Introductory Digital logic/design question
There are hadware description languages
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardware_description_language

A very common one is VHDL
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VHDL

But if you are starting with all this you should go to a Digital Systems textbook, normally they start with AHPL (A Hardware Programming Language). Here is a nice introduction to it: http://www.docfoc.com/a-hardware-programming-language