Is there a type of instrument/display that guides pilots along a certain path?
What you are describing is a Course Deviation Indicator or CDI. 



These are fairly standard across most aircraft however they may also be combined with a heading indicator resulting in an Horizontal Situation Indicator. There are also variants that have an aircraft symbol such as you describe.

Depending on how your aircraft is setup these units can be referenced off a radio beacon such as a VOR an ILS system for approaches or a programed GPS route. 

This video covers some basic operation if you are curious.

A lot of GPS units with moving maps are generally able to display the info you describe as well. 



There are even various apps that allow you to display such info on your tablet or smart phone