Always Encrypted: How to insert or update encrypted columns?
You need to use variables for the values, so that SSMS can parameterize the query against the API that it is using. Something like:

    DECLARE @fname varchar(30) = 'Kula'
DECLARE @ename varchar(30) = 'Kalle'
DECLARE @pnr varchar(11) = '752312-4545'
DECLARE @age tinyint = 45

insert into dbo.Personer2 (Förnamn, Efternamn, Personnummer, Ålder) 
VALUES (@fname, @ename, @pnr, @age)

SELECT * FROM Personer2