After doing latest windows10 update 1909 SQL Server Management Studio 17 not working
Two options:


Install "Microsoft Visual C++ 2015 Redistributable"


From some reason the link that worked yesterday now does not work (thank you Microsoft!). The working link is The latest supported Visual C++ downloads 


Upgade to a newer version from SQL Server Management Studio 18.4 


SQL Server Management Studio (SSMS) is an integrated environment for managing any SQL infrastructure, from SQL Server to Azure SQL Database. SSMS provides tools to configure, monitor, and administer instances of SQL Server and databases. Use SSMS to deploy, monitor, and upgrade the data-tier components used by your applications, and build queries and scripts.
Use SSMS to query, design, and manage your databases and data warehouses, wherever they are - on your local computer, or in the cloud.
SSMS is free!

My, personal opinion, choose option2. SSMS 18.4 is available since 4 November 2019 and has (AFAIK) the same functionality compared to SSMS 17.x