Do I need 3 voltage dividers to control ESP8266
For ESP 3.3V power supply, I'd recommend a distinct 3.3V regulated supply.

Of course, the Arduino UNO already has a 3.3V output but it may not supply enough current to the ESP (current consumption can go up to almost 200mA): UNO 3.3V pin is limited to 50mA. So do not use it or you may roast your UNO.

Using resistors to output 3.3V from Arduino 5V might be possible (the UNO 5V pin can provide ~400mA) but it would be a big waste of energy because you'd have to use low resistor values to be able to supply 200mA for instance.

You might possibly use a 7833 regulator with additional caps to provide 3.3V from Arduino 5V pin (or Vin directly if your UNO is powered through the DC power jack, not USB)

For ESP RX a voltage divider is foreseeable but it may trigger issues due its switching response time, which may be too slow when transmitting data at high baud rates. I recommend using a MOSFET based level shifter:



The advantages of this circuit are:


it has the fastest switching response time
it can work in both directions (3.3V -> 5V and 5V -> 3.3V)


You can also buy some cheap ready-made breakouts using this circuit and offering several level shifters.

For ESP TX, I'd also recommend the same level shifter circuit as for RX (if you can make one, you can make two).