Is this a Chinese Proverb?
I am a native speaker. I don't think it is originally a Chinese proverb.

A more idiomatic translation would be:


  敢问耻一时，不问耻一生。


or


  问则耻一时，不问终身羞。


I suspect it is Japanese in origin. When I searched it, a lot of Japanese results came up and many people asked how to translate the Japanese proverb "聞くは一時の恥 聞かぬは一生の恥". The Japanese sentence looks quite idiomatic to me, because "聞かぬ" is an archaic form. Modern Japanese would say "闻かないの".