Where can I obtain an SQLite 3 command line binary for Android?
Your best bet would be to use ADB and pull it off the emulator, or pull it from another ROM. You will then have to put it on your device, but you will have to have root to put it in the directory with the other binaries.

sqlite3 does not come on most of the devices. I think it only comes on the developer phones, like ADP1/ADP2, and Nexus One/Nexus S. I know it is not on the Samsung Galaxy S devices such as the Vibrant (I am guessing it's on the Nexus S).