Why is the difference in boiling point so much greater between methanol and methane than it is between 1 decanol and decane?
The difference in boiling point, between methanol and methane on one hand and between 1-decanol and decane on the other hand, is primary due to the presence of hydrogen bonds (HB) in methanol and 1-decanol and not in methane and decane. The density of these intermolecular forces (HB) is higher in methanol than in 1-decanol (In 1-decanol, for every ten atoms of carbon there's one possibility to have HB. While in methanol for every atom of carbon there's one  possibility to have HB.