Historical recipe for cake before refined sugar
See Food Timeline, which explains that historically, the closet thing to cake was more an enriched, sweetened bread, enhanced with honey, perhaps with fruits or nuts added.  They would have been closer to what we think of as fruitcake.

According to them, the precursors to modern cakes came about due to more reliable ovens, and the availability of refined sugar.  They were baked in a ring or hoop, and covered with a boiled sugar icing.

Truly modern cakes did not emerge until baking powder became available:


  It was not until the middle of the 19th century that cake as we know
  it today (made with extra refined white flour and baking powder
  instead of yeast) arrived on the scene. A brief history of baking
  powder. The Cassell's New Universal Cookery Book [London, 1894]
  contains a recipe for layer cake, American (p. 1031). Butter-cream
  frostings (using butter, cream, confectioners [powdered] sugar and
  flavorings) began replacing traditional boiled icings in first few
  decades 20th century. In France, Antonin Careme [1784-1833] is
  considered THE premier historic chef of the modern pastry/cake world.
  You will find references to him in French culinary history books.


I was not able to easily find historical recipe for very old precursors to cakes.

Still, the archive of The Old Foodie includes a recipe it indicates is circa 1769, which is in the refined sugar era, representing one of the early transitional recipes:


  Gateaux d’Amandes. Almond Cake.
  
  Take half a Pound of Flour, half a
  Pound of pounded sweet Almonds, and five or six bitter with it, half a
  Pound of Sugar, six Eggs, and work it well all together; form it into
  a Cake; bake it on a sheet of Paper, well buttered; when cold, glaze
  it with a white Sugar-glaze: another Method for the same Sorts of
  Cakes; bake it in a Mould, or Baking-hoop; pound a Pound of sweet
  Almonds very fine, and one Dozen of bitter ditto, putting Whites of
  Eggs, to hinder them from turning to Oil; then put to it half a Pound
  of fine Sugar-powder by Degrees, two whole Eggs, Lemon-peel, finely
  chopped or rasped; when this is properly mixed, add eight Eggs, the
  Yolks and Whites first beat up separately; stir it, and mix it all
  properly; and pour it in the Mould, to bake about an Hour: serve in
  its natural Colour.