How does the length of a transformers core affect its properties?
Some aspects are equivalent, some are different.

Let's assume they are the same cross sectional area, and you want to make a transformer, perhaps a power transformer, operating from a fixed mains input voltage and frequency, with a sine wave waveform.

The first, most important thing, before doing anything else, is to make sure that the core operates at the highest field practical, but still short of saturation.

Neglecting copper losses, all of the input voltage is balanced by the voltage induced in the primary by the changing field in the core. If we allow losses, we find things are not much different, and in fact due to the voltage drop on the copper giving a lower voltage, a little better for saturation, so we'll stick with the ideal case for simplicity.

As the flux changes, it induces a voltage in each turn of the primary, that can be given by \$V = area\frac{dB}{dt}\$, when all quantities are measured in SI units. For an input sinewave, as in a mains transformer, this is \$V_{peak} = area.2{\pi}fB_{peak}\$. For an input square wave, as in an inverter, the constant is slightly different, and \$V_{peak} = area.4fB_{peak}\$

To find the minimum number of turns to put onto the primary, we take the peak input voltage, and divide by the volts per turn. As both cores have the same area, both cores will require the same number of turns on their primaries to operate below saturation You will notice that this expression did not involve the core length or the core permeability, or BH curves.

While it's tempting to think that the primary inductance might be a way to arrive at the number of turns here, anybody that asks you to go that route is signing you up for a lot of trouble. The inductance depends on the core permeability, but we don't know the permeability until we know the field (is it above or below saturation level, below, maybe 2000, above, maybe 10), we don't know the field until we know the current ... you see where this is headed. The only way to determine the field is through the applied volts, and the core area. And I've put the formula for that above.

The longer core will draw a higher magnetising current. This is the off-load current, which creates the flux in the core. There are two ways to understand this increase. One is that as we need the same H field to drive the B field, whose changes are balancing our input voltage, and as the H field is Ampere.Turns/length, and the length has doubled, we need twice as many AT. The other is to say that the primary inductance has halved, as it involves a 1/length, so the input voltage will drive twice as much current through it. The two approaches are equivalent.

The longer core allows a larger hole in the middle, the 'copper window', which means we can include many more turns of wire, or wire that is thicker. This means higher voltage or current output respectively. As the area goes up as the square of the length, the VA of the transformer is increased four fold.

If these were inductors (and you wouldn't make inductors on an un-gapped high mu material core (the why is for a different question)) with the same number of turns, then if you passed the same current through both, then the H field in the small core would be greater, and so this one would saturate first. We already know that fed from the same voltage, they will run at the same field.

So in summary, comparing the two cores...

the number of primary turns is the same
the primary inductance is half
so the magnetising current is doubled
the copper window area has increased fourfold
which has increased the VA about 4 times