Where do the electrons not in the S1 orbital get this "extra energy" from?
In simple terms: The further apart the negatively charged electrons are from the positively charged nucleus, the higher is the potential energy of said electrons. When increasing the quantum number $n$, you automatically get further away from the nucleus. That is why the $2s$ electrons have a higher energy than $1s$ electrons. (That, and adding that the $1s$ electrons shield some of the nuclear charge.)