Paper author problem
I'll give it a try...:

The association should be your current association:


First, it's where an interested reader from abroad can find you, and
secondly, your previous association even might be unhappy if you continue to publish papers with their name on it. (Just imagine some former member - not you, of course! - publishing substandard papers!)


If there are more authors from different universities, such as your former advisor, you should mention their association, too. Sometimes that will lead to a lot of fine-print in the header... but that's not a bad thing, when it comes to publishing: it signifies the work is up to standards of two or more different associations. And many people like to see some collaboration, for a change ;)

As for arranging the authors #2..N, a host of obscure and regional rules is applied :) At some institutions, the last place is considered to be the most honorable ("the chair"), sometimes authors are listed in descending order of importance of their contribution... which without fail will cause trouble when a team wants to publish something. Some resort to alphabetical order, or even comment on the rules applied in a footnote (which is a little bit absurd). So, talk it over with you co-authors :)

If someone can't make a contribution to the publication, the correct way would be not to give them as co-author, but to identifying their contribution (if it is significant - another controversial subject) in the paper. Conversely, if you want someone as co-author who isn't directly involved, like your former advisor, she or he might almost feel obliged to force some (sometimes impractical) changes, in order to justify their co-authorship. - Again, talk to them beforehand, everything is easier that way ;)