How can I output the Field Name in my template?
You can get any field with craft.fields, which returns a FieldModel:

{% set field = craft.fields.getFieldbyHandle('field_handle') %}
{{ field.name }}
{{ field.instructions }}


.

Note: There is no documentation on the FieldModel yet, but if you want to know more, take a look at craft/app/models/FieldModel.php.

This is a list of all attributes supported by the Model:


groupId
name
handle
context
instructions 
required
translatable