Opamp input fault current limit vs fault duration
If the 10mA rating is 'absolute maximum' you not only should not exceed it, you should not even get close to it.
ESD rating is generally for the chip not powered. If it is powered when the ESD strike happens, then other damage can occur.
There are other failure modes than thermal, and continuous current that the chip is not designed for can have deleterious effects over time (especially at elevated temperatures).