Resistor in the inverting terminal of the op-amp
The placement of the resistors around the opamp is related to how the circuit works.

Let's first discuss how the non-inverting amplifier works:







simulate this circuit &ndash; Schematic created using CircuitLab
In this circuit the opamp is used in such a way that it will try to make the voltage difference between its - and + inputs zero.

Since we apply the input signal directly to the + input the opamp will try to make the - input follow that signal. It can do that by driving the output appropriately. Note how R3 and R4 make a voltage divider. Suppose that R3 and R4 have the same value and the input signal is 1 V. Then to make the voltage at the - input also 1 V, the output of the opamp will need to be 2 V.

Now we discuss how the inverting amplifier works:







simulate this circuit

Also in this circuit the opamp is used in such a way that it will try to make the voltage difference between its - and + inputs zero.

Here the inputs of the opamp are at a constant voltage, they're not following the input signal (as in the non-inverting amplifier circuit). Since the + input is grounded, the opamp will try to keep the voltage at the - input grounded as well.

Personally I think the easiest way to view how this works is to look at the current through R1 and R2. No current can flow into the opamp's inputs so the current through R1 and R2 are the same, it is the same current.

Now if we consider that the - input is kept at 0 V then R1 will have the input signal voltage across it. So the current through R1 is Vin / R1. Similarly the output voltage is across R2 so it's current will be Vout / R2 (I'm ignoring some - signs here, just bare with me).

Suppose Vin = 1 V and R1 = R2 = 1 kohm. Then the current through R1 is 1 V / 1 kohm = 1 mA. Then in order to keep the - input at 0 V, the output must be at a negative voltage of -1 V because Vout / R4 must be that same 1 mA flowing through R1.

So here R1 is needed to act as a voltage to current converter.

If we made R1 = 0 ohm what would happen? Then there is no way that the opamp's output can pull its - input to 0 V, the - input is shorted to the input voltage so there's nothing the opamp can do to influence the - input's voltage.

For the non-inverting amplifier, a series resistor is not needed. No current flows there so adding a resistor does nothing. In fact, you can add a series resistor and it would not change anything as no current flows.