What is the paper at Saki's desk in From the New World about?
These are all place names. 町 is a marker for a town/block/neighborhood/district or road/street. 

夕張 can be pronounced "yuubari." The translators were probably trying to simply the names as if they were actual place names. E.g. "New Amsterdam."

The story is primarily set is 神栖66町 (Kamisu 66th District), there are 8 other districts:


「夕張新生町」（北海道）, Yuubari New District (Hokkaidou region) 
「白石71町」（東北）, Shiroishi 71th District (Touhoku region) 
「胎内84町」（北陸）, Tainai 84th District (Hokuriku region)
「小海95町」（中部）, Koumi 95th District (Chuubu region)
「精華59町」（関西）, Seika 59th District (Kansai region)
「石見銀山町」（中国）, Iwami Ginzan (Silver Mine) District (Chuugoku region)
「四万十町」（四国）, Shimanto District (Shikoku region)
「西海77町」（九州）, Saikai 77th District (Kyushu region)


These are all named after real life locations, including Kamisu.