Unable to boot/install any Mac OS/OS X system from/to SSD on my Macbook. Can't read any bootable USB device
I'm pretty sure the last non-retina MacBooks shipped with a SATA II drive cable if it came with a SATA II HDD. (Which makes sense because it shipped with a SATA II HDD... Not sure if it was different if you chose the Apple branded OEM SSD option, or if that was even an option for your model.)

You say you have a late 2012 MBP, but it must be either a late 2011 or mid 2012, to have user upgradable drives and memory, but I think this Is the case for both iterations.

So basically what I'm guessing is happening is that your MacBook and SSD are trying to communicate with each other at SATA III speeds, but over a SATA II cable.

This cable is compatible with SATA III, and replacement should fix your problem. To check if this really is the issue, you can try to use the SSD over any other interface (with an external FW, USB, Thunderbolt enclosure, for example) and see if the same issues exist. If not, the cable's probably the culprit.