Minimal ARM circuit is not working
Regarding @RBerteig's advice, I made following circuit: 



Differences: 


There are 1uF+100nF capacitors connected all the VDD and GND pins (as close as possible)
Short routes 


Temporary Problem: 
This circuit was not working. I was not able to connect it via ST-Link utility. 

Solution: 
I checked the pins and one pin (SWCLK) was not connected to the PCB. When I soldered the pin, everything works as expected.

Edit

Here is the bare circuit schematics:

(note: isteğe bağlı means optional)