Is there any information that tells the last action of membership record (edit or renewal)?
CiviCRM keeps track of membership changes in civicrm_membership_log table for all changes to membership attributes like start date, end date, status. But it will pretty difficult for you to guess if the membership is actually being renewed or updated unless you perform some more checks with different log entries from civicrm_membership_log table. 

The other and most easiest/convenient way to know renewal or status change is through Activities. CiviCRM create different activities for membership when a membership is added, renewed and status/type is changed etc(see in attached image list of Activity types for membership). So it will be easy to use post or pre hook on Activity to guess the context. 

HTH

Pradeep