What is the frame called that fits 700c wheels?
There's no 'official' standard, as mentioned in the comments. However, in a crude sense, I'd call them 'road frames.'


BMX Frame - Accepts 20" Wheels
Cruiser Frame - Accepts 24" Wheels
Mountain Bike / MTB Frame - Generally accepts 26" mountain bike wheels, unless specified otherwise
'29er' Frame - 29" Mountain bike wheels
Road Frame - Generally accepts 700c wheels


I'm sure there's exceptions to every one of these.