Docker image file location
According to this blog post, Docker Desktop on Windows stores its containers inside another container, that container is stored in C:\ProgramData\DockerDesktop. If you docker inspect a container you have setup, it will give you a Linux path, which you can then get to once you go inside the host container using docker run -it --privileged --pid=host debian nsenter -t 1 -m -u -i sh
This assumes you are using the default (Hyper-V) hypervisor for Docker Desktop. Where you use VMware as the hypervisor instead, different rules may apply.