Textures show up in 3D View but not in Cycles Render
The main problem is not your node-setup but the use of the textured viewport mode. this mode is not very reliable for previewing as it only displays the last selected texture of our node setup and doesn't take texture coordinates and transforms into account. if you want a texture preview without using the rendered view, switch to material view instead.

Your node setup




Delete unused nodes
Don't use color ramps as an input for color ramps (take the node socket's color into account!): The color ramp's input only takes the value of a pixel but no actual color information and translates them to the color gradient. basically your first color ramp is almost useless.
The mix shader expects two shaders as an input (green socket), don't mix a color and a shader with it
same here, connect the mix shader directly into the material output and put the diffuse shader between the color ramp and the mix shader