How to add a condition based on a line-item's product type in a rules tax component?
I found out how to use product type as a condition - it actually does work the same for rules and rules components.

When I tested this, I was adding the condition "Entity has field": field_product, but in order for the commerce-line-item:commerce-product:type data selector to appear under the Data comparison condition, you have to use the field commerce_product, which is the product reference field used on the line-item entity.