Why do delta wings generate less lift at a particular angle of attack compared to straight wings?
No, a higher sweep angle will reduce lift even more.

All aerodynamic forces scale with the dynamic pressure, the product of air density and the square of airspeed, divided by half. If a wing doesn't produce lift, move to denser air or speed up.

However, drag will also scale with dynamic pressure, and there is more which influences lift. One is the angle of attack and the second is the suitability of the chosen wing geometry to produce lift at a given speed and angle of attack. Straight wings score best in this respect, at least at subsonic speed.

The sweep angle of the quarter-chord line gives you a first approximation of lift loss. Lift is proportional to the cosine of that angle. Just drive sweep to its extreme of 90°, and the inability of such a wing to create lift should become clear.

Lift is produced by the downward deflection of the air streaming around a wing. When the wing meets this flow straight on, it will have the biggest effect on the air and create the most lift. Any sweep, regardless of forward or backward, will reduce the wing's effect.

The next effect is the influence of the wingtips. If your wing extends sideways a lot more than it extends in flow direction, the influence of the tips is relatively lower. The ratio between wing span and chord is called the aspect ratio, and it figures prominently in the formula for the lift curve slope.