Current limiting resistors for preventing shorts at power supply turn-on
Stating that this current should be limited by resistors indeed ignores the fact that the current is already limited by the transformer winding's series resistance, the diode's series resistance and the capacitor's ESR. Often there is a fuse present as well and don't forget the resistance of the wires.

Also, the current might not need to be limited if it is within limits already.

Also, what would break first if the current is too high? My guess is that the diodes would break first. Most rectifier diodes can handle very large currents for a short time. Like the 1 Ampere 1N400x series diodes can handle peak currents of 30 Amps.

A resistor value for a 24 V supply cannot be given as it depends a lot on the maximum current which that supply is designed for and what other components are used.