Can't uninstall User Badges
Up to Drupal 7 all modules and themes list is stored in system table with there enabled (i.e. 1) / disabled (i.e. 0) status. To Disable your module, set the status to 0 for the module name that you want to disable. Check simple MySQL query below:

UPDATE system SET status='0' WHERE name='module_name';

After running the above query, try emptying the cache tables. You can identify cache tables by table name starting with cache_. To make sure Drupal doesn't try loading from cache.

You can find more details about same on Drupal.org in Disabling or enabling modules manually in the database Or check How to manually uninstall a module? question.