Understanding Negative feedback loop circuit with an Ideal Op-Amp
This is covered in most basic op-amp tutorials but here goes:

Assume Vout is zero on power-up.
If VIN+ goes to 0.01 V then the difference between VIN+ and VIN- will be 0.01 V. The output will start swing to 0.01 × A where A is the op-amp's open-loop gain - typically 100,000 to 1,000,000.
As the output start to increase the difference between the two inputs decreases due to the negative feedback.
When the output rises to 0.01 V the difference between the inputs is zero. The output should stabilise at this voltage.