What are some near term effects of Global Warming?
The IPCC AR5 chapter 11 covers near-term climate change. I recommend reading the executive summary (it's only 6 pages). My summary of the summary is that near-term climate change is like long-term climate change, but scaled down and with less certainty. Surface air temperatures and upper-ocean temperatures are likely to increase, with an associated increase in atmospheric water vapor. Precipitation is likely to increase where it's already high and likely to decrease where it's already low. Summer Arctic sea ice extent is likely to decrease as well. But there is something there that I want to highlight.

The end of the executive summary talks about near-term air quality, and the beginning talks about predictability. Specifically, it mentions that emissions of chemicals that produce aerosols -- atmospheric particles that interact with solar radiation -- have a wide range of uncertainty, even in the near term. Unlike CO2, aerosols can induce a significant climate response (or at least a change in radiation) over the span of weeks and months. A change in energy use or technology, like India and China adopting sulfur control policies, can thus affect climate quickly and dramatically. This is a source of a lot of the uncertainty in near-term projections; over the long-term, CO2 dominates.