The GOLF CPU Golfing Challenge: Prime Partitions
Total cycles for examples: 477,918,603

Update 1: Updated to use Lemoine's conjecture.

Update 2: Updated to use the Sieve of Eratosthenes instead of naively finding the primes.

Run with:

python3 assemble.py 52489-prime-partitions.golf
python3 golf.py 52489-prime-partitions.bin x=&lt;INPUT&gt;


Example run:

$ python3 golf.py 52489-prime-partitions.bin x=10233
5
5
10223
Execution terminated after 194500 cycles with exit code 0.


Cycle count for example input:

Input    Cycles
9        191
12       282
95       1,666
337      5,792
1023749  21,429,225
20831531 456,481,447


We consider the first (N+1)*8 bytes of the heap, to be an array containing N+1 64-bit values. (As the heap is limited in size, this will only work for N &lt; 2^57). The value of the entry at i*8 indicates wether i is a prime:

Value Description
-1    Not a prime
0     Unknown
1     The largest prime found
n &gt; 1 This is a prime and the next prime is n


When we are done building the array it will look like [-1, -1, 3, 5, -1, 7, -1, 11, -1, -1, -1, 13, ...].

We use the Sieve of Eratosthenes to build the array.

Next the program does the following in pseudo-code:

if is_prime(x):
    print x
else:
    if is_even(x):
        for p in primes:
            if is_prime(x - p):
                print p, x - p
                exit
    else:
        if is_prime(x - 2):
            print 2, x - 2
        else:
            for p in primes:
                if is_prime(x - 2 * p):
                    print p, p, 2 * p
                    exit


This is guaranteed to work because of Lemoine's conjecture and Goldbach's weak conjecture. Lemoine's conjecture hasn't be proven yet, but it's probably true for numbers below 2^57.

    call build_primes

    mov q, x
    call is_prime

    jnz print_prime, a

    and b, x, 1
    jz find_pair, b

    # Check if x - 2 is a prime
    sub q, x, 2
    call is_prime
    jnz print_prime_odd2, a

# Input: x, b
find_pair:
    mov p, 2
find_pair_loop:
    mov d, p
    jz find_pair_even, b

    add d, d, p

find_pair_even:
    sub q, x, d

    call is_prime
    jnz print_prime2_or_3, a

    shl i, p, 3
    lw p, i
    jmp find_pair_loop

print_prime2_or_3:
    jz print_prime2, b

    mov x, p
    call write_int_ln

print_prime2:
    mov x, p
    call write_int_ln

    mov x, q
    call print_prime

print_prime_odd2:
    mov p, 2
    call print_prime2

print_prime:
    call write_int_ln
    halt 0

# Input: x
# Memory layout: [-1, -1, 3, 5, -1, 7, -1, 11, ...]
# x: max integer
# p: current prime
# y: pointer to last found prime
# i: current integer
build_primes:
    sw 0, -1
    sw 8, -1
    sw 16, 1
    mov y, 16

    mov p, 2

build_primes_outer:
    mulu i, r, p, p
    jnz build_primes_final, r

    geu a, i, x
    jnz build_primes_final, a

build_primes_inner:
    shl m, i, 3
    sw m, -1

    add i, i, p

    geu a, i, x
    jz build_primes_inner, a

build_primes_next:
    inc p
    shl m, p, 3
    lw a, m
    jnz build_primes_next, a

    sw y, p
    mov y, m
    sw y, 1

    jmp build_primes_outer

build_primes_final:
    inc p
    geu a, p, x
    jnz build_primes_ret, a

    shl m, p, 3
    lw a, m
    jnz build_primes_final, a

    sw y, p
    mov y, m
    sw y, 1

    jmp build_primes_final

build_primes_ret:
    ret

# Input: q
# Output: a
is_prime:
    shl m, q, 3
    lw a, m
    neq a, a, -1
    ret a

write_int:
    divu x, m, x, 10
    jz write_int_done, x
    call write_int
write_int_done:
    add m, m, ord("0")
    sw -1, m
    ret

write_int_ln:
    call write_int
    mov m, ord("\n")
    sw -1, m
    ret