How to use ADC interrupt on STM32 blue pill
I couldn't find the function being called directly, but there's a good example explaining how to attach interrupts to the ADC which works well: https://github.com/rogerclarkmelbourne/Arduino_STM32/blob/master/STM32F1/libraries/STM32ADC/examples/SingleConversionInterrupt/SingleConversionInterrupt.ino
If anyone knows the actual function being called directly that would be great to add on here, but until then this example does what I need and will hopefully help others having the same problem.