What all file metadata is available in macOS?
Applications on macOS store similar types of metadata in Info.plist files stored within the application bundles themselves.

For example to see the metadata available for Safari you can run the following command in a Terminal window.

plutil -p /Applications/Safari.app/Contents/Info.plist

Or to get the version of Safari specifically you can run...

plutil -p /Applications/Safari.app/Contents/Info.plist | grep CFBundleShortVersionString