Do policy functions exist for Finite Horizon Dynamic programming problems?
No, they cannot by definition.
To derive a time-invariant policy function, you need to have an infinite horizon problem. This is because the structure of the solution remains the same, no matter when you look at it. Intuitively, this is because any sequence of periods from any time period to infinity looks the same. The technical conditions for this can be found in a number of textbooks (Adda and Cooper, Sargent, as well as Stokey/Lucas).

In your example, the number of periods left determine the solution structure.