Can oracle arguments separate P and NP?
For an oracle $A\in {\sf P}$ you have ${\sf P}^A={\sf P}$ (since you can encode all requests to the oracle as a submodule of the TM). By the same argument you als have that ${\sf NP}^A={\sf NP}$.

Thus in this case ${\sf NP}^A\neq{\sf P}^A$ would imply ${\sf NP}\neq{\sf P}$.

You basically said this already in your question. Note that we cannot query "exponentially long" strings to the oracle, since we need to write the string on the oracle tape first, and this would clearly take too long. Maybe this caused your confusion?