The materials used in an electrical grid going from power station to house
The first thing I'll tell everyone who asks about electrons is to ignore them; the energy is in the electrical and magnetic fields.

Generally power is transmitted using aluminum for high-voltage overhead lines (because it weighs much less than copper) and copper for the lower-voltage "last mile" transmission, although the details of this may vary by country. Some Americans still have aluminum wiring in their houses, from before it was determined to be a fire hazard. The characteristic electricity pylons are usually structural steel.

Power station and wind turbine etc generator windings are nearly always copper. The copper is nearly pure: http://copperalliance.org.uk/copper-and-its-alloys/alloys/copper-conductivity-materials-database/electrolytic-tough-pitch-copper

Wire diameter is determined by required current capacity. There are standard tables for determining this based on assumptions about heating etc.

Wire voltage determines how much insulation is required; the high-voltage overhead wires aren't actually covered in insulation, but they are held away from the towers by ceramic insulating standoffs.

There are very, very few grid batteries and they are all somewhat experimental - electricity must be generated as it is used. There's a bunch of other questions on this site about how that's achieved.

A bit of googling has found this PDF listing some common cable types, their voltages and construction materials.