Repair SD card removed from phone without unmounting?
tesdisk can probably also fix this (it detects the partition also) but I ended up using DiskGenius to fix the partition table and save it, all data come up and it's working 100%. Easeus Partition Magic wasn't able to recover the partition in case anyone gets into the same trouble.
On DiskGenius:

First insert your SD card into your PC and run DiskGenius;
Click on Partition Recovery, Whole Disk and start the scan, it can take a few minutes to run;
While scanning, select Reserve for all partitions that appear;
Hopefully DiskGenius can find your missing partition that will appear in Green on the left Tree menu under your SD card;
If you are happy with the partitions found, just hit Save All and changes will be saved to the SD card

I was able to follow these steps and recover 100% functionality of the SD Card without formatting or losing any data. Be aware that DiskGenius is a paid app. I can guess the free testdisk can also achieve this but I was afraid to do it with the more 'manual' steps required by testdisk.