What do taxiway lane, taxiway strip and taxiway shoulder mean?
According to the Skybrary from EUROCONTROL and a UK CAA document on taxiways markings (Visual Aids Handbook UK CAA CAP 637 (2007)), the definitions are:

Taxiway Strip

An area which contains the taxiway and gives protection to aircraft from obstacles and other taxiways.

Image Source: Transport Canada

Taxiway Lane

This one is ambiguous and could not be found citation on, except for a document from the BAZL. Taxilanes or Taxiway Lanes are dashed taxiways, which give guidance to stands and aircraft parking positions.

Taxiway Shoulder 

The taxiway shoulder is the paved or unpaved area beyond the double taxiway edge line, indicating that the load bearing capabilities beyond these lines can be different from the taxiway weight allowance.