Do surface mount resistors have voltage ratings?
Yes, they have a voltage rating.

To know which size is appropriate, you have to check the datasheet because it may depend on the brand/model of the resistor.

As an example, for these resistors, 0603 is safe up to 75V, 0805 up to 150V, and 1206 up to 200V. Beware that for AC, you must check it against the peak voltage, not RMS value.

Note that, often, people use multiple small-sized resistors in series rather than a big one. Which choice is better depends on your parts stocking/purchasing policies.