Mounting an external hard disk clone that shares the same partition GUIDs as the source/host hard disk
I have tested your set-up in a virtual machine with the same result - the second CoreStorage volume won't be mounted. Cloning a CoreStorage container to another disk with dd doesn't change the UUIDs of the CoreStorage items. So it's indeed a problem of the duplicate UUIDs of the Logical Volume Group/Physical Volume/Logical Volume Family/Logical Volume of disk0s2 and disk3s2.

The good news is: there is a man entry for a tool which can change the UUIDs of all CoreStorage metadata objects: man csunique.

Check the disk identifier of the duplicate with diskutil list. In your example that's disk3s2.

Then the command in your case would be:

csunique -v -n /dev/rdisk3s2 #dry-run
csunique -v /dev/rdisk3s2


The bad news is: I can't find the tool/script. It's neither in the path nor can I find a file with this name elsewhere on the disk. I checked this in 10.9/10.10/10.11/Recovery HD by searching the whole disk even inside packages with FileBuddy. A Google search wasn't successful.



Work in progress

You may change the various UUIDs manually by editing the raw disk content with a tool like HexEdit or wxHexEditor of course. AFAIR the pvUUID and the lvgUUID are located at the first block of disk3s2. The pvUUID/lvgUUID has several additional occurrences in the metadata area of the Logical Volume Group of disk3s2. Don't use arbitrary (ie self-made) UUIDs but try to generate them with uuidgen or online with a UUID generator. Some bits of the UUID have a special meaning and determine UUID version or the hash algorithm.

Example:

The diskutil cs list output of the original disk:

diskutil cs list
CoreStorage logical volume groups (1 found)
|
+-- Logical Volume Group C451C0F6-32F9-43AB-8E59-42D21AEFF650
    =========================================================
    Name:         SystemCS
    Status:       Online
    Size:         67859718144 B (67.9 GB)
    Free Space:   18948096 B (18.9 MB)
    |
    +-&lt; Physical Volume E46EF8F2-6399-45C1-B213-8628A518466D
    |   ----------------------------------------------------
    |   Index:    0
    |   Disk:     disk0s2
    |   Status:   Online
    |   Size:     67859718144 B (67.9 GB)
    |
    +-&gt; Logical Volume Family AAD268A6-FC66-43FC-A24E-11A1F23CA5DD
        ----------------------------------------------------------
        Encryption Status:       Unlocked
        Encryption Type:         None
        Conversion Status:       NoConversion
        Conversion Direction:    -none-
        Has Encrypted Extents:   No
        Fully Secure:            No
        Passphrase Required:     No
        |
        +-&gt; Logical Volume 50B61719-7CB4-40D9-8AFC-F5CD37C1A66C
            ---------------------------------------------------
            Disk:                  disk3
            Status:                Online
            Size (Total):          67488448512 B (67.5 GB)
            Conversion Progress:   -none-
            Revertible:            Yes (no decryption required)
            LV Name:               SystemCS
            Volume Name:           SystemCS
            Content Hint:          Apple_HFS


The pvUUID (light violet) and lvgUUID (light yellow) appear in hex in the first block and the last block of the partition:

1st block:



last block:



and as text each four times in the last 32760 blocks (512 byte physical block size) of the partition in plist-like items.