Is there a machine learning system that is able to understand mathematical problems given in a textual description?
There was a lot of work on this topic at UT Austin, which has now migrated to the Alan Institute.
There is no off-the-shelf software that will answer your question (if there was, DARPA would stop funding its development!), but you can read about the latest development in a number of recent papers.
This paper (Seo et al. EMNLP 2015) discusses the techniques that are used to interpret diagrams that accompany geometry problems, while this one (Hosseini et al. EMNLP 2014) talks about how to automatically parse verbs to interpret the meaning of a question. The 2015 TACL paper (Koncel-Kedziorski et al. 2015) completes this by discussing how to extract the relevant equations from a word problem. Once you have the equations, know what question is being asked, and can interpret any diagrams, you can do most high school math problems.
However, I don't think this is yet a fully reliable system. It is one part of a larger, long running effort to create a program that can achieve higher education certifications in many subjects. You can see many projects related to this at the Alan Institute's website.