probably antique French game - asking for identification
This is clearly an Egyptian themed version of the French Ludo variant known as Jeu des petits chevaux. (Link goes to the sensible French Wikipedia entry. Note that the corresponding English Wikipedia entry only describes a casino game that may or may not have been played on the same board.)

We can see that it was probably a version with 6 pieces per person (rather than the usual 4), as is typical for this French Ludo/Pachisi variant. The board layout is geometrically non-standard, with the main path following the edge of the board rather than closely wrapped around the four home columns. This allows the home columns to be arranged diagonally and so frees up the space for the sphinx in the middle, which I guess was purely ornamental. (Although there may have been special rules making use of the central field.)

Of the eight squares outside the main path, four are black. I suspect that they are purely decorative - for symmetry with the coloured squares. The placement of the coloured squares supports a counter-clockwise direction of play as was traditional for the original Indian Pachisi game as well as the former French national card game Tarot. The historical playing board displayed in the Wikipedia articles also has this playing direction.

Regarding the age of this board, I can only speculate with very little foundation. But the words "modèle déposé" ("registered design") suggest to me that it's actually from the 20th century. Earliest years for the game given in the French Wikipedia article are 1911 for a mention of the casino game (which may be unrelated, after all) and 1936 for the family game. On the other hand, I can't rule out that registered designs for games already existed in France in the 19th century and that the Wikipedia information is inaccurate.

PS: Robert Miller has added an alternative answer that I think is only slightly less plausible than mine. What they both have in common is that they interpret this game as a European Pachisi variant. An argument in favour of my answer is that it explains why there are 6 houses rather than the usual 4. An argument in favour of Robert Miller's answer is that it explains the unusual overall layout. It is of course possible that the present game was influenced both by the Jeu des petits chevaux (in terms of mechanism?) and by the Chinesenspiel (in terms of layout). In any case, both answers involve some reasonable speculation, which is inevitable until someone finds a book describing this precise board, or even an original box with instructions.