Need help identifying replacement Magic Smoke Container
You could do two separate trouble shooting:

You could try measuring the resistance on the LED block contacts to see if it is not shorted. If multimeter shows "0" resistance, it is shorted. If is it not shorted, you could try next (since the device is powered from ac power mains, you should not work with it with no experience):

The power supply's enclosure must specify the current rating of the supply. So, you need to estimate the fuse rating for replacement. Then you could try plug it in again, but without the load (no LED block). If no "foof" happens, then maybe the device is not damaged, and you could try connecting the LED block again, hoping that the first time there was some accidental temporary short.

My guess:

The text YS-388-10W indicates the model number and perhaps the output power rating 10 watt. So, if this charger works from  110V, then the current necessary to provide the 10W would be 10/110=90mA. You can try to find the fuse that is 100mA rated and try replacing the burnt one.