Is there a way to disable access to certain Settings components?
AFAIK, the Settings app is just a regular app but with a protected system permission level (normal apps are not allowed to request system permissions). Android is open source so you can download the source, create a modified Settings app, and install it as a protected system app (which is needed so it can obtain system permission, needs root). To be precise, for the system to grant system permissions, the app must be installed in the /system/app directory as opposed to the normal app install directory.