Arduino ESC controlled motor has issues
It would seem you are attempting to power the motor's coils from VIN of the Arduino. If you are powering the whole system from USB or from the barrel connector on the Arduino, then it's likely that the small voltage regulator on the Arduino cannot supply sufficient current to the motor.

You should connect the black and red wires of the ESC directly to a high-current power supply, and ensure the black (GND) wires of the ESC, power supply, and Arduino are tied together.