Routing thick high current traces to small SMD pads?
Your last image is the best. The capacitors do not see the high current in a fat trace, only the noise they are supposed to suppress. Keep the capacitors close to the wide traces but have very short stubs come off it to connect to small SMD parts. 

Use many bypass capacitors where room allows it so total ESR for a given trace is small, and smd caps are cheap. Many IC manufactures show this in examples of their products as a board layout.

As The Photon commented below the smallest value capacitor (and normally the smallest size) should be right at the IC power ground pins. Within 5mm if possible. Then higher value SMD capacitors can be 12mm away from the IC and the "can shaped" electrolytics can be inches away. Capacitors over 100uF should be at the supply source, usually a connector and maybe some point-of-use linear regulators.

The ground plane or vias to the ground plane need to be very close as well. If ground return topside needs vias to another ground plane layer use a stitching pattern of many vias to keep ESR as low as possible.

As usual avoid 90\$^o\$ turns in favor of smooth 45\$^o\$ turns as I see you are.