Does Arduino.cc silkscreen the pin headers? What explains the differences here?
No, there is nothing that documents the differences as in a changelog, purely because this is not an iterative change.

The two boards are designed and manufactured by two different (competing) companies in two different countries (USA and Italy) using different component suppliers.

Just because they both say Arduino UNO doesn't make them both the same board - not these days anyway, since the founders of Arduino got really childish and started throwing their faeces at each other like monkeys in the zoo.