Should cyaphide create similar chemical compounds as cyanide?
Methylidynephosphane or phosphaethyne is known and it has been achieved in 1961 by Thurman Gier. He passed phosphine gas at low pressure over an electric arc produced between two carbon electrodes. Condensation of the gaseous products in a –196 °C (–321 °F) trap revealed that the reaction had produced phosphaethyne along with acetylene and ethylene.
$$\ce{PH3 -&gt;[electric arc][carbon electrodes] HCP + H2C=CH2 + HC#CH}$$
The ions $\ce{PCO-}$ and $\ce{PCS-}$ are also known. From the abstract of this paper1:

A range of λ3-phosphaalkynes $\ce{P⋮C−R}$ $\ce{(R = F, Cl, O-, OLi, OH,}$
$\ce{OSiMe3, S-}$, $\ce{SLi}$, $\ce{SH, Me,}$ $\ce{SiMe3, H)}$ has been geometry-optimized at the HF, MP2, and CCSD(T) level of theory. Vibrational frequencies as well as 31P and 13C NMR chemical shifts were calculated and compared to experimental values of the large variety of λ3-phosphaalkynes prepared over several years via differing synthetic routes. With a few obvious exceptions, a good agreement of calculated and experimental parameters was found. This also opens up the possibility to make predictions on
spectroscopic data of compounds not yet synthesized or fully
characterized, e.g., $\ce{PCOSiMe3}$ and $\ce{PCSH}$. The bonding situation
especially of the negatively charged species $\ce{P⋮C−O-}$ and $\ce{P⋮C−S-}$ was
studied via NBO analyses to determine the degree of phosphaalkyne and
heterocumulene contributions to the mesomeric anions.
$$\ce{^{-}X-C#P &lt;-&gt; X=C=P- (X=O,S)}$$

Cyaphogen ($\ce{(CP)2}$) has not been synthesized yet. It is considered a pseudohalogen. Structurally, it is formulated as $\ce{P#C-C#P}$.
Currently, no binary cyaphides are known but numerous organometallic cyaphide complexes are known. Some of them are listed in the Wikipedia article.
Reference

Theoretical Studies of NMR Chemical Shifts and Vibrational Frequencies in λ3-Phosphaalkynes P⋮C−R, Klaus Hübler and Peter Schwerdtfeger, Inorganic Chemistry 1999 38 (1), 157-164, DOI: 10.1021/ic9811291