Why are these USB data lines conned to pull-up resistors?
The resistors aren't really complicated, it's a simple Voltage Divider. It's meant to take the voltage difference between Vcc and GND, and divide it to some particular voltage for the D+ and D- lines. Thomas O is correct in saying this is to support Apple products but there are some other devices that use a similar, sometimes slightly conflicting, set up to determine if the devices is a charger.

In essence this is a hack to avoid putting a USB enumerator in charging devices. The enumerator is used to make a device act as Host. It negotiates current requirements and capabilities between a host and device to ensure compatibility, announces the device's successful connection to the host, etc. The strict USB spec states that a device should connect at some very low current draw - enough to power its own logic - and negotiate for more current.

This is overkill for a simple charger since there is no need to ever care about real data or communication. Some industry people decided to put in some "dumb" settings to allow a device to detect a connection to a simple charger, determine what current it is safe to draw and react all on its own without instruction.

There are a couple places to find what the voltages should be to specify, say, 100mA, 250mA, 500mA or 1000mA capability. If you decide to modify your charger, make sure you know exactly what the safe output current is and that you're not advertising more capability than you can provide. This could cause your charger to fail in unexpected ways and possibly damage your connected device. Or it might just melt the plastic and release awful fumes.