Audio hack: replacing electret mic with phone audio output
Line level output (.9Vpp) is standard (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_level), but I have found that the output level on phones can vary across manufacturers. Line level is probably your best starting point though.

A voltage divider (2 resistors) would attenuate the level coming from the phone if you need it - though you also have the volume control buttons on the phone to contend with.

Another item you need to consider is the DC bias voltage coming from your module. From the schematic, it looks like a 2 pin ECM was connected. In this case, the DC bias is on the Mic + line, with the AC voltage coming back to the module from the transducer. Since you're replacing the ECM with a phone output, you should be sure to remove the DC component from that Mic + line. Depending on where the ADC is internally in your module, removing Rx might not help (you should measure to double check). If not, you may need to add a series capacitor to the Mic + line for DC blocking.