Modding a dremel to accept 230volts
I assume AC symbol top right = motor?

Doable but some (not too great) risk.  - see below.   

A small external 2:1 stepdown transformer is safer.
 What is Wattage on rating plate?  

Warnings:


C in series with 100R is a suppression capacitor. If it is not 230 VAC working rated it may tell you so loudly.


If the TRIAc is not rated for 230 VAC ... as aboive. It should have a part number on it.
The bridge rectifier suggests that the circuit is working with full wave rectified AC. The TRIAC may actually be an SCR. 
The timing capacitor should never see full mains voltage but being 230 VAC  rated would "be wise". 



Your diagram is hard on the brain because it is "upside down". The TRIAC control voltage is referenced to the TOP of your circuit (usually = terminal VT1) and not the bottom. It is std practice to draw this reference connection at the bottom as "ground of sorts" :-).
 As shown the implication is that the voltage that turrns on the TRIAC is between gate and the bottom of the circuit as shown. This is not the case.

Here is a more conventionally drawn circuit. Capacitor C is charged by R until it reaches a voltage high enough to trigger the DIAC and feed an energy pulse to the gate. The speed is slowed down by taking longer per cycle to charge the capacitor to DIAC firing level. This is achieved by increasing the minimum and maximum values of R. Rmin sets fastest charging time so earliest time in main cycle to trigger so maximum speed. Rmax sets longest time to charge so slowest speed.



Methods / approaches:

The aim throughout is to slow down the time taken to charge the timing cap to DIAC trigger voltage. 

(1) It is possible that your Dremel is "designed" to be either 110 VAC or 230VAC and that the 50 ohm resistor across the pot reduces Rmax and Rmin enough so that it operates on 110 VAC. By removing that resistor you MAY increase Rmax enough to slow the motor down enough. But you won't affect Rmin. 

(2) A simple method that will have a reasonable chance of working is to double all resistors. It MAY be enough to about double the 620 ohm to 1200 ohm - or  bit more or a bit less.

(3) If you have room them doubling the value of the timing cap should work well. Or connect an indentical one electrically in parallel with it.

This circuit may look familiar. Compare to diagram and text above. Ask questions.





Timing cap size:

As noted, doubling the timing cap should APPROXIMATELY halve the effective motor voltages. Very approximate because of the waveform shape / timing issues.

You can try putting misc caps in parallel with existing cap and seeing what happens.

How big is the existing cap?
 Cap must be charged to DIAC voltage in a half cycle worst case. Any longer is ineffective.
 t = RC.
 R seems to be about 620 R + (50R in // with pot)
 Those values are sustpect.
 Measuring 620R WITH POWER OFF AND PLUG OUT may be useful. 

Say Rmax = 1k.
 T = 1/2 cycle at 60 Hz say = 1/120h second ~= 8 mS.
 T = RC.
 C = T/R = 0.008/1k = 0.000008 F = 8 uF.
 Is it an electrolytic?
 Seems too high but a few experiments with mains rated caps there will show.
 eg 0.1 uF in parallel should have minimal effect IF C = ~~ 8 uF
 If 0.1 uF swamps existing cap and makes Dremel run really slow then try 0.01 and 0.001 etc.

BUT

Iwould be tempted to


Read rating plate for max power.


Use a small isolating transformer.



An auto transformer may do.   

Apply mains to a centre tapped 240 VAC winding.
 Connect Dremel across one half.

or

Take two identical transformers rated at 110:X or 240:X
 Connect primaries in series = mains in.
 Connect secondaries in parallel with correct phase = inter unit coupling.
 Connect Dremel across one primary winding. 

Here X V winding can be any voltage as long as transformers are identical.