What algorithm should I use to find which sub-component is associated with a attribute?
The type of clustering depends on the measures scale of the data. You stated you have 5 attribute values. Are those values nominal, ordinal, interval, or ratio?
If they are nominal, correspondence analysis is a common option.
If they are ordinal, k-medoids clustering could work.
If they are interval or ratio, k-means clustering is a very popular choice.