How fast is BitcoinJ for getting UTXOs(/UnspentTXOuts)?
The question is how quickly can BitcoinJ do this?


It's not fast enough for that particular use-case.


  Will it synch up the whole chain using bloom filters or can it directly poll BitcoinD nodes for UTXO data for a specific address?


It always uses bloom filters, and if you search for one additional transaction, it needs to search through those blocks again.


  I worry that if it synchs the whole chain then even with bloom filters it will take maybe 10 seconds.


10 seconds is very optimistic. The remote node needs to go through all ~50GB of blockchain data, and compare each transaction against your bloom filter.

It sounds like your needs would be better served by something that allows you to query by address, like the Electrum network or Blocktrail's API.