Using Contextual Filters to Filter "Content: Published"
Out of the box I don't believe this is available. I have a similar use case however I am also using Workbench Moderation. I'm using the moderation state as the contextual filter and using setting a standard filter of current revision as true. This allows you to target a specific moderation state in your view, published being one of them. It could get irritating if you end up with a lot of moderation states and have to target each of them specifically but my use case requires me to get either just published, or all content regardless of published or not.