Applications installed with brew cask install won't launch for other users
The issue seems to be some directories in the app folders missing the execute bit. You can check permissions using for example:

find /Applications/Spotify.app/ -type d -exec ls -ld {} \;


Directories should have permissions drwxr-xr-x@ but some were drwxr--r--@.

The following command will change all directories to have the execute permission present:

sudo find /Applications/Spotify.app/ -type d -exec chmod og+x {} \;


The same needs to be run for all apps having this issue.