Can I put a preprint of a paper on arXiv without informing my co-authors?
First, no you should not upload the paper when not all co-authors agreed (and also not submit it to a journal).

On how to deal with the situation: If I understood correctly, there are four authors, one is your supervisor, one is you and there are two more. I think the way to go is, to get the other two authors involved in the process. For example, if you think that you supervisor has irrelevant requests for you, forward the requests to the full group of authors (including your supervisor) and ask about opinions on that matter. Be polite, focus on facts. Do not give the impression that you want to overrule your supervisor, but that you want all authors to be involved in the process. I should add that this approach may not work well with every supervisor, but I can't tell or guess what will be the case in your situation.