Fisher's Fundamental Theorem of Natural Selection
I don't think that you need to look further than the Price equation, which is basically a proof of a generalized version of Fisher's fundamental theorem. Price had a series of papers in the 70's that derived and applied the Price equation (e.g. Price, 1970; Price, 1972a), but most relevant for your question in probably Price (1972b). 

A nice summary of Price's legacy can be found in Frank (1995).