Adding augmented maps to a vector based on regex text grabbing
Some things that stand out from your code:


(def next-appendage #()) is really (defn next-appendage [part done])
Do not use anonymous functions except for really really short functions. You next-appendage function is long for Clojure standards.
Instead of hash-map you can use the map literal directly `{:name (clojure.string/replace ,,,}
Even though it seems cool when you are starting Clojure, one liners are very hard to read. You already know that is "really ugly" :)
It is unusual to use loop. Most of the time you can replace it with a simpler map or similar
Do not use read-string, unless you know what you are doing


My version would look like:

(defn add-apendages [times part]
  (let [ ;; find the prefix and initial number
        [_ prefix number-str] (first (re-seq #"(.*)-([0-9]+)$" (:name part)))
         ;; parse the number, using Java interop
        initial-number (Integer/parseInt number-str)]
    ;; Build the list of results using a simple map operation
    (map (fn [n] {:name (str prefix "-" n)})
         (range initial-number (+ 1 initial-number times)))))