Can the atmosphere affect the composition of igneous rocks?
I figure you're looking for more exotic examples, and some geologists may well have some offhand, but I want to say "yes" because of the example of carbonatite rocks described in this geology page from San Diego State University:


  Carbonatites are perhaps the most unusual of all lavas. They are
  defined, when crystalline, by having more than 50% carbonate
  (CO3-bearing) minerals, and typically they are composed of less than
  10% SiO2.


Which would rely on the carbon cycle and the deposition of atmospheric CO2 onto the seafloor by biological processes.

However:


  Some scientists believe that the Ca-carbonatites are generated by
  fractional melting of crustal carbonate rocks. However, others believe
  that the Ca-carbonatites are not primary magmas at all, but rather
  derived from the alteration of Na-rich natrocarbonatite lavas.


There is an interesting paper in GeoScienceWorld titled Atmospheric K-feldspar as a potential climate modulating agent through geologic time that addresses your topic as the author tries to estimate K-feldspar (Kfs) flux through geologic time -- which addresses your question from the other direction: assessing atmospheric content (in some cases simple dust deposition) over billions of years by evaluating its traces in the geological record.