Is there a list of aircraft types to be used with a callsign?
I couldn't find any specific guidance on this, the AIM 4-2-4(a)(3) just says (emphasis mine):


  Civil aircraft pilots should state the aircraft
  type, model or manufacturer’s name, followed by the
  digits/letters of the registration number. When the
  aircraft manufacturer’s name or model is stated, the
  prefix “N” is dropped; e.g., Aztec Two Four Six Four
  Alpha.


See also the ATC orders 2-4-21 for the controllers' side. It doesn't give any information either on where to find type and model information and the examples suggest that precision isn't very important:


  EXAMPLE−
  “Tri−Pacer.”
  “P A Twenty−Two.”
  “Cessna Four−Oh−One.”
  “Blue and white King Air.”
  “Airliner.”
  “Sikorsky S−Seventy−Six.”


If "airliner" is an acceptable identifier then anything is :-)

As you said, you can comply with the AIM simply by saying "Cessna", whether you're in a 120 or a 750. But what about experimental aircraft, or a type that the controller just doesn't know? 

Personally, I think this is a practical issue rather than a formal one. If it was critical for ATC to know the performance of every aircraft then flight plans would be mandatory. As it is, both controllers and pilots rely on their working knowledge of aircraft types and the system just works. The big, fast aircraft are mostly IFR anyway so the controllers already know what to expect; the small, slow ones can all do 80-100 knots in the pattern and the controllers don't need to worry about them much.

In the unusual cases where a specific aircraft type's performance might be an issue, the pilot can always work it out with the controllers:


N12345, Louisville Approach, I need your best forward speed on the approach, can you give me 120 knots?1
Bowman Tower, N12345, we're a warbird, I need a minimum 90 knots in the pattern and request an overhead break for runway 242


1Real example, and no I couldn't
2Also a real example, but sadly not me flying