Storing data from Arduino without Serial print- High Sample rate
The Portenta has a beast of an  STM32H7 Cortex M7 and a minimum of 8M bytes of external SDRAM in addition to the 1M on-chip.
You need to capture 2channels x 2 bytes x 100K/s x 5s = 2M bytes of data, so storing it on the on-board RAM and spitting it out later seems like a viable and low-risk approach.
A slow serial link might take a few minutes to transmit 2M bytes of data, but you have various other options if that is objectionable.