MSSQL and AD in a Docker Container
You absolutely can do this.  However, you will need to make sure that the following is happening:


Setup the Docker host on the MSSQL computer in such a way that it can reach the AD server.  Using a bridge network may help (especially if you are using Docker for Windows).  If using Docker Toolkit you may need to look into a solution like port forwarding.
Commit your configuration changes to a new Docker image.  This will allow you to move the MSSQL container to a new computer or even run it with Kubernetes/Orchestration tooling.
Map your MSSQL container to a Volume for persistence.  Otherwise the data in the container will be eliminated between container restarts.