If we can find prime numbers larger than 17 milion digits, why can't we find all 1024bit primes?
Due to the prime number theorem the number of primes with length $2^{1024}$ is approximately

$$\pi(2^{1024}) - \pi(2^{1023})\approx  \frac{2^{1024}}{\ln(2^{1024})}- \frac{2^{1023}}{\ln(2^{1023})} \approx \frac{2^{{1024}}}{709.8} - \frac{2^{1023}}{709.1}\approx 2^{1013.5}$$

The number of atoms in the universe is approximately $10^{80} \approx 2^{265.75}$, which means...

Edit, fixing math:

... you would have to fit just around $2^{748} (\approx 2^{1013.5 - 265.75})$ prime numbers in every single atom in the universe in order to store this list.

To further break this down:
Assume you could program atoms to output 1 prime at a time for 1 attosecond (shortest measured time, $2^{-18}s$), you would still need $2^{663.1}$ years, and it's been "only" $2^{33.7}$ years since the Big Bang.

Short: It's far, far beyond the anything ever achievable. And this is not due to our technical limitations, it's just not possible in existence.