Digitally-controlled 0-10A constant current source for driving LEDs
There are numerous controllers that can handle this current:

At Linear Technology, MaximIntegrated, Infineon and ST to name but a few. There are more, though.

What you will need is very likely a non-monolithic solution, meaning that the switch driving the LED(s) is external to the controller.

That means taking care when choosing the switch to ensure it stays in its  safe operating area. The datsheets from controller manufacturers usually give good starting guidance, which will then be used to choose an appropriate switch.

I would strongly suggest using a controller specifically designed for the task, and most of them have a mixture of analogue and PWM brightness control. Trying to 'roll your own' can be fraught with issues, and considering the controllers cost but a few dollars at most, you get the best chance of success using this approach.

[Update]

The ILD4001 looks ok (although it is a bit light on design information), but I would be wary of using either recommended FET for 10A pulses.

The safe operating are curves for both these devices show that 10A \$I_D\$ is in the area limited by \$R_{ds(on)}\$, and I would not normally use a device in this zone.





I would probably plump for something more like the Vishay Siliconix Si7478DP.

SOA graph:



There is a bit of margin below the \$R_{ds(on)}\$ limit line (and as you would be doing short pulses, there should be no issue at all).