NE555 output voltage is too low
The calculated frequency (datasheet equation) for that configuration is about 195kHz. 

The calculations are invalid, however, since the bipolar version of the 555 (NE555) only barely works to 100kHz. 

You can try the CMOS version (eg. TLC555) which will work fine at that frequency. You might want to consider increasing the resistor values somewhat (maybe 3-5:1) and decreasing the timing capacitor. 

You can verify this with the circuit you have simply by increasing the timing capacitor (say to 10nF).