STM32F4 host powering USB device using VBUS
You are mixing statements that apply when STM32 is USB device and when it is USB host. Yes, as a USB host, you need to have 5V supply at the connector for the USB device. The datasheet schematic is correct, the VDD is 5V and there is a switch component so MCU can control the port power and safely determine overcurrent situation. But the MCU is the host so it does not need to monitor the 5V supply at the connector with MCU VBUS pin. The 5V at USB connector just happens to be also named as VBUS.