Personal data (contacts, sms, phone logs, settings, etc) gone after moving apps to a new microSD
As the factory-reset already correctly suggests, the description makes quite clear that such happened. A factory-reset "deletes" everything from your internal-storage -- that is, all the apps you've installed, all data, caches, etc. So nothing is left but what you've moved to SDCard/external storage.

While there are possibilities to even recover deleted data (usually via a nandroid backup or any other 1:1 copy of the entire file system and doing file carving), this is nothing easy and you must start the copy as soon as possible, before you do any other initialization (which you already did). With every data change, chances to recover something get smaller. We have some questions/answers behind the data-recovery tag explaining this in more detail, see e.g.


How can I recover a deleted file on Android?
Recover deleted content from userdata partition?


Btw: With all other data on internal-storage, also the logs are gone for good -- which is a pity, as it would be very interesting to know what triggered an automatic factory-reset. The only thing coming to my mind is a remote-wipe, which might have been triggered either via your company (if you're accessing their exchange server via active-sync, and thus accepted the corresponding device-administrator) -- or the previous owner (if any) having set up some anti-theft app, and now pulled the trigger on you...