Online phylogenetic tree of human lineages
Trees for haplogroups

See


https://www.eupedia.com/genetics/phylogenetic_trees_Y-DNA_haplogroups.shtml
https://www.eupedia.com/genetics/
focus on Europe: https://www.eupedia.com/europe/origins_haplogroups_europe.shtml


and many pages linked therein such as https://www.eupedia.com/europe/Haplogroup_J2_Y-DNA.shtml#subclades

and so on.


More detailed for mtDNA (female lineage):


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_mitochondrial_DNA_haplogroup


and many links therein



More detailed for the Y chromosome (male lineage):


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Y-chromosome_DNA_haplogroup


and many links therein

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Y-chromosome_haplogroups_in_populations_of_the_world and links therein
https://isogg.org/tree/index.html
and the Google Sheets linked therein
https://www.yfull.com/tree/


"Trees" for populations

Note that the trees are for genes/haplogroups, whereas such a "tree" for populations actually also has gene flow across branches. Imagine overlaying the tree for mtDNA (female lineage) with the slightly different tree for Y-DNA (male lineage).

Geography of migration

Migration and geographical distance played a key role in the emergence of distinct populations. See 


maps of migration by haplogroups: Human migration by haplogroups, World map of Y-DNA haplogroups, Early human migrations, Simplified interactive map, And so on.
maps of distribution of haplogroups: mtDNA in Europe, Y-DNA in Europe, many of the links listed here, and so on


Also check out how theories about migration are changing. For example about mutation M174: theory around the year 2010 vs. theory since at least 2016.