DC motor temporary speed change with simple Boost Converter
If you use your 'standard' boost controller from your diagram to always control the voltage to your motor, then you could make it work.

Simply put, for 'normal speed' operation, you would want to use 1 duty cycle for the boost converter; then for 'speed boost' you'd simply change the duty cycle (timing).

Of course, the exact timings &amp; component values (cap &amp; inductor) you'll need will depend on the exact 'boosted' voltage you need, and on your motor's total curremt draw; but yes, a rather simple boost converter could accomplish your goal.