Filter taxonomy terms in common to nodes related to the viewed node
To show a list of season terms on the ingredient nodes related to the recipe node: 


Create a view of taxonomy terms of type season.
Add a relationship: Taxonomy term: Content with term
Add a relationship: Entity Reference: Referencing entity (A bridge to the entity that is referencing Content via field_recipe_uses_ingredient) via the relationship created in step 2.
Check "require this relationship".
Save.