Terminal not recognizing commands
This sounds like an issue with your PATH, run

/usr/bin/echo $PATH


My guess is that is going to be missing the required directories

export PATH=$PATH:/bin:/sbin:/usr/bin:/usr/sbin


Then try again

The PATH variable is the list of directories that will be searched when executed by the shell; this variable will not persist between bash sessions - and should be set in your ~/.bashrc file.

echo "export PATH=$PATH:/bin:/sbin:/usr/bin:/usr/sbin" &gt;&gt; ~/.bashrc


In your shell, bash, the .bashrc file will automatically be sources on terminal creation.