How to rebuild Mac partition showing unexpected GPT table size
Based on the latest information posted in the question, here is what to enter. The assumption is the values posted are correct. The drive used a 4096 sector size. Since image files are fixed at a 512 byte sector size, all the values need to be multiplied by 8.


  Note: You may get an error message when entering the command to destroy the GPT. You should ignore this message.


sudo chown $USER:staff path/to/file.dmg
hdiutil attach -nomount path/to/file.dmg
gpt destroy disk2
gpt create disk2
gpt add -i 1 -b $((6*8)) -s $(((51205-6+1)*8)) -t efi disk2
gpt add -i 2 -b $((51206*8)) -s $(((732533871-51206+1)*8)) -t hfs disk2
diskutil mount disk3


The GPT you posed has a partition type GUID for Core Storage, but the header you posted for this partition indicates the partition type GUID should be for a Hierarchical File System Plus (HFS+) partition. My answer assumed the header is correct.

References

The 16,384 byte size requirement for the GPT Partition Entry Array is defined in section 5.3.1 "GPT overview" on page 117 of the Unified Extensible Firmware Interface (UEFI) Specification version 2.8, March 2019.

Technical Note TN1150: HFS Plus Volume Format

GUID Partition Table