Convert Word to Semantic Prime
Finding a robust model for what you are looking or trying to build is quite difficult at this point of time and as per I know there are no any such existing algorithms to do this.

One approach that you can follow is make a Knowledge base for your primes containing info/word it can be related with.
To handle most of the relation you will need a word dictionary which contains all the possible related words. Making such an exhaustive dictionary is not completely possible/feasible. But if you have some domain specific work you can make a dictionary which can handle 80% of you cases. You can use wordnet/word2vec to find the most similar words of your base primes and can extrapolate those words.

Apart from these you would need a set of possible relations that the word can have. For this you can use models like Open IE to extract the Subject-Object-Relation and you can associate these relations with your primes. But for this you will require a dataset of your domain from which you can get the possible relations.