Binary Equivalent vs. Computer code(Ascii or UTF)
I am not an expert in the field, but I can try to give an approximately correct answer.

Reading from memory itself, you can not diferentiate between lets say ints and characters.
The compiled program is compiled with locations of where to find the operator that is needed, in this case print for ints and for chars. You must specify how to represent that data in your print command. 

Example in c:

printf("ASCII value = %d, Character = %c\n", ch , ch );


This code will first represent data at location ch as a number and than as a char. 

Let me give another example:
Let us say that your language can "add" strings, in form of concatenating one onto another. How can computer know which "add" to use, if you cannot learn of data type from memory? The compiler compiled the program with address to the appropriate "add" command, according to data type you specified your operands to be. 

Moral of the story: you cannot learn of data type from memory.
Hopefully this clears it out.