Sort Categories by Entry Updated
I am not sure if i get what you mean, do you want to have the categories as content blocks, which show the entries ordered by last updated, but the category blocks should be ordered as well e.g. if entry x in categort y is the newest the category block y should be on top of the list?

Otherwise that should work, displaying the latest 10 updated entries on top for 8 categories all in descending order relative the the update date

   {% set categories = craft.categories({
         level: 1,
         limit: 8,
         orderBy: 'dateUpdated desc',
     }) 
  %}

  {% set offers = craft.entries({
     relatedTo: categories,
     with: ['offerLogo'],
     limit: 10,
     orderBy: 'dateUpdated desc',
     }) 
   %}

   {% for offer in offers %}
      {% include '_card' %}
   {% endfor %}