L7805 destroyed - why?
Linear regulators (like the 7805 and similar parts) have a very simple characteristic. 

Power dissipated = \$ (V_{in}-V_{out}) \cdot I_{out} \$ (plus \$ V_{in} \cdot I_{q} \$ where \$ I_{q} \$ is about 5 mA for the 7805). 

That means that even if we have a 10 V average input (about the lowest that is practical if unregulated power is used) the dissipation at 1 A out will be 5.05 W, which requires a fairly large heatsink or a smaller heatsink and a fan.

You must satisfy all constraints on the datasheet simultaneously, not just the ones that happen to attract your attention. The absolute maximum input voltage is 35 V, and you should make sure never to even get close to that. There is a maximum output current, and there is a maximum power dissipation. If you dissipate too much power for the heatsink etc. the chip gets too hot and the lifetime is compromised, sometimes dramatically. 

The current version of Raspberry Pi 3 uses a lot of current, as much as 730 mA plus whatever is plugged into those USB ports. That's why we generally use a 2.5 A wall wart. 



TL;DR: The L7805 is totally unsuited for this application. If you have an industrial application (and still want to use a Pi) you can buy a DIN rail-mounted supply.



However, the Pi is not a hardened industrial computer, so you may have other fascinating discoveries to come. 



Edit: 

There are drop-in replacements for the L7805 which use a switching regulator. They would be suitable for 24 VDC input (not 35 VDC, not 24 VAC rectified/filtered or not). They do not require additional heat sinking and some may be adequate for your output current. 

Here is one from Murata capable of 1.5 A. They are actually quite inexpensive- probably less expensive than a 7805 + heatsink: