Macintosh HD icon on desktop - make it open finder in desktop with toolbar?
I think I know what the issue is here. You need to change the view settings for Finder when you're in the Macintosh HD directory that you clicked on from your desktop. I think any view settings you've set for a particular directory (i.e. Macintosh HD) is applied to the child directories you've clicked on from the same window. 

The reason a new Finder window doesn't have the issue is because by default it opens the ~/AccountName directory which had the view settings enabled for toolbar/path bar/status bar. So change the view settings when you're in Macintosh HD directory and it shouldn't have this problem in future. I've highlighted the view settings you need to enable in the screenshot below.  Let me know if this works for you.