Is it true, that there are/can be associate professors, full professors and University provosts without doctorate in the Western Continental Europe?
It's pretty rare, but it looks like the University of Cambridge recently appointed someone without a doctorate to the Rouse Ball Professorship of English Law, and I've seen advertisements for associate-professor level vacancies in Engineering (in the UK) that call for either a Ph.D. or Chartered Engineer status, but not necessarily both.
The &quot;Order of seniority of graduates&quot; of the University of Cambridge (which primarily decides who's at the front and who's at the back in ceremonial processions) contains a special category for Professors who are not Doctors, which kind of implies that such people must exist.
ETA: I see the question has now been edited in such a way that this is no longer an answer to it.