One-time fuse for disconnecting/breaking signal path
The solution to "fuse off" the USB data lines sounds like an X-Y problem. You should focus instead just exactly what you need instead of trying to dream up something non-conventional that may in fact not work very well. 

So the following should be what you address.


Design the USB charging connector with just the connections to support the charging function. 
Design a different access method for your testing and programming connection. That could be a second buried USB connector, a set of pads that you use a pogo pin(s) fixture to access or a simple pin header of a different style.