how to decide which passive component to use
You need to think about the voltages and currents involved first. Those determine the coarse dimensioning of all the components.
For amplifiers and such, in a second step, you need to think about the signal path in the circuit, and determine the working points along that path. That gives you the fine dimensioning of the resistors.
Then you have to think about which frequencies are part of your signal, and which are noise, and add coils and capacitors in the correct dimensions for those frequencies.
The exact dimensioning method used depends on the kind of circuit. It's slightly different for digital circuits, and again different for power circuits. After doing the coarse dimensioning, the most simple approach is to look for chips that do most of the functions you need in the given voltage and current range, and see what their datasheets recommend.