Standard nomenclature for component types
There are actually standards to address this, IEC 60617 (also known as British Standard BS 3939), ANSI standard Y32 (also known as IEEE Std 315), Australian Standard AS 1102

Below is a table of some common markings from this link to an old revision of a Wikipedia article


Designator    Component Type
AT  Attenuator
BR    Bridge rectifier
BT    Battery
C Capacitor
CN    Capacitor network
D Diode (including zeners, thyristors and LEDs)
DL    Delay line
DS    Display
F Fuse
FB or FEB Ferrite bead
FD    Fiducial
J Jack connector (female)
JP    Link (Jumper)
K Relay
L Inductor
LS    Loudspeaker or buzzer
M Motor
MK    Microphone
MP    Mechanical part (including screws and fasteners)
P Plug connector (male)
PS    Power supply
Q Transistor (all types)
R Resistor
RN    Resistor network
RT    Thermistor
RV    Varistor
S Switch (all types, including push-buttons)
T Transformer
TC    Thermocouple
TUN   Tuner
TP    Test point
U Integrated circuit
V Vacuum Tube
VR    Variable Resistor (potentiometer or rheostat)
X Transducer not matching any other category
Y Crystal or oscillator
Z Zener Diode




Component name abbreviations widely used in industry:


AE: aerial, antenna
B: battery
BR: bridge rectifier
C: capacitor
CRT:cathode ray tube
D or CR: diode
DSP:digital signal processor
F: fuse
FET:field effect transistor
GDT: gas discharge tube
IC: integrated circuit
J: wire link ("jumper")
JFET: junction gate field-effect transistor
L: inductor
LCD:Liquid crystal display
LDR: light dependent resistor
LED: light emitting diode
LS: speaker
M: motor
MCB: circuit breaker
Mic: microphone
MOSFET:Metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor
Ne: neon lamp
OP: Operational Amplifier
PCB: printed circuit board
PU: pickup
Q: transistor
R: resistor
RLA: RY: relay
SCR: silicon controlled rectifier
SW: switch
T: transformer
TFT:thin film transistor(display)
TH: thermistor
TP: test point
Tr: transistor
U: integrated circuit
V: valve (tube)
VC: variable capacitor
VFD: vacuum fluorescent display
VLSI:very large scale integration
VR: variable resistor
X: crystal, ceramic resonator
XMER: transformer
XTAL: crystal
Z or ZD: Zener diode