How to make a 2D ragdoll
For this kind of work there is amaizing addon COA Tools addon for 2D cutout animation. I just dont see it for 2.8x, but it is still very productive to download blender 2.79 and do it in this version. Tool itself easily creates armature and with simple click you can assign sheets to bones. After riging its easy to open (or Append) in 2.8x project. Just dont forget to convert Blender Internal materials into Cycles (nodes).
Package includes also very helpful script for exporting layers with their positions from Photoshop or Gimp.
To get animation like in your example you can try to use Spring Bones addon.

To get properly rendered animation you have to bake bones animation- search for Bake Action with Visual Keying enabled.