Re-applying to PhD programs
Short answer: No.

Long answer: If it is a good university, they will repeat the whole process, regardless of previous applications, even more if the application is different. It is possible that they consider the result of the previous judgment to see if anything changed, but I don't  think that is that likely..

The members of the committee itself may have changed as well. Unless you have the mother of all red-flags on your CV, that would make you unbelievably memorable, you are probably safe...