i2c Error in using BeagleBone Black with custom audio cape ( using ti's TLV320AIC3107 codec )
Rather than trying at kernel level I would suggest trying it at uboot level.

uboot has some i2c tools builtin using which you may set i2c bus number and further probe for available i2c slave devices which ideally should detect your codecs i2c ID automatically if everything is fine. 

If it doesn't then something might be wrong with the SDA and SCL pull up. Also check to which i2c bus you have connected this codec and whether a pull up is required for that or not.