Generate URL from hook_menu() pattern
I don't think Drupal has a function for that specific case - at least not one that I've come across.

Obviously lots of ways to accomplish it though. Without writing your own function, my thought was to make use of the format_string() and url() functions.

$args = array(
  '@arg_1' =&gt; 1,
  '@arg_4' =&gt; 19,
);
$path = format_string('node/@arg_1/edit/something/%arg_4', $args);
$url = url($path, array('absolute' =&gt; TRUE)); // I used absolute here because
                                              // your example has an absolute
                                              // path. It shouldn't be
                                              // necessary though.
print $url // Prints `http[s]:[domain.com]/[base_path]/node/1/edit/something/19`


Of course, you could take that a step further and use the l() function to create an actual link, but I'm not sure what your exact use case is.