How to remove "Disabled Software" from MacOS System Report when a provided uninstall tool does not work?
I have managed to get it working again. Here are the steps I had to go to:


Uninstall the DisplayLink drivers and restart the system.
Right after restarting the system, reinstall the drivers. Don't restart again yet.
Open System Preferences -> Security and Privacy. If you did that right after reinstalling the drivers, you should see a message saying that an extension was blocked. You should know what to do now.


The message on step 3 only was displayed to me immediately after starting the system.