Help replicating sci-fi texture
I solved this by using a displacement map. Using Blender 2.8, I used a space shuttle thermal tile texture to influence the height of a displacement node and plugged that into the Material Output displacement. You also need to enable "Displacement and Bump" in the Material Settings -> Surface -> Displacement settings.

I realize this isn't procedural, as I originally asked, and it's not the exact texture shown above, but it solves what I was trying to do in a relatively simple way.

Here's the texture I created, in case anyone wants to use it in their work. It's made from several images of NASA's Space Shuttle thermal blankets.