Position of capacitor in a full wave rectifier circuit?
Any load that requires low ripple voltage will benefit from the capacitor being as close to it as possible. You have to think in terms of the wires having both resistance and inductance - those (usually) unwanted parasitic components can make ripple worse.

Having the capacitor after the load (as per the diagram in the question) is worse than having it before the load. Apart from anything else it is inconvenient to do it this way - most engineers would test a power supply with the capacitor attached and add loads afterwards.

If we are talking mains frequencies of 50/60 Hz then a few cm either way isn't going to make much of a difference to low power circuits but, at higher powers it can mean problems with ripple voltages.