Finding a node with a time closest to the current time without being past
Absolutely!

Add a filter to your view, that is based on your date field and choose the operator as 'Is greater than or equal to'.

You have as an option to enter a relative date for the comparison and then enter in any variety of relative times and dates.  For your purpose just choose 'now' as the comparison.

That will pull up all nodes with a date field that is greater than or equal to now: i.e. all the future ones!



============= EDIT ===============

If you don't need all of the future ones, just limit the results to 1 and order by the date.  That will give you just the next one coming up.

Let us know if that works for you!