How can I get the opportunity to talk during my meetings with professors?
Why not write an email to your advisor with your concerns?

Women are not the only ones with this problem.  Those fast-talkers maybe don't even realize they are leaving you out.  

Here is a good book.
Quiet: The Power of Introverts in a World That Can't Stop Talking,
by Susan Cain
It may help you understand your situation.  But it's those other guys who need to read it, and probably won't.

When you get to a software company, it may get better.  At least if it is large enough to have managers who are not merely former programmers who were promoted.  One can hope that those with management training know about these things: The one with the loudest voice may not be the one with the best idea.  And there are management practices that can make the best of all workers, whether they are fast-talkers or timid wall-flowers.