How can I get my name removed from the acknowledgments of a published paper?
You can't, and you shouldn't.

Authors are obliged to give proper credit to everyone who does work contributing to a paper. This is why papers must cite earlier relevant research.  By failing to acknowledge you, the authors would be falsely claiming credit for your work, just as if they had failed to cite a relevant paper in which you were an author.

Unless the acknowledgement is factually inaccurate, your disagreement with the authors is irrelevant.