Stuck lock-nut on one side of the axle, can't push the axle out from the other side
As this hub has pressed-in cartridge bearings, it means that the axle sits pressed into the inner races of both bearings and cannot be extracted without some sort of smashing process. This is meant to be done when your are about to change both bearings as they are not designed to be reused after extraction. All in all, it is expected that you are unable to extract the axle at this point.

The lock nut is unrelated to axle being "stuck". If you screw on two locknuts on another side of the axle again, you can use them to place a counter-action wrench and thus be able to unscrew the thing from the other side.