Which categories of cipher are semantically secure under a chosen-plaintext attack?
Encryption using a block cypher such as AES by passing plaintext blocks directly to the encryption function is known as Electronic Code Book mode (ECB) and is not CPA secure as (as you say in your question) it is entirely deterministic and two identical plaintext blocks will result in two identical ciphertext blocks. 

To prevent this an initialisation vector or nonce can be used in  combination with a cryptographic mode such as cipher block chaining or randomised counter mode which will prevent the encryption from being deterministic and allowing the comparison of ciphertexts.