Can one voltage output from OpAmp read with two ADC inputs?
I am not sure if I completely follow you, but you seem to already took the difference between V1 and V2 from your transimpedance amplifiers with a differential OPA. So you can use a single-ended single-channel ADC. And since your output will be low-impedance (hopefully 10-15 Ohms), you should be fine with any kind of ADC, even embedded into a cheap MCU.

If you don't use the differential OPA, you can use the differential ADC instead, like LTC2341, as the one you selected. But you will need only half of this circuit so the LTC2341 is overkill.

If you want to convert your V1 and V2 independently using some sort of shielded differential signaling over long cable, the LTC2341 is perfect for this, it samples both channels simultaneously. But keep in mind that the input to LTC2341 is a bare sample and hold unit, which has a fairly low equivalent impedance,



which usually requires a good low-impedance source/buffer. I assume that your transimpedance amplifiers do have a low-impedance output, so you should be fine.

On a last note, "can I use that IC", you need to realize that you can't just "use" it. You will need to design a PCB for 8x8 QFN, likely in 4 layers at least, provide two clean power rails, have some connectors, and a LVDS or SPI channel to something else like another MCU to collect the data. This would be a lot of work and require some qualification. I think you will be better off with some off-the-shelf DAS like the one of the DATAQ list.