What are the AREF, IOREF, and the unlabeled pin next to IOREF on the Uno R3?
AREF:

This is the voltage reference analog-to-digital converter (ADC). It can be used instead of the standard 5V reference for the top end of the analog spectrum – for example, if you wanted to use the ADC to monitor a signal that had a 0-1.5 volt range you could get the full scale of the ADC by connect AREF to a 1.5V signal. DO NOT CONNECT A SIGNAL OUTSIDE THE 0V TO 5V RANGE!

Note that in order for this to work, you must run analogReference(EXTERNAL); before using analogRead(). Also:


  After changing the analog reference, the first few readings from analogRead() may not be accurate.


Fore more information, see AnalogReference.

IOREF:

This is a voltage corresponding to the i/o of that board, for example an Uno would supply 5v to this pin, but a Due would supply 3.3v. Sending a signal to this pin does nothing.

Unlabeled pin:

This pin is unused, but is there to ensure compatibility with future products. It is not connected to anything on any R3 boards I have seen.