Existence of polynomial time reduction from P to R?
The claim is correct, therefore, you need to give a proof that such a reduction exists. I see that you're trying to prove it by contradiction, so your question is a bit unclear. If you did not get to a contradiction by assuming the correctness of the claim, that does not mean that the claim is correct. Instead, you're assuming that it is correct.

By a similar reasoning to yours: as far as i see, if $P\neq NP$ then everything is ok :) Or if $P=NP$ then everything is okay. So maybe the claim is not correct but we don't have the tools to show that yet. Or maybe you can assume both!

Regarding the specific claim you mentioned, consider the following more general claim. 

Claim: every non-trivial language $L_2 \notin \{\emptyset, \Sigma^*\}$ is $P$-hard. That is, if $L_2$ is non-trivial language and $L_1\in P$, then $L_1 \leq_p L_2$.

To begin with, note that the claim you wrote is a special case to the above claim. Indeed, we just drop down the assumptions that $L_2$ is in $R$ and $L_1$ is non-trivial.

Solution: let $L_2$ be a non-trivial language and let $L_1\in P$.  We describe a reduction from $L_1$ to $L_2$. To begin with, since $L_2$ is non-trivial, we have that there is a word $x_{in}\in L_2$ and a word $x_{out} \notin L_2$.


Defining the reduction: the reduction, denoted $f$, operates as follows. For the input word $w$, check whether $w$ is in $L_1$. If $w\in L_1$, the reduction outputs $x_{in}$. Otherwise, the reduction outputs $x_{out}$.  
Correctness: follows immediately from the fact that $w\in L_1$ iff $f(w) = x_{in} \in L_2$.
Runtime: note that the reduction runs in polynomial time in $|w|$ (the input's length). Indeed, since $L_1\in P$, we have that there is a deterministic TM that decides $L_1$ in polynomial time and thus one can decide whether $w\in L_1$ in polynomial time in $|w|$. $x_{in}$ and $x_{out}$ are constants (they do not depend on the input $w$), hence they do not affect the runtime of the reduction (you can think about them as words hardcoded in the reduction itself).


Note: a machine that decides $L_1$ in polynomial time exists, $x_{in}$ and $x_{out}$ exist and thus the reduction exists.