Adafruit Pt100 temperature sensor
simulate this circuit &ndash; Schematic created using CircuitLab

You can connect it like that. It will not exceed the 1.0mA current recommended for a Pt100 element. The resolution will be about 15°C, which is useless for most applications but it meets your requested limitations and does respond to temperature, after a fashion. 

If you abuse the element by reducing R1 to 499 ohms (10x the maximum current and thus 100x the recommended dissipation) you'll get about 2°C resolution but a lot of self-heating (read your sensor datasheet to calculate how much at whatever temperature) and dubious reliability. 



Perhaps you can see why basically nobody does anything like this. There are microcontrollers that can work well with small signals but the Arduino does not contain one. 

If you switched the 5V to a 499R resistor with a small MOSFET (p-channel) and operated at a very low duty cycle you could probably get this to work with reasonable results, but an op-amp would be a much more sensible answer.