MacBook Pro: DNS works but not ping, http, or https
Edit: based on your edit above, I recommend following the steps below, but removing the wireless connection and re-adding it before going to "Advanced" settings. I've broken up step 1 into three parts, below.


On your Mac go to System Preferences > Network

a. Click your Wireless Connection > Minus Symbol (-)

b. Click the Plus Symbol (+) and re-add the wireless connection

b. Click your (new) Wireless Connection > Advanced
On the TCP/IP tab ensure "Using DHCP" is selected, Configure IPv6 is
set to "Automatically".
On the DNS tab, remove any entries that do not appear in grey text.
Those would be overrides you've added at some point (knowingly or
not)
On the Proxies tab, uncheck any checked boxes.
On the Hardware tab, make sure "Configure:" is set to
"Automatically"
Ignore the other tabs.
Click the OK button. Reboot the machine.


If this does not resolve your issue, look to the router config for some kind of MAC or device-type whitelisting settings in the admin.

Also - compare your DNS and IP Address, and router address information to that of the iPad or phone and ensure it is the same.