How can I make my ubercart catalog content available to users?
Since you mention that authenticated users can't access your Product nodes, it's most likely that your nodes aren't published, or that there is a module interfering with the access check. 

First, check if your nodes are actually published, on the Create or Edit form:



Second, go to /admin/people/permissions and check if anonymous users have the View published content permission.



Third, are you using any modules like Node Access that might alter the access permissions?