Arduino - fuse setting problem on ATmega328P-PU
The chips configured with a bootloader would also have the fuses set for an external clock (the factory default is the on-chip oscillator). Without an external clock they won't work.

I have a sketch that uploads files that also can provide an external clock for this eventuality.

As mentioned on that page an 8 MHz clock is provided on pin D8 of the programming board, so you can connect to D8 on the Uno which you are running the sketch on to pin 9 on the actual Atmega328P chip.

Alternatively find a 16 MHz crystal or resonator and connect that between pins 9 and 10 of your Atmega328P which will provide the clock that it is expecting. If you use a crystal you should also run 22 pF capacitors between each leg and ground, like in this image: