Can the pumping lemma for context free languages be extended to any subword?
The extended form of pumping lemma for regular languages you mentioned is called "the general version of pumping lemma for regular languages".

It is indeed natural to suspect that a similar general version of the usual pumping lemma for context-free languages as said in the title should hold. Unfortunately, it does not. For example, take context-free language $L=\{a^nb^n\}$. The initial subword $a^n$ of $a^nb^n$ can be arbitrarily long. However, no part of that subword can be pumped.

There are, however, a few valid generalizations of the usual pumping lemma for context-free languages. You may want to take a close look at them.


Ogden's lemma.
Interchange lemma.