If I look at a signal in its frequency domain, are there some guidelines by which I can tell how that signal looks in the time domain?
One of the best properties of both Fourier and Laplace transforms is that, for a signal \$x\$ resulting of a convolution of two signals in time \$a \star b\$, the transform of \$x\$ (let's use Laplace) is equal to the multiplication of the transforms for each signal. So, \$L\{x\}= L\{a\} \cdot L\{b\}\$. That way, You can calculate the TF in the frequency domain then the transform for the input signal, the multiplication of the two will be the resulting signal (though representing it in time might be difficult, you usually rearrange the terms in the equation until you find one or more know transform terms). 

For example, you have the TF,
\$ B(s)=\frac{s+2}{s+1}\$
and step signal \$ A(s)=\frac{1}{s}\$, the result of both signals will be
\$ X(s)=\frac{s+2}{s(s+1)}\$.

Which may seem to not give any insight into the time response, but it is known that:
\$L\{e^{-at}\}=\frac{s}{s+a}\$, so we transform the equation for 
\$ X(s)\$, using the Heaviside cover-up method, into \$ X(s)=\frac{-1}{s+1}+\frac{2}{s}\$. Which is the sum of two of the exponential terms mentioned above, so:

\$x(t) = -e^{-1t}+2\$