Colliding particles and activation energy
This is the nature of the quantum world. An action, at some level, either takes place or does not... there is no half-way state. Another example is the photoelectric effect. Planck and Einstein explained the requirement for at least a minimum energy of a photon before it can raise an electron to a higher energy level. A million photons just under that energy will not* raise an electron to a higher level, but just a single photon of the required energy (or higher) can bump up the electron.

Caveat: There is also the uncertainty principle, allowing electrons to tunnel to a higher level, or for multi-photon absorption to cause ionization, but they're not as  common as single-photon absorption and ionization.

If you're bothered by this non-intuitive behavior, you're not alone. Bohr, Bose, Boltzmann, Einstein, and others were forced to this theory through experimental results and the horrors of the ultraviolet catastrophe. Those who fail to appreciate the ultraviolet catastrophe shall be made, energetically, to walk the Planck.