Choosing the right op-amp
You only need to be concerned about the voltage that the op-amp will actually see, both when negative feedback is intact, and  when negative feedback is broken.  If you use a "typical" transimpedance amplifier (i.e., current to voltage converter), shown below, for example, so long as you choose the resistor such that the output voltage never exceeds the capabilities of the op-amp, then both of the input terminals will be at zero volts (the inverting input as a "virtual ground"), and everything is OK.  If your op amp needs to go above its output capabilities to keep feedback going, all bets are off about what the voltage can be at the inverting terminal, and you can damage your op amp. There are a variety of methods available to "clamp" your input to the range that won't damage your op amp should feedback failure occur, like zener diodes.  Your output won't be indicative of the current input, but it won't break.

Alternatively, you might be able to find an op amp that works across the voltage you may see during open loop behavior. 



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