Vulcanizing cement question?
Vulcanization is used to describe the chemical process of hardening rubber. Essentially, Vulcanizing rubber cement is the same thing as rubber glue, but contains accelerators to speed up the drying process, which is why it's handy for patching tires, since you want a fast drying adhesive for patches. 

There shouldn't be any issue using it to adhere LED strip lights, just avoid covering the LEDs themselves with the cement as it'll cause them to heat up, and heat is what kills LEDs. Also avoid covering the solder patches with cement if you plan on using them down the line. Otherwise, the product is fairly inert and won't damage your LEDs.