CH341A Voltages for an AT45DB041B
CH341 is the name of the Jiangsu Haoheng USB-Serial interface chip used on the board. It is not very useful in describing the board.
The AT45DB041B is an SPI flash memory, 3.6V maximum.
Yes, it's possible to damage the memory chip or the MCU connected to it if the voltages are wrong. It's also possible to cause damage by probes slipping and shorting, ESD etc. If it still works completely it's unlikely you damaged it much.