Adoptable Storage corrupted my SD card
Usually a smartphone can't corrupt an SD-card by using it. The only possibility to degrade an SD-card would be by a large number of writes over a long time (I am talking about months or even years). 

Are you sure that the SD-card is really broken? May be you simply need to re-partition it. 

In case the card is really dead I see two possibilities:


The SD-card you have is a fake, claiming to have more memory than actually available on the flash chips inside. If the SD-card was new and the price was cheap compared to the size than this is the reason for a very high probability. I strongly recommend to test every new SD-card on your PC using a program that allows to identify SD-card fakes like H2Testw
The quality of the SD-card was so poor that something went totally wrong (e.g. overheated) so that the SD-card is now defect.