Do all passenger aircraft have a nickel cadmium battery?
No, they don't.  At least, not for propulsion.


Jet engines burn oil and can't be powered by batteries.
Even if we forget that, jet engines produce enormous amounts of power and no battery technology can store anything close to that much. Certainly not NiCad, which isn't even suitable for powering your phone or laptop. 
Airliners are only allowed to operate on routes where, if one engine fails, the plane can still reach an airport with plenty of safety margin. A second engine failing independently is so unlikely that I wouldn't be surprised if it had never happened on a modern plane.
Even if the second engine fails, airliners can still glide for tens of miles to find somewhere to land (e.g., the Gimli Glider and Air Transat flight 236).
In reality, the only way that all your engines are going to fail is if there's a common cause. Running out of fuel is the most obvious, and is in the news at the moment. The other one that comes up from time to time is flying through volcanic ash clouds. The solution to all of these problems is management, not technology. Airlines are very careful to put enough fuel on board for every flight, and regulations require there to be not just enough fuel to reach the destination but also extra to allow for delays and diversions. Likewise, they're very careful not to fly their planes through conditions that will break them.  Another possible common cause is a bird strike, though it's unusual for that to affect more than one engine. However, bird strikes almost always happen close to the ground and it's usually possible to get back to the airport.


So, even if batteries for backup propulsion were possible (which they aren't), they wouldn't be useful. They'd be required on such a minuscule number of flights (surely less than one in a million) that you'd probably kill and injure more people with battery fires than you'd rescue from engine failures.

And that's before you consider the huge amounts of extra weight you'd have to carry around in the form of batteries and electric engines.  Extra weight means you need more power, need to burn more fuel and have less space for passengers and cargo.

Note that planes do carry batteries to power some electrical systems. They also have a thing called a ram air turbine (RAT), which is a little windmill that drops down and provides power for the electrical and hydraulic systems in case of engine failure.