Button icons lost after updating to Mavericks
Given that the issue is limited to your user account, I would assume the problem lies within your home directory. Per this MacRumors thread, have you tried deleting ~/Library/Preferences/com.apple.systemuiserver.plist? I can't replicate your issue, but I have deleted this file seemingly without untoward effect on my 10.9 system.

By way of further diagnostics, you might also try Safe Booting by holding the Shift key on startup and see if the problem still occurs.