Child object does not render - even after setting duplication to none
The location of the armature by design affects the child mesh.  For ease of experience .. have your mesh and armature at the grid center at the time of parenting.  Delete [ALL] previous armature modifiers.  They can collect like dust during experimentation.  Inspect carefully your modifiers panel.
Verify your object is visible in Camera View.  Press [Numpad 0] multiple times to alternate this view.  Objects can be viewed in (Non Camera View) .... yet be off camera in (Camera View) which can cause confusion the first few times.
Move your object to the center of grid and point the camera to center. Align Active Camera to View.  Control Alt Numpad Zero.
Place other simple objects near the failed object to make sure your camera has a good view of the entire scene, distance shot ... then refine later.