If a short circuit occured across the mosfet would anything happen in this scenario?
With the shorts in place this is likely to happen:

I'm assuming that the MCU does not run on 24 V but on a different supply of 5 V.

I'm also assuming that the MOSFET is broken and that it behaves as an "open" on all pins.

Then the output of the MCU will be "pulled up" by the LED + resistor + shorts.

That will forward bias one of the ESD diodes inside the MCU.

These ESD diodes are present in practically any IC.

This is then the situation:







simulate this circuit &ndash; Schematic created using CircuitLab

This assumes that the 5 V supply is such that it stays at 5 V.

It is possible that the 5 V supply cannot "absorb" the extra 24 mA and will increase in value. For example to 10 V. That could potentionally damage your MCU!

If the MOSFET is not broken then it will act as a "MOSFET diode" and limit the voltage at the drain to a few volts (slightly more than the Vt of the MOSFET).