Mathematical/statistical models for forecasting population distributions of age, sex, weight, and height
The term you are looking for is demography - there are literally thousands of papers published on this topic.
Each of your topics mentioned has its own models and prevailing theories, so without an exact question it is very hard to answer as to which model you might find best.
Having said that there are well established models of things like geometric growth of populations (proposed by Thomas Malthus in 1798). The United Nations does a lot of modeling of populations and the like. You might be interested in their freely available publications and information here.