Desktop displaying the titles of my minimized windows
The title should only appear when you hover your mouse over a minimized window. There is no setting to change this.

Try running these two commands in Terminal:

killall -KILL Finder
killall -KILL Dock


This will cause the Finder and Dock to relaunch, which often fixes graphical anomalies.

(Also suggest updating to 10.10.3 to ensure you are benefitting from any bugs fixed in the last two updates.)