Python Calculator Test Driven Development
TDD
It's quite hard to review TDD as it's more of a way to do work than an observable product. What I mean is that whether you did TDD or not, the unit tests would mostly be the same.
One minor thing I'd point out is that the c variable name isn't good. One strong point of TDD/Unit Testing IMO is that it can act as a documentation of your code, so it should be explicit. Name it calculator; you won't be losing much space doing so.
Calculator class
Regarding the class itself, there are two things I'd like to review.
Nesting makes the code hard to read. In your case it's not so bad because methods are very short, but it's a good habit you should take.
Instead of :
if isinstance(x, self.number_types) and isinstance(y, self.number_types):
    return x + y
else:
    raise ValueError

I would do
if not isinstance(x, self.number_types) and not isinstance(y, self.number_types):
    raise ValueError

return x + y

This way if you had to add code in your method, you wouldn't need to hang in a else statement for the whole flow.
Second, it's fine that you throw a ValueError, but I think you should add a message otherwise we can't know why the calculator crashed.
Exceptions
With regards to the comments, I'd like to talk a little bit more about your exception handling. Should it be raised in the UI or in the class itself?
The boring answer would be &quot;It depends&quot;. In my opinion, there are advantages to both cases.

If the exception is raised in UI, it is raised as soon as possible, which means you don't have to work with potentially invalid data in your application flow.

If the exception is raised in the class itself, you are 100% sure that wherever/however you call your calculator, the input will be validated.


So, what is better? I'd say it's better if the exception is raised in the class, as you'll be sure you won't ever have to repeat your validation if you reuse your calculator elsewhere. But, if I think about the MVC.Net's way of working, for example, it validates the user input on client and server side. This way, there is a quick validation that is made to make sure everything makes sense, then in the server validation (in your case, you class), the input is thoroughly validated then used.
For the sake of &quot;having the best code possible&quot;, I'd say do the validation in both and see for yourself what is your gain :)