Resultative complement 到
UPDATE: I noticed that different sources disagree on whether to call the 到 in the context you used it a complement of result. For example according to the Chinese Grammar Wiki it is not a complement of result (and it's also my feeling). The most common definition is that a complement of result implies that an action has attained the expected aim or result. However the Mandarin Essential Grammar Guide of the University of Yale lists this use case under complement of result. See below for more details.

In any case, regarding to your question 


  Is using the resultative complement 到 generally equivalent to saying
  "at the time this action was finished"?


In your examples the 到 doesn't refer to time but to the location where you arrived.



Chinese Grammar Wiki (complemented with my) explanation

I would say this in not a complement of result.

In your examples the 到 is not a complement of result, but one to indicate direction, target or  location. See Complements with "dao", "gei" and "zai"

The translation of your examples correct, but the reference to time doesn't come from 到, but from 的时候. 到 only refers to the location.



In case you actually are using a complement of result, the 到 will express that the outcome of the verb is achieved - what its result is.

For example


我昨天买到了一辆汽车: Yesterday I (successfully) bought a car.


It emphasizes that the action has finished with a success.

Also see Result complements "dao" and "jian"

You can also express ability and possibility with these complements of result. For example:


买得到: can buy
买不到: can't buy




Explanation in Mandarin Essential Grammar

The Mandarin Essential Grammar Guide of the University of Yale also has a section on the Complement of Result. In this they write (see http://comet.cls.yale.edu/mandarin/content/result/grammar/Result-9.htm):


  
  dào到: implying that an action has attained the expected aim or result
  
  
  kàndào    看到            see
  tīngdào    听到            hear
  yùdào      遇到            run into
  jiēdào      接到            receive
  shōudào  收到            receive
  zhǎodào  找到            find
  mǎidào    买到            succeed in buying
  
  Example 1: zhǎodào找到 (zhǎo找to look for + dào到[attain the expected result]) find
     Wǒ zhǎodào Lǐ Xiānsheng le.
     我找到李先生了。
     I have found Mr. Li. 
  
  Example 2: mǎidào买到 (mǎi买to buy + dào到[attain the expected result]) succeed in buying
     Wǒ qùwǎn le. Méi yǒu mǎidào diànyǐng piào.
     我去晚了。没有买到电影票。
     I was late./ I got there late. [So,] I did not manage to get the movie tickets.
  
  dào到: reach or arrive at (a place or a point of time)
  
  
  zǒudào    走到            walk to /until/up to
  pǎodào    跑到            run to /until/up to
  xuédào    学到            study until/up to,
  shuìdào   睡到            sleep until/up to
  mángdào 忙到            be busy until/up to
  kàndào    看到            read or watch until/up to
  tīngdào    听到            listen until/up to
  
  
  
  Example 1: xuédào学到        (xué学to study + dào到 until/up to) study until/up to
       Wǒmen xuédào Dì Bā Kè le.
       我们学到第八课了。
       We have studied up to Lesson 8 so far.
  
  Example 2:
       Zuótiān wǎnshang wǒmen xué Zhōngwén xuédào shíyī diǎn.
       昨天晚上我们学中文学到十一点。
       We studied Chinese until 11 o’clock last night.


In your case it refers to the fact that one reaches or arrives at a place. So the 到 on its own doesn't is not generally equivalent to saying "at the time this action was finished". The time reference comes from 的时候 (到的时候 = when (one) arrived)