In what geological situations can I find gold?
I think Azzie's answer describes the situations where gold is formed and found as Lode deposits. But native gold in lode can then be subject to weathering when it is exposed, which releases the gold into the environment as flakes, grains and nuggets. This gold is then subject to erosive and sedimentary processes.

As gold is denser than most minerals it can often be concentrated by sedimentary processes as Placer Deposits, where the gold is concentrated by gravity. Dense gold quickly settles out of a water column, and lighter minerals are winnowed away. These accumulations of gold can then be economically mined using Placer Mining techniques such as Gold Panning. The Witwatersrand Basin in South Africa is an important palaeo-placer deposit from which nearly 50% of all of the gold ever mined has been obtained.

Alluvial placers are formed by the deposition of dense particles at a site where water velocity remains below that required to transport them further.Typical locations for gold placer deposits are on the inside bends of rivers and creeks, in hollows, at the break of slope on a stream or the base of an escarpment, waterfall or other barrier.

The vast majority of the Earth's gold and other heavy metals are locked up in the Earth’s core, being a dense material most of the gold is thought have sunk to the centre of the Earth as the core formed. Though there is 1000 times more gold in the Earth's silicate mantle than would be expected. Evidence from tungsten isotope studies indicates that most of the gold in the mantle and crust (which we can access) is derived from gold which arrived during the Late Heavy Bombardment some 3.9 billion years ago.(BBC Article 1) Which has been called the Late Veneer Hypothesis.(BBC Article 2)

Future mining of asteroids for gold and other metals has been proposed,(Reuters Article) with estimates that there are up to 20,000 million tonnes of gold in the near-Earth asteroid Eros, with an estimated value of $1,000 billion (1999).(BBC Article 3)