How do aircraft refueling in-air deal with wake turbulence?
Ex US Navy pilot here.  I flew the S-3 Viking, which refueled via the probe/drogue method, as opposed to the USAF flying boom method.  I can confirm that the receiving plane is below the wake turbulence of the tanker, maybe by 8&ndash;10&nbsp;feet.  Although, even if you should ride up into the wake, the sensation is perhaps not as violent as you might think.

The technique they teach is that you just fly formation.  You do NOT fixate on the basket (this is the 'drogue' part of the apparatus, which resembles a big badminton birdie).

Instead, you must position the tip of your probe about 4&nbsp;feet aft of the basket, stabilize, then smoothly add throttle until contact is made.  You may need to hit the basket at a couple of feet per second relative velocity in order for it to latch.  

Then you have to maintain position.  It's just formation flying, really.    The hose apparatus on the tanker measures your position fore and aft &ndash; when you are within limits for fuel transfer, a light goes on.  So, as the receiving pilot, you fly formation and maintain your position fore and aft so that the light stays lit.  When you've taken on your gas, you need to exit straight back.  Too much vertical offset can cause the basket to 'whip' as it disconnects.  You can smash a canopy this way &ndash; I've seen it happen, and it's pretty colorful.  You won't soon  live it down.