What components can be damaged through 10KV ESD?
Here is the general approach you should take.

Any connectors and contact points to the outside world should have protection.  The outer perimeter of the board should have a guard ring running around it with protection on it.  This is because people tend to handle the board by the edges.  This guard ring should be the ground for the rest of the system with a another ring concentric just inside.

All other internal nodes probably can't be protected, in fact bare boards are never considered to be ESD proof for all possible scenarios.

You can encapsulate the board to provide a little more protection, depending upon the encapsulation it can be quite good.  32 um of parylene would really help but is expensive (this is a mil standard).

But ultimately, the whole board should be inside of an enclosure to prevent contact and discharge.