Can micro-USB android device (Redmi 4 (India)) be charged using a hybrid converter (USB type-C to type-A) with MacBook Pro high watt charger?
No, it will not damage your phone.

Whether or not it will charge quickly depends on the specific kind of hybrid converter you have. Most likely it will not charge quickly, as the USB Type-A port is most commonly just at 500 mA, or 900 mA for some ports that USB 3.0. It is not common to see dedicated charging ports with higher amps in such hybrid converters.