How to check receiving 16-bit data using a serial terminal?
The basic answer is that you can’t. At least not with the format you are using. 

To use an existing terminal you need to conform to a standard data type. That is 7 or 8 bits of data with or without parity with one or more stop bits and one start bit. That is a minimum of two 9 or 10 bit characters. For either 18, 20, or 22 bits in total. This in must cases will be a hardware limitation. 

You are sending 19 bits: start bit, 16 data bits, parity bit, and a stop bit.

The best you can do, is set the terminal to 8 bits of data and no parity, and expect the terminal software to ignore framing errors. But even then two data bits will be interpreted as a start bit and a stop bit. If your data is not zero in that position the framing will be off. 

Some PC USARTs might be able to handle non-standard serial formats such as yours. But using that capability is very likely to require writing your own low-level driver. 

You can interpose some hardware with a compatible USART that can handle your data format, and parses it into two separate 8-bit standard characters to send to the PC.