Doppler effect on phase
You are correct that the total accumulated phase offset due to Doppler could be calculated by integrating the Doppler shift $\Delta f(t)$ over time. In addition to Doppler shift, however, you would also need to take into account any frequency difference between the transmitter and receiver's reference oscillators. 

However, I would question the value of trying to do so. In most communications systems, there will be a random, unknown phase offset between the transmitter and receiver oscillators. This makes absolute phase measurements meaningless unless you have some reference. In real systems, phase synchronization is either achieved by exploiting some known characteristic of the signal (e.g. the known constellation of a PSK signal), or in some rare cases, via the explicit synchronization of the transmitter and receiver local oscillators.