How does this wireless charger work?
Is that how this is working?


Yes, you have a correct understanding of how it works.


  Also, are the resistors in the receiver circuit put there for the female USB? Why?


Apple usb charging standard. Signals to the ipod what kind of charger and how much current it can pull.


  Also when I bought the diodes for the transmitter circuit, I could only get 1 UF4007 and the other is a 1N4007. Will that affect the functioning of the circuit?


Yes, it will affect it. I believe the 1N4007 is a 1A diode. You need beefier ones.