the existing data, consider having a single DATABASE with permissions GRANTed at the TABLE level.