How to get exposed ports from inside of container?
TL;DR: You don't.

From inside of the container, you do not know which ports are exposed since exposing a port is only documentation visible in the image and container metadata. To detect which ports are published, you'd need to know the host IP, which can be difficult to lookup depending on your environment, and then you'd need to do something like a port scan of the host and tcpdump inside the container to detect the incoming request.

All of this is non-trivial because it's solving the problem in the wrong direction. You build your app inside the container to listen on a specific port, configure that default port and potentially let users override it with a variable or config file. Then you document this decision be exposing the port in the Dockerfile with the EXPOSE command. This is only documentation, it goes in the image metadata, users and programs can see it, but by default docker will not do anything with it. Finally, users of your image will publish the port on the host when and where appropriate, and map to the port of your application.

In other words, the right side of the published port (the container port) is largely controlled by the image creator, not the user running the container. If they publish to the wrong port, it is not be the applications responsibility inside the container to dynamically adjust what port it is listening on, and this would be difficult to impossible to do if you had multiple ports anyway.