How can I mount Microsoft OneDrive as a network drive in OSX?
You cannot mount a remote "drive" to OneDrive as the synchronization/authentication  protocol is not implemented within the OS X file system.  (It is in Windows, which is why can you do it).

However, I have a client who accomplished this with an App:  CloudMounter.  It worked really well and was priced pretty fairly ($30).

I personally don't have a need for this software so I don't use it (I am also not affiliated with this company in any way).  However, I can tell you that it has worked very well for my client and he has no issues with it.