Connection from Arduino Uno to Microsoft SQL Server Database
Using a layer between Arduino and MSSQL might give you the least headache. Would you like to do this on-premise or in the cloud?

For an easy cloud approach, look at AWS Lambda. Write a Lambda function that inserts into your MSSQL database, possibly running on AWS too. Your choice of Java, Node.js, C#, or Python. Hook it up with incoming MQTT messages from your Arduino. 
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/33165045/aws-lambda-and-sql-server-integration
 could help.

For a cloud-free approach, you could run your own local MQTT server (broker, to be exact, Mosquitto being the most popular), and have your C# subscribe as an MQTT client. When the Arduino publishes a fingerprint signature, your C# script can do the database work.