Indexing the Extended Fibonacci Numbers
Haskell, 78 bytes

4 bytes saved thanks to nimi



a#b=a:b#(a-b)
f 0=[0]
f a=do{(i,x)&lt;-zip[0..a*a+1]$0#1;[-i|x==a]++[i|abs x==a]}


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First we set up (#), (#) takes two parameters, a and b, and returns the a list starting with a and followed by b#(a-b).  This creates an infinite list, but because Haskell is lazy we don't need to wory about it looping forever.  This essentially works backwards creating the Fibonacci sequence before a certain pair. For example (0#1) would be the list of all the Fibonacci numbers with negative index.

From here we make f.  f takes a argument a which is the number we are trying to find in the sequence.  Here we use do notation to do a list comprehension.  We start by taking the first a*a+1 elements of the list 0#11.  Since the function a*a+1 grows faster than the inverse of the Fibonacci sequence we can be sure that if we check within this bound we will find all the results.  This prevents us from searching an infinite list.  Then for each value x and index i, if x==a we found a in the negative half of the sequence so we return -i, and if abs x==a we return i as well because the absolute value of the negative half is the positive half so we found it there. 

Since this makes the list [0,0] for 0 we hardcode the correct output for that one.

1: This trick is taken from Οurous' Clean answer.  The same speedup aplies here as there, replace a*a+1 with abs a+1 to save a lot of time.