Deciding Recursive/Recursively Enumerable when given Turning machine encoding as a language
As you note, both languages are undecidable, so neither are recursive. Then the remaining possiblities are recursively enumerable or not.

Note that $L_{1} = \overline{L_{2}}$, so if they were both recursively enumerable, then they would both be recursive, so we know at least one is not even recursively enumerable.

It turns out that $L_{1}$ is recursively enumerable, given an input $\langle M\rangle$ we can simulate $M$ on all strings over the alphabet by interleaving the execution of $M$ on each string. It may take a long time, but if $M$ accepts something, we eventually (in finite time) find it, so we can recognise that $\langle M\rangle \in L_{1}$.

Then simply by logical deduction, $L_{2}$ can't be recursively enumerable, as it is already co-r.e., but not recursive.