C=Q/U equivalence for inductor
Yes, you can.

I would write the equations as

$$ C = \frac{I\Delta t}{\Delta U}$$
and
$$ L = \frac{U\Delta t}{\Delta I}$$

The second equation is often used to determine the value of the inductor in SMPS using the desired ripple of the current.

Rewriting gives
$$ \Delta t = L\frac{\Delta I}{U} $$
which calculates the time it takes to increase the current with \$ \Delta I \$ when a fixed voltage U is applied for a given inductance L.