Does a car battery (or any power supply) push amperes or does a load pull it?
The common terminus is that the load pulls current. An analogy will help you understand:
Take a tire charged with (air) pressure. If you now make a hole into that tire, how much air is going to flow out of the tire?
Well, it depends on how big the hole is. A small hole provides a large resistance for air to leak out, while there will be a high air flow when the hole is big.
You can think of voltage being an &quot;electron pressure&quot; and the air flow as electrical current.
In the above analogy, would you consider the tire (or a compressor) to push the air or does the hole pull air out? Sure, the compressor pushes air in some kind, but essentialy, the hole size in combination with existing pressure is responsible for the air to flow.
You see, the terminology of pushing/pulling current is of limited help unless you are used to the concept. In the end, there is just the trinity between pressure, resistance and air flow.
In electronics, this is exactly what the ohmic law expresses.
For your case that means, that the battery is not responsible for the occured damage. There must be something wrong with the USB port. In special, the 5V regulator inside it appears the be malfunctioning and probably provides its load with full 12V. In our analogy: the whole (load) is not meant to get that high pressure and it will blow up (like popping a baloon with a needle).