Power Efficiency: Network mode 4G LTE vs 3G GSM/WCDMA?
This is a big one which is tough to give a complete definitive answer.

There are a ton of variables involved that could easily change the the end data as per you. A few of things are involved are conditions like theory, optimal, or real world environment:


The carrier and their network, the technology they utilize.
The data type itself and whose definition of what is really needs to be met to be considered truly that type.


To give you an idea in your question about refresh rate, first, whose definition of efficiency should you go by meaning? Is it solely based on an acceptable signal strength? Like, one data type refreshes at an exact unit of time because there's just maybe a chance of a better signal even if it's already at a super strong level, then add the tower hand-offs, oh my. Wow that grew fast.

Check out this excerpt from a book reference by O'Reilly which includes references to reports and papers to go deeper if wanted.