Resistor between GND and + 5V in Arduino
I will start with the capacitors.

That arrangement is correct, you use a bunch of ceramic .1 uf capacitors near the pins to decouple high frequencies and a big electrolytic one to help with low frequencies and keeping voltage stable in case of a mini power loss

i would make some additions to the input circuit though







simulate this circuit &ndash; Schematic created using CircuitLab

this would filter out high frequency noise coming from the power line as well as preventing your circuit from injecting noise to it, the 1 ohm resistor is there just to avoid any possible resonance and the inductor should be a very low q one or even better a ferrite bead like NFZ03SG501SN10D, these one are specifically designed for EMI filtering you will have to choose the correct one for your application

on the 180 ohm resistor, i am really not sure why is it present, my guess is that it guarantees some load on the supply so if a transient occurs the voltage stabilizes faster and to provide some noise immunity by lowering the load impedance

the obvious disadvantage is that you would be wasting power, if that's a concern i would suggest getting rid of it

now the most important part however to make the circuit noise resistant will be the layout, normally sticking to the following rules is enough:

1: keep the traces short and straight

2: unless you have some requirement don't make them extremely thin

3: use a ground plane, as uninterrupted as possible

4: keep decoupling capacitors near the pins and put a vias close to their ground pads