Civi Volunteer 2.4.1 fatal errors on install CiviCRM 5.33.2 Drupal 7.78
I think I'm seeing that the only issue is the option group for volunteer_project_relationship did not get created.
If this is just a demo,it might be fine to create the option group manually. I would worry about what else failed if this is a permanent setup.
The install step in question is in the Upgrader.php file in installProjectRelationships(). You can see it is calling  civicrm_api3('OptionGroup', 'create'...  and civicrm_api3('OptionValue', 'create'....
Try going to Administer &gt; System Settings &gt; Option Groups. and create the option group with the settings in the installer.
You can then visit Volunteer &gt; Configure Project Relationships to add the OptionValues. Again, look to Upgrader.php for the defaults.
If you want to get to the root of the matter, I would confirm that all available logging and debugging is enabled and try the install from the ground up. If it still persists with a fresh install of Civi, I would try some other recent releases to see if there really is an incompatibility introduced in the CiviCRM release.
Let me know if you would like to chat about the suitability of CiviVolunteer for the organization you are creating this demo for.
Cheers