Self made microphone burns Arduino
Your schematic shows R1 as 10k ohms.
Your color codes and description lists it as 10 ohms. 10K would be Brown, Black, Orange.

http://www.allaboutcircuits.com/textbook/reference/chpt-2/resistor-color-codes/

So R1 is the wrong value by a factor of 1000, you may want to fix that ;-)

As for damage to the main board, depending on the microphone used that may have put an excessive strain on the 5V supply pin. Does the power LED still come on at the same brightness as before? If not then the power supply regulator is probably toast. If it does then I'm not sure what the problem is, you shouldn't have broken anything else.