Classification from a feature vector
You have pairs of features-target's which is the first step.

I'm no expert in texture classification, there are probably specialized and/or well-known good methods.

To make it easy for a beginner, I would take a look at the examples for the Python library scikit-learn: 
http://scikit-learn.org/stable/auto_examples/index.html#general-examples
and see what looks interesting, for example a few different random forest examples http://scikit-learn.org/stable/auto_examples/ensemble/plot_forest_iris.html

What you need to run these is a matrix with the filter responses features (the same shape as iris.data in the example (number of examples on the first axis and number of features on the second)) and a binary vector of targets (the same shape as iris.target (number of examples on the first axis)) 
basically you are replacing the "iris" dataset with your own dataset.

to load text data

import numpy as np
features = np.loadtxt('data.csv')


(as a side note: numpy works much like the builtin matrix stuff in matlab)

Try out a few different classifiers with a few different parameters and see what happens with the results http://scikit-learn.org/stable/modules/generated/sklearn.metrics.classification_report.html.

Make sure you split the data into train and test data http://scikit-learn.org/stable/modules/generated/sklearn.cross_validation.train_test_split.html or use cross-validation http://scikit-learn.org/stable/modules/cross_validation.html to avoid overfitting, again there is examples of use under the scikit-learn homepage.