What flaps and throttle settings are used on takeoff, climb, cruise, descent, and landing?
The exact numbers vary for each model of aircraft, so the FAA et al can't provide direct guidance; regulations just say to operate according to the manufacturer's specifications and procedures.

Still, that's not too helpful, so I'll give answers for the C172, which is one of the most common light planes. Other models will vary somewhat but likely follow the same general theme.


Short takeoff: 10° flaps, full throttle
Normal takeoff: no flaps, full throttle
Climb: no flaps, high-full throttle
Cruise: no flaps, mid-high throttle
Descent: no flaps, low-mid throttle
Landing: 30°/40° flaps, idle throttle


For the ranges, it's important to note that the pilot doesn't set the throttle to a particular position per se; he/she adjusts it as needed until the desired performance (or for cruise, economy) is achieved.