What are the parts of a Bitcoin Transaction "Input" script?
3045022100d52330113ccd033ccb1aaa3b759e9696c216e802922e5f1902cd5ada69c612e5022057880205319dccb05eebbe34323a852ee82653f09f81253ddccd08a810e9d42d01


Is a DER encoded ECDSA signature. I'll break it down:


  30


indicates that a compound structure follows (ECDSA signatures are treated as a compound of 2 integers, r and s)


  45


is the total length of the compound structure (excluding the 2 header bytes, 30 45), 69.


  02


the start of the contents of the compound structure, 02 indicates an integer (the signature's r value)


  21


of 33 bytes


  00d52330113ccd033ccb1aaa3b759e9696c216e802922e5f1902cd5ada69c612e5


the integer's value encoded in 33 big-endian bytes. The first byte is zero, as without it, it would be interpreted as a negative number (see 2's complement notation).


  02


another integer follows (s)


  20


of 32 bytes


  57880205319dccb05eebbe34323a852ee82653f09f81253ddccd08a810e9d42d


the 32 bytes encoding the s value


  01


this is a sighash byte appended by Bitcoin, and is not technically part of the ECDSA signature. As such, it's not counted as part of the length 69 (byte 45) at the start. It indicates what fields of the transaction are signed. 01 means "all".