Connect 10 LEDs using 5 volt current
Firstly the Voltage isn't all that you need to know. The Amperage that can be drawn at that voltage is also important to know. In your Aurduino documentation it will tell you what the maximum current that can be sourced is. As already said in the comments, it will be around 400mA.

Current or Amps is how much power you have available, not Volts.

We don't know what LEDs you are using, but they will specify how much current they use. It will be a number in mA (milliamps). A typical 5mm yellow LED uses around 20mA.

Then you have your resistors, which Ohms Law (V=IR) will tell you how much current they will soak up. Your typical 5mm yellow LED will have a forward voltage of around 2.1V, so we will just make it a even number and say they are drawing around 15mA (it's actually less than that).

So that makes it around 15mA per set. Times 10 that's 150mA. If your Arduino can supply 150mA or more then you're good.