New image field type for Articles only displaying on the article node itself, not on taxonomy or custom view pages
Yes, the concept is view_modes. See this documentation page as an introduction.

node--article.tpl.php is used to show the Default view mode of a node. The related taxonomy page(s) for terms lists content out by default using the Teaser mode. This view mode is usually a succinct version of your complete node fields (sometimes showing a body teaser, and fewer fields).

Some modules to help you create new "view modes" of your content and easily customize how and what is shown are for instance (a small example list, by NO MEANS all of the possabilities, nor are these necessarily the best options):


Display Suite
Entity View Modes
Panels
Custom Formatters