ACS712 overcurrent consequences
The answer is in the chip manufacturer's FAQ section about the chip.
The limit is how much the silicon heats up, so it depends on the ambient temperature.
At 85 C ambient temperature, it can take 40A for infinitely long.
Or 20A continuously at 150 C ambient.
It can also take short 200A pulses but they have to be limited so that they are short and do not happen too often so that the temperature limit is not exceeded.