What are the "parts" of a SID procedure?
FAA Order 8260.46F - Departure Procedure (DP) Program describes "... the policy, guidance, and standardization for initiating, developing, 
processing, and managing the Departure Procedure (DP) Program."

Your questions are broad-based, but Order 8260.46F should provide the answers you are looking for.

Here are two figures from Order 8260.46F.  These figures are accompanied by descriptive text and illustrate the type of information in the Order which should be responsive to your questions: