Applying a permutation on a sequence with multiplication
The problem is NP-complete. Here is a reduction from 3SAT. 

Given an instance of 3SAT with variables $v_1,\ldots,v_n$ and clauses $c_1,\ldots, c_m$, construct numbers as follows. We represent a number as the form $\lambda_1p^{\mu_1}+\lambda_2p^{\mu_2}+\cdots$ where $p$ is a very large number (we will estimate $p$ later) so that we can assume there is no carry when performing addition of numbers.


Construct $2n-1$ numbers $u_1,\ldots,u_{2n-1}$: $p^0, p^1, \ldots, p^{2n-2}$.
For each variable $v_i$, if $v_i$ shows up in clauses $c_{j_1},c_{j_2},\ldots$ and $\bar{v}_i$ shows up in $c_{k_1},c_{k_2},\ldots$, construct two numbers $y_i=p^{2n-2+i}+mp^{3n-2+j_1}+mp^{3n-2+j_2}+\cdots$ and $\bar{y}_i=p^{2n-2+i}+mp^{3n-2+k_1}+mp^{3n-2+k_2}+\cdots$.
For each clause $c_j$, construct numbers $z_j=p^{3n-2+j}$.
Add $0$s to make there are $(13n+1)m$ numbers in total.
The target 
$$
\begin{align}
x=\;&amp;(n+1)p^0+(n+2)p^1+\cdots+(3n-1)p^{2n-2}\\
&amp;+4np^{2n-1}+4np^{2n}+\cdots+4np^{3n-2}\\
&amp;+16nmp^{3n-1}+(16nm+1)p^{3n}+\cdots+(16nm+m-1)p^{3n-2+m}.
\end{align}
$$


Since there are $(13n+1)m$ numbers and the coefficient of $p^{\mu}$ is at most $m$, we can choose $p=(13n+1)m^2+1$. The construction is in polynomial time.

Now we can see in a valid permutation, the first $2n-1$ numbers must occupy the positions from $n+1$ to $3n-1$, and the next $2n$ numbers $y_1,\bar{y}_1,\ldots$ must occupy the positions $1,\ldots, n$ (say low positions) and $3n,\ldots, 4n-1$ (say high positions), where for each $i$, one of $y_i,\bar{y}_i$ occupies a low position and the other occupies a high position.

Suppose the instance of 3SAT is satisfiable. If $v_i$ is assigned $1$, we arrange $y_i$ at a high position and $\bar{y}_i$ at a low position; otherwise we arrange $y_i$ at a low position and $\bar{y}_i$ at a high position. Now the numbers constructed in steps 1 and 2 are arranged. Consider $\sum\alpha_i\pi_i=\cdots+\lambda_1p^{3n-2+1}+\cdots+\lambda_m p^{3n-2+m}$ for these numbers. We can arrange $z_j$ at position $16nm+j-\lambda_j$ to satisfy the sum goal. Note at least one literal in a clause must be assigned $1$, i.e. its corresponding number ($y_i$ or $\bar{y}_i$) must be at a high position, hence we have

$$m\cdot 3n &lt; \lambda_j\le m\cdot (4n-1+4n-2+4n-3)&lt;12nm,$$

i.e. $4nm+j&lt;16nm+j-\lambda_j&lt;13nm+j\le (13n+1)m$, thus the positions for $z_j$'s are valid. Also note $\lambda_j$ is a multiple of $m$, then $16nm+j-\lambda_j \equiv j \pmod m$, which means these positions do not conflict with each other. As a result, we have arranged these numbers such that $\sum\alpha_i\pi_i=x$.

On the other hand, if there is a permutation satisfying $\sum\alpha_i\pi_i=x$, then for each $i$, if $y_i$ is arranged at a high position, we assign $v_i=1$; otherwise we assign $v_i=0$. Consider $\sum\alpha_i\pi_i=\cdots+\lambda_1p^{3n-2+1}+\cdots+\lambda_m p^{3n-2+m}$ for numbers constructed in steps 1 and 2, then the position of $z_j$ must be $16nm+j-\lambda_j$, which is a valid position, meaning $16nm+j-\lambda_j\le (13n+1)m$, i.e. $\lambda_j&gt;(3n-1)m$. This means at least one number ($y_i$ or $\bar{y}_i$) related to clause $c_j$ is arranged a high position, which means the clause is satisfied.



For example, consider an instance with two clauses $\bar{v}_1\vee v_2\vee v_3$ and $v_1\vee \bar{v}_2\vee v_3$, the numbers are:

           p^0  p^1  p^2  p^3  p^4  p^5  p^6  p^7  p^8  p^9
                                    v_1  v_2  v_3  c_1  c_2
u_1        1
u_2             1
u_3                  1
u_4                       1
u_5                            1
y_1                                 1                   2
\bar{y}_1                           1              2   
y_2                                      1         2
\bar{y}_2                                1              2
y_3                                           1    2    2
\bar{y}_3                                     1
z_1                                                1
z_2                                                     1
0
0
...
-----------------------------------------------------------
x          4    5    6    7    8    12   12   12   96   97


There are $80$ numbers in total. (One of) the permutation(s) corresponding to the solution $v_1=v_2=v_3=1$ is $\bar{y}_1\bar{y}_2\bar{y}_3u_1u_2u_3u_4u_5y_1y_2y_30\cdots 0z_1z_20\cdots$ where $z_1$ is at position $73$ and $z_2$ is at position $74$.



If the numbers are upper-bounded by a constant, say $100$, then the problem can be solved in polynomial time. 

Let $f(\alpha, x)$ denote whether such permutation exists. Note for any permutation $\pi$, suppose $\alpha_k$ is placed at the first position (i.e. $\pi_k=1$), we have
$$\sum \alpha_i\pi_i=\alpha_k+\sum_{i\neq k}\alpha_i\pi_i=\sum \alpha_i+\sum_{i\neq k}\alpha_i(\pi_i-1),$$
which means the primary problem has a valid solution iff there exists $k$ such that the subproblem for sequence $\alpha-\alpha_k$ (meaning the sequence $\alpha_1,\ldots,\alpha_{k-1},\alpha_{k+1},\ldots$) and target $x-\sum \alpha_i$ has a valid solution, so we have

$$f(\alpha,x)=\bigvee_{i=1}^n f\left(\alpha-\alpha_i,x-\sum_{j=1}^n \alpha_j\right).$$

Note we do not care the order of the sequence, so every subsequence of $\alpha$ can be expressed as "$n_1$ $1$s, ..., $n_{100}$ $100$s", which means there are up to $n^{100}$ different subsequences of $\alpha$. Therefore, we can compute $f(\alpha,x)$ using the recursion formula above in $O(n\cdot xn^{100})=O(n^{103})$ time.