How to use rules to take a user from a group content page to the group page the content belongs to?
Many approaches available here. You can use the rules link module to do this. It can fetch the parent node and redirect to it when the link is clicked.
https://www.drupal.org/project/rules_link

However, check if organic groups provides tokens that you could use to build the link in html. Or a php snippet to grab the nid of the parent if it exists and print it as part of a link. 

The other option is crumbs, the breadcrumbs module that automatically outputs the subgroup hierarchy.
https://www.drupal.org/project/crumbs

If you are using panels, I'm pretty sure there's a replacement pattern for the parent if you create custom content.