Find the nearest greater number
MATL, 10 bytes
yt&amp;y)&gt;fYk)

This uses 1-based indexing. Try it online!
Explanation
Consider inputs [4,-2,1,-3,5], 3 as an example.
y     % Take two inputs implicitly. Duplicate 2nd-top element in the stack
      % STACK: [4,-2,1,-3,5], 3, [4,-2,1,-3,5]
t     % Duplicate top of the stack
      % STACK: [4,-2,1,-3,5], 3, [4,-2,1,-3,5], [4,-2,1,-3,5]
&amp;y    % Duplicate 3rd-top element in the stack
      % STACK: [4,-2,1,-3,5], 3, [4,-2,1,-3,5], [4,-2,1,-3,5], 3
)     % Index: select elements from first input as indicated by second input
      % STACK: [4,-2,1,-3,5], 3, [4,-2,1,-3,5], 1
&gt;     % Greater than, element-wise
      % STACK: [4,-2,1,-3,5], 3, [1,0,0,0,1]
f     % Find: gives indices of non-zero entries
      % STACK: [4,-2,1,-3,5], 3, [1,5]
Yk    % Closest element: gives closest element of each entry in second input
      % ([1,5]) to each entry in the first input (3). In case of a tie it 
      % gives the left-most one
      % STACK: [4,-2,1,-3,5], 1
)     % Index: select elements from first input as indicated by second input
      % STACK: 4
      % Implicitly display