Creating a create tilable displacement map
Here are 3 solutions:

Displace modifier (but it will be hard to get sharp angles, I guess Displace modifier is good to make more organic surfaces):


Unwrap your surface.
Give it a Subdivision Surface modifier with a Subdivisions value of 4.
Give it a Displace modifier. Choose Texture Coordinates > UV. Load your texture in the Properties panel > Texture (I've used one of yours and convert it to a DISP with CrazyBump), and select it in the modifier.
Put a second Subdivision Surface  modifier below the Displace modifier.




Tissue addon:


Install the addon.
Create your pattern object, create your 3D surface.
Select your pattern object, then your surface.
Open the Tools panel > Create tab > Tissue, click on the Tessellate, choose the options you want, validate with the OK button.
You have a new object. You'll probably have to remove doubles.




You could also try Duplifaces but it won't work for every kind of pattern:


Select your pattern object, parent it to your 3D surface.
Select your 3D surface, go in the Properties panel > Object > Duplication > click on Faces, activate Scale and choose the Inherit Scale value. If your surface has a lot of faces you'll have as many duplications.
To make the object editable, press shiftctrlA.