JESD204 ADC - fiber optic?
Good single mode fiber has a loss of around 0.2 dB per kilometer.  Generally, fiber optic transceivers of this sort have a link budget of around 10-15 dB, so you can put about 50 km of fiber between them and still be within the loss budget.  You have to make sure that you're using the right transceivers, though.  The long range stuff is all single mode, 1550 nm.  THe module in the video you linked looks like it might be an multimode, 850nm SFP module.  These modules are very cheap, but you would be lucky to go even a km with that.  Note that this has more to do with intersymbol interference due to the difference in mode propagation speeds than the overall loss in the fiber.  

You might want to look at 1G and 10G Ethernet and Fibre Channel for more information about long distance fiber optic connections, as these are just different serial protocols that can be transmitted over fiber.