Phenotypes caused by mutations in mitochondrial DNA?
Assuming that I have understood (and reworded) the question correctly, I find the logic strange. It is the disruption of or change in process that produces phenotypic changes following a mutation in the gene, so if the process is critical for life — like those occurring in the mitochondrion are — what difference does it make where it is encoded? 

Perhaps the problem is the endosymbiotic theory of mitochondrial origin. Yes, most of us believe that, but, whatever it was millions of years ago, the mitochondrion is an integral part of modern eukaryotes. Extensive changes have occurred, the most relevant to clearing up this way of thinking is the fact that most human mitochondrial genes are now encoded in the nucleus. Would you these genes would be any more or less likely to produce phenotypes on mutation? Hardly.

Now to the facts. There are certainly mutations in mitochondrial genes that are associated with disease in man and hence produce phenotypes. Some are listed in the table below, taken from a review by Taylor and Turnbull in 2004.



An account of Mitochondrial DNA and Mitochondrial Diseases written for less advanced audiences is this Scitable article.