What is US equivalence of "diplome du baccalaureat technologique (STL) spécialité chimie de laboratoire et de procédés industriels"?
This diploma is a high school diploma with a focus on chemistry and industrial processes. As a "technological" baccalauréat it is designed for people who would like to continue with short-length studies (such as a trade school or something similar).

It is not a university diploma. Do not be confused by the name: it is not related to a "bachelor", which would be closer to what is called a "licence" in France. I don't believe a US university would let you skip the first year with just that diploma. French universities wouldn't, that's for sure. In fact, it's not even guaranteed that you could get easily admitted into a French university with this diploma: students with a "general" baccalauréat would have a clear advantage.