Corresponding Type and Size of Data Types in Drupal in order to create a table field in PostgreSQL
The linked documentation is not missing any field types supported by Drupal. For maximum compatibility to all supported database types, the field types of Drupal's database API is limited to the field types you find within the documentation.

This assures that most modules using the default database API will run the same with PostgreSQL as they do with MySQL and almost SQlite.

However, if you need these field types in order to work on database stored information that will be used by other applications, or have another module specific requirement for using them, you can use the 'pgsql_type' attribute within your schema definition.

This attribute overrides the generic 'type' and 'size' attributes.

Within your module, you may need to query / handle the information of these fields on your own, as the Drupal database driver might not always be able to map / fetch them properly to / from your PHP objects / arrays.