Uploading changed Drupal content from production to server
GIT will not be helpfull in this case. To transfer a contenet type from one Drupal installation to an other one you can either export and import it or use the features module (with features GIT could be handy).

For the other configuration changes you might be succesfull with the strongarm module. But for small configuration changes it's often more convenient to take some notes and just redo them on production.