How to retrieve current wattage info on OS X?
system_profiler SPPowerDataType seems to provide the most relevant information. On laptops it reports voltage and amperage which can give you the power consumption (mVolts × mAmperes × 10^-6 = Watts). It also reports Wattage, but that's actually a piece of metadata reported by Apple's power adapter, third-party power adapters can show blanks here. Since desktops do not have rechargeable batteries, there's no way to calculate power consumption by measuring charging and discharging of battery.

But wait, there's still hope! Apple publishes a lot of source code, and googling for Wattage or Power+mV hints that certain kernel extensions can be queried about power consumption. Unfortunately, I cannot come up with a working script right now, but it seems possible.