PHP Errors with Drupal 8 (Shared Hosting)
Following @Clive's advice, I committed the /vendor and /core directories. The php errors shown in my initial question were resolved, but new, similar php errors appeared. After much trial and error, I discovered the Drupal VM was added some sort of configuration to the Drupal install. Whatever that configuration may be, it did not translate to the server environment. I downloaded a fresh Drupal 8 copy and manually installed it. After I pushed up the fresh files, it worked like a charm.