Different types of publications
There exist a lot of standards for document/publication types. Here are some examples:


ORCiD work types
Endnote reference types
RAK WB, see chapter 1.2 (a system created for German libraries with a hierarchy for document types)
DRIVER used by DINI (repositories)
...


As stated here, each database might have its own definition, i.e. there are a lot of standards. Before creating a new one, I'd check if one of the already existing standards fits your requirements. 

Note: Please feel free to edit this question to add more standards for document/publication types.