Calculate ISBN-13 check digit
Golfscript - 25 chars

{...+(;2%+{+}*3-~10%`+}:f


Whole program version is only 19 chars

...+(;2%+{+}*3-~10%


Check back here for analysis later. Meanwhile check out my old uninspired answer

Golfscript - 32 chars

Similar to the luhn number calculation

{.{2+}%.(;2%{.+}%+{+}*~)10%`+}:f


Analysis for 978030640615

{...}:f this is how you define the function in golfscript
.       store an extra copy of the input string
        '978030640615' '978030640615'
{2+}%   add 2 to each ascii digit, so '0'=&gt;50, I can get away with this instead
        of {15&amp;}% because we are doing mod 10 math on it later
        '978030640615' [59 57 58 50 53 50 56 54 50 56 51 55]
.       duplicate that list
        '978030640615' [59 57 58 50 53 50 56 54 50 56 51 55] [59 57 58 50 53 50 56 54 50 56 51 55]
(;      trim the first element off
        '978030640615' [59 57 58 50 53 50 56 54 50 56 51 55] [57 58 50 53 50 56 54 50 56 51 55]
2%      select every second element
        '978030640615' [59 57 58 50 53 50 56 54 50 56 51 55] [57 50 50 54 56 55]
{.+}%   double each element by adding to itself
        '978030640615' [59 57 58 50 53 50 56 54 50 56 51 55] [114 100 100 108 112 110]
+       join the two lists together
        '978030640615' [59 57 58 50 53 50 56 54 50 56 51 55 114 100 100 108 112 110]
{+}*    add up the items in the list
        '978030640615' 1293
~       bitwise not
        '978030640615' -1294
)       add one
        '978030640615' -1293            
10%     mod 10
        '978030640615' 7
`       convert to str
        '978030640615' '7'
+       join the strings
        '9780306406157'