Is there any clear relationship between physical characteristics and patterns in the genome?
This kind of question is what developmental genetics is all about. The answer turns out to be, in general, 'no'. There is no neat mapping between spatial dimensions of an organism and its genome. (There is one exception to this in some organisms called the Hox cluster, but they are kind of a freak case).

The reason for this is that in general you should think of the genome as being a recipe for a developmental process, rather than a description of the end product. You might have, say, a specific set of genes which is active in all limb buds, which are the structures that become limbs and fingers etc. These genes would be active at different levels, at different times and places, in your different fingers. E.g. length of time one gene is on could control how long the finger grows for and thus how long it gets.

There are some genes which are only active in specific parts of the body, but you don't necessarily need a particular set of genes for each distinct finger/limb etc. And these genes certainly don't need to be in the same place in the genome. Your left and right hand are going to have identical gene expression for instance.