What did (domestic) cats evolve from?
The carnivora can be seen in this phylogeny tree which comprises most of today's mammals. They suggest that rodents, elephants, monkeys, dogs and sea mammals all diverged from about 30 million years before the asteroid, until 5 million years after. The placentals and marsupials had a common ancestor previous to 100 million years ago.
Image from genomic study:

Previous to the Felix clade we have Feliforma, which includes mongooses and hyenas.
Image from wiki Feliformia:

There's a tree here
The last common ancestor of cats and dogs was about 40-55 million years ago. Feliforma family tree.
If you want to see previous to that, there are some basal carnivora, where the Feliforma are at the end of the tree.