Detection of bacteria to measure quality of water
IF you are looking at a much faster technique but don't mind spending a bit and have some research equipment access, there are ways by which bacterial contamination can be detected by measuring ATP (Adenosine tri-phosphate). See this research publication. There are commercial kits available which you can use: Here is one of them by Thermofisher.

Again, this is only if you have access to the research equipments and funds.