Why do laws of thermodynamics "outweigh" any other law ever formulated?
The laws never outweigh each other, nor do they have to. Newton's laws of motion, Maxwell's equations of electromagnetism, Einstein's theory of relativity are all equally fundamental, in that they've never been overthrown within their respective frameworks of applicability. Sure, these frameworks have their limits: Newton fails at near-light speeds where Einstein takes over, Maxwell and Einstein fail at quantum limit. So what? Thermodynamics has its limits as well. If you don't believe this, then good luck trying to apply it to a single molecule.

If anything, the laws of thermodynamics are less fundamental, in that they are true only statistically, that is, with less precision than the rest. With relatively little effort, you can measure the mass of a body to six-digit precision. Can you do the same to its temperature?