Compressive Sensing - Location of Non Zero Elements
Actually some greedy algorithms like MP, exactly do that. They iteratively find signal supports (location of non-zero elements) using measurements and measurement matrix, and reconstruct original signal.
However, in case you are asking for a method to find signal supports from measurements all at once, I think there is no such thing (may be someone discover it someday!).
If there was a such a thing, the computational cost of the CS recovery algorithms wouldn't be so high. 

Fore further information on greedy recovery algorithms, take a look at these:

http://www.mathworks.com/help/wavelet/ug/matching-pursuit-algorithms.html

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matching_pursuit