Counting solutions of Monotone-2CNF formulas
Some observations, not an answer.

Further to the note to the question, any combination of 3 literals can be expressed in terms of any other combination of literals on the same variables, together with a small number of terms that the oracle can provide.  This follows from looking at the Venn diagram of 3 intersecting sets, and expressing each of the 8 regions in terms of the other regions.  Note that this does not require the formula to be either monotone or 2CNF.

It is also clear that the number of solutions satisfying any 3-literal conjunct can be expressed as the sum of $2^{n-3}$ terms, each of which is either 0 or 1, expressing a particular assignment to all variables.  Each of these can be evaluated in linear time, but there are exponentially many terms to evaluate, so this doesn't satisfy the requirements.

Hence the question is really about whether it is possible to exploit the property of being monotone 2CNF to compress this exponential-size expression to polynomial size.

I tried to look at a simpler question, restricting the oracle to just an advice string with the number of solutions, when the counts for single or pairwise literal combinations are not available.  I cannot see any way to exploit knowledge of the number of solutions to obtain a quick calculation of the number of solutions with respect to any single literal.

Is there something about monotone 2CNF that would allow the number of solutions in $S$ containing $x_1$ to be obtained quickly, if one knew $|S|$?