Can I simulate iterated AES-ECB with other block cipher modes?
First lets acknowledge this is a horrible hack - you really should find a way to do what you want more directly or risk code maintenance issues and likely bugs in the future.

Second, while the question isn't about your key strengthening step it seems like you should ask about the security.  There are lots of good key derivation methods out there and I don't consider iterating encryption to be a good one.

One Block CBC

Lets look at the algebraic structure of CBC on one block:

$
    \text{cbc}(v, p) = E(v \oplus p)
$

Thus if $v = 0$ $\text{cbc}(0,p) = E(0 \oplus p) = E(p)$ which is the same as ECB.

CTR

The CTR idea fail because plaintext is never part of the block encrypted by the cipher:

$
    \text{ctr}(v, p) = E(v) \oplus p
$

$
    \text{let } v = 0
$

$
    \text{ctr}(0,p) = E(0) \oplus p
$