What physical and mental attributes do I need to become a pilot?
Shhhhhh, here is the biggest secret of aviation: It's actually quite easy to become a pilot.  You can actually get your private certificate before you are allowed to drive!

The FAA has a nice page that tells you what is required to become a private pilot.  When most people think of piloting small general aviation aircraft, they are thinking about the Private Pilot certificate.  Part 141 is the most common route for that.  The hardest part is being able to pass the FAA physical, but keep in mind that as a private (or even recreational) pilot, you don't need to get a Class I, just a Class III.

To become an airline (ATP) or military pilot does require a great deal more work and training, but I think that may be beyond the scope of your question.

The best advice is to go to the local airfield or FBO and find a flight school.  Good luck.