What's the difference between an infra-red and a normal phototransistor?
To emphasise WhatRoughBeast's point, that infra-red and 'daylight' phototransistors are usually the same active, semiconductor, component embedded into plastic with daylight transparent or daylight filtering, these two phototransistors a SFH 300 and a SFH 300 FA have an almost identical specification.

Both types are compatible with an Arduino. A search should find good values for 'voltage divider' resistor.

As Chris Stratton explained, you can take ADC measurements from the same sensor, one illuminated by an IR LED/emitter and the other measurement without IR illumination, then subtract to get the difference.

You can make the illuminated measurement more effective by 'pulsing' a very high current through the IR LED (for a short time). Usually if you look at the spec. sheet for the IR LED, it'll give a value for the maximum pulse current, whicn may be as much as 10x more than the continuous current. You'll need some extra circuitry, for example a bipolar or MOSFET transistor to do this as it'll likely be well beyond the current rating of the Arduino. This might provide enough power to work well using visible light (red) LEDs and sensors.

There are other things to consider with a line follower.

It is possible to get slightly better performance by making sure the LED/emitter and sensor are matched, usually you can get a good match just by getting parts with very similar peak wavelength.

Line follower tracks are often made with a black background and white line, or white with black tape. Black paper, some black paint and some black tape reflects IR light surprisingly well, and looks 'white' in IR light. So check that the track is using materials which have good contrast to your sensors. It is just possible that IR is worse than visible light.

Another thing to consider is using multiple IR sensors and LEDs/emitters. The positions of the IR sensors and IR LED/emitters can help. Search around and you'll find various ideas. If you use multiple sensors and emitters in a reasonable layout, you should get a pretty accurate measurement of the lines position (IIRC, Pete Harrison at http://www.micromouseonline.com/ might have described a technique). A way to think of it is interpolating from a few values, or fitting a curve to a few values. It's worth trying to make a couple of arrangement of sensors and emitters, if you have the time and money.

One small problem with using IR is knowing how well it works. Many mobile phone cameras and digital cameras will display in the viewfinder, and capture IR. You might make good progress by using visible light initially just because it should be easier to see how well things are working.