How long is the output of EncryptByPassPhrase(), relative to the input?
As far as my testing goes (using SQL Server Express 2014, SP1 and SQL Server Developer 2012 SP2, both 64-it), the formula when not using an authenticator for the return value (VARBINARY) length of:

ENCRYPTBYPASSPHRASE('_My_PassPhr@zE_yo_', {anything})


is:

28 + (8 * (DATALENGTH(@ClearText) / 8))


Try the following:

DECLARE @ClearText VARCHAR(8000);
SET @ClearText = 'testdfdf gkdj flkgjdlfkgjdlf gjlf gklf TE%$%^&amp;^%HFGHFhg fkgh jfgkhæ';

SELECT LEN(ENCRYPTBYPASSPHRASE('_My_PassPhr@zE_yo_', @ClearText)) AS [ActualLength],
       28 + (8 * (DATALENGTH(@ClearText) / 8)) AS [EstimatedLength];


Returns:

ActualLength    EstimatedLength
92              92


And, if you change the datatype of @ClearText to instead be NVARCHAR(4000), and run it again, it returns:

ActualLength    EstimatedLength
156             156


Note: the formula looks like it can be reduced by cancelling out the 8s. However, that will cause it to not work correctly since it is banded-ranges of datalengths that fit into a "bucket":

input bytes    result length
-----------    -------------
 1 -  7        28
 8 - 15        36
16 - 23        44
24 - 31        52


So the (DATALENGTH(@ClearText) / 8) portion of the formula is enforcing that decimal values are ignored rather than the value be rounded. And that is accomplished by default behavior of dividing two INT values ;-).



UPDATE:

The testing done above does not use an option available to ENCRYPTBYPASSPHRASE: specifying an "authenticator". Doing so adds 16 bytes to the minimum length, and then while the increments are still in 8-byte steps, and while the banded-ranges are still 8 bytes each, the initial range is only 4 bytes so the ranges are offset by 4 as compared to the range boundaries when not using an authenticator. To help illustrate, the following chart shows the ranges and their corresponding result lengths:

input bytes    result length
-----------    -------------
 0 -  3        44
 4 - 11        52
12 - 19        60
20 - 27        68


The formula when using an authenticator for the return value (VARBINARY) length of:

ENCRYPTBYPASSPHRASE('_My_PassPhr@zE_yo_', {anything}, 1, {anything_1-128_bytes})


is:

44 + (8 * ((DATALENGTH(@ClearText) + 4) / 8))


NOTES:


The length of PassPhrase has no effect on the result length
An empty string for PassPhrase has no effect on the result length
In order for an Authenticator value to have any effect, the value of Add_Authenticator (the 3rd input parameter) must be set to 1
The length of Authenticator has no effect on the result length as long as it is at least 1.
An empty string for Authenticator will have an effect on the result length, and that effect is the same as setting Add_Authenticator to 0.
If either Add_Authenticator is set to 0, or Authenticator is an empty string or NULL, then the formula is the same as if there was no "authenticator".


The following is an expanded and improved test that shows both with and without an "authenticator", and makes it easier to change the @PassPhrase value:

DECLARE @ClearText NVARCHAR(4000),
        @Authenticator sysname,
        @PassPhrase VARCHAR(100);

SET @PassPhrase = '_My_PassPhr@zE_yo_';
SET @ClearText = 'testdfdf gkdj flkgjdlfkgjdlf gjlf gklf TE%$%^&amp;^%HFGHFhg fkgh jfgkhæ';
SET @Authenticator = REPLICATE(N' ', 128);

SELECT LEN(ENCRYPTBYPASSPHRASE(@PassPhrase, @ClearText))
                                         AS [ActualLengthSansAuthenticator],
       28 + (8 * (DATALENGTH(@ClearText) / 8)) AS [EstimatedLengthSansAuthenticator];

SELECT LEN(ENCRYPTBYPASSPHRASE(@PassPhrase, @ClearText, 1, @Authenticator))
                                         AS [ActualLengthWithAuthenticator],
       44 + (8 * ((DATALENGTH(@ClearText) + 4) / 8)) AS [EstimatedLengthWithAuthenticator];