What is the meaning of Technology, Package and Variant with regards to an electronic component?
An IC may be available in multiple variants and packages. For example, an OPAMP might be available in a SOIC or TSSOP and QFN version. Ofcourse, it is quite important that you get the right type since one will not fit on the other's footprint.

In addition, there might be multiple variants of the chip. Take as example this OPAMP from Analog devices: Datasheet

This chip is available in multiple grades. There is a high and low input offset version (well, low and lower really). These different versions need to be specified so you get the right part for your design. 
There are also temperature grades: One version of the chip might be "rated" to work from 0 degrees Celsius to 75 degrees Celsius. But for the automotive market they might release a version (which is of course more expensive) that is rated from -50 to 125 degrees Celsius.  Similar situations apply for medical, military, etc.

Technology can mean many things, but I would assume it refers to the type of package: through-hole, surface-mount, flipchip, bare die.