Using op-amps to read real-time resistance values over a wide range
The circuit in your follow-up does provide a logarithmic response. But look what happens when the diode temperature changes (lines are separated by 10 C):



You could just amplify and shift this response to fit your ADC, but temperature compensation would be needed (and not trivial).

Neil_UK's answer provided in the link you mentioned could be used as an input for a variable current source and controlled by the uC as an auto-range resistance measurement device.

RS is your sensor. Each RR V2 pair represents a digital output with a range resistor. I'm assuming you can provide \$\pm5V\$ to the op. amps. and your uC provides \$0V\$ and \$3.3V\$ at the output. Please adapt to your case as the op. amp. here is not rail-to-rail.