How to reconnect/extend edge loop
That picture has only face selection mode right?

Because I can see a whole bunch of zero area faces that are going to be confusing.

First thing you should do is try to get rid of those faces by selecting everything and merging vertices by distance (use a very small distance).

Once the faces are cleaned up you should be able to easily cut the edge loops you want either with the knife tool or by dissolving and re-adding with ctrl + r.