Why is my 180v dc motor circuit not working?
You were wise to put in a fuse.

Without getting too deep into motor theory, consider that for a DC motor, the motor speed is proportional to voltage and the torque is proportional to current. Your motor will run at your voltage - the problem is getting up to speed.  When you apply the voltage, the motor is static, and must accelerate up to its end speed.  This acceleration requires torque, and since you are applying full voltage, the motor "tries" to accelerate quickly, drawing high current and blowing that (blessedly installed) fuse.  A good controller, as @Bimpelrekkie suggests, will control the maximum current to the motor to keep it in the reasonable torque range until it gets up to speed.  Once it is at speed and the inertial load is stable, the current will be reduced to that required to do whatever work you are trying to do.  Without a controller, you can have large fluctuations in current whenever the load changes.