Record and play sound from Android to a computer - Jack disconnects periodically / Jack undetected - Depending on Android version
Ok, after many attempts, I have found where the problem lies.
TRRS is respecting a standard of electrical impedance.

This standard isn't respected by sounds cards, impedances were highly different.
I tried to simulate an headset only by using resistors.

This jack is detected as headset on all my devices (Android 4.0.3, Android 9 and Android 10).
I found that the impedances are used here to find the type of headphones (TRRS or TRS), when the type is unknown, each phone acts differently. In old version, the audio port is enabled. In newer version, it's disabled.
Another info : depending of the usb connection of the phone and the sound card, noise could appear in the signal. This noise can be high enough to avoid its use.
To conclude :
In my case, I'm unable to create an electronical component that would take out the signal and send it to a jack. I created a solution that could record the signal from Bluetooth.