SD can't mount and mmc0: error -110 whilst initialising MMC card dmesg error
mmc0: error -110 whilst initialising MMC card

This means that the internal SD card has failed.

The common workaround for this is to install Android to an external SD card. I can't comment on the Samsung Galaxy S, but I am currently doing this for a Samsung Galaxy Tab using the following instructions: http://forum.gsmhosting.com/vbb/f606/internal-sdcard-damaged-1471227/

Hopefully you can find some instructions specific to your phone.