Tableau: Clustering based on value-range for map coloring
You can, as an example, create a binned field for the measure. The value range can be specified in the tooltip. I used a single color based continuous palette since (population) total is a continuous field. 

[Edited]
Based on your comment, I tested with a fixed dimension based binned field for the continuous measure. At least in my example file, the values make more sense now with the new binned field. I see China at 16M population, India at 14M and so on. 



If this solution is relevant to your use case, you will need to be careful with dimensions included/excluded in the fixed calculation.