What is the Features specific data in a Features module's .info file
Some of the documentation is sparse (still!?) https://drupal.org/node/1720098

The entries in your .info file tell Features that that item of your configuration is controlled by Features and not say Drupal core. You'll see stuff like ctools or views in there. In the main features.inc file the features info hook will require those API dependancies.

Based upon other lines in the info file such as:

features[ctools][] = strongarm:strongarm:1
features[ctools][] = views:views_default:3.0
features[user_permission][] = create features_test content
features[views_view][] = features_test


These lines would say, features uses Strongarm to read/write configuration of variables, and Ctools integration. Then there is some view features_test and some user permission exported create features_test content.

From the documentation page i linked these .info configuration values then:


  They are called during hook_module_enable/disable to fire the right
  stuff in the right places.


By Features itself. The info file contents tells Features what its managing. The .inc files include the dynamic configuration values needed per .info item entry (usually in terms of plain Drupal hook_info configuration definitions that'd you basically be making in code anyways).

I recommend reading the Features API and Readme:

http://drupalcode.org/project/features.git/blob/refs/heads/7.x-1.x:/API.txt

http://drupalcode.org/project/features.git/blob/refs/heads/7.x-1.x:/README.txt