Is there a recent global gridded temperature dataset with 0.1 deg resolution?
The most important reanalysis datasets covering until present time (I'm excluding the others that stop some years before present time) currently available are:

ERA5 by ECWMF: 1979-present (soon 1950-present), temporal resolution of 1 hour and spatial resolution quarter degree (0.25 x 0.25);
CRU by the UEA: 1900-present (some variables 1850-present), temporal resolution 3 or 6h, spatial resolution half degree (0.5 x 0.5);
GLDAS by NASA: 1948-present, temporal resolution 3 or 6h, spatial resolution quarter degree (0.25 x 0.25).
ERA5-LAND by ECMWF: 1981-present, temporal resolution of 1 hour and spatial resolution 0.1°x0.1°, global coverage, but only land-covered surface.

(please, feel free to edit the answer to add more)
You could download one of those and process these temperature data using a simple resampling procedure bringing it at the resolution you are interested in by using CDO or another similar software. The procedure could be based on a bilinear interpolation of the original data with a finer grid. This would bring uncertainty because the correct procedure would be to use the reanalysis as boundary conditions in a regional climate model, but it would give a good approximation of the data you are looking for.
The only dataset I am aware of that is providing global data at a resolution of a 0.1 deg. resolution is the MSWEP by JRC and Princeton, but present data are not available for free, and it includes only precipitation data.