Short Circuit Scenario to understand short circuits
If the cable plugged into outlet 1 is shorted, a high current will flow through the main breaker, outlet 1, the faulty cable, and the wiring in the wall between outlet 1 and the main breaker.  High current will not flow through outlet 2, but both outlet 1 and outlet 2 will lose power when the main breaker trips.

In house wiring, all outlets on a circuit are wired in parallel, so all outlets see the same voltage.  The current through each branch of a circuit will only depend on the load on that branch.

EDIT







simulate this circuit &ndash; Schematic created using CircuitLab

In the above circuit, if Lamp 3 develops a short, a large current will flow through the top and bottom horizontal wires, and through F4 and lamp 3.  This should blow fuse F4.  The currrents through Lamps 1 and 2 will not be affected by the large current going to lamp 3.

In practice, depending on the characteristics of F1 and F4, F1 may blow before F4, then the whole circuit looses power.  At no time does the high current through the shorted lamp 3 cause an increased current in lamps 1 and 2, so their fuses will not blow.