Bosch Glue Pen: Bypassing automatic timeout
That 14-pin IC on the PCB is an ATTiny24A, which is an 8-bit AVR microcontroller.  The entire device, including the auto power off feature is undoubtedly controlled by the program that MCU is executing.  In this case, your only hope for disabling the automatic shut-off would be to change the program on that MCU.  

If you had access to the source code, disabling that feature would probably be a quite simple change.  But since you don't, you would probably have to reverse engineer the circuitry and its behavior and create your own program from scratch if you wanted the pen to work without turning off automatically.  Fortunately the circuitry looks quite simple, and the operation of the MCU is probably very simple as well, so this wouldn't be that hard as these sorts of projects go, but it would still be a fair bit of work to eliminate what sounds like a pretty minor nuisance.

It's possible, but highly unlikely, that you could use the microcontroller's programming interface to read out the existing binary program, then edit that program and load it back onto the MCU, but you'd be editing not just assembly, but assembly that has been disassembled from binary, which makes the task a lot more difficult (or at least a lot more tedious).  This is not likely to be a viable option because the MCU likely has its memory protection fuses set, meaning that you cannot read out the program without erasing the entire MCU.  It's also possible that the manufacturer has disabled the programming interface, in which case you would have to replace the entire IC in order to do anything with the circuitry. (Not all MCUs support disabling the programming interface, I'm not sure if this one in particular has that feature or not.)

One thing to note is that there's no obvious temperature feedback, so I see three possibilities:


The heating element has a sufficient positive temperature coefficient of resistance and so is self-regulating
The MCU has been programmed to provide reasonable operation without feedback (based on a simple model of the heating element)
The circuitry is actually using the heating element itself for feedback, IE, by momentarily turning the element off and measuring its resistance to determine its temperature


You would need to reverse engineer the circuitry and/or observe the device's behavior in use to determine which of those is the case.