Create a layout 3 column with 2-1-2 teasers
This solution is not perfect, but will most likely be the fastest to achieve:


In hook_node_preprocess() render the image field twice, once with small and once with large image style.
Edit your node--YOUR-CTYPE.tpl.php file and display both images.
Use CSS to display the correct one. You can basically do this:

.views-row-1 .your-large-image-selector,
.views-row-2 .your-large-image-selector,
.views-row-4 .your-large-image-selector,
.views-row-5 .your-large-image-selector {
  /* Hide large image. */
}
.views-row-3 .your-small-image-selector {
  /* Hide small image. */
}



Other than that, you could try doing this in a custom module, unless you really need Views for something. I think doing this through a custom module makes more sense if you have to display a larger number of images on the page (e.g. 20-30), because with the approach above you will end up with twice as much images.

Here's what you would need to do in a custom module:


Add hook_theme() implementation and declare your own custom template. Here you would display the first two items on the left, third in the middle and the last two in the right column. The arguments for the template would be just an array called items for example.
Get all nodes you want to display, prepare the output and split them into groups of 5. Every third item would use the larger image style.
Loop through the groups and theme the output based on your custom theme.
Put everything together and display on the page.


This way you won't have 2 images for each node, but you will have to write custom code.

There are other ways to achieve this, but I believe developer sanity should not be overlooked. The ways I suggested above are more or less easy to do.

Hope this helps.