Update (new) password for iCloud account
As I understand you change the Password of your AppleID - do you think so? 

Apple never Share passwords to other devices and never have access to this. 
Your AppleID password is synonymous with your iCloud. If you change your AppleID Password this will encrypt your iCloud with your new Password.

To access in your iCloud with your devices:


Log out from iCloud of all your devices
Log in with your new Password.


For the next Time if you need to change your password this is the right way:


Log out from your iCloud in all your devices
Access your Browser to your AppleID and change the Password.
Log in with your new Password to all your iCloud devices.
I would recommend to activate the Two-factor authentication for Apple ID