What are the effects of shockwaves on normal and supersonic aircraft?
Not much, really, the shock wave just streams off of the nose of the plane, and an anti-shock from the tail. They stream away from the plane and don't hit it.

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The shock itself is the compression that the flying aeroplane imparts upon the unsuspecting air in front of it: disturbances travel with the speed of sound, if the aeroplane travels faster there is no warning and air gets compressed suddenly when the aeroplane arrives. This is the nature of the shock.

The amount of compression is spread out It's not a shock like a bomb explodes, only a loud noise. Flying over Mach 1 is not inherently more risky than flying subsonic. When first attempted 70 years ago there was some unexpected behaviour to iron out, but that's aviation in a nutshell for you. Once understood, a problem is only an invitation to find a solution, and that is what the aero guys did.