Can I submit a paper years after finishing my graduate studies?
Two years is a totally plausible length of time before submitting a paper.  You'll need to update your related work section, but if the work is still novel and interesting and hasn't been published in a peer-reviewed venue, it's entirely reasonable to do so.

You will need to deal with your supervisor, however, as they most likely should be a co-author on the strength of their contributions to shaping the research project.  In general, submitting a paper requires the consent of all of the co-authors, and your supervisor will need to either consent or take their name off of the paper.  Most likely, however, they are correct that it needs more work, and you'll need to figure out either how to get the feedback that you need, from them or from somebody else.

Finally, involvement of your supervisor could be a very good thing in case more work is needed, as they may be able to restore access to resources or bring in an extra author who can help, if your work simply cannot be done on commercial cloud resources.  If it can be done with cloud resources, of course, you may be able to do it yourself.