Script for render many different material on one object
If your "image" is actually an Image Sequence then it will cycle through the various images as the frames of the animation iterate.  Your screenshot shows you using a single image.  If you were instead to load that texture node with multiple files (shift-click, or maybe just a in the file selector dialog) then it would have a few more options.



Edit: The example image is for 4 frames, but it is not hard to build an image sequence of thousands of frames if they are all in one directory (a selects them all).  If they are in multiple directories you might have to use some python to get them all into the same image sequence, but I haven't experimented with that situation.

If you were unable to use an image sequence, you would probably end up using a bunch of MixRGB nodes and keyframe the factor value to switch between inputs.  This would quickly get messy as the number of options grows and your binary tree of MixRGB nodes becomes a forest.