Short term for "Purposely-slowed hash"
1) I don't know any established alternatives.

2) It is not correct to say that such algorithms are purposely-slowed. They not only can be slowed, but also can use much memory. A single word for this would be resources. And I would stress even not resources, but rather the price, because the whole idea is to make the price prohibiting for attackers. I would suggest following terms:


Expensive hashing
Resource intensive
Resource demanding
Resource hard
Resource greedy
Resource hungry


I will put these terms each as a separate comment below my answer. Feel free to vote :) In a couple of weeks we'll see the result.