Bump node doesn't produce bump from normal vector
The problem here isn’t the Bump node but how the Noise Texture is being used.

With no input to the Noise Texture it will automatically assume Generated coordinates and with nothing connected to the Bump Normal it will automatically assume the Geometry Normal - ie, it's effectively automatically :



NOTE : The nodes shown in white are optional - if nothing is connected to the texture Vector or bump Normal then those are the values that are assumed anyway.

By connecting the Normal of the Geometry node to the Vector of the Noise Texture you are telling Blender to use that normal in place of the usual Generated coordinates , overriding the default with something that doesn't make sense (as @Nathan says, it's a circular dependency - the normal is dependent on the result of the bump which is dependent on the normal). This is effectively destroying your coordinates used to generate the noise. 

If you do need to use a modified normal for the Bump then you could potentially use a calculated normal - either via Maths nodes based on something other than the actual normal or from an Image Texture via a Normal Map node.