Is there a strategy for discrete control of a system with dynamics near sample rate?
Depending on your plant you might be able to do something. If the plant is unstable, but dominantly linear, you should be able to get a very accurate model using exact discretization (zero-order hold). Either you will be able to stabilize your plant using PID, or PID will be of too low order, in which case you need to switch to a control law matching you plant order. The H-infinity synthesis framework (robust control) will do that for you. Here you can also include uncertainty weights to limit control law gain, which might help esp. if your system is not linear. Depending on the uncertainty you might not be able to find a feasible control law for stabilization, however...

If your plant is stable, or stabilizable, you can further improve performance using feed-forward control. Here the sampling time should not be of much concern, and you can use something like zero phase error tracking.