How does UV mapping effect value of a pixel in cycles render?
I have replicated this behaviour by unwrapping the default cube, going into the UV/Image editor and drastically scaling up the UV map by a factor of 9999999.

This would appear to be a problem with the Interpolation of the image - the problem is no longer evident if you switch to 'Closest'.

To explain this a little, the Interpolation setting comes into effect when the point in the image does not exactly match the position of a pixel - in which case Blender attempts to produce a value some way between that 'closest' pixel and its neighbours, effectively to try and 'blend' the edges. The extremely large scale UV map will be causing rounding issues with the floating point coordinates and this is most likely resulting in overflow. When Blender is trying to determine how much to blend between two adjacent pixels, the calculation appears to be triggering a divide by zero or overflow, resulting in a corrupt color being returned.

The solution is to simply re-scale your UV map to a more reasonable range - or use Closest interpolation.