Get USB host controller serial number or ID using Teensy or other HID devices
Nothing in the USB spec requires the host to provide any sort of identification to connecting devices. The standard way of implementing what you want consists in writing a custom driver which communicates the necessary information to the device. If installing a custom driver is not an option, all you can do is try to detect the OS by observing what it does during the enumeration process. Such identification will not be reliable (enumeration process can change after an OS update) and by no means unique.

Note that if your goal is to make sure the host is trusted, a simple ID will not be enough as it can be easily spoofed. You'll have to implement some sort of authentication scheme, e.g. challenge-respose.