Surgical vs anatomical neck
Most of the time, I have heard this differentiation in context of Humerus bone only. In that context, have a look at the wiki pages on the anatomical and the surgical necks.

From this, and what I remember from anatomy class, this distinction is more a functional; practical distinction rather than that based on strictly defined criteria. Surgical neck denotes the most commonly fractured region of the bone, and also the region most likely to damage the axillary nerve passing nearby, and hence would have the greatest representation in an orthopedic clinic. The anatomical neck, on the other end, is the classical distinction based on the centers of ossification and the insertion of the capsular ligament of the adjacent shoulder joint, which gives a greater weightage to its origin and to the anatomical relations (insertions, etc).