Proof of lemma for flow in residual graph
Observe that if $v$ is not a vertex of $p$, then $f_p(u,v)=0$.
When $v$ is in $p$ and not a source nor a sink, then there are only two vertices $v_1$ and $v_2$ such that the edges $(v_1,v),(v,v_2)$ are in $p$. Therefore, in the excess flow at $v$ $$\sum_u f_p(u,v)$$ only has two non-zero terms $f_p(v_1,v)=c_f(p)$ and $f_p(v_2,v)=-f_p(v,v_2)=-c_f(p)$.
So, the excess flow is zero.
To see that $c_f(p)&gt;0$ just recall that it is defined as the minimum of the residual capacities of the edges of $p$. There are finitely many edges in $p$ and by definition of augmenting path the residual capacities of its edges are positive. So, you are taking the minimum of finitely many positive numbers. That results in a positive number.