Why does this Arduino compatible not have all the recommended capacitors?
Those are rules of thumb to guide you, Not hard design rules. If you want to know what's actually required it takes a lot more analysis of the actual PCB layout and use which is often not feasible.
In fact, ideally, you're not actually supposed to use varying sizes of capacitors at all due to resonant peaking. You're supposed to use the capacitor that has sufficiently low inductance to decoupling the high frequencies which are of interest (which usually means low capacitance) and then put a lot of them in parallel so their total capacitance is enough to decoupling your low frequencies. As you can imagine, this is a pain but you cannot get away with less on very fast processors and FPGAs.
The lower value capacitors (actually smaller package capacitors rather than value) tend to correlate with lower parasitic inductance and will be effective for decoupling high frequencies at low powers. This corresponds with reduced EMI and high frequency noise.
The larger value capacitors (actually larger package capacitors) tend to correlate with higher parasitic inductance so will not be effective for the higher frequencies, but the higher capacitance means they can more cost and space effectively handle decoupling for higher power such as momentary brownouts.
Insufficient decoupling of either can result in misbehaviour.
Also, it is a cost cutting measure. 10uF ceramic caps aren't cheap.