Will a resistor be damaged if power rating is surpassed momentarily?
Maybe. Some resistors have surge current ratings right on the data sheet (usually curves), and it would be best to use one of those within ratings.

You may see significant changes in resistance from the surges, even within the maximum surge rating.

You also need to observe voltage rating, and I would suggest keeping it within operating rather than surge voltage rating. In this case, maybe two 12K 2W 2512 resistors in series would fill the bill with a fair bit of margin. Smaller ones  have less voltage rating but in series, you might consider them adequate. 

Check out the single pulse surge rating: 



You should also consider what might happen if the bleeder resistor was somehow switched across the power supply with it still energized. You probably want to ensure it does not cause a fire. There are resistors that are designed to be "fusible" and fail in a controlled manner to handle such situations (though maybe not in SMT form), generally they are wirewound or metal oxide film types.