Get console output when running blender in background
The exact way you handle this will depend on several factors like what OS your running and how much output you expect to retrieve. More detailed help is better suited to stackoverflow as it isn't specifically blender related.

Using python as a more cross platform solution, you should read through the subprocess page which explains and offers several options. Basically output from prints in your script can be retrieved from stdout while errors are normally sent through stderr. For simple needs you can just get the contents of stdout when blender has finished into a string to scan through, while for more advanced needs you can setup pipes and process the output line by line as it comes out.

For *nix like systems such as OSX and Linux you could capture blenders output in a shell script with a line like output=$(blender -b -P myscript.py) - with windows you should be able to do something similar with a .bat script and with OSX you could also use an applescript.