How do I modify this working circuit to work with a single 0 - 5 V rail?
The main problem with a limited supply voltage in this type of circuit is that the JFET control voltage needs to have a wider range than the supply in order to keep the gain “just right” for minimum distortion. As a simple fix I’d consider making a negative rail using many tried and tested techniques such as an inverting boost converter or a switched capacitance chip. This then boils down to “how do I make one of those”. Google the words and select images to see the plethora of circuits that can be used to make negative 5 volts.