How to calculate machine learning time for binary classification?
By "time" do you mean the number of examples or the computation required to construct a classifier? If the former, the key quantity is the VC-dimension of the hypothesis class (i.e., collection of all classifiers you are willing to consider). The latter is strongly dependent on the representation (i.e., how you "view" the classifier in terms of algorithms and data structures) and in many cases can be NP-hard.