Arduino UNO USB not recognized
When the LCD pulled enough current to overheat, the Arduino's power supply (which I gather was the Uno's USB interface, at the time) was probably stressed to the point of failure. One fortunate result is that the Arduino took the hit instead of the computer's USB port that was supplying it. It's not clear which part was involved but here's a discussion on another forum concerning a similar failure and replacing the ATMegaxU2 which does USB-interface duty on the Uno (x = 8, if it's a rev 2 Uno, x = 16, if rev 3). It may be possible to replace the failed chip - regulator or USB interface (though with LEDs working, it's probably not the regulator). Otherwise, you can probably still program it with an ISP (In System Programmer). But the easiest way to do that is probably involves another Uno.