How to clean up partitions after OS X is moved from HD to SSD
Why do I have an Apple_Boot on disk1 after the entire disk was erased?


I am not sure on this one. Seeing the size (134 MB) I don' this this is the actual boot partition itself.

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  What is the EFI and Apple_Boot?


EFI is the Extensible Firmware Interface system partition. This is a special partition that holds boot loaders for all the OSes installed, in other partitions:


  The EFI System partition is a partition on a data storage device that
  is used by machines that adhere to the Extensible Firmware Interface.
  It contains the boot loader programs for all operating systems
  installed (in other partitions) on the device, device driver files
  (used by the firmware at boot time) for other devices, and system
  utility programs that are intended to be run before an operating
  system is booted.1


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  Is it normal that the type of the Recovery HD is Apple_Boot?*  


Yes. Otherwise you cannot use the recovery partition to recover when the OS on the other partition(s) has crashed, right?

The recovery partition is actually replacement of the OS install disk. 
From OS X Lion: About Lion Recovery


  OS X Lion includes a new feature called Lion Recovery that includes
  all of the tools you need to reinstall Lion, repair your disk, and
  even restore from a Time Machine backup without the need for optical
  discs.