How can I retrieve image files from a damaged zip archive file?
If the issue is actually a damaged zip file, the command line zip tool can try to repair it.  For that you'd use the -F or -FF options, like that:

zip -F damaged-copy.zip --out repaired.zip
zip -FF damaged-copy.zip --out repaired.zip


It's always a good practice to do that on a copy of the damaged file, so you're sure you don't damage it any further.  To see what the -F and -FF options do, look at the man page: man zip.