How can I provide a filter with context/nid of node invoking?
Filters are not context-aware and AFAIK, there is no way at the moment to do what you want. This has been a feature request since 2008, but the proposed patch didn't make it into Drupal 7.

If this is very important to the site you're building, you can consider patching Drupal core. However, once Drupal core is patched, you will need to take extra care (and time) when updating your site.