Are there any incidents caused by rudder failure in Military jets?
There are certainly a large number of incidents/accidents in military jets involving rudders. I've listed a few cases, not necessarily in takeoff/landing.


A Block 25 F-16C suffered structural failure during flutter tests with the AMRAAM missile. The rudder delaminated and tore off, and the pilot managed to land the aircraft.




Source: f-16.net


B-52 vertical stabilizers were prone to failure during operation at low altitudes. While under testing, a B-52H suffered catastrophic failure of vertical stabilizer. The pilots managed to land the aircraft with help from Boeing test engineers.




"Boeing B-52 with no vertical stabilizer" by United States Air Force - USAF. Licensed under Public Domain via Commons.

However, in other cases, the same failure caused fatal crashes.


A USAF investigation blamed rudder failure for the loss of an F-15 near Hawaii in 2008. The investigation concluded that most probably both rudders in the jet failed due to failure of the aileron-rudder interconnect.
F-14 suffered from rudder hardover incidents, one of which lead to loss of the aircraft. Investigations found the reason was due to mechanical failure of a stop plate attached to the hydraulic actuator.