Term for a chip that is used in a camera to detect light
This is called an image sensor.

This particular image sensor in your picture is a CMOS image sensor, commonly found in pretty much anywhere a small to medium sized camera is used, as well in some big and/or professional gear. The camera in your phone is almost certainly a CMOS image sensor. It is probably also the type of sensor captured the image you posted here.

The other major type of image sensors besides CMOS is CCD, which is an older (but in no way inferior) technology and commonly found in older gear as well as more professional digital photography gear now.

In the construction of a digital camera, the image sensor is placed where photographic film used to be placed in traditional film cameras. Some modern DSLR even accepts lens assemblies from those film cameras (like the one I occasionally used which took over the set of lenses from my older film SLR.)