Reading Bitcoin Raw Transaction
I have been using this for a long time, and I always skipped the fields. Now that you mention it, here is a partial answer: 

1.) I do not know.

2.) The transaction hash appears at the end of the list; it also appears in the link you provided.

3.) Another good question. I do not know.

4.) The fields which are signed come from the previous transaction where, basically, the whole data structure is signed with the exception that the "scriptSig" field is filled with the "pubkey" script.

There are three great sources of documentation on transaction structures:

1.) Bitcoin.org Developer Guide

2.) "Mastering Bitcoin" by Andreas Antonopoulos

3.) Bitcoins the hard way: Using the raw Bitcoin protocol

I hope this was beneficial.