Querying all content entries for a page
I think you might be going about this the wrong way. Personally, I'd create a single Matrix or Super Table field and attach that to your home page single. This is far easier for your editors to maintain and doesn't require the entry type's field layout every time you want to rearrange content.
However, to answer your question:
What you're looking for is the field layout definition for your entry type (which is effectively what you're looking at in the screen capture you've provided) and iterate over the fields ($entry-&gt;fieldLayout-&gt;fields) as necessary, either using a switch statement using the field name for conditional processing or by pulling in an include based on the field's name.
If you decide that the latter is really what you want to do, I'll help with some suggested logic but I'd encourage you to look at the first option before digging into the Craft class reference!