Books or web resources for blender-python (bpy)
Around 2009 / 2010 Blender moved on to the 2.5 series and started using a new and very different python API called bpy. Unfortunately that 2.49 Book doesn't cover bpy and therefore will have little practical usefulness. In the first couple of years after the new 2.5 series bpy changed regularly both in big and in small ways. 

Such a fluid environment meant publishing hard-copy documentation wasn't very sensible. This lack of books has not been a barrier for learning bpy, for a few reasons:


Blender has a built in Python console (REPL) it lets you print the docstrings of functions and operators. The REPL auto-completes with Ctrl+Space. See this answer for directions and usage and more.
Blender, and the add-ons it ships with, are open-source. The nature of these add-ons ranges from convenient mesh editing tools and mesh generation tools to importers and exporters. These categories cover almost everything you might want to see examples of -- some are short and simple others are extensive.
The cookbook (for UI and bpy) paved the way for many people, and is still a surprisingly useful reference for figuring out how to declare UI.
Blender's TextEditor has templates for common bpy procedures:
TextEditor > Templates > Python > ...


You mention that you know Python already. My advice to you is to read the source code of a few Mesh creation add-ons available in  ../scripts/addons. For instance

add_mesh_extra_objects
add_mesh_bolt_factory


These two add-ons will give a lot of insight into how to write all the boilerplate needed to convert your mathematical concept and code into an operator using bpy.



add_mesh_extra_objects

This add-on even has a selection of mathematical surface generators which seems to be what you are looking for.


makes this:

and xyz makes this: