How to find a compatible upgrade for a phone camera
Is the socket type shown above a standard socket and if so what do I need to search for to find cameras which will be compatible?


No, at least not as far as I'm aware of.


  If the socket type is standard, is it a plug-and-play type thing - i.e. will all camera devices that fit the socket likely just work?


even if it was, no, that's not how it works: you'd need to know the specific properties of each camera module. This isn't the cozy world of UVC USB webcams that "just work" because there's only a handful of profiles, and the camera reports its resolution and modes it supports itself.

Instead, this is probably a CSI2 camera, where you have variable number of lanes, bit rates, pixel formats, line reading orders, timings... 

So, you need to modify your smartphone operating system to drive the new instead of the old camera (if your smartphone SoC can do that at all, even if the pinout is the same). 

In short: no, you can't just upgrade a camera from a highly customized device like a smartphone without nearly design-level insights. I'm sure people have done it, but it's not within what I'd expect you'd be able to do without dedicated expensive measurement equipment, and an in-depth knowledge of how to modify your smart phone operating system image.