Throwing a baseball from orbit to the earth
Orbits are all ellipses, so when you throw a baseball you change the orbit of the base ball from your circular ellipse to another ellipse.
If you throw it prograde (in the velocity direction), then you baseball will have an elliptical orbit. It will be closest to the Earth at the point at which you threw it, and furthest from the Earth (and higher than the circular orbit) at 180 degrees. So throwing prograde will never make the baseball deorbit.
The speed of the baseball will now not be constant.  It will be faster than the circular orbit speed at the lowest point in the orbit, but slower than the circular orbit speed at the highest point.
This is your misconception: Adding velocity doesn't make the ball to a lower orbit.  Instead, adding velocity makes the ball go to a higher orbit, which in turn reduces the speed of the ball.
Throwing retrograde (wake direction) has the opposite effect. The baseball will enter an elliptical orbit that is close to the Earth at 180 degree from the point at which you threw and is, on average at a higher speed.  If you throw retrograde hard enough you can reduce the height at 180 degrees to less than 0, ie the baseball hits the ground.  But you have to throw far far harder than is physically possible, because you and the baseball start out at orbital speeds, about 7km/s so throwing at 10m/s won't be enough to deorbit.
Throwing at the nadir would also just change the baseball's orbit into an elliptical orbit. The baseball would initially approach the Earth, but as it did it would gain speed and then move away from the Earth in an ellipse.  The closest point would be at about 90 degrees ahead of the throwing point. This is actually not a very effective way of deorbiting. It takes a lot harder throw to reduce the height by the same amount that throwing retrograde would. As with the other throws, the ball will pass through the throwing point after going all around the Earth.  But you won't be at the same point again because your orbital period will be different to that of the ball.
Throwing anti-nadir has a similar effect, except now the furthest point is at about 90 degrees, and the ball falls to the closest point at 270 degrees.  It is equally ineffective at de-orbiting or gaining height. This is why nearly all spacecraft manoeuvres happen either in the prograde direction (to add height) or retrograde (to reduce height)
&quot;Bouncing off the atmosphere&quot; is a practical problem not directly connected to orbits. If you enter the atmosphere at the wrong angle, you can actually start to fly and so gain altitude. That's not really connected to the orbital manoeuvres here