Is it possible to force your module's update hook to run?
There are few ways of forcing module update.


Calling the update function directly.

$sandbox = [];
module_load_include('install', 'FOO');
FOO_update_7001($sandbox);

Resetting the schema version to the point of interest and run the updates again as usual.

drupal_set_installed_schema_version('module_name', '7000');


Or reset to re-run only the latest update schema:

drupal_set_installed_schema_version('foo', drupal_get_installed_schema_version('foo') - 1);


Notes:


This can be placed in hook_install, so during the update process all sequent update hooks would be executed.
In order to use this function outside of the installation file, you've to include Drupal install.inc first and installation file of the module, e.g.

require_once DRUPAL_ROOT . '/includes/install.inc';
module_load_include('install', 'foo');

Consider adding ini_set('max_execution_time', 0); for longer installation updates to prevent PHP timeouts.

Using drush. Find below few examples:


drush eval 'module_load_include('install', 'foo'); $s = []; foo_update_7001($s);'
drush sqlq "UPDATE system SET schema_version = 7000 WHERE name = 'foo'" &amp;&amp; drush -y updb