Semi-integrated / external headset compatibility
No, there are no external headsets that are directly interchangeable with an internal one. There are external headset lowers for tapered forks that use the same bore dimension as internal for non-tapered, which might have been the source of confusion.
If you have the pictured headset, those are probably a standard bearing that can be replaced without needing a whole new headset, providing there's nothing wrong with the other parts.