MS VS solution structure w.r.t. dependency injection unit tests?
First, some quality/stylistic comments:

This won't do what you want/isn't legal:

  while (count &lt; maxMeasuredValues ) 
  {
     return myDevice.Measure();
     count++;
  }

// non-deterministic (random) values
private readonly MyRandom myRandomVar = new Random(0); 


Random initialized with a fixed seed is deterministic.  Even with no seed (current time) it is technically deterministic, but that's pickier.  Also, I don't see how you are using MyDevice in the code sample.

    double actual = 1;
    double expected = 21.068;

    TestDevice myDevice;
    CalculatingUnit myCalculatingUnit;

    myDevice = new TestDevice();
    myCalculatingUnit = new CalculatingUnit();

    actual = myCalculatingUnit.doMeasures(myDevice );


In general, prefer to declare and assign a value at the same time.  This will make the functions shorter and more readable.

Other than that, the organization looks fine.