Can I patch a tire (not a tube) that has a hole?
To get you home, you can use a tyre boot. This is essentially a non stretchy patch that sticks on the inside of the tyre. They're not recommended for long term use but people do run them long term (for example relegating them to a commuting bike/wheelset). If you do use them long term it's a good idea to check then occasionally. This assumes tubed tyres.

Boots also don't work next to the bead as there isn't enough material for them to stick to and resist the considerable load.

I've improvised a boot from a glueless patch (and run the tyre soft). Crisp (chips) packets, gel wrappers and strong banknotes are also used. Something sticky to hold it in place while you reassemble and inflate is a good idea.