CO2 Catalytic Converter
Unfortunately this is not feasible
Current catalytic converters are designed to remove noxious pollutants from exhausts. Things like carbon monoxide (poisonous) and nitrogen oxides (noxious and irritating).
The trouble with doing this for carbon dioxide is fundamental. Carbon dioxide and water are the ultimate products of combustion of hydrocarbons because they are the thermodynamically deepest products of combustion (ie forming them releases the most energy from combustion). We are not worried about water. But the trouble with being at the bottom of the thermodynamic well is that, to turn the compound into something else, you need to add energy.
There are known chemical reactions that convert carbon dioxide into other, more useful and less greenhouse-contributing products. We can go the whole hog back to methane or, more commonly, methanol. But these reactions are very energy intensive and require fairly special catalysts and conditions. To do them as a way of reducing carbon dioxide emissions would end up using most of the energy from hydrocarbon burning to run the reaction not to move the vehicle. And there are always energy losses in such reactions so we might end up greatly increasing fuel consumption overall to get a small reduction in emission. It is probably far better to make engines and vehicles more efficient.
On an industrial scale the preferred alternative to carbon dioxide conversion is carbon capture and storage (CCS). Separating carbon dioxide is much cheaper than converting it to something else. Even so, CCS plants are in their infancy and none are remotely economical even when subsidised (or at any feasible carbon price). and these reactions require large chemical plants and could never be viable in a car.