What is a cheap way to interface a USB keyboard to an Arduino Uno?
The cheapest way is to get a plain PS/2 (or PS/2-USB convertible) keyboard instead of USB1.1 (I hope you mean the standard LS keyboard, since USB2.0 HS keyboards hardly exist), and interface it to GPIOs in accord with known solutions. 

The Arduino Uno is designed around Atmega8u2 and ATmega328P chips, which can act as USB device only, FS and LS. To interface it with a dedicated USB keyboard (which is a USB device), the you need to have the Arduino as a USB host. Probably it is possible to emulate some limited hardware host functionality for LS mode (1.5Mbps) over GPIOs, but it will be a remarkable effort.