Structured set of binary words
If there exists a solution for $(n,c)$, there exists a solution for $(4n,2c)$ (assuming $n \ge 4$): e.g., take $T = \{x||x||y||y : x,y \in S\}$, where $S$ is the solution for $(n,c)$.  This works since $n^2 \ge 4n$ for $n \ge 4$.

This implies that $c = \Omega(n^{1/2})$ should be a sufficient condition to imply existence of such a set (and this is constructive; i.e., there is an algorithm to construct such sets that achieves this bound).

More generally, if there is a solution for $(n,c)$ and $n$ is even, there is a solution for $(n^2,cn/2)$.  Here we let $T = \{x||\cdots ||x||y||\cdots || y : x,y \in S\}$, where we repeat $x$ $n/2$ times and repeat $y$ $n/2$ times.

This implies that, asymptotically, $c = \Omega(n/\lg n)$ is sufficient to ensure the existence of such a set (and again this is constructive).

I don't know whether $c = \Omega(n)$ is sufficient to ensure the existence of such a set.