English translation for 来 in 你哪儿来的这么多书? compatible with a Chinese-to-English dictionary
This problem seem to stem from attempting to map a Chinese character directly to a single English word. Don't do that. Like many other characters, 来 carries multiple meanings, and not all of those meanings have a direct English equivalent. The differences between dictionary meanings and a particular translation don't need to be "reconciled". Instead, recognise that English may express a specific Chinese idea in multiple ways.



Specifically, for this question, some of the major meanings of 来 are:


verb "to come, to come from"
"since (a point in time)"
verb "to happen, to be imminent"
adjective "next"
adjective "approximately, thereabouts"
adverb (preceding the verb) "let  do (action described by verb)"


In most of the question's sentences, the character 来 is usage (1), meaning "to come from". Therefore, you can translate them literally as:


你哪儿来这么大火 - "where did that temper (of yours) come from"
你哪儿来的这么多书 - "where did so many books (that you have) come from"
你哪儿来的那个主意 - "where did that idea (of yours) come from"


However, obviously the latter two can be alternatively translated as:


"where did you get so many books from"
"where did you get that idea from"


This isn't because 来 could also mean "to get". It is simply another way of expressing the same idea, namely "where did those books of yours come from".

Lastly, in 我来, the 来 here is usage (6), meaning "let me do".



Your sentence of 你是从哪个来源的带来了这么多书 is very much an apparent case of translating an English sentence into Chinese word for word. I would argue that in general direct word for word dictionary translations are horrible.  When translating across such wildly disparate languages, you are much better off first grasping the meaning of the Chinese sentence, and then formulating an English sentence from scratch with the same meaning. And vice versa.