Can I use a charger to power a motor?
Any DC motor that does not have an electronic speed controller (ESC) will draw much more that rated current for a fraction of a second or so when it is first switched on. Any type of electronic power supply needs to be able to supply that current for a brief time. Look for the "stall" or "locked rotor" current of the motor.

If you don't need speed control, the best alternative is probably to buy a 150 VA transformer and a rectifier. The motor will probably operate ok with full-wave rectified, un-filtered DC power from a 24 VAC source.