STM32F107 SPI -> UART maximal transfer rate
DMA can be used, but it makes sense only if you gather the samples in "blocks". For example, DMA grabs 100 ADC samples and puts it in some area in memory. Once it's done, you send the whole block through the UART, using another DMA channel and simultaneously, the first DMA channel grabs another 100 ADC samples to another area in memory. Repeat.

However, it doesn't work the same with the USB interface on STM32F107. DMA does not directly interact with USB, because USB has a dedicated packet buffer. However, you could use DMA to transfer data to this packet buffer.

However, you still must have a main loop, obviously. Only it will be called every 100 samples instead of for each sample, which will free some CPU power. But the compromise is that there is additional latency to get the samples.

Now, as to estimate the maximum data rate, there are three limiting factors: the CPU, the ADC, and the output communication interface. I think the CPU, unless you run it at a very low frequency, will not be the bottlneck. The bottleneck will be the peripherals. The ADC does the conversion in about 1µS, so it's ok for the rates you mention in your question. Now, the output peripheral: if it is the UART, it all depends on the baud rate you intend to use, and the math is quickly done: at 4.5 Mbit/s (maximum speed for USART1), with 16 bits per sample (ADC is 12 bit, but you have to round the sample size to a whole byte), it makes about 280 ksamples/seconds. Maybe you will have some overhead due to the protocol, so make it a little less. For USB, the math is the same, except that the communication speed is 12MBit/sec, but the protocol overhead will be greater. In the end, you will be able to go at least as fast as with the USART.

Edit: Sorry, I just realized the ADC is external. But it doesn't change what I said, except the samples come from SPI (and DMA should interact with SPI, then). So the limiting factor here will actually be the ADC itslef, at 100ksps.