Thermal runaway triggers when raising temperature amid cooldown
Yes there are ways to tune false positives. For Marlin firmware you can find these option in the Configuration_adv.h file.

From the file itself you can read what you need to do:


 * If you get false positives for "Thermal Runaway", increase
 * THERMAL_PROTECTION_HYSTERESIS and/or THERMAL_PROTECTION_PERIOD
 */