Determining Important Atrributes with Feature Selection
Sounds like pretty orthodox feature importance analysis. Easy option:

FeaturePlot from caret

It basically creates a correlation matrix for you to see which seem to separate most.

Slightly fancier:

VarImpPlot from randomForest

This uses the random forest ML technique to directly tell you which features were most important. It sounds very similar to what you're looking for.

Edit:
Here is a more detailed discussion of VarImpPlot.