How can I read the data stored in EEPROM although is powered OFF based on the simple code I wrote?
increase is a global variable and will implicitly initialized with the value zero. Then you are reading the EEPROM data into the variable storagedata in setup(). And then in loop() you are increasing increase from zero to one and write that to EEPROM. This value then gets read back into storagedata. So now increase and storagedata have the same value: one. So the counting begins on every reset at 1.
It is unclear, why you even have 2 variables for this. One would be enough (unless you want to test the EEPROM for some reason). In setup() read the data into increase. Then the counting starts with the number in EEPROM.