Amplify an Electret Microphone using an input Jack 3.5mm
On this Wikipedia page it is explained how an Electret microphone works.

What you call the "microphone" is actually the microphone diaphragm itself and a JFET. The JFET is needed to amplify the small signal from the microphone diaphragm such that it can be used. Without the JFET the signal would simply be too weak and the microphone would not be useful.

To make the JFET work, it needs a little bit of DC current.
This current can be provided through a resistor (usually a couple of kilo ohms, 5.6 kohm to 10 kohm), see the schematic below.



That V+ is the supply voltage, usually a DC voltage between 5 V and 12 V will work just fine. The JFET outputs the signal as a current which will result in a signal voltage across that same biasing resistor. It is then easy to tap-off just the signal (while blocking the DC biasing voltage) by using a capacitor.

What you can maybe do is place the resistor and the capacitor inside the device to which you're connecting the microphone. Then you can connect the electret microphone directly to the jack connector as you would like. Usually there will be DC supply voltage available which you can use for the biasing voltage V+.

If this is not a solution, for example you cannot modify the device's microphone input, then you will need to construct some box that sits in between the microphone and the device. Fact is that electret microphones simply need this DC supply voltage to work. As the current is quite low you do not immediately need a PSU, it can be operated from a 9 V battery for a very long time as well.