Bit shifting and masking
Layout


Put your main method on the top, since it tells main purpose of the application. And, C# isn't like C++, you don't have to define the method ahead, before calling them.

class Program
{
    uint bitSize, shiftCount, mask, partionSize;

    static void Main(string[] args);

    void setValue(ref uint var, uint k, uint i, uint val);
    uint getValue(uint var, uint k, uint i);
}




 // Even in c++, you can declare a method signature first
 // This part could also go into header file
 void setValue(PUINT var, UINT k, UINT i, UINT val);
 uint getValue(UINT var, UINT k, UINT i);

 int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { /* ... */ }

 // And, implement them later
 void setValue(PUINT var, UINT k, UINT i, UINT val) { /*...*/ }
 uint getValue(UINT var, UINT k, UINT i) { /*...*/ }

Mark the class variables and methods static, so you can call them directly.

// Instead of awkward hack/patch like this
Program p = new Program();
p.setValue(...);

Declare the local variables as you need them. Except when the assignment is inside a code block, but you also need to use them outside of that. 


Naming


PascalCasing for any method, class, public property. And, camelCasing for private and local variable.
Avoid using keywords as variable name, especially var the most used one.
Avoid single letter variable, other than for for loop, lambda expression...


Misc


Avoid magic numbers.

// What is 8? numbers of bits in a byte
//var maxValue = (uint)((1 &lt;&lt; (int)(sizeof(uint) * 8 / k)) - 1);

const uint BitsPerByte = 8;

//maxValue = 2147483647;
maxValue = int.MaxValue;



You messed up big here...


A uint should be capable to store uint.MaxValue and not int.MaxValue.
You are mixing up partition size and partition count. With a partition size of 1 (k = 1), you should be able to enter 32 values (BitSize / k = 32 / 1).

// And, not just 1 (`k`) value
for(uint i = 0; i &lt; k; i++)

The hard coded conditions k == 1 and getValue are huge red flags!

//  why?
if(k == 1)
{
    maxValue = 2147483647;
}
Console.WriteLine("Maximal Value for Partion of Size {0} is 0 to {1}", k, maxValue);

// hack..
bool getValue = true;
for(uint i = 0; i &lt; k; i++)
{
    Console.WriteLine("Input a Value");
    value = Convert.ToUInt32(Console.ReadLine());

    // more hack
    if (k == 1)
    {
        Console.WriteLine("Value at Index 0 is: {0}", value);
        getValue = false;
    }
    else
    {
        p.setValue(ref var, k, i, value);
    }
}

for(uint i = 0; i &lt; k; i++)
{
    // hack++
    if (getValue)
    {
        value = p.getValue(var, k, i);
            Console.WriteLine("Value At Index {0} is: {1}", i, value);   
    }
}



Let's fix this...

class Program
{
    const int BitsPerByte = 8, BitSize = sizeof(uint) * BitsPerByte;

    static void Main(string[] args)
    {
        Console.WriteLine("C++ Lab to C#, Practice Using Pass by Ref");

        Console.WriteLine("Valid Partition K size are: 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32.");
        Console.WriteLine("Enter Partition Size :");
        var size = int.Parse(Console.ReadLine());

        // using 1L (long) for computation to avoid overflow
        var maxValue = (uint)((1L &lt;&lt;  size) - 1);
        Console.WriteLine("A valid value for a Partion of Size {0} is between 0 and {1}.", size, maxValue);

        var data = default(uint);
        for (var i = 0; i &lt; BitSize / size; i++)
        {
            Console.WriteLine("Input a Value :");
            var value = uint.Parse(Console.ReadLine());

            SetValue(ref data, size, i, value);
        }

        for (var i = 0; i &lt; BitSize / size; i++)
        {
            Console.WriteLine("Value At Index {0} is {1}", i, GetValue(data, size, i));
        }
    }

    static void SetValue(ref uint data, int size, int index, uint value)
    {
        data |= value &lt;&lt; (size * index);
    }
    static uint GetValue(uint data, int size, int index)
    {
        var mask = (uint)((1L &lt;&lt; size) - 1);

        return data &gt;&gt; size * index &amp; mask;
    }
}


EDIT: Explanation on the bit operation :

static void SetValue(ref uint data, int size, int index, uint value)
{
    /*  :: Given that size = 8 and index = 2 (3rd), value = 10000001, data = 10101010 00000000 00000000 00000000
        00000000 00000000 00000000 10000001 // value
        00000000 10000001 00000000 00000000 // value left-shifted by 16 (size * index)

        00000000 10000001 00000000 00000000 // value left-shifted by 16 (size * index)
        10101010 00000000 00000000 00000000 // data
        ----------------------------------- // OR
        10101010 10000001 00000000 00000000 // result */
    data |= value &lt;&lt; (size * index);
}
static uint GetValue(uint data, int size, int index)
{
    var mask = (uint)((1L &lt;&lt; size) - 1);
    /*  :: Given that size = 8 and index = 2 (3rd), value = 0b10000001, data = 10101010 10000001 00000000 00000000
        00000000 00000000 00000001 00000000 // (1L &lt;&lt; size)
        00000000 00000000 00000000 11111111 // (1L &lt;&lt; size) - 1 -&gt; mask

        10101010 10000001 00000000 00000000 // data
        00000000 00000000 10101010 10000001 // data right-shifted by 16 (size * index)

        00000000 00000000 10101010 10000001 // data right-shifted by 16 (size * index)                
        00000000 00000000 00000000 11111111 // mask
        ----------------------------------- // AND
        00000000 00000000 00000000 10000001 // result */
    return data &gt;&gt; size * index &amp; mask;
}