Buck inductor current ratings
When the top switch is ON, the inductor has a constant voltage \$ E \$ across it, so its current will increase linearly with time according to \$ di/dt = E/L\$, which results in the usual triangular inductor current waveform.

When core material gets close to saturation, inductance decreases, which means \$ di/dt \$ increases. This results in a current waveform which is no longer triangular, but "spiky". Once saturation is reached, current "runs away" quickly. Saturation is visible in the scope shot from this article :



This is a situation you want to avoid in normal use for your rated load current, because it will increase losses. However, as you noticed, you have a compromise to make. Even though during normal use inductor current will peak at 2.5A, which means a small inductor saturating above this current would be suitable, current may go much higher in case of a short circuit on the output, or during startup if the load has lots of capacitance and the soft-start ramp-up is too fast. 

In this case, the DC-DC chip will go up to its internal current limit, but once this limit is exceeded, it does take a certain amount of time to turn off the FET. Since the saturated inductor has much lower inductance, current increases much faster than a calculation based on the original inductor value, so by the time the FET is being turned off, current may have reached unsafe levels.

If the top FET fails shorted, input voltage will be connected to output so the rest of the board will get overvoltage and fry. Unless the bottom FET also fails shorted, in which case the chip will short the supply and test its current limiting.

Fortunately (see paragraph 4.14 in datasheet) this particular chip has a clever protection which will sleep for 1ms after 8 cycles tripping the overcurrent detection, and if this goes on it will eventually shut down. So, you don't have to overdesign to avoid overheating in a continuous short, all you have to do is avoid destroying the FET after 8 cycles.

Saturation is not an ON/OFF phenomenon, rather it is a gradual phenomenon. Some core materials have a soft "knee" in the inductance vs current curve, and others have a harder knee. So, since you want a small inductor, I'd go with one which begins to saturate a bit below the overcurrent limit (say, 4A) but still keeps at least some inductance up to 7A. Maybe a soft-saturation although I've never used these.

Another option is to lower the current limit, or pick a chip which has an adjustable current limit.