See Azure DevOps WorkItems/Tasks in Planner?
I don't think that this feature is currently available out-of-the-box.  However, you can build a Poower Automation Flow or Logic App that integrates the two of them.
In the long run, I would suggest that you remove Planner from the equation, and just use the kanban board in Azure DevOps for task management. You can display the kanban board inside Teams as well.