How to install LineageOS in TWRP using `adb push`?
To answer the headline only:
only block partition images can be flashed with adb push

extract zip file

convert sparse file into partition image
brotli --decompress --in system.new.dat.br --out system.new.dat
python sdat2img.py system.transfer.list system.new.dat system.img


flash partition images from adb in TWRP recovery
adb push boot.img /dev/block/platform/msm_sdcc.1/by-name/boot
adb push system.img /dev/block/platform/msm_sdcc.1/by-name/system




Don't forget to factory reset / format the whole user data

can be done from adb shell
adb shell
mke2fs -t ext4 /dev/block/platform/msm_sdcc.1/by-name/cache
mke2fs -t ext4 /dev/block/platform/msm_sdcc.1/by-name/userdata




For more alternative methods to manually install OTA flashable zip
Is it possible to flash a custom ROM without a custom recovery image