Could the software cause permanent damage to microSD?
Yes, it is possible to render an SD card completely inoperable simply by using it "normally".  Low level software always gets in the way whether you want it to or not.

The SDCard itself contains firmware that makes the final decision whether or not to write data to a given location.  Your OS level drivers are unlikely to have much influence on the health of the disk.  The total amount of data written will ultimately govern the rate of wear to the card.

Do not buy cheap consumer grade SDCards, you should consider buying the more expensive industrial grade cards and go with ones rated for a wider operating temperature range.

My company did a destructive test of the high end industrial cards and it took a full 3 weeks of constant overwriting to see the first write error, that was after about 18 terabytes had been written.

The cheaper cards gave up completely after only a couple of days - that is to say that it became impossible to write anything at all to the card.  The OS itself refused to understand the geometry meaning that it was not possible to recover the card back to normal usage - the card was worn out to the point of uselessness.

We concluded that SDcards are a pretty crummy storage medium but for low-rate usage, although they will probably be fine as long as you are willing to over-spec them to provide maybe four times more storage than your project really needs.