How can I create a glass globe with a sandblasted effect?
Find or create a black and white texture which separates the parts you want to be "sand-blasted" from the parts you want smooth. For example, this public-domain land-mask from here.

Open the mask image in a texture node. Plug the generated output of the texture coordinate node into the vector input of the texture node, and set the image node's projection to Sphere.
This avoids the need for a UV map, and prevents artifacts near the poles.

Plug the texture into the roughness output of a glass shader, optionally using a mix node to adjust the min and max roughness: