How far can I wire a Sensor or an electrical component that it would work?
Best bet is to test the setup using your specific sensors. To find out the exact voltage drop, you may measure the resistance of your wire.

Moving on to your PIR sensor; due to long length of the wire, it may get triggered at random. You can use a pull up resistor (say, 4.7K or lower) on the signal pin.

Fingerprint sensors use serial interface. RS485 protocol can help you achieve long range communication without loss of data.