What kind of microphones does aviation use?
Microphones used in aviation are usually electret condenser microphones that do not require any phantom power (obviously there are different types as well).

While General Aviation Aircraft and many airliners use the dual PJ connectors (PJ-055 for headphones + PJ-068 for microphone), the Airbus and ATR aircraft (and probably some others) use XLR connectors. Most helicopters use the combined U-174 connector for both headphones and microphone.