Can I power the arduino UNO through the 5V pin while I use USB cable to collect data?
If u use the VIN pin of arduino, You shouldn't have a problem , as arduino selects it required voltage automatically, it's voltage regulator senses the voltage from USB and External source, if the power of the external source is higher than usb, the the power is bypassed to the External power. But don't know if you are using the 5 volt pin to turn on the arduino.
Well everything I said is applicable for UNO boards don't know other ones.
Thanks...