Why does lower integer represent higher priority in scheduling literature?
This has always troubled me too.  The problem is with the origins of the English word and the difference between ordinal numbers ("first", "second", "third", ...) and cardinal numbers (the numbers you use to count things).

In schedulers we use the word priority in the sense of:


  the right to take precedence or to proceed before others[1]


It came into English from Norman French after the Norman conquest of England in 1066.  It came into Norman French from the Latin word prior, which (in English) means


  existing or coming before in time, order, or importance[1]


I added the emphasis on the word order to emphasize that we are using the word in the sense that requires we use ordinal numbers.  So you should think of it in terms of a medieval court hierarchy.  The king is seated at the dinner table first because he has the highest rank.  The prince (etymology: via Norman French from Latin princeps, which means "first citizen"[2]) is seated second because he has the next highest rank.  Then the dukes are seated third because they have the next highest rank.  And so on.  The knights are seated last because they have the lowest rank.  (The common folk with no title don't get seated at all because they have no rank at all.)

[1] This is from the definition from Google.  I think they may have gotten it from Oxford English Dictionary.
[2]http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_and_noble_ranks