Rendered image shows visible "line strokes" artefacts
The artifact is called color banding and is a common occurence in computer graphics. (Most) computer monitors only have a range of 8 bit per channel. The human eye can differentiate a much greater resolution of light values, especially in dark tones.
See this less specific, but informative article.
Hence, color banding is especially visible in dark gradients. An image with a depth of 12 bit or more viewed on the according viewing device would have practically no visible banding.
Although a bit depth of 16 and higher are today's standard in computer graphics such as 32-bit floating points, which have no banding in theory (most) monitors remain in 8-bit color mode.
Most image related software &quot;solves&quot; this issue by adding noise to the image. This process is called dithering.
Different software manage this in different ways.

The gradient tool in Photoshop has a dither option.


Nuke dithers gradients dynamically in the output viewer.

Blender has a dither slider, this allows the user to control the dithering amount manually.



By default, Blender's dither value is at $0$. That's why you can see the color banding even if the image is rendering in 32-bit floating points. Blender will always render images in 32-bit floating point color depth. Only when you save the image, will Blender convert it to the selected bit depth of the output format.
The image you displayed has dithering already applied. When increasing the contrast we can see the noise, which GIMP added to the gradient.

If we increase the dither property in Blender to $1$ and render the default group, there will be no visible banding artifacts.

Otherwise banding will show (dither value of $0$).

Increasing the contrast afterwards can reveal the dithering noise. (Left, dither at 1; right: dither at 0)

When should I not use dithering?
Do not save images with applied dithering when you plan on processing them further. Save them with a high bit depth (16-bit or more). Postproduction applications can then do color operations correctly and dither the image at the last step if necessary.
Example: A color correction with applied dithering noise would change the amount of noise in some parts of the image thus resulting in uneven dither, which could possibly be visible.
When should I use dithering?
Use dithering in the final step of production, where the product is created which has the chance to be viewed on an 8 bit display. (In other words all final image material.)
Additional Note
Digital movie format (obviously not DCP packages) don't support bit depths higher than 8.