Make the Arduino read data from the PC
As the comments already stated: No, not possible. For multiple reasons:

USB is a master/slave protocol. The slave (here the Arduino) cannot do anything without the master. It can just expose it's data endpoints and hold data ready to read at these endpoints for the master or wait for data from the master on these endpoints. When the application on the PC is not programmed to speak over USB, you cannot get the data over USB.

Even directly on the PC you cannot simply extract data from a different program. That would be a very huge security risk. Even more, when just initiated via an USB device. There are USB devices, which use certain behaviors of some OS's (like auto execution of specific types) to install a virus on the PC. But even then you cannot &quot;just read&quot; the data. It would be way more elaborate and not possible with a simple Arduino, thus off topic here. (And you might frown upon hacking your own PC this way)


From our point of view (means leaving the hacking off limits), I would aggree with Majenko in the comments. Using the visual output is the most viable and easy solution, though your results might vary.
For that you would need a camera pointing at the screen (check if you get a good image. It might be distorted due to slow refreshing...) and use a Raspberry Pi or similar to connect it. On the Pi you can then take pictures of the screen and use an OCR tool, which will read the text from the image. Then you need to extract and structure the relevant information. (Maybe it will be easier to create subimages in your program and let the OCR tool run over these to distiguish between the different data parts). Results will hardly depend on the quality of the image. If you can live with an additional program running the PC, you could instead make the images of the screen as screenshots, which will be way better quality. Though at that point you can also put the rest of the logic on the PC and just remove the Pi.
This way will still be hard to do for a beginner, but possible.