Is there a way to tell what the coordination of a complex ion will be without knowing the ligand?
There is no way you can predict this a priori. For example, cobalt(III) forms an octahedral hexaaquacomplex $\ce{[Co(H2O)6]^3+}$. If you add chloride to the solution, you will form a tetrahedral tetrachloridocomplex $\ce{[CoCl4]-}$. This was a pure ligand exchange reaction as shown in the equation below.

$$\ce{[Co(H2O)6]^3+ + 4 Cl- &lt;=&gt;&gt; [CoCl4]- + 6 H2O}$$