Given a regular language, calculate its equivalence classes
Whether a word and its extensions belongs to $L_n$ or not depends on its final $n$ letters (we'll see later what happens if a word is shorter than $n$ letters). Indeed, we can "probe" all of these letters using the following: for $i=1,\ldots,n$, we have $w1^{n-i} \in L_n$ iff the $i$th letter from the end is $1$. This shows that if two words have different length-$n$ suffixes, then they definitely belong to different equivalence classes.

In contrast, we can check that any two words with the same length-$n$ suffix are equivalent. Indeed, suppose $x,y$ are such words, and consider a word $z$. If $|z| \leq n-1$ then $xz \in L_n$ if the $n-i$'th letter from the end of $x$ is $1$. Since $x,y$ have the same length $n$ suffixes, the condition for $yz \in L_n$ is identical. If $|z| \geq n$, then whether $xz \in L_n$ or not only depends on $z$, and in particular holds just as well for $yz \in L_n$.

Finally, what about words which are shorter than $n$ letters? Recall the test we had above: $w1^{n-i} \in L_n$ iff the $i$th letter from the end is $1$. If $|w| &lt; i$ then $w1^{n-i} \notin L_n$, and so $w$ behaves as if the $i$th letter from the end is $0$. Pursuing this route, we find that the equivalence class of $w$ depends on the length-$n$ suffix of $0^nw$, and this definition works whether $|w| \geq n$ or not.