Simple Python job vacancies downloader
A couple of suggestions:


Use requests instead of urllib. This is mostly a matter of preference but I think you'll find it easier to work with.


An example on how this would look is:

import requests

page = requests.get('http://rabota.ua/zapros/python/%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B2').content



Fix the bug


In some cases you'll get:


  Traceback (most recent call last):
  http://rabota.ua/company209907/vacancy6312501
      vacancies[x]['link'])) UnicodeEncodeError: 'ascii' codec can't encode characters in position 26-33: ordinal not in range(128)


Which means you're trying to parse characters which cannot be decoded as they are. I'd recommend using the encode function to get rid of it:

for x in vacancies:
    print('{}\n{}\n{}\n'.format(
        vacancies[x]['company'].encode('ascii', 'ignore'),
        vacancies[x]['position'].encode('ascii', 'ignore'),
        vacancies[x]['link'].encode('ascii', 'ignore')))


Instead of using a counter, you could use the builtin that Python already has: enumerate().

This:

inx = 0
for x in a:
    inx += 1
    vacancies[inx].update({'company': x.get_text()})


Will become:

for counter, x in enumerate(a, 1):
    vacancies[counter].update({'company': x.get_text()})


So far, we have this:

from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
import requests

page = requests.get('http://rabota.ua/zapros/python/%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B2').content
soup = BeautifulSoup(page, "lxml")

a = soup.find_all("a", class_="t")

vacancies = {}
for counter, x in enumerate(a, 1):
    vacancies[counter] = {
        'position': x.contents[0].strip(),
        'link': 'http://rabota.ua{}'.format(x.get('href'))
    }

a = soup.find_all("a", class_="rua-p-c-default")[2:]

for counter, x in enumerate(a, 1):
    vacancies[counter].update({'company': x.get_text()})

for x in vacancies:
    print('{}\n{}\n{}\n'.format(
        vacancies[x]['company'].encode('ascii', 'ignore'),
        vacancies[x]['position'].encode('ascii', 'ignore'),
        vacancies[x]['link'].encode('ascii', 'ignore')))


Other suggestions:

I'm not a fan of your naming conventions:


a might become href_tag
x might become element


More, I'd split everything into functions as this will make your code readable and easier to maintain:

from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
import requests

URL = 'http://rabota.ua/zapros/python/%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B2'


def get_html():
    return BeautifulSoup(requests.get(URL).content, 'lxml')


def parse_html():
    content = get_html()
    href_tag = content.find_all('a', class_='t')

    vacancies = {}
    for counter, element in enumerate(href_tag, 1):
        vacancies[counter] = {
            'position': element.contents[0].strip(),
            'link': 'http://rabota.ua{}'.format(element.get('href'))
        }

    href_tag = content.find_all("a", class_="rua-p-c-default")[2:]

    for counter, element in enumerate(href_tag, 1):
        vacancies[counter].update({'company': element.get_text()})

    for element in vacancies:
        print('{}\n{}\n{}\n'.format(
            vacancies[element]['company'].encode('ascii', 'ignore'),
            vacancies[element]['position'].encode('ascii', 'ignore'),
            vacancies[element]['link'].encode('ascii', 'ignore'))
        )


if __name__ == '__main__':
    parse_html()


Yet another way of splitting the logic of your program:

from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
import requests

URL = 'http://rabota.ua/zapros/python/%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B2'


def get_html():
    return BeautifulSoup(requests.get(URL).content, 'lxml')


def get_position_and_link(content):
    href_tag = content.find_all('a', class_='t')

    vacancies = {}
    for counter, element in enumerate(href_tag, 1):
        vacancies[counter] = {
            'position': element.contents[0].strip(),
            'link': 'http://rabota.ua{}'.format(element.get('href'))
        }

    return vacancies


def update_info(content):
    company_href_tag = content.find_all("a", class_="rua-p-c-default")[2:]
    vacancies = get_position_and_link(content)

    for counter, element in enumerate(company_href_tag, 1):
        vacancies[counter].update({'company': element.get_text()})
    return vacancies


def main():
    content = get_html()
    vacancies = update_info(content)

    for element in vacancies:
        print('{}\n{}\n{}\n'.format(
            vacancies[element]['company'].encode('ascii', 'ignore'),
            vacancies[element]['position'].encode('ascii', 'ignore'),
            vacancies[element]['link'].encode('ascii', 'ignore'))
        )

if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()


You can see that I also added if __name__ == '__main__'. By doing the main check, you can have that code only execute when you want to run the module as a program and not have it execute when someone just wants to import your module and call your functions themselves.

As @Mathias suggested in comments, instead of using the encode() function, you might as well do:

def main():
    content = get_html()
    vacancies = update_info(content)

    for element in vacancies:
        for info in ('company', 'position', 'link'):
            print(vacancies[element][info])
        print('\n')


The advantage of this method might appear when you have a lot of unrecognised ascii characters which, with the first version, may lead to something like: .,..