Cannot boot normally or in safe mode, booting to recovery mode results in circle with line through it
The graphical anomalies that you're seeing on boot are usually indicative of a GPU failure or logic board failure; for a MacBook Pro the difference between the two is immaterial in terms of what would need to be replaced since the GPU is soldered to the logic board. Booting into safe mode disables the GPU which likely explains your ability to get somewhere without having the machine kernel panic and power off.
The video you posted shows the machine running fsck_hfs, which checks the filesystem for errors, and it lists some issues with the filesystem. There's a possibility that you're dealing with GPU/board failure compounded with filesystem corruption caused by/during the failure of the hardware.
The diagnostics that would be available at an Apple Store (or over the phone as long as your machine is new enough) would be able to determine with a high degree of certainty whether or not you have a hardware issue.