Changing Database Owner Removed User Mapping
The database owner is mapped to the dbo user in the database, so when you change the database owner, you change which login is mapped to the dbo user.

The previous database owner may loose access to the database.

eg

use master
drop database mydatabase
go
create database mydatabase
go
use mydatabase
go
select sid
from sys.database_principals 
where principal_id = 1
go
alter authorization on database::mydatabase to sa
go
select sid
from sys.database_principals 
where principal_id = 1


outputs

sid
-------------------
0x0105000000000005. . . 

(1 row affected)

sid
-------------------
0x01

(1 row affected)