Is it acceptable to post a brief and speculative paper on ArXiv?
In general when is "I have a general interesting idea for solving problem X but don't have tools Y to determine if it really works" worth publishing? It depends on how important the advance would be, how big a step your paper takes relative to the part remaining, and how easy it would be for the remaining work to be done. I agree with Captain Emacs that you should not be using readers as your beta testers. Let me propose three categories:

A) Not worth publishing: Is (a+b)^2 = a^2+b^2? Simple question, which could be resolved by actually doing the algebra.

B) Probably not worth publishing without extra work/collaboration: Our mathematical model predicts cancer correlates with gene X. Potentially important result, but this is something a bioinformatics person would know or be able to find out easily - so why are you spending so much time writing this up without asking someone to check first?

C) Worth publishing: "The Taniyama-Shimura conjecture, if true, implies Fermat's Last Theorem" (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribet%27s_theorem). Linking two unsolved problems, or providing a potentially new attack on an old problem, can be a useful contribution even if it doesn't solve everything.

I think you are probably in case B, because if the issue is just that you don't have many programming skills, you can either learn enough to implement your ideas or find someone to collaborate with. If you can't, this means your question is probably not well-posed enough to interest the broader audience of arXiv. I suspect this is the case, because your question is not too detailed "Data analysis" is a huge field -- you could be trying to speed up an algorithm for a known process (something where you could have a theoretical result -- but it shouldn't be too hard to implement to show you are right), or find a better way of extracting some detail from data (need to test on real-world data to make sure you are not fooling yourself), etc. Your question doesn't sound like you need super-specialized skills, or a giant investment of time to fill in the later details -- so you should try to do this before publishing. Otherwise, you run the risk of spending weeks writing up a draft to wait a month for someone to test your idea to find out that, if you asked the right person, they could have found out in ten minutes that it didn't work.