D7: How do export content types, module settings, taxonomy terms, webforms and other nodes?
It is not bad.  It is preferable to store as much configuration as possible in code, so that it can be version-controlled and deployed easily elsewhere with Git etc..  Features makes this possible somewhat, but it is not yet feature-complete.  Some work that is still on-going:


Taxonomy terms: This will be implemented with a combination of Features and Deploy, but it is not quite ready.  See http://drupal.org/node/1245582#comment-5146834 for details.
Content type settings: A fair amount of this is now working, but Strongarm needs to be set up first for these to be exported with Features.  See Features does not capture important settings while exporting a content type for details.


As there is no more CCK in Drupal 7, that content-copy feature is no longer available.  We've moved onto Fields.  If you want a quick way to get bundles exported without getting into Features, check out the Bundle copy module.