Using sensor data and a know reference point infer the position of a moving robot
I see two classes of solutions to your problem:

Solutions without machine learning

The way we did this when I studied realtime systems was to analyze the data coming from the wheel sensors by hand:

First, plot the rate of rotation of the robot w.r.t. the wheel speeds. Is the rate of rotation linear with the difference in speed of the two wheels? The ratio of speeds? Try to find a relation between these variables so that you can later calculate the change in the orientation of the robot from its wheel speeds over a period of time.

Second, do the same with forward and backward movement: when the wheels are turning at rpm X, how fast does the robot move? Is it a linear relation? Find an equation for it.

Once you have these two relations defined, you can dynamically update the position of the robot by determining its direction (based on previous direction and current rate of rotation) and speed (based on wheel rpm), and adding those to the previous position.

This approach is a lot of work, but will help you understand how the wheel speeds influence your robot's movement.

Solutions with machine learning

Given the popularity of machine learning in data science, I presume it might be what you were looking for when asking your question here.

What you have is time series data with two variables: speed for two wheels.

You could drive your robot around the grid for a little while, accelerating, decelerating, turning, stopping, etc. while recording the robots position as well as its wheel speeds at regular, short intervals. This is how you would build a training dataset. You will need to find a way to record the position: perhaps you could use triangulation to locate the robot in the grid, or an overhead camera. You will end up with a sequence of data points (or multiple sequences), each with two wheel speeds (the input variables) and two position coordinates (the output variables).

You would then need to train a model on the time series data, with the position at each step of the time series as your model output (a regression with two output variables).

What kind of model would suit this purpose? It would be very interesting to see what a RNN, with LSTM or GRU units, could do in this situation. The only way to find out if it'll work, however, is to give it a try.

This approach is also quite a bit of work, and will not help you understand the impact of the wheel speeds on movement much (because the model will most likely not be interpretable).