Small black triangle appears during subdivide in combination with Sub Surface
It seems that you subdivided, just this edge. The result is a n-gon which will cause problems with the subsurface modifier. It even looks like the resulting vertex is not connected to both faces, so the subsurface-modifier sees this vertex as a corner and rounds it. Go into vertex-editing and find the 5th vertex (it's exactly where this weird triangle is) and dissolve this single vertex, by deleting it and choose the dissolve vertex option. After that find out if the face over and below that edge are connected, the easiest way to find out is to just move the edge, if both faces follow you are good, if not you will have to merge the faces with on common edge between. I hope I could help you with that. All the best Marco