What is this aircraft and its submarine?
It's a joke. It was first posted – at least as far back as 2001 – on skyhawk.org with the caption:


  The Royal Australian Navy Skyhawk, being an all-purpose aircraft, was the subject of a 1970s experimental sea trial of an A-4 on board a Royal Australian Navy submarine. There was no objection from the aviators to operating the Skyhawk from the somewhat limited deck space of the submarine. A problem with the Skyhawk's turbine cavitating while underway submerged was overcome. The diesel catapult worked just fine. However, the experiment was abandoned when the submarine's XO objected to the jet blast burning the paintwork off the sail.


More here:


http://skyhawk.org/article/humor-page-two (the current live version)
http://warbirdsnews.com/warbirds-news/fun-facts/1965-mig-flies-bridge-a-4-submarine-fake-real.html
https://www.airliners.net/forum/viewtopic.php?t=1007945


Anyway, the plane is a McDonnell Douglas A-4G Skyhawk, the sub is reportedly an Oberon-class, and the helicopter is a Westland Wessex.