Esp8266 nodemcu v3 connection to usb fingerprint scanner
Yes, I think it should be possible what you want to do. The big question is how to access the data of the sensor. Once you have them, implementing the part of providing this info online will be straightforward.

What the hardware concerns, the ESP8266 doesn't have any USB interface, but you can use a USB-to-UART converter IC (like the FT232) and use the UART interface of the ESP8266.

However, the question is how does the sensor use the USB interface and how does it send the measured data over it or what kind of info does it send. You'll have to study the datasheet, application notes and/or design guide of the sensor and find more information about this point.