Filtering brushed dc motor PWM noise from current sensor
I believe INA226 is not suitable for this kind of application. See 6.1 in datasheet: "IN+ and IN– may have a differential voltage between –40 V and 40 V. However, the voltage at these pins must not exceed the range –0.3 V to 40 V."

You have IN- connected to VBUS (also with –0.3 V to 40 V allowed range), which means you can have full negative voltage on VBUS.

I suggest replacing it with hall-effect sensor like TLI4970-D025T5 (rated to 18kHz)

UPDATE:

The motor inductance can produce high voltage spikes in both directions, far over the maximum rated voltage. The ESD protection in the chip will try to bleed these to power lines, causing voltage spikes there. See 7.4.2 in datasheet.

Introducing filters and zener TVS as datasheet suggests might help you, but using hall-effect sensor will completely isolate power line voltages from your circuit, which will coincidentally expand the range of suitable applications.