Can I use a camera sensor from a not functioning smartphone in Arduino or Raspberry pi?
Is it possible to ... use the OmniVision_OV16860 camera sensor (on an)
  Arduino?


It is doubtful as bare image sensors usually require specialized software drivers to be of any use. Also, a common Arduino does not have the power to do image processing.  Only the few Arduino's built with unusually powerful processors could handle image processing.  But, at this level, expect little support as most do not do image processing on the Arduino platform.