Should we expect more structural technological unemployment if growth becomes more limited by natural resources and less by labour?
I understand that you are asking the following


  Up to now, we have avoided structural unemployment because we increased
  production by more than what the technological efficiency gains
  implied (and so eventually re-employed the labor that had become
  initially obsolete, usually in other industries). But if finite resources put constraints on how
  much we can increase production, won't a time come that structural
  unemployment will emerge?


As @Foobar notes in a comment, technically speaking this appears to have to do with the rate of increase of efficiency in resource use compared to the rate of decrease of resources available.

But one could argue that, efficiency in resource use has its limits, and the constraint will eventually set in. In such a technological unemployment scenario (which I don't believe anyone can really put a reliable time-line on), there is one resource that won't decrease but rather increase in availability: labor. So, and if nothing truly life-changing happens (like devastation of human population, massive colonizations of other planets, or the equivalent of Amalthea's Horn of Plenty), production will tend to utilize this available resource (which we should expect to command a relatively lower reward being in high supply). Meaning, a tendency for production to grow in sectors where services delivered by humans remain central, by their nature (or by the prevailing consumer preferences). Servants, personal assistants, waiters, nurses, sex workers, trainers, teachers, baby sitters, security guards, body guards, arts and sports entertainers... even if only as a relative "luxury", rather than strictly needed in the amounts employed. And we may even see innovative ways of using labor (i.e. once more creating new sectors) -but I leave that to anyone's imagination...
Of course this labor should get paid something for its services, so those employing it should have the income/wealth needed to pay this something... which indirectly brings in the issue of wealth and income inequality, and whether it plays (or not) a part in all these.