Change the way how finder truncates file names
I don't believe there is a way to change that - it's thought that it is more common to have the part of the file that differs be at the end of the name (i.e. Holidays and other important days 2010.xls vs. Holidays and other important days 2011.xls).

As to the dates and file sizes being truncated, are you using the List view in Finder? You can change the column width to see more.