How can I export .mobileconfig file from IOS10 to Mac?
You can get your .mobileconfig files from you iPhone/iPad backup (if you have an access to target device) as follows:

First, you need to create (or update) an unencrypted backup from iTunes.

Then you need to get a path to your backup. You can do this in iTunes preferences, in "Devices" tab:


Now you can search in backup directory for all .plist files, that contains PayloadType key and copy them to a directory on your Desktop:

BACKUP_DIR="PATH_TO_YOUR_BACKUP"
mkdir ~/Desktop/mobileconfigs

find "$BACKUP_DIR" -type f -name '*' -exec sh -c '
  for file do
    /usr/libexec/PlistBuddy -c "print :PayloadType" "$file" &amp;&gt;/dev/null
    if [ $? == 0 ]; then
        cp "$file" "/Users/toma/Desktop/mobileconfigs"
    fi
  done
' sh {} +