How do I create a list of Nodes within a list of taxonomy terms, within a node?
You could create a view which will display content filtered by a category, note that the category filter should be a contextual one.

In the node, you should have a taxonomy term reference field and then in preprocess, you can create your own variable by rendering the view with a contextual filter.
The contextual filter in this case will be the value of the taxonomy term reference field.

This will handle the desired behavior but won't be as flexible. It will cover choosing a different term for each node, but you will be stuck to the same view.