What are the 2 classes of categories to help define a problem
I never saw a name for these categorifications. However, it seems to categorize by type how target variable exists or what is the type of target variable (in supervised and semi-supervised) or input variable (in unsupervised)


[wrong] 2. I think in data mining we call "Reinforcement Algorithms" semi-supervised.


I think Ranking will be a regression problem. just after defined number you can change them to ranks based on their order.
There is some correlation between the first and second type of categorifications you named, you can see that in this picture:



https://towardsdatascience.com/supervised-vs-unsupervised-learning-14f68e32ea8d