Language/type system closest to Haskell without general recursion
The language closest to Haskell without general recursion is Haskell without general recursion, with suitable fold operations taken as primitive.

Haskell's datatypes have non-wellfounded values thanks to Haskell's lazy evaluation strategy. Once we remove general recursion from Haskell, the difference between lazy and eager evaluation does not matter anymore, and the datatypes become inductive in the sense that only well-founded values may be expressed (because every program is terminating, and folding over an non-wellfounded value woudl give a non-terminating program). So, you can just keep Haskell without general recursion, it's got parametric polymorphism, and the inductive types will work as expected.