Fork trail vs chainstay length in steering
Because you steer a bicycle with the front wheel (and weight offsets), the steering of a bicycle is almost entirely determined by the geometric parameters of the front wheel and where it is located. The most determining factors are:


Trail
Wheel flop factor
Front wheel radius


Trail and wheel flop factor are determined by steering angle, fork offset and wheel radius.

The chainstay length is irrelevant in this respect, but it does matter for the overall handling of a bicycle. For example it has an influence on how well a mountain bike climbs. For road bikes it has some influence on the weight distribution between both wheels.

There are tandems which handle like a good road bike (except for the turning radius). They essentially have "chainstays" that are almost 1.5 m long.