Transormation of object
First, if possible, create a "minimum unit" of your pattern. For example, given these 8 shapes:



you can join them together (select, CtrlJ), but then you also have to put the pieces that "leak" into the next unit square back into the repeating unit:



The complexity of this task really depends on your model!
Make sure your pattern is "laid flat" onto the X-Y surface: rotate it in the right way, then CtrlA > "Rotation &amp; Scale"


Enable the "Tissue" add-on:


  File > User Preferences > Add-ons > "Mesh: Tissue" > check

Create a cube, set the subdivision surface modifier, set the render divisions to 1, then "Apply".


Select the pattern, then Shift+select the subdivided cube, hit Space and search "Tessellate". Choose XY: adaptive, Z: proportional, and hit "ok". You may want to enable "smooth" shading on the resulting mesh.



This will create a patterned mesh, made by repeating your patter on every face of the subdivided cube. It works because the object is made of quadrilateral faces. it wouldn't work on a UV sphere or Icosphere.