How are transactions verified with only the Bitcoin address, not the public key?
When you spend from a Bitcoin address, your transaction includes both the public key corresponding to the hashed address you're trying to spend from, as well as a signature that can be verified with that public key.
Your link is to a block, which is not signed itself. However, let's look at a transaction from your block: https://www.blockchain.com/btc/tx/b8f925d09c647904e428d902c8404fc91e5dbe53773b82d717cf13374785ca20
Scroll down to 'inputs', and under Sigscript, 3045022100c89735ddbb5e231044610590c086d41f1e871067987087ed48e041f8999314830220011deba08ad9a67ddafe51dc530f3f60c8974373bf2f25953a89c139d238216201 is the ECDSA signature, and 023aa5b3f24a2b8fc8f64b69ba383b148892deef94cf060288cc99e81be0f9722e is the public key corresponding to the address.