What are the different types of goals for an AI system called?
Do you mean weak AI and strong AI?
The former is roughly about pretending to be intelligent, ie do intelligent things, but without trying to work the same way an actually intelligent system would work. The latter attempts to replicate how an intelligent system works, so would require us to understand a lot more about cognition than if we just mocked up a quick little chatbot to try and compete the Turing Test.