Capacitor and ferrite beads when to use which?
Ferrites can be lossy or lossless by design. One can test the bare uncoated bead with ohmmeter to see some DC resistance in range of 50..750 \$\Omega\$. 

So capacitors are to lossless ferrites as snubbers to lossy ferrites.



This losses can be represented as high frequency transformer loaded to low value resistor. The same filter is impossible to mimic with pure capacitor, because instead of absorbing energy, the filter will reflect the high frequency component back.

So the major difference between ferrites and caps is absorb vs reflect.

So when to use ferrite beads ? Practically every filter should be using lossy ferrites and snubbers. The word "filter" is 90% related to use of absorbing filters, as the solutions and environment is mostly digital.

The cases when you can not use ferrites is rest 10%. It is all lossless filters, reflecting the energy back: analog filters in radio is an example. But even in radio, misunderstanding of energy reflection involved in high-Q filters leaves designs incomplete. For example using diplexer with absorber at the output of mixer was not commonly known solution.