Creating "sharp" chamfer in blender fast
DISCLAIMER: If you want faces, created by chamfer to be flat, this won't work for you.

As far as I know, there isn't any way integrated into Blender to do this, but you can do it really simply yourself.

If you have three edges coming together, select two of them and do a regular, one segment bevel (Ctrl-B) and remember the offset value (0.2 in my case). Then, select the third edge and do the same bevel, with the same offset to it. If you want, you can get rid of the excess edge with Delete > Edge dissolve.

A gif of this: Imgur



The chamfer on the cube was done in 2 steps and the one on the pyramid was done in 3 steps (without dissolving excess edges).