Cloning file system without touchscreen
TL;DR No, unless you have root, which you do not have, I assume.


No
No
The whole system, no need for individual packages.
No


If you have root, you can pull the whole block-device by this command

adb pull /dev/block/mmcblk0


UPDATE: Make sure you specified all the switches for your ADB backup command:

adb backup -f &lt;filename&gt; --twrp --compress cache system data boot


You can/should append all partitions your device have, list of partitions may vary by device.

And make sure you have the latest version of TWRP, as these switches were released in March of 2017.