Periodic trends: why is effect of protons greater than electrons?
This is because the attraction is not between each proton and it's corresponding electron, but between each electron and the nucleus. Since the number of protons increases the charge of the nucleus, but the charge of the electron stays constant, the attraction is greater. The attraction of the electron to the nucleus depends on the charge of the nucleus, and it is independent of the number of electrons in "orbit"

A great analogy for this is the solar system. (Gravity works very similarly to electrostatic force.) It won't matter if suddenly there is a mother earth orbiting in the outskirts of the solar system, Earth would be unaffected by that change, and we would still orbit the sun at the sae distance. However, if the sun suddenly becomes noticeably heavier, the planets will each be pulled in with a stronger force, which reduces the orbit radius. This will happen equally to each individual planet. It doesn't matter how many planets we have, The pull of the earth is only affected by the mass of the sun and the mass of earth.

This applies to the atom if you think of the nucleus as the sun and each electron as a planet. The force attracting the electron to the nucleus is only affected by the charge of the nucleus as each electron carries the same charge, and the charge is not the collective  charge of all electrons, but the individual charge. Hence all each electron perceives is the increase in the charge of the nucleus that is increasing its attraction to the nucleus.