Can not get the phone to accept a password
Usually two things cause this (or more precisely, one of the two):


corrupt keychain items or corrupt software install
wrong date/time on the iOS device


The date/time is far easier to fix, so ensure the clock is accurate within a minute of reality / the PC that's working.

Corruption is harder, so try powering off the device and back on, then try a backup and reset all settings. If that doesn't work, then a restore is next. Once you have a working sign in, you can erase again and then restore the backup or just reload the things you need and forget the backup eventually.