Fast, long linear motion (about 60 cm/ 23 inches)
First, while a solenoid is fast, they only come in short stroke lengths (much shorter than 23") and can overheat if held under load for extended periods of time. Second, while motor-driven linear actuators do come in long lengths, they are (as you mentioned) fairly slow.

Thus, the best linear actuator for your situation would be a pneumatic cylinder. They come in long lengths and can be driven very fast. There is also no risk of overheating if held under load. By adjusting the air pressure used to actuate it, you could also modify its striking force. The supplier McMaster-Carr carries a wide variety of pneumatic devices and accessories (along with pretty much everything else you can think of).

Here are some 24" pneumatic cylinders: https://www.mcmaster.com/#standard-air-cylinders/=16y0mff

You will also need solenoid valves to allow air into and out of the cylinder, as well as relays to control the solenoids.

Obviously, you will also need an air compressor and pneumatic tubing, which are probably the easiest of these parts to find.