Can I emulate Arduino in a headless CI/CD setup?
The problems with this kind of software is:


always behind the recent releases of cores/ hw variations.
reliable only for simple programs/tasks
Imho all the products I tested (mainly on Win) are actually a (somewhat crippled ) teaching and visualization help.
if you look into the emulators you mostly see only support for different chips and not the whole micro computer, which is far more complex to create


Due to the low cost of the hardware it is easier to run real HW setups with HW diagnostics (and get also feedback for thermal/electric issues) So this kind of SW is for the low cost avr/esp HW and its hundreds of variants (even between production batches from one manufacturer) hard to develop and mantain. So you'll only find nice "play around" emulators which won't fulfill any professional requirement (even if some claim it)