Excited states and electron addition/removal energies within Hartree-Fock, CI, etc
There are actually quite a few methods post-HF that you can do to calculate excitation energies. The simplest one you will want to look at is Configuration Interaction Singles (CIS). To do this, you express your Hamiltonian in the basis of singly-excited HF determinants and diagonalize it. It doesn't involve correlation and is roughly the same cost as a HF calculation. The matrix elements are given in Szabo and Ostlund,  Modern Quantum Chemistry pg 236.

You are already familiar that for DFT, the most common way to get excitation energies is through a time-dependent DFT calculation (TDDFT). You can do a time-dependent Hartree-Fock (TDHF) as well, though you may see this in the literature as the Random Phase Approximation (RPA). They are essentially the same thing. TDHF and TDDFT are pretty much identical save for the fact that TDDFT is based off Kohn-Sham density, and TDHF is based off of Hartree-Fock density. The equations are almost the same, and it isn't that much more expensive to compute.

If you want to include electron correlation in wavefunction-based methods to a greater degree, look for EOM-CCSD like methods. These are based off a HF, followed by a coupled-cluster ground state calculation, followed by an extension to get excited state energies.

My graduate research uses and develops a lot of these methods. In fact, I wrote about these methods not too long ago --- you can read more about it here: http://bit.ly/1anA9dZ