Which CMOS logic families can safely be used to construct linear circuits?
All logic families like to use buffered inverters, because those are more reliable and use less power in digital applications. However, unbuffered inverters are useful to build crystal oscillators, so they exist in many families; search for 74xx1GU04.

A 5 V-tolerant I/O has no ESD protection diode to VCC, so it tends to have less capacitance, and distorts the signal less if it exceeds VCC.

TTL-compatible inputs have a lower switching threshold, so they are no longer symmetric between VCC and ground.

Unbuffered gates are meant to be used in linear circuits; buffered gates are unlikely to work at all.

Another useful application note: Understanding (un)buffered CD4xxx characteristics.