Differences between ¹³C-decoupled NMR experiment vs a ¹³C-coupled
The answer is a bit complicated because there are a number of ways to apply decoupling (see eg this site which describes different decoupler gating modes), depending on the goal. For simplicity I limit the discussion to acquisition of a 1D $\ce{^{13}C}$ spectrum:


$\ce{^1H}~$ decoupling during the entire experiment: this provides a signal enhancement due to the NOE from $\ce{^1H}$ to $\ce{^{13}C}$, and suppresses couplings, which reduces spectral complexity and also increases carbon s/n due to collapsed multiplets.
Decoupling during acquisition only (inverse gated decoupling): this suppresses couplings simplifying the spectrum and providing some enhancement by collapsing multiplets, but does not give NOE enhancement. 
Gated decoupling: this provides the NOE enhancement but gives a coupled spectrum showing multiplicity.  


Applying decoupling to obtain a signal enhancement from NOEs allows you to reduce the overall acquisition time (reduce the number of FIDs you need to acquire) relative to no NOE. This typically works for all but quaternary carbons. Decoupling during acquisition also can allow you to reduce the overall acquisition time, even if you do not obtain an NOE enhancement, by collapsing signals from multiplets into single peaks. The longest experiment would be a truly quantitative one, and particularly if you want full coupling information and s/n equivalent to that from a decoupled experiment. Then you would not apply decoupling at all. In that case you would have to wait on the order of $\mathrm{5 \times } \ce{^{13}C} ~\mathrm{T_1}$ and acquire enough scans to get the desired s/n.