Where is file metadata stored in Mac OS X?
Extended file attributes
File metadata is stored in extended file attributes (EA) in macOS.
You can see them when listing files in Terminal using command:
ls -la@

For example if your file has a custom Finder icon, you could see listing similar to this one:
-rw-r--r--@ 1 user  staff  168142 Oct  1 23:02 file.ext
    com.apple.FinderInfo        32 
    com.apple.ResourceFork  548373 
    com.apple.metadata:_kMDItemUserTags     42 

This means that file has 3 attributes (metadata), including resource fork holding the icon data.
Resource fork
To print resource fork contents of a file, you can use xattr command that allows you to access extended file attributes:
xattr -p com.apple.ResourceFork

however that might not be as useful because resource forks have only binary representation.
You can access that data in different way, through a dedicated filepath filename/..namedfork/rsrc. Using the example above to copy resource fork into a resource file (data fork):
cp file.ext/..namedfork/rsrc file.rsrc

Many commands have support for handling extended file attributes, for example cp -p will copy files including access control lists and extended attributes. If you want to copy resource forks separately, then you need to access them individually through ../namedfork/rsrc path.