Switching Voltage Regulator Problems
The first thing I noticed when looking through the datasheet and your schematic was your output components. First of all, your output caps look rather low in value. You have 4x 33uF where the 2 examples on the datasheet give you 4x 100uF and 2x 330uF. These are usually a good guide as to what your output capacitor values should be. I'm unsure of your exact requirements but double check your calculations for those. Do the same with your input capacitors too. Yours again seem quite a bit lower than the ones in the datasheet. I apologise if you have calculated these and they are correct, but it usually works for me to use the datasheet examples as a good guide. If they ARE too low, perhaps that could be a cause of your output not working correctly. 

The other thing is your PCB layout. With these kinds of IC's (with a power pad underneath) it usually indicates they need ALOT of solid grounding work on the PCB. You should at the very least have yourself a nice big ground plane on the bottom side of your PCB and some vias underneath the IC to allow it to dissipate heat properly. When I first designed circuits using IC's like this, I had a number of failed units due to insufficient grounding, this is really critical in these designs. Your input and output capacitors should be located as CLOSE to the IC as possible which it doesn't quite look like they are. 

I know it is a frustrating thing to redesign a PCB that you  have already had made, but sometimes you need to. 

Just make sure first that every component is in the right place, the values are correct and orientation of components is correct (on those that require it) before thinking about my suggestions. 

I think it could most likely be the PCB design over anything else though. 

If anyone would like to disagree and correct me on something I may have missed, please feel free as I know what I suggested is a pain in the a** to do!