Can I use a Bakelite MES Globe Holder to convert a lantern into a table lamp?
I would say "eyup!" This, however requires dealings with high voltage, high power electronics, so the first thing to look for is safety precautions. I have a boilerplate:


  Working with mains power should be performed according to your region's laws. It is dangerous and can seriously injure and kill you. Even the Earth wire may not be at 0V with respect to the objects around you due to its uncommon use as a return (or other more scary possibilities, like "That ain't the Earth wire, Jed! I just ran out of black!"). Please consult your local electrical codes before attempting to fiddle with it. Be careful using a cheap multimeter, as their maximum voltage ratings are sometimes inappropriately labeled CAT-II, III, and IV. I do not endorse messing with mains without training.


'Round where I live in Alberta, Canada, the Earth wire is green, and should be wired directly to the cast iron lamp. The hot (not green, gray, or white; often black or red) and neutral (gray or white) are connected to the two screws. They should only be stripped/exposed enough to wrap around the screw once, and not over itself. Ensure the Earth wire is connected to the Earth prong on the socket plug with a multimeter continuity test. Try it out! If a breaker trips, pat yourself on the back for connecting the Earth wire, as it may have just saved your life -- there is a short to the lamp, and power should be shut off and all connections checked with a multimeter.The Earth wire connection is not required for operation -- just safety.