Options for measuring position of garage door
A couple of possibilities occur to me. One would be to mount a rotary encoder on a rotating part of the door. Another would be to attach a reed switch to the track and a series of magnets to the door. I suppose you could do something with a proximity sensor as well. 

How much precision do you need in the position of the door? What do you know that is deterministic? For example is the door transit time predictable? Is it a positive drive? Do you get to know when the door starts moving? That might be enough right there. 

If you can say more about what you're trying to do it would make it easier to provide suggestions and insight.