Length differences between physically interacting proteins
At least in a human protein interaction network, it appears that proteins indeed mostly bind to proteins of similar sequence length. Consider the figure below, based on analysis of a human protein interaction network from the Protein Interaction Network Analysis (PINA) platform. In the data set, the median relative protein size (the largest amino acid sequence length divided by the smallest in each interacting pair) was 1.9, the maximum value was 293.6 and the 99th percentile, which is the cutoff for the plot, was at 15.2.



Edit: As per stords comment below, you get essentially the same result for a random network: 

In this case, the network was generated by picking two proteins at random from the original network, creating an interaction between them, and repeating until the random network has the same number of interactions as the original. 

Immediately, it might look like the PINA PIN is dominated by random interactions. I would run some network analysis to determine its characteristics, but seeing as it's a rather large network it would take more time than I have right now. The results are similar for two additional networks with interactions in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Caenorhabditis elegans respectively downloaded from PINA. Note that all three networks have been constructed from databases with varying levels of curation (See the original publication for PINA:  http://www.nature.com/nmeth/journal/v6/n1/full/nmeth.1282.html). As such, many of the interactions might not be biologically meaningful.

Taking into account the above, you might want to define "interacting proteins" more precisely. One might expect that a better curated network only containing interactions with a known function or effect might give a different picture. However, using a more strigently constructed human "functional interaction" network published by Wu et al. (http://genomebiology.com/content/11/5/R53, FIs_043009.txt in Additional file #3) still gave a similar result. 

Method: I made a Python script to calculate the relative amino acid sequence lengths for all interactions in a human protein-protein interaction network (PIN) available from PINA ((http://cbg.garvan.unsw.edu.au/pina/interactome.stat.do). The network file is located at: http://cbg.garvan.unsw.edu.au/pina/download/Homo%20sapiens-20121210.sif. PINs for other organisms are also available at the same site and many other places. The script can be used with any PIN in SIF format using UniProt identifiers.

The script can be downloaded here: https://github.com/jarlemag/misc-bioinformatics/blob/master/ProteinInteractionNetwork.py

The most time-consuming part was downloading the sequence lengths from UniProt. To avoid having to do that, the protein sequence lengths can be saved to and loaded from a text file.  The list of protein sequence lengths is here: https://github.com/jarlemag/misc-bioinformatics/blob/master/protlengths.txt To create the figure, place all three files in the same directory and run the script using Python 2.7.

Keep in mind that the PIN data may not be entirely reliable.