Current loop protection from wrong connection of the wires
The circuit you linked to is OK of a current loop type sensor. For added protection in the case that the sensor was wired up backwards you just have to add an extra diode like this:



The protection diode would not need to be a Schottky diode.

The same circuit will not really work for a 0->10V sensor output. A resistor load on the sensor in series with the opto coupler LED would require the sensor to source a significant amount of current. Even if the sensor can source a fair amount of current without loss of accuracy there could be loss of accuracy from the series resistance of the wire used to hookup the sensor due to the I2R drop. There is also the forward voltage drop of the LED in the opto coupler to consider as well because this will directly subtract from the sensor output voltage and would not be a linear value.

So you should devise another circuit for your 0->10V sensors.