When is Ising partition function easy to compute?
Well, you seem to be missing cases with high symmetry. Basically, any case where there is only a polynomial number of energy eigenvalues and it is easy to compute the degeneracy of these levels and easy to find an eigenstate with each eigenvalue should make the partition function efficiently computable. 

An example of this would be a maximally connected graph for arbitrary J and h.



Update

Since Yaroslav asked in a comment, here is the reasoning:

The partition function for the Ising model is (taking $\beta=1$) $Z_G=\sum_{x\in \mathcal{X}} \exp\left(J \sum_{(i,j)\in E} x_i x_j + h \sum_i x_i\right)$.

Notice that the first sum is over all configurations. We can separate this into two separate sums as follows:

$Z_G=\sum_{y=0}^n \sum_{x \in H_y} \exp\left(J \sum_{(i,j)\in E} x_i x_j + h \sum_i x_i\right)$
where $H_y$ is the set of strings of Hamming weight $y$.

Next, note that every $x \in H_y$ has the same energy, due to the permutation invariance of the maximally connected graph. So we can define 
$E_y = -\left(J \sum_{(i,j)\in E} x_i x_j + h \sum_i x_i\right) = -J\left( \binom{y}{2}+\binom{n-y}{2} - y(n-y)\right)-h(n-2y)$. 

This gives $Z_G=\sum_{y=0}^n |H_y| ~ e^{-E_y} = \sum_{y=0}^n \binom{n}{y} ~ e^{-E_y}$. 

As the sum has only $n$ terms, and each term is efficiently computable, the entire partition function can be efficiently computed to a chosen precision for the maximally connected graph of $n$ vertices. 

The approach outlined above makes use of the fact that there is only a polynomial number of distinct eigenvalues and that both the value and degeneracy of each level is known. This works in general, whenever these conditions are satisfied, since we can then express the partition function as $Z=\sum_{y=0}^{poly(n)} D_y ~ e^{-E_y}$, where $D_y$ is the degeneracy of level $E_y$. If both $E_y$ and $D_y$ are efficiently computable, then we can compute this sum directly in polynomial time. This is true of all Hamiltonians, not simply the Ising model.