What is a deep exhalation/inhalation?
Deep inhalation and deep exhalation are informal terms and cannot be defined by lung volumes, because saying deep by itself does not tell how deep.

In the first part of the question deep refers to maximal:


Deep inhalation that means inhaling the air with effort as much as possible = maximal inhalation 
Deep exhalation that means exhaling the air with effort as much as possible = maximal exhalation 


According to Physiology, Residual Volume (StatPerls):

The volume of air in the lungs after maximal expiration is called residual volume (RV).


  Residual volume (RV) is the volume of air that remains in the lungs
  after maximum forceful expiration. In other words, it is the volume of
  air that cannot be expelled from the lungs. This volume remains
  unchanged regardless of the lung volume at which expiration was
  started.


The volume of air in the lungs after maximal inspiration is called total lung capacity (TLC).


  TLC is the total volume of the lungs at maximal inspiration.


According to Merriam-Webster dictionary:

Expiratory reserve volume = the additional amount of air that can be expired from the lungs by determined effort after normal expiration.

Inspiratory reserve volume = the maximal amount of additional air that can be drawn into the lungs by determined effort after normal inspiration.

Lung volumes:



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