How do I send a customized email to subscribed users?
You'll have to write some code, essentially you need to hook in when Job node is created, find the users referencing to that taxonomy the Job has and then use the Mail service, something like (pseudo)

When a Job node is created

Get all user that has a reference to the created Node's taxonomy:

$job_tax_tid = $node-&gt;get('job_taxonomy')-&gt;target_id

Then find the users, perhaps by using a Entity Query: 

$ids = \Drupal::entityQuery('user')
  -&gt;condition('status', 1)
  -&gt;condition('field_job_refs', $job_tax_tid)
  -&gt;execute();
$users = User::loadMultiple($ids);


To send mail programmatically, you need to use the MailManager: http://valuebound.com/resources/blog/how-to-send-mail-programmatically-drupal-8

Since there can be many users that needs to receive an email, you maybe want to use the Queue or Batch operations.

https://api.drupal.org/api/drupal/core%21includes%21form.inc/group/batch/8.2.x

https://api.drupal.org/api/drupal/core!core.api.php/group/queue/8.2.x