Choosing microphone for texture sensing
Not sure what you mean exactly by &quot;vibrations of different textures&quot; but let's assume you want an instrument you would drag over a surface and record its texture.
A microphone is designed to sense vibrations in air, so it's not directly usable. But you could put it in a little chamber with a diaphragm on one end. If the diaphragm had a bump or stylus on the outside, you could drag it over the surface, causing pressure changes in the chamber, and the microphone would pick it up.
D Duck's suggestion of a phonograph cartridge is good, but they are a bit delicate. With either that or the microphone, I think the vibrations may be below the audio frequency range, unless the texture is fine and the dragging is fast. If you're old enough to remember -- the legs of corduroy pants rubbing against each other makes an audible sound.
An accelerometer may be a better low-frequency sensor for vibrations. Just mount it on a PCB and have a stylus that sticks out, in contact with the PCB. An analog accelerometer would give you an analog waveform output, and you can test the concept with an oscilloscope.
To build a practical device, a digital accelerometer would be better, in connection with a microcontroller such as an Arduino. You will need filtering to eliminate DC and low frequency components due to gravity.