How to read 0 -10V analog voltage with lower voltage tolerant ADCs without a voltage divider
However because this is for a prototype that should be up to Industrial safety standards, my boss wants me to isolate the 10V from the 3.3V logic.

I question your boss's logic when it comes to industrial standards: Where you need that level of isolation, I'd presume you want something very different than a raspberry pi running general purpose operating systems for safety reasons. But I digress.
Basically, isolating an analog signal and still reproducing it with a high number of bits is hard, and nearly impossible when you want accuracy at DC.
What you do instead is usually put the ADC on the unprotected side, and isolate the digital interface to the ADC!
Two ways to do that:

Using typically optocouplers to interface your ADC to your MCU. That's easy with an SPI ADC (by the way, you could at 10 bits also just throw out the MC3004, and use any of hundreds of capable microcontrollers that have a built-in ADC and might make your solution more flexible, but I, again digress).
Using an isolated ADC, which does isolation internally.

Either way, your voltage divider at the input of your ADC stays.