twitter data analysis?
I believe that the algorithm that you want to use is something called a latent dirichlet allocation (LDA) model. This model is designed to uncover the topics in a corpus of documents. 

Scikit learn has an implementation.

They even have a tutorial which teaches you how to extract topics. The tutorial also describes Non-negative Matrix Factorization (NNMF) as a method to extract the topics. I can't vouch for this algorithm, because I haven't used it personally (as opposed to LDA which I have used before), but from their tutorial NNMF does seem to give reasonable results.

Using cosine similarity will help you to group tweets that are most similar, but it wouldn't give you their topics. Which may be what you want? It really is hard to say, because only you would know how you should have the system behave. Unfortunately, that doesn't help you figure out what is trending, and you will need to do some heavy post-processing to make whatever algorithm you use spit out something that is useful to you.

Good luck!