Use incomplete file path in terminal
If the file's path is relative to the current working directory your could use:

find . -name targetfile


You could wrap this in a shell function:

mylocate () {
    find . -name "$1"
}

# Usage
mylocate targetfile


In zsh you can use the globstar feature:

printf '%s\n' **/targetfile


In ksh:

set -G
printf '%s\n' **/targetfile


In bash4:

shopt -s globstar
printf '%s\n' **/targetfile