Do species other than humans have distinct daily feeding patterns?
Preamble

This is a very interesting question one which I don't immediately know an answer to. I think this overly succinct answer and the fact nobody else has answered highlights the degree to which the age old darwinian assumptions play a role in the field. 

Zoological POV

I'm not an expert in this area so I went to a zoology lab technician and this is what they had to say (I'm paraphrasing here):


  Most animals are opportunistic and can't afford the luxury of a late
  brunch... The only animals that spring to mind that appear to 'plan' for
  meals are the hoarders (squirrels for example). But they don't
  typically cache food in the same way we would for a weekly shop, but
  do so for fear of food scarcity (overwintering, rival competition);
  Not unlike the mad dash for bread and loo roll when it starts snowing
  slightly!


Maybe animals do have their diet set to a circadian rhythm, or maybe not. We can't say for sure. Darwin implied, even a peaceful meadow is full of starving ravenous animals clinging to survival. There is no real time for luxury. If food is there, they eat it. Many animals don't even get full the same way we do.

Scarcity of Literature

The problem lies in that there is no body of literature around animal eating times since animals seldom have enough food in their natural environment to monitor any regularity. If you want specific questions on a particular species for optimum feeding times, I would recommend opening another question as lab animals do have recommended diets. Many predators have optimum hunting times (for example nocturnal, or dusk). However one could argue this is to do with success rates/effective hunting strategy and not necessarily scheduled eating times.