RTD circuit in industerial application
The circuit seems flawed, as there is no well controlled voltage reference.  Ti has a few good ADCs dedicated to RTD readback, but if you are using a MCU ADC a circuit like AN-1559 would be recommended.

TVS devices can be used, but they are a fairly large risk to the circuit accuracy due to leakage currents (you probably have to use higher stand-off ratings then expected).  I think keeping the connections to the RTD higher impedance and clamping with low-leakage diodes is a good option, but it depends on what the external threat is.

For simulation you should do a resistance sweep instead of just transient analysis.

You probably won't have to worry much about wire-length, 3- and 4- wire help with that.  But it doesn't seem critical if you are starting without RTD ADCs or very precise low-drift opamps.

It is always safe to assume that the wire-harness will be erroneously wired (I think 1-2 per 100 contacts is reasonable), so if there is 24V or whatever on the connector there should ideally be no permanent damage.