How do scientists decide which version of a polymorphism is the main one?
[..] G is the default and C is the polymorphism


An allele (or just a nucleotide variant) cannot be "the polymorphism". There is polymorphism, if a given locus (or just a given nucleotide position) is polymorphic, that is, if as this position, there are different variants existing in the population. Therefore, an allele cannot be called polymorphism, only a locus can be called to be polymorphic and if a locus is polymorphic, then there is some polymorphism in the population.

I have never of people talking about the main or default variant. Do they use this word in the article you link? If yes, can you please indicate where?

Commonly, people talk about the wildtype versus the mutant variants. In this case, the wildtype variant is just the most common variant. Rarely I have seen people referring to wildtype variant when talking about variants that are at low frequency because the mutant is increasing in frequency and slowly reaching fixation. In such case, the wildtype mutant would correspond to the original variant at an arbitrary time point in the past but would not depend on the frequencies observed today.