Silicon Labs CP2102 usb recognition error
The constructed circuit is correct!
After repositioning the bypass Capacitors to a closer distance, problems with the recognition in Simplicity Studio and general of the chip have disappeared.
My Capacitors wouldn't work with a trace length greater than 3 cm.  (Doc.CP2102N Data Sheet: 2.1 - Figure)

Additionally I couldn't get the chip working when connecting to MacOS. Following Errors would constantly appear in Simplicity Studio:
Beginning import from device.
Error: DLL wrapper timed-out!
Errr: No response received from device!
Done! Elapsed time: (0:05.02)

When switching to windows everything worked fine.

Oh yea and don't make the same mistake with not switching RX/TX, when trying to communicate with other chips. Thanks to @td127

Also: Make sure to set the GPIOs (0,1) to TX/RX Toggle, to enable the LEDs. (Doc.CP2102N Data Sheet: 4.3.10)

Similar Problem in the forum of Silicon Labs: here