In which countries are academic salaries published?
Short answer: Germany. Somewhat.

To explain in more detail, there are four common modes for researchers in Germany:


Unpaid. (Typically PhD students in social sciences. Poor sods.)
Scholarships. ("Stipendiat"; PhD students and post-docs)
Employee of the state. ("Wissenschaftlicher Mitarbeiter"; PhD students, post docs and (rarely) non-professor senior researchers)
Civil servant. ("Beamter"; professors and senior researchers)


The first needs no explanation. The second kind is -- from the perspective of how our system used to work traditionally -- a bit of an abomination with little to no regulation. The amount of the scholarship tends to be similar to the salary employees in similar circumstances get but is, ultimately, for the awarding institution to make up.

Now, for employees and "Beamte", there are well-defined salary tables which anybody can inspect. Be aware that these are gross figures. Depending on your circumstances 30+% won't even see your bank account; you can use the provided calculators to get an idea of the parameters and results (if you know enough German).


PhD students usually get (some percentage of) a TVL E13 position, post-docs can get E14-15 depending on their responsibilities. 
Senior researchers with life-long positions usually start at A13 and can move up to A16 in leading positions. 
Professors used to get C1-4 but that was changed to W1-3; junior professors (with or without tenure) get W1, full professors W2 or W3 depending on the position.

However, professors are eligible to negotiate for higher salaries 


during the hiring process ("Berufungszulagen"), 
in case of above average performance ("Leistungszulagen") and
when they get offers from other universities ("Bleibeverhandlungen").


Therefore, the real salaries of professors differ wildly (i.e. by integer factors). These figures are not public, not even in one department.