What kind of capacitors are these small, cube-shaped surface-mount components?
As winny said, they're multi-layer ceramic capacitors. They're almost never marked, so the only way to figure out what they are is to measure them with an LCR meter. You'll have to take them out of the circuit to get an accurate reading unfortunately.

For debugging, a quick check you may want to perform is to see if there's a short across these caps. Of course that could mean a short anywhere in the power net, but MLCC's like this often fail shorted. This is especially common when they're subject to mechanical or thermal stress. The soldering job makes that seem like a likely possibility.