How would my circuit vary if my DS18B20 comes on a 'Keyes' module?
The drawing you have had the following pin order for the sensor IC.


The module which you are planning to use has different pin order.
From the left:
GND VCC SIGNAL. 

. 

You have to connect first two pins of the temperature sensor from the left to the ground (last but one row). Connect GPIO to the third pin.    

Forgivr my bad drawing.. the red colour indicates no connection.. remove the resistor. You don't need it.