Relays in series to handle initial short circuit
While the comments have gotten a bit acrimonious, you should be aware that your idea has a number of problems. 

I've produced a pair of your circuits, one with a shorted output, and one with a nominal 10 amp load.






simulate this circuit &ndash; Schematic created using CircuitLab

First, consider the shorted condition. Power is applied, RLY2 is activated. This removes the coil drive, the relay opens, the short is reconnected, and the relay chatters until the contacts are burned out.

Now consider the situation of a "normal" 10 amp load. For this to work, RLY1 must operate with a coil voltage of (23/(23 + 30)) * 230, or 99 volts. This might just work (more or less) with a standard 115 volt relay. However, consider that in the case of no load, the coil voltage on RLY1 will be essentially 230 VAC, and this will burn out the coil before very long - it is, after all, only rated for 115 volts.

Finally, you should be aware that relays have what is called pull-in and drop-out ratings. That is, it takes a certain percentage of the nominal voltage (the pull-in value) to activate the relay, but once it is activated it will stay activated until the voltage has dropped below a much lower percentage of nominal (the drop-out value). I've seen pull-in/drop-out values of 85%/15% for real relays. This means that, once the circuit has activated, for the values shown the contacts of both relays can experience currents of ~60 amps without RLY2 opening up.

So the quick answer is, no, your idea won't work. It will oscillate and chatter in the presence of a short, and one or more relays will burn out during normal operation.