Step up 3.3V to 5V to use as power of op-amp
The VLIM circuit you posted takes the main power input (10.8V to 28.8V) and limits it to around 12.6V (VLIM) which powers the OpAmps.
If the OpAmps you choose can work with single supply @ 5V, rail-to-rail, and the total power consumption is within the specs of your boost converter, I don't see any problems with your new power source.
The LM224D meets the single supply criteria but is not a rail-to-rail device (inputs can't and outputs don't reach Vcc). If you need to use this device for some reason, you'd need to power them with at least 7V and have a separate 5V line for your diode clampers (or lower than that if you need to clamp the outputs to 3.3V).
EDIT:
Regarding the concern about the switching power supply ripple generating noisy analog signals, the boost you selected operates @ 500 kHz, twice the frequency of the buck in the original circuit. If you are also aiming at simple Arduino ADCs, your sampling rate will be much lower than that, requiring anti aliasing filters at least an order of magnitude below the switching frequency. Decoupling capacitors very close to the OpAmps are obviously very important even with linear power supplies (the original circuit also handles digital inputs, which are not predictable and also disturb the power rails).