Is there a query language variant of Turing Completeness?
The most you could expect out of a query language would be Turing completeness. In other words, the most powerful you could make a (physically realizable) query language would be to allow operations equivalent to treating the entire database as a single string and running an arbitrary program with that string as input.
Any real-world database query language that includes WHILE loops in the query language (e.g. PL/SQL) is probably Turing-complete in this sense. With such a language, you can go all the way down to reading and writing single rows at a time as necessary to read arbitrary data out of the database and interpret a Turing machine with the data as input. Of course, this is horrifically inefficient, but that's beside the point!