When does discard happen if player goes over limit after passing in Endeavor?
Apparently even the two designers are not completely in agreement over this issue. It has come up on BGG more than once. This thread references two other threads where each designer gives an opinion on whether or not you should discard at the end of turn.

Jarret Gray says:


  Discard is part of pass. The cards are
  supposed to return immediately to
  their respective piles. This can
  create some interesting timing
  effects, like blocking an opponent
  from drawing a good card. The downside
  is that when a player discards you
  have to wait for them. If the cards go
  back at the end of the turn then you
  can carry on the game while they
  number crunch. The game is intended to
  be played the first way.


Carl de Visser says:


  You should still meet the card limit
  at the end of the turn. Checking the
  rules, this is only implied in the End
  of the Round section with "Once
  discards are complete". Basically
  there should be another check at the
  end of the turn.


de Visser was specifically responding to the question of acquiring a governor card after passing, Gray was not. He was only answering the general question of whether discarding occurs after passing or at the end of the turn. So he probably wasn't considering the odd circumstance of getting another card after passing. Had that case been brought up he might have said both, as did de Visser, but all we have to go on is what they did say and Gray clearly says you don't discard at the end of the turn. 

The rules-as-written are pretty explicit that discarding only occurs immediately after passing. That is also supported by the comment of one designer, but explicitly contradicted by the other. So there is certainly evidence to back up either ruling, but no definitive answer. 

Personally, I don't like the idea of exceeding the card limit for a full turn, and really don't like the idea of getting to score cards that exceed the limit. So I'll probably go with discarding after passing and also at the end of the turn. I may even consider immediate discard as that makes the most sense to me, and there is some slight justification for that in the rules.