MA thesis without a research question
Disclaimer: I'm in STEM, not the humanities, and I'm in the UK. But the idea of &quot;research questions&quot; (or, alternatively, research aims) comes up in all our student theses.
I usually define a project as having three parts:

Find a problem (or ask a question)
Propose (or find) a solution (or find an answer)
Evaluate your solution (how &quot;correct&quot; is the answer?)

But there is another way a thesis can be structured:

Find a solution
Propose a potential problem
Evaluate the extent of the problem and propose/highlight new research directions to solve it.


My thesis is describing the lack of certain aspects of ESL education in Kazakhstan, including a survey in which teachers and students were asked whether those missing aspects should be included in the curriculum or whether they find them irrelevant.

This is good. It sounds like you've found a solution and have identified a potential problem with it. And it sounds like you've evaluated that problem, too. So, your research question might be something like &quot;Is the lack of certain aspects of ESL education in Kazakhstan problematic for users of the educational services?&quot;. Or, if you want to avoid a closed question: &quot;How problematic to service users is the lack of certain aspects of ESL education in Kazakhstan?&quot;. Defining it as a question makes your research suitably cautious. Maybe there isn't a problem at all, and your research saves someone else from proposing a solution to a problem that doesn't exist. Maybe the problem is massive and obvious and everyone knows about it but no one has written it down.
You have your research question at the start of your thesis, then at the end, you reflect on it. What is the answer to your research question? How well have you answered it? Everything in your thesis should be driven towards answering your research question (or questions), and that will help to avoid going off topic.
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Just editing to add: it already sounds like you have a research question (even if you didn't know it), and it sounds like your thesis is written on topic to support your research question. A huge re-write is possibly not necessary, but at least top and tail the whole thing and each individual chapter with sections on what this means for your research question. At the start, say why this chapter relates to your question, at the end say how this partially answers your question. It'll give the document more focus and it'll keep the reader on track, too.