Reset Switch Wiring on STM32
Yes, shorting a capacitor with a button does cause a large pulse of current. In fact, AVR hardware design guide suggests that when a push button with contact bounce and reset capacitor is combined with stray inductance from wires and PCB traces, the surge voltages can be out of specs for the reset pin and thus a 330R series resistor is recommended. Also the maximum current rating of a simple tactile switch may easily be exceeded. 

A 330 ohm resistor limits the surge current to 10mA which is usually below maximum rating and above minimum wetting current rating to keep contacts clean. STM32 chips seem to have diode protection to positive supply voltage as well so it may not absolutely require a series resistor but nevertheless it is a good design choice to include it.

As the reset button is almost never required on a final product, the resistor plays very little role and sometimes even the switch is removed from the final product.