Is it possible to fly an EASA registered airplane with an ICAO license?
The ICAO doesn't issue licenses, so there's no such thing as an ICAO license. You have a license issues by the Argentine aviation authorities is ICAO compliant, which means it is recognized internationally, and you can fly Argentine registered airplanes anywhere in the world. It does not automatically give you privileges to fly airplanes of any other registration, so no you cannot fly Polish airplanes at this point.
There may be a way to do it, depending on the regulations in both countries. In some cases you can get a temporary license on the basis of your other license, or get some sort of other written permission. You would need to ask the Polish aviation authority what you need to do.