Does any algorithm loops at some point?
You are technically correct. A modern practical computer has finitely many states, and so any program it runs will eventually repeat a state.

However, I would like to warn against interpreting this observation in the wrong way. It is not a problem in practice. The number of possible states is huge (it's huuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuge). Algorithms that are designed for machines with infinite resources (such as Turing machines) typically run just fine on a modern computer. Of course, they may use up all available memory if they are especially memory-intensive, but that's different from them cycling because they somehow repeated a configuration due to computer limitations. And when programs do cycle forever unintentionally, it is not the limited size of the computer that does it, but rather programming errors.

It is more practical to mathematically model modern computers as if they have unlimited memory than to model them as finite-state machines. This situation is a bit like modelling in physics: classical fluid dynamics models a discrete system of atoms as if it were a continuous one.