Can a DC CC power supply be used for current limiting in a circuit with a battery in series
A current source is defined as high impedance has no voltage regulation with the load.

A battery is defined as a voltage source with low impedance has no current regulation with the load.

When the two are in series, you still have a current source ( or sink if on the low side)

Unless the current is limited and voltage limited to match the load exactly, you have no regulation.  But this is done with LED strings designed for the CC source.