Not Understanding Grounding in an Electrical Circuit
... why isn't it possible for some of that current to go back through my body ...
  


It will only pass through your body if it presents an alternate path back to the source - the transformer, in this case.


  
  ...  why does it go back to say the power pole ground, rather then the neighbors ground ...
  








simulate this circuit &ndash; Schematic created using CircuitLab

Figure 1. The ground current will return to the source.

Because it returns to the source. Current flows in a circuit so if your neighbour's pole transformer is separate to yours then there is no current coming from it so there will be no current returned to it.


  
  When current goes to ground through the house ground pole, it does go back to the power pole ground pole right?
  


Correct.



From the comments:


  When it goes through the power pole ground, it goes back into the circuit right, back to the source?


Correct. Take a simple example when all appliances are off in both houses. No current is flowing from either transformer.
Now a fault occurs in your house and a current of, say, 10 A flows from the live wire to your earth connection. 

Q. Where has the current come from?
A. Your transformer.

Q. Where does the current return to (through the ground)?
A. Your transformer.

It has to be like this because current flows in a circuit.

Note that even though your neighbour's transformer has an earth connection no current will flow through it because there is no current flowing out on the live wire.