What do you see if you look at your own retina with the same eye? (optical feedback)
You would see your retina and that's all. There would have no "mise-en-abyme".

In order to experience this feedback loop you describe, you need to see something which includes the total picture of what you see. For example: You might see a woman holding a frame of the totality of what you see.



When you look at your retina, you can't see something which includes the total picture of what you see, you just see your retina! It would probably work if the retina was a mirror (or any output device) 

This question might not really a good fit for Biology.SE. You might have a chance to make a good fit by asking a question on the mechanistic nature of the process called mise-en-abyme on Phylosophy.SE. And ask wether one can live this same process with any of their sense (perception). You can ask whether the Larsen effect (audio feedback) is a similar process to the one we experience when looking at this picture and in what terms they are similar and in what terms they differ. If you ask such question, I welcome you to add the link on this post (except if the post get closed)!