Upgrade to 5.24 failed
I was able to reproduce a similar symptom in a wp-demo configuration. Specifically, the upgrader activates the new, core-internal extension (sequentialcreditnotes), and the activation fired off a general system-flush, and the general system-flush raised an error while handling some data from another extension (civivolunteer). The problem only occurred with the web-based upgrade UI (and not with the CLI-based upgrader).

CiviCRM 5.24.1 has a fix for that case.