Current in a Lithium Ion Battery
Power is the energy transferred per unit time ($\frac{J}{s}$) and is determined by the potential drop (V) and the current (I) at a given point in time as $P = IV$ so to get the current, solve for $I=\frac{P}{V}$. This gives you the current at a given point in time.

Your question has a few points that might be worth addressing. As Dr Moishe Pippik commented, "current transferred" is a little confusing, either instantaneous current ($I$), or total charge transferred ($Q$), which is the current integrated over time: $\sum_{t} I(t)\Delta t$ in your case. So if what you really want is the total charge transferred, you would have $Q = \sum_{t}\frac{P\Delta t}{V(t)} $. Strictly speaking you should exclude t=0 point to avoid double counting.

You also asked about both the anode and the cathode. The current for both will be the same number but with opposite sign.