Where should a question mark be placed in a short citation?
As Peter indicates, the question mark should remain with the original quotation, since it's in the original source material. Therefore, your second example is clearly incorrect. In addition, you still need the period following the citation, to indicate that you are ending the sentence in question. Therefore, you should use the last example.

However, I would also note that, as written, it looks like your example would also require the name of the author along with the parenthetical reference, so it would be more like:


  “[t]o what extent do translation theorists engage ith the experience of translators and how are their theories shaped by what happens in practice?” (Smith 16).