adb install upload location/cache
Cleanup should be handled by the operating system.

Logically any temp files generated during installation or a failed install will be reclaimed at some point.

If you are checking the app size in settings: from an end-user perspective one reason why your app is bigger than just the APK is due to Ahead-Of-Time Compilation as well as any resources unpacked from the compressed APK file.

See: Discrepancy between sizes of apps listed in Play Store vs. actual installed app size for more details.