What kind of input Jack can work on a MacBook Pro (15-inch, Mid 2012) audio input port?
Any line-level input should work with the 15-inch Mid 2012 MacBook Pro (the MBPr is slightly different.) Simply insert it into the audio in port on your MacBook Pro using a 3.5mm jack. 

Line level simply refers to relatively amplified analog signal. Not all microphones provide this: if necessary, you may need to use an amplifier.

I'm not sure why the microphone you already have didn't work: there's nothing that should be preventing it. If you can provide more info, we might be able to help.