Is there a systematic naming system to name carbonyl derivatives?
The names (2 of 6) are rather correct (but note that acetyl and  acetic names are preferred over ethanoyl and ethanoic), except following:


$\ce{Ac-SH}$: ethanethioic acid, more specifically ethanethioc S-acid (since there are two possibilities of “monothiation”)


  P-15.5.3.4.1
  
  (…)
  
  $\ce{CH3-CO-SH}$
  thioacetic S-acid
  ethanethioic S-acid (PIN)
  
  $\ce{CH3-CH2-CS-OH}$
  thiopropionic O-acid
  propanethioic O-acid (PIN)

$\ce{Ac-O-NH2}$: Anhydride name cannot be used as hydroxylamine is not a name of acid. It's also not a recognized acid functional group, so the name probably should be regarded a substituted ketone, with preselected prefix aminooxy (P-68.3.1.1.1.2), 1-(aminooxy)ethan-1-one. (Although pubchem entry lists wrong name: amino acetate; O-acetyl hydroxylamine is acceptable I think.)
$\ce{Ac-SO3H}$: “α-oxosulfonic acid“, 1-oxoethane-1-sulfonic acid
$\ce{Ac-PH2}$: phosphide as alleged analogy to amide (with different meanings in inorg. and org. chem.) is not used, the name should be 1-phosphanylethan-1-one (or acetylphosphane).


  P-64.1.2.1 Pseudoketones
  
  (…)
  
  $\ce{H2P-\overset{1}{C}O-\overset{2}{C}H2-\overset{1}{C}H3}$
  1-phosphanylpropan-1-one (PIN)
  propanoylphosphane