Building a digital camera?
You can buy a camera module for the Arduino, and you can interface it fairly simply.  There are numerous modules around - ask Google, it knows more than me.

But I have yet to work out why people do it.  All you can do with an Uno is to pass the data through to something else like a PC to process the image - so why wouldn't you just use a simple webcam?

The Arduino UNO has 2KB of RAM.  A 24-bit 640x480 image (VGA) requires (640*480*3)/1024 = 900KB to store it in memory.  If you really wanted to process an image on an Uno then you would be limited to (say 8-bit grayscale) 48x32 pixels (1.5KB) which is pretty pointless really.

Even a Due would only allow (again grayscale) around 320x240 (which is better) but nothing colour unless you want to start messing with CLUTs which aren't fun when receiving a truecolour (24-bit) image from a camera.

For this kind of task you are better off with an embedded computer with plenty of RAM such as a Raspberry Pi or maybe a Galileo or something.