Who sets "standard component" standards?
The inventor is the one who names the component, and the company can sell or license the rights at their discretion, popular components usually end up being licensed because the demand is so high. The original manufacturer still gets a percentage of the profits made by selling the product. The companies usually are required to keep some of the basic characteristics the same, by the original inventor, but some differences are allowed and that is why each company provides their own data sheet, because some designs may need special consideration. Logic families are basically the same, they are a series of popular components that get licensed and/or copied. Pin Compatibility is a buzzword, and is how manufacturers advertise the fact that their component is a drop-in replacement. This is based on what my engineering friends have said, and based on the comments provided here. Also logic families are usually based on the transistor technology and the voltages used to represent a binary 1 and 0; for example, Transistor-Transistor Logic (TTL) gates use about 5 volts for a "1" and about 0 volts for a "0" while Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) chips usually use 3.3 Volts for a "1" and 0 Volts for a "0". Modern CPU's may even use as low as 1.2 Volts for a "1". Parts from the same logic family are electrically compatible with each other. Looking up "logic family voltages" may also provide you with additional information.