What are some well-known "magic" terms, phrases, or incantations in Chinese?
about incantations / mantras / "咒", there's no confucian counterparts. meanwhile, there're numerous in taoism and buddhism. only those of taoism are native chinese, when relevant ones of buddhism are translations.

in taoism literatures, "急急如律令" and its deviations, are often used at the end of most mantras, that deities / daemons would follow the instructions of the speaker. here're 3 examples from 鬼谷子天髓靈文, 雲笈七籤 &amp; 太平廣記:







in buddhism, the most common mantras are: 南無阿彌陀佛, or "喃嘸阿彌陀佛", that the speakers of this mantras "would" reborn in amitābha (阿彌陀佛)'s sukhavati (西方極樂世界) after death.

another one is 六字大明咒, "唵嘛呢叭咪吽", Om mani padme hum

this one is tibetan in origin, i would say this one is quite "popular" in taiwan &amp; hong kong :)