Is a Phenom 300 single pilot able to fly non-commercially in Europe?
The EASA type certificate says yes granted the cockpit is approved and the required additional equipment is met (refer to EASA AFM).

Minimum Flight Crew:
One pilot (in the left pilot seat) plus additional
equipment as specified in the Limitations Section of the
EASA Approved Airplane Flight Manual

The related note:

Approval for operation with a minimum crew of one pilot (in the left pilot seat) is
based upon the cockpit equipment installation and arrangement evaluated during ANAC
certification testing. No significant changes may be made to the installed cockpit equipment or
arrangement (EFIS, autopilot, avionics, etc.), except as permitted by the approved MMEL,
without prior approval from the responsible Aircraft Certification Office.