OS X Firewall blocking external connections to NGinx Docker container
This issue is likely nothing to do with your local machine.

If you are behind a corporate firewall, that firewall is designed specifically (amongst other things) to prevent exactly what you are trying to do: set up an externally accessible server on the internal (protected, corporate) LAN

The only way to be able to access your Mac at work (no matter what it is running) is to ask if your IT department will allow it.

Personally if someone asked for something similar where I work, I'd laugh in their face. A corporate intranet (depending on what your company does...) is no place for a personal server of any sort. 

They already (likely) have a number of externally accessible servers (EG email, remote access, etc.) that they spend a lot of time on making sure they are secure and safe. It is unlikely they'll let you do this.

Additionally they may block setting up servers like this at the network level. Again contact your IT department and tell them what you are trying to do.