Does a data structure that models the encoding specificity principle in memory exist?
Beyond the basic requirement of storage, it seems you are looking for some explicitly defined data organization providing a query interface which allows specifying, alongside the fundamental query params, 
a context and is able to use both these information items (instead of the first one only) to boost the query.

If this interpretation of mine is correct, the context-aware query database comes to my mind, here are some examples:


Context-Aware Query Classification



  In this paper, we propose a logical model and an abstract query language as a foundation of context-aware database management systems. The model is a natural extension of the relational model in which contexts are first class citizens and can be described at different levels of granularity.


Querying Context-Aware Databases