Is there any difference in landing minima between ICAO and FAA?
In most cases, FAA approach charts do not provide a requirement for a ceiling as you say, but rather provide the minimum altitude that a pilot may descend to without having the runway environment in sight (the DH/MDA) and the minimum required visibility.1
In fact, as described in the FAA Instrument Procedures Handbook, Page 4-7 and in the AIM, section 5-4-20(e), air carrier pilots, who are restricted from even beginning an approach if the reported weather is below minimums, are only restricted by the visibility and may fly the approach  when the reported ceiling is lower than the minimum altitude on the approach plate (note that this does not apply to Part 91 operations).
The main reason for this is that a ceiling does not necessarily cover 100% of the sky over the airport environment, and it is quite possible to see the runway even when there is a reported ceiling.

References
FAA Instrument Procedures Handbook, Page 4-7 says:

14 CFR Part 135, section 135.225 states that pilots may not begin an
instrument approach unless the latest weather report indicates that
the weather conditions are at or above the authorized IFR landing
minimums for that procedure. 14 CFR Part 135, section 135.225 provides
relief from this rule if the aircraft has already passed the final
approach fix (FAF) when the weather report is received. It should be
noted that the controlling factor for determining whether or not the
aircraft can proceed is reported visibility. RVR, if available, is the
controlling visibility report for determining that the requirements of
this section are met. The runway visibility value (RVV), reported in
statute miles (SM), takes precedent over prevailing visibility. There
is no required timeframe for receiving current weather prior to
initiating the approach.

AIM, section 5-4-20(e) says:

e. Published Approach Minimums. Approach minimums are published for
different aircraft categories and consist of a minimum altitude (DA,
DH, MDA) and required visibility. These minimums are determined by
applying the appropriate TERPS criteria. When a fix is incorporated in
a nonprecision final segment, two sets of minimums may be published:
one for the pilot that is able to identify the fix, and a second for
the pilot that cannot. Two sets of minimums may also be published when
a second altimeter source is used in the procedure. When a
nonprecision procedure incorporates both a stepdown fix in the final
segment and a second altimeter source, two sets of minimums are
published to account for the stepdown fix and a note addresses
minimums for the second altimeter source.


Notes
1 Under relatively rare conditions, TERPS specifies that a ceiling is required for a specific approach, but this will be notated on the approach chart with the words CEILING REQUIRED.