How to add query parameters in twig using path()?
Twig uses hashes where PHP uses associative arrays. So to fix your code just convert the array syntax to a hash literal:

{{ 
  path('blue_general.blue',
    {'node': node.id}, 
    {'query': {
      'destination': path('view.blue_search.page_1'),
      'cookie[blue_referrer]': node.id,
      'cookie[blue_type]':'node'
    }}
  ) 
}}