Is symmetric encryption vulnerable to plain-text-attacks?
If the encryption is any good, no.  What you're describing is a known-plaintext (or possibly chosen-plaintext) key recovery attack, and any encryption system that was even suspected of being vulnerable to such attacks would be considered hopelessly broken by modern standards.

The "gold standard" that modern encryption methods aim for is generally taken to be "IND-CCA2" security, or ciphertext indistinguishability under an adaptive chosen-ciphertext attack.  Loosely speaking, this security property means that an attacker who gets to choose two plaintexts (of equal length) to be encrypted and sent back to them, and may also request the encryption or decryption of any number of other messages, will not be able to tell which ciphertext corresponds to which plaintext.