Amplifing guitar signal in order to connect it to ADC
The 47pF actually forms a low pass filter, as it's wrapped round the op-amp. 10k//47pF = 0.5us = 300kHz (in round numbers). The gain rolls down from 11x above 300kHz. You could increase the value of the cap somewhat to reduce the bandwidth.

The 10uF caps are both high pass filters. The input cap into the parallel 100k resistors goes down 1 below 1Hz. It's mainly shifting the ground-based input up to 2.5v for the amplifier. The second cap decoupling the 1k resistor goes down to 16Hz. This is not so much a 'signal processing' filter, as much as a way to give the amplifier unity gain at DC, so that the output sits at 2.5v on average. You may want to reduce the values of these caps to increase the highpass filter corner, to pass guitar frequencies, while attenuating lower mains frequencies. 

It's always a good idea if you are making a 'signal conditioning' amplifier/filter to restrict the range of wanted frequencies as much as you can, to avoid things like mains interference or radio interference to get into the input.

A gain of 10 sounds a reasonable place to start. It's easy enough to change if you find your input too low or too high.

[edit] markrages comment about the 5532, indeed a bizarre choice for this position. It is a very old skool, high rail, poor output swing close to rail, amp. You would be much better off with 1/4 of an LM324, and you could have 4 input channels, or better still a CMOS rail to rail type, there are plenty of those speced for 5v rail. [/edit]