Concatenate several CSV files in a single dataframe
Here is my untested feedback on your code. Some remarks:

Encapsulate the functionality as a named function. I assumed folder_path as the main &quot;variant&quot; your calling code might want to vary, but your use case might &quot;call&quot; for a different first argument.
Use PEP8 recommandations for variable names.
Comb/separate the different concerns within the function:

gather input files
handle column types
read CSVs and parse dates


Depending on how much each of those concerns grows in size over time, multiple separate functions could organically grow out of these separate paragraphs, ultimately leading to a whole utility package or class (depending on how much &quot;instance&quot; configuration you would need to preserve, moving the column_names and dtypes parameters to object attributes of a class XyzCsvReader's __init__ method.)
Concerning the date parsing: probably the bottleneck is not caused by caching or not, but how often you invoke the heavy machinery behind pd.to_datetime. My guess is that only calling it once in the end, but with infer_datetime_format enabled will be much faster than calling it once per row (even with your manual cache).

import glob
import os
import pandas as pd

def read_xyz_csv_folder(
        folder_path,
        column_names=None,
        dtypes=None):
    all_files = glob.glob(os.path.join(folder_path, &quot;*.csv&quot;))

    if column_names is None:
        column_names = [
            'COLUMN_A',
            'COLUMN_B',  # ...
            'COLUMN_Z']
    if dtypes is None:
        dtypes = {
            'COLUMN_B': bool,
            'COLUMN_D': int,
            'COLUMN_Y': float}
    dtypes.update({col: str for col in column_names 
                   if col not in dtypes})

    result =  pd.concat((
            pd.read_csv(file, index_col=False, dtype=dtypes)
            for file in all_files),
        ignore_index=True)
    
    # untested pseudo-code, but idea: call to_datetime only once
    result['date'] = pd.to_datetime(
        result[[6, 14]],
        infer_datetime_format=True,
        errors='coerce')
    
    return result
        
# use as
read_xyz_csv_folder('PATH_TO_FOLDER')

Edit: as suggested by user FMc in their comment, switch from a list comprehension to a generator expression within pd.concat to not create an unneeded list.