Do colour blind people see white?
No not white or grey generally, it's a mix of other colors, they often have low resolution of a particular color. 



Here's a page where you can mouse over a color wheel and see a version in color blind mode: 
http://www.archimedes-lab.org/colorblindnesstest.html



The first type of cone is primarily sensitive to short wavelengths (blue), another to medium wavelengths (green) and one to long wavelengths (yellow). The yellow cone is usually referred to as the red cone. While its sensitivity peak lies in the yellow wavelength band, it is also quite sensitive to red. A single cone cannot detect color, as it provides only a scalar number indicating the total light energy it absorbs. For example, the red cone by itself cannot distinguish red from yellow, green or orange. Red is detected by a combination of high activation of the red cone, low activation of the green cone and no activation of the blue cone. This page has a very comprehensive graphs and a first hand account of Tritanomaly

Evolutionary gene mechanisms have a particular knack of varying vitally important organs and functions, arm length, walking gait, hair type, color, and colorblindness is perhaps an expression of high variance to a survival critical and modular organ which animals have a high variance in depending on their habitat and survival requirements.