Does 躲 mean hide for a long time while 藏 can also mean hide for a short while?
You are partly correct!
躲 usually means hide (people), and 藏 means hide (object).
However, 躲 is basically like the active form of hide, and 藏 is the passive form of hide.
For example, 小白兔躲在草叢裏 means the bunny hid itself in the bush, while 小男孩把小白兔藏在草叢裏 means the bunny was hidden by the boy.
Hope this can help you!