Is there a correct resistance value for I2C pull-up resistors?
The correct pullup resistance for the I2C bus depends on the total capacitance on the bus
and the frequency you want to operate the bus at. 

The formula from the ATmega168 datasheet (which I believe comes from the official I2C spec) is -- 

$$\text{Freq}&lt;100\text{kHz} \implies R_{\text{min}}=\frac{V_{cc}-0.4\text{V}}{3\text{mA}}, R_{\text{max}}=\frac{1000\text{ns}}{C_{\text{bus}}}$$

$$\text{Freq}&gt;100\text{kHz} \implies R_{\text{min}}=\frac{V_{cc}-0.4\text{V}}{3\text{mA}}, R_{\text{max}}=\frac{300\text{ns}}{C_{\text{bus}}}$$

The Microchip 24LC256 specifies a maximum pin capacitance of 10pF (which is fairly
typical). Count up the number of devices you have in parallel on the bus and
use the formula above to calculate a range of values that will work. 

If you are powering off of batteries I would use values that are at the high
end of the range. If there are no power limits on the power source or
power dissipation issues in the ICs I would use values on the lower end
of the range. 

I sell some kits with an I2C RTC (DS1337). I include 4K7 resistors in the kit which 
seems like a reasonable compromise for most users.