Discrete Fourier Transform - measuring signal at equi-spaced points
The "Cycles" entries are the amplitudes of cosine waves of frequency 0Hz, 1Hz and 2Hz respectively, so:

0Hz:  $0\cdot\cos(0)$,

1Hz:  $1\cdot\cos(2 \pi t)$,

2Hz:  $1\cdot\cos(4 \pi t)$

The time values are amplitudes of the resulting sum at specific sample points in time.
The time runs over 1 cycle of what in Fourier series analysis is call the fundamental frequency which in this case is 1Hz.

The Discrete Fourier transform is really a Fourier series, so the signal being represented is always periodic and always has a maximum time equal to 1 period of the fundamental frequency which represents one trip around the circle.  Every other frequency represented in the Fourier transform is an integer multiple of the Fundamental frequency or represents an integer multiple of trips around the circle.

When computing a discrete Fourier transform a signal is first sampled at some rate that must be higher than the frequencies represented by the transform.  For traditional frequency analysis, sampling is always done using uniform spacing.  This is called uniform sampling and since it must happen faster than the signal you are representing, you must have more than 1 sample uniformly spaced around your circle.  To be more precise, you must sample your signal at least 2 times higher than the highest frequency that you want to represent in your analysis, so for this case the sampling should be a minimum of 4Hz.

A sampling rate of 1 Hz would give you a single yellow dot on the circle at 0 angle (x=1).
2 Hz gives you 2 yellow dots, one at 0 angle and one at $\pi$ (x=1 and x=-1).
In this example you should have a minimum of 4 samples to represent the frequencies illustrated, so you should have 4 yellow dots equally spaced around the circle starting at 0.

The circle is usually represented on a complex plain with the vertical axis representing imaginary numbers.  If this is done, the corresponding dots correspond to specific times calculated from the complex exponential $\exp(i 2 \pi t)$.  With the sample times starting at t=0 and progressing as 0,T/4,T/2,3T/4 (T being the period of the fundamental), the dots correspond to placement around the circle at the angles $0, \frac{\pi}{4}, \frac{\pi}{2},$ and $\frac{3 \pi}{4}$.