Would this scheme allow faster verification of transactions? (Multiple parallel block chains)
I'm not sure this is the right forum for this sort of discussion, but I'm not a mod.

Anyways, decreasing the transactions in a chain does nothing to make block creation faster.  That is a hard-coded target in the code.  If the hashing power goes down, the difficulty goes down, and it all balances back at 10 minutes.  There's no benefit in terms of confirmation speed from your proposal.

Total hashing power is also a big factor of overall security.  With your proposal, instead of 1 chain with with hashing power of X, you have N chains each with hashing power of X/N.  It means that the cost to attack a single chain with a 51% attack decreases by a factor of N.  That's not good.

This also does nothing to solve the problem of centralization of mining power.  Big mining pools will simply diversify their hashing power across all N chains, giving them the same proportional control they currently have.  No benefit there.

Given the complexity that will be required to re-sync the chains, and not really getting any benefit from it, I would say that this idea would not work.

I think you may be interested in a similar concept called sidechains.  You should give that a read, since it might be what you are after.  If you are more interested in instant transactions, I think you would find the Lightning Network interesting.