Do different species of bacteria have distinct absorption bands?
Yes they do, as demonstrated by the fact that bacteria have different colors ! Moreover, some bacteria are photosynthetic and others aren't; the photosynthetic bacteria have a very specific mechanism for absorbing light that the others don't so it stands to reason they won't absorb the same wavelengths.

This page talks about it very nicely, with a list of different colors and bacteria that have them:
http://www.biotecharticles.com/Applications-Article/Colorful-Bacteria-612.html

Money quote : 


  Bacteria are pigmented or colored. Pigmented bacteria are also known as chromobacteria. Bacterial pigments are water soluble or insoluble; water soluble pigments are diffused in the growth medium. Chemically, bacterial pigments are pyrrole, phenazine, carotenoid, xanthophylls and quinine or quinone derivatives. The pigment molecules are synthesized in cell wall or periplasmic space. We can visualize pigmentation in bacteria in specific growth medium or my staining bacterial cells with a dye to observe under microscope. It has been proved that only aerobic and facultatively aerobic bacteria are pigmented because, molecular oxygen is essential for pigmentation. Therefore, anaerobic bacteria are nonpigmented. Pigment synthesis is also dependent on light, pH, temperature and media constituents like indicator dyes. They display all the colors from rainbow including light or dark tinges and unual colors like black, white, brown, golden, silver and fluorescent green, yellow or blue.


And the list:


  Purple: Spirillum rubrum
  Violet: Chromobacterium violacein
  Indigo: Janthinobacterium lividum
  Blue: Streptomyces coelicolor
  Green: Chlorobium tepium
  Yellow: Xanthomonas campestris
  Orange: Sarcina aurentiaca
  Red: Serratia marcenscens
  Brown: Rhizobium etli
  Black: Prevotela melaninogenica
  Golden: Staphylococcus aureus
  Silver: Actinomyces sp.
  White: Staphylococcus epidermidis
  Cream: Proteus vulgaris
  Pink: Micrococcus roseus
  Maroon: Rugamonas rubra
  Fluorescent blue/green: Pseudomonas aeruginosa
  Fluorescent yellow: Pseudomonas fluorescens


It appears some purposes of producing pigments, aside from photosynthesis, are to absorb UV light (i.e. absorbing a specific wavelength is the entire point) or mopping up free radicals.

An additional note, from the Wikipedia page for Rhodospirillum rubrum, the first bacterium in that list (which Wikipedia describes as "pink" but close enough):


  The photosynthesis of R. rubrum differs from that of plants as it possesses not chlorophyll a, but bacteriochlorophylls. While bacteriochlorophyll an absorbs light having a maximum wavelength of 800 to 925 nm, chlorophyll absorbs light having a maximum wavelength of 660 to 680 nm.


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodospirillum_rubrum

And while that paragraph describes "chlorophyll a" as being a feature of plants, other bacteria do use it such as Chlorobium tepidum, so there you can see some wavelengths that are absorbed by one and not the other.