Can we use Convolutional Neural Network for dataset containing numeric data?
Convolutional neural networks are just one of many models for classifing data. All models can be used for any data and they differ only in performance.

When you feed an image to the CNN (or any other model), the model does not “see” the image as you see it. It “sees” numbers that describe each pixel of an image and does all calculation using those numbers.
As was pointed in the comments; at the end, everything is effectively a number in the computer.

Your task asks you to use CNN because it will most likely perform best (in comparisson to other models) at this specific task. CNNs are very good at classifying objects that are not too similar, but have some shared features presented in a not too obvious way.

You can read about classification models here and I found a paper about detecting fraud with CNNs that might help you.