What to do when a co-author submitted corrected proofs without the first author's knowledge?
Of course, I tried to submit a revised version of the corrected proofs and convince the journal to use these, but I assume this is pointless.


It isn't! This happens very frequently. But do talk to some human contact person (at least via email) to make sure this is accepted.


  Team work


It seems like there hasn't been much team work. Talk to your former advisor, directly, on the phone; tell him you want to coordinate the proof work with him, and mention that in the currently submitted versions there are problems X, Y and Z. This should piss him off.

Don't leave this to email - either face-to-face or voice call, for a stronger impression and sense of urgency.