Blending mode material in Cycles
Renderers are coded to behave like materials in real world. They try to be physically correct.

Most of these effects you are describing are non-physical and cannot be achieved with real world materials. Some even don't conserve energy of light!

Only effect that can be done with materials is Multiply. An effect that can be done with lights would be Add.

This non-physically correct renderer can be surely made and programmed, but I don't know of any. I don't even know why anyone would have a need for something like that - what you want could be probably achieved in post-production using these blend modes on 2d layers.