SD card with STM32 in memory-mapped mode
Can I use SD card instead of usual flash chip in this case?


No. SD cards are not well suited to memory-mapping in general, as they do not have predictable access times and cannot be read/written on a more granular basis than a sector (512 bytes).


  It will be connected to qspi controller like single spi flash memory.


That won't work. The QSPI controller is not a general-purpose SPI peripheral; it can only be used for devices which conform to a particular serial flash protocol. SD cards are not such a device.

If your image data does not fit into main memory, consider adding SDRAM to your device and loading the image from SD at startup.