Validating JWT works with small changes to public key, why?
The certificate is much more than a public key, changing the public key will of course prevent verification but most of what you did doesn't change that.
Your certificate above also has the following information:
Common Name: INNOPAY
Organization: INNOPAY BV
Organization Unit: Fun Department
Locality: Amsterdam
Country: NL
Valid From: July 24, 2019
Valid To: July 23, 2021
Serial Number: 3838059474068972016 (0x354386c1bab421f0)

changing that may make the certificate invalid and invalidate any signatures on it. but Token verification should be unchanged.