Quick charge negotiation device
As found in the duplicate answer, the device I was looking for does exist, and can be found under the name "quick charge trigger board".

Please note, however, that if the power bank or USB adapter that you're trying to trigger quick charge from doesn't license and implement Qualcomm QC2.0 or QC3.0, the trigger board may not work for you. For example, the board worked for me on my Motorola "turbo charger" which implements QC2.0, but it would not trigger Quick Charge on a Lenovo quick charger. Further research showed that Lenovo has sort of made up their own charging protocol, so trigger boards using the Qualcomm QC standards will not be able to communicate with these.