What is the name of this DC-DC converter topology?
I think you're making a bit too much out of this, it is actually a very simple circuit.

The LMR62014 is also not required for this, almost any DCDC converter (buck or boost) can do this.

Have a look at these Voltage multiplier circuits, note how they all need a strong (it needs to provide power) AC signal (usually a square wave) at the input. Then the diodes and capacitors are used to make a high(er) DC output voltage.

If you flip the circuit "upside down" you would get a negative voltage.

The circuit you're looking at is basically only a one stage version of this. One for the positive voltage, one for the negative.

The Switcher IC, in combination with the inductor, is used to generate the squarewave signal that is needed.