What do the labels in this documentation mean?
Those labels are called "reference designators"  By themselves they don't tell you anything about the components, but they do provide a link between the component shown on the schematic, an entry in the Bill of Materials (BOM) or parts list, and the actual component on the PC board.

I expect that those schematics are taken from Family User Guide or other documents available from TI.  Those other documents should have the BOM which will give the part values and other details.