Run Simpletest tests on Jenkins
It seems like you have tried everything except to supply the URL.

You must supply a --url argument to execute simpletest. This is what I use, where "IAS" is the test group I have selected to execute:

php scripts/run-tests.sh --url http://localhost/drupal7 --concurrency 4 IAS


It follows that you must have a Drupal install to do this.