Do human neurons in a petri dish do different things from chimpanzee neurons
I have came across several studies indicating large similarities between chimpanzee and humans. A study by Bianchi et al., 2013 used immunohistochemistry, electron microscopy, and Golgi staining to characterise synaptic density and dendritic morphology of pyramidal neurons in primary somatosensory (area 3b), primary motor (area 4), prestriate visual (area 18), and prefrontal (area 10) cortices of developing chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). They found that synaptogenesis occurs synchronously across cortical areas, with a peak of synapse density during the juvenile period (3–5 y). Moreover, similar to findings in humans, dendrites of prefrontal pyramidal neurons developed later than sensorimotor areas. These results suggest that evolutionary changes to neocortical development promoting greater neuronal plasticity early in postnatal life preceded the divergence of the human and chimpanzee lineages. This study however does note that


  Despite sharing these neurodevelopmental similarities, it is important to note that cognitive ontogeny in chimpanzees differs from humans in several respects. Behavioral studies suggest that the different social and environmental contexts in which humans and chimpanzee develop may have also been important in the evolution of human-specific socio-cognitive abilities. For example, whereas young chimpanzees do not fully wean until 4–5 y of age and remain closely attached to their mothers during the early years of development, human infants often interact with multiple caregivers and engage in joint attention.


In another study by Bianchi et al., also published in 2013 regional variation in the morphology of pyramidal neurons in the cerebral cortex of great apes, humans' closest living relatives were investigated. The study used the rapid Golgi stain to quantify the dendritic structure of layer III pyramidal neurons in 4 areas of the chimpanzee cerebral cortex: Primary somatosensory (area 3b), primary motor (area 4), prestriate visual (area 18), and prefrontal (area 10) cortex. The study showed that


  Consistent with previous studies in humans and macaque monkeys, pyramidal neurons in the prefrontal cortex of chimpanzees exhibit greater dendritic complexity than those in other cortical regions, suggesting that prefrontal cortical evolution in primates is characterized by increased potential for integrative connectivity.


However


  Compared with chimpanzees, the pyramidal neurons of humans had significantly longer and more branched dendritic arbors in all cortical regions.


These studies show that despite significant morphological and developmental similarities between human and chimpanzee neurons, there are still notable observable differences.