Is resource_url from civicrm_settings.php saved in the civicrm_setting table, under what name?
Instead of editing the database why not just override the value in the civicrm.settings.php file? 

Check you have 

global $civicrm_setting;


Then add
    $civicrm_setting['URL Preferences']['userFrameworkResourceURL'] = 'http://example.com/example-resource-url/';

More information here on this
https://docs.civicrm.org/sysadmin/en/latest/customize/settings/

If you do want to update this directly in the database try the civicrm_setting table you want to search for a name of "userFrameworkResourceURL" and update the value column.

Best to make a back up of the database - or at the very least the table before changing it.

Alternatively you might also be able to set this via the api: 

cv api Setting.create userFrameworkResourceURL="resource url here" 


or 

drush cvapi Setting.create userFrameworkResourceURL="resource url here"


depending on how broken your install is. Perhaps use Setting.get on dmaster via the api explorer to confirm what the appropriate format is: 

https://dmaster.demo.civicrm.org/civicrm/api3#explorer