Macbook Air (2011) WIFI Issue
After having issues with my home, office, and school networks (i.e. all networks I tried connecting to), I realized that the only thing these networks all had in common (besides my computer) was that they were all secured networks. 

When I tried connecting to an open network, I had no issues at all - thus my realization that some settings on my MBA got screwed up somehow, and the security authorization was screwing things up. 

Resolution: To do a hard reset on your WIFI settings, go into Macintosh HD -> Library -> Preferences (see screenshot below). Remove the SystemConfiguration  folder (place it on your Desktop for now). Reboot your MBA.

At this point, I had no issues connecting to any WIFI networks - I hope you have the same result.