KiCAD parametric component placement
Nope, not without knowing some python. (you can write a script yourself which does it)

Otherwise you are left to do the same as the rest of us; Excel sheet, some excel math, and then a ton of manual work putting all the exact coordinates in the footprint data for each footprint.

If you want to look into writing a python script to solve the problem for you then here are some hints to get you started; All KiCad files (the .kicad_pcb file included) are plain-text files. If you open the .kicad_pcb file in a text editor (such as Notepad++ for instance) then you will be able to see the whole pcb layout described in plaintext, and it is easy to read..

If you scroll down into the text file (the .kicad_pcb file) you will start finding stuff like this;

  (module MYCOMPANYNAME:MYMODULENAME (layer F.Cu) (tedit 5C925A16) (tstamp 5CAD3543)
    (at 92.5 95.25)
    (path /5D633F7C)
    (attr smd)
    (fp_text reference J3 (at 0 6.604) (layer F.SilkS)
      (effects (font (size 1 1) (thickness 0.15)))
    )
    (fp_text value 87832-0406 (at 0 -7.112) (layer F.Fab)
      (effects (font (size 1 1) (thickness 0.15)))
    )
    (fp_line (start -0.762 4.191) (end -1.27 4.191) (layer F.SilkS) (width 0.15))
    (fp_line (start -1.016 3.81) (end -0.762 4.191) (layer F.SilkS) (width 0.15))


Pay attention to the line that says; (at 92.5 95.25), this is the position of the specific module MYMODULENAME.

If you know a bit of python then it is fairly easy to write a script which opens the .kicad_pcb file, finds the specific modules that you want to place in a circle, and writes the correct positions to these.

But this script would either have to be written specifically to your use case, or be written more generically, in which case it is a whole SW project on its own (: