What do pilots actually see through the windows?
This really depends on the type of aircraft and the seating position of the pilot. In smaller aircraft, you will have a good view of the area around you, depending on the canopy. In larger aircraft, the instrument panel and cockpit design can restrict your outside view a bit more. 

Below you will find two pictures taken from the cockpit of a Super Dimona HK36, used for VFR general aviation flights. Both are approximately at eye level.


(Source: Own Work - SentryRaven)


(Source: Own Work - SentryRaven)