How does the transistor topology look like for a gate of this logic inverter?
The schematic you show is a very primitive RTL (resistor-transistor-logic) inverter.

The datasheet you linked to is for a 74HCT04. The "C" stands for CMOS &mdash; it doesn't use BJTs at all. For some reason, they don't usually show the transistor-level schematics for CMOS gates &mdash; probably because the logic schematic would be totally obfuscated by input and output protection circuits.

If you want to see how  it's done in other logic families, just look at the datasheets. For example the 7404 datasheet from TI covers 7404, 74LS04 and 74S04.