The science behind fertilizers
Asides from a general search on Google Scholar, where, unfortunately, many resources are behind paywalls, here are some book references that may be of use for your broad-ranging request:

Methods in Agricultural Chemical Analysis: A Practical Handbook (Google eBook) (Faithfull, 2002) - some of this is available online through Google Books

Fertilizer Manual (UNIDO, 1998) - this, according to its contents has some information about the chemistry of frtilizers.

Chemistry For Agriculture And Ecology (Mido and Satake, 1994), A lot of this book goes back to basics, but chapter 18 is specifically about the chemistry of fertilizers.

Agricultural Chemicals and the Environment (Hester and Harrison, 1996) - once again, has some information about the chemical processes of fertilizers, with a focus on environmental concerns.

I hope these are useful.