What crochet stitch is similar to a garter stitch in knitting?
Another option, that has the advantage of only using standard crochet hooks, would be to use Slip Stitch Crochet. From the description of the craft this sounds similar to what Ji Ugug's answer is referring to. 

While the basic SS (slip stitch) is just inserting your hook through a loop, YO (yarn over), then pull through the loop you started with - Slip Stitch crochet works by changing the loops you insert your hook through and/or how you are inserting your hook into those loops (front to back or vice versa). 



Slip stitch garter stitch



Slip stitch rib stitch

By working rows of slip stitches in front loops you can get the "garter" stitch. By working in the back loops you can get a rib stitch. The ladder of course more resembles its knitting equivalent. 

You can read a little more on this from as well as some other slip stitch techniques at ayarnifiedlife