Export rigid body location without baking to keyframes
Yes, Location/Rotation/etc. returns the values visible in relevant fields of the object transform in the UI, kind of 'initial' transformation. To get final one, you can use:

bpy.context.scene.frame_set(250)
bpy.data.objects['Object'].matrix_world.translation


Note that:


This gives you absolute position of the object (world space), if you want its relative position (to parent e.g., local space), you'll have to use matrix_local.
You should bake physics simulation before using frame_set().