How can I update a credit/debit card number, card billing address, or card expiration date to continue transaction processing - on Authorize.net
Automatic recurring billing is an extra feature in Authnet (ARB) that you usually have to request. In order for Authnet to communicate to the CiviCRM that a recurring transaction has taken place, you must install a silent post URL in the designated field within the Authnet portal, under Account > Settings > Silent Post URL. 

The silent post URL for a Drupal site is: https://yoursite.org/sites/all/modules/civicrm/extern/authorizeIPN.php

Once that's established, the credit card and billing information would need to be managed through the Authnet portal since CiviCRM does not store credit card numbers. If you update the information proactively, it should update everything else in the CRM automatically.

https://wiki.civicrm.org/confluence/display/CRMDOC/Authorize.net+Configuration