Mounting SMB network share from Mavericks recovery mode
This is, because the binary for the framework that’s required is not part of the Recovery System.

I have been trying various things for over an hour now and the only thing that works appears to be AFP:

mkdir /Volumes/VOLUMENAME
mount_afp afp://USERNAME:PASSWORD@000.00.000.00/VOLUMENAME /Volumes/VOLUMENAME 


One important thing that kept this from working for me was that I had used /Volumes/VOLUMENAME instead of the correct /VOLUMENAME in the afp URL.