What is the phenomenon of putting a verb twice in a sentence called?
I think this apparent phenomenon is more the result of the Chinese propensity for brevity and omission, omission especially of pronouns. I would not say this is unique to Chinese. Both sentences can be altered so that there is no repetition. If there are two propositions, you need 2 clauses. 

I ride my bike, (I) ride 100 Km every day.
I've been writing my doctoral thesis, (I've been) writing the whole day.

P1: I ride my bike every day. 我每天都骑自行车。P2: I ride 100 Km every day. 我每天都骑100公里。


我可以骑自行车每天骑100km。
I (can) ride my bike every day and every day I ride 100 Km.
I (can) ride my bike every day. Every day I ride 100 Km.
1a. 我可以每天骑100公里自行车。(Probably not referring to a 100 Km long bike!)
I (can) ride my bike 100 Km every day.
我已经写博士论文写了一整天。
2a. 我已经写博士论文一整天了。