Do Chinese language users use 作心三日?
No, but there is a colloquial proverb (俗语) in this vein:


  三天打鱼，两天晒网
  
  sān tiān dǎ yú, liǎng tiān shài wǎng


A more modern turn of phrase is:


  五分钟热度
  
  wǔ fēnzhōng rèdù


... literally "five minutes of zeal / enthusiasm".