How does a view (/admin/build/views/) relate to a .tpl file
Actually, a view will use many template files (which you can override in a theme if desired); it depends a lot on how you configured your view (e.g. style, content).

The most useful information can be found when you're configuring your View. Just click Theme: Information in the Basic settings pane of your View, and the View itself will give you a list of tpl.php files that are used for rendering. Don't forget that there isn't only one tpl.php - there are many, and they wrap each other a lot (they're nested). Reading about generic Drupal theming will help a lot. The same rendering basics are used for Views.

If you want a template file for one specific View, look at the suggestions given by "Theme: Information." You can override any template file, for a specific View only (identified by its machine-name). This is probably what you're asking for, actually.

A good link on the subject is Theming Views.