Home page only page accessible, no login with clean urls
If the Acquia Dev Desktop configured Apache correctly, then you're most likely missing your .htaccess file in the root of your Drupal install.

I know sometimes on Windows machines .htaccess is hidden within FTP clients, and you need to change a setting so that  you can see the file in directory listings.

The content of your .htaccess file you posted is from the Drupal files directory, which is usually located within /sites/default/files

Double check that you .htaccess exists in the route, and that it has the correct contents. I'd recommend grabbing an original copy from Drupal core.