Carbon dioxide sequestration in Limestone
This process does not rely on catalysts, but it addresses the essence of the question. The process described is to inject liquefied carbon dioxide into basalt formations, even if the basalt is very old. This makes the it plausible that we could scrub the excess $\mathrm{CO}_2$ from the atmosphere by:


growing plants,
burning those plants, capturing the CO2, and
burying that carbon using, partly, the energy from the burned plants.