Measuring resistance with ohmmeter over resistor and capacitor in parallel
Assuming a large capacitance inside the component, would it not be the case, that it could take some time before the correct reading could be obtained, since it would take some time for the voltage across the capacitance to creep asymptotically towards the voltage of the internal battery of the ohmmeter (during which time the ohm-reading would be too low, because of higher than final current through the internal ammeter of the ohmmeter)?

Yes, this is correct.
The time taken would depend on the test current and the capacitor value.