Formatting variation as table
What you're needing really is a general overview of Drupal 8 theming using Twig. The parts you're asking about theming here are just Drupal fields like any other, and you can format / render them into the page's HTML however you'd like from the appropriate template file. What that file is called and how you'll reference the fields you've added is dependent on your theme and the names you've set for those fields.

The "Add to Cart form" display formatter doesn't control the inclusion of these fields. It's solely used to render the actual Add to Cart form. The rest of the variation fields are injected into the product display from whatever the currently selected variation on the Add to Cart form is.