redundancy checks and protection on monolithic and MMICs
It's impossible to do redundancy management at the microscopic level and this includes deciding whether a 22uF capacitor is working or not - to work at this level is impractical and requires more components than the basic design making reliability even worse!

So you make a "module" design and you determine its reliability (possibly by using MIL-HDBK-217F) and if it needs to be more reliable you engineer two "modules" in parallel - input power and output power are common to both and you'll need a switching scheme to ensure that if one fails the other one takes over. You can nearly double the MTTF of the overall module in this way.

Large passenger aircraft can still fly if one engine has failed and this is the idea behind redundant systems.