Automotive accelerometer calibration
I plan on using an analog accelerometer, to provide better bandwidth and low pass filtering control of the output voltage signals.


Analog accelerometer does not mean better bandwidth. Especially if you planning on digitizing it anyway. And built-in low pass filters and motion processing software in some digital accelerometers could be more efficient than you can achieve with analog circuitry + ADC unless you really know what you are doing.

About a year ago I was working on adaptive vehicle suspension project. We used two MPU-6050 for capturing gyro and acceleration data (switched to similar chip with faster SPI interface later). Internal low-pass filtering worked great for us.

Most important thing here is the goal of your project. For example, measuring vibrations that could damage fragile cargo is one thing, measuring passenger comfort (as in our project) is completely different. The primary axis and bandwidth are completely different. Here is an article I've found while researching the subject. It has some good info on sensor mounting and expected signal spectrum.


  how to account for the installed orientation of the device.


It will be much easier to mount the sensor aligned with vehicle coordinate system than to process the mixed signals later. Look at some photos here for examples.

Keep in mind that before you install the sensor in the vehicle you need to make sure it is aligned with the sides of the enclosure. For this reason using the enclosure with straight parallel sides is better.


  what methodology would I employ to 'calibrate' the accelerometer output to produce an accurate measurement?


There are two types of calibration you can do without additional lab hardware. The accelerometer can be calibrated along all 3 axes by placing each of 6 sides of enclosure on horizontal surface and measuring gravity along vertical axis.
The gyro (if you use one) can be calibrated for zero offset.

Aside from this you once again should think about your goal. If you want total vibrations then the above should be enough. If you want to measure road vibrations you need to filter out resonance frequencies of various parts of the vehicle, the biggest contributors being drive train, AC, frame and suspension.
Isolating these was the biggest challenge for us, BTW.

UPDATE

Following your clarification on objectives I'd like to add one thing. Even with 6-axis + magnetometer, obtaining precise vehicle attitude is practically impossible without sensor fusion. This is one more reason to use digital accelerometers from InvenSense. Their firmware is cumbersome to setup but built-in DMP provides much better precision than I managed to obtain with home-brew Kalman filter.