Role of resistors in SCLK-CS-DI-DOUT lines in SD card circuit
The resistors are added because the designer has no clue about how to design the circuit. They only make the circuit worse, limiting the data rate. 3k3 is far too high value to allow for useful SPI clock rates, so they are not simply for EMI noise reduction.
The most propable reason the resistors are drawn in the circuit is that the designer appears to think that the LVC125 that is used for 5V to 3.3V level conversion clamps the 5V input voltages to the 3.3V supply and the resistors are needed to limit the input clamping current. But it doesn't clamp to 3.3V. Even without resistors, the LVC125 will happily allow 5V input voltages when used with 3.3V supply voltage.
Since you have a 3.3V MCU with two native SD host interfaces and multiple SPI interfaces, you can simply connect the card directly (exact details would be in manufacturer hardware design notes).
Do not use this circuit as an example.