'center bore' motor?
Specific product and product recommendations are off-topic here, but I think if you search for "hollow shaft motor" you will quickly find some candidates that are close.

Edit: 
As @Jasen says, a lathe spindle bore can easily be in that size. Probably unsuitable because they're made to take large loads for the bore diameter, but you might be able to borrow the construction, which is similar to the rendering you added). This is the arrangement in the tiny Sherline lathe I have- bore is very small (only 10mm) in the case of the Sherline, but that's a matter of the bearing specifications- the pulley diameter is >50mm. Drive is via a urethane belt, and this particular one can have spindle RPM up to 2800 RPM. 

This may be easier or cheaper than finding a suitable motor that can be used directly. 



Edit2: There may be automotive wheel bearings that are big enough, and you can certainly find suitable tapered roller bearing sets.