Rendering without fire when executed from command prompt
Smoke simulations need to be calculated in order to have something to display on render.
When using Blender, the calculations are being made as soon as you playback from the start frame or when you start a render.

But! When using command line rendering, the render command only does the rendering, not the smoke calculations.
So before doing some command line rendering, you need to bake the smoke simulations, meaning you have to ask Blender to calculate the actual simulations and store the result into files, which will be later read when rendering. It's the way to go even with UI rendering anyway, as it's overall faster to bake then render instead of rendering and calculating the simulations on the fly, especially if you render it several times. And if gives more reliable results to have baked sims.

So basically, you just have to watch in your domain's parameters, in the Bake panel. Set the right Start and End frames, hit Bake All Dynamics, wait for it to bale everything (it might take a while) and save your file.



More information in the manual.