Adding variables to all templates?
So generally, preprocess hooks impact the specific theme item or template, so hook_preprocess_page() impacts the page.html.twig and hook_preprocess_html() does so for html.html.twig.  You mentioned your twig template for node, to add variables to that you would need to implement hook_preprocess_node().  

Your question was adding variables to all templates, I believe for that you would use just hook_preprocess() (https://api.drupal.org/api/drupal/core%21lib%21Drupal%21Core%21Render%21theme.api.php/function/hook_preprocess/8.2.x) - though I have never tried it.  I imagine it would be called for every theme call so that could create a lot of overhead.

And don't forget to 'Clear all caches' under admin->config->development->performance when you create new preprocess hooks or template files.