Translucent shadow (ceramic material)
This (poorly lit) example manages to get the kind of effect you're after. This is a question where a screenshot of your node setup for the glass material would really help.
The first thing to understand is that your bowl is not ceramic. Ceramic is neither transparent nor translucent. The effect you're after comes from translucent/opaque glass. But before you go diving for the Glass shader think about combining a Glossy and Translucent shader for volume, with SSS to further scatter light over the surface area.
Also key is the light source. I positioned a Sun lamp behind my bowl to give me the shadow through the bowl as you have done. I can also adjust the Sun's size to increase or decrease the shadow's edge within the bowl. (There's also a little Ambient Occlusion in the scene but this shouldn't affect the bowl shadow).