Why does autosomal trisomy have more adverse effects than sex choromosome monosomy or trisomy?
It has to do with dosage compensation:


The Y chromosome contains relatively few genes. Interestingly, chromosome 21 and 18, which are over represented in the most common viable trisomies, are also relatively small. 
Humans already possess a mechanism to compensate for additional X chromosomes: X-inactivation. Normally this inactivates one of the two X chromosomes in females but can also inactivate two in cases of X trisomy. 



  Humans are much more able to tolerate extra sex chromosomes than extra autosomes. … Compared to autosomal trisomies, … sex chromosome trisomies are fairly benign. Affected individuals generally show reduced sexual development and fertility, but they often have normal life spans, and many of their symptoms can be treated by hormone supplementation. The ability of humans to tolerate supernumerary sex chromosomes is quite remarkable, as individuals can survive with as many as four sex chromosomes. This tolerance most likely relates to both X inactivation and to the small number of genes on the Y chromosome. In fact, when cells from individuals with more than one copy of the X chromosome are analyzed under a microscope, all but one of the X chromosomes appear as condensed Barr bodies, the cytological manifestations of X-chromosome inactivation. Supernumerary copies of the Y chromosome may be tolerated because the few gene products of the Y chromosome are not required for survival.


From: Chromosomal Abnormalities: Aneuploidies by Clare O'Connor (emphasis added)



An added bonus (and I feel as though I should actually write something myself), I recently read a paper studying trisomy 21: 

Jiang J, Jing Y, Cost GJ, Chiang JC, Kolpa HJ, Cotton AM, Carone DM, Carone BR, Shivak DA, Guschin DY, Pearl JR, Rebar EJ, Byron M, Gregory PD, Brown CJ, Urnov FD, Hall LL, Lawrence JB. 2013. Translating dosage compensation to trisomy 21. Nature 500(7462):296-300.

Using zinc finger nucleases, they inserted a XIST transgene into chromosome 21 of cells derived from Down syndrome patients. XIST is a gene centrally involved in X-inactivation. They found that, by inserting it into chromosome 21, they were able to silence one and revert the trisomic cells to a more normal phenotype.