How to make a "Force feedback" effect with physics?
Go to the physics panel and have a similar setup for every shard like i did here with this sphere

dynamic
The setup for the floor is the same exept one thing disable dynamic in the physics tab.
So basically what you were missing (if im correct) its that you didnt setup a bounciness for your objects ;)
Also you may need adjust the solver iterations (in the scene tab in rigid body world section)(this will make physics more accurate)