Why should small capacitors be placed far away from the 'output' pin on a medium-sized LDO?
There is no obvious reason but moving the low ESR Ceramic away from the regulator lowers the self resonance frequency from trace inductance.  


  It will make significant improvements with  2nd order LPF effect for attenuating noise and emanations but I am guessing will also improving loop phase margin with better transient feedback.


Given Load Regulation: 0.2%/A @I OUT = 1A
What is Zout?    

If Vout=3.3V @ 1A then 0.002V/1A= 3 millohms. But this is steady state and not transient error, due to DC gain in feedback error and especially low RdOn in the regulator output.

So what is the dynamic output impedance (f,I)? in scattering parameters called s22.

This can be estimated from step response but is typically measured using an Impedance Analyzer.



Two switches in Falstad SIM to examine input and output.  Change any values you want.