Configure AWS cli inside chef cookbook
Have you tried setting the AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID and AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY environment variables? By setting these variables before you run your cli commands, you should not have to run the aws configure command. 


  Environment Variables 
  
  Environment variables override configuration and
  credential files and can be useful for scripting or temporarily
  setting a named profile as the default.
  The AWS CLI supports the following environment variables.
  
  AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID – AWS access key.
  
  AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY – AWS secret key. Access and secret key
  variables override credentials stored in credential and config files.
  
  AWS_SESSION_TOKEN – Specify a session token if you are using temporary
  security credentials.
  
  AWS_DEFAULT_REGION – AWS region. This variable overrides the default
  region of the in-use profile, if set.
  
  ....