What is the difference between 看到 and 看过?
I think it's easier if you think of 看 as look rather than see (e.g. 给我看一下: let me have a look.) It does not mean the verb resulted, because you can also not see (it, anything, etc.): 看不到
Then you can think of 看到 or 看见 as see (as in, you're looking and you can see it. The 到/见 is resultative, you have achieved your goal.) e.g. 我看到你的钥匙在桌子上: I saw your keys on the table.)
看过 is simply that you have looked in the past, like you have read a book previously (我看过那本书)
Another 结果补语 (resultative complement) is 完 (finished looking [reading]) like 我昨晚看完这本书 (Last night I finished reading this book.)
Another example of the 完 resultative complement is in 吃完了 (finished eating.)
You can see how these resultative complements work with other things, too, like 听:

听: to listen (but you might not be hearing anything, you're listening out for something)
听到/听见: to hear (you can actually hear something)
听不到: cannot hear

You can research 结果补语 (resultative complement) for more information (there are many forms.)