List all calendar events on iPhone
This is really a bit tricky on iOS. If you are in Calender view, there are three icons on the right side. The third from the right is the list icon. But there are two types of that list icon: one only shows three lines, the other shows two lines and a square.

The mode you are talking about must be the one with the two lines and the square. So you see the calender view on top ("the square") and a list of events for that ("the two lines").

Press this button so it is not selected any longer. Now you see the calender view without the list. Now press the "Today" button in the lower left corner. The view will switch to show you the timeline of the day, and also the third icon from the right switched to the one with the three lines. Pressing this "three lines" button will show up the event list you are searching for.