Efficient algorithm to check if a vector exists in the span of a subset of vectors
Equivalently, your problem can be stated as:

Given a $m \times n$ matrix $M$ over $\mathbb{F}_2$ and a vector $v \in \mathbb{F}_2^m$, find a vector $x\in \mathbb{F}_2^n$ such that $M x=v$ and the Hamming weight of $x$ is as small as possible.

There are some hardness results for this problem.  For instance, this post argues that the problem can't be approximated within a constant factor, within polynomial time (even for randomized algorithms), assuming standard complexity-theory assumptions.

See also https://cs.stackexchange.com/a/59922/755 and https://cstheory.stackexchange.com/a/10112/5038 and https://cstheory.stackexchange.com/q/27460/5038 and https://cstheory.stackexchange.com/q/10396/5038 for related work, including some algorithmic techniques that might be relevant.