How to I trigger Xdebug 3.x with Drush in PHPStorm
I am guessing that you have changed your xdebug.ini according to the new standards. (Port changed from 9000 to 9003 etc...)
If not you should do that first.
Check this link for additional information on the matter.
Besides that considering that you are using phpstorm, you should simply run
export XDEBUG_SESSION=PHPSTORM

before running the drush command. This must be done once every time you open a new terminal session. (Not sure if there is a way to have it permanently and if there is i am not sure you want it.) Nevertheless, if your configurations are ok, this should work.
Best Regards.