How do I download Xcode 4.4 without using the App Store?
Now

Xcode 4.4.1 amongst Downloads for Apple Developers

4.4 was made available 2012-07-26. 

4.4.1 was made available 2012-08-07: 


xcode_4.4.1_6938145.dmg


Freely available to members of the Safari Developer Program, and to others.

Don't rush to also download the disk image for command line tools. You may find these tools amongst the installation and update options that are integral to Xcode.  



Looking ahead

Apple's software update catalogue

index-mountainlion-lion-snowleopard-leopard.merged-1.sucatalog sometimes refers to downloads that are not advertised at Apple - Support - Downloads.

Nothing for Xcode in the index dated 2012-08-09T03:35:35Z … maybe later. 

Munki approaches to Xcode

Nothing there yet for 4.4 or greater but we might find something in due course.