Can a 24VDC 14amps rated power supply provide more current than it's rated?
It depends

Basically, there are several different possible outcomes, depending on the decisions the designer made when designing the power supply. Some possibilities:


The power supply fails. In which case, the current and voltage drop to zero, and possibly the power supply catches fire.  This is the cheapest and easiest option for the designer/manufacturer.
The power supply has an output fuse, which blows. In which case the  the current and voltage drop to zero, and the power supply can be repaired by replacing the fuse. This is only marginally more expensive than the above, so should be the bare minimum in most power supplies you can buy.
The power supply has overcurrent protection. In which case the power supply detects the short circuit, and turns the output off, or turns it down to a very low level.  It may then automatically reset after some time, or it may need the short disconnected, or a reset button pressed.
The power supply has a current limit. In which case the current stays at or near the rating, and the voltage drops to virtually nothing, in keeping with ohms law.  This is the most complex to design and most expensive to build option, and a power supply which does this will probably draw attention to it in the manual/datasheet.


In all cases, the power supply will probably go a bit over the rating before the above kicks in. This is done because the manufacturer wants to make sure it never ends up less than rated, so they build in a little bit of margin. But you should't normally use a power supply in the narrow gap between the rating and the point it fails/shuts down, as it will probably be unreliable and/or wear out quickly.