how can i know if a First order logic sentences is valid or unsatisfiable or neither?
A formula is valid if all of the possible truth-assignments to its variables evaluate to true.

A formula is satisfiable if at least one of the truth-assignments to its variables evaluates to true.

The formula you gave is :


  $1 = 2$


Since this contains no variables, under any truth-assignment, the expression is $1 = 2$, which is false.

Neither of the above conditions have been met.

Therefore the formula is neither valid nor satisfiable. Since it is not satisfiable, we can say that it is unsatisfiable.