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Perhaps you have asked the wrong question. Because there is a library for those cheap 433MHz modules: RadioHead.
Use the RH_ASK mode, and try the 'ask' examples

You might see VirtualWire used a lot with those 433MHz modules. That is the same as RadioHead. The RadioHead is newer and has a few bugs fixed, but it uses also more memory.

The RadioHead library uses a far more superior protocol than anything else, that makes the range better than with other libraries. It also has a (simple) CRC checksum in the protocol. That means that when you receive something, you can be (almost 100%) sure that the data is correct.

Other protocols require that a message is transmitted 10 times, to be sure that it will be received. With the RadioHead library, sending a message just once is good enough.

Those cheap 433MHz modules have a disadvantage: they can only be turned on and off (ASK modulation) en you need a library for the protocol. That means that if the Arduino is doing more things that uses interrupts or code that disables interrupts, then the protocol is disturbed and it will not work very well.
The RF transceiver modules have a chip on the module itself that takes care of the protocol, that is so much better. Sparkfun has a Wireless Buying Guide and Adafruit uses the RFM69 a lot. 

Those cheap modules require an antenna, or else the range could be less than the size of the table they are on. Solder a 16cm piece of wire to the antenna pin. Any piece of wire of any length is better than no antenna.