Can Solar Panels Be Made From Other Semiconductors?
Yeah, there are many many other materials that could be used. Plastics, organics, perovkites to name a few. All you need is (from solar cell wiki):


  The operation of a photovoltaic (PV) cell requires three basic
  attributes:

The absorption of light, generating either electron-hole pairs or excitons.
The separation of charge carriers of opposite types.
The separate extraction of those carriers to an external circuit.



The problem is finding a material that is cheap, manufacturerable, holds up over time and is efficent.

Other solar cell technologies such as perovkites could potentially be manufactured very cheaply and are competitive with silicon in efficiency. They are relatively new, and will require more research and commercial development before coming to market. We have decades of experience with silicon, and entire supply chains to support the manufacturing of silicon solar cells.