Charging phone battery with a high current source
The actual battery charging circuit is inside the tablet.  People call the wall adapter "charger", but that's a bit of a misnomer.  The actual charge circuit in the tablet accepts constant voltage DC, which is supplied by the wall adapter.

If you present the charge circuit with a constant voltage power supply capable of delivering more current, the charge circuit will not pull more current and charge faster than it does normally.  It will just charge as usual.

in response to the comment: Here's an example to illustrate:


Suppose, you have a charge circuit in the tablet.  It's designed to charge the battery from a Supply #1, which is a constant voltage 5V 2A DC supply.  Supply #1 can not deliver more than 2A.  Charge circuit doesn't not use (or pull, or demand) more than 2A, by its design.
Replace Supply #1 with Supply #2.  The latter is a constant voltage 5V 3A  supply.  Notice that it can deliver more current.  However, the charge circuit inside the tablet will not use more current and charge faster.  It will still use only 2A max, because that's set in its design.  


If you present the charge circuit with a constant current power supply, you are risking to fry (!) the charge circuit in the tablet.