Stability Current Sink
Using the proposed component values for Cf, Rfb and Riso will very likely result in a stable system and "just work".

The values of Cf, Rfb and Riso influence the dynamic behavior of the loop. Only if you have certain requirements on that dynamic behavior should you consider deviating from the proposed values.

Another reason to deviate from the proposed values is when the dynamic behavior turns out to be bad, for example the circuit shows ringing or oscillates (I think that is unlikely but it could happen).

The dynamic behavior is the way the circuit responds to changes at the input and output. When the voltage coming out of the ADC changes, it will take some time for the current source circuit to adjust.

We could design the current source circuit to be extremely fast responding. That usually results in ringing, overshooting and risk of instability (oscillations).

We could design the current source circuit to be extremely slow responding. That will generally results in a "well behaved" (no ringing, no overshooting and no oscillations) circuit but it will be slow. How slow depends on the component values.

The proposed component values to me look like a decent compromise between those two situations. The response time of this circuit will about Cf * Rfb = 100 ns which is fast enough for many purposes.

If you do build the circuit and measure instabilities, I would suggest to increase the values of Cf and Rfb. You need to take siginificant steps in that case so for Cf don't increase from 100 pF to 120 pF but more than double it to 220 pF, 470 pF, 1nF etc.

To properly calculate the values of Cf, Rfb and Riso you'd have to do a proper stability analysis, you would also need to know more about the MOSFET and possibly the opamp. If you are unfamiliar with stability analysis then it will take some time to learn that, it isn't something that can be explained in some words here but you could start by reading this article from TI.