AMS1117-3.3 outputs 4.4 V from a 5 V supply
The datasheet recommends a 22uF tantalum capacitor on the output.  (The tantalum will have a higher ESR than ceramic and the ESR zero likely helps stabilize the loop.)  The 0.1uF ceramic cap you show on the output likely isn't enough.
The layout isn't great either, the caps could be closer to the regulator with thicker traces, or even copper pours for the voltage rails.
Have you checked the output on a scope? That would show if it's unstable and oscillating due to the lack of enough output capacitance.