Setting transparency on mesh from inside, but not outside
I want to thank you for this question because I learned something in researching the answer.

Things have changed. Here's how you can do this easily in 2.8.

There is a backface culling option when in Edit Mode from the Viewport Shading Menu pulldown, BUT this is NOT what you want. Leave it alone. :)



THere is another backface culling option in the Materials tab of the Properties Panel. THIS is what you want. Make sure it is checked.



Your camera will now render what is on the outside of any object with this material assigned to it, but not what is on the inside of it.

It feels good to have finally learned how this works just now. :)