Giving too much energy to an exothermic reaction
There are two separate effects we need to consider here: thermodynamic and kinetic.

Let's assume you are only providing the energy thermally. So providing more energy means increasing the temperature (T).  Thermodynamically, if a reaction is exothermic, and you increase T, the reaction becomes less favorable (assuming it stays exothermic over that temperature range) according to, as you mentioned, Le Chatelier's principle.  I.e., the equilibrium shifts to the left.

However, we also need to consider kinetic effects.  Here, as you increase T, the rate of reaction increases, and thus the rate of thermal energy production increases, thus further increasing T, thus further increasing the rate, and so on, leading to the thermal runaway effect that Buck Thorn mentioned in his comment.  I.e., we get a positive feedback loop.