Using tandem bike wheel on regular bike
Totally okay - you're focusing on the word tandem, when really both you and tandem riders want a "high spoke count" wheel.

36 spokes or 40 spokes or even 48 spoke hubs and rims exist but not so common in 44 spoke.

The values that are important in sizing a wheel to suit your bike are


Over-Locknut Distance or OLD.  This is the space between the inside of your rear dropouts, and should be equal to the width of the hub from outside the bearing locknuts on each side.
Cassette/freehub/freewheel mount - the system for mounting your gears should be the same, else you will need a new cassette to suit.   Yours is a Shimano cassette
Number of gears - this relates to the width of the cassette - yours is 9 speed.
Through axle or Quick Release - what does your frame take?  Appears to be Quick Release in photo.
Rim diameter - yours is 700c which means 622mm.
BRAKES - your bike has rim brakes, so you MUST have a rim that has a brake track and is rated for rim brakes.  Some rims are disk brake only these days.




You should be able to reuse your tyre and tube, unless you elect to get a wider rim and run a wider tyre like a 32 or 35mm.  This will totally depend on frame clearance at the seat and chainstays.

Also wheels intended for Tandems may have fittings for a drum or band brake  on the rear hub.  This may be useful or not in your situation.

ANSWER:  Yes you can use a higher-spoke count wheel in your normal bike, exactly the same as you might use in a tandem or a touring bike, provided all the other details match.