Sort files in Terminal like finder
If you look at what find says about sorting:    

 -s   Cause find to traverse the file hierarchies in 
lexicographical order, i.e., alphabetical order within each directory.  
Note: `find -s` and `find | sort` may give different results.

This means we need to pipe it to sort so that we can manipulate it a bit more.

As you have already seen, a simple alphanumeric sort won't work because it's comparing everything as an ANSI character not as numbers.  What we need to do is just compare the numbers.  We can do this with the -k option of sort

find . -type d | sort -k2.3

What the sort -k2.3 command is doing is sorting on the second field (delimited by the space) ending at the 3rd position.  This is the result using your folder naming convention1:

.
./Folder 1
./Folder 2
./Folder 3
./Folder 4
./Folder 5
./Folder 6
./Folder 7
./Folder 8
./Folder 9
./Folder 10
./Folder 11
./Folder 12
./Folder 13
./Folder 14
./Folder 15




1 To create this folder structure, I used the command in my home folder:

mkdir test; cd test; for n in {1..15}; do mkdir "Folder $n"; done