What is total number of PhDs globally? How many graduate each year?
In this document you can find some data for Europe and Asia. In particular, it appears that [linked document, p. 47]:


  In 2010 an estimated 125,000 doctoral degrees were awarded in the EU alone (out of a population of 500 million), compared to 70,000 in the US (with a population of 300 million) and 16,000 in Japan (with a population of 130 million). 


Probably from the EUROSTAT portal you can find other data for Europe.