How much yeast is necessary to produce the same amount of carbon dioxide that I exhale?
I think this is a chemistry question, so I will answer it here.

First, I would question whether the amount of $\ce{CO2}$ is relevant or the concentration (or if more convenient, partial pressure). There is no way for the bed bugs to integrate over the entire trap vs. the bed. If you have a concentration gradient from bed to trap, it should work.

Second, yeast is a catalyst. The amount of $\ce{CO2}$ made depends on the amount of available food (the yeast will multiply to keep up). In the simplest terms, if you want the yeast to produce as much $\ce{CO2}$ as you do, you have to feed it the same amount of food that turns into $\ce{CO2}$. 

Because yeast and humans have a slightly different diet, you have to interpret "same amount of food" a bit. In human metabolism, all carbon from foods with calories (i.e. not fiber) is used in biosynthesis or ends up as exhaled $\ce{CO2}$. In an adult who doesn't gain or lose a lot of weight, you can estimate the amount of $\ce{CO2}$ produced from the amount of food taken in. In yeast metabolism, depending on the conditions, either most carbon turns into $\ce{CO2}$ (when there is plenty of oxygen) or into ethanol (when there is a lack of oxygen). For bed bug traps or baking, you want the former, while for brewing, you would want the latter.

For practical purposes, though, I think the total amount of $\ce{CO2}$ is moot (see my first point). As long as you have a source of $\ce{CO2}$ in the trap and remove the source of $\ce{CO2}$ in the bed (i.e. sleep elsewhere) and keep the room warm, there should be a nice $\ce{CO2}$ concentration gradient for the bugs to follow.