How do I make these facial tattoos without messing up the topology using nodes in cycles?
If you want to do this with Blender texture painting, use the stencil brush mode: 

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gacSqM7kHGg

Stencil will allow you to "spray through" a 2D image to project it's patterns onto the mesh.

To back up to a more general sense, the way I'd approach this is to build the tattoos marks on a 2D sheet using your drawing/image editing tool of choice (Illustrator, GIMP, Photoshop, whatever). Then you can either use a projection tool (like Blender's stencil paint or the projection brush in Substance Painter) to spray the appropriate symbols into place. Symmetry can help you keep them even on each side. Alternately, you can lay the symbols into place in a 2D editor, but this requires a UV sheet free of distortion and with seams out of the way (such as the back of the head).

Doing this via a texture will also allow you to use a lower resolution face mesh, as you might find the one in your file tricky to weight paint and set up shape keys for.