What happens on signal during aliasing?
You have aliasing for sampling signals of any frequency: a signal of 5Hz sampled at 20Hz is indistinguishable from a signal of 15Hz of opposite phase.

It's common in audio usage to work with "lowpass signals" only and consider "aliasing" for frequencies more distant from DC, but in reality sampling of anything is ambiguous by multiples of the sample frequency regardless of the original signal.  You can perfectly well sample signals of 15Hz with a sampling frequency of 20Hz as long as you make sure that the signal only contains frequencies between 10Hz and 20Hz (for example).

For any detected signal component, increasing/decreasing its frequency by multiples of the sampling frequency will not cause any change at the sampled time points.  Hence you want to prefilter the signal such that adding multiples of the sampling frequency to any signal component leads to something that cannot be present in the signal: that way the sampled values represent the signal uniquely.