Checking for a short in a circuit with a large capacitor?
Measuring ESR (equivalent series resistance) may give you what you want.

Apply a square wave via a series resistor and monitor the waveform at the capacitor terminals.
The resistive component will cause a step change in voltage at the edges of the square wave, followed by an exponential charging curve.  Vstep = I charge x Reffective.   

If Rshort is usefully smaller than the capacitor ESR then you will get a lower initial Vstep with a shorted capacitor.