Obtain package name AND common name of apps via ADB
Here is my solution for a non-rooted phone which needed some slight changes from above which I ran on a Moto G 2nd gen running android 5.0.2.

I didn't have aapt binary in /system/bin, so I first tried downloading from: https://android.izzysoft.de/downloads

but when I tried to run it I got an error saying:

error: only position independent executables (PIE) are supported.

So then I searched for a PIE version and found: https://github.com/Calsign/APDE/blob/master/APDE/src/main/assets/aapt-binaries/aapt-arm-pie 

and this worked by copying binary to /data/local/tmp:

adb push aapt-arm-pie /data/local/tmp
adb shell chmod 0755 /data/local/tmp/aapt-arm-pie


So then:

adb shell pm list packages -3 -f


gets list of 3rd party apps (apps you have installed, not system apps) and then you can use package from command above in aapt to get information on package - example:

adb shell /data/local/tmp/aapt-arm-pie d badging /data/app/com.facebook.katana-3/base.apk


So below is script (for a Linux client) to get just "common" name for 3rd party apps:``

for pkg in `adb shell pm list packages -3 -f | awk -F= '{sub("package:","");print $1}'`
do
  adb shell /data/local/tmp/aapt-arm-pie d badging $pkg | awk -F: '
      $1 == "application-label" {print $2}'
done


If you want package and version too, then 
change last but one line from:

$1 == "application-label" {print $2}'


to:

$1 == "package" { split($2,space," ")
name=space[1];version=space[3]}
$1 == "application-label" {print name, version, $2 }'


Example output:

name='com.ultimarom.launchnavigation' versionName='1.28' 'Navigation'
name='com.enhanced.skineditorstudio' versionName='3.3' 'Custom Skin Creator'
name='com.mojang.minecraftpe' versionName='1.2.6.60' 'Minecraft'
name='org.videolan.vlc' versionName='2.5.13' 'VLC'
name='com.jrustonapps.myauroraforecast' versionName='1.7.2' 'My Aurora Forecast'
name='de.j4velin.wifiAutoOff' versionName='1.7.6' 'WiFi Automatic'
name='com.facebook.katana' versionName='153.0.0.54.88' 'Facebook'
name='com.metago.astro' versionName='6.0.5' 'ASTRO File Manager'
name='za.co.hardrive.smartinfo.parkrun' versionName='2.0.2' 'My 5krun'
name='com.PYOPYO.StarTrackerVR' versionName='1.0.1' 'StarTracker VR'
name='cz.aponia.bor3.offlinemaps' versionName='1.1.19' 'Offline Maps'
name='com.groupon' versionName='16.11.63973' 'Groupon'
name='com.ebay.mobile' versionName='5.16.1.2' 'eBay'
name='com.runtastic.android' versionName='8.1.1' 'Runtastic'
name='com.google.android.diskusage' versionName='3.8.3' 'DiskUsage'

Mike