How to transfer data from Arduino to some software in computer?
Just use serial communication. Make sure you know which port your Arduino is recognized in your system, make a sketch to send data through Arduino's serial communication and try making a simple Node.js application using serialport package which will receive your data. There is a code sample where you can start from. Just set the port and start receiving data. And that's good, using Node.js you are really close to web tools, so it's easy to migrate your application to web.

It's really simple and you can get it done in a few minutes, even if you have not been introduced to node.

These kind of embedded applications have been accepted by Node.js and there are plenty of robotics projects which use node on the web.

var SerialPort = require("serialport").SerialPort
var serialPort = new SerialPort("/dev/ttyACM0", {
  baudrate: 57600
});


Usually Arduino is recognized as ttyACM0 on Unix-based systems.
With this line of code you establish a serial communication with your board.

Going further you can register events like data, which is fired when data comes from Arduino:

// it opens the connection and register an event 'data'
serialPort.on("open", function () {
  console.log('Communication is on!');

  // when your app receives data, this event is fired
  // so you can capture the data and do what you need
  serialPort.on('data', function(data) {
    console.log('data received: ' + data);
  });
});


In this example your app just receives data and log it to your terminal.