Battery Pack for Electric motor
There is an upper limit to how fast a power source can deliver its charge, that is, how much power it can deliver. Generally, the larger the battery, the more power it can deliver. For a dragster, you will want to use the lowest mass battery you can. If the battery is over-sized to get the power, then you are hauling excess mass around which will hurt your performance.

Batteries, especially batteries optimised for high power for short durations, have a maximum current rated in C. For example, a battery rated 5Ah with a max discharge of 20C would be able to deliver 100A. In naive theory, you might expect it to be able to do this for a nominal 60/20 = 3 minutes, but fast discharge reduces capacity, so you would reasonably be able to expect only up to 2 minutes or so.

With your 10 second event discharge, you would probably want to design for a 30 second nominal discharge, to allow for capacity loss and a tolerance to avoid deep discharge, which is a current rating of 120C.

I have started to see LiPo race packs become available that actually claim 65 to 130C. So it looks like you're there. Buy one of these, test it to destruction, see what voltage and life you get from it at 120C, and see whether its claims are realistic. You would expect a short life using (abusing?) a battery like this, which will get expensive on replacements, but hey, electric dragster doesn't sound like a cheap hobby to start with.

If you use a lower power rated battery, and there are lots available in the 20C to 40C range, then you will have to install a higher mass of batteries in the car. However, the discharge in 10 seconds won't be as deep, so they'll last much longer. Do you want a heavy car that's cheap to run, or a lighter faster battery guzzler? The energy capacity is not the problem, you're fighting the power rate.

The alternative to LiPos is supercapacitors. These will be able to dump all their energy in 10 seconds, without a significant capacity loss or lifetime degradation for the fast discharge. But, they start with a much lower energy density than LiPos, so you will need a large mass of them. The power rate is not the problem, you're fighting energy capacity.

Do some research into high rate LiPos and high capacity supercaps. Fire up a spread sheet and work out the cost, both in $_total, $_per_run, and kg, of the minimum energy and power capacity that will run your motor. The problem is that these three different costs scale differently with the different technologies, and with your feelings about performance, so only you can apply the relative importance to them to make a final decision.