Strengths and limitations of arrays
Here a simple answer is;


Arrays 


allow fast random access in $\mathcal{O}(1)$ to their elements since and they are sequential in memory.
$\mathcal{O}(1)$ time write or update an element
if not created in heap memory size is very limited.
The size is fixed.

Vectors


Access and write is similar to array
The size not fixed. When capacity is full, extended.