Why distinguish between polarity and hydrophobicity?
Hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity/lipophilicity/lipophobicity and polarity/non-polarity are terms that overlap to a great extent in simple substances, but which are not strictly equal. The former terms can have a much more involved explanation depending on several factors, even if polarity is usually the largest by far.

Philicity and phobicity are determined by contact angles between substances. It is possible to vary how a same substance gets wetted by exploiting surface patterning, which fiddles with the surface tension between the substances in contact.

Another interesting example I can think of is that some large perfluorocarbons are non-polar, but they are also lipophobic. It is possible to mix water, oil and a perfluorinated solvent, shake, and then watch as three clearly distinct phases separate.