Why does my blender crash when I open a file?
I think I can answer your question because the same thing happened to me when I was a beginner(I had intel i5 3rd gen with 12gb ram and integrated graphics). This can happen due to any of the following reasons:

If you were in material preview mode during last save. It happens because sometimes evee(renderer for material preview mode) can run out of processing power or memory if you have a heavy blender file(or materials).
Blender file is too heavy for your computer.

You can fix this by doing the following:

Make sure you are in solid mode or cycles rendering mode during your last save.
Get a better computer