characters in login screen replaced by question marks
The issue is due to missing fonts. (Where the system picks a poor choice to substitute for the “missing characters”). If you use font management software, be sure to reinstall or re-enable the system fonts.  


  1. Run validations with Font Book
  
  Launch Font Book and press command-A to select all fonts. Then from
  the "File" menu select "Validate Fonts" and wait for the results in
  the font validation window. Keep in mind that even though you may find
  minor problems with your current fonts, its best to follow the saying
  "if it's not broken then don't fix it", and leave well-enough alone
  unless you're experiencing problems.
  
  2. Clear the font cache
  
  In OS X, fonts are handled by the Apple Type Server process, which
  stores commonly used fonts in a cache for quick access. If there is
  corruption in this cache then you may experience a variety of
  troubles. To clear the cache, in pre-Leopard versions of OS X go to
  the /Macintosh HD/Library/Caches/ folder and remove the
  "com.apple.ATS" file. After doing this, restart the system.
  
  For OS X 10.5 and later, you cannot easily access the user and global
  font caches, but you can use Apple's "atsutil" terminal command to
  manage the ATS process. Open "Terminal" and enter the following
  commands to clear the user (or global) databases and restart the
  server:
  
  atsutil databases -removeUser atsutil server -shutdown atsutil server
  -ping
  
  NOTE: Use "sudo atsutil databases -remove" instead of the first
  command to remove the database for all users.
  
  3. Avoid older font formats
  
  If you can, avoid ".dfont" and "Type 1 PostScript" fonts. This
  suggestion may depend on the requirements for various programs, but if
  you have an older font suite that you are thinking about installing,
  it may run into problems with newer programs so you might consider
  getting an updated version of the suite before installing. Granted you
  can always try, but there is the potential that older font formats can
  cause problems so we recommend you stick to the more modern ".ttf" and
  ".ttc" fonts.
  
  4. Manually clear out duplicates
  
  Font Book has an option to "Resolve Duplicates" (available in the
  "Edit" menu), but this is limited in functionality and may not remove
  the specific font duplicate which you desire to remove. As such, the
  best approach to managing duplicate fonts is to do it manually
  (tedious, but effective if done correctly). In Font Book, you can use
  the "Show Font info" option (command-I) to see information about a
  selected font, and especially where the font is located on your
  system. Doing this for your duplicate fonts will allow you to select
  which one to remove, either by removing it from its font folder, or by
  right-clicking it and selecting "Disable".


From: https://www.cnet.com/news/font-problems-and-management-in-os-x/