Can an Arduino access a network database?
The M0 has a &quot;native&quot; USB interface. Because of that it can be programmed to appear as any kind of device you can image - as long as you can find (or write) the code to do that.
You could (though I have never tried and don't know what code is readily available for this) program the USB interface to be a USB Ethernet device. Your computer would then see it as a new Ethernet interface.
It would then be trivial to &quot;share&quot; your internet connection in Windows with that new Ethernet interface (nothing to install, but settings on the computer need changing), and your Arduino would then be on the network the same as your computer (just as if you'd given it a WiFi interface or something like that). Then it can connect to the database itself (or to a website that communicates with the database if that is simpler) and do whatever it needs to do.
Step one, of course, will be to find a library that will give you that USB Ethernet interface...
A much simpler option, if you're willing to change your M0 for something else, is to use a chip with a built in WiFi interface, such as the ESP32. There's no need for your computer at all then.