Is it possible to determine if winds were high without groundspeed, wind speed, AoA or AoS?
In the inertial (Earth) frame, denoted by subscript $_E$, inertial velocity ($\bf{V^i}$) is related to air velocity ($\bf{V}$) and wind vector ($\bf{W}$) as follows:

$$\bf{W_E}=\bf{V}^i_E-\bf{V_E}$$

Air velocity is more commonly expressed in the body frame (subscript $_B$), and is related to the inertial frame via the rotation matrix, $\bf{L}_{BE}$, as a function of the Euler attitudes ($\phi,\theta,\psi$):

$$\bf{V_B}=\begin{bmatrix}u \\ v \\ w\end{bmatrix}=L_{BE} (\phi,\theta,\psi) \bf{V_E}$$

$\bf{V_E^i}$ can be transformed from the ENU velocity to NED, and you mentioned that attitudes are measured, so that leaves the air velocity components.

If you have AOA ($\alpha$), AOS ($\beta$) and TAS ($V_T$) measurements, they are related to the components as:

$$\alpha = \tan^{-1}\frac{w}{u}$$
$$\beta = \sin^{-1}\frac{v}{V_T}$$
$$V_T=\sqrt{u^2+v^2+w^2}$$

That's three equations with three unknowns. At this point, you have all the information necessary to solve for the wind vector.

Without AOA and AOS measurements, your only hope is to assume some reasonable values of AOA and AOS. For AOS, you can assume 0 if there is no lateral/directional input. For AOA, you may be able to use some offline data (e.g. wind tunnel, CFD) if your weight estimate and aerodynamic data are trustworthy.

An additional note, per your previous question on finding AOA and AOS without sensors, you have a real dilemma here: you cannot obtain both winds and flow angularities without sensors!