Arduino USB host get raw events
No, I'm afraid not. All those low-level details you're interested in are hidden inside the MAX3421E chip that's on the shield board, and there's no way to get software access to them from the Arduino CPU.

If you really want to get into that level of development with USB, you need to work with a microcontroller that has a USB OTG controller built in, and start digging into the software library that supports it.