ADT7410 I2C temp sensor works only after a power cycle (ESP8266)
I'd suggest to try with another fw, just to check if it is not NodeMCU problem.
Like this: https://github.com/cesanta/smart.js

It has sample for another temp sensor (https://github.com/cesanta/smart.js/blob/master/platforms/esp8266/fs/MCP9808.js), I tried - and it works for me.

Also, with smart.js you can try C-code (not JS and not Lua).