solar panel rate of charge
1) see here : Simple voltage drop question

2) if two cables in parallel, the current capacity is double, if still the one cable then the original current capacity.

3)assuming 35W output at 12v the current is just under 3 amps, AH is amps *  time so 20 minutes assuming no other losses.

4) see ans for qu 3, 1A * 10 hours = 10AH.

5) use two solar controllers is one option or a controller with two outputs.

6) source the voltage converters (bay of fleas etc) resistors will waste power.

7) most Do-It-youself places have those - make sure of the input voltages...

8) Two bits of 2x4 to form a triangle - adjust the length of the sides to get the panel angle - you can purchase brackets, how much you spend is your choice, if you make them they will need to be strong enough to support all the loads : wind etc