Detect one out of five distinct voltage levels
I don't have the means to draw a circuit at the moment, so here's a list of bits...


smallest 6V transformer that you can get
smallest bridge rectifier
smoothing capacitor, say 200uF
potential divider using a 1K trimmer to output 4.5V when the input is 230VAC
series of if - then tests to measure the output of this circuit connected to an analogue input
Arduino output to taste


You might want to include a low pass RC or LC filter after the smoothing capacitor (item 3) to get a faster response. This is a direct connection and you wanted indirect, but it's a lot simpler and more reliable than some magnetic coupled device. That might require amplification and further processing. Plus the transformer provides safety isolation.

This circuit effectively converts the AC input voltage to a 0 - 4.5VDC signal for direct input to the Arduino's ADC pin. So you'll get a reading of 0 to 922 units which you can then bracket in software. Remember that just before the trimmer, you'll get root(2) times the transformer output voltage. I'd leave a little headroom and not try to read ADC input right up to 1023 units. That allows for useful feedback if the voltage overshoots a little, rather than maxing out at 1023.