Cannot Edit CiviCRM Profile via Drupal
Is there another way? Yes (not necessarily a great way)

1/ make a Webform-civicrm form, and set it to work as a a block showing on user/* and user.

2/ make a View showing the data in a block on /user with an Edit linking going to a webform.

That said, I have never seen a Profile not work in the way you are describing so it sounds as if something else is tripping you up.