Frequency Key Shift technique to superpose the digital communication on top of 4–20 mA signals
I understand that the digital data is superposed on top of 4 - 20 mA, but what I don't understand is if that analog signal &quot;vibrate&quot; to different frequency to produce digital communication data, or is another signal (the &quot;digital&quot; one) beside that, and if it is, how can they don't interact?

The trick here is the HART protocol can transmit the analog value as a 4 - 20 mA current just like a regular 4 - 20 mA transmitter. Meanwhile we can superimpose a frequency modulated signal on top of that. This is very similar to the old-fashioned telephone modem (MOdulator-DEModulator) where the digital data was transmitted using audio tones with one frequency for a '1' and another for a '0'. So the answer is that digital data is transmitted as an analogue signal.
The points to note are that the AC is designed to always use full cycles which have an average voltage (or current) of zero so that the average analog value is not affected.
At the receiving end the high frequency signal is extracted through a high-pass filter and demodulated to retrieve the digital data. Meanwhile the analogue value is passed through a low-pass filter to remove the modulation and is read as normal with an ADC.

&quot;As indicated by Figure 12.8, HART provides two simultaneous communication channels: the 4 - 20 mA analog signals and a digital signal.&quot; What are those channels?

Just as described above.

Different voltage? different current?

The signal will usually be terminated in a resistor - typically 250 Ω to convert 4 - 20 mA into 1 to 5 V for input to an ADC.

Different frequency?

Yes, &quot;1200 Hz and 2200 Hz, representing binary 1 and 0, respectively&quot; as you have quoted.

And how can they interfere?

They interfere constructively so that the modulated data signal is added to the analog 4 - 20 mA signal as shown in the diagram.
Remember that 4 - 20 mA circuits are usually used for process values which change slowly relative to the HART frequencies so the low-pass filter for the analogue value can easily filter out the HART modulation.


... according to this, what is the frequency of the analog signal? Is it 0 because is DC?

It depends on your definition of DC. Yes it's DC because the 4 - 20 mA current is always flowing the same way. It is also, however, varying with time and this is where we could disagree. Let's say we're monitoring pressure in a hydraulic press and it varies from 0 bar (4 mA) to 50 bar (say, 12 mA) and the press has a 10 s cycle time. That means we'd have a 0.1 Hz analog signal. I could say that this is an average 8 mA signal with a 0.1 Hz, 8 mA peak-to-peak AC signal superimposed on it. I think most of us would just consider it as a time-varying DC signal and say that it's DC varying between 4 and 12 mA.
As far as the filtering is concerned our 0.1 Hz signal above would be very easy to allow through a low-pass filter designed to stop the 1200 Hz HART signal. A simple RC filter would probably do the job. Typically you won't have to worry about it as the HART modules will do it for you.