Just opened up a defunct Samsung charger... what am I looking at?
The component with a "F" designator (light green) is a fuse. The "TH" (dark green) is a PTC thermistor. The "L" (vertical black cylinder) is an inductor.

And I think the charger failed because a thermal fuse (connected via the wire over the core) on the transformer blew, so thermal damage (as the half-shattered core and partially-melted cap evidence).