Missing fields and reports in database after migrating to a new server
There are a few questions combined here I think. From what you describe there may be other problems afoot, but hopefully these two suggestions may help you make some progress.

Why do I see the error DB Error: no such field with Unknown column 'civicrm_uf_group.description' in 'field list'?

It sounds like your source and destination CiviCRM may be different versions. Check the codebase of your source and destination CiviCRM and if the destination is newer, make them match.

Up to you whether to run the upgrader on the source before migration or on the destination afterwards. It may be as simple as visiting the CiviCRM upgrade URL on the destination server.

Why doesn't the DB migrate when I exclude those tables?

The docs actually say If copying an existing install don't skip the cache tables they will not be created automatically, so you should NOT exclude those tables if you are migrating CiviCRM to a new server.

(It looks like the docs could be improved there, they give different-yet-kinda-identical advice for dumping Drupal and Joomla and don't mention how to deal with WordPress?)