Notes or books to quickly get started on the basics of signal processing or wireless communication
One of the most readable (imho) authors on the communication systems is Simon Haykin and the following book from him would probably address most of the issues you would encounter in a wireless communication system analysis.


Modern Wireless Communication Systems


Similar known authors do have related books, but I guess most compact academic begining would be this one.

It's not a practical book by any comparison, and therefore does not discuss any bit of a practical application of any of the mathematical analysis it intruduces...

If this book contains advanced materials then you may consider reading its pre-requisites from the same author:


Introduction to Analog and Digital Communications


Furthermore you can enhance your Matlab applications on the fundamental communication systems by the following book from the author Proakis.


Contemporary Communication Systems using Matlab