Shorting the Output of a voltage regulator
Shorting the buck regulator output to GND probably will not damage any of the downstream components.  BUT ...

It NEVER is &quot;recommended&quot; to apply a dead short to the output of a switching regulator.  Some linear regulators, such as in lab or bench supplies, use this technique to set the output current limit, but your circuit is not that.

This part has an internal switch transistor rating of 2.5 A.  It has internal overcurrent monitoring and protection.  The threshold value is very loosely specified, but the minimum value is 3.1 A.