Computer to multiple arduino bluetooth modules
yes, you can, this is what happens normally in a crowded area where multiple people use their phones with bluetooth headsets, for example.
if you believe the claims typical 10m max 100m but in practice there are a number of factors:


Quality of the HW design of the antennas
Signal to noise ratio due to other radios operating in the same area
Obstacles in the path
Responsiveness and throughput required by your application
etc.

you could consider other options, like this module, which is basically the same, from the perspective of transferring data. Also wifi could work, if you are allowed to setup your own access point.