How to add properties to ConfigurableLanguage config entity?
Even if it might be late for the OP, here is the way to achieve this.

As language is stored as ConfigEntity, you can use ThirdPartySettingInterface.

Here is an example entity types are not correctly define in the link. which I based my own implementation on. 

Steps to follow to achieve adding properties on language entity are a set of pretty common drupal development actions :

// Step 1 : Altering the configuration form ( language_admin_edit_form ) in this case.

/**
 * Implements hook_form_FORM_ID_alter().
 * @param $form
 * @param \Drupal\Core\Form\FormStateInterface $form_state
 * @param $form_id
 */
function {our_module_name}_form_language_admin_edit_form_alter(
    &amp;$form,
    \Drupal\Core\Form\FormStateInterface $form_state,
    $form_id) {

  //Step 2. We can retrieve the ConfigEntity the form is working on

  /** @var {\Drupal\language\Entity\ConfigurableLanguage} $language */
  $language = $form_state-&gt;getFormObject()-&gt;getEntity();

  //Step 3. Add our custom property(ies)
  $form['{name_of_our_property_1}'] = array(
    '#type' =&gt; 'checkbox',
    '#title' =&gt; t('Our custom property 1'),

    //Ok this is already a step ahead but, for the default_value
    //we can get the stored value in thirdPartySetting property of the ConfigEntity
    '#default_value' =&gt; $language-&gt;getThirdPartySetting('{our_module_name}', '{name_of_our_property_1}'),
  );

  //Step 4. We will need to hook before the entity is saved as config, 
  //in order to retrieve the property values on form, 
  //and adding thoses in the ConfigEntity thirdPartySetting property.
  $form['#entity_builders'][] = '{our_module_language_entity_builder_function_name}';
}


This will add form input with previously saved values on thirdPartySetting and add our custom entity builder. So lets define our custom entity builder :

/**
 * Our custom entity builder
 * @param $entity_type
 * @param \Drupal\language\Entity\ConfigurableLanguage $language
 * @param $form
 * @param \Drupal\Core\Form\FormStateInterface $form_state
 */
function {our_module_language_entity_builder_function_name}(
    $entity_type,
    \Drupal\language\Entity\ConfigurableLanguage $language, 
    &amp;$form,
    \Drupal\Core\Form\FormStateInterface $form_state){

    //If our property can be found from form_state values
    if ($form_state-&gt;getValue('{name_of_our_property_1}')) {
        //We can update the linked property on thirdPartySetting
        $language-&gt;setThirdPartySetting(
            '{our_module_name}',
            '{name_of_our_property_1}', 
            $form_state-&gt;getValue('{name_of_our_property_1}')
        );
    }else{
        //User surely wanted to remove the previous value,
        //so remove it from thirdPartySetting property too
        $language-&gt;unsetThirdPartySetting('{our_module_name}', '{name_of_our_property_1}');
    }
}


Ok, now the edit form shows our property, our custom entity builder save it.
Last step ahead, using our custom value somewhere else of the language edit form.

//So we have a language, it doesn't matter how you get it.
//Here is from the currentLanguage property

/** @var {\Drupal\Core\Language\LanguageInterface} $language */
$language = \Drupal::languageManager()-&gt;getCurrentLanguage();

//The language itself doesn't own the thirdPartySetting,
//So we need to use its matching ConfigEntity

//Getting the ConfigurableLanguageManager
/** {\Drupal\language\ConfigurableLanguageManager} $configManager */
$configManager = \Drupal::entityTypeManager()-&gt;getStorage('configurable_language');

//now load the matching ConfigEntity of Language
/** @var ConfigurableLanguage $config */
$languageConfigEntity= $configManager-&gt;load($language-&gt;getId());


//Do what you want of your property
$ourPropertyValue = $languageConfigEntity-&gt;getThirdPartySetting('{our_module_name}', '{name_of_our_property_1}');

//Alternatively we could get an array of all our module thirdPartySetting properties
$allOurProps = $languageConfigEntity-&gt;getThirdPartySettings('{our_module_name}');

//And it's done.