Can electronic components work without power?
This question is somewhat poorly formed, and the answer depends heavily on how you define "power".

If you define power as energy, then the answer is a quite rigid no (though there is some theoretical wiggle room in there).

If you define "power" as "a traditional, external power source", then you can. For example, the Seebeck effect allows electricity to be derived from the flow of thermal energy.

In general, it sounds like you're interested in energy harvesting type applications, that rely on accumulating and using energy from unusual and novel mechanisms to eliminate the need for batteries or connection to a traditional external power supply.