Is there any standardization of figures for scientific publication in any field?
There is no need for it.


  Or a software that can extract all the figures and build a massive database of data that can put the research into a quick use by engineers or others.


This is pretty much what Information Retrieval systems do (Yes, I'm looking at you Google).  I worked with interpretation of images through AI in the IR area and finding that something is a figure or not is easy.

First of all there aren't many document formats, almost all papers are either in PDF or PostScript, which have a stamp that something is an image or figure.  The same is valid for Word documents and even HTML.  Then the question simply becomes what is a figure (in the sense you mention in the question, i.e. something generated from data) and an image generated by a snapshot of reality (e.g. a photo).

A figure (in the sense above) will have few edges in an ordered fashion, whilst a photo will have many edges in an unordered fashion.  Even a photo of a white table on white background has enough noise to produce more edges.

The interpretation of what the figure shows is a completely different thing.  It is much, much, much harder to do with AI.  But then again, a standardised way of placing the figures or placing content in the figure would not help with that.  Interpretation of a figure is something we humans have some difficulty to do.  More often than not, looking at only the figures in a paper does not make you understand what the paper is about.

To produce a meaningful interpretation of figures in papers you would need to understand the paper first.  Just like we humans do.



One note on MATLAB's .fig I'd like to add is that asking for specific file formats that are not publicly available may produce a lock-in problem.  This is not a particularly good example of a lock-in since MATLAB provides discounted student (and sometimes general academic) licences.  Yet, there are some countries where these licenses are not available or in which even the discounted ones amount for a big sum due to monetary differences.

Therefore requiring specific file formats may lock some researches/students out of a journal.  Something that would not be a good sign about the journal's openness.  The tech wars, notably between file formats are sometimes more fierce than between options about well debated scientific topics.  I'd prefer a journal that stays out of those (although guidelines on how and article should be formatted that are independent of the software used are definitely good).