Debug of data transmission via I2C
You need to understand the format and size of the data types that are being sent.

The easier example would be the integer. For your system, integers are represented with 2 bytes, or 16-bits (check your compiler documentation for the right size).  You would analyze this on a scope the same way you would analyze sending a single byte, but instead watch for 2 contiguous bytes to reconstruct the integer.  For example, sending the unsigned integer 3241 should show 0xA9 * 0x0C * - where each '*' is a slave acknowledge (order of bytes may be reversed depending on endianess).

Here is a wikipedia entry on a IEEE single precision floating point format.  If you are sending a float, expect to see the bytes being sent to be in this format.

This answer is assuming that you are actually sending each byte of the intended variable, not just the first one.  If you are passing a byte pointer or buffer to your I2C methods along with a size, ensure that you are pointing to the variable and passing the correct size with the sizeof operator.