Interfacing TRRS headphone to Arduino Uno
TRRS relates to the style of the jack plug used: Tip Ring Ring Sleeve. You still need to amplify the signal with a microphone preamp the same as your electret (in fact it will be an electret in there anyway).

And then the Arduino cannot process human speech. You may be able to use a voice recognition module to get it to respond to specific commands, but the Arduino by itself has no hope of even thinking about it.