High frequency blinking LEDs and sensor for that
To address the sub-parts one by one:

common off-the-shelf LEDs have a capability of blinking with such a high frequency

Pretty much any LED available can be operated at far higher blink frequencies than 1 KHz: White LEDs or others which use a secondary phosphor would be the slowest, often topping off in the 1 to 5 MHz region, while standard off-the-shelf primary LEDs (red, blue, green, IR, UV etc) are typically rated at a cut-off frequency of 10 to 50 MHz (sine wave).
The cut-off frequency is the maximum frequency at which light emission drops to half the initial intensity. Few LED datasheets list the cut-off frequency, but the rise time and fall time of the LED are more common - unfortunately not for the specific datasheet linked in the question.
In practice, one would be safe in topping off at one tenth the cut-off frequency for a well shaped square pulse, so 1 MHz visible light communication is very reasonable. As long as LEDs are SMD or with very short lead lengths, and PCB track / component lead capacitance and inductance are kept to a minimum, driving an LED to 1 MHz is feasible without complex pulse-shaping drive circuits.
More academic info on the subject of LED cut-off frequencies can be found here.

is there a sensor (photoresistor, etc...) that have such a good time resolution for sensing rapidly blinking LEDs.

A CdS photocell would not be suitable for high frequency light sensing: The rise + fall time for common CdS cells are of the order of tens to hundreds of milliseconds. For instance, this randomly picked datasheet mentions 60 mS rise time and 25 mS fall time. Thus the highest frequency it can handle is below 11 Hertz.
Photodiodes and phototransistors are preferred options for sensing higher speed light pulses at low to moderate intensity (i.e. at a distance from the LED source). This datasheet for the BPW34 PIN diode indicates rise and fall times of 100 nanoseconds each, which would tolerate 5 MHz signaling, so keeping a margin of safety, 1 MHz would be comfortable.

For higher signaling speeds and lower signal intensity, super-expensive high speed Silicon Avalanche Photodiodes such as this one have rise and fall times of as little as 0.5 nanoseconds, allowing a 1 GHz signal, well beyond what standard LEDs will support.


If the emitted signal intensity can be high enough, such as by having the LED source and the sensor near each other, or by using suitable lenses, and the desired signal bandwidth is not too ambitious,  then a standard LED of suitable color is itself a suitable light sensor. LEDs work well as light detectors, and would be ample for signaling frequencies of hundreds of KHz, perhaps even up to MHz depending on the specific LED chosen for emitter and sensor.
An interesting paper by Disney Research talks about this specific application: &quot;An LED-to-LED Visible Light Communication System with Software-Based Synchronization&quot;