Export content view to HTML
If you want to make a View of node teasers, all you have to do is set the view format to Rendered Content, and select the teaser display mode.

From here, you can customize node--node-type--teaser.html.twig template to your exact specifications to satisfy phplist. 

After this change, all the nodes that the View returns will be rendered in the teaser display mode using that template.

You can also create new modes under Admin > Structure > Display Modes if you want to create new ones for this purpose, especially if you are already using teaser display mode elsewhere on the site. You can still provide the markup and theme it with the pattern node--node-type--display-mode.html.twig.

If for some reason this is not enough, you may have to resort to creating a custom Views plugin to render your result rows. I think this should suffice based on what you asked, though.