Show volume indicator on notification bar (just like WiFi/battery)
By default the answer is a no.

Since changing the color of notification bar means modifying the system it can't be done by a normal application. Best you can do is an icon that can be added to the notification bar.

But there is a way if you are rooted.
Xposed Framework  is a great app that lets users modify every single action executed at system level. You can use Status Bar Volume for what you want to have.

Thanks to Izzy for finding and sharing the name and link of the module and letting me using it in my answer