What is the range of pressures a space shuttle can withstand?
The Shuttle Crew Operations Manual has basic information which might answer your question. Starting on page 799 (section 4.3) you'll find Airspeed Limitations.
During ascent the dynamic pressure limit is 819 psf. The limit is based on thermal protection constraints, rather than other structural concerns.
During entry, the dynamic pressure limit varies by velocity. The limit is based on stability (controllability) constraints.

During a Return to Launch Site (RTLS) abort, the allowed limits were a bit higher:

Page 1002 has a graph showing typical Ascent dynamic pressure: