Defending Continuous values using Error Correction Codes
In communications engineering this problem is called "Unequal error protection" and you can find many references on google. It can be a very involved topic. 

However, a simple method is to group your bits of each sample into N groups (e.g. if you hve a 16-bit sample, you have N=4 groups, of 4 bit each). Then, you can encode each group with a different code rate (e.g. by puncturing the bits) and form a frame from these bits. Since the code performance increases with its length, you can increase performance when you sacrifice latency. Though, this really depends on your particular application.