How to measure car battery current precisely in wide range (starter current, charging)
Believe it or not, I'm working on the exact same project as you.  I just installed my Deltec shunt today.  You should have a look at this question.

In a nutshell, I think (and have heard) that an instrumentation amplifier would be better for this for many reasons.  They have less error, better input impedance, CMRR

I will probably be going with an AD620 for the amp, and an MCP3301 for the ADC.  Anyways, there is a nice list of instrumentation amplifiers in the question I linked.

As for using an instrumentation amp, yes you can find some that are single supply which would let you power it from USB.

For instance, the INA122 is a single supply amp that can be powered by anything from 2.2 to 36V.  My only question would be: why? Are you going to route a wire from a cigarette to usb through the dash? You're creating a circuit to measure a car battery, why not use the car battery to power it? At least that's what I'm doing.

Here is my shunt inside a nice little box after hookup:



EDIT: I also just noticed you plan on placing the shunt on the high side.  While I'm sure this  would be fine for a decent instrumentation amp, it also seems unnecessary.  Why add in additional common mode voltage when you don't need to? Hence why mine is on the low-side.

One of the best resources I have come across is Analog's Designer's Guide to Instrumentation Amplifiers

The amount of detail, graphs, charts, and ease of explanation is incredible.  There are many useful things in this guide.  

While it doesn't seem to specifically touch on low-side current sensing, I have read in several places that there are really only 2 disadvantages to low-side compared to high-side. Those are:


Inability to detect a short
Additional shunt resistance causes disturbance in ground path


The first one I don't see being much of a problem in a car, especially given that you've got a fuse box.  

The second point I also do not see affecting a car too much, especially if your shunt is an extremely low value.  Your starter certainly has a resistance much higher than your shunt so it shouldn't really affect its performance.  Mine started just fine after hooking it up.