Rendering an animation in stages
Yes, it will as long as you bake your physics first (I would recommend that it be to an external source - Make sure that you name your cache 1st). Then just be sure to set your render range in either the timeline OR the Render Panel >> Dimensions. Once your bake is done save your file and don't touch it except for rendering, and changing your range the next day.

If you bake your Cache to Disk:


It will save the folder in the same file location as your blend file.
You can copy both the blend file and the cache folder and start rendering on another machine for a different range if you have that at your disposal.