How to view Jupiter with 4.5" Newtonian Reflector
Jupiter is a very bright object, so maybe the best procedure is to use your filters, they might help with the glare. However, I think you have either a case of low resolution or distortion. Generally, the larger the diameter of the telescope, the better is the resolution (more details here). Resolution defines how much detail you are able to resolve with the telescope.

Changing the eyepieces or using Barlow lenses can amplify the images, but it doesn't improve resolution (you'll just see a bigger blob - but still, it's cooler than just a small speck).  There are also other things to check:


Was it windy? Too much wind can, usually, mean a turbulent atmosphere, and it hampers observations. Another way to check for turbulence is to look at stars with the naked eye: if they are twinkling too much, the atmosphere is very turbulent
Was Jupiter near the horizon? If so, maybe you should try observing it when it's higher in the sky. When looking near the horizon, light has to pass through a large column of air (a parameter known as airmass by astronomers), and it distorts images
Is the telescope well collimated? Poor collimation (mirror alignment) usually results in tail-like structures in sharp objects, almost like a comet. This is probably not the case if the scope is new
What is the quality of the optics? Some telescope manufacturers ship their products with very low-cost, low-quality optical components (eyepieces, filters etc.)


Also, if your objective is to observe mainly solar system objects, I suggest using a refractor telescope, they are wonderful for that. Additionally, this video by Phil Plait on Crash Course might help you and give invaluable information.