Are there any products based on Arduino that are sold by companies?
In theory, an Arduino board could be used in some low-end professional products (i.e. where the performance and memory limitations aren't an issue). The build quality of the official boards is certainly good enough. The only issue they would potentially have is making suitably robust connections -- i.e. anything plugged into a female header would have the potential to get shaken loose.

In practice though, using an Arduino board would only make sense for extremely small-scale projects, where only a few units will be produced, and where there will be a minimum of external circuitry.

A commercial project would normally have a custom circuit board designed. That allows them to economise on space and features, eliminating unnecessary costs. Even if it only saves a small amount per board, it can make a big difference if you're doing mass-production.

With that said, a professional product could certainly use an AVR microcontroller or similar at its heart (much like the Arduino boards). Atmel was producing chips long before Arduino was around, and their products are well known and widely used. The choice really depends on the needs of the individual project.