Understanding this power supply design
The circuit is easier to understand if it is redrawn so that voltages increase strictly from bottom to top.



I've drawn the rectifier as a floating voltage source for simplicity.

Since ground is defined as the point between the two output capacitors, then D15 establishes the most negative voltage as -13V.

D14 then puts the ADJ pin of the regulator at +12V, which means that the regulator output is 12 + 1.25 = 13.25V.

D8 regulates the gate of Q1 at 43V above the negative rail, for an absolute voltage of +30V relative to ground. Note that Q1 is wired as a current limiter.

Since you're measuring the input of the regulator at +27V, then there's a difference of 3V between that point and the gate of Q1. Most of this is the threshold voltage of Q1, but there will also be a voltage drop across R2 + R3 that depends on the load current.

D7 limits that voltage to 10V at most, which means that the maximum current that can flow through R2 + R3 is about \$\frac{7\text{ V}}{515\Omega} = 13.6\text{ mA}\$ &mdash; at which point, the input voltage to the regulator will have dropped to about 20 V. Presumably, this range of current is not enough to activate the coil.

If TR1 is triggered, then the current is limited only by R2, which means that about 1.37 A will flow through the coil, at least until the power source is cut off.