How does Drupal render a node
Your question is actually very generic and can have a big explanation but I will actually pickup a couple of points from the question description and will try to explain.

How is node is rendered?
Node is drupal's "most" core part. Most of the code is written in node.module in "modules/" directory. 
https://api.drupal.org/api/drupal/modules%21node%21node.module/7

Drupal uses a theming layer to render the content to the browser. If you want to alter the display of any node, you can check node.tpl.php in the current active theme directory. You can override the HTML of a node using node--[CONTENT_TYPE].tpl.php. For example if you want to change the HTML structure of article content type, you can copy node.tpl.php to node--article.tpl.php and can update the structure.

How to check the view

The easy way
The easiest way is to login using admin and place mouse on the part of page you think rendered using views. You will see a dropdown menue with links like "Edit", "Delete" etc. If it doesn't help, there is a: 

Technical way
You can check the css class of the div enclosing the view data. For example if a view's div contains the class "view-front-page", then most likely the views name will be something like "front_page" or "Front Page".

Thirdly, I will recommend that you install devel module. I have never seen any module for developers that is more helpful than devel. It helps your print a lot of debugging information like error stacks etc.

Hope this will help.