How to get vertex coordinates after modifier in Python in Blender 2.80?
Using bmesh and the dependencies graph, you can get an evaluated bmesh:

import bpy
import bmesh

depsgraph = bpy.context.evaluated_depsgraph_get()

obj = bpy.data.objects['Cube']

bm = bmesh.new()

bm.from_object( obj, depsgraph )

bm.verts.ensure_lookup_table()

print( "----" )
for v in bm.verts:
    print( v.co )

bm.free()


Edit:

obj.to_mesh should work too (have not tested) but if you don't want to create a mesh, this is not needed.