How to send Sensor Output signlas to Long distnaces?
An incremental encoder, so you have two signal lines plus maybe an index pulse, at a minimum. 

You should be able to use RS422 or RS485 drivers (the latter can be constantly enabled) and receivers to send a differential signal over a few pairs. If you use shielded twisted pairs, properly terminated, it should be more than okay. If the EMI environment is hostile, consider isolation. 

You could use inexpensive shielded Ethernet cable if that suits your other requirements.