ADC differential input question
ADC 10-bit resolution means there are pow(2,10)=1024 possible output codes.

If the transfer function is unipolar with voltage range 0 to 2.5V, then ideally each code is (2.5V)/1024=0.0024414V and the maximum full-scale voltage is (2.5V)*(1023/1024)=2.49756V. Real measurement will have some offset error and some gain error specified in the ADC datasheet Electrical Characteristics table.

If the transfer function is bipolar with 2's complement codes, with voltage range -2.5 to 2.5V (a span or dynamic range of 5.0V), then ideally each code is (5.0V)/1024=0.004883V and the maximum full-scale voltage is (5.0V)*(511/1024)=2.495117V. Real measurement will have some offset error and some gain error specified in the ADC datasheet Electrical Characteristics table. Note that in 2's complement, the 1024 possible output codes have the range -512 to +511.

If the input is single-ended that means that the input voltage is sampled with respect to analog ground (which must be close to digital ground). Usually single-ended input is used with unipolar transfer function, because the smaller LSB voltage gives more detail.

If the input is differential that means that the input voltage is sampled as the algebraic difference between two analog input pins, such as AINP and AINN. The signal would be (AINP)-(AINN). Both input pins must also be within a specified common-mode input range, such as between AVDD and AGND. If AINP is 1.5V and AINN is 2.1V, then the signal would be -0.6V, even though both AINP>0 and AINN>0. Usually differential input is used with a bipolar transfer function, so that both positive and negative signals can be encoded.