Would this circuit work on AMS1117?
It is not correct.

First: imagine you connect only 2,8k from 12V to GND. I = U / R = 12V / 2800 Ohm = 0,00428 A = 4mA. No current higher than that will ever be sourced from 12V.

You can connect the 1117 directly to 12V. It will disspate (12V-3,3V)*0,8A Watts. 6,96W will make it run hot.

You could add a power resistor in front of the regulator (from 12V to regulator input). If you wanted for example to drop 12V to 5V first (drop of 7V) and then regulate. The resistor value would be R = U / I = 7V / 0,8A = 8,75 Ohms. At 0,8A that resistor would dissipate P = I^2 * R = 5,6 W. You should pick a power resistor with higher power rating than that.

In the end you have to dissipate those ~7 watts somewhere (either in the regulator or power resistor) unless you use a switching regulator.