Why does turning a MOSFET ON too fast cause ringing?
Schematic from original question:



You ask about ringing at turn-on, this can happen in some circumstances, but I think what you're really talking about is a short burst of oscillation at turn-on which is not caused by a passive LC circuit ringing, but rather by active oscillation from the FET. I'll try to look at every case...

Ringing at turn-off

The FET is ON so there is current through the load. When the FET turns OFF, a series LC circuit is formed. Its inductance is the load and traces, and its capacitance is the FET's Cds. Depending on layout, this can ring at high frequencies. The fix is to switch slower by adding a resistor to the gate, or add a snubber, or reduce the parasitics by a better layout.

Ringing at turn-on

In this case the loop is:

GND - Power supply decoupling caps - Load - FET - GND

This loop has inductance due to trace/wire length, and maybe the load has some inductance too. Thus it will form a LC resonant circuit with the supply decoupling caps when the FET is ON. 

I've never seen this one occur, but I guess it could if the values of supply caps, load inductance and damping resistance were "just right", but usual supply cap values would be too high to form a good resonance. IMO the most likely scenario for this to occur would be a low-value capacitive load, or at least a load with a strong capacitive component.

EMI

Also, a very important factor is that if the load is connected via wires, you really don't want to have high di/dt in them whether at turn-on or turn-off, as that would make a nice wideband radio jammer. These FET drivers are capable of very fast switching, which is a EMI headache, and slowing the switching to "as fast as you need but not faster" helps.

Ringing at turn-on revisited

This Synchronous Buck converter is not your original schematic, but it's worth mentioning it:



In this case, when the top FET turns ON, there will be ringing... although the real cause is more about the turn-off of the body diode of the bottom FET. The L and C which form the resonant circuit are the bottom FET's parasitics.

Oscillation

It is quite easy to create an unintentional Colpitts or Hartley oscillator around your FET, with FET capacitances, package inductance, layout inductance, etc:



If the FET has enough gm at some point during the switching cycle, a burst of oscillations can occur. Check this document. Frequency can be extremely high, tens or hundreds of MHz. This isn't a passive LC circuit ringing, it is an active oscillator.

Adding resistance (ie, positive real impedance, not imaginary) to the gate can damp this oscillator and prevent it from becoming active. A ferrite bead can also work well if it is selected to provide the desired resistance at the oscillation frequency, and it allows the FET to switch faster.