What aerodynamics forces are acting on a jet fighter during slow flight demonstration?
break down my understanding of the forces that specifically oppose gravity.


There are no separate forces that oppose specific other forces. There is simply a set of forces and they all add up and the sum divided by the inertial mass of the plane equals acceleration.

Gravity always points down, so to prevent downward acceleration, the sum of the other forces must point up. But whatever force points up can do that.


  
  Is my understanding accurate?
  


Mostly yes. Thrust always points forward along the engine axis, so if the engine axis points up, so does thrust.


  
  Is there a good, well known reference to aerodynamics that does not gloss over the entire gamut of forces involved during a wide range of flight situations?
  


There is really just a few forces, always:


The airfoils produce force that is approximately perpendicular to them. It grows with angle of attack (angle between the airfoil and the air flow) with one peak at the at the stall angle of attack (usually 10–15°) and another at 90°.

This force is normally described as two components, lift, which is perpendicular to the air flow, and drag, that is parallel to it. That means the second maximum of lift is at 45°, because at 90° the force is parallel to the flow and thus all drag.
Form (parasite) drag. This is parallel to the flow.
Thrust. This is always approximately forward along the engine axis.
Weight. This always points down. It is actually composed of gravity, which points towards the centre of Earth, and small contribution of centrifugal force that points away from the Earth axis of rotation, but that's just nitpicking.


And then you just need to do vector addition.

So when the aircraft flies with high angle of attack, the thrust points diagonally up, cancelling some of the weight, while the force on the wing is tilted aft, cancelling the other part of weight, but also causing huge drag, so the thrust needs to be correspondingly large. That's why only fighters and aerobatic aircraft with their large thrust/weight ratios can do this kind of stunt.

For more details I would suggest See How It Flies by John S. Denker. It covers basic aerodynamics and explains reasons behind common piloting techniques. Chapter 4 discusses the forces.