ADS1115 differential output
I am exciting the bridge with a 24VDC supply


The nominal open-circuit voltage on each output from a wheatstone bridge is usually about 50% of the excitation voltage. This is because the bridge acts like two potential dividers.

I would expect to see about 12 volts on each open-circuited output with respect to common ground. It will be lower if you still have the ADS1115 connected.

This almost certainly means that the ADS1115 is presented with input voltages that are far higher than it can cope with. If you are fortunate, the device may not be damaged but this is by no-means certain. To check whether the maximum input current rating of 10 mA has been exceeded, you need to post a schematic.