Apache SOLR index or retrieve the node a file is attached to
I am not sure if this can be done with a generic file field. It could be possible if it was a media or entity reference field. I think the simplest approach is to use hook_search_api_solr_documents_alter to find and add the node ID to the document when it is being indexed.
You can, possibly, then use the new field to create a relationship to Node table in the view to display the link or simply handle it on the theme level.