Do pilots breathe the same air as passengers?
In General, Yes.

As your image already shows, the same air is distributed throughout the cabin and the flight deck. For example, in the 737 NG FCOMv2 2.30.4 (Air Systems - Air Conditioning Description) it says:


  Since the flight deck requires only a fraction of the air supply provided by the left
  pack, most of the left pack air output is mixed with the right pack supply and
  routed to the passenger cabin.


So on the 737, the left pack supplies air to the flight deck and the cabin, the right pack only to the cabin (in normal operations).

Air from the cabin is also reused in the recirculation system:


  The recirculation fan system reduces the air conditioning system pack load and the
  engine bleed air demand. Air from the passenger cabin and electrical equipment
  bay is drawn to the forward cargo bay where it is filtered and recirculated to the
  mix manifold. The fan is driven by an AC motor. The fan operates with the recirc
  fan switch in AUTO except with both packs on and one or both in HIGH.


This implies, air previously exhaled by a passenger could make its way into the flight deck, but it is filtered first. In case of smoke in the cabin, the recirculation system would be switched off. However, during normal operations, the left pack supplies the flight deck directly:


(source: 737 NG FCOMv2 2.30.4)

All air quality parameters you mentioned should be identical or very similar for the flight deck and the cabin, except for temperature. Most aircraft allow separate temperatures for different zones. E.g. the 737 again:


  There are three zones: flight deck, forward cabin and aft cabin. Desired zone
  temperature is set by adjusting the individual Temperature Selectors. The selector
  range is approximately 65°F (18°C) to 85°F (30°C).
  The packs produce an air temperature that satisfies the zone which requires the


Temperature Selectors in the 737 overhead panel:


(source: 737 NG FCOMv2 2.30.4)

The details will of course depend on the exact aircraft model!