Will Bluetooth speakers and/or USB speakers work for sound when there is a broken headphone jack stuck in my macbook port?
Yes, a Bluetooth and/or a USB speaker will "override" your audio input.  It all depends on how you configure it.

In System Preferences > Sound, you can setup which audio device does what.

For example, in my setup, I play all the "Sound Effects" through the Internal Speakers, however, I could select the USB Audio device I also have installed.  For your case, you would select either the USB/Bluetooth Device.



You could even use both a Bluetooth audio device and a USB device

For example, in my Output configuration, I can choose Internal, USB Audio, or Bluetooth



And...

Depending on your Application, it can even select which audio device to use for it's individual output.  Here's the configuration screen from VOX: