Install a module that creates a content type with fileds via YAML
For a node type + fields + formatter/widget settings, you need:


The node type, you already have that
The field.storage.node.* config entities for your fields. If they are shared with other node types/modules then it gets a bit complicated. You can't define the same default config as another module. You could make it optional config, but then all your config needs to be optional
The fields themself, like the example the one that you already have.
The core.entity_form_display.node.article.* config entities for the different form displays, for node, probably just default.
The core.entity_view_display.node.article.* config entities for all the view modes you want. default, teaser, ...


Also, note that tis is install configuration. It will only get created when you install the module. There is no standard mechanism to update configuration when you change the files and the module is already installed. There are modules for that, like config_update, features possibly also contains that.

If this is a custom module that you just need on a single site and want to use it for dev -> staging -> production (or whatever you call your environments) deployments, it's easier to use the global config folder for that. Create your config, export it, commit it, and then import again. That also does updates and deletions.