A Book on Preparation and Reactions of organic compounds
For example, why do we chose Nickel as the catalyst other than anything else to prepare ethane by catalytic hydrogenation of ethene? 



Palladium is expensive ($690~\$\mathrm{US}/\mathrm {oz.tr}; 1~\mathrm{oz.tr = 31.1 g}$). 
Nickel is cheap ($11~\$\mathrm{US}/\mathrm {kg}$). 


Catalytic hydrogenation of ethene is the model reaction performed to understand the mechanism of this type of processes, but I'd be astonished if it had any technical relevance.


There is enough ethane available from the processing of natural gas by distillation (demethanizer, deethanizer).
Ethene is the more interesting starting material for polymerization, oxidation, etc. 



  And why this reaction has to take place at 300 °C and not at a lower or greater temperature?


Does it really? In earlier mechanistic studies, such as  Review of Physical Chemistry of Japan, 1937, 11, 153-165, or Discuss. Faraday Soc., 1950, 8, 152-159, the hydrogenation of ethene on a nickel catalyst was performed at much longer temperatures (-78 to 0 °C).


  preparation and reactions of alkyl halides, alcohols, phenols, ethers, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids and esters


For lab-scale reactions, any decent introductory book on Organic Chemistry  will do. 

If you're looking for books that focus on experimental procedures (cook books), there are two which I can recommend (Note that have only used the original German versions):


Organikum – Organic Chemistry Basic Practical Course
Reactions and Syntheses: In the Organic Chemistry Laboratory