Can Drupal 8-compatible Drush be installed in Windows?
Although it's a year and a half since this question was posted, as we get closer to a production release of Drupal 8 I can see it getting a few hits. So here's my answer...
Yes, it certainly can!
Although as of this writing it appears Drush 8.x (in particular the latest dev on branch master) is the recommended version for Drupal 8 development.
See: Drush Installation/Upgrading instructions
I'm running WampServer 2.5 (PHP 5.6.13RC1, MySQL 5.6.17, Apache 2.4.9) on Windows 8.1 and use Git Bash shell from the Git for Windows installation. I have Composer 1.0-dev set up globally.
I was able to upgrade successfully1  following the first installation method on this page, Composer - One Drush for all Projects.
Steps

Install from the command line:
$ composer global require drush/drush:dev-master

Modify the path to Drush in your system environment variables (here's a helper). On my system, Drush was installed in c:\Users\Username\AppData\Roaming\Composer\vendor\drush\drush.

Reboot Windows


Troubleshooting: Check loaded php.ini
The only problem that cropped up post-install was that the PHP settings being loaded by the CLI (and accessed by Drush) are out of sync with those loaded by WampServer. I found I had to copy my PHP settings from phpForApache.ini to php.ini in the currently loaded PHP version folder in c:/wamp/bin.2
Is Drush telling you you don't have X extension enabled, when you know you do? Run drush core-status to check on the path to php.ini on your own system.
A note about the Windows zip package
I had previously used the Windows zip package to install version 6.x. As of this writing there is a package available for version 7 - scroll down to the bottom of the installation page - but not 8 (unsurprisingly since AFAIK it is heavily under development). I wonder if having previously gone through this process somehow eased this upgrade by setting up some necessary extras - probably not;  I just don't know. Maybe I just become a big, fat skeptic when things work too easily on Windows.3
See also:
Installing Drush on Windows (Drupal.org)
How to Upgrade Drush to work with Drupal 8 (Manjit Singh)

1 Because this is Windows, it should be noted that I've only installed in the last couple of days, and have so far only used it for basic tasks such as creating databases, installing a site, clearing the cache tables. No problems so far, but that doesn't mean they won't crop up.
2
I don't recall having to copy the PHP settings over before, and this is going to be a bit sticky when I alter these settings or switch between PHP versions, but so far I haven't found a way around this.
3 The author above (Manjit Singh) seemed to have a similarly pain-free upgrade, which makes me less skeptical. :)