Javascript file is being included but console.log wont work
You need to attach complete libraries, not single library files. Your module has the name helloworld, this is the first part before the slash. In your libraries.yml you have defined the top key helloworld, this is the library name and the second part after the slash:
$attachments['#attached']['library'][] = 'helloworld/helloworld';

This line will attach all JS and all CSS listed under that specific library.
Sidenote: Try to use Drupal.behaviors instead of $(document).ready, this is the Drupal-way to do stuff like this. Otherwise you might run into problems with Ajax-calls or lazy-rendered blocks rendered with BigPipe module.