Can you accelerate the growth of a plant by accelerating its surroundings?
This is not the best answer, but see that as a starter! Feel free to use my answer to build yours!  

I have found a so-called professor speaking of advantages to go on a 24h light/12h dark cycle (36h cycle) to accelerate the growth of cannabis. I'm not sure of the reliability of this source. 

I think the main problem we will encounter with that reduction of cycle would be the trouble with the circadian clock inside the plant. This clock is quite stable and I suspect some deregulation would happen if you desynchronize your day-night cycle with that clock.   

See the effects we show on humans in the section Enforced longer cycles of 
 Wikipedia or this stack question


  Researchers are allowed to assess the effects of circadian phase on aspects of sleep and wakefulness including sleep latency and other functions - both physiological, behavioral, and cognitive.