View Android phone's call log from PC
You can also install the software directly from the Android market. But you won't be able to start it easily. You can use ADB to start the app as described here

I recommend MyPhoneExplorer. You'll also need to install the desktop program and then start the app on your phone as mentioned in the link above.

Be mindful of any optional toolbar that might ask to be installed on your desktop though.

UPDATE: I didn't need to start the app on my phone, merely connecting the cable was enough. Galaxy S2 on Gingerbread 2.3.3 (rooted, but that shouldn't be a factor).