Can critical thinking be taught?
It seems like somebody's done a lot of literature pooling already:

Is Rationality Teachable?

Among influences mentioned are statistics, logic training, and debiasing.

There's also a book that summarized findings:

Teaching Critical Thinking: Some Lessons From Cognitive Science
Tim van Gelder 
College Teaching 
Vol. 53, Iss. 1, 2005


  ABSTRACT: This article draws six key lessons from cognitive science
  for teachers of critical thinking. The lessons are: acquiring
  expertise in critical thinking is hard; practice in critical-thinking
  skills themselves enhances skills; the transfer of skills must be
  practiced; some theoretical knowledge is required; diagramming
  arguments (“argument mapping”) promotes skill; and students are prone
  to belief preservation. The article provides some guidelines for
  teaching practice in light of these lessons.


Anecdotally, I recognize a tendency for science professors to let students use their intuition at first and then crush it in an attempt to make debiasing habitual.