Ground Earth Resistance explained in electrical system
In a TT system, the current that will flow in a dead short from the live to the protective earth may not be enough to blow a fuse or trip a circuit breaker.  That's why TT systems should always use an RCD (or GFCI in American terminology; they are different names for the same thing).  An RCD will trip if the leakage current is only a few tens or hundreds of milliamps.
The Earth may be a rather poor conductor, but it's an extremely fat one - about 12742km at its widest.  As a result, pretty much all the resistance between the house eath rod and the supply transformer earth rod is in the soil around the rods themselves.  How far apart they are makes little difference.
Grounding and earthing are pretty much the same thing.  Earthing is more British English, while grounding is more American.  Bonding is connecting two things together to ensure that they have the same voltage in the event of a fault.  You get electrocuted if you touch two things at different voltages at the same time, so bonding different things together can reduce the chances of electrocution.