Arduino 433MHz transmission fails if falling edge is less than 122ms
You need a bare transmitter and receiver pair with one channel. Photo is super regenerative receiver. You can use superhetrodyne type for better anti interference.  Generally, these works up to a few kHz switching, put Hi in tx and Hi come out at Rx.  



The one you got has additional encoder MCU. It read 4 key lines, wait 120ms for key debounce, so shorter input are ignored. It then send a coded message to the receiver where another MCU decode the message and send out hi /lo on 4 channels.

Your module is generally used inside these 4 key remote control (car door opener, etc.)
Note more pin, as out1 to out4.  The bare is out1 only.