Can split second be used to block damage prevention effects?
No.

Note the text of split second:


  Split second (As long as this spell is on the stack, players can't cast spells or activate abilities that aren't mana abilities.)


Split second only prevents casting spells and activating abilities while the split-second spell itself is on the stack. This means no player may take an action in between casting the spells and resolution. After that spell resolves, however, you'll still pass priority around normally (meaning your friend now gets to play other spells or abilities) before going on to the next part of the turn.

If you want to prevent your opponent from casting spells, you'll need countermagic or a Silence effect. Try Grand Abolisher if you want to keep your opponent from messing with your attack phase.

Alternatively, you can play cards that cancel out the effects of his spells &mdash; e.g. Skull Crack or Leyline of Punishment against damage-prevention effects.