Is it possible that a satellite creates a forever eclipse?
The only potentially valid way to cause a long-lasting eclipse that I can think of is to have your moon orbit at the planet's L1 Lagrange point between the planet and the star (and the moon has to be the right size). If it had just the right orbit and was the right size, it could then cause a long-lasting eclipse. Note I'm not saying permanent because such a system wouldn't be permanent. I'm not going to run through the math$^1$ to determine if such a system is stable or for how long. I'd guess it may be stable for a few orbits at least.

The main problem is getting your moon there in the first place. One could conceivable say that by some freak chance a third fairly massive body came close to your planet/moon (either from outside the solar system or near the edge) and gravitationally perturbed your Moon's orbit such that it ended up in the L1 point. But the chances of such an event are so slim that it would be incredulous if it actually happened.

And just to add a technicality, once your moon moved to the L1 point, it would now be orbiting the Sun and wouldn't be a moon anymore according to the definition of a moon.



$^1$ Out of curiosity, I ran through some of the math very loosely and found that if you put the Moon in Earth's L1 position, the Moon survives for about 3-5 months before perturbations knock it out of the L1 position. Of course our Moon isn't the right size to cause an eclipse at that distance, but this gives a very rough estimate for how "permanent" the scenario I described above really is.