Can I achieve a one shot button without a 555?
If your question is simply can you do it without a 555 or a MCU, absolutely! You could use a 74HC123 retriggerable monostable multivibrator, or any of a dozen similar .

Alternatively, you could do it with discrete transistors, but that would almost invariably take more parts then a 555, and probably take more board area.

No matter what you do, you're not going to get that much in terms of size-reduction over a 555. The whole point of an IC is to reduce the parts count. 

Really, the best you could hope for in terms of board/part complexity reduction is a fancier timer IC. The LTC6993 TimerBlox: Monostable Pulse Generator is a pretty cool part, and it only requires 2 external components.



Note: in this situation, it's being used as a missing pulse detector. That is why the input is labeled "modulated carrier".