Music Controlled LEDs
You're on the right track but there are a couple of problems.


You'll find your bandpass filters are too wide because the 'Q' is low. This would, for example, cause a loud note of any frequency to get through all the filters and trigger all the comparitors.
Speaking of comparitors, you have the non-inverting input connected to common. What do you think will happen if the inverting input goes even 0.1 mV below the non-inverting input?


You may get a better result if you improve the filters, rectify the signal and, somehow, vary the intensity of the LEDs to match the intensity of the sound.

Edit:

A completely different approach is to do a fast fourier transform (FFT) of the signal with a micro and get the intensity of each band with the transform. I've never done it but there's a good animation of how FFT works on https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourier_transform.

Your original idea is worth pursuing to gain experience with analog electronics - very hands on and no code. The FFT approach is great if you want to work in software and minimise the hardware design.