how to know what my data are uninformative and that machine learning will not work with it?
You may have heard

Correlation does not imply causation

but there is one more thats even more important

Without correlation there CAN BE causation. One example

SO just because they do not correlate does not mean that they are uninformative (think also about feature interactions)

I think you are looking for some test/theory that can give you some statement before hand. Without some HARD asssumptions thats impossible. Only way is to exhaustively try pretty different approaches and to reach desired metric scores.