Read temperature sensor from microcontroller to Android application (via microUSB)
Is it possible?  Yes -- thank you for limiting your question to the limit of my knowledge.  How do I know?  Because I've seen it, and because I just hunted down this web page from Android describing how to do it.  Do I know how to do it?  Oh god no.  Could I?  Well yes, with study.  You probably can, too.

Hopefully that page will give you some Google-ish keywords that will get you to a project that uses the features you need.