Will klte ROMs work on SM-G800F?
Very bright chances of bricking your phone if you flash a ROM not specifically meant for your phone. Custom ROMs are made by developers to cater explicitly for models specified by them, and being "closest" to your phone model doesn't mean anything in this context. Please read these to get more understanding


Can I install a ROM made for a different device?:
Feasibility of flashing a ROM (meant for original device) on a re-branded device


I don't know if your phone is "tied to a carrier", or is not , but even flashing a ROM meant for a specific device and carrier on same device but different carrier can successfully brick your phone, and that is the reason developers also mention the carrier it will work on where relevant

Second part of your question, What features of my hardware will be voided by installing the wrong version if it successes?, is redundant given the explanation above.