Resizing a partition to increase into space before itself
You can not do what you have proposed by using the tools provided by macOS. Partitions can grow and shrink, but the start of the partition must remain fixed. There are exceptions to this, but none apply in this case. There are third party tools that can move a partition. For example, Paragon offers a Hard Disk Manager for Mac application which makes the following claim. 


  Enables to move the left or right border of the selected partition, thus not only resizing but moving it on the disk 


The time required to move all but the smallest partitions is usually quite lengthly. I suppose this might be one reason Apple does not provide this type of tool. An exception would be when resizing a Apple HFS partition. The Disk Utility application and the diskutil command will move any Apple_Boot partition that is the next partition stored on the drive. Usually, this partition and is small in size (under 1 GB) and therefore can be moved fairly quickly. With the introduction of APFS, Apple eliminated the need for partitions of this type.