How efficiently does the human body convert the energy stored in fat into kinetic energy?
this depends on largely how you define it, what we normally measure is efficiency including how much energy is used on metabolic upkeep and heating the body in addition to muscle output. we use oxygen consumption to know exactly how many calories we have "burned" when doing this.  In this study we get between 18-26% efficiency, thats calories ingested to work done. Most of the loss is in converting to ATP (~60% loss) and how much ATP we "waste" heating the body. Note efficiency drops quite a lot when you switch to anaerobic exercise. 

keep in mind however the body will not start out burning fat, it has glycogen reserves it will start using first.