Set URL Fragment based on which Vertical Tab clicked?
You could use JavaScript to change the URL fragment each time a tab is opened (click listener on the tab changes the fragment to that tab's ID). But that would only allow the user to go back and have whatever the last tab they opened before following a link remain open. 

If you want to save the state of many opened/closed vertical tabs I can't think of a solution that doesn't involve reading/writing constantly to a DB. Maybe you could get away with using cookies instead? Either way its gonna be messy.