How can I disable color management on OS X?
There are two problems.

Firstly: color management is an integral part of MacOS's graphics engine. 


  "Active color management is a dynamic process, applied to every pixel
  in real time on every frame. For each pixel, a color match is performed
  from the source content's profile space to the destination space,
  possibly with an intermediate space or working space (requiring an
  additional color match) in between."


It cannot be turned off: every color value exists within a color profile space.

To complicate matters further, Adobe applications such as Photoshop and Illustrator have their own color management 'on top' of MacOS. They can define their own source profile spaces, and specify how color is handled from documents using the same or different working spaces. 

It used to be possible to turn off Adobe's Color management in old versions, but this has not been the case for some time. 

Using Creative Suite 6, I can save an RGB .psd file from Photoshop (with profile embedded) and open it in Illustrator, and the colors will be identical (both to my eye and using Digital Color Meter.app).

It's possible you may want to try trashing the pref files for these apps, and see if that helps.

However, if you are just getting different colors when viewing the same document on different displays, then you just need to calibrate the displays to be more similar.