Considerations for multiple hidden layers in neural networks?
You generally won't know ahead of time how many layers to use for a particular project, so you'll have to try a variety (1-5 layers, etc). However, one key constraint that will provide an upper bound is that you don't want so many layers that your model starts to overfit. 10,000 records is a very small dataset, so I probably wouldn't try more than 3 hidden layers. 

Some problems (e.g., object recognition in images) can have more layers depending on the design of the network. For example, using convolutions on images reduces overfitting, so you could have more layers. However, convolutions probably won't work on financial data. Convolutions work best on spatial data. Lastly, the number of layers is independent of whether the output is classification vs regression.