How do I get content to display using Views and Panels?
For Views to work in panels, you should create a Content Pane in your view.

You will likely be using a contextual filter if it's a node / user / taxonomy view so add it, and check provide default: content id from url (for a node).

Then in the Pane Settings section, click Argument Input. You will see your contextual filter listed. Choose "From Context", "Content ID".

Your view should now work as expected.