Step-up Voltage for Bluetooth Dongle to Increase Range?
Move the module away from the shielding. If size is an issue, remove the casing, and maybe remove the usb connector &amp; solder your usb adapter directly to the module. See this EEE PC internal Bluetooth mod for an example.


If range is still an issue, simplest solution is to get a 3.3V bluetooth adapter. Or an original internal bluetooth adapter. Probably cheap as *^$# on eBay.
Tap a 5V source inside the laptop for power. Would require soldering or splicing a cable. That USB port on the top right seems a good place.
Use a boost/step-up module. Performance would be based on how much the bluetooth adapter pulls, and how much you can pull from the 3.3V supply being used. Figure at least 5V 500mA, so 2.5W out, 3W in (85% efficiency).
Mod an better/wired antenna onto the board.


USB Data lines are always 3.3V logic. Only USB power is 5V, standard. Some internal USB devices may be directly powered at 3.3V, and many internal or external ones have a 5V to 3.3V regulator on them. It happens more than you'd think.

Your Range issue may be more because of the thick plastic, and that copper colored area looks like it's actually copper or some other metal shield. It's blocking the signal. Normal internal bluetooth modules typically have antenna cables connected to them, to an unshielded part of the laptop.