What is bone space, armature space, object space, world space, local space?
The description of spaces in the constraints section of the blender manual is fairly good: https://docs.blender.org/manual/en/latest/animation/constraints/interface/common.html#space-types
If you are familiar with the concept of local space vs world space, then object/armature/bone spaces are particular local spaces. Object space is the local space for a given object (e.g. mesh, curve, empty etc). Armature space is the object space of an armature, but is especially relevant in pose mode when contrasting with bone space, which is of course the local space for an individual bone.