Electret microphone amplifier voltage spikes
You are running a gain of 40 dB.  Any noise that is present at the input will be amplified by 100x.

There are several possible places where the noise might enter the circuit but the most likely spot is the bias resistor.  There are a couple of things that you can try.

1) Move the bias resistor power lead from Vcc to ground.  Although the mic won't work, does the noise go away?  

If it does, you need to add a low-pass power supply filter to the bias supply.  This can be as simple as another 10k resistor in series with Vcc and a large capacitor from the junction of the two resistors to ground.

2) Disconnect the mic.  Does the noise go away?  If so, try a different mic capsule.

One very rare problem that I've had in the past is that the ground trace that connects to mic's the metal case was broken.  This allowed the metal case to pick up nearby noise spikes.  Replacing the capsule fixed the problem.