Max load on analog output
Does this mean I can't use it as a 0-10 V input?

Correct, unless adding a 2:1 gain non-inverting buffer after loading the 4/20 mA with (say) 250 Ω: -

Loading with 250 Ω means the output is 5 volts with an input current of 20 mA. I might add that 250 Ω is pretty standard for converting current outputs to voltage.
Why transimpedance amplifiers (TIAs) not favoured for this task

Well, a resistor is pretty simple and is as accurate as the resistor used as the feedback element in a TIA.
20 mA can be quite a lot for the op-amp in a TIA to deal with and there are going to be problems with several common op-amps because of this.
Some 4/20 mA devices are specified to run into a minimum load when powered from higher loop voltages - driving a resistor at 20 mA (and losing 5 volts) means that the 4/20 mA device has a lower terminal voltage across it and dissipates less power. In other words, it can be a problem using a TIA because it presents an input impedance of 0 Ω.
A TIA absolutely requires a negative supply voltage - so this isn't a clear benefit at all.
A TIA produces a negative output voltage and this is of no benefit unless you are prepared to add another inverting stage afterwards (and your error budget might be falling apart by now).