Is there a Chinese term for dramatic irony?
戏剧(性)
This is a good way to express dramatic in Chinese. Wiktionary has the following definitions:

1 (uncountable) drama; dramatic art; theater(performing art)
2 (countable) play; script of a play; piece of theater, work of theater (Classifier: 部 m; 齣／出 m)

Here's an except from an article on Zhihu:

最后聊聊Dramatic irony（戏剧讽刺），它是常用的文学、戏剧手法。指在某一情景中，观众对情况的把握多于剧中人，剧中人的无意识和观众的有意识之间构成张力。观众对这种张力所产生的喜剧或悲剧效果心领神会，讽刺效果就实现了。

There you can see the English along with the Chinese for dramatic irony.