Video format/encoder settings that don't destroy image?
The short answer is that you can't.

The longer answer is that it is an extremely complex series of transformations to take something from the RGB domain to the YCbCr domain, as outlined here.

Finally, even if you manage to leverage a 444 output stored in YCbCr that doesn't decimate your work, the output from Cycles is known as scene referred data. This data cannot be captured properly in a PNG nor any codec format. For a larger explanation into some of the nuances of this, see this question and answer.