What things SQL Server takes backup of when we run a full backup
A Full Backup contains a copy of all the database pages, and all the log records from the LSN at which the first database page was copied through the LSN at which the last database page was copied.  

On restore the database pages are copied into the new database files, then the log records are replayed to to bring the database up to the point-in-time at which the backup completed.  

If you restore WITH RECOVERY, then any transactions that were open at the time the backup completed are rolled-back and the database is brought online.

If you restore WITH NORECOVERY, then you can restore additional Log Backups to restore the database to a later point-in-time.