What are some good loss functions used to minimize extreme errors in regression and time series forecasting?
As you increase the harshness of big misses, you make the model less willing to miss big.

For instance, absolute loss considers missing by $2$ to be twice as bad as missing by $1$, but square loss considers missing by $2$ to be four times as bad as missing by $1$! 

Imagine if you use cubic loss:

$$L_3(y,\hat{y}) = \sqrt[3]{\sum\big\vert y_i - \hat{y}_i \big\vert^3}$$

Imagine if you use quintic loss:

$$L_5(y,\hat{y}) = \sqrt[5]{\sum\big\vert y_i - \hat{y}_i \big\vert^5}$$

This gets at the general form of $L_p$ loss, which I'm guessing you can guess before reading what I type.

$$L_p(y,\hat{y}) = \sqrt[p]{\sum\big\vert y_i - \hat{y}_i \big\vert^p}$$

This relates to the idea of $L^p$ norms.

At the extreme of $L^p$ norms, you can set $p=\infty$, which is equivalent to just looking at the maximum. If you use $L_{\infty}$ loss, you minimize the greatest error. 

I've wanted to play around with $L_{\infty}$ loss for a while and would be very curious what happens if you choose this loss function. I do, however, think this would be a very extreme loss function.

(Remember that $RMSE$, $MSE$, and $SSE$ all have the same $argmin$; by similar logic we are free to take the $p^{th}$ roots to get the cubic and qunitic loss functions I gave.)