Protecting data unequally using Error Correction Codes
Since error correction here is essentially discrete, it might not be easy to come up with an optimal transient encoding, however you can approximate this by applying different encoding schemes for different parts of your data. In your temperature digits example, you might consider an encoding with $d=5$ Hamming distance for integer part and $d=3$ for fractional part, which will eventually provide a two-bit correction for the integer part and one-bit correction for the fractional part. This partitioning can be varied.