How to add a low pass filter to this non-inverting amplifier circuit?
The correct approach is to choose a LPF and sampling frequency such that the maximum signal at fs/2 is less than your ADC resolution. This means you need a brick wall filter at 3x your -3dB BW or 128 x faster sampling rate than your signal -3dB BW for a 20dB decade filter for an 8bit ADC... not 2x faster with a 1st order filter.