How to specify throttle range of RC ESC?
Having a datasheet that explains operation of a component is critical for integration in an embedded system such as drone. Unfortunately there is a surprising lack of technical data in the RC world mostly because RC enthusiasts arent driving their components with microcontrollers. I tried to drive a brushed motor with an ESC driven by an arduino just similar to your case, and I got very strange and inconsistent results. My personal findings resulted that using the audio servo library was not the best way to talk to the ESC.

As suggested by the "data sheet" the ESC is meant to work with a wireless receiver that gets signals from a RC remote controller. They usually sell these two components together since they communicate with each other. From what I've seen for quadcopter/drone builds the reciever from the remote talks to the arduino and the arduino outputs the signal to the ESC. My assumption is that there is some sort of signal processing with the input of the various sensors to tell the drone how to act accordingly. With that being said, there are tons of arduino quadcopter tutorials out there and they all involve the use of arduinos and ESCs. I think those resources will be very helpful to you.