OSX Dock's Equivalent of Ubuntu Launcher's Super + (1, 2, 3)
I think you're looking for Snap


  Snap automatically assigns keyboard shortcuts to apps pinned in your dock using a modifier key (command, option, control, or shift) and the number keys. For example, command+1 opens the 1st app in your dock, command+2 the 2nd, etc. 


You don't really need to configure anything in the app. All you need to do is change the order of apps in your dock, but you always have the option of setting manual shortcuts for apps that are not on the dock.

The only problem is that it ignores Finder, so if you have Finder first, Cmd+1 for example, will open the second item in your dock.

You can choose to open with only or a combination of command, option, control and shift with number keys as the triggers for the actual app.

A screenshot I took: