Practicality of a certain hash function
The obvious weakness when one sees a square is
$$(a)^{2} = (-a)^{2},$$ This is not a problem in the Rabin Cryptosystem since it requires an additional mechanism to resolve the message from possible 4 candidates. Here, however, this is can cause a direct collision.
Also, as noted by fgrieu, the calculation of the square root is not hard in the prime case by the Tonelli-Shanks. This algorithm work for prime $p$ and generalized for $p^k$, too.

Now assuming that the primes in question are large enough, computing the reverse should be unfeasible. Correct?

Take
$$h = (V\cdot A + V \cdot B)^2 = V^2(A+B)^2 \bmod C $$ So there is no reason for $A$ and $B$ to be a prime. Since it is not a keyed hash, we should know all values, like $A,B,C$ then
$$V^2 = \frac{h}{(A+B)^2} \bmod C$$ this has two solutions in the range $[0,C{-1}]$ and infinitely many solutions in the $\mathbf{Z}$. We can find these first two with the Tonelli-Shanks and the rest with modular arithmetic.
Therefore, one-can find pre-images, secondary pre-images, and collisions very easily. Remember in the pre-image attack we don't need to find the actual value $V$, and any value $V'$ that produces the given hash value $h$ will be enough for this attack to be successful.
Not even close to being a secure hash function at all.