Driving a motor backwards and forwards using mosfet and Arduino pin safety
What you're looking for is called an H-Bridge:



Now, you've got about half of that in your plans! Pretty cool you came up with it :)

Good news is that you don't have to build this yourself using relays and discrete transistors: The motor control problem is so common, there's loads and loads of ready-made H-Bridge ICs and H-Bridge controllers you can buy. For example, the Texas Instruments DRV8870.



As you can see, the chip contains the four switches (as NMOS FETs). All you have to do is connect the motor, the motor supply voltage (12V in your case), ground, and two inputs from your arduino. The RSense resistor and VRef is used to determine how much current you want to limit the current going through your motor (and thus, limit its force). That's an optional feature.

You'll actually need two inputs, because, wild guess: you not only want to turn your motor for- or backwards, but maybe sometimes also stop turning, or even brake. You can't have three or four operational states with just one binary pin, so you'll have to devote two. 

You already do so, effectively – the pin that goes to the gate of your MOSFET is the "is it running or not" pin!

There's a table in the datasheet that tells you how to control. It's easy: 1,0 is backwards, 0,1 is forwards, 0,0 is brake (and 1,1 is let just coast/disconnect).

You can, by the way, still have the PWM ability: simply PWM the pin that would be "1" in the desired direction – you'd be alternating between the breaking and the turning state, which is exactly what you want.