How do I use Features to export a custom content type to a stand-alone module
The features eco-system simply implements certain hook functions (like hook_field_info for example). It wraps these core api functions with import/export code.

When you export your content type using Features you can inspect what it creates -- besides a mymodule.install and mymodule.module files.

By examining the hooks the features implements for your exported content type -- there is nothing stopping you from copying/renaming these exported function definitions and migrating them to a new module's hook_install() function. Thus, creating a new content type which you used Features to create the building block(s).