Local voltage regulatıon on large board with 12V - 24V power input - is it a good idea?
A single regulator for 5 volts and a single regulator for 3.3 volts is all you'll need by the sounds of it. Use your power layer to route 5 volt and 3.3 volt supplies but, try and place those regulators reasonably close to where they are needed. Don't forget to calculate heat dissipation of these regulators if linear types are used. I might consider using a buck regulator to generate the 5 volt and then tee-off 5 volts with a linear regulator for 3.3 volts.
The on-board antenna may require removal of any copper on all layers directly below it.

use wide track width and then just use low pass filters near the Vin
of ICs

Local decoupling capacitors to ground is probably all that is needed. Rarely, something like a ferrite bead or small value series resistor can improve things and a bit more rarely, a series inductor can help. It really depends on what the chips are and what the data sheets say about supply filtering.