Is the amount of phosphoric acid added to colas enough to disrupt the function of the kidney over the long term?
The phosphoric acid in cola will contribute to dietary intake of phosphate. I may be missing something, but, since the transporter functions to reabsorb phosphate that has been filtered out at the glomerulus, excess phosphate will spill over into the urine.

According to Wikipedia the RDA for phosphorus is 700 mg and the tolerable upper intake level is 4000 mg. Coca cola contains 17 mg phosphorus (as phosphate) 100 ml-1 (which is 340 mg in 2 L)

According to this source, 


  in the United States, an average person drinks 412 8-ounce drinks — or 3296 ounces — of Coke per year. 


This works out at 9 oz per day = 266 ml = 45 mg phosphorus

For comparison (from here):


white flour contains 595 mg 100 g-1
one boiled egg contains 220 mg
canned salmon contains 240 mg 100 g-1