Can I retrieve funds in a derived address with a high index?
Yes, just use something that lets you generate addresses with a high index. For example, you could use https://iancoleman.io/bip39/ and enter into the starting from index box the index you would like to begin deriving addresses at. Then you can get the private keys and import them into your wallet.

IIRC there is not a wallet software that will let you specify where to start deriving addresses.