Field Label for Content Type
Yes it is, you just need to look a bit harder ;)

Have a look at the serialised array in the data column of that table. You'll find the label for the field listed in there.

If you want to extract this in code the best way is to use the field API functions, it saves you having to mess about with the serialised array directly:

$entity_type = 'node';
$field_name = 'body';
$bundle = 'article';

$info = field_info_instance($entity_type, $field_name, $bundle);
$label = $info['label'];