Largest spectrum image sensor and processing its entire spectrum image
A partial answer:


Yes, there are one-chip CCD cameras that yield a monochromatic image where all wavelengths are present. Color separation is achieved by (acousto-otpical) band pass filters; often used in microscopy. Foveon sensors attempt(ed) to detect multiple wavelengths at different depths of one sensor.
Bayer mask cameras are sensitive to IR light, that is why they have IR blocking filters. You can make a night vision camera by knocking the IR filter from a web cam (and get a blurry image during the day). But no, you cannot discriminate color signals from a monochromatic camera.