Solar powered bilge pump
The nameplate wattage of the pump is 27W. Your solar panel is rated for 40W, and it will only produce that for about 4 hours per day on a good day. So ideally your panel can run your pump for about 6 hours a day.
The cheapo charge controller will not 100% efficient and neither will charging and discharging the battery, so the actual run time will be less than that (maybe half? Just a guess). As for the pump not meeting its spec you will have to check the output voltage while the pump is running and ensure that it's at least 12V, it may not be due to the LiFe battery not being fully charged, or due to the batteries internal resistance. Adding a buck/boost regulator may be able to get you a steady 12V independent of the battery charge, but that will reduce the efficiency even more.