I would like to use MC34063 in step up mode, but when I change the resistor value it stopped to work
Here's your diagram: -



If you compare your diagram with the diagram proposed in the data sheet there are some differences: -



Firstly, some general thoughts: -


You don't have a resistor from base to ground and this will significantly increase the turn off time for the external transistor and 
A TIP31 is a rather slow device anyway so it's going to add to the inefficiences.
You don't specify the inductor and this could be crucial if you have chosen badly. If it is going into saturation then you begin to significantly lose energy that would otherwise be transferred to the output capacitor.


Regards the 1 ohm resistor - are you sure it wasn't 10 ohms - can you measure it and confirm. Also, what load are you using - your schematic shows an output of 12 volts and you are going for 24 volts - it's very, very important that you present the correct schematic if you want proper help.