drawing bode plot and the meaning of the amplitude and phase
This is a very broad question indeed. 

For a practical high level example. Think of a black box with a filter inside, you can input a sine wave with 1V amplitude then you sweep the frequency of that sine wave from 1-500 Hz. In your case you will start to see an attenuation in the 1V at around 10 Hz (That's your -3dB) where the signal has lost half its power. If you keep going up in frequency you will see a higher and higher attenuation (Low pass filter). 

You could also see an increase in amplitude doing the same sweep if you had a high pass filter.

As for the phase shift, that is the shift in the input vs the output in terms of voltage gain (Vout/Vin -> which is your transfer function in this case) - I've mainly used the phase plot to determine stability when working with control systems Lecture. I don't know if this answers your questions, but there are loads of material regarding this, I will suggest you take your time and read this paper.