Allowing a user to choose which image style they want for a single uploaded image
You can add an additional field to your content type that stores the values of the image style presets on your site. This will allow them to select which image style they want once they've uploaded an image. 

You'll need to write a small custom module to pull the existing image style presets from the database and programatically populate the allowed values of the in your new select field.

You can create a custom node or views template and use the value of the image style field to display the uploaded image with the selected image style.