Scaling down the sensitivity of an MEMS mic
The sensitivity of -46dBV means that with an incident sound level of 94dB (SPL) at 1kHz, the device's voltage output is 5mV. For the record, 94dB SPL is 1 pascal RMS of sound pressure.

If you read the data sheet it also tells you that the absolute maximum level of sound it can withstand is 160 dB SPL and this is very loud. At this level of SPL it is likely that the device's output will be heavily distorted.

It might help if you read this document. It's also from AD and is entitled AN-1112, Microphone Specifications Explained. It contains this:-


  For digital microphones, a full-scale signal is defined as the highest
  signal level that can be output from the microphone; for Analog
  Devices MEMS microphones, this level is 120 to 140 dB SPL. See the
  Acoustic Overload Point section for a fuller description of this
  signal level.


120 dB SPL can be assumed to be resolvable from the MEMs device and indeed, in the device spec it says: -


  Maximum Acoustic Input Peak 120 dB SPL


I think it has been established that 120 dB SPL is the maximum sound level that the device can linearly reproduce an output voltage that is relatively free from distortion. Is 120dB loud enough (?): -



If you need something that will work over 120dB SPL maybe you should consider a different microphone technology or find a way of mechanically reducing the sounds received by the sensor. If 120dB SPL is OK then read on...

If you only want to hear loud sounds and by this I mean you want smaller sounds not to register at all then, you can build an electronic circuit that is called a noise-gate. Basically a noise gate is a regular amplifier that can be disabled (or muted) when the input signal level is lower than a predetermined (and usually adjustable) threshold: -