Can protein structure be determined by X-Ray Diffraction in a single image?
You cannot solve a structure with a single frame, even with perfect diffraction.

The reason you need images over a large swath of angles is because the diffraction pattern is also in three dimensions, in the so-called "reciprocal space".  At minimum, a 180° rotation of the crystal is needed to sweep the entire reciprocal space sphere with the plane of detection, though symmetry in the crystal structure can reduce this further (some of my proteins only required 90°, I think hexagonal unit cells with 6-fold symmetry can live with 30°).  Because crystals are real things (read: non-ideal, doubly so for protein crystals), the sweep is extended to gain some redundancy.