Fatal error: Uncaught CRM_Core_Exception: Civi/Core/InstallationCanary.php on line 53
The answer above about deleting the civicrm_install_canary table and the civicrm folder in uploads almost worked for me, except that php timed out ~30 seconds after the green 'successful installation' message appeared. I tweaked max_execution_time in php.ini to 360, deactivated CiviCRM, re-deleted the table and folder, then reactivated and re-installed - this time it finished gracefully and opened CiviCRM.

I am installing CiviCRM on a testing server (running on my laptop), which is a little slower than most working servers, but is configured to show errors one might not otherwise see.  The cleanup and/or 'reset' process that runs after the 'successful installation' message appears to take so much time that it is likely timing out even on some working servers, which results in not finishing the process and leaving the canary table in place.