How can I get ALT+C to work via SSH on a remote UNIX machine?
When running the Terminal app, choose Terminal > Preferences... 

This will bring up an options menu. Under Settings there's a tab for the keyboard.

The checkbox "Use option as a meta key" makes the Alt/Option key work like you expected (I tried it in Emacs and it worked).

For Page Up and Page Down, hold down shift to send Page Up and Page Down instead of scrolling. You can also adjust this in the keyboard preferences if you prefer.

I'm not sure about Home and End, but I'm in the habit of using Ctrl+A for home and Ctrl+E for end.