How can I view an Excel file in MS Outlook OneDrive on my phone?
The issue is with Chrome not working properly with some web apps, especially MS ones. Basically Chrome is trying to load a OneDrive app, which is also trying to load an Excel app, all of this on a mobile device using nothing but JavaScript. 

The solution I use is to open Office documents such as Word and Excel in Google Docs. Google Docs is a free download for Android devices and is able to open most common Office formats. 

I would also suggest downloading the OneDrive app as this will allow you to open files stored in your OneDrive from other Android applications directly without having to download them locally first.

If you're having problems downloading Excel files from within Chrome, it's likely because the wrong default program is selected for that file type. Since this is being done in the Chrome app, you need to go into the app settings screen on your Android device, find Chrome and choose the option to restore or remove default associations. Once you do this, the next time you try to download an Excel file from within Chrome, you should see a dialog box asking you which program you want to open this file with.