How to add some configuration option to vertical tab on content type edit page
Yes, you can add a fieldset to the content type edit form with hook_form_FORM_ID_alter.

e.g:

function MYMODULE_form_node_type_form_alter(&amp;$form, &amp;$form_state) {
    // Define field set in additional settings group
    $form['advanced'] = array(
      '#type' =&gt; 'fieldset',
      '#title' =&gt; t('Advanced settings'),
      '#collapsible' =&gt; TRUE,
      '#collapsed' =&gt; TRUE,
      '#weight' =&gt; 10,
      '#group' =&gt; 'additional_settings',
    );
    // Add checkbox option
    $form['advanced']['special_option'] = array(
      '#type' =&gt; 'checkbox',
      '#title' =&gt; t('Use special option'),
    );
    // Set default value from automatically saved config variable
    $form['advanced']['special_option']['#default_value'] = variable_get('special_option_' . $form['#node']-&gt;type, 1);

}