Does anyone know of a comprehensive listing of geostationary weather satellites?
The WMO OSCAR database is a list of all Earth observation satellites¹.  The resulting table can be sorted by orbit type, status (inactive/operation/planned), agency, and other aspects.  From their own description:


  This table shows all known past, current and future satellites for meteorological and earth observation purposes.It can be sorted by clicking on the column headers. The filter on the right allows to display only specific satellites.


A screenshot showing three GOES satellites and the scroll-bar on the right is shown below:




Note that OSCAR has a lot more capabilities than this.  For anything Earth-observation-from-space related, it is a superb resource.



¹Except classified (spy) satellites...