Since RNA viruses and retroviruses all have high mutation rates, why do only a few viruses have the virtue of variability?
The high mutation rate is only a small part of the reason it's hard to make vaccines against those RNA viruses.  The real problem is not that they mutate rapidly, but that they can tolerate high levels of variation in their antigenic regions without losing fitness.  Viruses like polio and measles, as you say, have mutation rates easily on a par with influenza or HIV, but when they mutate antigenically significant regions, those new viruses are much less capable of infecting and transmitting between hosts.  Vaccines therefore either block the virus replication altogether, or force them into a much weaker form that is much less infectious.  

Why do some viruses tolerate antigenic changes better than others? It's not known, but presumably there has been selection for it in those lineages.