Which salts can be used to precipitate chloride ions?
The only well known method to check for (the absence of) chloride ions is precipitation as AgCl (solubility 2 mg/l at 20°C).

Mercury(I) chloride is similarly badly soluble, but toxic (and unstable, disproportionation) and therefore bad practice.

Lead(II) chloride is already far more soluble (4 g/l) than AgCl, and practically all other simple chlorides are just very well soluble in water.

Silver nitrate is cheap, the internet sells 10 g high purity $\ce{AgNO3}$ for 25€. Just get some.