Missing five core module folders and one enabler
The field submodules are inside the field module folder:

./modules/field/modules/number/number.module
./modules/field/modules/list/list.module
./modules/field/modules/text/text.module
./modules/field/modules/field_sql_storage/field_sql_storage.module
./modules/field/modules/options/options.module


The D7 module overview is at admin/modules. admin/build/modules was in Drupal 6; a lot of the community docs pages are badly outdated, unfortunately.

Finally, the Profile module is deprecated in Drupal 7, and therefore hidden by default.

modules/profile/profile.info:

; The Profile module is deprecated, and included in Drupal 7 for legacy
; purposes only. By default, the module will be hidden from the UI unless you
; are upgrading a site that uses the Profile module to extend user profiles.
; See user_system_info_alter().
hidden = TRUE


It's only there to provide an upgrade path for D6 sites; it can't be enabled on a new D7 site without commenting out that line.

(The reason the module is deprecated is probably that the Fields API has taken over what it used to do, so it's obsolete.)