How to transfer energy generated from electromagnetic induction to a USB port?
The idea is good!

So, to talk about the problems:

The power bank expects a charging input voltage of 5 V. How much above and below that it'll accept is pretty much undefined; don't expect charging to happen below 4.7 V, and don't expect damage-freeness above 5.5 V, I'd say.

That'll be hard to do with your "shaker": The speed with which it's shaked defines the voltage, and obviously, shaking isn't a continuous motion, so that this will be impossible for the power bank to use directly.

So, as Stefan Wyss said, you'll need some kind of voltage "smoothing" first, so that the very uneven voltage gets "processable" at all, and then a regulation that converts that voltage to a different voltage (namely, 5V).

I'll go ahead and recommend not doing this with a shaking generator. Go for a small motor, such as you can salvage from old cassette players (avoid battery-powered casette players, their motors will usually generate too little voltage), and attach a lever with a small weight to its axis. Bringing that into rotation is about as complicated as vigorously shaking something, but much more power efficient.

Attach your bridge rectifier to that. Add a large capacitor to its output – in fact, as large as you can cheaply get, so maybe 47µF (hint: when I took apart broken cassette players as kid, there were plenty of electrolytic capacitors inside ;) Watch their polarity!), and attach a small load to it (maybe 10 Ω or so – in a pinch, a small incandescent 12 V light bulb will do, and you can often get those cheap at gas stations. Measure the (DC) voltage across that load when rotating the weight at a realistic speed.

Note down that voltage. It's hopefully well above 5V.

If that's the case, you only need to step that voltage down to a constant 5V.

Stefan's recommendation of the LM317 does exactly that. I'd go a step further and say that in your application, getting a switching voltage regulator would be a good choice – because the LM317 simply "burns" the voltage difference between 5V and what you generate, but with a switching voltage regulator, you actually get more current capability the faster you turn. A good powerbank might make use of that.

As a general comment: In a school project, technical success is about as important as demonstration quality. Make good schematics, explain what part does what in your device. If something doesn't work as expected, write that down, and explain what you did to solve it. If the thing works well, make sure to make it robust enough (strong zip ties to solidly attach your motor to your power bank, for example, (beautifully) glue down flying cables, etc) so that you can give it to other people. Nothing says impressive like you having a half-empty powerbank that's full after giving it to other people for a while to rotate it (plus, if your thing is robust enough to entrust it to other people's hands, you don't have to do the rotating, which is a big plus, because it's a lot easier to explain stuff while not having to actuate something).







simulate this circuit &ndash; Schematic created using CircuitLab