(Reference request) Formal abstract theory of evolution?
Difficulties in your question

It is a little hard to know exactly what you're after because 1) the question is broad 2) some concepts you talk about are a bit unclear.

For example, by 'random change' I suppose you mean genetic drift but I am not sure. The term 'random mutation' is a little undefined (see this post). You list 'Random change, heritability, natural selection' as a list of assumptions (at least I think you mean those are assumptions) but those are typically not common assumptions of evolutionary models. Also, the list is not in any way intuitive, so it is unclear what you mean by it. The phrasing "selection criteria that are influenced by the mutations" is also very unclear. Of course, selection, by definition, is dependent upon the genetic variance.

From our discussion in the comments, I think you are attempting to group different fields under a single concept just because they have the same name. But it is not because they have the same name that they are governed by the same basic principles. For example, it is not because the concept of plasticity exists in both biology and physics that these concepts are in any way related and that there is a general theory of plasticity that encompass both fields. 

Evolutionary genetics

That being said, you could gain from any good intro textbook to evolutionary genetics. I especially recommend Population genetics, a concise guide. You will find more such recommendation in the post Books on population or evolutionary genetics?.

Evolution of ideas, cultures, computer viruses, evolutionary algorithms

In your last question you mention 'evolution of ideas, cultures, computer viruses, evolutionary algorithms'. I think you are referring to these concepts so as to clarify that you are not so much interested in the biology of specific organisms but really into the process of evolution. I do not recommend starting reading about these concepts before having a background in evolutionary genetics. You might otherwise make the mistake to over stretch an analogy.

Note also that the field of memetics (evolution of ideas, cultures) is a young field in which very little empirical testing is possible. So, I don't think it is wise to start there if your goal is to increase your understanding of evolutionary biology.

In any case, I am not able to suggest a good book in any of these fields (Evolution of ideas, cultures, computer viruses, evolutionary algorithms).