ISO 7637 Supply Transient pulses - Explanation
Here are some answers but, because you are not making quotes verbatim there are some answers that I cannot give. May I suggest you copy and paste the exact section you refer to.


Positive and negative pulses can come from the alternator when the battery is disconnected or connected (worse when disconnected)
Negative pulses can arise if there is an inductive load and the battery is disconnected - the inductance will try and take its former positive lead to a large negative value in order to keep current circulating (as per the normal inductor formula)



  "disconnecting the inductive load from a power supply"


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  "series interruption of inductive load"


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I tried partial sentence searches but I'm wasting my time realistically.

EDIT section with verbatim quotes


  disconnection of the power supply from an inductive load


I believe I explained that under the 2nd bullet point above - a negative pulse appears on the previous connection to battery positive.


  Interruption of series inductive load


This is the more regular flyback situation we see when we use a flyback diode to protect a transistor that might be controlling said inductive load.