Sensitivity analysis of a machine learning model
Without further knowledge of the domain, there is no simple answer.


Are the predictor variables discrete or continuous? If they are discrete, you could search all combinations that sum to 0, then all combinations that sum to 1, etc. until you find a combination that increases y by 10. If they are continuous, then:
Is the target variable monotonically increasing with each of the predictor variables? In other words, given A, B, C and D, when increasing A, B or C, will y always either increase or stay the same? If the predictors are continuous and the target variable is monotonically increasing, you can do a search similar to the one above by increasing each variable by a small step until y has increased by more than 10, this will give you an idea, within the range of that small constant, of where the answer to your question lies. You can then reduce the size of the step to find a more precise answer within that range.
If the target variable is continuous and not monotonically increasing with the predictor variables, this gets much more complicated. Suppose you've found two points (A1, B1, C1, D) and (A2, B2, C2, D) that do not increase y by 10: nothing guarantees that there is not a point between the two, (A3, B3, C3, D), that does. Your best bet then would probably be to explore the model. Depending on the number of trees in your ensemble, this may or may not be possible (computationally). I think you would have to find all possible combinations of leaves where D is unchanged and y is increased by more than 10, then find the minimum amongst these.