Take a specified weekday, and check if it falls on the remaining days of the current month
Calculate the accepted weekdays range for today's week once, then check the input array for any value in the range.

function weekdaysBelongToTheRestOfThisMonth(weekdays) {
    var today = new Date();
    var todayDay = today.getDate();
    var todayWeekday = today.getDay();

    var maxMonthDate = new Date(today.getFullYear(), today.getMonth() + 1, 0);
    var maxMonthDay = maxMonthDate.getDate();
    var maxMonthWeekday = maxMonthDate.getDay();
    var maxWeekday = maxMonthDay - todayDay &gt; 7 - todayWeekday ? 7 : maxMonthWeekday;

    return weekdays.some(function(d) { return d &gt;= todayWeekday &amp;&amp; d &lt;= maxWeekday });
}