Can a 24.0VDC/3.0A Power Supply be used with a breadboard?
The breadboard itself (assuming the usual plastic boards full of holes) doesn't care what voltages you use on it - however, the circuit you are building DOES care.  If you are working with common digital ICs, then you need a 5 volt (or possibly 3.3 volt) power supply.

If you are working with other types of circuits - an audio power amplifier, for example, you may need 24 volts, or +/- 15 volts, or something else.

If your circuit wants 5 volts, you could build a votlage regulator on the breadboard to reduce the 24 volts from your supply to the 5 volts your circuit requires, but it may be easier (and safer) to buy a 5 volt "wall wart" supply.