Rendering with a Luminous Outline on Transparent Background
Since your render is black&amp;white you can use this:


Set object material with Emission shader.
In Properties Editor > Render Tab > Film > enable Transparent


Eevee
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Enable Properties Editor > Render Properties > Bloom.
To control blooming you can do it here or in compositor with RGB Curve node (or ColorRamp) to make effect stronger or lighter.



Cycles
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In compositor add Filter > Glare node type Ghosts try with Treshold = 0

Output format - I had to switch into OpenEXR file format to keep glowing, glaring, blooming what ever to call this in saved render. 



Important

There is an issue with inconsistency of viewport render vs Render (F12) for years.
But also viewport is not showing the glowing here, but the only one thing that you have to do is to plug output also into Alpha socket. Or add Set Alpha node for the same effect.

Output format - PNG (RGBA) is OK here

For full colour render combined with glow or emissive materials (like fire) on transparent background see https://blender.stackexchange.com/a/164940/2214

For effect of coloured glow (like in your reference image) add ColorRamp node.