Questions about go around safety
At a controlled airport, the tower will route you or other aircraft as needed for seperation. If IFR, you will have a clearance to follow if you have to go around, either from ATC for that area, or as published, and once following the clearance you will go back to ATC for further information.  At a non-controlled airport and IFR, the same will apply. If you land, you call and cancel the clearance, if airborne and you are talking to ATC and have visual to land, you may be able to cancel while airborne.  

VFR is similar - either tower will direct you as needed, or you see and avoid when non-towered.   If you use flight following, you will be talking to ATC until you get near the airport, they will often advise you of any nearby traffic before cutting you loose for your own approach and landing, with their last direction being something like "Nxxxx, airport is at your 12:00 and 8 mile, you have traffic at 1:00 and 5 miles, squawk 1200, frequency change approved."