VOFDM (Vector OFDM) advantages and disadvantages
Referring to VOFDM as described in this reference, some thoughts on that (I wrote this summary some years ago, due to an issue in my own research). We can understand VOFDM as quite similar to interleaved SC-FDMA, (this means that a single carrier occupies several frequency bins, which are not grouped together but spread around the full bandwidth of the system). So, assuming the system has $N=KM$ OFDM subcarriers (FFT window length N, N frequency bins), the frequency indices occupied by an interleaved SC-FDMA carrier would be $[l, l+K, l+2K, l+(M-1)K]$, where $M$ is the number of frequency bins per SCFDMA carrier and $K$ is the number of different carriers possible in the full bandwidth. $l=0,\dots,K-1$ is the index of the SC-FDMA carrier.  Then, after FFT at the receiver, the received signal for the $l$ carrier is given by

$$Y_l=H_ld_l+n_l$$ where $Y_l$ is the received signal at the frequency bins for the $l$ carrier, $d_l$ is the transmit data for the $l$ carrier and $n_l$ is AWGN. $H_l$ is the equivalent channel matrix, which can be considered a circulant matrix.

For the considerations below, VOFDM is actually doing exactly the same thing (compare eq (4) of this reference). So, how can we compare OFDM and VOFDM?


The big advantage of OFDM is low complexity at the receiver. A single DFT plus one-tap equalization is sufficient for the detection. In contrast, VOFDM requires additional M-point DFTs on each carrier to perform one-tap equalization.
In OFDM, each frequency bin can be treated independent from the others (it's orthogonal). This allows great implementation speedups in terms of parallel processing. VOFDM can be only parallelized to $K$ "threads".
The complexity aspect comes even more into play, when we consider MIMO transmission (e.g. spatial multiplexing). With today's hardware we actually have the chance to use a sphere-decoder in real-time on each carrier to get the optimal receiver performance. For VOFDM, the dimension of the sphere-decoding would be M-times larger, which quickly becomes infeasible for today's hardware. 
VOFDM can exploit frequency diversity, since one data symbol is spread around multiple, far apart, frequency bins. However, in order to harvest this diversity, you'd at least need an LMMSE equalizer. However, even better performance can be obtained by employing a sphere-decoder on the equivalent channel $Y_l=H_ld_l+n_l$. But, this requires very high implementation complexity.  Also, it needs to be investigated, if additional (smart) soft-output decoding of the (certainly) encoded input data stream can gain the same/similar diversity in the OFDM case. 
In principle VOFDM can achieve better FER performance when considering iterative receivers due to its frequency diversity and concatenation of a channel code and the constellation constraint of the equivalent channel. However, again, to achieve this performance high calculation complexity needs to be accepted. 
regarding robustness against synchronization errors and channel estimation errors, I'd assume both systems are similar. However, Channel estimation itself can be more challenging for VOFDM, since no orthogonal frequency bins exist which can be nicely used for dedicated pilot frequency bins.


So, to summarize: VOFDM is a nice idea and has potential to perform better in terms of FER than OFDM. But, it needs a lot more complexity.