Only Chrome can access the Internet
Are you able to get access out using command line programs? For example, can you ping google.com or perhaps ping 74.125.226.226? Ping will communicate using the ICMP protocol. So knowing whether or not requests on ICMP can communicate out may help to solve this mystery.

As far as whether or not you can communicate on TCP, you should try curl google.com and/or curl 74.125.226.226. Whichever works. The google.com one should produce some short HTML code, in which you can see "301 Moved". The 74.125.226.226 one should produce a lot of code. This is what Google's standard search page is. If neither work, something's perhaps blocking any TCP request not made by Google Chrome. Which is really strange. If one, the other, or both work however, we may be looking at more of a blacklisting situation. Hard to tell though. If it fails though, tell me what it says when it fails. It may be a standard "couldn't connect to host" or it may be something more helpful.

One more thing you can do is check Activity Monitor for any possible processes leftover from Little Snitch or K9. Only Little Snitch can block programs, I'm guessing though because from a quick glance at K9's site, they didn't say anything about blocking programs. So you really want to look for anything that might be associated with Little Snitch.

That's all I can think of for now. Let me know the results and hopefully I can help you more.