Can't connect to "Secured Network" via Wifi. Get stuck at a Lock screen
SUCCESS! I did the same steps as I mentioned in the Edit to my Question:

 1. Touch "Sign Wi-Fi Network
 2. Touch the Option Dots
 3. Touch "Use this network as is"

I then did 1 additional step:

 4. Manually open a browser window (Chrome)

and SUCCESS!

 5. Now I was given the screen where I was able to "Accept" the terms and log into the network. Internet for all Apps/items on my phone now worked.

[Note: After this worked, I rebooted my phone and tried doing the above steps again to make sure this solution worked again and it does.]

I feel like somewhat of a bonehead for not noticing the Options Dots, but the fact that I have to manually open a browser after connecting to the network was a valid thing for me to overlook.

Hopefully this solution helps someone in the future.