What do businesses that employ multiple development teams use to implement DevOps in a structured manner?
Large enterprises will commonly adopt a delivery framework, or operating model, that has been built to support large enterprises.  From an Agile/DevOps perspective, which is my area of expertise there are three frameworks of interest:


Scaled Agile Framework (SAFe®) defines DevOps as delivering business value through the successful operation of software in an environment.  This is achieved by giving early attention to the act of "moving into production" and accomplished, in part, by integrating personnel from the operations function within the Agile Teams.
Disciplined Agile 2.X, also known as DAD, defines DevOps as "DevOps is the streamlining of the activities surrounding IT solution development and IT operations." this is achieved by building feedback loops between the development and operations functions within the business.  DAD goes on to describe Disciplined DevOps as the intersection between the following roles: Enterprise Architecture, IT Operations, Business Operations, Release Management, Data Management and Development.
Large Scaled Scrum does not specifically call out DevOps, Release Engineering or Platform Engineering; however, it does describe a methodology for scaling out Scrum in an organisation that is growing fast, integrating a DevOps specialism within these teams is both logical and well understood.


As far as I am aware there are no statistical data about the enterprise adoption of each of these frameworks and whether they have adopted DevOps practices in addition to Agile practices, however from experience many organisations appear to gravitate towards Scaled Agile Framework.

Kristof Horvath discusses the application of DevOps in these enterprise-grade agile frameworks in his article: Scaling Agile in Large Enterprises: LeSS, DAD or SAFe®?.

It is worth noting that adopting an "enterprise-grade" framework is not a requirement in an enterprise, at the end of the day Agile, DevOps and Lean are about adopting the right practices for your organisation, not the most popular ones.