IN-12A Nixie Tubes and K155ID1 (74141 clone) Power
Yes, all the components need to share a common ground (if you're paranoid you can have the high voltage ground connect to the low voltage ground in one place through a ferrite bead). The "outputs" you're talking about for the BCD are just acting as switches to ground, so they don't experience the high voltage and small current on the same time. When turned on (switched to ground), most of the voltage is dropped on the Nixie tube segment and series resistor. When switch off however, they'll see the full voltage. It's difficult to tell from the linked data sheet what voltage they can handle, the part that's in English talks about a DM54/DM7441A, while the Russian part looks like it's about the K155ID1s. The two parts of that datasheet can also be found independently online, so I'm not sure if they're supposed to be pasted together. It certainly looks like people have been using these with 170VDC, so they very likely work, though the lifetime may be degraded. I'd say go for it, the chips are only $0.90 some places.