How to synthesis, fit, and generate assembly bistream without re-launch all proccess in Quartus?
In general, no. Some software packages may support partial synthesis, but this usually requires separate licenses and may require a lot of additional work for partitioning the design. Note that for some parameters (I.e. hard core configuration settings, IOB configuration settings) it may be possible to update the design at a much later point, but this would require manual scripting. I did this with Vivado to change IOB delay values in the bit file without regenerating the entire design, but this a very limited change.