USB GND DP DM 5V port connect to 3.3V microcontroller
The USB protocol is packet switched with link training phases before each packet. Doing this without a dedicated transceiver IC is in the "hard to impossible" category -- it could work if one side is very accomodating to the other's protocol glitches. So I'd forget about that idea.

There are dedicated SPI to USB controllers, but only a few of them actually implement USB 2.0 high-speed, which is likely required for your camera module (where "high-speed" is listed in the description). Anything that is "USB 2.0 compliant" but doesn't explicitly mention "high speed" knows to start the conversation with "you need to talk slowly to me so I'll understand". Whether the camera module is even capable of doing a low-fps stream is something I don't know.

The USB port on the NodeMCU board is a usb-to-serial adapter -- so the USB port is not connected to the actual CPU, but to a separate USB transceiver that is wired to the programming pins on the CPU, so it allows the host to take over control for programming. This cannot be reversed, and this controller only supports full speed anyway.

If you want to connect this module, you need a high speed capable USB host controller, for example the FT313H. This chip would collect the data in its internal memory for pickup by the main CPU, which needs to read it in time via the memory interface. The upside is that this interface could in theory be accessed, slowly, though GPIOs, however you need at least 12, better 20 of them, which is again a problem on the 8266.

At this point, we're nearing "ridiculous" territory -- you'd need to add another CPU with an external memory bus to read the data, somehow compress it (e.g. by throwing frames away), and pass it over to the 8266, slowly (still several MHz, but below the 480MHz data rate of the USB).

This isn't a beginner project. I'd probably manage if I invest two months and about $500 in hardware and manufacturing cost into it.