Looping Through Frames of Physics Simulation and Getting Object Info with Blender Python
You don't need to call bpy.ops.ptcache.bake_all() for every frame, as it runs the simulation for every frame.

Just move the call to bake_all() above your loop, just after setting frame_current to frame_end :

def analyze_scene():
    scene = bpy.data.scenes['Scene']
    object = bpy.data.objects[object]
    frameInfo = []
    scene.frame_current = scene.frame_end
    bpy.ops.ptcache.bake_all(bake=False)

    for frame in range(1, scene.frame_end):
        scene.frame_current = frame
        frameInfo.append({"name": object.name, "frame": frame,
            "translation": object.matrix_world.translation})

    return frameInfo


This should run many times faster, with the code you've given, you were running a simulation of all frames for each frame between 1 and frame_end.

EDIT : If you just want to iterate through the frames, you don't need to bake anything, just change the current frame with scene.frame_set(frame) instead of scene.frame_current = frame. As long as you do this with an incrementing frame, Blender will compute the keypoints for each frame. For example :

def analyze_scene():
    scene = bpy.data.scenes['Scene']
    object = bpy.data.objects[object]
    frameInfo = []

    for frame in range(scene.frame_start,
                       scene.frame_end,
                       scene.frame_step):
        scene.frame_set(frame)
        frameInfo.append({
            "name": object.name, "frame": frame,
            "translation": object.matrix_world.translation
        })

    return frameInfo


NOTE : You also had written scene = bpy.data.scenes['Scene'].frame_end in your code, I corrected it with scene = bpy.data.scenes['Scene'], I guess that is what you meant.