Would solar panels on the wing of an aircraft increase drag?
No, assuming the wing geometry and the coefficient of friction of the material on the surface of the wing do not change. So, swapping a section of aluminum or carbon fiber skin on the wing for a section of Plexiglas or silicate glass under which you place the solar cells will, all other things being equal, have a negligible effect on drag.

However, doing something like this, all other things are not necessarily equal. First off, the border between the normal skin material and the solar cell cannot be a perfectly smooth transition; at some level of magnification, there will be a noticeable seam which will reflect as an increase in the surface "roughness" of the with with solar cells compared to the one without. While nonzero, it's likely negligible if the parts of the wing are well-fitted.

Second, there will likely be a change in mass when removing a thin layer of aluminum, carbon fiber or polymer sheathing, and replacing that with Plexiglas with solar cells underneath (plus the power wiring, converters and other additional components that otherwise wouldn't need to exist). Classically, that has no effect on drag, but it will change momentum calculations which affect how much the drag matters, and also as was stated, heavier masses require higher angles of attack to increase lift and counter weight, which increases induced drag as the effective shape of the airfoil slicing through the air changes to present a larger cross-section. Wing stress moments will also be affected as the weight distribution of the plane between fuselage and wings has changed, and this can change the amount of effective dihedral due to wing loading under various conditions.

Lastly, there will be a nonzero difference in surface roughness between the majority of the skin or sheathing and the solar cells. For instance, a matte finish as some aircraft have is rough by definition to provide different reflective planes to scatter light. You want a highly polished surface on the solar cells to minimize energy loss through the outer layer. Even if most of the aircraft is finely polished, there's a difference in how fine a polish various materials can take; the harder the surface, the easier it is to take a fine polish.