Does dissolved sugar really help to extract fruit flavours?
In sum: YES, sugar DOES really help to extract fruit flavors.

The answer quoted in the edit does NOT imply that "absorption is slowed down" in general.  It merely states that in a sugar solution, sugar will generally not move out of fruit; it doesn't say anything about what else happens.

Osmosis is simply a process by which the stuff on both sides of a barrier tries to come to equilibrium.  Increasing sugar content in a solution will only decrease the amount of sugar that comes out of the fruit, but it will often simultaneously increase the water that diffuses out (along with many things dissolved in that water, like fruit flavors).

In other words, in a plain water solution, sugar will diffuse out of fruit to raise the water's sugar concentration.  However, in most cases when a sugar solution is used, it is deliberately higher in concentration than the sugar content within the fruit cells (as in the strawberry example mentioned in the question, where there is basically no water at first outside the fruit, so water is forced out to bring the system into better equilibrium).  

Sugar is very hydrophilic, which basically means it attracts water.  If the sugar solution has a higher sugar content than the moisture within the fruit cells (as is true in most recipes using this technique), water will diffuse out of the fruit.  Anything that is water-soluble, such as various flavor components, will come along with it to some extent.  Meanwhile, sugar will also be forced into the fruit, changing its texture -- when done in excess over a period of time, such a process can actually preserve the fruit by lowering the water content substantially (driving it out into the solution) while raising the internal sugar content of the fruit, resulting in candied fruit.

You may note that candied fruit generally lacks many of the flavors of fresh fruit.  This is because many flavor components were extracted along with the water by the sugar solution.

Regarding questions that were raised in comments, the same process occurs with alcohol in a solution.  There's almost no alcohol inside the fruit, so alcohol's presence outside the fruit will force water out of the fruit, carrying flavors along with it.  Alcohol also tends to dissolve certain flavor components that water doesn't dissolve as well, so it will gather different sets of flavors than water alone.  Note also that different flavor components will come out of the interaction of this osmosis process with the cell membrane compared to, say, simply crushing the fruit, again partly because some flavor molecules are more soluble in alcohol.