Condenser microphone + LM386 + Arduino
The first thing I see is that your microphone only has one connection, and that's to ground.
Solderless breadboards only have connections between pins in certain directions.  As far as I can tell, you are expecting the breadboard to &quot;know&quot; which direction you intend the connections to go.
The strips along the outside are connected together the long way down the breadboard.
The fields inside the breadboard are connected the short way across the board - but they do not cross the groove that runs the length of the board down the center.
Look at your breadboard.  It has numbered rows, and columns with letters.  In each row, columns a, b, c, d, and e are connected together.  Also, columns f, g, h, i, and j are connected together.
The numbered rows are not connected to each other at all.
Check your circuit as built against the schematic diagram, and keep in mind which way the breadboard connections run.
I'm pretty sure you'll find more wrong than just the microphone.