How to receive Apple ID TFA code if I logout of iPhone?
You have multiple options:

You could in advance set a trusted phone numbers for your Apple ID. Then when you want to log back into the Apple ID, you can click "Didn't get a code" to have the code sent to your trusted phone number via text message or automated voice call.

Another possibility is to sign in to the Apple ID with a browser. There you can select to trust the browser. Then you will be able to sign in to the Apple ID using that browser on that specific computer without having to enter a 2FA code. 

You will find Apple's guide for two-factor authentication here:

https://support.apple.com/en-gb/HT204915