"Unknown package has no name defined" composer error on upgrade
Very similar to Devin's answer.
I came up against this on Friday and I had to follow these steps to resolve this issue.

Nuke the vendor folder within the project. rm -rf vendor/
Nuke the composer.lock file within the project. rm composer.lock
Clear the composer cache composer clearcache within the project.
Rollback to composer v1 composer self-update --1
Update composer globally to smooth it out composer global update
Then reinstall composer install within the project.
Finally, I was able to run ./craft update all

Hope this helps anyone else who comes up against this. It took several hours to resolve and figure out the necessary steps.