What products will the following reactions yield?
No, I hesitate to give the correct products since this is homework, but maybe some of what's below will help
Yes, the two reactions are both esterifications; converting an acid, an acid anhydride, an acid chloride, etc., to the corresponding ester
The proton is a catalyst, it is not consumed in the reaction.  It protonates the carbonyl oxygen, making the carbonyl carbon more susceptible to nucleophilic attack
benzoic acid