How to use Interface Translation for specific text on specific pages only
Drupal has very advanced Multi-lingual capabilities, so it's safe to assume that you can configure your site according to your needs. You just have to learn a bit about Drupal multilingual fundamentals and see how your needs fit in there. 

It seems your question is about how languages are selected and displayed, and not about Interface translation. You probably already understand the difference between content and interface, and that the strings you put into the templates are part of the interface. And you probably want to be able to view content in different languages while keeping the interface language the same. 

Under Configuration &gt; Regional and language &gt; Languages &gt; Detection and selection you can choose to set that your Content language selection should work differently from the Interface language selection. 

Enable that option Customize Content language detection to differ from Interface text language detection settings and then also enable the Content language Detection method (Determines the content language from a request parameter.) and it should be ordered to be your first enabled method. 

This way you will be able to view Spanish nodes while keeping the English interface. This is happening through the parameter that is being added to the URL. Instead of: 

/es/node/50 

you will have: 

/node/50?language_content_entity=es 

With interface language kept as English, your menus and other links will lead to the English side of things, but you will be able to view translated content.