Blender 2.8 - texture does not appear on extruded circle
You need to UV Map the extruded cylinder. The reason why textures appear on a cylinder (and cube) created from the Add menu is because those are basic shapes that are used a lot, so they are already set up (which means UV mapped) for using textures, but since you extruded your cylinder from a circle, it doesn't have a UV map yet. I suggest looking up tutorials on the internet on how to learn to UV map models, because it is a very important thing to know. 

UV mapping a cylinder is trivial, any basic tutorial will do.