How electronic components keep synchronized?
The need to ensure that signals arrive at the proper time is the core of what it means to design a digital circuit, including processors, memory etc.  IF two signals need to be present for a system to then change it's operation and one of those signals arrives late, then the system does not work.

THere are several ways that this is accomplished.  The dominant method (99 + %) is through the use of synchronous logic, also called clocked logic.  There is a central time base  called a clock that initiates activity and the system is carefully designed so that all the signals are in place and settled and ready for when the next "tick" of the clock arrives.  This system is simulated by varying, the speeds of the transistors, the operational voltage and the temperature to ensure that under all conditions the signals will arrive before the next clock tick.  These simulations take into account the actual placement of the devices on the die and how heavily loaded the signals are.  A transistor that is further away will get a signal later, a more heavily loaded sinal will respond more slowly.

There are many circuit solutions to help the designer accomplish her "timing closure".