Efficient algorithm for counting frequency of a numbers in intervals
I see a number of things that could help you improve your code.

Don't abuse using namespace std

Putting using namespace std at the top of every program is a bad habit that you'd do well to avoid.  Know when to use it and when not to (as when writing include headers).  I don't know for sure that you've done this in your code (since it's just a fragment and not a complete program) but it's an amazingly common thing for especially new C++ programmers to do.

Fix your program bugs

If this code compiled on your machine, your compiler is broken.  The problem is that the definition of i in the first for loop goes out of scope when that loop ends.  That means that the second for loop should start for (int i=0; ... or it isn't really valid C++.  Also, with your \$X_0\$ term being a negative integer, the index for the mas array when you calculate \$X_3\$ will also be negative, which will cause a memory access error (and probably a program crash) when the value of mas is updated.  The initial value of x should be a positive integer.

Use more whitespace for readability

The second for loop line is extremely dense and hard to read.  To make it easier to read, put things on separate lines and use whitespace to make things easier to read and understand:

for (int i = 0; i &lt; 10; i++) {
    std::cout &lt;&lt; "[" &lt;&lt; (float)i / 10 &lt;&lt; ";" &lt;&lt; (float)(i + 1) / 10 &lt;&lt; "]" 
        &lt;&lt; " | " &lt;&lt; mas[i] &lt;&lt; "\n-----------------" &lt;&lt; std::endl;
}


Think carefully about the mathematics

The code that is being used to decide which "bin" the psuedo random number goes into is faulty.  It currently uses ceil(u*10) but the problem is that this will incorrectly classify numbers into mas[10] which is out of range.  Instead, the code should use the simpler version:

int r = u * 10;
mas[r]++;  


Note also the use of the more idiomatic ++ operator rather than the form that is currently in the code.

Omit the return for a void function

The return at the end of void function metod1 is not needed.  Omit it to make the code cleaner and easier to read.

Pass parameters instead of using global variables

The mas parameter is neither defined within the function nor passed as a parameter, so it must be a global variable.  It's almost always better to explicitly pass the variables instead of using global variables.  The advantage is that the coupling and dependencies of the function are explicit and easily read and understood.