USB controlled relay
If you are using the switchable USB power outlets as controls then you simply power the module from the USB +5 V and GND lines and tie the relay control input to +5 V.

My concern was that if I tie the USB +5V to both the VCC and IN pin on the relay module there is a short that would fry the circuit or the USB on my plug.

No. It is designed to be driven by a logic signal that switches from 0 V to 5 V. Connecting directly to +5 V does the same thing.

Alternatively, could that work if I connect the USB DATA + to the signal input (IN) on the relay module?

No. DATA+ is a signal line, but not a logic signal and, most likely, it isn't even connected in the USB socket.