factors of production (and their relative contribution)
People aren't ignoring things like raw material, energy, and land, they're abstracting them. They're saying, "We don't want to keep track of each of these separately, so we'll say that for our purposes, as an input to production, they're all really the same thing: capital." Whether that level of abstraction is appropriate for a specific problem can be questioned, and it is, and people come up with other models that refine the abstraction. For an example of this, which goes to your second question, rather than shovel all "technology" into either the production function itself or an investment which is reflected in capital, you can claim there is "labor augmenting technology", and that appears as a coefficient of the labor input- instead of y = f(K, L), you have y = f(K, AL). 

When you talk about "disentangling" the parts of a production function, you have to be careful not to put something back into the problem that wasn't there when the abstraction was made, otherwise, you've changed your problem. To take your Pentium example, if you've made a model that includes a labor augmenting coefficient, you might want to put it there, otherwise, you might want to put that in capital, as an investment the firm has made. Although the production function represents "technology", the worker is still using the same basic production process, so it doesn't seem to belong there. But what you can't do is put it directly in labor, if you haven't allowed labor to be directly affected by technology. 

The point is, however you claim it affects output, you have to make sure the abstractions you've made support it as an input.