Display blocks on taxonomy and content type pages
I think Pathauto module could be your friend here. This module allows to define automatic url patterns for different entities, notably vocabularies, using tokens (Token module needed). 
By default, you will have [term:vocabulary]/[term:name] for any taxonomy term page. Then you just have to configure your taxonomy menu block : Pages > Show block on specific pages : your-vocabulary/* (of course replace "your-vocabulary" by the name of the vocabulary you created).
The process is the same for any content type page.

Example:
Vocabulary : Fruits 
Terms : Apple, Orange, Strawberry
The Apple page url would be : your-site/fruits/apple
You configure your block with : Show block on specific pages : fruits/*
And then your block will only appear on taxonomy term pages related to the vocabulary Fruits.