user-facing email validation
I would avoid the habit of declaring multiple variables in the same line. In most cases, they're hard to read especially when they get long. The only one exception I'd do this would be if everything is short enough to read, like your let line. But that one has other issues as well: why the two falses? and why initialize with false when they end up as other types (string for email and url, and an Error instance for error)?
A general rule for try-catch is to only use it for unexpected errors, like for calls to other functions. Never use it as a control structure. In your case, you're using thrown errors to bail out of the block. Throwing an error inside your own try-catch is an anti-pattern. It's better to use a conditional instead.
Then theres the inconsistent use of syntax, like the use of template literals here but not there, or the one-time assignments to a let which can just be a const, etc.
Now, doing away with the try-catch, the only thing that's complex is the relationship between error and valid. Everything else is just a value resulting from an expression, which in the following example... is just a series of const.
In your code, you compute validity twice and determine which error to use based on which check failed. This probably led to the strange complexity in your version of the code, you had to bail out with your error before it did the next check. But you can flip it around. You can use the check to determine the error. Then define valid based on the presence or absence of that error.


function validEmail(input = '') {
  const inputPattern = /^[^@]{1,64}@[^@]{4,253}$/
  const emailPattern = /^[^@]{1,64}@[a-z][a-z0-9\.-]{3,252}$/i
  const email = input.trim()
  
  // handles punycode, etc using browser's own maintained implementation
  const url = new URL(`http://${email}`)
  const urlDerived = `${url.username}@${url.hostname}`

  // Same-ness is the same regardless of errors. Bumping up.
  const same = urlDerived === email;
  
  // Test for incorrectness, null if ok.
  const error = !inputPattern.test(email) ? new Error(`invalid email pattern on input: ${email}`)
    : !emailPattern.test(urlDerived) ? new Error(`invalid email pattern on url: ${urlDerived}`)
    : null
  
  // The presence/absence of the error determines validity.
  const valid = !Boolean(error)
  
  return { email, url, same, valid, error }
}

[
  'user+this@はじめよう.みんな',
  'stuff@things.eu',
  'stuff@things',
  'user+that@host.com',
  'Jean+François@anydomain.museum',
  'هيا@יאללה',
  '试@例子.测试.مثال.آزمایشی',
  'not@@really',
  'no'
].forEach(email =&gt; console.log(validEmail(email), email));