Does there exist a Reed-Solomon-like code over decimal symbols?
The property of Reed–Solomon codes that you mention is known as Maximum Distance Separability, and codes with this property are known as MDS codes. In coding theory the most popular type of code is a linear code, and these are only defined over alphabets which are prime powers. However, in the literature you can find some papers on MDS codes on arbitrary alphabets; I'll let you research that yourself.

For the specific case $N=1$, there is a very simple MDS code, namely checksum: you add to the original data a new digit whose value is the negated sum of the other digits (so that all new digits sum to zero). This code can detect any single error.