How to transform armature via other object's data?
For example by modifying bpy.context.object.data.edit_bones.head when in edit mode you can change the position of the bone head. Here is a code sample how this could be used to translate the bones of a selected armature object with three bones:

import bpy
bpy.ops.object.mode_set(mode = 'EDIT')


myObject = bpy.context.object ##Active Selected Object

##### Make a Matrix with your translation values 
myBoneTranformMatrix = [  [0,0,0],    ##Head Bone0
                          [0,0,1],    ##Head Bone1 (=Tail Bone0)
                          [1,2,3],    ##Head Bone2 
                          [4,5,6]  ]  ##Tail of the last bone...   


if myObject.type == 'ARMATURE':
    myArmature = myObject.data

    boneCounter=0 
    for currentBone in myArmature.edit_bones:
        currentBone.head = myBoneTranformMatrix[boneCounter]
        currentBone.tail = myBoneTranformMatrix[boneCounter+1]
        boneCounter+=1


bpy.ops.object.mode_set(mode='OBJECT')


Happy Blending! :)