Mac OS X Mavericks fails with disk corruption error
Sounds like you are good to go.

During the install it run in to a problem of incompatible software, but once that was out of the way the installer finished the job.

If you want to verify your install, run cmd-r and the restore (online) function. That might take a while so it is your choice to do or not.

The second question:

Enable the Debug in Disk Utility, that will allow you to see the hidden partitions. It is very well hidden, because Apple does not trust us been able to handle our property.

Enter the following command at the Terminal prompt:

defaults write com.apple.DiskUtility DUDebugMenuEnabled 1