What will cause if I put a larger inductor to a step down converter like MP1584 or MP2307?
Let me get this straight.  The datasheet gives you a formula for inductor value.  You crank thru this, and discover that the inductor should be 10 &micro;H.  Then you decide "Eh, what do they know, I'll ignore all that and use something off by 5x from what it says.".  Now you're seriously asking if you're doing something wrong!?

Using a component nearly 5x off from what the datasheet specifes is a bad idea.  This really should be obvious.  Inductors have 10% or 20% tolerance.  That kind of error is most likely built into the formula and the compensation network.  But 5x is way beyond reasonable error.

Some datasheets tell you the tradeoffs with different inductor values, but most don't.  You don't know what considerations went into designing the compensation network and guaranteeing stability while living up to the ripple and transient response specs.  If the datasheet doesn't give any guidance about different inductor values, then you have to assume the values they specify are requirements within reasonable inductor tolerances.