Drupal queue / update module
That table is used by the BatchQueue class; on the top of the page I linked there is the following note:


  Stale items from failed batches are cleaned from the {queue} table on cron using the 'created' date.


For some reason, in your case they are not being deleted during cron tasks; probably cron tasks are not enabled in your site, and the setting that allows cron tasks to be executed through JavaScript is not selected.
In any case, once batch operations are completed (which means also when the updates have been completed), it is safe to delete those database rows.