Cap in Series with a DAC Reverse Current
1 uF is not like a voltage source, rather  it is -j362 Ohms impedance at 440 Hz.  

The DAC sees an impedance of 1k - j362 and your cap sees 3.5V + an apparent AC voltage drop from 1.5V.  It does not exceed the applied voltage.

The important factor is to choose C and R load such that it is much greater than the DAC driver output impedance and C such that it’s impedance is much lower than R or visa versa.

An active filter may be a better choice so that lower currents pass thru the passive parts or a smaller C can be used and still provide a low output impedance required to drive your load.

The DAC output impedance at DC is 0.5 Ω.

Although R1 is not provided, I do not see any damage issues, but there are attenuation issues do possible back drive currents of 5mA during shutdown thru the CMOS driver that might trigger shoot thru currents during shutdown.

Re-examine your filter design for improvements with specs.