Can't use bitcoin-cli commands, error message says "could not connect" from localhost
Bitcoin.conf does not use quotes in its definition of options. Your lines need to resemble server=1 rather than server='1'. Your port number being zero is an artifact of this, which will not work as you need root permissions to bind to ports below 1024, which bitcoind does not and should not have.  
127.0.0.1 is the loopback address used when you're connecting to yourself, rather than a normal routable IP address. For safety's sake the RPC port is not by default enabled to bind to routable IP addresses, such as your 10.0.0.0/24 range. By default, it will only bind to 127.0.0.1 and subsequently only be accessible on the host it is running on.