Can a computer conclude following philosophical concepts from a story?
No. This is currently out of the scope for any language processing system. It requires a general understanding of abstract concepts which is not possible for machines at present.

In order to recognise a self-fulfilling prophecy, you first need to identify that something is a prophecy. So it needs to be something that expresses a possible future state, for which you need to identify what possible future states are; and then you need to see whether it is self-fulfilling. Conceptually this is far too complex to do.

You might get away for some of these with formal criteria (eg use of future tense for something describing a future state/event), but this is far too imprecise.

"Altruism" requires knowledge about typical expected behaviour; you would need to be able to identify motives behind people's actions, and then decide whether it was altruistic or not. This is just too complex for now (and the foreseeable future).