Chemical time scales
According to the Franck-Condon principle which you are implicitly referring to, absorption is indeed very fast compared to all other processes.

If you are looking for time scales of photophysical processes, I can suggest you for example B. Valeur's book "Molecular Fluorescence: Principles and Applications", chapter 3 (Characteristics of fluorescence emission). You'll find this list of characteristic times:


absorption: $10^{-15}$ s
vibrational relaxation: $10^{-12} - 10^{-10}$ s
$\ce{S_1}$ lifetime (fluorescence): $10^{-10} - 10^{-7}$ s
intersystem crossing: $10^{-10} - 10^{-8}$ s
internal conversion: $10^{-11} - 10^{-9}$ s
$\ce{T_1}$ lifetime (phosphorescence): $10^{-6} - 1$ s


as well as examples of molecules with their photophysical data. 

For chemical processes, it depends on many things, such as concentration, diffusion rates... and you would need to precise your question (type of photochemical reaction, type of quenching, etc.).