Which Value of R1 do I use for thermistor-controlled fan?
It's hard to say exactly because the FET doesn't turn on at one fixed and known voltage.  The gate threshold voltage is specified as 1V, but that is at 1V D-S and only 250&micro;A drain current.  At 4.5V on the gate you get 210 m&Omega; or less, so most of the off to on transition is somewhere between the two of these.

With 24V power supply it would take a 435 &Omega; pulldown to make 1 V on the gate when the thermistor is at 10 k&Omega;, so maybe start experimenting with a 470 &Omega; resistor for R1.

This whole control scheme is rather primitive and inefficient.  You didn't say how much current the fan draws, but when the FET is half on (12V on the FET and 12V on the fan), it could get too hot for that package.  It would be much better to use the thermistor to make a voltage into a microcontroller A/D, which then drives this FET with a 5V PWM signal to drive the fan.  In that case lose the capacitor and replace it with a reverse diode to keep the inductive kickback from frying the FET.

Added:

You now say the fan takes 100 mA at 24 V.  That means it will take at least 50 mA at 12 V, although probably more because motors are not linear like resistors.  12V x 50mA = 600mW, so plan on at least 1 Watt.  That FET should be able to handle that if you solder it to a oversized pad.

You want the fan to cool the thermistor back to room temperature, then turn off.  It probably won't work that way.  You have a immediate smooth control system.  It will probably find the equillibrium where the fan speed just cools the thermistor to maintain the speed.  There may be some oscillation about that point, but it's not going to slam on and off.  That would be better for both the fan and the FET, but your circuit has no provision for that.  If you insist in doing this in analog, then a little positive feedback will provide some hysteresis.

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