Radioactivity and Kinetics of disintegration
No, as hey answered, neutrons are made of two down quarks and an up quark.  Protons are made of two up quarks and a down quark.  It is the conversion of a down quark into an up quark that results in the neutron --> proton conversion.  Read here for more information about this reaction.
The confusion with this probably comes from the fact that net reaction  in a neutron to proton conversion is $n^{0} \rightarrow p^{+} + e^{-} + \overline{\nu_e}$, so it looks like a neutron is falling apart into three sub-particles.
No, the atom will not become ionized from this event itself.  Consider what is happening in this reaction:
$p^{+} + e^{-} \rightarrow n^{0} + \nu_e$
Yes, an electron is removed from the atom, but at the same time a proton is as well.  We should know that the atoms remains neutral because of conservation of charge. If the atom has no net charge at the beginning of the reaction, and no charged particles are ejected, it must be neutral at the end of the reaction as well.
Jon Custer's response is spot on here.  Gamma ray emission represents the movement of the nucleus from a metastable state to its ground state via the release of electromagnetic radiation.