Is there a common standard for the title hierarchy of research positions in English?
Is there a common standard for the title hierarchy of research positions in the English language? 


No.

There is no defined, consistent hierarchy of research job titles anywhere in the world, at least to my best knowledge. Essentially, every university, often even individual departments, handle job titles, responsibilities and hierarchies slightly differently, even if of course a lot of common patterns exist. Don't assume anything about hierarchy purely based on titles.