How to detect V-SYNC on the SparkFun MicroView?
The scenario you describe is called the Tear Effect. On the SSD1306, which the device you are interested in is based around, a Frame Synchronisation pulse can be emitted on the FR pin.

However it would appear that the specific SSD in use by SparkFun does not provide this pin from the SSD1306 on the external FPC connector, so there is no way of getting it.  Probably owing to the small size of the display a reduced size connector without extra pins like FR was used.

So no, you can't combat the Tear Effect with that display.

There is nothing you can do over SPI, either. That is simply because SPI is just too slow for such things. You would use the FR pin because it's instantaneous.  With SPI you would have to make a request to read a register, then read that register's value back. In that time, coupled with the question of exactly when would the register say it was at the start of a frame, the information would be completely meaningless anyway.