In an closed adiabatic container, if we carry out an exothermic process, what will happen to the temperature of the system
Temperature will increase. If system is adiabatic, it doesn't neccesarily mean that temperature of the system can't change because even though system can't exchange energy with surroundings, processes inside can generate heat. In your example, exothermic reaction. Note that, internal energy in your case stays the same even though temperature increased. This is because internal energy is the sum of kinetic energy of all molecules and atoms and all potential enegy of interaction between atoms chemically bonded and between all molecules (intermolecular bonds). When exothermic reaction happens, potential energy of interaction between atoms is partially converted into heat because if reaction is exothermic, chemical bonds formed (of products)are stronger than of reactants. Potential energy is only converted to heat which is kinetic energy of atomic and molecular motion (energy conservation - 1st law of thermodynamics). Since internal energy is sum of potential and kinetic energy of atoms and molecules it stays the same, only potential enegy is smaller and kinetic is bigger after exothermic reaction. If you have any misunderstandings, fire them to me.