iCloud Drive in Finder sidebar shows incomplete circle segment
This sounds like an iCloud sync issue on the Mac end, not the iOS end. I know you said that you are signed into iCloud on each device, but make sure you are signed in with the same Apple ID. If you are signed in with the same Apple ID, then go to System Preferences -> iCloud -> iCloud Drive, and make sure Pages is selected on your Mac. For more information, see this help article from Apple.