How much water gets consumed by residential use versus all other uses?
Dams are hydroelectric, thermoelectric is something else. 

Thermoelectric refers to water extracted to boil to power a generator or used to cool the fluid used in said generator, In the US mostly coal, gas, and fuel oil plants but other ones like geothermal, nuclear, and mass solar also count, basically if it works off heat it consumes water (thermo- literally means heat). Much of this water of course evaporates. And yes it is quite high. About the same as we extract for irrigation. 

 https://water.usgs.gov/watuse/wuto.html

Public water (purple), can be further divided, the USGS estimates public use as follows. You'll note no differentiation is made between commercial and industrial. 



Wikipedia actually has a decent entry with further EPA estimate breakdowns, if you want to dive further.