Detect an IR signal with a photodiode to use it with a microcontroller
Read the following data sheet extract from the TL074 and see why your circuit is ineffective: -


So, if you fixed the supply rails the next problem will be that your output signal will be negative relative to 0 volts; this is because photocurrent flows into the cathode and out from the anode thus forcing the op-amp output to go negative to maintain -Vin at 0 volts. So, your circuit is inverting and producing a negative output (well it would do if you applied a negative voltage rail instead of 0 volts).

I am trying to detect an IR signal with a photodiode to connect it to
my STM32F411

Your input pin won't handle negative inputs so either add another inverting stage or turn your photodiode around and bias it from -3.3 volts. However, you'll still need a negative rail on your op-amp if you turn the PD around because the TL074 can't handle input signals close to the negative supply rail: -

And the output doesn't work close to the negative rail either: -

You might also consider using a faster op-amp so that the output looks a bit more like the input photodiode current although this may not be necessary - only you can decide this.

Follow-up edit by OP
It looks to me like you are overdriving the photodiode with respect to the feedback resistor you have fitted. Try lowering the feedback resistor to 10 kΩ to see if you get an improvement. The overload you are creating will take several microseconds to clear so be aware of this when driving the output into the rails. Also remove the 20 pF capacitor - you might be able to get away without it at the expense of slightly more noise on the output.