Theoretical max rate of input capture for a USB mouse and possible hardware limitations
USB is a host driven protocol. The driver on the operating system initiates talking to devices, and it controls the (maximum) polling rate. The only thing a device must do is make data ready in a buffer for the host to read.

Some "gaming mice" offer (unnecessarily) high polling of 1kHz. This is a combination of fast software in the mice but also the host OS driver set up to poll at 1kHz.

I say unnecessarily high because most game engines won't process data at that frequency, even racing simulators are known to process physics data in the few hundred Hz range. But I suppose you're developing some custom application, so this could be non applicable to you.

The USB2, USB3, USB-C standard or plug does not change anything to the polling rate. I bet there is hardly any chipset out there that talks native USB3.x for HID input purposes, like mouse or keyboard. USB2.0 provides more than enough bandwidth for this purpose. If the mouse outputs horizontal/vertical movement (16-bit signed deltas) and 8 buttons (1 byte) at 1kHz, that adds up to 5kB/s or about 40kBit of transfer speed. Even on a 12Mbit line (which most mice/keyboards are) there is plenty of bandwidth left.

Case in point: my keyboard apparently uses 1.5Mbits signalling speed, and my Logitech G500s "gaming mice" 12Mbits. 

Can higher polling rates be supported? Perhaps outside the books; but the device enumeration holds a "bInterval" endpoint field which is expressed in ms (valid range 1 to 255).