Why were Finite Automata and Turing Machines created?
There are different questions being asked here. It is important to keep in mind that most courses on this topic are designed to clearly communicate and deepen a student's understanding of the concept of computation.

Historical motivation and precedence is not usually required to communicate the current understanding of the concepts or even their current relevance. Moreover, historical and philosophical issues are often subtle and doing them academic justice requires time and training that is not usually part of a computer science curriculum. 


The creation of Turing Machines I think it is simplistic to believe that Turing Machines were created only to address the Entscheidungsproblem. The theory of computation was an idea whose time has arrived. There were several equivalent models of computation developed in that period with different motivation. The different models were not developed in isolation. Post developed a model of mechanical calculation in addition to more mathematical models of Church and Kleene. Electro-mechanical calculational devices were also in the background of such developments. Turing may have developed his model specifically motivated by a specific problem, but he did not work in a vacuum and his historical and intellectual context should not be discounted. 
The creation of Finite Automata I would disagree that finite-automata were over two decades apart from the development of computational devices. McCulloch and Pitts proposed a model similar to finite automata while studying human cognition in the early 40s. The modern heritage of finite automata goes back to Rabin and Scott. Their paper is a model of clarity and is one search away. The first two words  "Turing machines" show that they were clearly aware of Turing machines.
The modern presentation of computability theory It is not true that the material we learn and teach about finite automata was developed independently of work on Turing machines. The material you are taught was developed in the awareness of results of Turing machines and the motivation for these results is clearly available in the work of Rabin and Scott. 


I appreciate the desire to know about historical origins, but it is very important to appreciate that this is a nuanced topic and you cannot always find simple answers. Often, we do not even know when or why a concept was developed.

Regarding your last paragraph, the historical origins are, in my opinion, not a good source of motivation for or understanding about the essence of computation. In fact, they are a pretty bad source for undergrads. There are many contemporary essays, books, talks and the like about why computation is important, universal, beautiful, fascinating, and deep. That's where you should be looking. Here are a few random starting points in no particular order.


The Algorithm: Idiom of Modern Science
The emotion universe
The Computational Universe
Great Ideas in Theoretical Computer Science
The Computational Universe
Computers Ltd. What They Really Can't Do
The Unusual Effectiveness of Logic in Computer Science
And Logic Begat Computer Science: When Giants Roamed the Earth