Chain jumps off when jumping
John Allen has an article on some common reasons why chains drop, which I think is worth reading. Wrong chain size, bad derailleur adjustment, insufficient derailleur capacity, chainring damage, etc.  are some reasons this could occur.

There are clutch rear derailleurs (common in mountain biking) which try to keep the chain taut-er when going over rough ground, where a regular derailleur might move in a way to reduce chain tension and lead to dropped chains. But rough handling on any bike increases the likelihood of dropped chains or things switching up on you. 

Shimano calls their clutch rear derailleurs "Shadow" and SRAM calls them "Type 2".