Retrieve hard drive information from dead Macbook Pro
Depending on how/why yours is broken - If you know someone with another Mac with Thunderbolt you can connect the two together and use your hard-drive to boot his laptop. Apple's instructions are here: https://support.apple.com/kb/ph10725?locale=en_US It's the same procedure across all recent OS versions.

Otherwise, you need something like this to pull our the M2 SSD, and turn it into a standard desktop external drive: https://www.amazon.com/ZTC-Enclosure-Adapter-SuperSpeed-ZTC-EN004-BK/dp/B00KQ4LNJC or https://www.amazon.com/StarTech-com-M-2-SATA-External-Enclosure/dp/B00T8F298Y

Goes without saying though, if the drive is broken, doesn't what you or how you plug it in - it's broken.

Further reading: http://www.everymac.com/systems/apple/macbook_pro/macbook-pro-retina-display-faq/macbook-pro-retina-display-how-to-upgrade-ssd-storage.html