Is it possible to over-power a 3-Phase AC motor with a AC Controller?
You can only send a torque command to a controller if the controller is set up to control torque rather than just supply voltage at a specified frequency. That kind of controller will not work unless it is "tuned" to the connected motor. If it is rated for a much larger motor, it will probably not be capable of being tuned properly and will probably give a warning to that effect.

If the controller is set up to simply provide voltage proportional to frequency, it will operate the motor properly, but it will not protect the motor if the load demands more torque than the motor can safely provide. In that case, the motor will burn up just as it would if it were connected to mains power without proper overload protection.

For operation at a given speed, the torque supplied by the motor is the torque required to drive the load at that speed. If the power supply or controller voltage and frequency are commanding a higher speed, the motor will attempt to supply enough torque to accelerate to that speed. That can cause the motor to be overloaded. However, three-phase induction motors are designed to withstand that type of overload for the time that is usually required to accelerate to full speed. If the load has a very high inertia or the acceleration is repeated too often, the motor may burn out. Proper overload protection will prevent that.

Understanding this requires a good understanding of the type of motor and the interactions between motors and loads. You really need that first before you can fully understand VFDs.