seismic wave detection standing at the epicenter
A person would not detect much else than the surface waves (Love and Rayleigh waves). The later body waves phases are of very low amplitude and are only detected by a sensitive seismometer. Also, at a short offset, it is often hard to pick later phases, even if they occur. There is a critical angle for seismic refraction, but not for reflection. 0-offset reflection originates just beneath the source. 

The core-mantle boundary represent a large change in elastic properties, so some energy will bounce back to the surface. We call these phases PcP, ScP and ScS phases (Pressure-core-Pressure etc). The PcP is the reflected P-wave and ScS is the reflected S-wave. The ScP wave is an interesting phenomena, as it's formed as a part of the energy in the S-wave is converted into a P wave and reflected. There are also higher orders of seismic wave phases that can be detected (or modelled in synthetic seismograms) near the epicenter, the PcP2 and ScS2 e.g. (not shown in figure). The PKiKP is a reflection from the inner core. 



The travel time diagram gives a rather good idea of when to expect seismic phases at different distances from the earthquake. The distance is in degrees, so 180$^\circ$ is on the opposite side of the planet. Note how the core shields all direct shear waves, that is why we know that the outer core is fluid.