Question about enveloped RNA virus viral genome
Your image illustrates the replication cycle of a negative-sense single-stranded RNA virus, where the viral genome needs to be "inverted" by an RNA polymerase into mRNA before being translated by the host. There are many examples of (-)ssRNA viruses, including filoviruses (Ebola, Marburg), paramyxoviruses (measles, mumps), orthomyxoviruses (influenza), rhabdoviruses (rabies), deltaviruses (Hepatitis D), and others.

These (and all) viruses evolved alongside their hosts, and consequently the hosts evolved various protection mechanisms. One primitive component of the so-called innate immune system in humans and other organisms (going back at least to plants) are proteins known as pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) which bind to conserved motifs found in microbes, including possible pathogens. The types of molecules recognized by these PRRs include certain types of carbohydrate moieties like LPS, peptidoglycans and other components of bacterial cell walls, fungal glucans, bacterial peptides, some types of microbial nucleic acids (such as single- and double-stranded RNA, more on this in a bit), chitin, and others.

One class of PRRs are the Toll-like receptors (TLRs), named after the Drosophila Toll protein. They recognize a wide variety of microbial patterns and activate downstream signaling to stimulate an immune response, including production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and anti-viral interferons. In our case, two of them are particularly important - TLR3 and TLR7. TLR3 recognizes double-stranded RNA, which occurs transiently during (-)ssRNA virus infection when the negative-sense genome is being copied to positive-sense mRNA. However, dsRNA is much more common in retroviral infections. TLR7 recognizes single-stranded RNA in endosomes, which would occur after macrophages, dendritic cells, or B cells consume dead virally-infected cells.

Unfortunately for the host cell, once it has been infected there isn't much that can be done to save it. Viruses evolved to hijack the cell's machinery and make more copies of themselves. This hijacking is generally one way, so the only way to fight the infection is to kill the cells producing the viruses. This is, for example, why you often get a sore throat during an influenza or rhinovirus (one of the most common causative agents of the common cold) infection - epithelial cells lining the throat get infected, and are killed by the immune system to prevent the spread of the infection. This leaves a "raw" area that must heal over time.