Can I use VHDL/Verilog to program a micro-controller?
Not realistically, no.

These are language for describing hardware functionality, not ordinary programming languages naturally suited to a stored program computer.

In short, you could use them to make a processor or full microcontroller, but not really realistically to program one.

Strictly speaking, you can use these language to describe a memory, and that memory could contain instructions (such as for a processor also described by the code), but realistically, someone doing this would typically use a traditional assembler or compiler to generate that program, then use a tool to either convert it to initialization constants and pass that through the Verilog or VHDL compiler, or else inject those contents further downstream so that they end up in the resulting system simulation or hardware device, but without going through the first level parser of the verilog or vhdl compiler.  

Although it would be extremely unusual to do so, you could potentially embody such a memory in an FPGA and use it to supply instructions to an off chip processor rather than an on chip one.  Or if you wanted to be really absurd, you could write something for extracting memory contents back out to a programming format suitable for a traditionally PROM - but then why go through the Verilog or VHDL step at all?

Alternately, you can also use these languages to encode simpler models of computation, for example a state machine or even a state machine controlling an arithmatic data path - but those aren't microcontrollers in the modern usage of the word.

I guess if watching paint dry is really your thing, someone did manage to run Linux on an ATmega outfitted with a comical quantity of external RAM and simulating in software a more suitable computer architecture, and you could probably cross compile iVerilog for that simulated machine. So in theory, you could "run" some Verilog in simulation on a decent computer in turn being simulated by a lowly microcontroller - but simulation is slow even on a fast workstation grade computer.