Arduino Ultimate GPS Logger Issue
This style of antenna can be very finicky.  GPS on this module may take 15 or 30 minutes to lock, not just 5.  I would suggest you take this outside away from any walls or buildings and see if it will lock then.  I also suggest that you run it off a battery.  (one of those USB battery packs for charging your phone will work great).  Once you get a lock try changing one variable at a time (power supply / location) and see if you can get it to look again.

The reason this module takes longer to lock than your cellphone is that your cellphone is cheating by doing a warmstart.  The cellphone can get a semi-accurate time/date and also your regional location.  This warm start data improves GPS lock time down to 5 seconds or less sometimes.