How can I add a detailed material/texture to a curve?
The bumps are showing up on the curve, however they are very stretched out. You need to add a Mapping node to adjust the scale of the texture with. Press Shift+A and select Vector > Mapping:



Now press Shift+A again and select Input > Texture Coordinate:



Now take these nodes and set them up as shown:



By changing the Scale values you can now change the size of the texture you are using. 

Notice that it will repeat/tile, so it is best to have a seamless/tileable texture.