What happens if Combat Celebrant is killed during combat?
Yes, the second combat phase will still happen.

Abilities are completely separate from the source of the ability.


  112.7a Once activated or triggered, an ability exists on the stack independently of its source. Destruction or removal of the source after that time won’t affect the ability.


In this case, Combat Celebrant has a triggered ability that causes the additional combat step. Once that ability triggers (upon exerting it), that ability is completely separate from the Celebrant itself.