View to display all child taxonomy terms
You actually want to list sibling entities, with another level of complication in between: the paragraph reference.
Both Unit staff and Person reference Department taxonomy, only the Person does it through a paragraph.
Had there been no paragraf and the reference was direct you could simply follow the sibling taxonomy tutorials to get what you want.
Here's an example:
Building views relationship with location
and one with additional complexity:
Views Contextual Filter by taxonomy in field collection
In your case the chained Relationships will be:
Unit staff to Department term reference &gt; Reverse Relationship from Department to Paragraph &gt; Reverse Relationship from Paragraph to Person.
Then you add the Person (Term Name) to your Fields, it will use the last Relationship.
This gives you a list of Unit staff nodes, each with related Persons.
If you want to show a block of Persons on Unit staff pages add the Contextual ID filter for the ID, Default value ID from URL (the most common case). Place the block on Unit staff pages, adjust the contextual options, and the block will show Persons related to the Department of that Unit staff.