Is TVS diode fast enough to protect MCU from MOSFET malfunction?
Yes a TVS Diode, unidirectional, can protect your MCU if the fuse  blows fast enough before the TVS diode gets burned itself. So you must use a fast blowing fuse with the smallest amperage possible.
(Your symbol shows a bidirectional and it's not necessary.)
You didn't explain what type of signal will come from the MCU. Is it on/off, low frequency or high frequency? Depending on this, you can chose stronger protection with varistors. They are more robust than TVS diodes but have a capacitance of 1000 to 10 000 pF, compared to single digit pF or sub pF capacitance of a TVS Diode.
Also add a resistor, between the TVS Diode or the varistor if you choose one, and the MCU. you can go as high as 22K but here again, the higher the value, the lower the frequency.
But there is another problem, not part of the question:
3.3V is a bit low, the bare minimum in fact, for the MOSFET gate, For better MOSFET  efficiency, less Rds, it's better to use at least 5V and possibly more, up to 16V. The more the better.
So I would suggest to add a circuit to bring more voltage to this gate. With a second MOSFET for example. For 10A, that's what I would do.