Error: java.lang.IllegalStateException: java.util.concurrent.TimeoutException: Thread Binder_C gave up waiting for partitionMixed after 180000ms
It is because the SD card is mounted to have an ext4 partition (alongside with another normal partition), in order to use Link2SD to force moving unmovable apps to SD card. The error shows up after this. Even reformatting the SD card to have only one full partition back does not solve the problem.

To solve it, reformatting it with the phone's default format tool. You may want to reboot the phone after done. Thereafter, you can partition the disk with adb as normal.