SPH0645 timing diagram
You keep mentioning philips mode, why is that?

From stm32 datasheet you linked:

Bits 5:4 I2SSTD: I2S standard selection
  00: I2S Philips standard.
  01: MSB justified standard (left justified)
  10: LSB justified standard (right justified)
  11: PCM standard


Do any of these modes do what you want? Is there a more detailed datasheet for sph0645 as this one looks a bit brief?