Apple ID password compromised - 2FA rescued - What next?
You can ask for account data on https://privacy.apple.com and see if there is any active login. I don't remember if successful are counted only, or all.

Uncheck all irrelevant boxes and you'll soon get the email about data availability. 


  
  Your Apple ID account details and sign-in records.
  Records of your Apple retail store and support transactions.
  


etc can be accessed. Source

Related write-ups 


Does apple automatically sign out all connected devices when you change the apple id password? 
Does someone know my (old) Apple ID password?
If you think your Apple ID has been compromised Apple Support. however, this doesn't address the intermediate case of failed login.
Two-factor authentication for Apple ID This mentions one more point of trusted phone numbers. Verification code could have been sent to a phone number too. So check your trusted phone numbers. They can be checked in  Settings > [your name] > Password &amp; Security. 


Personal notes: 

A failed 2FA is an indicator of failed login, thus as far as I can think, no other device has the login. Only trusted devices can log-in directly without 2FA code. If either your trusted devices or trusted phone numbers are physically captured, they can be used to log-in. Keychain items are visible only on devices, not on web. For iOS, in Settings > Passwords &amp; Accounts > Website &amp; App Passwords.
For Mac, in Keychain access. 

https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT203783#stored