What is some advance reference books about alloy that gives a lot historical background and applies a lot of theoretical equation or formulas
The classic would be Porter and Easterling's "Phase Transformations in Metals and Alloys", apparently still available. This should give you a good basis for understanding the thermodynamics of binary (and higher) systems.  

For a deeper look at how computational thermodynamics is done, like CALPHAD, the Lukas, Fries, and Sundman book "Computational Thermodynamics" might do, but that has zero historical background. 

You might also try asking this in Physics using the materials-science tag.