4-20mA to 0-3V3 Converter
First, that will not give 0V out at 4mA.  It will deliver 0V at 0mA.  For the full span, you will get your 3.3VDC out.

As for will it work with 24V powered 4-20mA transmitters... yes.  It would work with 48VDC powered transmitters as well, as long as you sink the 4-20 signal to the transmitter common.  a 4-20mA loop is 4-20mA; it doesn't matter what voltage is driving it.  

Your circuit would not work if it is not the least receiver in a string however.  It is common for 4-20mA loops to place the transmitter in series with several receivers.  For that reason, most receivers use a simple sense resistor to pass the loop, and a differential amplifier reading across the sense resistor.