Read USB data to arduino
No. You need to speak USB. USB is neither a &quot;purely&quot; differential thing, nor is it a unidirectional thing, nor is it overly relaxed in timing, nor can it be talked to with an UART, nor... in short: no, USB needs specific hardware¹ and your microcontroller (MCU) doesn't seem to have that if you're asking like this.
Either your Arduino's MCU (&quot;arduino&quot; doesn't tell us which that is) has a USB interface or it doesn't. If it doesn't, bad luck.
If it does: you'll just have to implement a full USB device stack on that MCU; I doubt that the arduino platform will be of extremely much help there, but I'm not an Arduino expert. (I'm assuming your phone belongs in the category of &quot;smart phones&quot;, and will have to be the host device here. )
If it doesn't: no. Get a MCU with a USB controller built-in. I'd personally just drop Arduino on the way. Little benefit having a loop-based system if you're actually dealing with asynchronously coming in messages  from a USB host.

¹ very few exceptions, where you can emulate a keyboard in software, but you can't do that with the Arduino firmware, due to timing constraints.