Unexpected Highly Asymmetric Slew Rate on Op-Amp
Suggestions

build the circuit atop a single_sided copper_clad FR-4, so you have a Ground Plane to work with

bypass the VDD using 0.1uF from VDD to Ground using 0.1 inch lead.  Locate this capacitor at the OPAMP VDD pin.

isolate your opamp VDD from the power supply, by inserting 10 ohms in series. This dampened any wire_ringing.

phase shifts on the Vin- may cause ringing or oscillation; consider using 1Kohm or 470 ohm resistors, instead of 2.4K

Bias your Vin+ to VDD/2 using 1Kohm and 1Kohm voltage divider.

inject the MCU rectangular wave using 0.1 uF to VIN+; the TAU of 0.1uF and 500 ohms is 50 microseconds, so you may see some droop on the waveform