Can I exceed the rated voltage of a motor if I limit its current?
No, motors don't work that way.

Generally speaking, the voltage that you apply to a motor determines the speed at which it runs, but the current that it draws depends on the mechanical load (torque) that it is driving.

If you applied 10,000 V to a 3-V motor, even through a resistor, it would try to spin far too fast, probably destroying itself.