Optimal way to animate dragging objects through space from a spaceship
A cloth simulation of a rope can attach the astronaut to the spaceship, then a simulation will generate the movement for the astronaut. The rope is parented to the spaceship so is it moved with it. The the astronaut is constrained to moved with the end of the rope. The animation below shows the final result.


Details

Create a rope from a cylinder by subdividing along it length. Create a vertex group at the end of the rope.
Apply a cloth simulation to the cylinder.
Parent the rope to the spaceship.
Use  the copy location constraint on astronaut and select the rope and the vertex group at the end.


Blender 2.92 file used to generate the animation. -