4017 counter: Why do some LEDs have multiple connections in this traffic light circuit?
Have a look at the LED truth table on the same page:  



Each output is consecutively active for the same time. By wired-OR-ing outputs you can create longer active times. So the green LED will be on during 4 time units.
Normally you would have to wired-OR Q0 through Q4 for the red LED, but we have a carry output (here called ":10") which does just that, see the bottom trace of the timing diagram: