Do non-English speaking countries use the same element symbols?
Both North Korea and South Korea use the periodic table. The names, however, are different. Here is a periodic table in North Korea



The title translates to "Mendeleev's atomic periodic table." The names of the elements are different for some. 

In South Korea
Hydrogen is known as and pronounced as soo-saw. 
Phosphorus is known as and pronounced as in.
Potassium is known as and pronounced as kallium.
etc.

But some are the same.

In South Korea
Magnesium is known as and pronounced as magnesium.
Argon is known as and pronounced as argon.
Fluorine is known and pronounced as fluorine.

I haven't taken classes in North Korea or visited any research facilities. But it is likely that they have further modified the names  to be "less western".

All of these are names, and do not replace the symbols used in the periodic table.