Python - Input Filtering, Calculating with a Variable Amount of Inputs
Welcome to Code Review! I'll be adding onto what @Linny has already said about type hints and variable naming. Variable naming is part of python's PEP-8 guidelines (see bottom).
Magic numbers
You have a lot of magic numbers in your code, which are really conversion constants, but appear with no such explanation.
Variable names
Since you're writing an aerodynamics calculator, it'd help if you use full names for various variables in your code. For eg. altitude instead of alt, temperature instead of just temp (temp is generally used as a temporary variable in code).
Ground temperature
Based on the flow of program, I assume that ground_temperature is essential for any calculations. Perhaps check for it at the very beginning and break early in case of invalid checks.
Optional arguments
From the above, only ground_temperature is needed to call the calculator. Everything else is optional, and can be computed. Perhaps a function which defaults other values to None might suit you better:
def aerodynamic_calculator(
    ground_temperature: float,
    temperature: float = None,
    altitude: float = None,
    pressure: float = None,
    density: float = None,
):

Booleans for each parameter
With the above approach, you can just validate for the value itself, without having to keep track of a boolean for those values.
if temperature and not altitude:
    altitude = compute_altitude_from_temperature(temperature, ground_temperature)

PEP-8
In python, it is common (and recommended) to follow the PEP-8 style guide for writing clean, maintainable and consistent code.
Functions and variables should be named in a lower_snake_case, classes as UpperCamelCase, and constants as UPPER_SNAKE_CASE.