How could "this character" come back to life without becoming a Vampire at the end of Stardust Crusaders?
No hard facts are given on this one (at least none translated that I was able to find).

But a common theory is Hamon.  Joseph was a naturally gifted Hamon user.  So the theory is that the blood started to turn Joseph into a vampire, but his natural Hamon purified it at the same time, so he was restored to life as a normal human (or as normal as Joestar can ever be).

Also, DIO had only consumed Joseph's blood an hour earlier, so the blood may have still counted more as Joseph's than anything else.

But most importantly, Jojos in general runs on Rule of Cool and Rule of Funny.  You shouldn't try to apply to much logic to it.