Why is the pressure correction constant 'a' independent of temperature?
The parameter $a$ is independent of temperature because we defined it this way. There is no other reason. Indeed, van der Waals equation is very much not a law of nature. It is just an empirical approximation. There are other approximations, maybe a dozen or more. You may create your own, where $a$ would decrease with temperature. Wait, it's been done already - look at the Berthelot equation!