Operational amplifier as comparator - maximum input voltage
There are really two parts to this question. 


Will it work without risking damage to IC2B
Will it function properly. 


The voltage at both inputs will be within the power supply range so the +/-32V absolute maximum rating is easily satisfied, so it is not close to damage from differential input voltage. There is another constraint- input voltage must be between –0.3 to 32V. That also is satisfied since the output of IC2D will be within the range of 0-12V and likewise the output of the R6/R7/R8 divider will be well within that voltage range.  



As to functionality- the voltage on the inverting input is determined by the resistors and pot. It can be set from nominally 9.8 to 10.8V. According to the datasheet, for reliable operation as a comparator over the full temperature range at least one input has to be within the range of 0 to Vcc-2V or 0 to 10V nominally. So we cannot count on the inverting input being within this range, but it's close (which is bad). 



The non-inverting input is driven by IC2D output which not sourcing any significant current, and we can see from figure 2 in the datasheet that it will typically sit at around Vcc - 1.2V, so that input is also outside the guaranteed working range. 



So we can conclude that this circuit will not damage the amplifier in question, but it's a poor design that is not guaranteed to function properly at extremes of temperature (depending on the position of the trimpot!), but may well typically work on the bench (so odd and intermittent loss of functionality may be observed in the field). 

Simply adding a single resistor from the non-inverting input to ground (a voltage divider) and changing the resistors values in the R6/R7/R8 chain to proportionally lower the voltage on the inverting input would that part of it reliable.