Reaction between silver nitrate and aluminum chloride
Le Châtelier's principle only states that a system previously at equilibrium will want to stay at equilibrium - that is, if we perturb it, it will try to go back to equilibrium. This system is initially not at equilibrium, and therefore we don't need his principle.

I think the reaction proceeds because the formation of AgCl(s) is enthalpically favored. Molecular cohesion (enthalpy) is greater in AgCl than in AgNO3, thus promoting its formation. How do I know that? Well, it seems AgCl is less ionic than AgNO3 since it is insoluble in water.

This reaction is a type of metathesis reaction. It can be called double displacement reaction or salt metathesis reaction, depending on who you're talking with.



EDIT

The other answers make an error, I think. Both suggest that the solubility product of AgCl is of importance in determining why the reaction takes place. My opinion is that the argument, as presented, is circular, in the following manner:

The solubility product of AgCl in water is very low, therefore we observe formation of a precipitate.

vs

AgCl is insoluble in water, therefore its solubility product is low.

It's easy to see that the fact AgCl is insoluble in water implies that it has a low Ksp in water. If someone can predict and quantify the solubility product of AgCl in water from first principles, then that's another story, but the explanations offered only rely on observation (experiment) to quantify the Ksp.

My argument goes down the ladder. If you can answer why AgCl is insoluble in water, then you can definitely predict that Ag+ and Cl- ions from different sources (i.e. in different solutions) put into contact will spontaneously form a precipitate.

Now you maybe thinking this argument is also circular, but it's not. 

We have access to experiment, which clearly informs us that AgCl is insoluble in water. We can confidently assume (but we might be wrong!) that the AgCl bond is less ionic than the AgNO3 bond, since it practically does not dissociate/has a low Ksp in water. A bond with a greater covalent character is more stable, since the electrons are shared and not transfered.

Perhaps the crystal structure of AgCl makes it especially stable to solubilization from H2O. I just think it's obvious that the enthalpy of formation of AgCl is favorable, since it has to counter an unfavorable entropy loss in the formation of an ordered crystal lattice.



As you can see, I cannot provide you with a thorough answer, it would be extremely time consuming (for me) and I'd have to conduct many many calculations. I really hope someone can clarify the why. Maybe you can do your own research from the answers provided here and come back with a more "elaborate" answer.