Does erasing my lost Google mobile remotely delete my Google cloud data as well?
Your cloud data is safe, so is other data. This can be lost only if you delete your account. See Google help Delete your Google Account - Google Account Help

When you are erasing data as described by you, only the data on the phone is erased. Your account is not deleted

You can get a new device and use the same account to backup and have access to whatever was saved on the cloud