Current loop Circuit isolation
resistance path in your transmitter is to much high (1200 ohm). The TVS diode between +24V and ANA output won't have any function. For example if a spike occurs at ANA output, then the only free path across the TVS is into the driver chip, since you have a polarity protection diode. You could place two TVS diodes: one at input +24V and the other on ANA line, both to earth.
The sensing resistor goes on the receiver part (near ADC).
The easiest way of making isolated DAQ is to put the entire ADC section over the isolating barrier. You need a DC/DC isolating converter and opto or magnetic signal isolators for CLK, SDA