HTC ONE - USB No longer recognized (but is charging)
Probably this is not your case, but I've found an HTC ONE S with similar behavior (no USB sign of life, even in dmesg and lsusb) and the problem was the cable. It was like an USB cable but it was not a USB cable, only a power cable!

All the four pins were there but only two of them were connected, and instead of the USB logo it just had a lightning logo on both ends.

Now the question is: why does such a cable exist? How much can be saved not connecting the two data pins of a USB cable? 1 µ$ per cable?