Triple Bond Character in Acyl Chlorides
The various resonance structures that one can draw for an acid chloride are shown below.



Structure IV, is the "triple bond" structure that you mentioned.  The acylium ion ($\ce{R-C#O^{+}}$) is very stable, so structure IV does contribute to the overall description of an acid chloride.  Note that the $\ce{C#O}$ bond in IV is not a real triple bond as the carbon remains $\ce{sp^2}$ hybridized, with the attendant 120 degree (non-linear) bond angles.  I've also drawn a fifth resonance structure involving hypeconjugation.  This is probably a reasonable structure as well since it places negative charge on oxygen and positive charge on the hydrogen.  It also helps explain why hydrogens on the carbon alpha to a carbonyl have increased acidity.

Usually the term "backbonding" is used when electron density is transferred from one atom to another through the use of antibonding orbitals.  See here for a better description.  In resonance structure IV, the lone pair from oxygen is being shared with an empty carbon $\ce{sp^2}$ orbital, the one that had been used to bond to the chlorine.  I've never heard that referred to as backbonding.