Best approach to design or implement short circuit protection?
My advice is to use a smart high side switch whenever you can... search for that on google... It really saves time and simplify your design. It's basically a mosfet that is current limited and usually fully protected (over-temperature,short circuit, loss of GND, ESD protected,over voltage,reverse polarity...)

It's surely robust enough if that's your concern... you can check the datasheet and look for the "protection timing diagram" for knowing the exact behavior in case of overload or short circuit