Why does caffeine consumption cause one to urinate more?
Caffeine inhibits the secretion of the antidiuretic hormone (ADH), so it increases diuresis, but this effect is small and transient.
http://en.citizendium.org/wiki/Vasopressin

Caffeine in amounts up to 400 mg/day (~4 cups of coffee) does not results in net dehydration, since the amount of water lost due to slightly increased diuresis is much smaller than the amount of water in coffee.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19774754

In some people, caffeine may irritate the bladder and thus trigger more frequent urination, but this is not increased diuresis and the total volume of the urine is not increased.