Does this "flavor" of AI have a name?
This sounds a little bit like a Blackboard Architecture approach.  One of the biggest challenges in these is figuring out how to handle coordination between the various "experts" (ie, algorithms).  Some people talk about an "executive" which manages the coordination, and that leaves you needing to figure out how to train the "executive".  Alternatively, you may be able to do this without a master "executive", but nobody knows exactly what the best way to do this is. 

You may also find some inspiration / useful ideas in the realm of Multi-agent Systems if you model each component of your systems as a discrete "agent".