Derivative at the Edge
Jelly, 13 10 bytes

I.ịṚjI+2\H


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How it works

I.ịṚjI+2\H  Main link. Argument: A (array)

I           Increments; compute the deltas of consecutive values.
            For [a, b, c, d, e], this yields [b-a, c-b, d-c, e-d].
 .ị         At-index 0.5; get the the last and first element.
            This yields [e-d, b-a].
   Ṛ        Reverse the pair.
            This yields [b-a, e-d].
    jI      Join, separating by the increments.
            This yields [b-a, b-a, c-b, d-c, e-d, e-d].
      +2\   Add the values of all overlapping pairs.
            This yields [2(b-a), c-a, d-b, e-c, 2(e-d)].
         H  Halve all resulting numbers.
            This yields [b-a, (c-a)/2, (d-b)/2, (e-c)/2, e-d].