Reasons for and against choosing input and output capacitors for a regulator with more capacitance than called for in the datasheet
It depends on the capacitor.
First of all, the datasheet does say that larger output capacitor improves response for changing loads.
But your capacitor is so small in physical size, that due to size, a matching size 1uF could be better than 10uF. Unless the voltage rating is much more than the required 3.3V,.the capacitance will significantly drop due to DC bias.
The final thing is USB specs though. It only allows for 10uF at the device input to limit surge current. Using a 10uF at the input and another 10uF at the output of the regulator could easily exceed allowable USB ratings. Also the high capacitance at the USB inlet port can cause significant voltage spikes and ringing when cable is plugged in unless dampening is taken care of, so be careful about the design.