Show certain content to roles based on taxonomy terms
Have you taken a look at Taxonomy Access? It allows you to set access control for roles based on taxonomy terms.

EDIT: Ignore the above dumb reply and feel free to downvote.

I think you could do this by creating a custom contextual filter in Views. Your contextual filter would look at the current user and decide which taxonomy terms ids to return. 

If you are using Drupal 7 you could tag the users themselves with the same terms as a way to store which terms are associated with which users. Otherwise you might need to create a separate table to store the user to taxonomy association.