Will there be any negative effects on the print process if the printer is outside?
Unless you enclose the printer fully in some way or another, I see problems, even beyond just print quality:

humidity can and will end inside the printer by condensation and destroy the electronics, especially in the fall and winter months.
being accessible, children from the neighborhood might get their stubby fingers into the running machine or throw off the leveling.
being not locked in a box, people might decide to nick your printer.
If the printer is in the sun, the filament might age much more rapidly
Moisture can impact your filaments, making prints impossible with some filaments unless those are kept in a dry container.
Shifting temperatures along a day could lead to prints warping during printing, resulting in deformed prints.