How to determine if Q-learning has converged in practice？
A typical and practical way to measure the convergence to some solution (so not necessarily the optimal one!) of any numerical iterative algorithm (such as RL algorithms) is to check if the current solution has not changed (much) with respect to the previous one. In your case, the solutions are value functions, so you could check if your algorithm has converged to some value function e.g. as follows
$$
c(q_t, q_{t-1}, \epsilon) =
\begin{cases}
1,  &amp;\text{if } |q_t(s, a) - q_{t-1}(s, a)| &lt; \epsilon, \forall s \in S, a \in A \\
0, &amp; \text{otherwise}
\end{cases},
\tag{1}\label{1}
$$
where

$c$ is the &quot;convergence&quot; function (aka termination condition) that returns $1$ (true) if your RL algorithm has converged to some small enough neighbourhood of value functions (where those value functions are &quot;indistinguishable&quot;), and $0$ otherwise
$q_t$ is the value function at iteration $t$
$\epsilon$ is a threshold (aka precision or tolerance) value, which is a hyper-parameter that you can set depending on your &quot;tolerance&quot; (hence the name); this value is typically something like $10^{-6}$

Of course, this requires that you keep track of two value functions.
You can also define your &quot;convergence&quot; function $c$ in \ref{1} differently. For example, rather than using the absolute value, you could use the relative error, i.e. $\left|\frac{q_t(s, a) - q_{t-1}(s, a)}{q_t(s, a)} \right|$. Moreover, given that RL algorithms are exploratory (i.e. stochastic) algorithms, the value function may not change (much) from one iteration to the other, but, in the next one, it could significantly change because of your exploratory/behavioural actions, so you may also want to take into account more iterations, i.e. after e.g. $N &gt; 1$ iterations, if the value function does not change much, then you could say (maybe probabilistically) that your RL algorithm has converged to some small neighbourhood of value functions in the space of value functions.
Note that these approaches do not guarantee that your RL algorithm has converged to the global optimal value function, but to some locally optimal value function (or, more precisely, small neighborhood of value functions). Q-learning is guaranteed to converge to the optimal value function in the tabular setting (your setting), but this is in the limit; in practice, it is more difficult to know if Q-learning has converged to an optimal or near-optimal value function.
Maybe you can also have a look at episodic returns of the policy derived from your final value function, but without upper and lower bounds on the optimal returns, you don't know much about the global optimality of your policy/value function.
Yes, you can check if the policy makes the agent reach the goal, but many policies could do that job, i.e. that does not say that the policy is the best (or optimal) one, i.e. that's a necessary (provided the goal is reachable and the reward function models your actual goal) but not sufficient condition (for optimality). The optimality here is usually a function of the return (given that is what you are usually trying to optimize).