What is the space complexity of function $f(x) = \sum_{i=1}^x g(i)$ where g(n) is O(n)?
Space complexity is about the maximum stack size, so this function uses $O(n)=O(\log(x))$ space. Your intuition about this is right: each call to $g$ uses and overwrites memory previously used by the previous call to $g$, so the stack grows to $O(n)$

Why the $\log(x)$ factor? If $g$ uses $O(n)$ memory for an $n$-bit input, then it uses $O(n)=O(|x|) = O(\log(x))$ memory for input $x$, which is of length $|x|=\log(x)$.