What evidence do we have to derive a rate of evolution?
This question is very broad. And because of its broadness, I am afraid you won't find a database that will give you what you're looking for.


Are you interested in some specific phenotypic traits?
Or in some specific genes?
What time scale are you interested in?
Do you want to know about the time that a given allele needed to reach fixation?
Do you want to compare the number of mutations that accumulated in a given DNA sequence between human and close relatives (apes, primates, mammals, ..)?
Do you want to compare the evolution of the mitochondrial DNA between human populations that have different mating systems?
Evolution in response to HIV?


If there is one specific gene or trait (including traits such as the mutation rate) that interest you, you might want to ask a more specific question on another post.

Concerning the methodology, I agree with shigeta that probably the main methodology you'd be interested in is molecular clock. The ratio of synonymous over non-synonymous mutations are also of interest to compare rates of evolution. Comparisons of mutations accumulation between different sequences. But you might also be interested in fossil records (depending on the trait and the time scale you're interested in). Or more interestingly in selective sweeps. Selective sweep is the reduction in polymorphism and heterozygosity of linked loci to the locus under selection. In humans examples exist in the microcephalin gene or in the lactase gene for example. You might also be interested into allele frequency cline over spatial distribution and things like that. Comparison of evolutionary rates between populations of different size might also give you some insights in how quick does evolution occurs in humans. There are probably tons of other methodologies one could use.

You talk about comparisons between empirical data and theoretical model. But again the question is too broad I think. There a tons of different models to be considered depending on what you are interested in.