Can I use a transimpedance amplifier using current through a resistor?
A plain ordinary opamp configured as an inverting gain stage sounds exactly what you are looking for because, that is exactly how they work when fed with a voltage source in series with a resistor. Basically, a transimpedance amplifier is a subset of an opamp inverting amplifier.

You might also be interested in looking up the term virtual earth (as applied to an opamp).