Voltage dividers and resistors
Resistors are the subject of Ohm's Law

The resistance, current and voltage are all tied together by the formula:


  \$I=\frac{V}{R}\$


The current flowing through the resistors is determined by the voltage across the resistors divided by the total resistance.

So, in a voltage divider, you have a known voltage across the resistors - say 5V.



If the total resistance is 20KΩ (two 10KΩ resistors in series), that is a total current of \$\frac{5}{20000}\$ which equals 250µA.

Now, if the resistors in the voltage divider are the same value then it stands to reason that the voltage applied across the whole divider is split in half across the two resistors, as, according to the same formula (turned around for voltage):


  \$V=IR\$


Which is \$0.00025 \times 10000\$ - or 2.5V.

If the resistors were 15KΩ and 5KΩ then it would be \$0.00025 \times 15000\$ for one, and \$0.00025 \times 5000\$ for the other - that's 3.75V and 1.25V respectively.