Can I use a ferrite bead instead of a resistor on the data wire of my LED strip?
It's hard to say since we don't know what the input to the WS2812B is, but the datasheet does say that the digital input should be between -0.5V and 5.5V (which typically means there is diodes on the output and the input current is 1uA, which typically means that it is a FET not a BJT transistor input.
If the signal were to exceed 5.5V it would turn the protection diode on (but you wouldn't want to burn out the diode so keep it below 5.5V).
Either way its best to avoid ringing and wouldn't really matter how the ringing is stopped, just as long as it is attenuated and the rise time is not attenuated too much.
If people are touching the wire it might be good to put a TVS diode on the input so the first LED's input's aren't blown out.