How to protect current sense IC from current transients
Part of the answer is in the datasheet.

The unit can handle a 100ms single pulse of 100A.

This equates to some serious power path between the pins that are measured inside the device. This power path will very easily "win" from a 10A fast fuse. A fast fuse at 10A is still a tiny little wire, that could never stand 100A for any more than a fraction of a ms.

So if you fuse it in your device with a 10A fuse as you imply, you've done your job.
The only way you can then destroy the device is by replacing the fuse by a piece of tin foil and anyone doing that is asking for problems anyway.

Other than that care must be taken to keep the 230V at least 2mm (advised 3mm) away from the low voltage parts.

These little current sensors are actually designed to be incredibly rugged, just so you can put them in any power path and not worry about voltage drops and power dissipations.

If you're still worried, you can add a 1ohm resistor at a few watts, but it'll be more susceptible to damage than your sensor.