Looping Entries in Super Table, display row details
This can be done, but it does require additional calls to query this information. It might be more efficient to hard-code this text in your template, unless you really want to make this text dynamic.

There's two concepts here. When you call entry.relatedArticleLinks you're fetching Super Table blocks that are related to the entry in question. Calling englishLinks on each of these blocks will return the content for this field - nothing about the field definition itself, such as the handle, name, or settings - just the content. 

What type of field is englishLinks?

If you wanted to grab the field definition as well, you can by calling:

{% set field = craft.app.fields.getFieldByHandle('relatedArticleLinks') %}
{% set blocks = craft.superTable.getSuperTableBlocks(field.id) %}
{% set fields = blocks[0].getFields() %}

{{ fields.englishLinks.name }}