How to interface 1 MSPS ADC with processing module in FPGA?
Normally, FIFOs are self controlled to prevent overflows and underflows. This is done by implementing a forward and backward flow control. Forward flow control means that data words are marked valid in the FIFO so that the read side can distinguish valid from invalid words. Backward flow control is achieved by exporting fill state of a FIFO to the write side. If the FIFO is full it creates a 'full' signal signaling the writer that it can handle more data.

In your case the ADC is transmitting data at a constant rate, so you have to dimension the FIFO correct to prevent an overflow.

\$Write\,speed = 20\,MHz \cdot \frac{1\ ADC\,Words}{16\ Cycles} = 1.25\,M\frac{Words}{sec}\$

\$Read\,speed = 100\,MHz \cdot \frac{1\,Word}{1\,Cycle} = 100\,M\frac{Words}{sec}\$

Because read speed is faster then write speed and write burst length is one, you don't need to worry about FIFO depth or burst length and overflows. Note cross clock FIFOs have a minimum dephs, e.g. 3 words.

Lets have a look to a common FIFO interface:

entity fifo_ic_got is
    generic (
        D_BITS         : positive;          -- Data Width
        MIN_DEPTH      : positive           -- Minimum FIFO Depth
    );
    port (
        -- Write Interface
        clk_wr    : in  std_logic;
        rst_wr    : in  std_logic;
        put       : in  std_logic;
        din       : in  std_logic_vector(D_BITS-1 downto 0);
        full      : out std_logic;

        -- Read Interface
        clk_rd    : in  std_logic;
        rst_rd    : in  std_logic;
        got       : in  std_logic;
        valid     : out std_logic;
        dout      : out std_logic_vector(D_BITS-1 downto 0)
    );
end;


This FIFO has 2 clock inputs, one for each clock domain (read (rd) and write (wr)) as well as one resets for each side.

The data path din to dout is surrounded by 4 signals:


put - din is valid -> store word in the FIFO
full - the FIFO is full -> no more data can be stored, put has no effect
valid - the FIFO has at least one data word, which can be seen at dout
got - the current word on dout was read and the circuit is ready for the next word


Writing at every 16th clock cycle means to assign put every 16 cycles to 1. She signal full can be ignored, because the read side is always faster then the write side.

Here is a waveform for the FIFO:


Wavedrome online waveform editor