Inverted Amplifier Circuit not working
You forgot to connect power to the opamp.  It would also help to provide the opamp model with a link to the datasheet, and the values of the resistors.

When considering the opamp power requirement, note that it needs negative power if the input ever goes positive.  If the input is always negative, then you can power the opamp from ground and some appropriate positive supply.  Without the opamp model and range of input and desired output voltages, I can't provide any specifics.

Added in response to your latest schematic:



This now clearly defines the opamp, the resistor value, and how the input is hooked up.  Those all make sense.  10 k&Omega; is well within the range this opamp can handle, and with the two resistors being equal you should get a overall gain of -1 centered about ground.

The remaining problem is how the opamp is powered.  First, powering a TL071 with only 10 V doesn't leave much operating room, although it should work for a limited output voltage range.  Look at the datasheet and you will see this opamp can require up to 2.5 V headroom on both power rails relative to what the output can swing if I remember right.  If that is true at 10 V power, then you only have a 5 V or so output range.  Although that is limited and not really how a TL071 is intended to be used, it should still work if you're OK with the limited range.

The real problem with the power is how it is referenced to the rest of the circuit.  Since you want symmetric operation about ground, the power terminals should also be symmetric about ground.  If you want 10 V power, there should really be separate +5V and -5V rails.  

Connecting the positive supply to the output is definitely wrong in any case.  From the opamp's point of view, that doesn't allow the output to swing at all, and it can't function as a opamp.  Disconnect the positive supply from the output.  Both supply rails should be referenced to ground, since that's also what both the input and output signal are referenced to.  While you're at it, put 100 nF to 1 &micro;F bypass caps at each power pin to ground.

Another issue is that the TL07x opamps can be a little finnicky at unity gain, despite what the datasheet may claim.  Put a capacitor accross R1 so that it starts to roll off just above the highest frequency you care about.  For example, if this is intended for audio, you can set the rollof around 40 kHz, which would be a octave above the highest frequency of interest.  About 2 nF would do it, and will keep the opamp from going unstable.

Added 2:

I just noticed that the two resistors are not equal.  R2 is 1000 times less than R1.  This is not a good idea.  Asking for a gain of 1000 from a single opamp stage is pushing it, and unless you have a very small input signal the output will clip.  Get the circuit working with a smaller gain to start with.  You can crank up the gain and see what you can get away with once everything else is working.  Start with R2 at 10 k&Omega;, for a overall gain of -1.  Or, keep the initial gain during debugging low, like below 10x.  You can make R2 2 k&Omega; for a gain of -5, but don't try for a higher gain until everything works.

Once you get the circuit working, consider that R2 will be its input impedance.  Lots of sources won't be happy being loaded with 10 &Omega;.   It would be good to keep R2 at 1 k&Omega; or higher eventually.  Make R1 higher for higher gain if that's what you really want.