Cycles: Render result doesn't match render view
The issue is that the 'table' object isn't set to appear on any layer. You can see this by looking at the Relations panel for the 'table' object:



The rows of icons that represent the layers show that it isn't assigned to any layer in the scene and so it won't/can't appear in the final render.

I think this happens when you add a new object while in 'Local View'. If you are unaware, 'Local view' is a way of temporarily isolating any selected objects from the rest of the scene. This is done by selecting an object and pressing the Numpad /. 'Local' is then displayed as a label in the top left of the 3D viewport next to the view mode:



'Local View' can be exited by pressing the same key and it appears that it's only when exiting 'Local View' that new objects are assigned a layer. 

To fix your file, either manually assign a layer to the object by pressing one of the layer buttons in the 'Relations' panel for the 'table' object (shown above) or exit 'Local View' (as your 3D view is already in Local View) with Numpad / to have the object automatically assigned a layer.



Bug Report

I did file a bug report about this issue here, but until the bug can be reproduced from scratch not much can be done.