Crude simulation of a dc motor
Yes, you can use a resistor to simulate a locked DC motor. A slightly better simulation is an inductor, but unless you are doing PWM or something like that, the inductance of the motor shouldn't be significant.

In fact, when the rotor is locked, the current is just limited by the resistance of the motor windings. If you don't care about the inductance of the windings, than a resistor is exactly right. You just need to pick a resistor with a resistance equal to the motor's winding resistance. I can infer that your winding resistance must be (by Ohm's law):

$$ { 24\:\mathrm V \over 58\:\mathrm A } = 414\:\mathrm m \Omega $$

Also be sure to select a resistor that can handle all that power. 58A at 24V is:

$$ 58\:\mathrm A \cdot 24\:\mathrm V = 1392\:\mathrm W $$

That's a pretty hefty resistor. Some simple reasoning would suggest that it's at least as hefty as your motor. If you don't intend on running this test for very long, you can get away with a somewhat smaller resistor. Just be sure to shut it down before the resistor melts.