Can I2C be used with momentary sensors?
The I2C bus per se doesn't have the ability for a slave to alert the master asynchronously.

You can poll the slave, if that fits your requirements (latency, for example).

You can add separate line(s) for slave devices to alert the master asynchronously.  These lines would be out of band with respect to the I2C bus (not a part of the I2C bus itself).  For an example, here's a bog-standard I2C I/O expander PCA9554, which has got an alert output.