How to build a database of image data for machine learning?
There are several approaches to this as you need both the input (images) and if your problem is a classification one, you need to reliably store the labels. You might also have some additional information about the images that could be useful for your problem:

you can store the images in such a way that all information is contained in the permanent store (for instance folder names with the labels that you want to learn and all the images of a given class within that folder). Keras has a method that allows you to create a dataset from a directory tf.keras.preprocessing.image_dataset_from_directory.

another way (which I prefer) is to store in a (SQL) database all of the metadata (label, image url in a table for instance). This is more flexible because you can easily change a label, add a new category without having to move images around. This also allows you to change the format and add additional data related to each image.