Why does Freundlich adsorption isotherm not have a term for surface area?
The ratio 

$$\frac{x}{m}= k P ^{1/n}$$

can be re-expressed in terms of the area $A$, surface-to-volume ratio $\lambda$, and density $\rho$ (note that $m=A\rho/\lambda)$:

$$\frac{x}{A}= k' P ^{1/n}$$

where

$$k'=k\rho/\lambda$$

The advantage of using $k$ as opposed to $k'$ is that you don't need to determine $\lambda$ to know how much (as in, what mass) adsorbent to use in a particular application (see e.g. Table 4 in ref 1).

There are two types of adsorbent material you are usually interested in: 


Porous material; in this case, breaking up the particles will not significantly increase $A$, and therefore not change k (since $\lambda$ will remain approx constant). 
Small particles with high $A/V$ ratio and adsorption on an outer surface of the particle. Now breaking up particles into smaller ones matters a lot, but this would be reflected in a different value of $k$, since $\lambda$ increases and $k\propto\lambda$. 


Parameter $k'$ is more fundamental than $k$, as it reflects how much surface area the adsorbed molecules require, keeping in mind the range of applicability of the equation, as it does not predict e.g. monolayer saturation. Note that in neither scenario would a reduction in the size of the particles be expected to change $k'$ by much - certainly not in the first case, and, in the second case, depending on the importance of changes in adsorbent curvature or edge/corner effects.

Reference


G. P. Jeppu, T. P. Clement, "A modified Langmuir-Freundlich isotherm model for simulating pH-dependent adsorption effects," Journal of Contaminant Hydrology 2012, 129–130, 46–53 (DOI: 10.1016/j.jconhyd.2011.12.001).