Extract arduino collected data periodically
This is a bit crude, but I think you could use an FTDI cable (which is a USB to UART converter) to have a program in your laptop talk to the Arduino using its UART (serial) interface.

To do it, you could plug the USB side of a FTDI serial cable to your laptop. The other end of the cable has a plug with 6 pins, 2 of which are the TX and RX serial signals. You could plug those two signals to pins D0 and D1 (RX &amp; TX) of your Arduino using male-to-male jumpers.

In terms of software, you could code the Arduino sketch to listen on the serial port for a command from your laptop. When the command arrives, it would output the stored data (could be comma separated values with CR+LF as end of line). Your laptop would then listen for the answer and retrieve the data.