Storing Electronic Components Outside
This is answered in the datasheets of the individual components.  Look up the storage temperature spec.

Most components don't contain anything liquid that cares whether it's below 0 &deg;C or not.  Resistors, ceramic caps, silicon ICs, and the like usually can be stored down to -20 &deg;C or -40 &deg;C.  The limiting factor on these devices is differential thermal expansion/contraction causing mechanical stress.  This is also why many hot/cold cycles is worse than sustained hot or cold.  However, datasheets rarely go into this level of detail.

Probably the most cold-sensitive parts you have are electrolytic capacitors.  These can vary considerably depending on what use case they were designed for.  There is really no substitute for reading their datasheets.