Is there a way to stop objects visually "clipping" through others at a distance?
Increase the viewport Clip Start value, found at the top right of the viewport in the screenshot.
If the start is really low or the end is really high it can cause issues like you see. Try 100mm (the default) and that should help.
I don't know the technical reasons for this issue, but a really small start value or a really large end value can cause the issue you're seeing.