How can I pass the filter parameters of one view to a different view on the same page?
Yes, it's possible to have 2 different views on the same page sharing the same exposed filter query parameters.

The trouble you're having is, by default, a block display doesn't show any exposed filters. The only way to enable this is by enabling the Use AJAX setting on the block view under the Advanced section in the admin UI. Once set, both the block &amp; page Views will pick up on the same location[postal_code]/location[distance]/location[search_units] query parameters. 

Of course this means, you'll have 2 different form filters on the same page but you can kludge your way around it with a style rule to hide it (e.g. #block-views-my_block_machine_name-block div.view-filters { display: none; }) or some other means of hiding the form.