How should I wire this sensor and board for rugged experimentation?
You could sodler pins to the featherboard, and insert it into a solderless breadboard, or prototype PCB with female connectors. The sensor pins could go directly into the solderless breadboard, or into a female connector on the prototype board. (The protype board requires some soldering.
Or solder female headers to the featherboard, and plug the sensor pins directly into those.
Unfortunately, when you order these options on mechanical strength they are approximately in reverse order of flexibility.
For use on a bike I would rule out the solderless breadboard. For an experiment the other options might be OK, but soldering the wires directly is probably the only long-term reliable option.
Guessing that re-using the featherboard is probably more important that re-using the sensor, I'd go for pins on the feather, female headers on a prototype board, and solder the sensor wires directly onto the prototype board.