How can I get exposed filter for content type from the view programmatically?
It might be easier to get the display settings from the View storage (the configuration of the view): 

$view = \Drupal\views\Views::getView('myview');
$storage = $view-&gt;storage;
$display = &amp;$storage-&gt;getDisplay('page_1');
$display['display_options']['filters']['nid']['value']['value'] = 123;
$storage-&gt;save();


Here you should be able to find all options configured in the Views UI.