Calculating NTC temperature on Controllino Maxi Automation yields incorrect temperature
I looked around the Controlino website, and found an instruction manual.
It mentions an automatically switched voltage divider:

CONTROLLINO uses an automatic voltage divider internally which is controlled over the supply voltage. Depending on the supply voltage the divider is switched to the right value.

I can't find anything that mentions the input impedance of the analog inputs.  If they've just plopped in a voltage divider without any kind of buffering, then the input impedance could be rather low.  That would explain the low reading - the divider is basically another resistor in parallel with the NTC.
If that's the case, then you would need an op-amp as a buffer between the NTC and the analog input.
You can find out if they've just put a couple of resistors in as a voltage divider by doing the following:

Connect 5V to the analog input - straight to it, no resistors.
Have the Controllduino print out the ADC value.
Now put about a 5k resistor between the 5V and the analog input.
Print out the ADC value again.

The values for (2) and (4) should be very close together if the input is buffered.
If the values differ significantly (say 1/3 or more,) then the Controllduino &quot;designers&quot; put in a voltage divider without a buffer and you'll have buffer the NTC yourself.