One half of a nail is exposed to vinegar. Un-exposed half develops a brown film. What is it?
The nail is in two solutions. The lower solution is 5% acetic acid, saturated with air (20% $O_2$, 80% $N_2$). At 0.2 atmospheres, $O_2$ solubility in water is 40 mg/L x 0.2 = 8 mg/L, or about 8 parts per million.
The upper solution is a thin film on the nail (perhaps 10 microns thick - or less!) of $H_2O$ with some acetic acid (probably about 3-4%) and 8 ppm $O_2$. This film may have deposited from the lower solution by vapor deposition due to temperature differences, or by capillary action, as the meniscus crept up in a thin layer.
In the lower solution, $Fe^0$ goes into solution as $Fe^{++}$ and electrons go to $O_2$.
4$e^-$ + $O_2$ + 2 $H_2O$ --&gt; 4 $OH^-$
The 8 ppm $O_2$ in the lower solution doesn't go very far, but the meniscus, and any film going higher up, will be continually refreshed with $O_2$, and will develop a higher pH and will precipitate iron hydroxide. Any iron dissolving in the lower solution will stay in solution because of the acidity, and the nail may not even show obvious signs of corrosion damage like pitting. The only obvious sign is the brown film of precipitated iron hydroxide.
This is an example of a differential aeration cell, where the upper solution is an oxygenated cathode, and the lower solution contains the anodic portion of the nail. http://www.corrosion-doctors.org/Corrosion-Factors-Cells/corrosion-cells-aeration.htm
We consider this corrosion in acetic acid to be an electrolytic reaction, and also the reaction of the nail with $HCl$, but the scale of cathodes and anodes in the case of $HCl$ is so small that we can't detect them. And in $HCl$ the $H_2$ is generated so fast that it bubbles off and doesn't need to be depolarized by dissolved oxygen.
Adding a picture suggesting the state of the nail:

https://www.ddcoatings.co.uk/2343/what-is-differential-aeration-corrosion.