Could an airliner abort a landing after using the brakes system while landing?
Immediately after touchdown, the autobrakes will start to function, and may start applying the brakes depending on the aircraft's deceleration and the commanded deceleration.  If the pilot hasn't yet started to deploy the thrust reversers, a go-around is still possible at this point.  Advancing the throttles will disengage the autobrakes, and it's a normal balked landing from that point.

Also, advancing the throttles will stow the speedbrakes as well -- this is the way the system is designed, for exactly this sort of a condition.

As discussed elsewhere, once the thrust reversers are deployed, you are committed to stopping; a go-around is no longer safe to attempt after that.

If the brakes malfunctioned in a manner that the crew only became aware of after landing, chances are that they'd only become aware of it well after the thrust reversers were deployed, so the go-around isn't going to happen in response to that.  Thankfully, the wheel brakes on modern airliners are extremely reliable, and I can't think of any example of this sort of a failure.  If it did happen, you'd stay in max reverse as long as possible, use the EMAS if the runway has it, and use any available braking that you have (i.e. if the brakes on one wheel had failed but the others hadn't).  But it's not something that tends to happen on modern jets.