Transition Metals' Charges
If you write out the electron configuration of Fe, you will find it has $3\text{d}^6 4\text{s}^2$ in its valence level, meaning it can theoretically take on any oxidation state from +1 to +8 (and even some negative states, for that matter). 

In practice it is extremely uncommon to find any oxidation states other than +2 or +3 for iron - which explains why a simple periodic table containing only the most common naturally occurring states will omit them - but they are possible, just not very stable or long-lived. The polyatomic ion you have observed is called ferrate.