Octal buffer/line driver need current limiters?
Do I need capacitors, and what would be good values?

I can't guess where you think these capacitors might be necessary.

However, there should always be a bypass cap from power to ground at any power pin.  1 &micro;F ceramic is a good value today.  The loop between the power and ground pins thru the cap should be as small as reasonably possible.

need a current limiting resistor in series with my 5v line (Vcc) and Vcc pin?

No.  Absolutely not.  You don't want to make the impedance of the power supply as seen by the chip any higher than necessary.  You want to NOT put any resistance between the 5 V rail and the power pin of your chip.

For one of the IC's I want to tie the inputs to Vcc and use a Oen (G1/G2) to toggle them all at once.

OK so far.

Do I need current limiters between Vcc and the input pins?

The inputs are meant to be driven at 5 V and 0 V.  They will draw whatever small current they draw, but there is no need to limit that current somehow.