Why is it common to grow microalgae in bottles or canisters?
Really, the credit for this answer goes to another 'Homo sapien' from the Spirulina manual link in his comment.

Why do they use bottles or any type of bottle-like canister?

Likely, because they are clear. From the manual:

Spirulina needs sunlight so it is preferable that the container in which it is grown be transparent.

Plastic bottles are cheap, clear, and easy to come by, so they make the ideal material.

Why do they insert CO2 to the bottle artificially in cases the bottle doesn't have a cork?

I don't think the tubes in your picture are CO2 tubes. Rather, I'd bet they are bubble tubes (like in aquariums). These are necessary to keep the growth medium moving constantly. Again, from the manual:

Spirulina tends to gather at the top of the growing culture, where sunlight exposure is maximal. Due to this, Spirulina that cannot reach the top will not multiply and will ultimately die.
In order to maximize Spirulina exposure to sunlight, the water in which it is grown must be stirred
...
Another option is a pump, the simplest kind used for aquariums.
(emphasis mine)