Ideas for introducing databases to Android development students
SQlite is small and as the name suggest "lite" is great for storing data for mobile applications. Apart from that It can easily be used for other small scale web applications without hiccups (100k or more rows). 

Resources


The official guide is great. Also checkout the reference of the sqlite package once you are comfortable with using SQlite.
Here's a tutorial that provides step-by-step guide. 
Also the sqlite page have some docs for Android Bindings.


That said, SQlite is one of the most tested(tests are larger than code itself) and have a brilliant code base which makes it very suitable for mobile applications.