How to protect OpAmp output from short circuit to +Vcc?
Is there a way to protect against this error case?

Protect against what? 

I guess you want that nothing breaks when that happens. What needs to be done is that the current that can flow in that situation (when the output is shorted to 5 V) is limited. If the current is kept small enough then nothing can break.

Many opamps have an output that cannot deliver so much current, some even have current limiting. Besides that a resistor can be added between opamp output and the point where the short to 5V can be made.

For the AD8605 it is important to let the current not exceed 30 mA, as that is the maximum current for which the output is designed (see page 6 of the datasheet).