Synch a phone to Linux PC without Google
There are multiple ways to achieve this, at least for calendars and contacts:


On Windows: Check out MyPhoneExplorer. Offers a lot of additional features like Backup Assistant, file browser, managing calls – and also syncs SMS.
Using a CalDAV/CardDAV server of your choice, such as Baïkal or ownCloud. I use the latter – so for details, take a look at my article Android without Google 2: ownCloud. This would be independent of the OS on your computer, but you will need a web server. Big advantage: You can access your data from anywhere you've got a web browser working. And with ownCloud this also can include your documents, photo galleries, and more.