Re-use smartphone/tablets parts like a camera
The connector on the flex circuit from that camera was made by Hirose (it has an HRS logo on it), and might be in the BM10, BM14, or BM20 series.  You can measure the pin spacing, stacking height, etc. to check which series it's in.  For example, the Hirose BM14 series of FPC to board connectors has pins at 0.4 mm Pitch and 0.8 stacking height.

Mouser.com carries a 24-pin BM14 connector that might mate or match with the pictured connector.  For other photos of Hirose FPC connectors, see google images for hirose fpc.

While you probably can find a matching connector (via careful measurement and perhaps some trial and error) and build an interface, it may be difficult to use the camera once it's hooked up.  Most Arduino models have too little RAM to support image processing.  A Yun might do it, a Tre, or some other micro entirely, eg Beagle or Raspberry.