US PhD to Developing Country Professorship
While I'm not aware of specific programs for international professorship opportunities (other than direct ads in regard to open positions), I compiled the following list of international-focused research and teaching programs, which might very well be what you're looking for. Keep in mind that the list below is not exhaustive, as there are various other programs (especially field-specific, i.e., biomedical, complex biological systems, social sciences, etc.), but IMHO contains the most well-known and/or important programs on the topic. Hope this helps.


The Fullbright U.S. Scholar Program - also see potentially relevant information on the related website of Institute of International Education;
NSF International Research Fellowship Program - the program no longer receives proposals, see next program instead;
International Postdoctoral Research Fellowships - the information specifies individual NSF programs that allow international component.