Is there a book or notes that explain all about inflation?
If you are looking something for student level the best place to start are textbooks. You will not generally find these just for single topic such as inflation (for that you would have to look at research papers but you explicitly state you are not looking for that) but they offer rigorous treatment with references to the literature.
Mankiw Macroeconomics Chapter 5 gives nice undergraduate introduction to  inflation, for more full undergraduate treatment you can have look at Lewis and  Mizen Monetary Economics.
Walsch Monetary Theory and Policy offers graduate level treatment of many models including inflation. In fact virtually all models there involve inflation in one way or another.
You could supplement Walsch also with Romer Advanced Macroeconomics or with Woodford Interest and Prices.