Interface 10 image sensors to Linux CPU
This seems like a perfect application for a "SoC" FPGA like a Xilinx Zynq or Altera Cyclone V SoC. These parts combine a dual-core ARM CPU core with FPGA fabric on the same package, with high-speed interconnect in between. You could instantiate whatever glue logic required in the FPGA half (SPI interfaces, LVDS, etc.), and then use one of the various AXI interconnects to pipe that data into the CPU domain, for streaming over network or similar. Of course, since you have a FPGA, you can see how "nice" the tools from Xilinx/Altera have gotten in terms of implementing an OpenCL pipeline. Additionally, depending on data throughput, you can implement framebuffer memory and connect to the FPGA if the built-in DDR is not enough.

Designing a board with this level of part on it is not the easiest, but luckily, there are many vendors who build SoMs (system-on-module) that implement the "core" hardware like the chip, DDR, etc. You can "simply" build a carrier card / board for a given SoM that acts as your camera / sensor interface board. This will let you worry less about the burdens of high-speed layout / high-complexity design and focus on your portion of the design.