How to determine type of through-hole resistor?
Resistors cases are usually tan, brown, blue, or green, though other colors are occasionally found such as dark red, dark gray, pink and light green.


  Is there a standard color coding for these parts to identify the
  component and its composition?


Not really however tan tends to be carbon film, whereas a blue/light blue resistor is likely made of metal film. Resistors with 5 or 6 color bands are almost always metal film. Take for example your second resistor, it has 5 bands while the one above it only has 4.

Your items from top to bottom, (The power ratings are just a guess, and the links show a similar item.)


1/4W 5% Carbon Film Resistor
1/4W 1% Metal Film Resistor
An Inductor*
1/4W 5%  Carbon Film Resistor???
1/2W 5% Carbon Composition Resistor


*As @JYelton pointed out, measuring it with an ohmmeter would be definitive in separating resistors from inductors. Inductors wouldn't obey the resistor color code and thus measured resistance wouldn't agree with the markings.

How to Tell the Difference Between Carbon &amp; Metal Film Resistors