How can I get my entire iTunes Match-based music library to appear on my iPhone?
There could be a corruption in your music library that is preventing the 'sync' to finish. 


On your iPhone, turn iTunes Match off, then open Settings > General > Usage > (wait for usage to populate) > Music > 
tap Edit and then the red remove icon.
Restart your phone
When your phone is back on, open Music to ensure its empty. If its not, complete the above again.
Turn iTunes Match back on and leave the Music app open. It should take no longer than 15 minutes for it to display something other than the cloud logo.


If the issue is still persists, try deleting your Music library using iExplorer


  Note: Before using iExplorer, ensure you have a backup of your information



Download, open iExplorer, and plug in your iPhone
Select Media on the left, and then right click iTunes_Control and delete that folder 

Restart your iPhone and turn iTunes Match back on and leave the Music app open. It should take no longer than 15 minutes for it to display something other than the cloud logo.


If the issue still persists I would recommend you do a complete restore through iTunes