CFG Equivalent of regular expressions
A (rather technical) answer, where star-operator is replaced by least fixed point (equivalent to recursive formulation as in CFG) is given by our cstheory cousins: Does there exist an extension of regular expressions that captures the context free languages? 

The author (Neel Krishnaswami) of that answer does not know an original source of his construction, but a later comment by Tim Schaeffer refers to the 1973 book Formal Languages by Arto Salomaa. In chapter VI.11 Salomaa introduces regular-like expressions. That book might not be in your possession, but in turn refers to A characterization of context-free languages, Journal of Computer and System Sciences, 1973, by Jozef Gruska, which is open access.

The operator Gruska considers is the following, I loosely quote from his paper. Let $\sigma$ be a symbol and $L,L_1$ be languages. 
The $\sigma$-substitution of $L_1$ into $L$, denoted by $L \overset{\sigma}{\uparrow}L_1$ is defined by 

$$ L \overset{\sigma}{\uparrow}L_1 = \{ x_0 y_1x_1 \dots x_{k-1} y_k x_k \mid x_0 \sigma x_1 \dots x_{k-1} \sigma x_k\in L, \text{no $\sigma$ in }x_i, y_i\in L_1 \}.$$

After noting that he operation $\overset{\sigma}{\uparrow}$ is associative one defines the $\sigma$-iteration as

$$ L^\sigma = \{z \mid z\in L \cup L\overset{\sigma}{\uparrow}L \cup L\overset{\sigma}{\uparrow}L\overset{\sigma}{\uparrow}L \cup \dots \text{ does not contain an occurrence of } \sigma \}.$$

Note that if we have only a single variable, like $S\to aSbS \mid \lambda$ then this substitution closure $\{aSbS, \lambda\}^S$  is indeed the language generated by the grammar.