Inductive vs. recursive definition
An inductive definition takes some elementary objects of the structure to be defined and combines those to obtain new elements of said structure.

Example: Definition of the syntax of many logics.

On the contrary, a recursive definition is a rule how to obtain a specific object based on somehow "smaller" objects of the same structure.

To see the difference more clearly, consider the following:
To define the valid arithmetical expressions, you would state something like


Any real number is a valid arithmetical expression
When $\varphi$ and $\psi$ are valid arithmetical expressions, so are $(\varphi + \psi)$, $(\varphi - \psi)$, etc.


This is an inductive definition of arithmetic expressions, as you build up the class of valid expressions from the bottom (base cases) upwards.
Recursion, on the other hand, works from the top to the bottom. In this case, you would recursively check whether an arbitrary string is a valid expression or not.

When you define an object recursively, the object is determined by easier to compose objects of the same structure, like the Fibonacci numbers. You can only get the value of $\text{Fib}(n)$ by knowing $\text{Fib}(n-1)$ and $\text{Fib}(n-2)$.