How to fix my partition table after messing it up trying to install Linux Mint
You first have to remove the swap partition and the visible Recovery HD with gpt and then you will be able to resize your Macintosh HD with Disk Utility.

Boot to Internet Recovery Mode by pushing altcmdR while booting.

Then open Terminal.app and enter (assuming disk0 is your main disk):

gpt -r show /dev/disk0 


Unmount your main disk with:

diskutil umountDisk disk0


First remove the Linux swap partition with:

gpt remove -i 5 disk0


(which means: remove the partition with the index number 5 on disk0).  

and then the Recovery HD with the GUID 48465300-0000-11AA-AA11-00306543ECAC:

gpt remove -i 4 disk0


The Recovery HD with the GUID 426F6F74-0000-11AA-AA11-00306543ECAC is the proper one. Don't delete this one.

Finally remount disk0, quit Terminal, open Disk Utility, verify/repair your main volume "Macintosh HD" and finally expand it to the full size of your disk with the slider.