Why doesn't liquid propane in a closed coke bottle burst?
Yes, based on what we can see in the video, your guess appears to be correct: as the propane-filled bottle warmed up, just enough propane evaporated to keep the pressure inside the bottle equal to the equilibrium vapor pressure of the liquid propane.

According to the video, the ambient temperature outside at the time it was recorded was "about 45&nbsp;&deg;F", or about 7&nbsp;&deg;C.  Using the formula given here, I calculate the vapor pressure of propane at that temperature to be about 4400 mmHg, or about 590 kPa or about 5.9 bar.

Meanwhile, according to this page, the pressure inside a warm can or bottle of Coke can reach at least 380 kPa, or about two thirds of the vapor pressure of propane on a cold day.  As the bottles are certainly designed with a considerable safety margin, to make sure that they won't burst even if handled carelessly or slightly damaged, it's not surprising that they can easily withstand the pressure of the propane in the video.

BTW, this is exactly how aerosol spray cans work: they contain a mixture of the liquid being sprayed and a propellant substance (quite often propane) that has a boiling point at 1 atm only slightly below room temperature (or, equivalently, that has an equilibrium vapor pressure only slightly above 1 atm at room temperature).  Thus, as the can is drained, the partial boiling of the propellant maintains the pressure inside the can at the propellant's vapor pressure, which is high enough to propel the spray out of the nozzle, but not so high that it would require an excessively sturdy and expensive can to contain it.



As for what would happen at higher temperatures, at room temperature (i.e. 25&nbsp;&deg;C), the vapor pressure of propane would be about 7100 mmHg or 950 kPa (according to the formula, or about 7600 mmHg or 1000 kPa according to the table, which seems to be taken from a different source).  According to this random forum post, the small &frac12; liter Coke bottles used in the video can apparently withstand at least 180 psi, or 1250 kPa, so the propane-filled bottle probably wouldn't burst even at room temperature (unless it happened to be damaged or otherwise particularly weak).  If the temperature was raised to, say, 45&nbsp;&deg;C (113&nbsp;&deg;F, a very hot day), the vapor pressure of the propane would rise further to about 1500 kPa, which just might be enough to make the bottle fail.  Also, elevated temperatures will soften and weaken the plastic somewhat, making failure more likely.

In any case, in my personal experience, the weakest point of such bottles seems to be the relatively thin and weak cap, which would likely fail at some point before the bottle itself did.  I wouldn't be surprised if that was by design, to make the typical failure mode relatively safe and predictable.