R: Checklist for data checking
UPDDATED with second resource

In general as I understand this is question about 'data quality'. There are lot of manuals, i like suggestions from this one - this is lets say semantic level:

SIX CORE DATA QUALITY DIMENSIONS
    COMPLETENESS 
    UNIQUENESS 
    TIMELINESS
    VALIDITY
    ACCURACY
    CONSISTENCY


This M&amp;E Attribute: Data Quality Assessment checklist is more detailed.

Then, of course, you should go deeper, to the syntax level.