Determining a correct ML approach
I think all you need is to build proper features.
For each period and element, I would build a categorical feature. That is 80 categorical features. It looks like there aren't many possible values by feature, let's say there are 3 or 4 possible values for each feature, by doing one-hot encoding you would end up with 240-320 features.
Then you can do some kind of feature selection, like Lasso, and train your model with the selected features.