Why does my ceiling fan spin the wrong way?
The fan would have a  capacitor to put phase shifted voltage to additional coil in the motor.
Sometimes there is a switch to change direction and it changes which way the motor runs, by changing which way the phase is shifted.
Residential power depends on where you live. Some have single phase only, some have two phase, and some have three phase. Nevertheless, a ceiling fan would usually have single phase and neutral return, and protective earth ground.