How does downwash affect angle of attack?
Is it correct to assume that, looking at the flow field closely around a wing, &quot;traditional angle of attack&quot; doesn't matter as much since the large induced flow velocities in front of the wing will make actual &quot;aerodynamical&quot; angle of attack, i.e. the angle at which the oncoming air actually hits the wing (as opposed to the angle between freestream flow direction and chordline) differ significantly?

Yes. Just witness the angle at which slats are pointing down: They are oriented to the local direction of flow which is strongly up at the leading edge when the coefficient of lift is high.

Typical landing configuration of an airliner wing, from an article by A. M. O. Smith, McDonnell-Douglas, in Journal of Aircraft, Vol 12 No 6, 1975. As always: Converging streamlines indicate accelerating flow and falling pressure while diverging streamlines show decelerating flow and rising pressure.
Note that the double slotted flap here is instrumental in inducing this steep local flow angle: Without it, the wing would not produce nearly as much lift and the suction on the upper side would be much weaker, causing less local bending of the direction of flow.
Note as well that the angle of attack of the airfoil is 0° while the streamlines entering the drawing on the left already have a marked upwash angle. The same happens in reverse at the right side where the flow shows a distinct downwash. This is a 2D simulation and at infinite distance to the airfoil the direction of flow is strictly horizontal. On both sides, because this airfoil does not produce induced drag in 2D flow (an effect also known as d'Alembert's paradox).
On a real wing, however, the tip effects reduce the lift curve slope so the local wing section will show a lower lift coefficient at the same geometrical angle of attack. Now suction and upwash are reduced (but still exist) and the air flowing off the wing leaves it with an added downward speed component. The far-field flow pattern now does not any more have the symmetry of equal up- and downwash. Instead, the downwash angle is increased to twice the magnitude of the reduced upwash angle because the influence of the free vortices in the wake must be added. The result is a backward tilt of the sum of all pressure forces acting on the wing which we call induced drag.