View or module that shows which nodes are linking to the current node?
Drupal is far too complex to do this in regards of all the modules there are.

You could use a module like this:
https://www.drupal.org/project/intlinks

Still not all texts that are available on you page can be applied to this.

Only thing you could use is a rather weird and costly JS thing. I mean Google Analytics tracks any link on your site. So this already happens. But is this a wise idea for your internal linking? imho not.

For reliable links between Drupal Entities please rely on a node or entity reference field. By this you have links you can query and evaluate.