Local drush stops working after changing files and folder permissions
Apparently, you have two Drush instances installed, as you can see in your error log, it tries to run the global Drush which is located at /usr/local/bin/drush-8/vendor/drush/drush first

the reason that you cannot run Drush commands locally after file permission changes is that it's not executable, try this in your installation root:

sudo chmod +x vendor/drush/drush/drush