Is indefinite exponential economic growth possible?
As Steven Landsburg pointed out, indefinite anything isn't possible given the eventual heat death of the universe.

Von Neumann posited machines capable of indefinite growth in population (and theoretically production and consumption), so in theory, it would be possible for a time.

Sagan's Response however argued if such things existed that we would have already observed them, and that they would destroy whole galaxies en masse.

That's probably the closest answer you can get to a question like this.