Where does "time patrol Goku" come from?
According to the wikipedia and some info i have stumbled upon, he comes from an alternative timeline but is pretty similar to the Goku we all know from the main series, although he is supposed to be much more mature the the original Goku.

On of the major differences is that he has not experienced the SSJB transformation unlike main line Goku. Well you can find a bit more info about his on the official wiki page:
http://dragonball.wikia.com/wiki/Goku:_Xeno