Is it possible to find a PhD without being in the lab all the year in Europe?
There are definitely universities in Europe that allow you to be physically away from university for extended periods of time during a PhD. In fact, I would be surprised if you cannot find one in France.

I think a bigger problem than the actual rules, both for a potential supervisor and for yourself, is that it sounds like you might be too preoccupied with your external situation to do an excellent job as a PhD student.

Have you considered options for resolving your situation before you start your PhD? Maybe work in a temporary research position while you are trying to resolve it?