Why is 'Center cursor and View All' not centering the view to my object?
It's because Shift+C doesn't center the view, it shows all objects in the scene, kind of like Home does.

So, because you have a cube at the center, but a camera off to one side, Blender is going to show you both and the view won't be centered on the origin.

Shift+C does move the 3D cursor to the origin, though.