How does a passive 1x Scope probe work?
Probe cable is lossy coax. 

Achieving a matched condition with an oscilloscope probe is virtually impossible because the source impedance of the circuit under test is unknown and generally different from the scope's 1MΩ or 50Ω input impedance. 

On top of that the input impedance of the oscilloscope has a reactive component as do most circuits under test, which makes it impossible to achieve impedance matching over the full BW of the scope (eg 100MHz). To dampen the catastrophic frequency response as a result of the reflection on the probe cable, the latter is made of lossy coax. If you measure the core resistance between the tip and the BNC connector with a multimeter you can observe this. 

You may want to read "Tektronix ABC's of Probes" primer and "The Secret World of Probes" from Doug Ford. Both are excellent primers on a correct understanding of how probes work.