Why is Russian super-maneuverable thrust vectoring more prevalent than American?
This is a case of divergent design, and you can't know the answer without asking why current aircraft are designed they way they are.

Following the work of Col. John Boyd in the 1960's in developing the 'Energy-Maneuverability Theory', the U.S. and allies primarily designed combat aircraft and tactics around the idea that an aircraft's specific energy state defines its performance during basic fighter maneuvering (dogfighting).

Under the E-M theory, in order for a fighter to be survivable (and consequently victorious) during aerial combat, it must maintain a high specific energy advantage throughout its maneuvering - this means it either has higher potential energy (altitude), or higher kinetic energy (speed), and should aim to maintain the capacity to trade one for the other efficiently. In a fight occurring only in the vertical plane, this is easy to quantify, but in a turning fight, induced drag from turning bleeds energy from the aircraft, and E-M theory allows this performance efficiency to be quantified for a particular design or tactic.

Consequently, U.S. 4th Gen fighters like the F-15, F-16, and F-18 are designed specifically around energy maintenance in all flight regimes - high thrust for climb performance (gaining potential energy via altitude) and to maintain speed (overcome induced drag by turning), low wing loading (lower energy bleed in turning due to induced drag), and improved aerodynamics in the expected combat envelope (reducing overall drag in the subsonic regime), and their tactics emphasize maneuvering energy-efficiently, over expending all your energy in tight turns to simply 'get a bead' on your bogey first.

The practical effect of this is that if your first attack pass fails, you still have sufficient energy to either outmaneuver your opponent and get into position for another attack, or run. The disadvantage is, when your kinetic energy is higher than your opponents (speed) you can't turn as tightly as he can - but the hope is your greater ability to maneuver in 3 dimensions with that energy will give you the upper hand for a second attack - classically, this would be considered 'boom and zoom' tactics.

By contrast, the Russian designers have been focusing on 'Supermaneuverability', the ability of the aircraft to remain within the controllable envelope, outside the envelope of aerodynamic control. This is facilitated by 'funny' aerodynamics on aircraft like the MiG-29, Su-27 and Su-33, and by thrust vectoring on the aircraft you mention in the OP. This allows for high angle-of-attack maneuvering at low speeds (low energy state) - with the goal being to allow the pilot to point their aircraft at their opponent to facilitate a weapon release - it's the 'shoot first' strategy. Even if your shot misses, you force your opponent to go defensive, giving you the upper hand for a second shot, often facilitated by high off-boresight missiles like the R-73.

As speed decreases, so does turning radius - however aerodynamic control authority decreases at a greater rate. Thrust vectoring allows you to overcome the decreased aerodynamic control authority - your ability to change the attitude of the aircraft is now mostly independent of its aerodynamic control surfaces. Thus using supermaneuverability, you no longer need to outturn your opponent, you just point the aircraft in a totally different direction to where you were flying, possibly allowing a 'snap shot' with missiles or guns. The classical equivalent is 'turn and burn' tactics.

The practical effect of this strategy is that you might outturn your target and get a shot off first, but if that shot fails, you now have no energy (because you bled it off due to the massive induced drag of a high-alpha turn), and are effectively a sitting duck to your opponents wingman - you have no speed to run, you're losing altitude, all you have is thrust, and thrust is comparatively slow to regain energy. You can spin in place and keep shooting, but if your opponent uses their energy to run, you don't have the energy to chase.

So, why has the U.S. primarily ignored thrust vectoring? Because it's not tactically relevant to them. The West experimented with supermaneuverability towards the end of the Cold War with aircraft like the X-31 and F-15 ACTIVE, and after getting their hands on MiG-29's and Su-27's at the end of the Cold War, and wargaming them, decided that the 'supermaneuverability' advantage just wasn't worth it, when E-M based tactics could simply be adapted to defeat it. The one exception being the F-22 - an aircraft designed before the Wall fell, specifically designed to counter what Western tacticians had imagined the MiG-29 and Su-27 were capable of - illusions that were shattered just several years later.