What are the words that are missing after the 的 so that the sentences make sense？
The omitted word in all three cases is 人。

In Chinese it is common practice in written and in speech to omit generic nouns after a 的，i.e. when the generic noun is modified by a noun phrase, like a relative clause or an adjective. 
In case of a relative clause, as your examples are, you could translate the ~ 的（人） into something like "those who [...]"

As an example, other generic nouns that admit this behavior are 事 (thing, matter) and 东西 (physical thing, stuff).


  我很饿的，我想吃好吃的  
  I'm hungry, I want to eat tasty stuff.