What is the time complexity of the basic components of a symmetric cipher?
I cannot find anything simple on time complexity for cryptographic components (functions?) as describable above


You wont really find anything because those components are generally not described that way. There are simply too many ways of implementing each component in hardware and software on multiple platforms, and they do not always obey the rules of big-O notation, a 1-bit XOR and a 64-bit XOR may take the exact same amount of time, but transform a 64X difference in data. Shifting by 1-bit usually takes the same amount of time as shifting by several bits. In hardware, a permutation may be done by arranging wires in a specific pattern, and take 0 additional time to complete, whereas in software a complex series of operations may be required to rearrange the data (like the DES initial permutation for example).

Things like matrix multiplication can be implemented as table lookups or as a series of more simple operations, sometimes bitsliced to improve performance. Increasing the size of the matrix can have wildly different outcomes in terms of time requirements based on the implementation method, since generating a table is only needed once.

Simply put, it is more common to describe the performance of those operations in cpu cycles on a specific platform, individually and as a group of operations, and as the entire algorithm. Then a given implementation/platform combination can be compared, and the best or most common used as a benchmark.