Why has Windows used NTFS for 20+ years, while many different systems have trendend in the linux community over the same time?
NTFS is pretty good. From the start it had journaling (unlike ext2), size limits large enough that they would never be an issue (unlike ext2/3), and a flexible design that allowed arbitrary attributes to be defined and attached to files.

Developing filesystems for Windows is difficult. The necessary headers and documentation were for years not included in the Windows driver development kit; instead you had to, I think, sign an NDA and pay thousands of dollars for the IFS kit and support. The number of features you'd have to implement to be able to replace NTFS is large. Filesystem design is a black art under the best of circumstances. And Microsoft probably wouldn't want to support a filesystem designed by a third party in the default Windows install no matter how good it was.

Your list of popular Linux filesystems isn't all that long. ext2-4 are all pretty similar to each other, and btrfs is similar to ReFS.