Menus, drush uli link, and some images not working after moving site to localhost
I did recently a manual migration and had some problems, similarly to you. After this, I made a script to manually migrate the site and the database. You need to have a zip with the Drupal installation, not the folder of the installation, just the files inside it, the database and know if the database has some prefix. Change all the prefix in the database, you could use notepad++ or similar to change all in one command. Change the url i.e: mydomain.com/drupal to localhost/drupal. Then import the database, and unzip the files in your localhost server. Then go to sites/default/settings.php and at the bottom of the file edit the data of your database, prefix if you have one, pass, user, port if you changed it and, in same file, look for $settings['update_free_access'] = FALSE; and change it to true. 
Now, in your browser visit localhost/yourinstallationfoldername/update.php and follow the instructions. 
If you don't know the users you can see in the database for the table users and you can see there their ID (uid) and password (uuid) on md5. Just search on google for any md5 generator and copy paste it on uid 1 (admin user generated on installation) for know the name of the user you can go to the table users_field_data and look on name column. 

If you have a virtual server working on your server, you must remember to point it to the new folder where is your Drupal installation. This is a good tutorial about how to do it: Installing virtual hosts for Drupal sites and subsites.