MBP with Touchbar install Debian 10 fails
Debian 10 comes with Kernel version 4.19.  According to State of Linux on the MacBook Pro 2016 &amp; 2017


  Keyboard &amp; Touchpad
  
  MacBookPro13,1 working MacBookPro13,2 working MacBookPro13,3 working MacBookPro14,1 working MacBookPro14,2 working MacBookPro14,3 working
  
  Works out of the box with Linux 5.3 and above.
  
  For earlier Linux versions you can get the driver from https://github.com/roadrunner2/macbook12-spi-driver.


Therefore you need either the patch or a distro with a more recent kernel (for example Arch Linux - the current iso has 5.3.1 kernel - or from next month Ubuntu 19.10).  

If you want to use Debian 10 you should be able to install using external keyboard and then install the spi driver as described in the link above.