What radios are airliners / large aircraft equipped with?
Numbering the radios that I can think of offhand in the old 747-100 and -200 aircraft that I used to fly produces:


2 VHF voice communications radios.
2 VHF navigation radio receivers for receiving VOR and LOC signals. The LOC frequencies are paired with UHF frequencies for receiving glideslope signals.
1 ADF (automatic direction finding) receiver.
1 HF (high frequency) voice communication radio.
2 transponders to send whatever the "squawk" is when interrogated. #1 was used on odd days of the month, #2 on even days. There are a number of standard codes, but ATC assigns a 4-digit code to each aircraft during flight under their control. There is never an 8 or a 9 in the code because it's an octal code.
1 SELCAL (selective calling) receiver, which will sound an alert if it receives a signal sent by a ground station. It may not be a separate radio but just a box listening for a tone on one of the voice communication radios. 
1 weather radar, and, yes, radar is a radio (radio detection and ranging) employing both a transmitter and a receiver.
1 radar altimeter for use in the final stages of the landing approach. Some were "talkers" in that starting around 50 feet, they would announce your altitude in increments of 10 feet.
1 GPWS (ground proximity warning system). I'm not sure whether it and the radar altimeter shared a box/circuitry/antenaes.
1 GPS receiver, which we got only in the last few months before I retired in 1999
1 ELT (emergency locator transmitter)
life raft locator beacons. I can't remember how many life rafts there were.
life raft voice communication on 121.5 and maybe 243.0.


I may not have remembered them all.

Modern transport category aircraft would also have SATCOM. Military aircraft would have UHF voice communications and mission appropriate weaponry radios.