Simple compiler design help: Variable length arrays in Arduino?
The Arduino IDE features nearly full C++ language support (at least for C++03 features).
library support is limited, but any standard component you need, you should be able to get an open source implementation that compiles.
That said, you have 2K of RAM to work with on an Arduino, so the kind of C++ code you would write for a general purpose computer just won’t get you very far.
I could be wrong, but I very much doubt there are full Python implementations for Arduino.


Edit: Thanks to Mr. Penguin for pointing out that we’re dealing with an Arduino Due, not an Uno (I had overlooked the OP’s tag). 96K of memory is actually a decent amount to play with, so grab a library implementation like this one and use the C++ techniques you wish to use.