Looking for books on creating and understanding theorems targeted at Computer Science
Algorithm Design, by John Kleinberg and Eva Tardos looks like it may be what you want. Here's the description on Amazon:


  Algorithm Design introduces algorithms by looking at the real-world problems that motivate them. The book teaches students a range of design and analysis techniques for problems that arise in computing applications. The text encourages an understanding of the algorithm design process and an appreciation of the role of algorithms in the broader field of computer science.


However, since the fields of computer science and mathematics are so closely related, you really should take the time to understand the math side of things. This looks like it could be a good starting point though