Is there a way to tell a Macbook to bump up the clock speed of the processor?
The Intel Turbo Boost feature will decide by itself when to switch to a higher CPU clock. There is no way to manually activate overclocking. See also Intel's FAQ on the matter:

How is Intel® Turbo Boost Technology enabled or disabled?
Intel Turbo Boost Technology is enabled by default. You can disable or enable the technology with a switch in the BIOS. No other user controllable settings to change Intel Turbo Boost Technology operation are available. Once enabled, Intel Turbo Boost Technology works automatically under operating system control.

You can use e.g. Turbo Boost Switcher to turn Turbo Boost off, but as stated above, it is enabled by default.
That being said, you can create optimal conditions for you CPU to decide to overclock. According to the Intel's support document, the following factors influence clock speed / activation of Turbo Boost:

Availability and frequency upside of Intel® Turbo Boost Technology 2.0 state depends upon a number of factors including, but not limited to, the following:

Type of workload
Number of active cores
Estimated current consumption
Estimated power consumption
Processor temperature

When the processor is operating below these limits and the user's workload demands additional performance, the processor frequency will dynamically increase until the upper limit of frequency is reached. Intel® Turbo Boost Technology 2.0 has multiple algorithms operating in parallel to manage current, power, and temperature to maximize frequency and energy efficiency.

Therefore you can try the following:

Turbo Boost will only activate if thermals allow it. So making sure your MacBook is sufficiently cool can lead to higher clock speeds. You could even use an app to manually increase the fan speed, such as Macs Fan Control or iStat Menus, to decrease CPU temperature further.
Especially for single-threaded applications you can make sure you have no other (background) tasks running. This will, again, improve thermals, reduce power consumption, and also allow the CPU to overclock.

To learn more about your MacBook's behaviour and clock speed you can use utilities to monitor clock speed, power consumption, and temperature, such as iStat Menus or Intel Power Gadget.