Is there a list of default fields and default widgets for drupal 7
To get a list of all field definitions use field_info_fields()

Returns all field definitions.
Use of this function should be avoided when possible, since it loads and statically caches a potentially large array of information. Use field_info_field_map() instead.

You can ignore the second paragraph of that as field_info_field_map() hasn't actually been included in a Drupal release yet.
For widgets use field_info_widget_types()

Returns information about field widgets from hook_field_widget_info().