simultaneously read 16 hall sensor and maximum current allowed by Arduino
Since this sensor doesn't need to be driven directly from a pin, the maximum current for one pin is not important here. The hall sensor uses two of it's pins as supply voltage. The output pin is an Open-Collector pin. So it will be connected to GND trough a transistor depending on the magnetic field. If you use an external pullup resistor (as connection between OUTPUT and positive supply voltage), you get somewhat like a voltage divider. Since the hall sensor seems to behave as a switch, there will only be two possible states. When the magnetic field is low, the transistor doesn't let the current flow. The pullup resistor can pull the pin to the positive supply voltage (5V -> 1 as digital value). If the magnetic field is high enough, the transistor will open the connection to GND. Now a maximum of 25mA of current can flow throw it to GND. The voltage of the pin is now determined by the voltage divider the transistor and the pullup resistor build. You can calculate the virtual "resistance" of the transistor in this state with Ohm's law


  R = U/I


(R is resistance, U is voltage and I is current) With 5V supply voltage and 25mA current you get a resistance of 200 Ohm. Since you just want to use the sensor as a switch, you only have to ensure, that the pin cannot be pulled to a significantly greater value than 0V. So grab a resistor, that is significantly higher than 200 Ohm and use it as pullup resistor. Keep in mind, that you always must use the pullup resistor with the supply voltage, that runs the Arduino. A higher voltage can fry the Arduinos components.

Then you connect this pin to a digital pin of the Arduino, which you configure as INPUT. In this state the pin has a high impedance, so that the current, that flows into it, is really small (it CAN source 25mA, but it does not have to. The current depends on your external circuit). So this isn't something you have to bother about.

This leaves us with the supply current, that the sensor needs to work. In the datasheet it says, that at a supply voltage of 8V the supply current is at maximum 9mA. For 16 sensors this gives us a total of 144mA, which is still comfortable inside the 200mA the Arduino can provide. So you should be able to drive all of them safely.

That said, if you want to add more components, that draw current, it might be better so source the current you need not over the Arduino but directly from your power source (if this is possible for you). Depending on the current you may need, it can also be good, to get an external voltage regulator (if your supply doesn't directly give you 5V), that can provide enough current.