Ping a sensor for error checking
There is no simple "yes" or "no" answer to this.

You need to check the datasheets and libraries for your chosen devices and see what is available.  Many libraries will have begin() function, which may, or may not, return whether the device is working. 

Many may just lock up waiting for communication, and there's not a lot you can do with that short of reprogramming the library to work differently.

Some (especially analog sensors) will return values from their reading functions that are far outside a tolerable range that you could assume indicated a malfunction.

For I2C based sensors you could use a variant of the I2CScanner sketch to look at what addresses are in use before attempting to use the sensors themselves.

Other protocols may have a similar system you can use to examine what is on the bus.